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-6748242419482642513	India's Next Top Model (season 1)	India 's Next Top model ( season 1 ) - wikipedia India 's Next Top model ( season 1 ) India 's Next Top Model ( season 1 ) Season 1 contestants Country of origin India No. of episodes 11 Release Original network MTV India Original release 19 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) -- September 27 , 2015 Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of episodes India 's Next Top Model , season 1 was the first installmet of India 's Next Top Model . The series premiered on MTV India on 19 July 2015 at 7 : 00 pm IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Ten finalists were chosen to compete for the show . The winner of the competition was 18 year - old Danielle Canute from Mumbai . As her prizes , she received a one - year contract to be the new face of TRESemmé , representation from Bling Talent Management , and the opportunity to appear in an editorial spread for Grazia magazine . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Contestants 1.2 Judges & Mentors 2 Episodes 3 Results 4 References Cast ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Vishakha Bharadwaj 23 Delhi Episode 3 10 ( quit ) Neev Marcel 24 Goa 9 Sreeradhe Khanduja 20 Allahabad Episode 4 8 Anam Shaikh 22 Mumbai Episode 6 7 Malvika Sitlani 22 Mumbai Episode 7 6 Aditi Shetty 22 Mumbai Episode 8 5 Monica Gill 25 Boston Episode 9 Gloria Tep 23 Nagaland Episode 11 Rushali Rai 20 Delhi Danielle Canute 18 Mumbai Judges & Mentors ( edit ) Lisa Haydon - presenter / head judge Dabboo Ratnani - judge Neeraj Gaba - mentor / image consultant Anusha Dandekar - mentor Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Episode 1 '' 19 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) The chosen 13 semi-finalists converged in Mumbai and met the panel for one on one interviews . At the end of the sessions , Lisa Haydon revealed that only 10 contestanst would be selected to continue on in the competition . `` Episode 2 '' 26 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) The final 13 took part in a self styled rooftop photo shoot with judge Dabboo Ratnani . After deliberating on the final photos , the judges chose the top 10 . Featured photographer : Dabboo Ratnani `` Episode 3 '' 2 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) The remaining contestants moved into the model house , and had an underwater photo shoot challenge . They were later paired off for a photo shoot in which they had to mimic each other 's poses on opposite sides of a mirror frame as they tried to sell Lakmé 's new matte lipstick . Featured photographers : Nitin Patel , Ujjwala Raut Special guests : Anees Adenwala `` Episode 4 '' 9 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) The models arrived at a fish market , and were introduced to model Alesia Raut for a catwalk lesson . In a runway show that would replace the week 's photo shoot , the contestants had to walk wearing headdresses designed by Little Shilpa as they avoided swinging pendulums . Special guests : Alesia Raut , Achala Sachdev , Little Shilpa 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' 16 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) The final seven received makeovers , and later had to model outrageous hairstyles on miniature sets for a beauty shoot . Featured photographer : Omkar Chitnis Special guests : Daniel Bauer , Atul Kasbekar 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' 23 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) The models met Neeraj Gaba and makeup expert Clint Fernandes at the Lakmé Absolute Salon for a makeup lesson and challenge , and later shot TV commercials for TRESemmé 's new Keratin Smooth shampoo . Featured director : Prahlad Kakkar Special guests : Clint Fernandes , Javed Jaffrey 7 7 `` Episode 7 '' 30 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 8 8 `` Episode 8 '' 6 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 9 9 `` Episode 9 '' 13 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 10 10 `` Episode 10 '' 20 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 11 11 `` Episode 11 '' 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) Results ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 11 Rushali Monica Sreeradhe Danielle Rushali Monica Danielle Gloria Danielle Danielle Anam Anam Aditi Rushali Gloria Monica Gloria Rushali Danielle Gloria Malvika Gloria Gloria Rushali Rushali Rushali Gloria Malvika Danielle Rushali Rushali Danielle Danielle Aditi Danielle Monica 5 Aditi Aditi Malvika Aditi Monica Aditi 6 Monica Aditi Anam Gloria Anam Monica Malvika Malvika 7 Vishakha Monica Anam 8 Neev Malvika Sreeradhe 9 Sreeradhe Neev 10 Gloria Vishakha The contestant was eliminated The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://bollyspice.com/tresemme-mtv-present-indias-next-top-model/ Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mumbai-girl-Danielle-Canute-wins-Indias-Next-Top-Model/articleshow/49151570.cms Jump up ^ http://www.mtvindia.com/intm/people.html India 's Next Top Model Cycles Winners Pranati Prakash Other Alumni Monica Gill Related articles Asia 's Next Top Model Top Model India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_1)&oldid=862793728 '' Categories : Top Model series 2015 Indian television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 18 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	india's next top model season 1 winner	[ "The winner of the competition was 18 year-old Danielle Canute from Mumbai.[2] As her prizes, she received a one-year contract to be the new face of TRESemmé, representation from Bling Talent Management, and the opportunity to appear in an editorial spread for Grazia magazine.\n" ]	[ "Danielle Canute" ]
-5186670224458598796	Milky Way	Milky Way - wikipedia Milky Way This article is about the galaxy . For other uses , see Milky Way ( disambiguation ) . spiral galaxy containing our Solar System Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way 's Galactic Center in the night sky above the Paranal Observatory ( the laser creates a guide - star for the telescope ) . Observation data Type Sb , Sbc , or SB ( rs ) bc ( barred spiral galaxy ) Diameter 170 kly ( 52 kpc ) Thickness of thin stellar disk ≈ 2 kly ( 0.6 kpc ) Number of stars 100 -- 400 billion ( ( 1 -- 4 ) × 10 ) Mass 0.8 -- 1.5 × 10 M Angular momentum ≈ 7067100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 J s Sun 's distance to Galactic Center 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) Sun 's Galactic rotation period 240 Myr Spiral pattern rotation period 220 -- 360 Myr Bar pattern rotation period 100 -- 120 Myr Speed relative to CMB rest frame 631 ± 20 km / s Escape velocity at Sun 's position 550 km / s Dark matter density at Sun 's position 0.0088 M pc or 0.35 GeV cm See also : Galaxy , List of galaxies The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptor `` milky '' is derived from the galaxy 's appearance from Earth : a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 150,000 and 200,000 light - years ( ly ) . It is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , 26,490 ( ± 100 ) light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of the Orion Arm , one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust . The stars in the innermost 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The galactic center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A * , likely a supermassive black hole of 4.100 ( ± 0.034 ) million solar masses . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which form part of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) , as seen from a dark site with little light pollution ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the lower right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way arching over ALMA . The Milky Way is visible from Earth as a hazy band of white light , some 30 ° wide , arching across the night sky . In night sky observing , although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the term `` Milky Way '' is limited to this band of light . The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars . The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light , such as light pollution or moonlight . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible . It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas , but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon . `` The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness '' shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius , where the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius , dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The galactic plane is inclined by about 60 ° to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the galactic plane . The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arch of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from latitudes approximately 65 ° north to 65 ° south , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky . ( This composited panorama was taken at Paranal Observatory in northern Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downward . Size and mass An HST image of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the contiguous United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . A schematic profile of the Milky Way Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M . According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs ( kpc ) from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M . Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M . In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . The Milky Way may also contain perhaps ten billion white dwarfs , a billion neutron stars , and a hundred million black holes . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media Artist 's impression of how the Milky Way would look from different vantage points . From edge - on lines - of - sight , the ( peanut shell ) - shaped structure , not to be confused with the galaxy 's central bulge , is evident . Viewed from above , the central narrow bar that is responsible for this structure appears clearly , as would many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers first began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1960s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . However , confusion in the literature between the ( peanut shell ) - shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar , versus a possible bulge with an expected half - light radius of 0.5 kpc , abound . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms Further information : Spiral galaxy Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way , viewed from `` north '' of the galaxy . Stars generally move clockwise in this view . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Sagittarius - Carina Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km / s ( 470,000 ± 22,000 mph ). ( 1 ) Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies , including two of its largest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Laniakea Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology The Origin of the Milky Way ( c. 1575 -- 1580 ) by Tintoretto Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In the Babylonian epic poem Enûma Eliš , the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk , the Babylonian national god , after slaying her . This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur , but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture , the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology , the Milky Way was formed after the trickster god Hermes suckled the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera , the queen of the gods , while she was asleep . When Hera awoke , she tore Heracles away from her breast and splattered her breast milk across the heavens . In another version of the story , Athena , the patron goddess of heroes , tricked Hera into suckling Heracles voluntarily , but he bit her nipple so hard that she flung him away , spraying milk everywhere . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Galactic astronomy List of galaxies Oort constants Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy ; however , this does not reflect a firm consensus in the astronomical community . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 001667 - 7 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . Jump up ^ These estimates are very uncertain , as most non-star objects are hard to detect ; for example , black hole estimates range from ten million to one billion . 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The Astrophysical Journal . 673 ( 2 ) : 864 -- 914 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510520 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 673 ... 864J . doi : 10.1086 / 523619 . Jump up ^ Boen , Brooke . `` NASA 's Chandra Shows Milky Way is Surrounded by Halo of Hot Gas09. 24.12 '' . Brooke Boen . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupta , A. ; Mathur , S. ; Krongold , Y. ; Nicastro , F. ; Galeazzi , M. ( 2012 ) . `` A Huge Reservoir of Ionized Gas Around the Milky Way : Accounting for the Missing Mass ? '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 756 : L8 . arXiv : 1205.5037 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 756L ... 8G . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 756 / 1 / L8 . Jump up ^ `` Galactic Halo : Milky Way is Surrounded by Huge Halo of Hot Gas '' . Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory . September 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Communications , Discovery . `` OUR GALAXY SWIMS INSIDE A GIANT POOL OF HOT GAS '' . Discovery Communications . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : J.D. Harrington ; Janet Anderson ; Peter Edmonds ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` NASA 's Chandra Shows Milky Way is Surrounded by Halo of Hot Gas '' . NASA . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Majaess , D.J. ; Turner , D.G. ; Lane , D.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 398 ( 1 ) : 263 -- 270 . arXiv : 0903.4206 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 398 ... 263M . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 15096. x . Jump up ^ English , Jayanne ( January 14 , 2000 ) . `` Exposing the Stuff Between the Stars '' . Hubble News Desk . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude '' . National Solar Observatory -- Sacramento Peak . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Patrick ; Rees , Robin ( 2014 ) . Patrick Moore 's Data Book of Astronomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49522 - 6 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillman , M. ; Erenler , H. ( 2008 ) . `` The galactic cycle of extinction '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Astrobiology. 7 . Bibcode : 2008IJAsB ... 7 ... 17G . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550408004047 . Jump up ^ Overholt , A.C. ; Melott , A.L. ; Pohl , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Testing the link between terrestrial climate change and galactic spiral arm transit '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 705 ( 2 ) : L101 -- L103 . arXiv : 0906.2777 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 705L. 101O . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 705 / 2 / L101 . Jump up ^ Garlick , Mark Antony ( 2002 ) . The Story of the Solar System . Cambridge University . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80336 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System 's `` Nose '' Found ; Aimed at Constellation Scorpius `` . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Schneider ( 2006 ) . Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer . p. 4 , Figure 1.4 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 33174 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark H. ; Lambourne , Robert J. ; Adams , David John ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 ; Figure 1.13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54623 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peter Schneider ( 2006 ) . Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 33174 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Milky Way 's origins are not what they seem '' . Phys.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wethington , Nicholas ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Formation of the Milky Way '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Buser , R. ( 2000 ) . `` The Formation and Early Evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy '' . Science . 287 ( 5450 ) : 69 -- 74 . Bibcode : 2000Sci ... 287 ... 69B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 287.5450. 69 . PMID 10615051 . Jump up ^ Wakker , B.P. ; Van Woerden , H. ( 1997 ) . `` High - Velocity Clouds '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 35 : 217 -- 266 . Bibcode : 1997ARA&A ... 35 ... 217W . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 35.1. 217 . Jump up ^ Lockman , F.J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The Smith Cloud : A High - Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 679 : L21 -- L24 . arXiv : 0804.4155 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 679L ... 21L . doi : 10.1086 / 588838 . Jump up ^ Yin , J. ; Hou , J.L ; Prantzos , N. ; Boissier , S. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Milky Way versus Andromeda : a tale of two disks '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 ( 2 ) : 497 -- 508 . arXiv : 0906.4821 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 505 ... 497Y . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200912316 . Jump up ^ Hammer , F. ; Puech , M. ; Chemin , L. ; Flores , H. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The Milky Way , an Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy : Implications for the Formation of Spiral Galaxies '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 662 ( 1 ) : 322 -- 334 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0702585 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 662 ... 322H . doi : 10.1086 / 516727 . Jump up ^ Mutch , S.J. ; Croton , D.J. ; Poole , G.B. ( 2011 ) . `` The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 736 ( 2 ) : 84 . arXiv : 1105.2564 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 736 ... 84M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 736 / 2 / 84 . Jump up ^ Licquia , T. ; Newman , J.A. ; Poole , G.B. ( 2012 ) . `` What Is The Color Of The Milky Way ? '' . American Astronomical Society . Bibcode : 2012AAS ... 21925208L . Jump up ^ `` A firestorm of star birth ( artist 's illustration ) '' . www.spacetelescope.org . ESA / Hubble . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cayrel ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay '' . Nature . 409 ( 6821 ) : 691 -- 692 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0104357 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 691C . doi : 10.1038 / 35055507 . PMID 11217852 . Jump up ^ Cowan , J.J. ; Sneden , C. ; Burles , S. ; Ivans , I.I. ; Beers , T.C. ; Truran , J.W. ; Lawler , J.E. ; Primas , F. ; Fuller , G.M. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The Chemical Composition and Age of the Metal ‐ poor Halo Star BD + 17o3248 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 572 ( 2 ) : 861 -- 879 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0202429 . Bibcode : 2002ApJ ... 572 ... 861C . doi : 10.1086 / 340347 . Jump up ^ Krauss , L.M. ; Chaboyer , B. ( 2003 ) . `` Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way : Constraints on Cosmology '' . Science . 299 ( 5603 ) : 65 -- 69 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299 ... 65K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1075631 . PMID 12511641 . ^ Jump up to : Frebel , A. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Discovery of HE 1523 - 0901 , a strongly r - process - enhanced metal - poor star with detected uranium '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 660 ( 2 ) : L117 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0703414 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 660L. 117F . doi : 10.1086 / 518122 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Finds Birth Certificate of Oldest Known Star in the Milky Way '' . NASA . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ del Peloso , E.F. ( 2005 ) . `` The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th / Eu nucleocosmochronology . III . Extended sample '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440 ( 3 ) : 1153 -- 1159 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0506458 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 440.1153 D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20053307 . Jump up ^ Skibba , Ramon ( 2016 ) , `` Milky Way retired early from star making '' ( New Scientist , March 5 , 2016 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Lynden - Bell , D. ( March 1 , 1976 ) . `` Dwarf Galaxies and Globular Clusters in High Velocity Hydrogen Streams '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 174 ( 3 ) : 695 -- 710 . Bibcode : 1976MNRAS. 174 ... 695L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 174.3. 695 . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ Kroupa , P. , C. Theis and C.M. Boily ( 2005 ) `` The great disk of Milky - Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures '' ( Astronomy and Astrophysics , Volume 431 , Number 2 , February IV 2005 ) pp. 517 -- 521 Jump up ^ Hadhazy , Adam ( 2016 ) , `` Nothing Really Matters : Gaping Cosmic Voids '' ( Discover , Dec 2016 ) Jump up ^ R. Brent Tully ; Helene Courtois ; Yehuda Hoffman ; Daniel Pomarède ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies '' . Nature ( published September 4 , 2014 ) . 513 ( 7516 ) : 71 -- 73 . arXiv : 1409.0880 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 513 ... 71T . doi : 10.1038 / nature13674 . PMID 25186900 . Jump up ^ Putman , M.E. ; Staveley ‐ Smith , L. ; Freeman , K.C. ; Gibson , B.K. ; Barnes , D.G. ( 2003 ) . `` The Magellanic Stream , High ‐ Velocity Clouds , and the Sculptor Group '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 586 : 170 -- 194 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0209127 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 586 ... 170P . doi : 10.1086 / 344477 . Jump up ^ Sergey E. Koposov ; Vasily Belokurov ; Gabriel Torrealba ; N. Wyn Evans ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Beasts of the Southern Wild . Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 805 ( 2 ) : 130 . arXiv : 1503.02079 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 805 ... 130K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 805 / 2 / 130 . Jump up ^ Noyola , E. ; Gebhardt , K. ; Bergmann , M. ( April 2008 ) . `` Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate - Mass Black Hole in ω Centauri '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 676 ( 2 ) : 1008 -- 1015 . arXiv : 0801.2782 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 676.1008 N . doi : 10.1086 / 529002 . Jump up ^ Lea Kivivali ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Nearby satellite galaxies challenge standard model of galaxy formation '' . Swinburne University of Technology . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pawlowski ; et al. ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 442 ( 3 ) : 2362 -- 2380 . arXiv : 1406.1799 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 442.2362 P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu1005 . Jump up ^ `` Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum '' ( Press release ) . University of California , Berkeley . January 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Junko Ueda ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Cold molecular gas in merger remnants . I. Formation of molecular gas disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 214 ( 1 ) : 1 . arXiv : 1407.6873 . Bibcode : 2014ApJS ... 214 ... 1U . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 214 / 1 / 1 . Jump up ^ Wong , Janet ( April 14 , 2000 ) . `` Astrophysicist maps out our own galaxy 's end '' . University of Toronto . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark H. Jones ; Robert J. Lambourne ; David John Adams ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54623 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kocevski , D.D. ; Ebeling , H. ( 2006 ) . `` On the origin of the Local Group 's peculiar velocity '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 645 ( 2 ) : 1043 -- 1053 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510106 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 645.1043 K . doi : 10.1086 / 503666 . Jump up ^ Peirani , S ; Defreitaspacheco , J ( 2006 ) . `` Mass determination of groups of galaxies : Effects of the cosmological constant '' . New Astronomy . 11 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 330 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508614 . Bibcode : 2006NewA ... 11 ... 325P . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2005.08. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Kogut , A. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Dipole anisotropy in the COBE differential microwave radiometers first - year sky maps '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 419 : 1 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9312056 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 419 ... 1K . doi : 10.1086 / 173453 . Jump up ^ Brown , William P. ( 2010 ) . The Seven Pillars of Creation : The Bible , Science , and the Ecology of Wonder . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973079 - 7 . Jump up ^ MacBeath , Alastair ( 1999 ) . Tiamat 's Brood : An Investigation Into the Dragons of Ancient Mesopotamia . Dragon 's Head . p. 41 . ISBN 9780952438755 . Jump up ^ James , E.O. ( 1963 ) . The Worship of the Skygod : A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo - European Religion . Jordan Lectures in Comparative religion . London , England : University of London . pp. 24 , 27f . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , W.G. ( 1964 ) . `` Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies '' . 27 ( 1 ) . London , England : University of London : 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Connie ( 2010 ) . Pioneers of Light and Sound . Compass Point Books . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4306 - 8 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Jon ( 2010 ) . Big Bang & Black Holes . CreateSpace . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4528 - 6552 - 2 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ; Weiner , Edmund , eds . ( March 30 , 1989 ) . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198611868 . See the entries for `` Milky Way '' and `` galaxy '' . ^ Jump up to : Leeming , David Adams ( 1998 ) . Mythology : The Voyage of the Hero ( Third ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511957 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Pache , Corinne Ondine ( 2010 ) . `` Hercules '' . In Gargarin , Michael ; Fantham , Elaine . Ancient Greece and Rome . 1 : Academy - Bible . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 400 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538839 - 8 . Jump up ^ Eratosthenes ( 1997 ) . Condos , Theony , ed . Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans : A Sourcebook Containing the Constellations of Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the Poetic Astronomy of Hyginus . Red Wheel / Weiser . ISBN 978 - 1890482930 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aristotle with W.D. Ross , ed. , The Works of Aristotle ... ( Oxford , England : Clarendon Press , 1931 ) , vol . III , Meteorologica , E.W. Webster , trans. , Book 1 , Part 8 , pp. 39 -- 40 Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . : `` ( 2 ) Anaxagoras , Democritus , and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 41 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` For it is natural to suppose that , if the motion of a single star excites a flame , that of all the stars should have a similar result , and especially in that region in which the stars are biggest and most numerous and nearest to one another . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 43 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` We have now explained the phenomena that occur in that part of the terrestrial world which is continuous with the motions of the heavens , namely , shooting - stars and the burning flame , comets and the milky way , these being the chief affections that appear in that region . '' ^ Jump up to : Montada , Josep Puig ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Ibn Bajja '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heidarzadeh , Tofigh ( 2008 ) . A history of physical theories of comets , from Aristotle to Whipple . Springer . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8322 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Livingston , John W. ( 1971 ) . `` Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyyah : A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 91 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 103 ( 99 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 600445 . JSTOR 600445 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Jamil ( 1993 ) . Nasir al - Din al - Tusi 's Memoir on Astronomy ( al - Tadhkira fi ` ilm al - hay ' a ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Sidereus Nuncius ( Venice , ( Italy ) : Thomas Baglioni , 1610 ) , pages 15 and 16 . Archived March 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . English translation : Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos , trans. , The Sidereal Messenger ( London , England : Rivingtons , 1880 ) , pages 42 and 43 . Archived December 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Galileo Galilei '' . University of St. Andrews . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wright , An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe ... ( London , England : H. Chapelle , 1750 ) . On page 57 , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction , the stars in the constellations do n't collide because they are in orbit , so centrifugal force keeps them separated : `` ... centrifugal force , which not only preserves them in their orbits , but prevents them from rushing all together , by the common universal law of gravity , ... '' On page 48 , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring : `` ... the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space , without order or design , ... this phænomenon ( is ) no other than a certain effect arising from the observer 's situation , ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . September 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Further reading Dambeck , Thorsten Dambeck ( March 2008 ) . `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' . Sky & Telescope : 36 -- 39 . Chiappini , Cristina ( November -- December 2001 ) . `` The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way '' ( PDF ) . American Scientist : 506 -- 515 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is our solar system in the milkyway	[ "The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 150,000 and 200,000 light-years (ly).[24][25][26] It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars.[27][28] There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way.[29][30] The Solar System is located within the disk, 26,490 (± 100) light-years from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The galactic center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, likely a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses.\n" ]	[ "26,490 (± 100) light-years from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of the Orion Arm" ]
4724844900389738709	Jaguar	Jaguar - wikipedia Jaguar Jump to : navigation , search For the car manufacturer , see Jaguar Cars . For other uses , see Jaguar ( disambiguation ) . Jaguar Temporal range : 0.5 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Middle Pleistocene -- Recent Male South American jaguar at Three Brothers River , São Paulo state , Brazil Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Suborder : Feliformia Family : Felidae Genus : Panthera Species : P. onca Binomial name Panthera onca ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Jaguar range Red : Current range Bright pink : Former range The jaguar ( Panthera onca ) , is a wild cat species and the only extant member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas . The jaguar 's present range extends from Southwestern United States and Mexico across much of Central America and south to Paraguay and northern Argentina . Though there are single cats now living within the western United States , the species has largely been extirpated from the United States since the early 20th century . It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List ; and its numbers are declining . Threats include loss and fragmentation of habitat . The jaguar is the largest cat species in the Americas and the third - largest after the tiger and the lion . This spotted cat closely resembles the leopard , but is usually larger and sturdier . It ranges across a variety of forested and open terrains , but its preferred habitat is tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest , swamps and wooded regions . The jaguar enjoys swimming and is largely a solitary , opportunistic , stalk - and - ambush predator at the top of the food chain . As a keystone species it plays an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and regulating prey populations . The jaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite , even relative to the other big cats . This allows it to pierce the shells of armored reptiles and to employ an unusual killing method : it bites directly through the skull of prey between the ears to deliver a fatal bite to the brain . While international trade in jaguar or its body parts is prohibited , the cat is still frequently killed , particularly in conflicts with ranchers and farmers in South America . Although reduced , its range remains large . Given its historical distribution , the jaguar has featured prominently in the mythology of numerous indigenous American cultures , including those of the Maya and Aztec . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Evolution 3 Taxonomy 4 Characteristics 4.1 Color variation 5 Distribution and habitat 6 Ecology and behavior 6.1 Ecological role 6.2 Reproduction and life cycle 6.3 Social activity 6.4 Hunting and diet 6.4. 1 Man - eating 7 Threats 8 Conservation 8.1 Jaguar Conservation Units 8.2 Approaches 8.3 The United States 9 In mythology and culture 9.1 Pre-Columbian Americas 9.2 Contemporary culture 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology The word ' jaguar ' is thought to derive from the Tupian word yaguara , meaning `` beast of prey '' . The word entered English presumably via the Amazonian trade language Tupinambá , via Portuguese jaguar . The specific word for jaguar is yaguareté , with the suffix - eté meaning `` real '' or `` true '' . The word ' panther ' derives from classical Latin panthēra , itself from the ancient Greek pánthēr ( πάνθηρ ) . The Greek pan - ( πάν ) , meaning `` all '' , and thēr ( θήρ ) , meaning `` prey '' bears the meaning of `` predator of all animals '' . Use of the word for a beast originated in antiquity in the Orient , probably from India to Persia to Greece . In Mexican Spanish , its nickname is el tigre : 16th century Spaniards had no native word in their language for the jaguar , which is smaller than a lion , but bigger than a leopard , nor had ever encountered it in the Old World , and so named it after the tiger , since its ferocity would have been known to them through Roman writings and popular literature during the Renaissance . Onca is the Portuguese onça , with the cedilla dropped for typographical reasons , found in English as ounce for the snow leopard , Panthera uncia . It derives from the Latin lyncea lynx , with the letter L confused with the definite article ( Italian lonza , Old French l'once ) . Evolution. Fossil skull of a Pleistocene North American jaguar ( Panthera onca augusta ) The jaguar is the only extant New World member of the genus Panthera . Results of DNA analysis shows the lion , tiger , leopard , jaguar , snow leopard , and clouded leopard share a common ancestor , and that this group is between six and ten million years old ; the fossil record points to the emergence of Panthera just two to 3.8 million years ago . The Panthera are thought to have evolved in Asia . The jaguar is thought to have diverged from a common ancestor of the Panthera species at least 1.5 million years ago and to have entered the American continent in the Early Pleistocene via Beringia , the land bridge that once spanned the Bering Strait . Results of jaguar mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the species ' lineage evolved between 280,000 and 510,000 years ago . Phylogenetic studies generally have shown the clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ) is basal to this group . The position of the remaining species varies between studies and is effectively unresolved . Based on morphological evidence , British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock concluded the jaguar is most closely related to the leopard . However , DNA evidence is inconclusive and the position of the jaguar relative to the other species varies between studies . Fossils of extinct Panthera species , such as the European jaguar ( Panthera gombaszoegensis ) and the American lion ( Panthera atrox ) , show characteristics of both the lion and the jaguar . Taxonomy In 1758 , Carl Linnaeus described the jaguar in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name Felis onca . In the 19th and 20th centuries , several jaguar type specimens formed the basis for descriptions of subspecies . In 1939 , Reginald Innes Pocock recognized eight subspecies based on geographic origins and skull morphology of these specimens . Pocock did not have access to sufficient zoological specimens to critically evaluate their subspecific status , but expressed doubt about the status of several . Later consideration of his work suggested only three subspecies should be recognized . The description of P. o. palustris was based on a fossil skull . The author of Mammal Species of the World listed nine subspecies and both P. o. palustris or P. o. paraguensis separately . Results of morphologic and genetic research indicate a clinal north -- south variation between populations , but no evidence for subspecific differentiation . A subsequent , more detailed study confirmed the predicted population structure within jaguar populations in Colombia . IUCN Red List assessors for the species and the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group do not recognize any jaguar subspecies as valid . The following table is based on the classification of the species provided in Mammal Species of the World . Formerly recognised subspecies Region Image P. o. onca ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Peruvian jaguar ( P. o. peruviana ) ( De Blainville , 1843 ) Pantanal jaguar ( P. o. palustris ) or Paraguayan jaguar ( P. o. paraguensis ) ( Nelson and Goldman , 1933 ) South America : Venezuela to the Amazon rainforest , coastal Peru , the Pantanal regions of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil , along the Paraguay River into Paraguay and northeastern Argentina Female South American jaguar at Piquiri River , Mato Grosso state , Brazil P. o. hernandesii ( Gray , 1857 ) Central American jaguar ( P. o. centralis ) ( Mearns , 1901 ) Arizona jaguar ( P. o. arizonensis ) ( Goldman , 1932 ) P. o. goldmani ( Goldman , 1932 ) P. o. veraecrucis ( Nelson and Goldman , 1933 ) Central and North America : Colombia , Guatemala , Belize , El Salvador to Yucatán Peninsula , Mexico and southern Arizona , United States of America . El Jefe in Arizona , the United States of America Characteristics The head of the jaguar is robust and the jaw extremely powerful . The size of jaguars tends to increase the farther south they are located . The jaguar , a compact and well - muscled animal , is the largest cat in the New World and the largest carnivorous mammal in Central and South America . Size and weight vary considerably : weights are normally in the range of 56 -- 96 kg ( 124 -- 211 lb ) . Larger males have been recorded to weigh as much as 158 kg ( 348 lb ) ( roughly matching a tigress or lioness ; however note this animal was weighed with a full stomach ) . The smallest females have low weights of 36 kg ( 79 lb ) . Females are typically 10 -- 20 percent smaller than males . The length , from the nose to the base of the tail , of the cats varies from 1.12 to 1.85 m ( 3.7 to 6.1 ft ) . Their tails are the shortest of any big cat , at 45 to 75 cm ( 18 to 30 in ) in length . Their legs are also short , considerably shorter when compared to a small tiger or lion in a similar weight range , but are thick and powerful . The jaguar stands 63 to 76 cm ( 25 to 30 in ) tall at the shoulders . Compared to the similarly colored leopard , the jaguar is bigger , heavier and relatively stocky in build . Further variations in size have been observed across regions and habitats , with size tending to increase from the north to south . A study of the jaguar in the Chamela - Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast , showed ranges of just about 50 kg ( 110 lb ) , about the size of a female cougar . Jaguars in Venezuela or Brazil are much larger with average weights of about 95 kg ( 220 lb ) in males and of about 56 kilograms ( 123 lb ) to 78 kilograms ( 172 lb ) in females . In the Brazilian Pantanal , weights of 136 kilograms ( 300 lb ) or more are not uncommon in old males , with the highest recorded weight , for a Jaguar weighed on an empty stomach being 148 kilograms ( 326 lb ) . Forest jaguars are frequently darker and considerably smaller than those found in open areas ( the Pantanal is an open wetland basin ) , possibly due to the smaller numbers of large , herbivorous prey in forest areas . A short and stocky limb structure makes the jaguar adept at climbing , crawling , and swimming . The head is robust and the jaw extremely powerful , it has the third highest bite force of all felids , after the tiger and lion . A 100 kg ( 220 lb ) jaguar can bite with a force of 503.6 kgf ( 1110 lbf ) at canine teeth and 705.8 kgf ( 1556 lbf ) at carnassial notch . This strength adaptation allows the jaguar to pierce turtle shells . A comparative study of bite force adjusted for body size ranked it as the top felid , alongside the clouded leopard and ahead of the tiger and lion . It has been reported that `` an individual jaguar can drag an 800 lb ( 360 kg ) bull 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) in its jaws and pulverize the heaviest bones '' . The jaguar hunts wild animals weighing up to 300 kg ( 660 lb ) in dense jungle , and its short and sturdy physique is thus an adaptation to its prey and environment . The base coat of the jaguar is generally a tawny yellow , but can range to reddish - brown , for most of the body . However , the ventral areas are white . The cat is covered in rosettes for camouflage in the dappled light of its forest habitat . The spots vary over individual coats and between individual jaguars : rosettes may include one or several dots , and the shapes of the dots vary . The spots on the head and neck are generally solid , as are those on the tail , where they may merge to form a band . While the jaguar closely resembles the leopard , it is sturdier and heavier , and the two animals can be distinguished by their rosettes : the rosettes on a jaguar 's coat are larger , fewer in number , usually darker , and have thicker lines and small spots in the middle that the leopard lacks . Jaguars also have rounder heads and shorter , stockier limbs compared to leopards . Color variation A melanistic jaguar is a color morph which occurs at about 6 percent frequency in populations . Color morphism occurs in the species . A near - black melanistic form occurs regularly . Jaguars with melanism appear entirely black , although their spots are still visible on close examination . The black morph is less common than the spotted form , but at about six percent of the population , it is several orders of magnitude above the mutation rate . Hence , it is being supported by selection . Some evidence indicates the melanism allele is dominant . The black form may be an example of heterozygote advantage ; breeding in captivity is not yet conclusive on this . Melanistic jaguars ( or `` black '' jaguars ) occur primarily in parts of South America , and are virtually unknown in wild populations residing in the subtropical and temperate regions of North America ; they have never been documented north of Mexico 's Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Melanistic jaguars are informally known as black panthers , but ( as with all forms of polymorphism ) they do not form a separate species . Extremely rare albino individuals , sometimes called white panthers , also occur among jaguars , as with the other big cats . As usual with albinos in the wild , selection keeps the frequency close to the rate of mutation . Distribution and habitat The jaguar inhabits a variety of forested and open habitat , but is strongly associated with the presence of water . At present , the jaguar 's range extends from Mexico through Central America to South America , including much of Amazonian Brazil . The countries included in this range are Argentina , Belize , Bolivia , Colombia , Costa Rica ( particularly on the Osa Peninsula ) , Ecuador , French Guiana , Guatemala , Guyana , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , the United States and Venezuela . It is now locally extinct in El Salvador and Uruguay . The jaguar has been an American cat since crossing the Bering Land Bridge during the Pleistocene epoch ; the immediate ancestor of modern animals is Panthera onca augusta , which was larger than the contemporary cat . It occurs in the 400 km2 Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize , the 5,300 km2 Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve in Mexico , the approximately 15,000 km Manú National Park in Peru , the approximately 26,000 km Xingu National Park in Brazil , and numerous other reserves throughout its range . The inclusion of the United States in the list is based on occasional sightings in the southwest , particularly in Arizona , New Mexico and Texas . In the early 20th century , the jaguar 's range extended as far north as the Grand Canyon , and as far west as Southern California . The jaguar is a protected species in the United States under the Endangered Species Act , which has stopped the shooting of the animal for its pelt . In 1996 and from 2004 on , hunting guides and wildlife officials in Arizona photographed and documented jaguars in the southern part of the state . Between 2004 and 2007 , two or three jaguars have been reported by researchers around Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arizona . One of them , called ' Macho B ' , had been previously photographed in 1996 in the area . For any permanent population in the USA to thrive , protection from killing , an adequate prey base , and connectivity with Mexican populations are essential . In February 2009 , a 53.5 kg ( 118 lb ) jaguar was caught , radio - collared and released in an area southwest of Tucson , Arizona ; this is farther north than had previously been expected and represents a sign there may be a permanent breeding population of jaguars within southern Arizona . The animal was later confirmed to be indeed the same male individual ( ' Macho B ' ) that was photographed in 2004 . On 2 March 2009 , Macho B was recaptured and euthanized after he was found to be suffering from kidney failure ; the animal was thought to be 16 years old , older than any known wild jaguar . Completion of the United States -- Mexico barrier as currently proposed will reduce the viability of any population currently residing in the United States , by reducing gene flow with Mexican populations , and prevent any further northward expansion for the species . The historic range of the species included much of the southern half of the United States , and in the south extended much farther to cover most of the South American continent . In total , its northern range has receded 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) southward and its southern range 2,000 km ( 1243 mi ) northward . Ice age fossils of the jaguar , dated between 40,000 and 11,500 years ago , have been discovered in the United States , including some at an important site as far north as Missouri . Fossil evidence shows jaguars of up to 190 kg ( 420 lb ) , much larger than the contemporary average for the animal . The habitat of the cat includes the rain forests of South and Central America , open , seasonally flooded wetlands , and dry grassland terrain . Of these habitats , the jaguar much prefers dense forest ; the cat has lost range most rapidly in regions of drier habitat , such as the Argentine pampas , the arid grasslands of Mexico , and the southwestern United States . The cat will range across tropical , subtropical , and dry deciduous forests ( including , historically , oak forests in the United States ) . The jaguar prefers to live by rivers , swamps , and in dense rainforest with thick cover for stalking prey . Jaguars have been found at elevations as high as 3,800 m , but they typically avoid montane forest and are not found in the high plateau of central Mexico or in the Andes . The jaguars preferred habitats are usually swamps and wooded regions , but jaguars also live in scrublands and deserts . Ecology and behavior Ecological role The adult jaguar is an apex predator , meaning it exists at the top of its food chain and is not preyed on in the wild . The jaguar has also been termed a keystone species , as it is assumed , through controlling the population levels of prey such as herbivorous and granivorous mammals , apex felids maintain the structural integrity of forest systems . However , accurately determining what effect species like the jaguar have on ecosystems is difficult , because data must be compared from regions where the species is absent as well as its current habitats , while controlling for the effects of human activity . It is accepted that mid-sized prey species undergo population increases in the absence of the keystone predators , and this has been hypothesized to have cascading negative effects . However , field work has shown this may be natural variability and the population increases may not be sustained . Thus , the keystone predator hypothesis is not accepted by all scientists . The jaguar also has an effect on other predators . The jaguar and the cougar , the next - largest feline of the Americas , are often sympatric ( related species sharing overlapping territory ) and have often been studied in conjunction . Where sympatric with the jaguar , the cougar is smaller than normal and is smaller than the local jaguars . The jaguar tends to take larger prey , usually over 22 kg ( 49 lb ) and the cougar smaller , usually between 2 and 22 kg ( 4.4 and 48.5 lb ) , reducing the latter 's size . This situation may be advantageous to the cougar . Its broader prey niche , including its ability to take smaller prey , may give it an advantage over the jaguar in human - altered landscapes ; while both are classified as near - threatened species , the cougar has a significantly larger current distribution . Reproduction and life cycle 4 - month - old cub at the Salzburg Zoo Jaguar females reach sexual maturity at about two years of age , and males at three or four . The cat is believed to mate throughout the year in the wild , although births may increase when prey is plentiful . Research on captive male jaguars supports the year - round mating hypothesis , with no seasonal variation in semen traits and ejaculatory quality ; low reproductive success has also been observed in captivity . Female estrus is 6 -- 17 days out of a full 37 - day cycle , and females will advertise fertility with urinary scent marks and increased vocalization . Both sexes will range more widely than usual during courtship . Pairs separate after mating , and females provide all parenting . The gestation period lasts 93 -- 105 days ; females give birth to up to four cubs , and most commonly to two . The mother will not tolerate the presence of males after the birth of cubs , given a risk of infanticide ; this behavior is also found in the tiger . The young are born blind , gaining sight after two weeks . Cubs are weaned at three months , but remain in the birth den for six months before leaving to accompany their mother on hunts . They will continue in their mother 's company for one to two years before leaving to establish a territory for themselves . Young males are at first nomadic , jostling with their older counterparts until they succeed in claiming a territory . Typical lifespan in the wild is estimated at around 12 -- 15 years ; in captivity , the jaguar lives up to 23 years , placing it among the longest - lived cats . Social activity Jaguars at Cameron Park Zoo in Waco , Texas Like most cats , the jaguar is solitary outside mother -- cub groups . Adults generally meet only to court and mate ( though limited noncourting socialization has been observed anecdotally ) and carve out large territories for themselves . Female territories , which range from 25 to 40 km in size , may overlap , but the animals generally avoid one another . Male ranges cover roughly twice as much area , varying in size with the availability of game and space , and do not overlap . The territory of a male can contain those of several females . The jaguar uses scrape marks , urine , and feces to mark its territory . Like the other big cats , the jaguar is capable of roaring and does so to warn territorial and mating competitors away ; intensive bouts of counter-calling between individuals have been observed in the wild . Their roar often resembles a repetitive cough , and they may also vocalize mews and grunts . Mating fights between males occur , but are rare , and aggression avoidance behavior has been observed in the wild . When it occurs , conflict is typically over territory : a male 's range may encompass that of two or three females , and he will not tolerate intrusions by other adult males . The jaguar is often described as nocturnal , but is more specifically crepuscular ( peak activity around dawn and dusk ) . Both sexes hunt , but males travel farther each day than females , befitting their larger territories . The jaguar may hunt during the day if game is available and is a relatively energetic feline , spending as much as 50 -- 60 percent of its time active . The jaguar 's elusive nature and the inaccessibility of much of its preferred habitat make it a difficult animal to sight , let alone study . Hunting and diet The jaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite that allows it to pierce the shells of armored prey Like all cats , the jaguar is an obligate carnivore , feeding only on meat . It is an opportunistic hunter and its diet encompasses at least 87 species . The jaguar can take virtually any terrestrial or riparian vertebrate found in Central or South America , with a preference for large prey . The jaguar is more of a dietary generalist than its Old World cousins : the American tropics have a high diversity of small animals but relatively low populations and diversity of the large ungulates which this genus favors . They regularly take adult caimans , deer , capybaras , tapirs , peccaries , dogs , zorros , and sometimes even anacondas . However , the cat will eat any small species that can be caught , including frogs , mice , birds ( mainly ground - based species such as cracids ) , fish , sloths , monkeys , and turtles ; a study conducted in Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize , for example , revealed that the diets of jaguars there consisted primarily of armadillos and pacas . Some jaguars will also take domestic livestock . El Jefe , one of the few jaguars that were reported in the United States , has also been found to kill and eat American black bears , as deduced from hairs found within his scats and the partly consumed carcass of a black bear sow with the distinctive puncture marks to the skull left by jaguars . This indicates that jaguars might have once preyed on black bears when the species was still present in the area . Spectacled bears are also known to avoid jaguars , possibly because they may constitute occasional prey items . There is evidence that jaguars in the wild consume the roots of Banisteriopsis caapi . While the jaguar often employs the deep throat - bite and suffocation technique typical among Panthera , it sometimes uses a killing method unique amongst cats : it pierces directly through the temporal bones of the skull between the ears of prey ( especially the capybara ) with its canine teeth , piercing the brain . This may be an adaptation to `` cracking open '' turtle shells ; following the late Pleistocene extinctions , armored reptiles such as turtles would have formed an abundant prey base for the jaguar . The skull bite is employed with mammals in particular ; with reptiles such as the caiman , the jaguar may leap onto the back of the prey and sever the cervical vertebrae , immobilizing the target . When attacking sea turtles , including the huge leatherback sea turtle which weighs about 385 kg ( 849 lb ) on average , as they try to nest on beaches , the jaguar will bite at the head , often beheading the prey , before dragging it off to eat . Reportedly , while hunting horses , a jaguar may leap onto their back , place one paw on the muzzle and another on the nape and then twist , dislocating the neck . Local people have anecdotally reported that when hunting a pair of horses bound together , the jaguar will kill one horse and then drag it while the other horse , still living , is dragged in their wake . With prey such as smaller dogs , a paw swipe to the skull may be sufficient to kill it . Illustration of a jaguar killing a tapir , the largest native land animal in its range The jaguar is a stalk - and - ambush rather than a chase predator . The cat will walk slowly down forest paths , listening for and stalking prey before rushing or ambushing . The jaguar attacks from cover and usually from a target 's blind spot with a quick pounce ; the species ' ambushing abilities are considered nearly peerless in the animal kingdom by both indigenous people and field researchers , and are probably a product of its role as an apex predator in several different environments . The ambush may include leaping into water after prey , as a jaguar is quite capable of carrying a large kill while swimming ; its strength is such that carcasses as large as a heifer can be hauled up a tree to avoid flood levels . On killing prey , the jaguar will drag the carcass to a thicket or other secluded spot . It begins eating at the neck and chest , rather than the midsection . The heart and lungs are consumed , followed by the shoulders . The daily food requirement of a 34 kg ( 75 lb ) animal , at the extreme low end of the species ' weight range , has been estimated at 1.4 kg ( 3.1 lb ) . For captive animals in the 50 -- 60 kg ( 110 -- 130 lb ) range , more than 2 kg ( 4.4 lb ) of meat daily are recommended . In the wild , consumption is naturally more erratic ; wild cats expend considerable energy in the capture and kill of prey , and they may consume up to 25 kg ( 55 lb ) of meat at one feeding , followed by periods of famine . Man - eating Further information : Man - eater Unlike all other Panthera species , jaguars very rarely attack humans . However , jaguar attacks appear to be on the rise with increased human encroachment on their habitat and a decrease in prey populations . Sometimes jaguars in captivity attack zookeepers . In addition , it appears that attacks on humans had been more common in the past , at least after conquistadors arrived in the Americas , to the extent that the jaguar had a fearsome reputation in the Americas , akin to the lion and tiger in the Old World . Nevertheless , even in those times , the jaguar 's chief prey was the capybara , not the human , and Charles Darwin reported a saying of Native Americans that people would not have to fear the jaguar much , as long as capybaras were abundant . Threats A South American jaguar killed by Theodore Roosevelt jaguar hunting scene with dogs -- MHNT Jaguar populations are rapidly declining . The animal is considered Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , meaning it may be threatened with extinction in the near future . The loss of parts of its range , including its virtual elimination from its historic northern areas and the increasing fragmentation of the remaining range , have contributed to this status . The 1960s had particularly significant declines , with more than 15,000 jaguar skins brought out of the Brazilian Amazon yearly ; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 1973 brought about a sharp decline in the pelt trade . Detailed work performed under the auspices of the Wildlife Conservation Society revealed the specieshas lost 37 % of its historic range , with its status unknown in an additional 18 percent . More encouragingly , the probability of long - term survival was considered high in 70 % of its remaining range , particularly in the Amazon basin and the adjoining Gran Chaco and Pantanal . The major risks to the jaguar include deforestation across its habitat , increasing competition for food with human beings , especially in dry and unproductive habitat , poaching , hurricanes in northern parts of its range , and the behavior of ranchers who will often kill the cat where it preys on livestock . When adapted to the prey , the jaguar has been shown to take cattle as a large portion of its diet ; while land clearance for grazing is a problem for the species , the jaguar population may have increased when cattle were first introduced to South America , as the animals took advantage of the new prey base . This willingness to take livestock has induced ranch owners to hire full - time jaguar hunters . The skins of wild cats and other mammals have been highly valued by the fur trade for many decades . From the beginning of the 20th - century Jaguars were hunted in large numbers , but over-harvest and habitat destruction reduced the availability and induced hunters and traders to gradually shift to smaller species by the 1960s . The international trade of jaguar skins had its largest boom between the end of the Second World War and the early 1970 , due to the growing economy and lack of regulations . From 1967 onwards , the regulations introduced by national laws and international agreements diminished the reported international trade from as high as 13000 skins in 1967 , through 7000 skins in 1969 , until it became negligible after 1976 , although illegal trade and smuggling continue to be a problem . During this period , the biggest exporters were Brazil and Paraguay , and the biggest importers were the USA and Germany . Conservation A melanistic jaguar Adult jaguar in Cameron Park Zoo , Waco , Texas The jaguar is listed on CITES Appendix I , which means that all international trade in jaguars or their parts is prohibited . Hunting jaguars is prohibited in Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , French Guiana , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Suriname , the United States , and Venezuela . Hunting of jaguars is restricted in Brazil , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Mexico and Peru . Trophy hunting is still permitted in Bolivia , and it is not protected in Ecuador or Guyana . In the US , it is listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act . Jaguar Conservation Units Jaguar conservation is complicated because of the species ' large range spaning 18 countries with different policies and regulations . Specific areas of high importance for jaguar conservation , so - called `` Jaguar Conservation Units '' ( JCU ) were determined in 2000 . These are large areas inhabited by at least 50 jaguars . Each unit was assessed and evaluated on the basis of size , connectivity , habitat quality for both jaguar and prey , and jaguar population status . That way , 51 Jaguar Conservation Units were determined in 36 geographic regions as priority areas for jaguar conservation including : the Sierra Madre of Mexico the Selva Maya tropical forests extending over Mexico , Belize , and Guatemala the Chocó - Darién moist forests from Honduras , Panama to Colombia Sierra de Tamaulipas Venezuelan Llanos northern Cerrado and Amazon basin in Brazil Misiones Province in Argentina Recent studies underlined that to maintain the robust exchange across the jaguar gene pool necessary for maintaining the species , it is important that jaguar habitats are interconnected . To facilitate this , a new project , the Paseo del Jaguar , has been established to connect several jaguar hotspots . In 1986 , the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary was established in Belize as the world 's first protected area for jaguar conservation . Given the inaccessibility of much of the species ' range , particularly the central Amazon , estimating jaguar numbers is difficult . Researchers typically focus on particular bioregions , thus species - wide analysis is scant . In 1991 , 600 -- 1,000 ( the highest total ) were estimated to be living in Belize . A year earlier , 125 -- 180 jaguars were estimated to be living in Mexico 's 4,000 - km ( 2400 - mi ) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve , with another 350 in the state of Chiapas . The adjoining Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala , with an area measuring 15,000 km ( 9,000 mi ) , may have 465 -- 550 animals . Work employing GPS telemetry in 2003 and 2004 found densities of only six to seven jaguars per 100 km in the critical Pantanal region , compared with 10 to 11 using traditional methods ; this suggests the widely used sampling methods may inflate the actual numbers of cats . Approaches In setting up protected reserves , efforts generally also have to be focused on the surrounding areas , as jaguars are unlikely to confine themselves to the bounds of a reservation , especially if the population is increasing in size . Human attitudes in the areas surrounding reserves and laws and regulations to prevent poaching are essential to make conservation areas effective . To estimate population sizes within specific areas and to keep track of individual jaguars , camera trapping and wildlife tracking telemetry are widely used , and feces may be sought out with the help of detector dogs to study jaguar health and diet . Current conservation efforts often focus on educating ranch owners and promoting ecotourism . The jaguar is generally defined as an umbrella species -- its home range and habitat requirements are sufficiently broad that , if protected , numerous other species of smaller range will also be protected . Umbrella species serve as `` mobile links '' at the landscape scale , in the jaguar 's case through predation . Conservation organizations may thus focus on providing viable , connected habitat for the jaguar , with the knowledge other species will also benefit . Ecotourism setups are being used to generate public interest in charismatic animals such as the jaguar , while at the same time generating revenue that can be used in conservation efforts . Audits done in Africa have shown that ecotourism has helped in African cat conservation . As with large African cats , a key concern in jaguar ecotourism is the considerable habitat space the species requires , so if ecotourism is used to aid in jaguar conservation , some considerations need to be made as to how existing ecosystems will be kept intact , or how new ecosystems that are large enough to support a growing jaguar population will be put into place . The United States Main article : North American jaguar The only extant cat native to North America that roars , the jaguar was recorded as an animal of the Americas by Thomas Jefferson in 1799 . Jaguars are still occasionally sighted in Arizona and New Mexico , such as El Jefe , prompting actions for its conservation by authorities . For example , on the 20th of August , 2012 , the USFWS proposed setting aside 838,232 acres in Arizona and New Mexico -- an area larger than Rhode Island -- as critical jaguar habitat . In mythology and culture Pre-Columbian Americas Jaguar warrior in the Aztec culture Copy of the Book of Chilam Balam of Ixil in the National Museum of Anthropology ( Mexico ) Statuette of Karajà in the Museum of Toulouse Moche jaguar figurine dating to 300 CE , at the Larco Museum in Lima , Peru See also : Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures In pre-Columbian Central and South America , the jaguar was a symbol of power and strength . Among the Andean cultures , a jaguar cult disseminated by the early Chavín culture became accepted over most of what is today Peru by 900 BC . The later Moche culture of northern Peru used the jaguar as a symbol of power in many of their ceramics . In the religion of the Muisca , who inhabited the cool Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Colombian Andes , the jaguar was considered a sacred animal and during their religious rituals the people dressed in jaguar skins . The skins were traded with the lowland peoples of the tropical Llanos Orientales . The name of zipa Nemequene was derived from the Muysccubun words nymy and quyne , meaning `` force of the jaguar '' . In Mesoamerica , the Olmec -- an early and influential culture of the Gulf Coast region roughly contemporaneous with the Chavín -- developed a distinct `` were - jaguar '' motif of sculptures and figurines showing stylised jaguars or humans with jaguar characteristics . In the later Maya civilization , the jaguar was believed to facilitate communication between the living and the dead and to protect the royal household . The Maya saw these powerful felines as their companions in the spiritual world , and a number of Maya rulers bore names that incorporated the Mayan word for jaguar ( b'alam in many of the Mayan languages ) . Balam ( Jaguar ) remains a common Maya surname , and it is also the name of Chilam Balam , a legendary author to whom are attributed 17th and 18th - centuries Maya miscellanies preserving much important knowledge . The Aztec civilization shared this image of the jaguar as the representative of the ruler and as a warrior . The Aztecs formed an elite warrior class known as the Jaguar Knights . In Aztec mythology , the jaguar was considered to be the totem animal of the powerful deity Tezcatlipoca . Contemporary culture The jaguar and its name are widely used as a symbol in contemporary culture . It is the national animal of Guyana , and is featured in its coat of arms . The flag of the Department of Amazonas , a Colombian department , features a black jaguar silhouette pouncing towards a hunter . The jaguar also appears in banknotes of Brazilian real . The jaguar is also a common fixture in the mythology of many contemporary native cultures in South America , usually being portrayed as the creature which gave humans the power over fire . Jaguar is widely used as a product name , most prominently for a British luxury car brand . The name has been adopted by sports franchises , including the NFL 's Jacksonville Jaguars and the Mexican soccer club Chiapas F.C. The crest of Argentina 's national federation in rugby union features a jaguar ; however , because of a journalist error , the country 's national team is nicknamed Los Pumas . In the spirit of the ancient Mayan culture , the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City adopted a red jaguar as the first official Olympic mascot . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robin Rood ( 2011 ) . `` Reassessing the Cultural and Psychopharmacological Significance of Banisteriopsis caapi : Preparation , Classification and Use Among the Piaroa of Southern Venezuela '' . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs . 40 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 307 . doi : 10.1080 / 02791072.2008. 10400645 . Jump up ^ Schaller , G.B. ; Vasconselos , J.M.C. ( 1978 ) . `` Jaguar predation on capybara '' ( PDF ) . Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 43 : 296 -- 301 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Travellers ' Wildlife Guide to Costa Rica by Les Beletsky . Interlink Publishing Group ( 2004 ) , ISBN 1566565294 Jump up ^ The animal kingdom : based upon the writings of the eminent naturalists Audubon , Wallace , Brehm , Wood , and Others , edited by Hugh Craig . Trinity College ( 1897 ) , New York . Jump up ^ Baker , Hand - rearing , pp. 62 -- 75 ( table 5 ) . Jump up ^ Baker , Nutrition , pp. 55 -- 61 . Jump up ^ V. Iserson , K. ; Francis , Adama M. ( 2015 ) . `` Jaguar Attack on a Child : Case Report and Literature Review '' . Western Journal of Emergency Medicine . 16 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 309 . doi : 10.5811 / westjem. 2015.1. 24043 . PMC 4380383 . PMID 25834674 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar : The Western Hemisphere 's Top Cat '' . Planeta . February 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , J.H. ( 1894 ) . `` The Jaguar '' . Wild beasts ; a study of the characters and habits of the elephant , lion , leopard , panther , jaguar , tiger , puma , wolf , and grizzly bear . pp. 174 -- 195 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Weber , William ; Rabinowitz , Alan ( August 1996 ) . `` A Global Perspective on Large Carnivore Conservation '' ( PDF ) . Conservation Biology . 10 ( 4 ) : 1046 -- 1054 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1996. 10041046. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , E.W. ; K.H. , Redford ; Chetkiewicz , C.B. ; Medellin , R.A. ; Rabinowitz , A.R. ; Robinson , J.G. ; Taber , A.B. ( 2002 ) . `` Planning to save a species : the jaguar as a model '' . Conservation Biology . 16 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 72 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.2002. 00352. x . Jump up ^ Jędrzejewski , Włodzimierz ; Boede , Ernesto O. ; Abarca , María ; Sánchez - Mercado , Ada ; Ferrer - Paris , José R. ; Lampo , Margarita ; Velásquez , Grisel ; Carreño , Rafael ; Viloria , Ángel L. ; Hoogesteijn , Rafael ; Robinson , Hugh S. ; Stachowicz , Izabela ; Cerda , Hugo ; Weisz , María del Mar ; Barros , Tito R. ; Rivas , Gilson A. ; Borges , Gilberto ; Molinari , Jesús ; Lew , Daniel ; Takiff , Howard ; Schmidt , Krzysztof ( 2017 ) . `` Predicting carnivore distribution and extirpation rate based on human impacts and productivity factors ; assessment of the state of jaguar ( Panthera onca ) in Venezuela '' . Biological Conservation. 206 : 132 -- 142 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2016.09. 027 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Broad , Steven ( 1987 ) . The harvest of and trade in Latin American spotted cats ( Felidae ) and otters ( Lutrinae ) . Cambridge , UK : IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Path of the jaguars project '' . Ngm.nationalgeographic.com . March 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Weckel , M. , Giuliano , W. and Silver , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Cockscomb revisited : jaguar diet in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary , Belize '' . Biotropica 38 ( 5 ) : 687 -- 690 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , Protection and Population Status , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Soisalo , M.K. ; Cavalcanti , S.M.C. ( 2006 ) . `` jaguar `` Estimating the density of a jaguar population in the Brazilian Pantanal using camera - traps and capture -- recapture sampling in combination with GPS radio - telemetry '' ( PDF ) . Biological Conservation. 129 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 496 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2005.11. 023 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez - Gonzalez , Carmina E. ; Gomez - Ramirez , Miguel A. ; Lopez - Gonzalez , Carlos A. ; Doherty , Paul F. ( 2015 ) . `` Are Private Reserves Effective for Jaguar Conservation ? '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 9 ) : e0137541 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0137541 . PMC 4580466 . PMID 26398115 . Jump up ^ Soisalo , Marianne K. ; Cavalcanti , Sandra M.C. ( 2006 ) . `` Estimating the Density of a Jaguar Population in the Brazilian Pantanal Using Camera - traps and Capture - recapture Sampling in Combination with GPS Radio - telemetry '' . Biological Conservation. 129 ( 4 ) : 487 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2005.11. 023 . Jump up ^ Furtado , M.M. ; Carrillo - Percastegui , S.E. ; Jácomo , A.T.A. ; Powell , G. ; Silveira , L. ; Vynne , C. ; Sollmann , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Studying jaguars in the wild : past experiences and future perspectives '' ( PDF ) . Cat News . 4 ( special ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaguar Refuge in the Llanos Ecoregion '' . World Wildlife Fund . Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan : Kids . Pima County Government . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mossaz , A. ; Buckley , R.C. ; Castley , J.G. ( 2015 ) . `` Ecotourism Contributions to Conservation of African Big Cats '' . Journal for Nature Conservation. 28 : 112 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jnc. 2015.09. 009 . ^ Jump up to : Christie , Bob ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Excitement follows 2 jaguar sighting in Arizona '' . The Arizona Republic . Archived from the original on 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` The writings of Thomas Jefferson '' `` . Jump up ^ Jessica Lamberton - Moreno ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Student project results in new jaguar sighting '' . Sky Island Alliance . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Only Known Jaguar in U.S. Filmed in Rare Video '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Susan H. ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Kitty Corner : Jaguars Win Critical Habitat in U.S. '' Scientific American . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Museo Arqueologico Rafael Larco Herrera ( 1997 ) . Berrin , Katherine , ed . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueologico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York City : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 01802 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard W. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Earth and Its Peoples : A Global History . Cengage Learning . pp. 75 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4390 - 8476 - 2 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lockard , Craig A. ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume I : To 1500 : A Global History . Cengage Learning . pp. 215 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4390 - 8535 - 6 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ocampo López , Javier ( 2007 ) . Grandes culturas indígenas de América -- Great indigenous cultures of the Americas ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá , Colombia : Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A. p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 958 - 14 - 0368 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kruschek , Michael H. ( 2003 ) . The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom : A household view ( PhD ) ( PDF ) . University of Pittsburgh . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` nymy '' ( in Spanish ) . Muysccubun Dictionary Online . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` quyne '' ( in Spanish ) . Muysccubun Dictionary Online . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Christenson , Allen J. ( 2007 ) . Popol Vuh : The Sacred Book of the Maya . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3839 - 8 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guyana '' . RBC Radio . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gutterman , D. ( 2008 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Amazonas Department ( Colombia ) '' . Fotw.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Levi - Strauss , Claude ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . O Cru eo Cozido . São Paulo : Cosac & Naify . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Davies , Sean ( 26 July 2007 ) . `` Puma power : Argentinian rugby '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Welch , Paula . Cute Little Creatures : Mascots Lend a Smile to the Games ( PDF ) . la84foundation.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Bibliography Baker , W.K. Jr. ; et al. Law , Christopher , ed . Guidelines for Captive Management of Jaguars ( PDF ) . Jaguar Species Survival Plan . American Zoo and Aquarium Association . Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Further reading Brown , David , and Carlos A. López González ( 2001 ) . Borderland Jaguars . University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 696 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panthera onca . Wikispecies has information related to Panthera onca `` Species portrait Jaguar '' . International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Cat Specialist Group . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 07 . Sound of a jaguar roar at Vivanatura.org `` Jaguar ( Panthera onca ) '' . Arkive . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . `` Jaguar '' . BBC . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 22 . People and Jaguars a Guide for Coexistence Sky Island Alliance website Felidae Conservation Fund `` Jaguar '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Jaguar '' dated 2011 - 12 - 26 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below ( hide ) Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Herpailurus Jaguarundi ( H. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) National symbols of Brazil Official Flag Coat of arms National anthem National seal Other Republic 's Effigy National bird National fauna National flora Patron saint Cats portal Mammals portal Animals portal Biology portal North America portal Central America portal South America portal Mesoamerica portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q35694 ADW : Panthera_onca ARKive : panthera - onca BioLib : 2015 EoL : 328606 EPPO : PNTHON Fossilworks : 49735 GBIF : 5219426 iNaturalist : 41970 ITIS : 180593 IUCN : 15953 MSW : 14000240 NCBI : 9690 Species+ : 6385 LCCN : sh85069247 NDL : 00576704 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaguar&oldid=828235215 '' Categories : IUCN Red List near threatened species Jaguars Panthera Felids of Central America Felids of North America Felids of South America Apex predators Keystone species Northern jaguars of the Americas Mammals of Belize Mammals of Colombia Mammals of Costa Rica Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of Guatemala Mammals of Honduras Mammals of Mexico Mammals of Panama Mammals of Peru Mammals of the United States Mammals of Venezuela Carnivorans of North America Fauna of the Southwestern United States Near threatened animals Near threatened fauna of North America Near threatened biota of South America Near threatened biota of Mexico Near threatened fauna of the United States Mammals described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances Pleistocene mammals of North America Pleistocene mammals of South America Pleistocene carnivorans Quaternary carnivorans Prehistory of Colombia Prehistory of Ecuador Prehistory of Peru Prehistory of Venezuela Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the largest cat in the americas	[ "The jaguar is the largest cat species in the Americas and the third-largest after the tiger and the lion. This spotted cat closely resembles the leopard, but is usually larger and sturdier. It ranges across a variety of forested and open terrains, but its preferred habitat is tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest, swamps and wooded regions. The jaguar enjoys swimming and is largely a solitary, opportunistic, stalk-and-ambush predator at the top of the food chain. As a keystone species it plays an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and regulating prey populations." ]	[ "The jaguar" ]
6939161482722953834	List of highest-grossing films	List of highest - grossing films - wikipedia List of highest - grossing films Gone with the Wind held the record of highest - grossing film for twenty - five years and , adjusted for inflation , has earned more than any other film . Films generate income from several revenue streams , including theatrical exhibition , home video , television broadcast rights and merchandising . However , theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film , mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights , but also because of historical practice . Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners ( ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue ) , a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year , a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record , and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series . All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible , excluding income derived from home video , broadcasting rights and merchandise . Traditionally , war films , musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres , but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century . Six Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart , while the Star Wars and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently . There is also continued interest in the superhero genre : Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand , such as Spider - Man , X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , have generally done well . Although the nominal earnings chart is dominated by films adapted from pre-existing properties and sequels , it is headed by Avatar and Titanic ( both directed by James Cameron ) , which are original works . Animated family films have performed consistently well , with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era . Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen ( the highest - grossing animated film ) , Zootopia and The Lion King , as well as with its Pixar brand , of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers . Beyond Disney and Pixar animation , the Shrek , Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success . While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s , there are franchises originating from that period that are still active . Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises , James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically ; all four are among the highest - grossing franchises . Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards , but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices . When properly adjusted for inflation , however , on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time . All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value , except where stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest - grossing films 2 Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation 3 High - grossing films by year 4 Timeline of highest - grossing films 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Box office sources 7.2 Franchise and series sources 7.3 Bibliography 8 External links Highest - grossing films The two highest - grossing films have both been written and directed by James Cameron . With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross . When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property , its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales . The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales , but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation . Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too : The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise , while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release . Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3 , which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office . On this chart , films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value , along with the highest positions they attained . Thirty - four films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide , of which four have grossed over $2 billion , with Avatar ranked in the top position . All of the films have had a theatrical run ( including re-releases ) in the 21st century , and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation , population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 15 June 2018 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,187,463,944 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Avengers : Infinity War $2,021,112,558 2018 5 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 6 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 7 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 8 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 9 9 Black Panther $1,346,104,018 2018 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 11 9 Star Wars : The Last Jedi $1,332,539,889 2017 12 5 Frozen $1,290,000,000 2013 13 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,263,521,126 2017 14 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,238,764,765 2017 15 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 16 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 17 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 18 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 19 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 20 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 21 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 22 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 23 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 24 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 25 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 26 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 27 24 Despicable Me 3 $1,034,799,409 2017 28 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993 29 22 Finding Dory $1,028,570,889 2016 30 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $1,027,044,677 1999 31 5 Alice in Wonderland $1,025,467,110 32 24 Zootopia $1,023,784,195 2016 33 14 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $1,021,103,568 2012 34 The Dark Knight $1,004,558,444 2008 35 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone $974,755,371 2001 36 19 Despicable Me 2 $970,761,885 2013 37 The Lion King $968,483,777 1994 38 30 The Jungle Book $966,550,600 2016 39 5 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $963,420,425 2007 40 40 Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle $961,952,182 2017 41 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $960,283,305 42 24 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug $958,366,855 2013 43 26 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies $956,019,788 2014 44 8 Finding Nemo $940,335,536 2003 45 6 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $939,885,929 2007 46 8 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $934,416,487 2009 47 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $926,349,708 2002 48 6 Shrek 2 $919,838,758 49 8 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $896,911,078 2005 50 10 Spider - Man 3 $890,871,626 2007 Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014 , while it was still in release . The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan , Nigeria , Spain , the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey , Iceland , Brazil , and Australia ( 2016 ) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars . It was re-released in the United Kingdom in December 2017 with Olaf 's Frozen Adventure earning an additional $1,655,398 . The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy . In the case of The Fate of the Furious the gross is sourced from BoxOffice rather than the chart 's regular source , Box Office Mojo , after irregularities were discovered in the latter 's figure . Ongoing weekly drops in the totals for several countries -- Argentina being the worst affected -- led to a drop in the overall worldwide total . In view of what appears to be an aberration in the source an alternative figure is provided . Box Office Mojo revised the grosses for Pixar films in August 2016 , resulting in the gross for Toy Story 3 being corrected from $1.063 billion to $1.067 billion . This means that it peaked at # 4 rather than # 5 at the end of its release , as indicated by the source . Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King , correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million . This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release . Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release , after taking corrections into account . Its total now stands at $940.3 million , which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million , and slightly higher than the $864.6 million Box Office Mojo originally had listed . Meanwhile , Box Office Mojo originally had the gross for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring listed at $871.4 million prior to its 2011 re-release , but this was dropped to $870.8 million by 2009 . The slightly higher gross of $871.0 million for Finding Nemo would rank above the slightly lower gross of $870.8 million for The Fellowship of the Ring . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation Inflation rates around the world vary , complicating inflation adjustment . Because of the long - term effects of inflation , notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices , the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films . The unadjusted list , while commonly found in the press , is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time , as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list , despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases . To compensate for the devaluation of the currency , some charts make adjustments for inflation , but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another . For example , in 1970 , tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars ; by 1980 , prices had risen to about $2.69 , a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars . Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world , further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses . Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged . One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar , which was also released in 3D and IMAX : almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10 , and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50 , compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films . Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets , along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets , or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more . The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses , mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry : the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor , which in turn releases them to the media . Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals . As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films , unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking , and thus be promoted as a `` top film of all time '' , so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view . Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation as of 2016 Rank Title Worldwide gross ( 2016 $ ) Year Gone with the Wind 7009364000000000000 ♠ $3,640,000,000 1939 Avatar 7009319600000000000 ♠ $3,196,000,000 2009 Titanic $2,516,000,000 7009302600000000000 ♠ $3,026,000,000 1997 Star Wars 7009298900000000000 ♠ $2,989,000,000 1977 5 The Sound of Music 7009250300000000000 ♠ $2,503,000,000 1965 6 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7009244400000000000 ♠ $2,444,000,000 1982 7 The Ten Commandments 7009231400000000000 ♠ $2,314,000,000 1956 8 Doctor Zhivago 7009219300000000000 ♠ $2,193,000,000 1965 9 Jaws 7009214500000000000 ♠ $2,145,000,000 10 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009210300000000000 ♠ $2,103,000,000 2015 Inflation adjustment is carried out using the International Monetary Fund 's global Consumer price index . The index is uniformly applied to the grosses in the chart published by Guinness World Records in 2014 , beginning with the 2014 index . The figures in the above chart take into account inflation that occurred in 2014 , and in every available year since then , with 2016 the most recent year available . Guinness ' adjusted total for Titanic only increased by $102,000,000 between the 2012 ( published in 2011 ) and 2015 editions , a rise of 4.2 % shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart , and omitted the gross from a 3D re-release in 2012 . This chart incorporates the gross of $343,550,770 from the reissue and adjusts it from the 2014 index . Titanic was re-released again in 2017 but this figure is not represented in the adjusted total . Since Star Wars : The Force Awakens was released in 2015 , inflation is only applied to its gross from 2016 onwards . High - grossing films by year Glossary : Distributor rentals Box - office figures are reported in the form of gross or distributor rentals , the latter being especially true of older films . Commonly mistaken for home video revenue , the rentals are the distributor 's share of the film 's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor 's cut . Historically , the rental price averaged at 30 -- 40 % when the distributors owned the theater chains , equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film . In the modern marketplace , rental fees can vary greatly -- depending on a number of factors -- although the films from the major studios average out at 43 % . Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century , but several trends did emerge . During the silent era , films with war themes were popular with audiences , with The Birth of a Nation ( American Civil War ) , The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Big Parade and Wings ( all World War I ) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release , with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930 . With the advent of sound in 1927 , the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences , with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films . The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s , but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period , starting with Gone with the Wind ( American Civil War ) in 1939 , and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives ( World War II ) in 1946 . Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences , with Quo Vadis , The Robe , The Ten Commandments , Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release , before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures . The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story , Mary Poppins , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade . The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films , with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s . The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations , with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels . Films directed by Steven Spielberg have been the highest - grossing film of the year on six occasions , and on three occasions have been the highest - grossing film of all time . Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit , occupying the top spot in 1975 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1989 and 1993 . Cecil B. DeMille ( 1932 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1956 ) and William Wyler ( 1942 , 1946 , 1959 and 1968 ) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively , while D.W. Griffith ( 1915 , 1916 and 1920 ) , George Roy Hill ( 1966 , 1969 and 1973 ) and James Cameron ( 1991 , 1997 and 2009 ) all feature heavily with three films apiece . George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999 , but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1989 as well . The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart : Frank Lloyd , King Vidor , Frank Capra , Michael Curtiz , Leo McCarey , Alfred Hitchcock , David Lean , Stanley Kubrick , Guy Hamilton , Mike Nichols , William Friedkin , Peter Jackson , Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay ; Mervyn LeRoy , Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit , and John Ford co-directed two films . Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams : Wilfred Jackson , Hamilton Luske , Clyde Geronimi , David Hand , Ben Sharpsteen , Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list . Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years : McCarey ( 1944 and 1945 ) , Nichols ( 1966 and 1967 ) , Spielberg ( 1981 and 1982 ) , Jackson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Verbinski ( 2006 and 2007 ) . Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film . indicates films still playing in theaters around the world in the week commencing 15 June 2018 . High - grossing films by year of release Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 + ( 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ $110,000 1916 Intolerance 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005489653000000000 ♠ $489,653 1917 Cleopatra 7005500000000000000 ♠ $500,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ $300,000 1918 Mickey 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 1919 The Miracle Man 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ $120,000 1920 Way Down East 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 -- 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 1922 Robin Hood 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 7005930042780000000 ♠ $930,042.78 1923 The Covered Wagon 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1924 The Sea Hawk 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ $700,000 1925 The Big Parade 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 ( 7006613100000000000 ♠ $6,131,000 ) 7005382000000000000 ♠ $382,000 Ben - Hur 7007107380000000000 ♠ $10,738,000 ( 7006938600000000000 ♠ $9,386,000 ) 7006396700000000000 ♠ $3,967,000 1926 For Heaven 's Sake 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150,000 1927 Wings 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1928 The Singing Fool 7006590000000000000 ♠ $5,900,000 7005388000000000000 ♠ $388,000 1929 The Broadway Melody 7006440000000000000 ♠ $4,400,000 -- 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4,800,000 7005379000000000000 ♠ $379,000 Sunny Side Up 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7006125000000000000 ♠ $1,250,000 1931 Frankenstein 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ( 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 City Lights 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006160735100000000 ♠ $1,607,351 1932 The Sign of the Cross 7006273899300000000 ♠ $2,738,993 7005694065000000000 ♠ $694,065 1933 King Kong 7006534700000000000 ♠ $5,347,000 ( 7006185600000000000 ♠ $1,856,000 ) 7005672255750000000 ♠ $672,255.75 I 'm No Angel 7006325000000000000 ♠ $3,250,000 + 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200,000 Cavalcade 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006111600000000000 ♠ $1,116,000 She Done Him Wrong 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 + 7005274076000000000 ♠ $274,076 1934 The Merry Widow 7006260800000000000 ♠ $2,608,000 7006160500000000000 ♠ $1,605,000 It Happened One Night 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ $325,000 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 7006446000000000000 ♠ $4,460,000 7006190500000000000 ♠ $1,905,000 1936 San Francisco 7006604400000000000 ♠ $6,044,000 + ( 7006527300000000000 ♠ $5,273,000 ) 7006130000000000000 ♠ $1,300,000 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 7008418000000000000 ♠ $418,000,000 + ( 7006850000000000000 ♠ $8,500,000 ) 7006148842300000000 ♠ $1,488,423 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ $1,200,000 1939 Gone with the Wind 7008390525192000000 ♠ $390,525,192 -- 7008401776459000000 ♠ 401,776,459 ( 7007320000000000000 ♠ $32,000,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006425000000000000 ♠ 4,250,000 1940 Pinocchio 7007870008620000000 ♠ $87,000,862 ( 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 ) 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Boom Town 7006460000000000000 ♠ $4,600,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 1941 Sergeant York 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1942 Bambi 7008267997843000000 ♠ $267,997,843 ( 7006344935300000000 ♠ $3,449,353 ) 7006170000000000000 ♠ $1,700,000 -- 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Mrs. Miniver 7006887800000000000 ♠ $8,878,000 7006134400000000000 ♠ $1,344,000 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls 7007110000000000000 ♠ $11,000,000 7006268129800000000 ♠ $2,681,298 This Is the Army 7006955558644000000 ♠ $9,555,586.44 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 1944 Going My Way 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 1945 Mom and Dad 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 / 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ $65,000 The Bells of St. Mary 's 7007112000000000000 ♠ $11,200,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1946 Song of the South 7007650000000000000 ♠ $65,000,000 ( 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 ) 7006212500000000000 ♠ $2,125,000 The Best Years of Our Lives 7007147500000000000 ♠ $14,750,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 Duel in the Sun 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 7006525500000000000 ♠ $5,255,000 1947 Forever Amber 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7006637500000000000 ♠ $6,375,000 Unconquered 7006750000000000000 ♠ $7,500,000 7006420000000000000 ♠ $4,200,000 1948 Easter Parade 7006591813400000000 ♠ $5,918,134 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 The Red Shoes 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 7005505581000000000 ♠ £ 505,581 ( 7006200000000000000 ♠ ~ $2,000,000 ) The Snake Pit 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 1949 Samson and Delilah 7007142092500000000 ♠ $14,209,250 7006309756300000000 ♠ $3,097,563 1950 Cinderella 7008263591415000000 ♠ $263,591,415 ( 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 / 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 ) 7006220000000000000 ♠ $2,200,000 King Solomon 's Mines 7007100500000000000 ♠ $10,050,000 7006225800000000000 ♠ $2,258,000 1951 Quo Vadis 7007210370000000000 ♠ $21,037,000 -- 7007267000000000000 ♠ 26,700,000 7006762300000000000 ♠ $7,623,000 1952 This Is Cinerama 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 The Greatest Show on Earth 7007183500000000000 ♠ $18,350,000 7006387394600000000 ♠ $3,873,946 1953 Peter Pan 7008145000000000000 ♠ $145,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Robe 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25,000,000 -- 7007261000000000000 ♠ 26,100,000 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 1954 Rear Window 7007245000000000000 ♠ $24,500,000 ( 7006530000000000000 ♠ $5,300,000 ) 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 White Christmas 7007260000500000000 ♠ $26,000,050 ( 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ) 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 7007250001340000000 ♠ $25,000,134 ( 7006680000000000000 ♠ $6,800,000 -- 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 ) 7006450000000000000 ♠ $4,500,000 -- 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 1955 Lady and the Tramp 7008187000000000000 ♠ $187,000,000 ( 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 ) 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Cinerama Holiday 7007210000000000000 ♠ $21,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 Mister Roberts 7006990000000000000 ♠ $9,900,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ $2,400,000 1956 The Ten Commandments 7007900662300000000 ♠ $90,066,230 ( 7008122700000000000 ♠ $122,700,000 / 7007552000000000000 ♠ $55,200,000 ) 7007132700000000000 ♠ $13,270,000 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai 7007306000000000000 ♠ $30,600,000 7006284000000000000 ♠ $2,840,000 1958 South Pacific 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006561000000000000 ♠ $5,610,000 1959 Ben - Hur 7007900000000000000 ♠ $90,000,000 ( 7008146900000000000 ♠ $146,900,000 / 7007661000000000000 ♠ $66,100,000 ) 7007159000000000000 ♠ $15,900,000 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Spartacus 7007600000000000000 ♠ $60,000,000 ( 7007221052250000000 ♠ $22,105,225 ) 7007102840140000000 ♠ $10,284,014 Psycho 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 + ( 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 7008215880212000000 ♠ $215,880,212 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 West Side Story 7008105000000000000 ♠ $105,000,000 ( 7007318000000000000 ♠ $31,800,000 ) 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7007773248520000000 ♠ $77,324,852 ( 7007699953850000000 ♠ $69,995,385 ) 7007138000000000000 ♠ $13,800,000 How the West Was Won 7007350000000000000 ♠ $35,000,000 7007144830000000000 ♠ $14,483,000 The Longest Day 7007332000000000000 ♠ $33,200,000 7006860000000000000 ♠ $8,600,000 1963 Cleopatra 7007403000000000000 ♠ $40,300,000 7007311150000000000 ♠ $31,115,000 From Russia with Love 7007789000000000000 ♠ $78,900,000 / 7007294000000000000 ♠ $29,400,000 ( 7007125000000000000 ♠ $12,500,000 ) 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1964 My Fair Lady 7007550000000000000 ♠ $55,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ $17,000,000 Goldfinger 7008124900000000000 ♠ $124,900,000 ( 7007460000000000000 ♠ $46,000,000 ) 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 Mary Poppins 7007440000000000000 ♠ $44,000,000 -- 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 1965 The Sound of Music 7008286214076000000 ♠ $286,214,076 ( 7008114600000000000 ♠ $114,600,000 ) 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 1966 The Bible : In the Beginning 7007253000000000000 ♠ $25,300,000 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 Hawaii 7007345622220000000 ♠ $34,562,222 ( 7007156000000000000 ♠ $15,600,000 ) 7007150000000000000 ♠ $15,000,000 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 ( 7007145000000000000 ♠ $14,500,000 ) 7006761300000000000 ♠ $7,613,000 1967 The Jungle Book 7008378000000000000 ♠ $378,000,000 ( 7007238000000000000 ♠ $23,800,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Graduate 7007850000000000000 ♠ $85,000,000 7006310000000000000 ♠ $3,100,000 1968 2001 : A Space Odyssey 7008138000000000000 ♠ $138,000,000 -- 7008190000000000000 ♠ 190,000,000 ( 7007219000000000000 ♠ $21,900,000 ) 7007103000000000000 ♠ $10,300,000 Funny Girl 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7006880000000000000 ♠ $8,800,000 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7008152308525000000 ♠ $152,308,525 ( 7007371000000000000 ♠ $37,100,000 ) 7006660000000000000 ♠ $6,600,000 1970 Love Story 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 7006226000000000000 ♠ $2,260,000 Airport 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 1971 The French Connection 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 Fiddler on the Roof 7007494000000000000 ♠ $49,400,000 ( 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 / 7007451000000000000 ♠ $45,100,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 Diamonds Are Forever 7008116000000000000 ♠ $116,000,000 ( 7007457000000000000 ♠ $45,700,000 ) 7006720000000000000 ♠ $7,200,000 1972 The Godfather 7008245066044000000 ♠ $245,066,044 -- 7008286000000000000 ♠ 286,000,000 ( 7008127600000000000 ♠ $127,600,000 -- 7008142000000000000 ♠ 142,000,000 ) 7006620000000000000 ♠ $6,200,000 1973 The Exorcist 7008413071948000000 ♠ $413,071,948 ( 7008110000000000000 ♠ $110,000,000 ) 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 The Sting 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 7006550000000000000 ♠ $5,500,000 The Towering Inferno 7007918380000000000 ♠ $91,838,000 7007143000000000000 ♠ $14,300,000 Blazing Saddles 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 + 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Jaws 7008470653591000000 ♠ $470,653,591 ( 7008193700000000000 ♠ $193,700,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 1976 Rocky 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 ( 7007771000000000000 ♠ $77,100,000 ) 7006107500000000000 ♠ $1,075,000 1977 Star Wars 7008775398007000000 ♠ $775,398,007 ( 7008530000000000000 ♠ $530,000,000 / 7008268500000000000 ♠ $268,500,000 ) 7007112931510000000 ♠ $11,293,151 1978 Grease 7008394954752000000 ♠ $394,954,752 ( 7008341000000000000 ♠ $341,000,000 ) 7006600000000000000 ♠ $6,000,000 1979 Moonraker 7008210300000000000 ♠ $210,300,000 7007310000000000000 ♠ $31,000,000 Rocky II 7008200182289000000 ♠ $200,182,289 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 7008547969004000000 ♠ $547,969,004 ( 7008413562607000000 ♠ $413,562,607 ) 7007230000000000000 ♠ $23,000,000 -- 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32,000,000 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 7008389925971000000 ♠ $389,925,971 ( 7008321866000000000 ♠ $321,866,000 -- 7008353988025000000 ♠ 353,988,025 ) 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007228000000000000 ♠ 22,800,000 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7008792910554000000 ♠ $792,910,554 ( 7008619000000000000 ♠ $619,000,000 -- 7008664000000000000 ♠ 664,000,000 ) 7007105000000000000 ♠ $10,500,000 -- 7007122000000000000 ♠ 12,200,000 Return of the Jedi 7008475106177000000 ♠ $475,106,177 ( 7008385845197000000 ♠ $385,845,197 ) 7007325000000000000 ♠ $32,500,000 -- 7007427000000000000 ♠ 42,700,000 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 7008333107271000000 ♠ $333,107,271 7007270000000000000 ♠ $27,000,000 -- 7007282000000000000 ♠ 28,200,000 1985 Back to the Future 7008389053797000000 ♠ $389,053,797 ( 7008381109762000000 ♠ $381,109,762 ) 7007190000000000000 ♠ $19,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 1986 Top Gun 7008356830601000000 ♠ $356,830,601 ( 7008345000000000000 ♠ $345,000,000 ) 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 Fatal Attraction 7008320145905000000 ♠ $320,145,905 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 1988 Rain Man 7008354825476000000 ♠ $354,825,476 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 7008474171806000000 ♠ $474,171,806 -- 7008494000000000000 ♠ 494,000,000 7007360000000000000 ♠ $36,000,000 -- 7007554000000000000 ♠ 55,400,000 1990 Ghost 7008505702423000000 ♠ $505,702,423 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 7008523774456000000 ♠ $523,774,456 ( $519,843,345 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 1992 Aladdin 7008504050045000000 ♠ $504,050,045 7007280000000000000 ♠ $28,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park 7009102993990300000 ♠ $1,029,939,903 ( 7008914691118000000 ♠ $914,691,118 ) 7007630000000000000 ♠ $63,000,000 -- 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 1994 The Lion King 7008968483777000000 ♠ $968,483,777 ( 7008763455561000000 ♠ $763,455,561 ) 7007450000000000000 ♠ $45,000,000 -- 7007793000000000000 ♠ 79,300,000 1995 Toy Story 7008373554033000000 ♠ $373,554,033 ( 7008364873776000000 ♠ $364,873,776 ) 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 Die Hard with a Vengeance 7008366101666000000 ♠ $366,101,666 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70,000,000 Independence Day 7008817400891000000 ♠ $817,400,891 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 1997 Titanic 7009218746394400000 ♠ $2,187,463,944 ( 7009184320126800000 ♠ $1,843,201,268 ) 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 1998 Armageddon 7008553709626000000 ♠ $553,709,626 7008140000000000000 ♠ $140,000,000 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 7009102704467700000 ♠ $1,027,044,677 ( 7008924317558000000 ♠ $924,317,558 ) 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 -- 7008127500000000000 ♠ 127,500,000 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 7008546388105000000 ♠ $546,388,105 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 -- 7008125000000000000 ♠ 125,000,000 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 7008974755371000000 ♠ $974,755,371 7008125000000000000 ♠ $125,000,000 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 7008926349708000000 ♠ $926,349,708 ( 7008921780457000000 ♠ $921,780,457 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 7009112023700200000 ♠ $1,120,237,002 ( 7009111911094100000 ♠ $1,119,110,941 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 Shrek 2 7008919838758000000 ♠ $919,838,758 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 7008896911078000000 ♠ $896,911,078 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 7009106617972500000 ♠ $1,066,179,725 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 7008963420425000000 ♠ $963,420,425 7008300000000000000 ♠ $300,000,000 2008 The Dark Knight 7009100455844400000 ♠ $1,004,558,444 ( 7008997039412000000 ♠ $997,039,412 ) 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185,000,000 2009 Avatar 7009278796508700000 ♠ $2,787,965,087 ( 7009274906432800000 ♠ $2,749,064,328 ) 7008237000000000000 ♠ $237,000,000 Toy Story 3 7009106696970300000 ♠ $1,066,969,703 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 7009134151121900000 ♠ $1,341,511,219 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2012 The Avengers 7009151881298800000 ♠ $1,518,812,988 7008220000000000000 ♠ $220,000,000 2013 Frozen 7009129000000000000 ♠ $1,290,000,000 ( 7009128700000000000 ♠ $1,287,000,000 ) 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction 7009110403907600000 ♠ $1,104,039,076 7008210000000000000 ♠ $210,000,000 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009206822362400000 ♠ $2,068,223,624 7008245000000000000 ♠ $245,000,000 2016 Captain America : Civil War 7009115330449500000 ♠ $1,153,304,495 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2017 Star Wars : The Last Jedi 7009133253988900000 ♠ $1,332,539,889 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2018 Avengers : Infinity War 7009202111255800000 ♠ $2,021,112,558 7008316000000000000 ♠ $316,000,000 -- 7008400000000000000 ♠ 400,000,000 ( ... ) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs , a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . To be ascertained . No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross . However , it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals . Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists . It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide . Other sources put its earnings at $2 million , which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental , given the confusion over international figures during this period . The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success : it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films , and the total earnings were averaged out ; the true gross would have been much higher . Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards . It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release . Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim ; however , it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure . Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves , who were keen to promote a successful film , or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate . Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful , while estimates were limited to performance in North America ; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up . Following the outbreak of World War II , many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance . In keeping with this new approach , the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ( $11 million lower than the previous figure ) , and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million . Through 1956 , MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000 , from three releases . Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures : they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release , and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956 . Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution . Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre , it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws . Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code , Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters . It was the biggest hit of its kind , and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over . At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million , and by 1949 , $8 million ; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals , representing a gross of $80 million , and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million . Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office , but as was common at the time , the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses . Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ( $8 million ) and Life with Father ( $6.5 million ) were in fact worldwide rental grosses , so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered . The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts . Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films , meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross , unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross . Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental , they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart : in the case of This Is Cinerama , the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross ; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama , so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share , and halved it again to simulate a rental fee . Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated , but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis . All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts . Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million ( with $12.8 million coming from the United States ) a year after its release ; however , Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962 . It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental , and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues . The `` first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases ; however , the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions . Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Timeline of highest - grossing films The Birth of a Nation pioneered many of the techniques used in filmmaking today , becoming the most successful film ever made at the time of its release . At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915 . Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser , with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice . Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T. , and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic . Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film , eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind . Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation , but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919 . Its international release was delayed by World War I , and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s ; coupled with further re-releases in the United States , its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure . At this time , Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ( $6,400,000 ) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( $8,500,000 ) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record ; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ' , displacing The Singing Fool ( $5,900,000 ) . Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film , the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ( $9,386,000 ) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross . In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition , The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private , club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for . It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment , and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million . Despite later retracting the claim , the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated . While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date , with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s . Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million ; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived , since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million . Depending on how accurate the estimates are , the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind : as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide , and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million , ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release . The 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat reportedly earned as much as $600 million , a figure that may have been inflated by gangsters in money laundering schemes . Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film , Deep Throat . In 1984 , Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million ; this figure has been the subject of much speculation , since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars , and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film . The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount . Exact figures are not known , but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million . Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper , since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them , so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film . The Birth of a Nation , Gone with the Wind , The Godfather , Jaws , Star Wars , E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases . The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record ; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940 ; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition ; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002 ; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time . Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart : the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release ( roadshow / general release / second - run ) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966 ; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases . The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards , and Jaws was released again in 1976 , and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases . The Sound of Music , The Godfather , Jaws , Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973 , 1997 , 1979 , 2013 and 2012 respectively , but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released . Timeline of the highest - grossing film record Established Title Record setting gross Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation $5,200,000 1940 $15,000,000 1940 Gone with the Wind $32,000,000 1963 $67,000,000 1966 The Sound of Music $114,600,000 1971 Gone with the Wind $116,000,000 1972 The Godfather $127,600,000 -- 142,000,000 1976 Jaws $193,700,000 1977 Star Wars $410,000,000 / $268,500,000 1982 $530,000,000 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $619,000,000 -- 664,000,000 1993 $701,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park $914,691,118 1998 Titanic $1,843,201,268 Avatar $2,749,064,328 $2,787,965,087 Distributor rental . Includes revenue from re-releases . If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record , the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics . Highest - grossing franchises and film series See also : List of the highest - grossing media franchises The James Bond series was the first to gross over $1 billion . Prior to 2000 , only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office : James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones , Rocky , Batman , Jurassic Park and Star Trek . Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over fifty ( not including one - off hits such as Avatar , Titanic and Frozen ) . This is partly due to inflation and market growth , but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model : films that have built - in brand recognition , such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character . The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them , and as such are known as `` pre-sold '' films within the industry . The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most , amassing over $16 billion at the box office . The Harry Potter films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property , earning nearly $8 billion at the box office ( although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices ) ; Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue , taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion . If ancillary income from merchandise is included , then Star Wars is the most lucrative property ; it holds the Guinness world record for the `` most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 ( approximately $30 billion ) . Only two franchises have had more than three films gross over $1 billion : the Marvel Cinematic Universe with six , and Star Wars with four . The three Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion . Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film , although the Star Wars , Pirates of the Caribbean , Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises , Harry Potter films , and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation all average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation . The following list includes the shared universes Marvel Cinematic Universe and DC Extended Universe . Some films in these franchises are grouped both with the MCU or DCEU and with other films featuring the same character ( s ) . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 15 June 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Series Total worldwide gross No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film show Marvel Cinematic Universe $16,879,108,154 19 $888,374,113 Avengers : Infinity War ( $2,021,112,558 ) show Phase Three $7,796,172,461 7 $1,113,738,923 Avengers : Infinity War ( $2,021,112,558 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) $2,021,112,558 Black Panther ( 2018 ) $1,346,136,912 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $880,166,924 5 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $863,756,051 6 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) $853,977,126 7 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $677,718,395 show Phase Two $5,271,691,209 6 $878,615,202 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $1,405,403,694 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $773,328,629 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $644,571,402 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $519,311,965 show Phase One $3,811,244,484 6 $635,207,414 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 Thor ( 2011 ) $449,326,618 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $263,427,551 show Star Wars $9,190,742,820 11 $835,522,075 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) show Episodes $7,724,434,474 8 $965,554,309 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) show Sequel trilogy $3,400,763,513 $1,700,381,757 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $2,068,223,624 VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) $1,332,539,889 show Prequel trilogy $2,525,197,773 $841,732,591 The Phantom Menace ( $1,027,044,677 ) I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $1,027,044,677 III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $848,754,768 II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $649,398,328 show Original trilogy $1,798,473,188 $599,491,063 A New Hope ( $775,398,007 ) IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) $775,398,007 V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $547,969,004 VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $475,106,177 show Anthology films $1,398,025,502 $699,012,751 Rogue One ( $1,056,057,273 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $1,056,057,273 Solo ( 2018 ) $341,968,229 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $68,282,844 show Wizarding World $8,539,253,704 9 $948,805,967 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) show Harry Potter series $7,725,216,129 8 $965,652,016 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $1,341,511,219 Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) $974,755,371 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $960,283,305 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $939,885,929 5 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $934,416,487 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $896,911,078 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $878,979,634 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $796,688,549 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,784,557 show Fantastic Beasts series $814,037,575 $814,037,575 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( $814,037,575 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $814,037,575 show James Bond $7,040,275,645 26 $270,779,833 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) show Eon series $6,838,530,927 24 $284,938,789 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) show Daniel Craig 's Bond $3,174,372,309 $793,593,077 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $1,108,561,013 Spectre ( 2015 ) $880,674,609 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $599,045,960 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $586,090,727 show Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $1,479,008,618 $369,752,155 Die Another Day ( $431,971,116 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $431,971,116 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $361,832,400 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $352,194,034 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $333,011,068 show Roger Moore 's Bond $1,151,600,000 7 $164,514,286 Moonraker ( $210,300,000 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $210,300,000 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $194,900,000 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $185,400,000 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $183,700,000 5 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $152,400,000 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $126,400,000 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $98,500,000 show Sean Connery 's Bond $621,500,000 6 $103,583,333 Thunderball ( $141,200,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $141,200,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $124,900,000 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $116,000,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $101,000,000 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $78,900,000 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $59,500,000 show Timothy Dalton 's Bond $347,400,000 $173,700,000 The Living Daylights ( $191,200,000 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $191,200,000 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $156,200,000 show George Lazenby 's Bond $64,600,000 $64,600,000 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $64,600,000 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $64,600,000 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $160,000,000 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $41,744,718 5 show J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $5,884,488,087 7 $840,641,155 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) show Jackson series $5,853,780,255 6 $975,630,043 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) show The Hobbit $2,935,490,211 $978,496,737 An Unexpected Journey ( $1,021,103,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $1,021,103,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $958,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $956,019,788 show The Lord of the Rings $2,918,526,456 $972,842,152 The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $1,120,237,002 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $926,349,708 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $871,939,746 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 6 show X-Men $5,689,650,206 11 $517,240,928 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) show Main series $2,808,832,317 6 $468,138,720 Days of Future Past ( $747,862,775 ) Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $747,862,775 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $543,934,787 The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $459,359,555 X2 ( 2003 ) $407,711,549 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $353,624,124 6 X-Men ( 2000 ) $296,339,527 show Deadpool series $1,473,905,343 $736,952,672 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $783,112,979 Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) $690,792,364 show Wolverine series $1,406,912,546 $468,970,849 Logan ( $619,021,436 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $619,021,436 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $414,828,246 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $373,062,864 7 show The Fast and the Furious $5,134,895,344 8 $641,861,918 Furious 7 ( $1,516,045,911 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $1,516,045,911 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $1,238,764,765 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $788,679,850 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $626,137,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $363,164,265 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $236,350,661 7 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $207,283,925 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $158,468,292 8 show Batman $4,995,812,576 15 $333,054,172 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) show Nolan series $2,463,716,216 $821,238,739 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $1,084,939,099 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $1,004,558,444 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $374,218,673 show Burton / Schumacher series $1,335,009,923 5 $267,001,985 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) show Main series $1,252,907,544 $313,226,886 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $411,348,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $336,529,144 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $266,822,354 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $238,207,122 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $82,102,379 show DC Extended Universe $873,634,919 $873,634,919 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,634,919 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,634,919 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $311,950,384 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 show DC Universe Animated Original Movies $4,501,125 $2,250,563 The Killing Joke ( $4,462,034 ) The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,462,034 Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) $39,091 show 1960s TV series $1,757,343 $878,672 Batman : The Movie ( $1,700,000 ) Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) $57,343 9 show Avengers $4,945,329,240 $1,648,443,080 Infinity War ( $2,021,112,558 ) Infinity War ( 2018 ) $2,021,112,558 The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 10 show Spider - Man $4,850,059,398 6 $808,343,233 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) show Raimi series $2,502,979,488 $834,326,496 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $890,871,626 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $821,708,551 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $783,766,341 Spider - Man / Men in Black II ( combo ) $6,632,970 show Webb series $1,466,912,986 $733,456,493 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $757,930,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $757,930,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $708,982,323 show Marvel Cinematic Universe $880,166,924 $880,166,924 Homecoming ( $880,166,924 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $880,166,924 11 show Pirates of the Caribbean $4,524,439,761 5 $904,887,952 Dead Man 's Chest ( $1,066,179,725 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $1,066,179,725 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $1,045,713,802 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $963,420,425 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $794,861,794 5 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $654,264,015 12 show Transformers $4,385,136,428 6 $730,856,071 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) show Bay series $4,379,286,781 5 $875,857,356 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $1,123,794,079 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $1,104,054,072 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $836,303,693 Transformers ( 2007 ) $709,709,780 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $605,425,157 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 13 show Jurassic Park $4,061,172,919 5 $812,234,584 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) show Jurassic World trilogy $2,043,813,208 $1,021,906,604 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $1,671,713,208 Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) $372,100,000 show Jurassic Park trilogy $2,017,359,711 $672,453,237 Jurassic Park ( $1,029,939,903 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $1,029,939,903 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $618,638,999 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $368,780,809 14 show DC Extended Universe $3,768,298,638 5 $753,659,728 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,634,919 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,634,919 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $821,847,012 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $746,846,894 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 5 Justice League ( 2017 ) $657,924,295 15 show Despicable Me $3,708,073,676 $927,018,419 Minions ( $1,159,398,397 ) show Main series $2,548,675,279 $849,558,426 Despicable Me 3 ( $1,034,799,409 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $1,034,799,409 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $970,761,885 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $543,113,985 Minions ( 2015 ) $1,159,398,397 16 show Shrek $3,510,794,482 5 $702,158,896 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) show Main series $2,955,807,005 $738,951,751 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $919,838,758 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $798,958,162 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $752,600,867 Shrek ( 2001 ) $484,409,218 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $554,987,477 17 show The Twilight Saga $3,346,157,056 5 $669,231,411 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( $829,746,820 ) Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $829,746,820 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $712,205,856 New Moon ( 2009 ) $709,711,008 Eclipse ( 2010 ) $698,491,347 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $393,616,788 6 Twilight / New Moon ( combo ) $2,385,237 18 show Ice Age $3,217,251,681 5 $643,450,336 Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $886,686,817 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) $886,686,817 Continental Drift ( 2012 ) $877,244,782 The Meltdown ( 2006 ) $661,483,908 Collision Course ( 2016 ) $408,579,038 5 Ice Age ( 2002 ) $383,257,136 19 show The Hunger Games $2,968,191,442 $742,047,861 Catching Fire ( $865,011,746 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $865,011,746 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $755,356,711 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $694,394,724 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $653,428,261 20 show Mission : Impossible $2,778,977,995 5 $555,795,599 Ghost Protocol ( $694,713,380 ) Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $694,713,380 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $682,330,139 Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) $546,388,105 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $457,696,359 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $397,850,012 21 show Superman $2,554,201,360 8 $319,275,170 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) show DC Extended Universe $1,541,305,712 $770,652,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 show Original series $621,814,456 5 $124,362,891 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) show Christopher Reeve films $607,518,018 $151,879,505 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $300,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $190,400,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $80,200,000 Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,700,000 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $391,081,192 22 show Iron Man $2,423,918,805 $807,972,935 Iron Man 3 ( $1,214,811,252 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 23 show Star Trek $2,266,723,196 13 $174,363,323 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) show Kelvin Timeline $1,189,710,370 $396,570,123 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $467,381,584 Star Trek ( 2009 ) $385,680,446 Beyond ( 2016 ) $336,648,340 show The Original Series $621,900,000 6 $103,650,000 The Motion Picture ( $139,000,000 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $139,000,000 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $133,000,000 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $96,900,000 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $95,800,000 5 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $87,000,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $70,200,000 show The Next Generation $455,112,826 $113,778,207 First Contact ( $150,000,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $150,000,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $120,000,000 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $117,800,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,312,826 24 show Madagascar $2,256,517,920 $564,129,480 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) show Main series $1,883,502,299 $627,834,100 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) $746,921,274 Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) $603,900,354 Madagascar ( 2005 ) $532,680,671 Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) $373,015,621 25 show Captain America $2,238,138,536 $746,046,179 Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . See also Film portal Lists of highest - grossing films References ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Producers claim prod'n has grossed over $3.2 bil at the B.O. worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unkind unwind '' . The Economist . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . Most pictures would likely receive 20 % to 25 % of theatrical box office gross for two prime - time network runs . Jump up ^ Clark , Emma ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` How films make money '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Movies are n't the only B.O. monsters '' . Variety . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Earns Record Box Office '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Entertainment Glut '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . February 15 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney : ' Cars ' Has Crossed $8 Billion in Global Retail Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Keegan , Rebecca ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Merchandise sales drive Pixar 's ' Cars ' franchise '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Sakoui , Anousha ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` More Disney Fun and Games With ' Toy Story 4 ' in 2017 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) -- International Box Office Results : Argentina '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` How Hollywood Box - Office Records Are Made '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Best Weekend Never '' . Slate . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , S. Eric ; Albertson , Stewart ; Shavlick , David ( March 2004 ) . How the motion picture industry miscalculates box office receipts . Proceedings of the Midwest Business Economics Association . Loma Linda University . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon . `` ' Avatar ' Claims Highest Gross of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` What It Takes for a Movie to Be No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Presses Its Global Agenda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` The rise of the international box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Foreign Box Office Leads : ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Open Overseas First '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Box - Office Records Are the Stuff of ' Legend ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Is Not the Top - Grossing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , George F. ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Gone With The Wind , Indeed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness World Records . 60 ( 2015 ed . ) . 2014 . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781908843708 . Jump up ^ International Monetary Fund . `` Inflation , consumer prices ( annual % ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды ( Guinness World Records ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. ( 2012 ed . ) . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . North America : $57,884,114 ; Overseas : $285,666,656 ^ Jump up to : Cones , John W. ( 1997 ) . The feature film distribution deal : a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2082 - 0 . Distributor rentals : It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor 's gross receipts and the gross rentals . The term `` rentals '' refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor 's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor . Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media , whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only , regardless of whether received by the distributor . Thus , gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals . The issue of film rentals ( i.e. , what percentage of a film 's box office gross comes back to the distributor ) is of key importance ... More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio / distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43 % of box office gross . Again , however , such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2009 ) ( 1st . pub . Focal Press : 2005 ) . Marketing to moviegoers : a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents ( 2 ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 9780809328840 . Rentals are the distributors ' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex , two - part contract . Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 2005 ) . The American film industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09874 - 2 . Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business ( 1939 ) : 36.4 Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 1987 ) . United Artists : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11440 - 4 . To rekindle interest in the movies , Hollywood not only had to compete with television but also with other leisure - time activities ... Movies made a comeback by 1955 , but audiences had changed . Moviegoing became a special event for most people , creating the phenomenon of the big picture . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . `` Later epics proved far more disastrous for the backers . Samuel Bronston 's The Fall of the Roman Empire , filmed in Spain , cost $17,816,876 and grossed only $1.9 million in America . George Stevens 's long - gestating life of Christ , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , which had been in planning since 1954 and in production since 1962 , earned domestic rentals of $6,962,715 on a $21,481,745 negative cost , the largest amount yet spent on a production made entirely within the United States . The Bible -- in the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's latest ' Alien ' announcement drives Hollywood 's sequel problem '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index By Year '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` All - Time Box - Office Hits By Decade and Year '' . Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Magazine . 32 . 2007 . The year 's top -- grossing movie , Aloma made $3 million in the first three months and brought Gray back to Milwaukee for its opening at the Wisconsin Theatre . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , David ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 9781843536505 . But they had previously succeeded in showing how musicals could centre on ordinary people with Sunny Side Up ( 1929 ) , which had grossed $2 million at the box office and demonstrated a new maturity and ingenuity in the staging of story and dance . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 6 -- 7 . `` For similar reasons of accountability , Variety has typically used figures for domestic ( U.S. and Canadian ) rather than worldwide revenue . This became its standard policy in 1940 , when the advent of war in Europe persuaded the American film industry ( temporarily , as it turned out ) that it should be wholly reliant on the home market for profitability . Where specific rentals data are reported in Variety before this ( which tended to be only sporadically ) they were often for worldwide rather domestic performance . This was also the case with other trade sources , such as Quigley 's annual Motion Picture Almanac , which published its own all - time hits lists from the early 1930s onward . The subsequent confusion of domestic and worldwide figures , and of rental and box - office figures , has plagued many published accounts of Hollywood history ( sometimes including those in Variety itself ) , and we have attempted to be diligant in clarifying the differences between them . '' Jump up ^ Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The Big Grossers '' . Time . February 2 , 1953 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 129 . `` Domestic Rentals : $30,015,000 ( 61 % ) ; Foreign Rentals : $18,964,000 ( 39 % ) ... Gone with the Wind includes initial release plus four rereleases ( 1941 , 1942 , 1947 and 1954 ) since foreign rental revenues were available only cumulative through 1956 . '' Jump up ^ McDermott , Christine ( 2010 ) , Life with Father , p. 307 , No matter what the billing , the movie became a worldwide hit with $6.5 million in worldwide rentals , from Pappa och vi in Sweden to Vita col padre in Italy , although it booked a net loss of $350,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 145 . `` The commercial success of the five Cinerama travelogues , which earned an aggregate worldwide box - office gross of $120 million by 1962 ( including $82 million in the United States and Canada ) , nevertheless demonstrated to the mainstream industry the market value of special screen formats . '' ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Pan ' flies again '' . Daily Record . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . July 21 , 1989 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 47 . `` Walt Disney took a big risk when he decided to invest $1.5 million in his first feature - length animated film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It became the biggest hit of the sound era and the largest - grossing movie since The Birth of a Nation -- until the release of independent producer David O. Selznick 's Gone with the Wind just two years later . '' Jump up ^ Barrios , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Song in the Dark : The Birth of the Musical Film . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195088113 . Since it 's rarely seen today , The Singing Fool is frequently confused with The Jazz Singer ; although besides Jolson and a pervasively maudlin air the two have little in common . In the earlier film Jolson was inordinately attached to his mother and sang `` Mammy '' ; here the fixation was on his young son , and `` Sonny Boy '' became an enormous hit . So did the film , which amassed a stunning world - wide gross of $5.9 million ... Some sources give it as the highest gross of any film in its initial release prior to Gone with the Wind . This is probably overstating it -- MGM 's records show that Ben - Hur and The Big Parade grossed more , and no one knows just how much The Birth of a Nation brought in . Still , by the standards of the time it 's an amazing amount . Jump up ^ Everson , William K. ( 1998 ) ( First published 1978 ) . American silent film . Da Capo Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80876 - 0 . Putting The Birth of a Nation in fifth place is open to question , since it is generally conceded to be the top - grossing film of all time . However , it has always been difficult to obtain reliable box - office figures for this film , and it may have been even more difficult in the mid-1930's . After listing it until the mid-1970's as the top - grosser , though finding it impossible to quote exact figures , Variety , the trade journal , suddenly repudiated the claim but without giving specific details or reasons . On the basis of the number of paid admissions , and continuous exhibition , its number one position seems justified . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . '' ^ Jump up to : du Brow , Rick ( September 22 , 1965 ) . `` Documentary On The Klan Made Quite An Impact On Du Brow '' . The Columbus Dispatch . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Culture quake : The Birth of a Nation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 18 , 1963 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Earned $19 Million Last Year '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Klopsch , Louis ; Sandison , George Henry ; Talmage , Thomas De Witt ( 1965 ) . `` Christian Herald '' . 88 : 68 . Yet `` The Ten Commandments '' has earned 58 million dollars in film rentals and is expected to bring in 10 to 15 million each year it is reissued . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . `` General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ( initial release ) '' Jump up ^ Washington ( AP ) ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' star against pornography '' . The Free Lance -- Star . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Numbers Just Do n't Add Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memphis ( UPI ) ( May 1 , 1976 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Defendant Found Guilty of Conspiring '' . The Palm Beach Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Deep Throat '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . At the end of the 1941 general release , MGM decided to withdraw GWTW again . The prints were battered , but the studio believed one final fling for GWTW was possible . The film returned to movie theaters for the third time in the spring of 1942 and stayed in release until late 1943 ... When MGM finally pulled the film from exhibition , all worn - out prints were destroyed , and GWTW was at last declared out of circulation . MGM , which by then had sole ownership of the film , announced that GWTW had grossed over $32 million . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 168 . ISBN 9780813120164 . Jaws ( 1975 ) saved the day , grossing $104 million domestically and $132 million worldwide by January 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ https://books.google.ro/books?id=aD1EBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173#v=onepage&q=500%20million&f=false Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 - A . Jump up ^ Cook , David A. ( 2002 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 . Volume 9 of History of the American Cinema , Charles Harpole . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520232655 . The industry was stunned when Star Wars earned nearly $3 million in its first week and by the end of August had grossed $100 million ; it played continuously throughout 1977 -- 1978 , and was officially re-released in 1978 and 1979 , by the end of which it had earned $262 million in rentals worldwide to become the top - grossing film of all time -- a position it would maintain until surpassed by Universal 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial in January 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . BBC . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Wars Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bayonne Bleeder Throws a Punch at the Italian Stallion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone Settles With The ' Real ' Rocky '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poller , Kenneth G. ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Charles Wepner v. Sylvester Stallone '' ( PDF ) . Mango & Iacoviello . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012 , the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices ; after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre , the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Analysis : Harry Potter and the Big Pile of Money '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar 's $6 billion playthings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listings -- Exchange Rates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory vs. Finding Nemo '' ( North American `` domestic '' grosses adjusted to 2016 prices ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Box Office sources ^ Jump up to : Avatar Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Total : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . $2,187,425,379 Original release : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . $1,843,201,268 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frozen `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Worldwide -- $1,274,219,009 ( total as of August 8 , 2014 ; including Japanese gross up to August 3 , Spanish gross up to July 27 , UK gross up to June 8 , German gross up to March 30 , and omitting Nigerian gross ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 3 , 2014 : $247,650,477 Total as of August 31 , 2014 : $249,036,646 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Nigeria '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 17 , 2014 : $167,333 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Spain '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Total as of July 27 , 2014 : $21,668,593 Total as of November 2 , 2014 : $22,492,845 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of June 8 , 2014 : £ 39,090,985 Total as of November 30 , 2014 : £ 40,960,083 ( $1 = £ 0.63866 ) Total as of December 7 , 2014 : £ 41,087,765 ( $1 = £ 0.64136 ) Total as of December 14 , 2014 : £ 41,170,608 ( $1 = £ 0.636 ) Total as of November 26 , 2017 : £ 42,840,559 ( $1 = £ 0.7497 ) Total as of December 3 , 2017 : £ 42,976,318 ( $1 = £ 0.742 ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Germany '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of March 30 , 2014 : € 35,098,170 Total as of October 18 , 2015 : € 42,526,744 nb . the exact euro to dollar conversion rate is unknown for earnings since April 2014 , but the euro never fell below parity with the dollar during 2014 and 2015 ( as can be verified by comparing the exchange rate on the individual date entries at the provided reference ) so an approximate conversion rate of € 1 : $1 is used here to give a lower - bound . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minions ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $1,119,929,521 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $818,580 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $307,481 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park Total : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Worldwide : $1,029,153,882 ; Production Budget : $63 million Original release : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . $914,691,118 2011 re-release : `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 756 -- 757 . `` Production Cost : $70.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Jurassic Park was a smash at the box office , bringing in $920 million in worldwide box office and spawning two sequels . '' ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Women First : Titanic , Action - Aventure Films , and Hollywood 's Female Audience '' . In Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Rutgers University Press . pp. 108 -- 131 . ISBN 9780813526690 . p. 130 : The list has Jurassic Park at number one with $913 million , followed by The Lion King ... Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Total : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . $1,027,044,677 Original release : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $924,317,558 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Knight Total : `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Total : $1,004,558,444 Original release ( excluding 2009 IMAX reissue ) : `` The Dark Knight '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . North America : $531,039,412 ( as of January 22 , 2009 ) ; Overseas : $466,000,000 ; IMAX re-release : January 23 , 2009 2009 IMAX re-release : `` Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record - Breaking Year '' . Warner Bros. January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . With worldwide receipts of $997 million , `` The Dark Knight '' is currently fourth on the all - time box office gross list , and the film is being re-released theatrically on January 23 . First - run gross and IMAX reissue : Gray , Brandon ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Billion Dollar Batman '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . The Dark Knight had been hovering just shy of $1 billion for several months and reportedly sat at $997 million when Warner Bros. modestly relaunched it on Jan. 23 , timed to take advantage of the announcement of the Academy Awards nominations on Jan. 22 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( February 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Moves Into No. 2 Position '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King Total : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide : $968,483,777 ; Production Budget : $45 million Lifetime grosses ( US & Canada ) : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Initial : $312,855,561 ; IMAX : $15,686,215 ; 3D : $94,242,001 Lifetime grosses ( outside US & Canada ) : Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 ... the original release of The Lion King made $450.6 million internationally , an additional $3.8 million with the 2002 IMAX reissue , and another $91.3 million from 2011 's 3D reissue for an international total of $545.7 million . As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 764 . `` Production Cost : $79.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $926,047,111 Re-release ( 2003 ) : `` The Two Towers ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $1,996,877 ; Overseas : $1,505,170 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $764,607 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $302,597 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Monaco , James ( 2009 ) . How to Read a Film : Movies , Media , and Beyond . Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199755790 . The Birth of a Nation , costing an unprecedented and , many believed , thoroughly foolhardy $110,000 , eventually returned $20 million and more . The actual figure is hard to calculate because the film was distributed on a `` states ' rights '' basis in which licenses to show the film were sold outright . The actual cash generated by The Birth of a Nation may have been as much as $50 million to $100 million , an almost inconceivable amount for such an early film . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ Lang , Robert , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Birth of a nation : D.W. Griffith , director . Rutgers University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2027 - 8 . The film eventually cost $110,000 and was twelve reels long . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 26 . Intolerance : `` Domestic Rentals : $1.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $0.5 ; Production Cost : $0.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , Intolerance , p. 45 , Intolerance was the most expensive American film made up until that point , costing a total of $489,653 , and its performance at the box ... but it did recoup its cost and end with respectable overall numbers . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robin ( June 30 , 1939 ) . `` Hollywood Chatter '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Shipman , David ( 1970 ) . The great movie stars : the golden years . Crown Publishing Group . p. 98 . It was a low budgeter -- $120,000 -- but it grossed world - wide over $3 million and made stars of Chaney and his fellow - players , Betty Compson and Thomas Meighan . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2011 ) . The Fox Film Corporation , 1915 -- 1935 : A History and Filmography . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786462865 . Way Down East : p. 52 . `` D.W. Griffith 's Way Down East ( 1920 ) was projected to return rentals of $4,000,000 on an $800,000 negative . This figure was based on the amounts earned from its roadshow run , coupled with its playoff in the rest of the country 's theaters . Griffith had originally placed the potential film rental at $3,000,000 but , because of the success of the various roadshows that were running the $4,000,000 total was expected . The film showed a profit of $615,736 after just 23 weeks of release on a gross of $2,179,613 . '' What Price Glory ? : p. 112 . `` What Price Glory hit the jackpot with massive world rentals of $2,429,000 , the highest figure in the history of the company . Since it was also the most expensive production of the year at $817,000 the profit was still a healthy $796,000 ... '' Cavalcade : p. 170 . `` The actual cost of Cavalcade was $1,116,000 and it was most definitely not guaranteed a success . In fact , if its foreign grosses followed the usual 40 percent of domestic returns , the film would have lost money . In a turnaround , the foreign gross was almost double the $1,000,000 domestic take to reach total world rentals of $3,000,000 and Fox 's largest profit of the year at $664,000 . '' State Fair : p. 170 . `` State Fair did turn out to be a substantial hit with the help of Janet Gaynor boosting Will Rogers back to the level of money - making star . Its prestige engagements helped raked in a total $1,208,000 in domestic rentals . Surprisingly , in foreign countries unfamiliar with state fairs , it still earned a respectable $429,000 . With its total rentals , the film ended up showing a $398,000 profit . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 53 . `` The Four Forsemen of the Apocalypse was to become Metro 's most expensive production and one of the decade 's biggest box - office hits . Its production costs have been estimated at `` something between $600,000 and $800,000 . '' Variety estimated its worldwide gross at $4 million in 1925 and at $5 million in 1944 ; in 1991 , it estimated its cumulative domestic rentals at $3,800,000 . '' Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The parade 's gone by ... University of California Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03068 - 8 . The negative cost was about $986,000 , which did not include Fairbanks ' own salary . Once the exploitation and release prints were taken into account , Robin Hood cost about $1,400,000 -- exceeding both Intolerance ( $700,000 ) and the celebrated `` million dollar movie '' Foolish Wives . But it earned $2,500,000 . Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . Douglas Fairbanks . University of California Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9780520256675 . The film had a production cost of $930,042.78 -- more than the cost of D.W. Griffith 's Intolerance and nearly as much as Erich von Stroheim 's Foolish Wives ( 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Business : Film Exports '' . Time . July 6 , 1925 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Birchard , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813138299 . ch. 45 . The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) . `` Cost : $1,475,836.93 ; Gross : $4,169,798.38 '' ch. 56 . The Sign of the Cross . `` Cost : $694,064.67 ; Gross : $2,738,993.35 ( to 1937 ) '' ch. 68 . Samson and Delilah . `` Cost : $3,097,563.05 '' ch. 69 . The Greatest Show on Earth . `` Cost : $3,873,946.50 ; Gross receipts : $15,797,396.36 ( to December 29 , 1962 ) '' ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) . `` Cost : $13,272,381.87 ; Gross receipts : $90,066,230.00 ( to June 23 , 1979 ) '' Jump up ^ May , Richard P. ( Fall 2005 ) , `` Restoring The Big Parade '' , The Moving Image , 5 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 146 , doi : 10.1353 / mov. 2005.0033 , ISSN 1532 - 3978 , ... earning somewhere between $18 and $22 million , depending on the figures consulted Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( 1991 ) . Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats ( 4 ed . ) . Abbeville Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 9781558592360 . The top grossing silent film was King Vidor 's The Big Parade ( US 25 ) , with worldwide rentals of $22 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . `` Even then , at a time when the budget for a feature averaged at around $300,000 , no more than $382,000 was spent on production ... According to the Eddie Mannix Ledger at MGM , it grossed $4,990,000 domestically and $1,141,000 abroad . '' Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . ( At a negative cost of $3,967,000 , it was also the most expensive . ) '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` For Heaven 's Sake ( 1926 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` At a cost of $2 million Wings was the studio 's most expensive movie of the decade , and though it did well it was not good enough to earn a profit . '' ^ Jump up to : The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , The Jazz Singer , p. 113 , The film brought in $2.6 million in worldwide rentals and made a net profit of $1,196,750 . Jolson 's follow - up Warner Bros. film , The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) , brought in over two times as much , with $5.9 in worldwide rentals and a profit of $3,649,000 , making them two of the most profitable films in the 1920s . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Donald ( 1999 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . University of California Press . pp. 549 -- 552 . ISBN 9780520221284 . The Singing Fool : Negative Cost ( $1000 s ) : 388 Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , The Broadway Melody , p. 121 , It earned $4.4 million in worldwide rentals and was the first movie to spawn sequels ( there were several until 1940 ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub. 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786420292 . The Singing Fool : p. 12 . `` Ego aside , Jolson was at the top of his powers in The Singing Fool . The $150,000 Warner Bros. paid him to make it , and the $388,000 it took to produce the film , were drops in the hat next to the film 's world gross of $5.9 million . Its $3.8 - million gross in this country set a box - office record that would not be surpassed until Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . '' The Broadway Melody : p. 24 . `` The Broadway Melody with a negative cost of $379,000 , grossed $2.8 million in the United States , $4.8 million worldwide , and made a recorded profit of $1.6 million for MGM . '' Gold Diggers of Broadway : p. 58 . `` It grossed an impressive $2.5 million domestically and nearly $4 million worldwide . '' ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : a corporate and financial history . Filmmakers series . 20 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810842441 . Sunny Side Up : p. 10 . `` Sunny Side Up , a musical starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell , showed domestic rentals of $3.5 million , a record for the company . '' Forever Amber : p. 66 . `` On the surface , with world rentals of $8 million , Forever Amber was considered a hit at distribution level . '' The French Connection p. 167 . `` The Planet of the Apes motion pictures were all moneymakers and Zanuck 's record would have immediately improved had he stayed through the release of The French Connection , which took in rentals of approximately $75 million worldwide . '' p. 256 . `` $3,300 , 00 '' . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 46 . `` Production Cost : $0.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Cormack , Mike ( 1993 ) . Ideology and Cinematography in Hollywood , 1930 -- 1939 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 28 . ISBN 9780312100674 . Although costing $1250000 -- a huge sum for any studio in 1929 -- the film was a financial success . Karl Thiede gives the domestic box - office at $1500000 , and the same figure for the foreign gross . ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 1996 ) . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . Volume 5 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520203341 . Cavalcade : p. 182 . `` Produced by Winfield Sheehan at a cost of $1.25 million , Cavalcade won Academy Awards for best picture , director , art direction and grossed close to $4 million during its first release , much of which came from Great Britain and the Empire . '' Whoopee : p. 212 . `` Produced by Sam Goldwyn at a cost of $1 million , the picture was an adaptation of a smash musical comedy built around Eddie Cantor ... A personality - centered musical , Whoopee ! made little attempt to integrate the comedy routines , songs , and story . Nonetheless , Cantor 's feature - film debut grossed over $2.6 million worldwide and started a popular series that included Palmy Days ( 1931 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , and Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hell 's Angels Balio , Tino ( 1976 ) . United Artists : The Company Built by the Stars . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 110 . Hughes did not have the `` Midas touch '' the trade press so often attributed to him . Variety , for example , reported that Hell 's Angels cost $3.2 million to make , and by July , 1931 , eight months after its release , the production cost had nearly been paid off . Keats claimed the picture cost $4 million to make and that it earned twice that much within twenty years . The production cost estimate is probably correct . Hughes worked on the picture for over two years , shooting it first as a silent and then as a talkie . Lewis Milestone said that in between Hughes experimented with shooting it in color as well . But Variety 's earnings report must be the fabrication of a delirious publicity agent , and Keats ' the working of a myth maker . During the seven years it was in United Artists distribution , Hell 's Angels grossed $1.6 million in the domestic market , of which Hughes ' share was $1.2 million . Whatever the foreign gross was , it seems unlikely that it was great enough to earn a profit for the picture . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Frankenstein ( 1931 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 163 . `` It drew $1.4 million in worldwide rentals in its first run versus $1.2 million for Dracula , which had opened in February 1931 . '' Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Chaplin : genius of the cinema . Abrams Books . p. 208 . Chaplin 's negative cost for City Lights was $1,607,351 . The film eventually earned him a worldwide profit of $5 million ( $2 million domestically and $3 million in foreign distribution ) , an enormous sum of money for the time . Jump up ^ Ramsaye , Terry , ed. ( 1937 ) . `` The All - Time Best Sellers -- Motion Pictures '' . International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 -- 38 . New York : The Quigley Publishing Company : 942 -- 943 . Kid from Spain : $2,621,000 ( data supplied by Eddie Cantor ) ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick , John ( 2000 ) . Popular Filmgoing In 1930s Britain : A Choice of Pleasures . University of Exeter Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 9780859896603 . Sources : Eddie Mannix Ledger , made available to the author by Mark Glancy ... Grand Hotel : Production Cost $000 s : 700 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 947 ; US box - office $000 s : 1,235 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,359 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,594 ; Profit $000 s : 947 . The Merry Widow : Production Cost $000 s : 1,605 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,116 ; US box - office $000 s : 861 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,747 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,608 ; Profit $000 s : - 113 . Viva Villa : Production Cost $000 s : 1,022 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 766 ; US box - office $000 s : 941 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 934 ; Total box - office $000 s : 1,875 ; Profit $000 s : 87 . Mutiny on the Bounty : Production Cost $000 s : 1,905 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,646 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,250 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,210 ; Total box - office $000 s : 4,460 ; Profit $000 s : 909 . San Francisco : Production Cost $000 s : 1,300 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,736 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,868 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,405 ; Total box - office $000 s : 5,273 ; Profit $000 s : 2,237 . Jump up ^ Shanghai Express Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 165 . `` Shanghai Express was Dietrich 's biggest hit in America , bringing in $1.5 million in worldwide rentals . '' Jump up ^ King Kong Jewel , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 . 1933 release : $1,856,000 ; 1938 release : $306,000 ; 1944 release : $685,000 `` King Kong ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . 1952 release : $2,500,000 ; budget : $672,254.75 Jump up ^ `` I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . According to a modern source , it had a gross earning of $2,250,000 on the North American continent , with over a million more earned internationally . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` The studio released its most profitable pictures of the decade in 1933 , She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel , written by and starring Mae West . Produced at a rock - bottom cost of $200,000 each , they undoubtedly helped Paramount through the worst patch in its history ... '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , She Done Him Wrong , p. 173 , The worldwide rentals of over $3 million keep the lights on at Paramount , which did not shy away from selling the movie 's sex appeal . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kendall R. ( 2008 ) . Controversial Cinema : The Films That Outraged America . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9781567207248 . The reaction to West 's first major film , however , was not exclusively negative . Made for a mere $200,000 , the film would rake in a healthy $2 million in the United States and an additional million in overseas markets . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 135 . `` Total production cost : $274,076 ( Unadjusted $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Turk , Edward Baron ( 2000 ) ( 1st . pub. 1998 ) . Hollywood Diva : A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520222533 . The Merry Widow : p. 361 Cost : $1,605,000 . Earnings : domestic $861,000 ; foreign $1,747,000 ; total $2,608,000 . Loss : $113,000 . San Francisco : p. 364 Cost : $1,300,000 . Earnings : domestic $2,868,000 ; foreign $2,405,000 ; total $5,273,000 . Profit : $2,237,000 . ( Reissues in 1938 -- 39 and 1948 -- 49 brought profits of $124,000 and $647,000 respectively . ) Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . University Press of Mississippi . p. 309 . ISBN 9781604738384 . According to the studio 's books It Happened One Night brought in $1 million in film rentals during its initial release , but as Joe Walker pointed out , the figure would have been much larger if the film had not been sold to theaters on a block - booking basis in a package with more than two dozen lesser Columbia films , and the total rentals of the package spread among them all , as was customary in that era , since it minimized the risk and allowed the major studios to dominate the marketplace . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2008 ) . Claudette Colbert : She Walked in Beauty . University Press of Mississippi . p. 79 . ISBN 9781604730876 . Although Columbia 's president , Harry Cohn , had strong reservations about It Happened One Night , he also knew that it would not bankrupt the studio ; the rights were only $5,000 , and the budget was set at $325,000 , including the performers ' salaries . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - By - Film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780810874343 . Considered a highly risky gamble when the movie was in production in the mid-1930s , by the fiftieth anniversary of its 1937 premiere Snow White 's earnings exceeded $330 million . Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0911515008 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio Block & Wilson 2010 p. 207 . `` When the budget rose from $250,000 to $1,488,423 he even mortgaged his own home and automobile . Disney had bet more than his company on the success of Snow White . '' p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . p. 255 . `` On its initial release Pinocchio brought in only $1.6 million in domestic rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.2 million ) and $1.9 million in foreign rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.3 million ) . '' Jump up ^ 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You : `` You Ca n't Take It With You Premieres '' . Focus Features . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . You Ca n't Take It With You received excellent reviews , won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1938 Academy Awards , and earned over $5 million worldwide . Boys Town : Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Boys Town , p. 215 , The film quickly became a smash nationwide , making a profit of over $2 million on worldwide rentals of $4 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . The Adventures of Robin Hood : Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : the William Schaefer ledger '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 1 ( 15 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439689500260031 . $3.981 million . Alexander 's Ragtime Band : Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , p. 213 , Once the confusion cleared , however , the film blossomed into a commercial success , with a profit of $978,000 on worldwide rentals of $3.6 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Chartier , Roy ( September 6 , 1938 ) . `` You Ca n't Take It With You '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 283 . `` The final negative cost of Gone with the Wind ( GWTW ) has been variously reported between $3.9 million and $4.25 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio ( 1940 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780199839223 . The film 's negative cost was $2.6 million , more than $1 million higher than Snow White 's . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . p. 466 . ISBN 9780520221307 . Boom Town ( $4.6 million ) . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 258 -- 259 . `` Production Cost : $2.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Boom Town was the biggest moneymaker of 1940 and one of the top films of the decade . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 267 . `` With worldwide rentals of $7.8 million in its initial release , the movie made a net profit of over $3 million . '' Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 301 . `` The studio did particularly well with its war - related pictures , such as Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , which cost $1.6 million but was the studio 's biggest hit of the decade aside from This is the Army ( 1943 ) , the Irving Berlin musical for which the profits were donated to the Army Emergency Relief fund . '' Jump up ^ `` Bambi '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 281 . `` Worldwide rentals of $3,449,353 barely recouped the film 's nearly $2 million production cost . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Bambi : `` Worldwide Box Office : $266.8 ; Production Cost : $1.7 ( Millions of $ s ) '' 101 Dalmatians : `` Worldwide Box Office : $215.0 ; Production Cost : $3.6 ( Millions of $ s ) '' The Jungle Book : `` Worldwide Box Office : $170.8 '' ; Production Cost : $3.9 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Aladdin : `` Worldwide Box Office : $505.1 '' ; Production Cost : $28.0 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Glancy , Mark ( 1999 ) . When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 -- 1945 . Manchester University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780719048531 . Mrs Miniver was a phenomenon . It was the most popular film of the year ( from any studio ) in both North America and Britain , and its foreign earnings were three times higher than those of any other MGM film released in the 1941 -- 42 season . The production cost ( $1,344,000 ) was one of the highest of the season , indicating the studio never thought of the film as a potential loss - maker . When the film earned a worldwide gross of $8,878,000 , MGM had the highest profit ( $4,831,000 ) in its history . Random Harvest nearly matched the success of Mrs Miniver with worldwide earnings of $8,147,000 yielding the second - highest profit in MGM 's history ( $4,384,000 ) . Random Harvest was also the most popular film of the year in Britain , where it proved to be even more popular than Britain 's most acclaimed war film , In Which We Serve . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 Mrs. Miniver : Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mrs. Miniver , p. 279 , Mrs. Miniver 's galvanizing effect on Americans spawned a record - breaking ten - week run at Radio City Music Hall and garnered a $5.4 million take in domestic rentals ( making Mrs. Miniver 1942 's top grosser ) , with a $4.8 million profit on worldwide rentals of $8.9 million . Yankee Doodle Dandy : p. 275 . `` It became the second biggest box - office hit of 1942 ( after Mrs. Miniver ) and was praised by critics , making a profit of $3.4 million on worldwide rentals of $6.5 million . '' Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , For Whom the Bell Tolls , p. 287 , Despite the early furor over the novel being `` pro-red and immoral , '' the film opened to strong and favorable reviews and brought in $11 million in worldwide rentals in its initial release . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guy Named Joe ( 1944 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . According to M-G-M studio records at the AMPAS Library , the film had a negative cost of $2,627,000 and took in $5,363,000 at the box office . When the picture was re-issued for the 1955 -- 56 season , it took in an additional $150,000 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Irving Berlin : This Is the Army '' . Prologue. 28 ( 2 ) . Part 3 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Army ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 356 -- 363 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` ( Unadjusted $ s ) in Millions of $ s -- Production Cost : $1.0 '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 232 . Mrs. Miniver : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,358,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $3,520,000 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Meet Me in St. Louis : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,016,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,623,630 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Easter Parade : `` Domestic Rentals : $4,144,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,774,134 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Schaefer , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Bold ! Daring ! Shocking ! True ! '' : A History of Exploitation Films , 1919 -- 1959 . Duke University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780822323747 . Leading the pack of postwar sex hygiene films was Mom and Dad ( 1944 ) , which would become not only the most successful sex hygiene film in history but the biggest pre-1960 exploitation film of any kind . At the end of 1947 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Mom and Dad had grossed $2 million . By 1949 Time had estimated that Mom and Dad had taken in $8 million from twenty million moviegoers . And publicity issuing from Mom and Dad 's production company indicated that by the end of 1956 it had grossed over $80 million worldwide . Net rentals of around $22 million by 1956 would easily place it in the top ten films of the late 1940s and early 1950s had it appeared on conventional lists . Some estimates have placed its total gross over the years at up to $100 million , and it was still playing drive - in dates into 1975 ... The film was made for around $65,000 with a crew of Hollywood veterans including director William `` One Shot '' Beaudine , cinematographer Marcel LePicard , and a cast that sported old stalwarts Hardie Albright , Francis Ford , and John Hamilton . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 296 . `` Production Cost : $1.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Wasson , Sam ( 2010 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's , p. 297 , This was that rare sequel that did even better at the box office than the original , bringing in a $3.7 million profit on $11.2 million in worldwide rentals . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : the biography . Aurum Press . pp. 438 . Still , the film wound up grossing $3.3 million ... Jump up ^ `` Song of the South ( 1946 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 p. 132. `` Best Years was considerably cheaper , costing only $2.1 million , and therefore vastly more profitable . '' p. 286 ( note 6.70 ) . `` Worldwide rentals for The Best Years of Our Lives amounted to $14,750,000 . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Best years of Our Lives , p. 301 , The film made a $5 million profit on worldwide rentals of $14.8 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 285 ( note 6.56 ) . `` The cost of Duel in the Sun has been reported as both $5,255,000 ( Haver , David O'Selznick's Hollywood , 361 ) and $6,480,000 ( Thomson , Showman : The Life of David O'Selznick , 472 ) ; the latter figure may include distribution expenses . Forever Amber cost $6,375,000 ( Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , 243 ) . '' Jump up ^ Chopra - Gant , Mike ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Genres and Post-war America : Masculinity , Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 9781850438151 . Forever Amber : $8 million ; Unconquered : $7.5 million ; Life with Father : $6.25 million Jump up ^ `` Unconquered ( 1947 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` Easter Parade ( 1948 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( 2002 ) . Transatlantic Crossings : British Feature Films in the United States . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9780826413956 . Although both films had higher than average budgets ( The Red Shoes cost £ 505,581 and Hamlet cost £ 572,530 , while the average cost of the other thirty films for which Rank supplied information was £ 233,000 ) , they resulted in high takings at home and abroad . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2011 ) . `` Dollar - Pound Exchange Rate From 1791 '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . 1947 -- 1948 : $4.03 ( per British pound ) Jump up ^ `` The Snake Pit '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snake Pit ' Seen No Problem After All '' . Variety . January 19 , 1949 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 136 -- 139 Samson and Delilah : `` ... the film became the highest grosser in the studio 's history to date , with domestic rentals of $7,976,730 by 1955 and a further $6,232,520 overseas ... For all their spectacle , Samson and David were quite economically produced , costing $3,097,563 and $2,170,000 respectively . '' Quo Vadis : `` Production costs totaled a record $7,623,000 ... Worldwide rentals totaled $21,037,000 , almost half of which came from the foreign market . '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 1950 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael D. ; Schwartz , Tony ( 2009 ) . Work in Progress . Pennsylvania State University . p. 178 . ISBN 9780786885077 . Cinderella revived its fortunes . Re-released in February 1950 , it cost nearly $3 million to make but earned more than $20 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 401 . ISBN 9780195167290 . It cost around $2.2 million , little more than each of the two package features , Melody Time and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( as Tluo Fabulous Characters had ultimately been named ) , that just preceded it , but its gross rentals -- an amount shared by Disney and RKO -- were $7.8 million , almost twice as much as the two package features combined . Jump up ^ The E.J. Mannix ledger . Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences : Howard Strickling Collection . 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Peter ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Screen , 1950 -- 1959 . Volume 7 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520249660 . Quo Vadis : p. 15 . `` MGM 's most expensive film of the period , Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) also did extremely well . The cost was $7,623,000 , earnings were an estimated $21.2 million ( with foreign earnings almost 50 percent of this total ) , and profit was estimated at $5,562,000 . '' Rear Window : pp. 203 -- 204 . `` Rear Window ( 1954 ) was an excellent commercial success , with a cost of $1 million and North American rentals of $5.3 million . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 335 . The Robe : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.7 ; Foreign Rentals : $9.4 ; Production Cost : $4.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Quo Vadis : `` Domestic Rentals : $11.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zone , Ray ( 2012 ) . 3 - D Revolution : The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema . University Press of Kentucky . p. 71 . ISBN 9780813136110 . Produced at a cost of $1 million , This is Cinerama ran 122 weeks , earning $4.7 million in its initial New York run alone and eventually grossed over $32 million . It was obvious to Hollywood that the public was ready for a new form of motion picture entertainment . The first five Cinerama feature - length travelogues , though they only played in twenty - two theaters , pulled in a combined gross of $82 million . Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth , pp. 354 -- 355 , By May 1953 , Variety was reporting that the Best Picture winner had amassed $18.35 million in worldwide rentals . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1953 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 147 -- 148 . `` To take full advantage of CinemaScope 's panoramic possibilities , shooting was delayed for the sets to be redesigned and rebuilt , adding $500,000 to the eventual $4.1 million budget ... It ultimately returned domestic rentals of $17.5 million and $25 million worldwide , placing it second only to Gone with the Wind in Variety 's annually updated chart . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 367 . `` It brought in $16.7 million in domestic rentals , $9.4 million in foreign rentals , and made a net profit of $8.1 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Rear Window '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` Domestic Box Office : $19.6 million ; Production Cost : $3.8 million . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 149 . `` VistaVision was first used for the musical White Christmas ( 1954 ) , which Variety named the top grosser of its year with anticipated domestic rentals of $12 million . '' Jump up ^ `` 20000 Leagues Under The Sea '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John M. `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ( 1954 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 320 . `` It was up and running in time to handle Disney 's most elaborate expensive feature , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , based on the book by Jules Verne , starring James Mason and Kirk Douglas and directed by Richard Fleischer at a cost of $4.5 million . '' ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . The Jungle Book $378 million ; Lady and the Tramp $187 million Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minego , Pete ( May 21 , 1956 ) . `` Pete 's Pungent Patter '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 382 . `` Production Cost : $2.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mister Roberts , p. 383 , Mister Roberts sailed onto movie screens buoyed by enthusiastic reviews and receptive audiences . For pr , Fonda , Cagney , and lemmon reenacted several scenes on ed sullivan 's popular Toast of the Town television variety show . It returned a net profit of $4.5 million on worldwide rentals of $9.9 million , putting it in the top 5 domestic films of 1955 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . `` Production cost : $13.3 million ; Domestic Film Rental : $31.3 ; Foreign Film Rental : $23.9 ; Worldwide Box office ( estimated ) : $122.7 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 159 -- 161 The Ten Commandments : `` No film did more to entrench roadshow policy than The Ten Commandments . While the success of This Is Cinerama , The Robe , and even Eighty Days could be attributed , at least in part , to their respective photographic and projection formats , that of DeMille 's film ( which cost a record $13,266,491 ) could not ... General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' The Bridge on the River Kwai : Columbia 's Anglo - American war film The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) opened on a roadshow basis in selected U.S. cities ( including New York , Chicago , Boston , and Los Angeles ) and in London . Costing only $2,840,000 to produce , it grossed $30.6 million worldwide on first release . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 153 . `` South Pacific also became for a time the most successful film ever released in the United Kingdom , where it earned a box - office gross three times its negative cost of $5,610,000 . Anticipated global rentals after three years were $30 million . '' Jump up ^ Ross , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Hollywood Left and Right : How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics . Oxford University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 9780199911431 . Costing $15 million to produce , the film earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide by January 1989 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide box office : $146.9 million ; Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ; Production cost : $15.9 million . ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . America 's Best , Britain 's Finest : A Survey of Mixed Movies . Volume 14 of Hollywood classics . Lulu . p. 243 -- 245 . ISBN 9781411678774 . Negative cost : around $4 million ; Worldwide film rentals gross ( including 1968 American reissue ) to 1970 : $30 million . Jump up ^ Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland & Company . pp. 298 ( note 2.23 ) . ISBN 9780786459162 . Spartacus cost $12 million and grossed some $60 million at the box office , figures Kubrick rarely again matched . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . Spartacus : `` In the case of Spartacus , overseas earnings to 1969 amounted to $12,462,044 , while U.S. and Canadian rentals ( even including a million - dollar TV sale ) were only $10,643,181 . But the film failed to show a profit on production costs of $10,284,014 because of the distribution charges and expenses amounting to an additional $15,308,083 . '' The Bible : `` The Bible -- In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Psycho ( 1960 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . Variety . December 31 , 1960 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , West Side Story , p. 449 , With its three rereleases , it took in over $105 million in worldwide box office ( $720 million in 2005 dollars ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 434 . The Sound of Music : `` Domestic Rentals : $68.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $46.2 ; Production Cost : $8.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Dirty Dozen : `` Domestic Rentals : $20.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.2 ; Production Cost : $5.4 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' 2001 : A Space Odyssey : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $5.5 ; Production Cost : $10.3 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $22.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $18.2 ; Production Cost : $44.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' West Side Story : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Longest Day : `` Domestic Rentals : $13.9 ; Foreign Rentals : $19.3 ; Production Cost : $8.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` Domestic Rentals : $29.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $7.9 ; Production Cost : $6.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence of Arabia 1962 release : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Worldwide Box Office : $69,995,385 ; International Box Office : $32,500,000 US total ( including reissues ) : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $44,824,852 ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 165 -- 166 Lawrence of Arabia : Columbia released the $13.8 million Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , filmed in Super Panavision 70 , exclusively on a hard - ticket basis , but opened Barabbas ( 1962 ) , The Cardinal ( 1963 ) , and the $12 million Joseph Conrad adaptation Lord Jim ( 1965 ) as 70mm roadshows in selected territories only . '' The Longest Day : `` Darryl 's most ambitious independent production was The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , a three - hour reconstruction of D - Day filmed in black - and - white CinemaScope at a cost of $8 million . It grossed over $30 million worldwide as a roadshow followed by general release , thereby helping the studio regain stability during its period of reorganization . '' Cleopatra : `` With top tickets set at an all - time high of $5.50 , Cleopatra had amassed as much as $20 million in such guarantees from exhibitors even before its premiere . Fox claimed the film had cost in total $44 million , of which $31,115,000 represented the direct negative cost and the rest distribution , print and advertising expenses . ( These figures excluded the more than $5 million spent on the production 's abortive British shoot in 1960 -- 61 , prior to its relocation to Italy . ) By 1966 worldwide rentals had reached $38,042,000 including $23.5 million from the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 164 . `` West cost $14,483,000 ; although it earned $35 million worldwide in just under three years , with ultimate domestic rentals totaling $20,932,883 , high distribution costs severely limited its profitability . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 From Russia With Love : `` Worldwide Box Office : 78.9 ; Production Cost : 2.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Goldfinger : `` Worldwide Box Office : 124.9 ; Production Cost : 3.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Worldwide Box Office : 116 ; Production Cost : 7.2 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Moonraker : `` Worldwide Box Office : 210.3 ; Production Cost : 34.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' ^ Jump up to : Chapman , James ( 2007 ) . Licence to thrill : a cultural history of the James Bond films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . From Russia With Love : `` The American release of From Russia With Love again followed on some six months after it had been shown in Britain . North American rentals of $9.9 million were an improvement on its predecessor , helped by a slightly wider release , though they were still only half the $19.5 million of foreign rentals ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Diamonds Are Forever marked a return to the box - office heights of the Bond films of the mid-1960s . Its worldwide rentals were $45.7 million ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Moonraker : `` These figures were surpassed by Moonraker , which earned total worldwide rentals of $87.7 million , of which $33 million came from North America . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 2009 ) . United Artists , Volume 2 , 1951 -- 1978 : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23014 - 2 . From Russia With Love : `` The picture grossed twice as much as Dr. No , both domestic and foreign -- $12.5 million worldwide ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Goldfinger : `` Produced on a budget of around $3 million , Goldfinger grossed a phenomenal $46 million worldwide the first time around . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 184 My Fair Lady : `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) cost Warners $17 million to make , including a record $5.5 million just for the film rights to the Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe stage show and a million - dollar fee for star Audrey Hepburn . By 1967 it was reported to have grossed $55 million from roadshowing worldwide . '' Mary Poppins : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , which cost $5.2 million , was neither a stage adaptation nor a roadshow . But by the end of its first release , it had grossed nearly $50 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mary Poppins , p. 469 , In its initial run , Poppins garnered an astounding $44 million in worldwide rentals and became the company 's first Best Picture Oscar contender . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 188 . `` The negative cost of Warners ' adaptation of Edward Albee 's play Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) -- filmed in widescreen and black - and - white , largely set in domestic interiors and with a cast of only four principal actors -- amounted to $7,613,000 , in part because stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton received up - front fees of $1 million and $750,000 respectively , against 10 percent of the gross apiece . ( Their participation was presumably added to the budget ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Animals Portray Parts in Disney 's `` Robin Hood '' `` . Toledo Blade . October 18 , 1970 . Sec . G , p. 7 . `` The Jungle Book , '' in it 's ( sic ) initial world - wide release , has grossed $23.8 million to date ... Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Variety . December 31 , 1966 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . It was filmed at a declared cost of $4 million over a 42 - month period . ^ Jump up to : Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Grease : p. 236 . `` The film was produced for $6 million and Paramount reportedly spent another $3 million on promotion . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 191 -- 192 The Graduate : `` The Graduate eventually earned U.S. rentals of $44,090,729 on a production cost of $3.1 million to become the most lucrative non-roadshow picture ( and independent release ) to date . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` None of these films was roadshown in the United States ; most were set in contemporary America or had a contemporary `` take '' on the past ( the casting of genuine teenagers to play Romeo and Juliet , the urbane sophistication of the dialogue in Butch Cassidy , the antiauthoritarianism of Bonnie and Clyde and MASH ) ; most were produced on modest or medium - sized budgets ( as low as $450,000 for Easy Rider and no higher than $6,825,000 for Butch Cassidy ) ; and all grossed upward of $10 million domestically . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , R. Barton ( 2006 ) . `` 2001 : The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap '' . In Kolker , Robert Phillip . Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : a Space Odyssey : New Essays . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780195174526 . With its initial and subsequent releases , domestic and worldwide , Kubrick 's arty , intellectual film earned nearly $138 million , which was , at that time , an astounding figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haber , Joyces ( March 27 , 1969 ) . `` ' Funny Girl ' a Box Office Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 ... `` Funny Girl '' will gross an estimated $80 to $100 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Welles , Chris ( September 7 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Silence at Columbia Pictures -- No Moguls , No Minions , Just Profits '' . New York . 3 ( 36 ) . New York Media . pp. 42 -- 47 . While Columbia , battling Ray Stark over every dollar , did Funny Girl for around $8.8 million , a million or so over budget , Fox spent nearly $24 million on Hello , Dolly ! , more than twice the initial budget , and the film will thus have to gross three times as much to break even . Jump up ^ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid United States and Canada : `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $102,308,525 Outside North America : Vanity Fair . 2008 . p. 388 . Butch Cassidy went on to be a huge hit -- by the spring of 1970 it had taken in $46 million in North America and grossed another $50 million abroad . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Story ' II : Ryan Redux ? '' . New York . 9 . New York Media . 1976 . p. 389 . Bring those handkerchiefs out of retirement ... After all , the first movie made around $80 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Love Story , p. 545 , The final cost came in at $2,260,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( June 30 , 1979 ) . `` '' Airports '' Flourish `` . The Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 541 . `` Screenwriter and director George Seaton was given a then - whopping production budget of $10 million to make what would be his last big movie after a long career as an actor in radio , a screenwriter , and a director . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 549 . `` Fiddler had the highest domestic box office of 1971 ( it was second in worldwide box office after Diamonds Are Forever ) , with more than $100 million in unadjusted worldwide box office on its initial release . The soundtrack album was also a huge seller . The 1979 rerelease was not as successful , with the $3.8 million print and ad costs almost as high as the $4.3 million in worldwide rentals . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 527 . Star Wars : `` Domestic Rentals : $127.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $141.5 ; Production Cost : $13.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Godfather : `` Domestic Rentals : $85.6 ; Foreign Rentals : $42.0 ; Production Cost : $7.2 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Fiddler on the Roof : `` Domestic Rentals : $34.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.1 ; Production Cost : $9.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Rocky : `` Domestic Rentals : $56.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $21.1 ; Production Cost : $1.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ The Godfather 1974 : Newsweek. 84 . 1974 . p. 74 . The original Godfather has grossed a mind - boggling $285 million ... 1991 : Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg , and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 9780899506180 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North America : $1,267,249 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 246 . `` Domestic Box Office : $135.0 ; Foreign Box Office : $110.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,044 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Diane ( 1980 ) . Hollywood Renaissance . Dell Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 9780440533825 . The Godfather catapulted Coppola to overnight celebrity , earning three Academy Awards and a then record - breaking $142 million in worldwide sales . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robert Henry ; Steinberg , Charles Side ( 1976 ) . The media environment : mass communications in American society . Hastings House . p. 76 . ISBN 9780803846814 ... further reflected by the phenomenal successes of The Sting , Chinatown and The Exorcist . The latter film , which cost about $10 million to produce , has grossed over $110 million worldwide . Jump up ^ New York , 8 , New York Media , 1975 , ... Jaws should outstrip another MCA hit , The Sting , which had world - wide revenues of $115 million . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 560 . `` Production Cost : $5.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 206 -- 208 . `` The most successful entry in the disaster cycle was the $15 million The Towering Inferno which earned over $48,650,000 in domestic rentals and about $40 million foreign . '' Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard ( 1998 ) . `` All - Time Top Film Rentals '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 7 , 1999 . Domestic rentals : $48,838,000 Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter . January 27 , 1976 . Foreign rentals : $43 million Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 568 . `` Production Cost : $14.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Mel ( 2004 ) . `` My Movies : The Collisions of Art and Money '' . In Squire , Jason E. The movie business book ( 3 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1937 - 2 . To their credit , Blazing saddles , opened wide in June to tremendous business around the country . It 's done over $80 million in rentals worldwide in 1974 dollars . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 564 . `` Production Cost : $2.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews With Top Film Producers . McFarland & Company . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786419296 . The budget for the first Jaws was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 214 . `` Rocky was the `` sleeper of the decade '' . Produced by UA and costing just under $1 million , it went on to earn a box - office gross of $117,235,247 in the United States and $225 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Rocky , p. 583 , The budget was $1,075,000 plus producer 's fees of $100,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Its worldwide box - office gross was $619 million , toppling the record of $530 million set by Star Wars . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 218 . `` Eventually costing $11,293,151 , Star Wars was previewed at the Northpoint Theatre in San Francisco on May 1 , 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' N ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 145 . ISBN 9781459600072 . Despite the fact that Grease was well on its way to becoming the highest - grossing movie musical in the world , and eventually grossed over $341 million ... ^ Jump up to : Kramer vs. Kramer United & Babson Investment Report . 72 . Babson - United , Inc. 1980 . p. 262 . Columbia Pictures Industries is continuing to rake in the box office dollars from its Oscar - winning Kramer vs. Kramer , which has topped $100 million in domestic grosses and $70 million overseas . Kramer , which cost less than $8 million to make , is now the second ... Prince , Stephen ( 2002 ) . A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 . University of California Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23266 - 2 . Much of this was attributable to the performance of its hit film , Kramer vs. Kramer ( $94 million worldwide and the number two film in the domestic market ) . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Rules of the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 119 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back Total up to 2014 : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $538,375,067 Special edition : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $67,597,694 ; Overseas : $57,214,766 2015 re-release : `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $9,593,937 ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 519 . The Empire Strikes Back : `` Production Cost : $32.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Return of the Jedi : `` Production Cost : $42.7 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Phantom Menace : `` Production Cost : $127.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Total : $389,925,971 ; North America : $212,222,025 ( original run ) ; Overseas : $141,766,000 Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 625 . Domestic Box office : $180.1 ; `` Production Cost : $22.8 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 609 . `` Steven Spielberg , by far the most successful director of the decade , had the highest - grossing movie with 1982 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial , which grossed over $664 million in worldwide box office on initial release . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 652 . `` Production Cost : $12.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi Total : `` Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $475,106,177 Special edition : `` Return of the Jedi ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $45,470,437 ; Overseas : $43,790,543 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 664 . `` Production Cost : $28.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Back to the Future Original release : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Worldwide : $381,109,762 ; Production Budget : $19 million 2010 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $2,315,159 2014 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . United Kingdom : $5,628,876 Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 268 . `` The studio had a record operating income of $212 million in 1982 , the year of Spielberg 's E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( which had cost only slightly over $10 million ) and $150 million in 1985 , mainly due to another Spielberg production , the $22 million Back to the Future , which became the top box office hit of the year . '' Jump up ^ `` Top Gun '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , Top Gun , pp. 678 -- 679 , Production Cost : $19.0 ( Millions of $ s ) ... Despite mixed reviews , it played in the top 10 for an extended period and was a huge hit , grossing almost $345 million in worldwide box office . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Fatal Attraction `` Fatal Attraction '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Scott , Vernon ( June 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Three Men and Baby ' Sequel Adds Cazenove to Original Cast '' . The Daily Gazette . New York . Hollywood ( UPI ) . p. 9 ( TV Plus -- The Daily Gazette Supplement ) . That legacy is the $167,780,960 domestic box - office and $75 million foreign gross achieved by the original ... Jump up ^ `` Rain Man '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 244 . `` Rain Man : 30.0 ( cost in million $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 694 -- 695 . `` Production Cost : $55.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... The film went on to haul in over $494 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terminator 2 Original release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . $519,843,345 3D re-release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 8 July 1991 ) . `` Conan The Humanitarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toy Story Total : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Worldwide : $373,554,033 3D release : `` Toy Story in 3D ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $8,680,257 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 776 . `` Production Cost : $30.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Die Hard : With A Vengeance '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armageddon '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 509 . `` Production Cost : $140.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Officially Lands Biggest Box Office Opening of All Time '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . 1973 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ New Times . 2 . 1974 . Coppola is King Midas , the most individually powerful U.S. filmmaker . '' His credits include directing the first Godfather ( worldwide earnings : $142 million , ahead of Gone with the Wind , The Sound of Music and The Exorcist ) ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . `` Star Wars '' has brought 20th Century - Fox approximately $250 million in film rentals ... `` Star Wars '' grossed $410 million , and his share was enough to allow him to finance its sequel , `` The Empire Strikes Back , '' himself . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Franchise and series sources `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Avengers `` Avengers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Batman `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' . Variety . January 4 , 1967 . p. 8 . Batman : $1.7 million `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . `` Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Captain America `` Captain America ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Despicable Me `` Despicable Me ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . The Hunger Games `` The Hunger Games -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Ice Age `` Ice Age -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Ice Age : The Meltdown 3D ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $6,095,750 Iron Man `` Iron Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . James Bond `` James Bond -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ( Brosnan and Craig ) Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 . `` James Bond Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office . '' ( Connery , Lazenby , Moore and Dalton ) `` Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 Madagascar `` Madagascar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Mission : Impossible `` Mission : Impossible -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Shrek `` Shrek -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . `` Spider - Man / Men in Black II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Star Trek `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` A New Hope '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . `` Return of the Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Phantom Menace '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Attack of the Clones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` Revenge of the Sith '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Clone Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Superman Superman , Superman Returns , Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : `` Superman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 534 . `` Superman Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office Revenues vs. Production Costs -- Equivalent 2005 $ s . '' Block & Wilson 2010 , p. xii . `` Notes on Adjusting Dollars and Making Estimates -- Adjusting Revenues . '' `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' ( Source : MPAA ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Transformers `` Transformers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . The Twilight Saga `` Twilight -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . `` Twilight / New Moon Combo ( one - night - only ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . X-Men `` X-Men -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Bibliography Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061778896 . Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . External links All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses at Box Office Mojo All Time Highest Grossing Movies Worldwide at The Numbers All - Time Worldwide Box Office at Internet Movie Database Box - Office Top 100 Films of All - Time at Filmsite.org Lists of box office number - one films Americas Argentina 2016 Brazil 2007 2008 2009 Canada 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Chile 2007 2008 2009 Colombia 2011 Ecuador 2011 Mexico 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 United States ( Records ) 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Venezuela 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asia - Pacific Australia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 China ( Hong Kong ) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 India Indian overseas Bengali Hindi Telugu Japan ( Anime ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Philippines ( Filipino ) 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South Korea 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Taiwan 2014 2016 2017 2018 Taipei 2016 2017 2018 Thailand 2015 2016 2017 2018 Europe , the Middle East , and Africa ( EMEA ) Belgium 2007 2008 2009 France 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Greece ( Greek ) 2013 Ireland 2011 Italy 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 Netherlands 2009 See also Crystal Films Golden Films Platinum Films Diamond Films Poland 2011 2013 Romania 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Spain 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turkey 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 United Kingdom 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Highest - grossing Films animated hybrid superhero non-English Country Bangladesh Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Openings animated Records by film Avatar ( 2009 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Related topics Box office Box office bomb list Fastest - grossing films Second weekend box office list Sequels by improvement Highest - grossing directors Highest - grossing media franchises Best - selling videos in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-grossing_films&oldid=846615232 '' Categories : Lists of highest - grossing films Record progressions Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2018 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 21 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	top 10 movies to make the most money	[ "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n", "\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\nRank\nPeak\nTitle\nWorldwide gross\nYear\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n1\nAvatar\n$2,787,965,087\n2009\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n1\nTitanic\n$2,187,463,944\n1997\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n3\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n$2,068,223,624\n2015\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n4\nAvengers: Infinity War \n$2,021,112,558\n2018\n[# 7]\n\n\n5\n3\nJurassic World\n$1,671,713,208\n2015\n[# 8][# 9]\n\n\n6\n3\nThe Avengers\n$1,518,812,988\n2012\n[# 10][# 11]\n\n\n7\n4\nFurious 7\n$1,516,045,911\n2015\n[# 12][# 13]\n\n\n8\n5\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n$1,405,403,694\n2015\n[# 14][# 13]\n\n\n9\n9\nBlack Panther \n$1,346,104,018\n2018\n[# 15]\n\n\n10\n3\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n$1,341,511,219\n2011\n[# 16][# 17]\n\n\n11\n9\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi\n$1,332,539,889\n2017\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12F\n5\nFrozen\n$1,290,000,000\n2013\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n10\nBeauty and the Beast\n$1,263,521,126\n2017\n[# 22][# 23]\n\n\n14\n11\nThe Fate of the Furious\n$1,238,764,765F8\n2017\n[# 24][# 23]\n\n\n15\n5\nIron Man 3\n$1,214,811,252\n2013\n[# 25][# 26]\n\n\n16\n10\nMinions\n$1,159,398,397\n2015\n[# 27][# 9]\n\n\n17\n12\nCaptain America: Civil War\n$1,153,304,495\n2016\n[# 28][# 29]\n\n\n18\n4\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n$1,123,794,079\n2011\n[# 30][# 17]\n\n\n19\n2\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n$1,120,237,002\n2003\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n7\nSkyfall\n$1,108,561,013\n2012\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n10\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n$1,104,054,072\n2014\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n7\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n$1,084,939,099\n2012\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n4TS3\nToy Story 3\n$1,066,969,703\n2010\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n3\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n$1,066,179,725\n2006\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n20\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n$1,056,057,273\n2016\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n6\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n$1,045,713,802\n2011\n[# 45][# 46]\n\n\n27\n24\nDespicable Me 3\n$1,034,799,409\n2017\n[# 47][# 23]\n\n\n28\n1\nJurassic Park\n$1,029,939,903\n1993\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n22\nFinding Dory\n$1,028,570,889\n2016\n[# 50][# 51]\n\n\n30\n2\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n$1,027,044,677\n1999\n[# 52][# 4]\n\n\n31\n5\nAlice in Wonderland\n$1,025,467,110\n2010\n[# 53][# 54]\n\n\n32\n24\nZootopia\n$1,023,784,195\n2016\n[# 55][# 29]\n\n\n33\n14\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n$1,021,103,568\n2012\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n4\nThe Dark Knight\n$1,004,558,444\n2008\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n2\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n$974,755,371\n2001\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n19DM2\nDespicable Me 2\n$970,761,885\n2013\n[# 62][# 63]\n\n\n37\n2\nThe Lion King\n$968,483,777\n1994\n[# 64][# 49]\n\n\n38\n30\nThe Jungle Book\n$966,550,600\n2016\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n5\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n$963,420,425\n2007\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n40\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n$961,952,182\n2017\n[# 69]\n\n\n41\n10\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n$960,283,305\n2010\n[# 70][# 71]\n\n\n42\n24\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n$958,366,855\n2013\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n26\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n$956,019,788\n2014\n[# 74][# 75]\n\n\n44\n8FN\nFinding Nemo\n$940,335,536\n2003\n[# 76][# 32]\n\n\n45\n6\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n$939,885,929\n2007\n[# 77][# 68]\n\n\n46\n8\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n$934,416,487\n2009\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n4\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n$926,349,708\n2002\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n6\nShrek 2\n$919,838,758\n2004\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n8\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n$896,911,078\n2005\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n10\nSpider-Man 3\n$890,871,626\n2007\n[# 86][# 87]\n\n" ]	[ "Avatar", "Titanic", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens", "Avengers: Infinity War", "Jurassic World", "The Avengers", "Furious 7", "Avengers: Age of Ultron", "Black Panther", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" ]
8490522396094451607	Microsoft Office 2016	Microsoft Office 2016 - wikipedia Microsoft Office 2016 Jump to : navigation , search Microsoft Office 2016 Clockwise from top left : Word , Excel , Outlook and PowerPoint Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release 22 September 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) Stable release 1709 ( 16.0. 8528.2139 ) ( 16 October 2017 ; 10 days ago ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) ) ( ± ) Development status Mainstream support ends on 13 October 2020 . Extended support ends on 14 October 2025 . Operating system Windows 7 SP1 or later Platform IA - 32 , x64 Available in 102 languages ( show ) List of languages Full ( 40 ) : English , Arabic , Bulgarian , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese ( Traditional ) , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hindi , Hungarian , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Kazakh , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Malay ( Latin ) , Norwegian Bokmål , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Romanian , Russian , Serbian ( Latin , Serbia ) , Slovak , Slovenian , Spanish , Swedish , Thai , Turkish , Ukrainian , Vietnamese Partial ( 51 ) : Afrikaans , Albanian , Amharic , Armenian , Assamese , Azerbaijani ( Latin ) , Bangla ( Bangladesh ) , Bangla ( Bengali India ) , Basque ( Basque ) , Belarusian , Bosnian ( Latin ) , Catalan , Dari , Filipino , Galician , Georgian , Gujarati , Icelandic , Irish , Kannada , Khmer , KiSwahili , Konkani , Kyrgyz , Luxembourgish , Macedonian ( FYRO Macedonia ) , Malayalam , Maltese , Maori , Marathi , Mongolian ( Cyrillic ) , Nepali , Norwedian Nynorsk , Odia , Persian ( Farsi ) , Punjabi ( Gurmukhi ) , Quechua , Scottish Gaelic , Serbian ( Cyrillic , Bosnia & Herzegovina ) , Serbian ( Cyrillic , Serbia ) , Sindhi ( Arabic ) , Sinhala , Tamil , Tatar ( Cyrillic ) , Telugu , Turkmen ( Latin ) , Urdu , Uyghur , Uzbek ( Latin ) , Valencian , Welsh Proofing only ( 11 ) : Hausa , Igbo , isiXhosa , isiZulu , Kinyarwanda , Pashto , Romansh , Sesotho sa Leboa , Setswana , Wolof , Yoruba Type Office suite License Trialware Website products.office.com Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac Clockwise from top left : Word , Excel , Outlook and PowerPoint Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release 9 July 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) Stable release 15.38. 0 ( Build 17090200 ) ( 12 September 2017 ; 44 days ago ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) ) ( ± ) Development status Mainstream support ends on 13 October 2020 . Operating system OS X Yosemite or later Platform x64 Available in 27 languages ( show ) List of languages English , Arabic , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese ( Traditional ) , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Norwegian ( Bokmål ) , Polish , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Russian , Slovak , Spanish , Swedish , Thai , Turkish Microsoft Office 2016 ( codenamed Office 16 ) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite , succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011 . It was released on macOS on 9 July 2015 and on Microsoft Windows on 22 September 2015 for Office 365 subscribers . Mainstream support ends on 13 October 2020 , and extended support ends on 14 October 2025 . The perpetually licensed version on macOS and Windows was released on 22 September 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 New features 1.1 Windows 1.2 Mac 2 Editions 2.1 Traditional editions 2.2 Office 365 3 Design 4 See also 5 References 6 External links New features ( edit ) Windows ( edit ) New features in the Windows release include the ability to create , open , edit , and save files in the cloud straight from the desktop , a new search tool for commands available in Word , PowerPoint , Excel and Outlook named `` Tell Me '' , more `` Send As '' options in Word and PowerPoint , and co-authoring in real time with users connected to Office Online . Other smaller features include Insights , a feature powered by Bing to provide contextual information from the web , a Designer sidebar in PowerPoint to optimize the layout of slides , new chart types and templates in Excel ( such as treemap , sunburst chart ( also known as a ring chart ) , waterfall chart , box plot and histogram , and financial and calendar templates ) , new animations in PowerPoint ( such as the Morph transition ) , the ability to insert online video in OneNote , and a data loss prevention feature in Word , Excel , and PowerPoint . Microsoft Office 2016 can not coexist with Microsoft Office 2013 apps , but it can coexist with earlier versions of Microsoft Office , such as 2003 , 2007 , and 2010 . Microsoft offers to freely replace these older 2013 versions with an updated version . Microsoft Office 2016 will display Word , Excel , and PowerPoint files made with Microsoft Office 97 to 2003 with Microsoft Office 2000 symbols in place of Microsoft Office 2016 's symbols . Mac ( edit ) New features in the Mac release include an updated user interface that uses ribbons , full support for Retina Display , and new sharing features for Office documents . In Word , there is a new Design tab , an Insights feature , which is powered by Bing , and real - time co-authoring . In Excel , there is a Recommended Charts feature , and PivotTable Slicers . In PowerPoint , there are theme variants , which provide different color schemes for a theme . In Outlook , there is a Propose New Time feature , the ability to see calendars side by side , and a weather forecast in the calendar view . Outlook 2016 for Mac has very limited support for synchronization of collaboration services outside basic email . With version 15.25 , Office for Mac transitioned from 32 - bit to 64 - bit by default . Users that require a 32 - bit version for compatibility reasons will be able to download the 15.25 version as a one - time update manually from the Microsoft Office website . All versions following 15.25 will be 64 - bit only . Office for Mac received Touch Bar support in an update on February 16 , 2017 , following the launch of the 2016 MacBook Pro models . Editions ( edit ) Traditional editions ( edit ) As with previous versions , Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets . All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word , Excel , PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer . Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows : Home & Student : This retail suite includes the core applications only . Home & Business : This retail suite includes the core applications and Outlook . Standard : This suite , only available through volume licensing channels , includes the core applications , as well as Outlook and Publisher . Professional : This retail suite includes the core applications , as well as Outlook , Publisher and Access . Professional Plus : This suite , only available through volume licensing channels , includes the core applications , as well as Outlook , Publisher , Access and Skype for Business . Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac : Home & Student : This retail suite includes the core applications only . Home & Business : This retail suite includes the core applications and Outlook . Standard : This suite , only available through volume licensing channels , includes the core applications and Outlook . Office 365 ( edit ) Main article : Microsoft Office 365 The Office 365 subscription services , which were previously aimed towards business and enterprise users , were expanded for Office 2016 to include new plans aimed at home use . The subscriptions allow use of the Office 2016 applications by multiple users using a software as a service model . Different plans are available for Office 365 , some of which also include value - added services , such as 1 TB of OneDrive storage and 60 Skype minutes per month on the Home Premium plan . Design ( edit ) The user interface design of Office 2016 for Windows is relatively unchanged from its predecessor , Microsoft Office 2013 . It retains the flat design that was introduced along with the Metro design language , albeit a few modifications to the layout are made , in order to conform with the design of Microsoft Office Mobile . When Office 2016 was released , it came with three themes . The default theme , known as `` colorful '' , features a solid color on the top band of the ribbon , corresponding to the color of the Office application being used , for example , a solid dark blue is featured prominently in Microsoft Word . The theme had been described as useful in making the tab headings more distinct . In addition , both the `` white '' and `` dark grey '' themes from Office 2013 are available as well , though no new backgrounds have been added , nor have any existing backgrounds been removed . A fourth `` black '' theme was added as part of an update in January 2016 . The update was not released to users of the traditional editions . See also ( edit ) List of office suites References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Julia ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Admins -- get ready for Office 2016 , rollout begins September 22 ! '' . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Office 365 client update branch releases '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft ® Support Ending Dates for Retail / OEM Consumer / SOHO Operating Systems and Front Office Software '' . allyncs.com . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` System requirements for Office 2016 '' . Microsoft . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Language Accessory Pack for Office 2016 '' . Office.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Microsoft one - ups Google Docs with real - time editing in Office 2016 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Release notes for Office 2016 for Mac '' . Microsoft . 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Older 64 - bit Macs out of the picture for Mountain Lion '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Languages are supported in Office '' . Microsoft . 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Steele , Billy ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` Office 2016 will hit desktops later this year '' . Engadget . AOL . ^ Jump up to : Koenigsbauer , Kirk ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Office 2016 for Mac is here ! '' . Office Blogs . Microsoft . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Koenigsbauer , Kirk ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The new Office is here '' . Office Blogs . Microsoft . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` New Office 2016 for Windows Desktop Public Preview Available for Download '' . Softpedia . SoftNews . ^ Jump up to : Spataro , Jared ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Office 2016 Public Preview now available '' . Office Blogs . Microsoft . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office 2016 's November update finally rolls out to early testers '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Install and use different versions of Office on the same PC '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` '' We need to remove some older apps '' error `` . Office.com . Microsoft . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's New in Office 2016 for Mac '' . Office . Microsoft . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compare Outlook 2016 for Mac with Outlook 2016 for Windows '' . TechNet . Microsoft . 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Insider Fast : Our initial 64 - bit release of Office 2016 for Mac is - Microsoft Community '' . Microsoft . Microsoft . 1 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office 2016 for Mac 64 - bit upgrade '' . Microsoft . Microsoft . 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choose Microsoft Office Products '' . Office . Microsoft . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choose Microsoft Office Products '' . Office . Microsoft . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Microsoft Office Volume Licensing Suites '' . Office . Microsoft . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Office 2016 includes a colorful new theme '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Tim ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` Delving into Office 2016 : Microsoft goes public with new preview '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New and Improved in Office 2016 for Office 365 - Office Support '' . support.office.com . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . 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-7295578734776559041	Federation of Australia	Federation of Australia - wikipedia Federation of Australia Jump to : navigation , search For Australia 's federal system of government , see Federalism in Australia . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Sydney Town Hall illuminated in celebratory lights and fireworks marking the Inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia , 1901 . The sign reads One people , one destiny . Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory Exploration by sea Land exploration 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self - governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia , establishing a system of federalism in Australia . Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process , but they decided not to join the federation . Following federation , the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government ( and the bicameral legislatures ) that they had developed as separate colonies , but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation . When the Constitution of Australia came into force , on 1 January 1901 , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia . The efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement . A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth . Sir Henry Parkes , Premier of New South Wales , was instrumental in this process . Sir Edmund Barton , second only to Parkes in the length of his commitment to the federation cause , was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia at the inaugural national election in 1901 in March 1901 . The election returned Barton as prime minister , though without a majority . This period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time , known as Federation architecture , or Federation style . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal idea 1.1 Federal Council 1.2 Early opposition 2 Early constitutional conventions 2.1 Conference of 1890 2.2 Clark 's draft constitution 2.3 Convention of 1891 2.4 Griffith or Clark ? 3 Later constitutional conventions 4 Federal Constitution 5 Landmarks named after Federation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Federal idea ( edit ) Governor of Queensland Lord Lamington reading the Queen 's proclamation on Federation in Brisbane Federal Council ( edit ) A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s , a time when there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians , the great majority of whom were native - born . The idea of being `` Australian '' began to be celebrated in songs and poems . This was fostered by improvements in transport and communications , such as the establishment of a telegraph system between the colonies in 1872 . The Australian colonies were also influenced by other federations which had emerged around the world , notably in Argentina , Canada , Switzerland and the United States . Sir Henry Parkes , then Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , first proposed a Federal Council body in 1867 . After it was rejected by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies , the Duke of Buckingham , Parkes brought up the issue again at a conference in 1880 , this time as the Premier of New South Wales . At the conference , representatives from Victoria , New South Wales and South Australia considered a number of issues including federation , communication , Chinese immigration , vine diseases and uniform tariff rates . The Federation had the potential to ensure that throughout the continent , trade , and interstate commerce would be unaffected by protectionism and measurement and transport would be standardised . The final ( and successful ) push for the Federal Council came at a conference in 1883 , called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea and in New Hebrides . Sir Samuel Griffith , the Premier of Queensland , drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council . The conference successfully petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885 . As a result , a Federal Council of Australasia was formed , to represent the affairs of the colonies in their relations with the South Pacific islands . New South Wales and New Zealand did not join . The self - governing colonies of Queensland , Tasmania and Victoria , as well as the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji , became involved . South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890 . The Federal Council had powers to legislate directly upon certain matters , such as in relation to extradition , regulation of fisheries , and so on , but it did not have a permanent secretariat , executive powers , or any revenue of its own . Furthermore , the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value . Published in 1888 this cartoon depicts the anti-Chinese sentiment that was one of the driving forces behind the push for federation . Nevertheless , it was the first major form of inter-colonial co-operation . It provided an opportunity for Federalists from around the country to meet and exchange ideas . The means by which the Council was established endorsed the continuing role that the Imperial Parliament would have in the development of Australia 's constitutional structure . In terms of the Federal Council of Australia Act , the Australian drafters established a number of powers dealing with their `` common interest '' which would later be replicated in the Australian Constitution , especially section 51 . Early Opposition ( edit ) The individual colonies , Victoria excepted , were somewhat wary of Federation . Politicians from the smaller colonies , in particular , disliked the very idea of delegating power to a national government ; they feared that any such government would inevitably be dominated by the more populous New South Wales and Victoria . Queensland , for its part , worried that the advent of national legislation ( see White Australia Policy ) would restrict the importing of kanaka labourers , thereby jeopardising its sugar cane industry . These were not the only concerns of those resistant to federation . Smaller colonies also worried about the abolition of tariffs , which would deprive them of a large proportion of their revenue , and leave their commerce at the mercy of the larger states . New South Wales , traditionally free - trade in its outlook , wanted to be satisfied that the federation 's tariff policy would not be protectionist . Victorian Premier James Service described fiscal union as `` the lion in the way '' of federation . A further fundamental issue was how to distribute the excess customs duties from the central government to the states . For the larger colonies there was the possibility ( which never became an actuality ) that they could be required to subsidise the struggling economies of Tasmania , South Australia and Western Australia . Even without the concerns , there was debate about the form of government that a federation would take . Experience of other federations was less than inspiring . In particular , the United States had experienced the traumatic Civil War . The nascent Australian labour movement was less than wholly committed in its support for federation . On the one hand , nationalist sentiment was strong within the labour movement and there was much support for the idea of White Australia . On the other hand , labour representatives feared that federation would distract attention from the need for social and industrial reform , and further entrench the power of the conservative forces . The federal conventions included no representatives of organised labour . In fact , the proposed federal constitution was criticised by labour representatives as being too conservative . These representative wanted to see a federal government with more power to legislate on issues such as wages and prices . They also regarded the proposed senate as much too powerful , with the capacity to block attempts at social and political reform , much as the colonial upper houses were quite openly doing at that time . Religious factors played a small but not trivial part in disputes over whether federation was desirable or even possible . As a general rule , pro-federation leaders were Protestants , while Catholics ' enthusiasm for federation was much weaker , not least because Parkes had been militantly anti-Catholic for decades ( and because the labour movement was disproportionately Catholic in its membership ) . Early Constitutional conventions ( edit ) In the early 1890s two meetings established the need for federation and set the framework for this to occur . An informal meeting attended by official representatives from the Australasian colonies was held in 1890 . This led to the first National Australasian Convention , meeting in Sydney in 1891 . New Zealand was represented at both the conference and the Convention , although its delegates indicated that it would be unlikely to join the Federation at its foundation , but it would probably be interested in doing so at a later date . Conference of 1890 ( edit ) The Conference of 1890 was organised at the instigation of Parkes . The account of the calling of the 1890 conference usually begins with Lord Carrington , the Governor of New South Wales , goading the ageing Parkes at a luncheon on 15 June 1889 . Parkes reportedly boasted that he `` could confederate these colonies in twelve months '' . Carrington retorted , `` Then why do n't you do it ? It would be a glorious finish to your life . '' Parkes the next day wrote to the Premier of Victoria , Duncan Gillies , offering to advance the cause of Federation . Gillies 's response was predictably cool , given the reluctance of Parkes to bring New South Wales into the Federal Council . In October Parkes travelled north to Brisbane and met with Griffith and Sir Thomas McIlwraith . On the return journey , he stopped just south of the colonial border , and delivered the historic Tenterfield Oration on 24 October 1889 , stating that the time had come for the colonies to consider Australian federation . Through the latter part of 1889 the premiers and governors corresponded and agreed for an informal meeting to be called . The membership was : New South Wales , Parkes ( Premier ) and William McMillan ( Colonial Treasurer ) ; Victoria , Duncan Gillies ( Premier ) and Alfred Deakin ( Chief Secretary ) ; Queensland , Sir Samuel Griffith ( Leader of the Opposition ) and John Murtagh Macrossan ( Colonial Secretary ) ; South Australia , Dr. John Cockburn ( Premier ) and Thomas Playford ( Leader of the Opposition ) ; Tasmania , Andrew Inglis Clark ( Attorney - General ) and Stafford Bird ( Treasurer ) ; Western Australia , Sir James George Lee Steere ( Speaker ) ; New Zealand , Captain William Russell ( Colonial Secretary ) and Sir John Hall . The Federal Oak in the gardens of the Victorian Parliament House in Melbourne . The tree was planted in 1890 by Sir Henry Parkes to commemorate the meeting of the Australian Federal Conference . When the conference met at the Victorian Parliament in Melbourne on 6 February , the delegates were confronted with a scorching summer maximum temperature of 39.7 ° C ( 103.5 ° F ) in the shade . The Conference debated whether or not the time was ripe to proceed with federation . While some of the delegates agreed it was , the smaller states were not as enthusiastic . Thomas Playford from South Australia indicated the tariff question and lack of popular support as hurdles . Similarly , Sir James Lee Steere from Western Australia and the New Zealand delegates suggested there was little support for federation in their respective colonies . A basic question at this early assembly was how to structure the federation within the Westminster tradition of government . The British North America Act ( 1867 ) , which had confederated the Canadian provinces , provided a model with respect to the relations between the federation and the Crown . There was less enthusiasm , however , for the centralism of the Canadian Constitution , especially from the smaller states . Following the conference of 1890 , the Canadian federal model was no longer considered appropriate for the Australian situation . Although the Swiss Federal Constitution provided another example , it was inevitable that the delegates should look to the Constitution of the United States as the other major model of a federation within the English - speaking world . It gave just a few powers to the federal government and left the majority of matters within the legislative competence of the states . It also provided that the Senate should consist of an equal number of members from each State while the Lower House should reflect the national distribution of population . Andrew Inglis Clark , a long - time admirer of American federal institutions , introduced the US Constitution as an example of the protection of States ' rights . He presented it as an alternative to the Canadian model , arguing that Canada was `` an instance of amalgamation rather than Federation . '' The introduction by Deakin of James Bryce 's The American Commonwealth also had far - reaching influence . The conference in Melbourne ended with an agreement by the delegates that the time for federation had arrived . Clark 's draft Constitution ( edit ) Andrew Clark , circa 1907 A.I. Clark had given considerable thought towards a suitable constitution for Australia . In May 1890 , he travelled to London to conduct an appeal on behalf of the Government of Tasmania before the Privy Council . During this trip , he began writing a draft constitution , taking the main provisions of the British North America Act and its supplements up through 1890 , the US Constitution , the Federal Council of Australasia Act , and various Australian colonial constitutions . Clark returned from London by way of Boston , Massachusetts , where he held discussions about his draft with Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , and Moncure Conway among others . Clark 's draft introduced the nomenclature and form which was subsequently adopted : The Australian Federation is described as the Commonwealth of Australia There are three separate and equal branches -- the Parliament , the Executive , and the Judicature . The Legislature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate It specified the separation of powers and the division of powers between the Federal and State governments . Upon his return to Hobart in early November 1890 , with the technical aid of W.O. Wise , the Tasmanian Parliamentary Draftsman , Clark completed the final form of the Draft Constitution and had a number of copies printed . In February 1891 , Inglis Clark circulated copies of his draft to Parkes , Barton and probably Playford as well . This draft was always intended to be a private working document , and never has been published . Convention of 1891 ( edit ) The Parliament proposed at the Convention of 1891 was to adopt the nomenclature of the United States Congress . This proposal provided the broad outline of a Federal government . Its lower house was to be elected by districts drawn up on the basis of their population , while in the Senate there was to be equal representation for each `` province '' . This American model was mixed with the Westminster system by which the Prime Minister and other ministers would be appointed by the representative of the British Crown from among the members of the political party holding a majority in the lower House . Griffith identified with great clarity at the Sydney Convention perhaps the greatest problem of all : how to structure the relationship between the lower and upper houses within the Federal Parliament . The main division of opinion centred on the contention of Alfred Deakin , that the lower house must be supreme , as opposed to the views of Barton , John Cockburn and others , that a strong Senate with co-ordinate powers was essential . Griffith himself recommended that the doctrine of responsible government should be left open , or substantially modified to accord with the Federal structure . Over the Easter weekend in 1891 , Griffith edited Clark 's draft aboard the Queensland Government 's steam yacht Lucinda . ( Clark was not present , as he was ill with influenza in Sydney ) . Griffith 's draft Constitution was submitted to colonial parliaments but it lapsed in New South Wales , after which the other colonies were unwilling to proceed . Griffith or Clark ? ( edit ) The importance of the draft Constitution of 1891 was recognised by John La Nauze when he flatly declared that `` The draft of 1891 is the Constitution of 1900 , not its father or grandfather . '' In the Twenty - First Century , however , a lively debate has sprung up as to whether the principal credit for this draft belongs to Queensland 's Sir Samuel Griffith or Tasmania 's Andrew Inglis Clark . The debate began with the publication of Peter Botsman 's The Great Constitutional Swindle : A Citizen 's Guide to the Australian Constitution in 2000 , and a biography of Andrew Inglis Clark by F.M. Neasey and L.J. Neasey published by the University of Tasmania Law Press in 2001 . The traditional view attached almost sole responsibility for the 1891 draft to Griffith . Quick and Garran , for instance , state curtly that Griffith `` had the chief hand in the actual drafting of the Bill . '' Given that the authors of this highly respected work were themselves active members of the federal movement , it may be presumed that this view represents - if not the complete truth - then , at least , the consensus opinion amongst Australia 's `` founding fathers '' . In his 1969 entry on `` Clark , Andrew Inglis ( 1848 -- 1907 ) '' for the Australian Dictionary of Biography , Henry Reynolds offers a more nuanced view : Before the National Australasian Convention in Sydney in 1891 he ( Clark ) circulated his own draft constitution bill . This was practically a transcript of relevant provisions from the British North American Act , the United States Constitution and the Federal Council Act , arranged systematically , but it was to be of great use to the drafting committee at the convention . Parkes received it with reservations , suggesting that ' the structure should be evolved bit by bit ' . George Higinbotham admitted the ' acknowledged defects & disadvantages ' of responsible government , but criticized Clark 's plan to separate the executive and the legislature . Clark 's draft also differed from the adopted constitution in his proposal for ' a separate federal judiciary ' , with the new Supreme Court replacing the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal on all questions of law , which would be ' a wholesome innovation upon the American system ' . He became a member of the Constitutional Committee and chairman of the Judiciary Committee . Although he took little part in the debates he assisted ( Sir ) Samuel Griffith , ( Sir ) Edmund Barton and Charles Cameron Kingston in revising Griffith 's original draft of the adopted constitution on the Queensland government 's steam yacht , Lucinda ; though he was too ill to be present when the main work was done , his own draft had been the basis for most of Griffith 's text . Clark 's supporters are quick to point out that 86 Sections ( out of a total of 128 ) of the final Australian Constitution are recognisable in Clark 's draft , and that `` only eight of Inglis Clark 's ninety - six clauses failed to find their way into the final Australian Constitution '' ; but these are potentially misleading statistics . As Professor John Williams has pointed out : It is easy to point to the document and dismiss it as a mere ' cut and paste ' from known provisions . While there is some validity in such observations it does tend to overlook the fact that there are very few variations to be added once the basic structure is agreed . So for instance , there was always going to be parts dealing with the executive , the parliament and the judiciary in any Australian constitution . The fact that Inglis Clark modelled his on the American Constitution is no surprise once that basic decision was made . Issues of the respective legislative powers , the role of the states , the power of amendment and financial questions were the detail of the debate that the framers were about to address in 1891 . As to who was responsible for the actual detailed drafting , as distinct from the broad structure and framework of the 1891 draft , Professor Williams ( for one ) is in no doubt : In terms of style there can be little argument that Inglis Clark 's Constitution is not as crisp or clean as Kingston 's 1891 draft Constitution . This is not so much a reflection on Inglis Clark , but an acknowledgement of the talents of Charles Kingston and Sir Samuel Griffith as drafters . They were direct and economical with words . The same can not always be said of Inglis Clark . Later Constitutional conventions ( edit ) The revival of the federal movement stemmed from the growth of federal leagues and nationalist organisations that were committed to federation , such as the Australian Natives ' Association . There were two so - called People 's Conventions held in Corowa and Bathurst . A ribbon produced in Sydney In 1893 John Quick , who had attended the Corowa convention , drew up a bill which became the basis of discussion at the Adelaide Convention ( see below ) and is considered to have contributed largely to the eventual constitution . Quick with Robert Garran went on to publish The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth in 1901 , which is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative works on the Australian Constitution . In 1895 a proposal was accepted by the premiers of the Australian colonies to establish a new Convention by popular vote , with the resulting draft of the constitution being submitted to the electors of each colony in a referendum . The Convention held meetings over the course of a year , beginning first in Adelaide in 1897 , later meeting in Sydney , and culminating in Melbourne in March 1898 . After the Adelaide meeting , the colonial Parliaments took the opportunity to debate the emerging Bill and to suggest changes . The basic principles discussed in 1891 were adopted , with the addition of the principle of responsible government . There was also a consensus for more democracy in the constitutional structure . It was agreed that the Senate should be chosen by popular vote with the voters in each State acting as one electorate . A draft bill was drawn up in 1898 , and then sent to each colony to be ratified by the electorate . Referendums were held in four of the colonies in June 1898 . There were majority votes in all four of them , however , the enabling legislation in New South Wales required the support of at least 80,000 voters for passage , and this number was not reached . A meeting of the colonial premiers in early 1899 agreed to a number of amendments to make the constitution more acceptable to New South Wales . Known as the `` Braddon Clause '' , the amendments provided for the return of customs revenue to the states for ten years . It was also agreed that the new federal capital was to be built in New South Wales provided it was at least a hundred miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney . In June 1899 , the referendum was held again in all the colonies except for Western Australia , where the vote was not held until the following year . The majority vote was `` yes '' in all the colonies . referendum NSW Qld SA Tas Vic WA total 1898 yes 71,595 35,800 11,797 100,520 219,712 no 66,228 17,320 2,716 22,099 108,363 1899 yes 107,420 38,488 65,900 13,437 152,653 377,898 no 82,741 30,996 17,953 791 9,805 142,286 1900 yes 44,800 44,800 no 19,691 19,691 The Bill as accepted by the colonies went to Britain for ratification by the British Parliament . Federal Constitution ( edit ) The letters patent issued by Queen Victoria creating the office of Governor - General , issued in 1900 as a part of the process of implementing the new federal constitution . The Constitution of Australia One of the many arches made to celebrate Federation , the Citizens Arch -- National Museum , Canberra The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne is the site of the first sitting of Federal parliament . Main article : Constitution of Australia The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act ( UK ) was passed on 5 July 1900 and given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900 . It was proclaimed on 1 January 1901 in Centennial Park , Sydney . Sir Edmund Barton was sworn in as the interim Prime Minister , leading an interim Federal ministry of nine members . The new constitution established a bicameral Parliament , containing a Senate and a House of Representatives . The office of Governor - General was established as the Queen 's representative ; initially , this person was considered a representative of the British government . The Constitution also established a High Court , and divided the powers of government between the states and the new Commonwealth government . The site of a federal capital was disputed heavily between the two arch - rivals Sydney and Melbourne ; the compromise was that a separate territory ( the Australian Capital Territory ) would be established within New South Wales to hold a new capital , while Parliament would sit in Melbourne until the new city was constructed . The site eventually chosen for the city became Canberra . Landmarks named after federation ( edit ) See also : Federation architecture The significance of Federation for Australia is such that a number of landmarks , natural and man - made , have been named after it . These include : Federal Highway , between Goulburn , New South Wales and Canberra Federation Creek , near Croydon , Queensland Federation Peak , Tasmania Federation Range , on the Royston River , about 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) east - northeast of Melbourne , Victoria Federation Square , Melbourne , Victoria Federation Trail , Melbourne , Victoria Federation University , Ballarat , Victoria See also ( edit ) Government of Australia Federalism in Australia Australian Capital Territory Secessionism in Western Australia History of monarchy in Australia Australian nationality law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fiji and Australian Federation . -- ( From the Herald 's own Correspondent . ) Melbourne , Monday '' . The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. 25 October 1883 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ note 2 , at 18 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Martin , Henry Parkes , at 383 . Jump up ^ Williams J , `` ' With Eyes Open ' : Andrew Inglis Clark and our Republican Tradition '' ( 1995 ) 23 ( 2 ) Federal Law Review 149 at 165 . Jump up ^ Debates of the Australian Federation Conference , at 25 . Jump up ^ La Nauze , J.A. The Making of the Australian Constitution . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84016 - 7 . Jump up ^ As early as 1874 , he published a comparative study of the American , Canadian and Swiss constitutions . Jump up ^ Clark , Conway and Holmes were all Unitarians . Clark had met Conway when he travelled to Hobart , Tasmania , as part of his speaking tour in 1883 . Conway later introduced Clark to Holmes . Jump up ^ Letter from W.O. Wise to A.P. Canaway dated 29 June 1921 . Cover page to First draft of Australian Constitution . Mitchell Library MS , Q342. 901 Jump up ^ Neasey , F.M. ; Neasey , L.J. ( 2001 ) . Andrew Inglis Clark . University of Tasmania Law Press . ISBN 0 - 85901 - 964 - 0 . Jump up ^ La Nauze , page 24 Jump up ^ La Nauze , note 11 at 78 . ^ Jump up to : Botsman , Peter ( 2000 ) . The Great Constitutional Swindle . Pluto Press Australia . p. 19 . ISBN 1 - 86403 - 062 - 3 . Jump up ^ Neasey , F.M. ; Neasey , L.J. ( 2001 ) . Andrew Inglis Clark . Hobart : University of Tasmania Law Press . Jump up ^ Quick , John ; Garran , Robert Randolph ( 1901 ) . The annotated constitution of the Australian Commonwealth . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Henry ( 1969 ) . `` Clark , Andrew Inglis ( 1848 - 1907 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Neasey , Frank ( 1991 ) . `` Andrew Inglis Clark and Australian Federation '' . Papers on Parliament . 13 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , John ( Professor ) ( 2014 ) . `` Andrew Inglis Clark : Our Constitution and His Influence '' . Papers on Parliament . 61 . Jump up ^ `` Closer Look : The Australian Constitution '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating Federation '' ( PDF ) . Constitutional Centre of Western Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Fascinating History of Federation Square '' . Fed Square Pty Ltd. 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . References ( edit ) La Nauze , J , The Making of the Australian Constitution ( Carlton : Melbourne University Press , 1972 ) . McGrath , F , The Framers of the Australian Constitution ( Brighton - le - Sands : Frank McGrath , 2003 ) . Neasey , F.M. ; Neasey , L.J. Andrew Inglis Clark . ( University of Tasmania Law Press , 2001 ) Further reading ( edit ) Hunt , Lyall ( editor ) ( 2000 ) Towards Federation : Why Western Australia joined the Australian Federation in 1901 Nedlands , W.A. Royal Western Australian Historical Society ISBN 0 - 909845 - 03 - 4 La Nauze , John Andrew ( 1972 ) The Making of the Australian Constitution ( Melbourne : Melbourne University ) McQueen , Humphrey , ( 1970 / 2004 ) , A New Britannia , University of Queensland Press , Brisbane . Quick , John , Historical Introduction to The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth ( Sydney : University of Sydney Library , 2000 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federation of Australia . Federation and the Constitution -- resource of the National Archives of Australia Records of the Australasian Federal Conventions of the 1890s Federation Fast Facts Australian Federation Full Text Database -- primary source material ( hide ) Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Australia&oldid=831583420 '' Categories : 1901 in Australia Federalism in Australia History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) National unifications January 1901 events 1901 in politics Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú فارسی Français Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Português Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what state in australia became a state in 1901	[ "The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia." ]	[ "Queensland", "New South Wales", "Victoria", "Tasmania", "South Australia", "Western Australia" ]
5504097724810321343	Submarine sandwich	Submarine sandwich - wikipedia Submarine sandwich Jump to : navigation , search `` Subs '' redirects here . For the film , see Subs ( film ) . Submarine A submarine sandwich . Alternative names Multiple Place of origin United States Region or state Northeast Main ingredients Multiple Variations Multiple Cookbook : Submarine Media : Submarine A submarine , also known as a sub , hoagie , hero , grinder , wedge , spukie , or Italian sandwich , is a type of sandwich that consists of a length of bread or roll split lengthwise and filled with a variety of meats , cheeses , vegetables , and condiments . The sandwich has no standardized name , with over a dozen regional variations used across the U.S. Larger submarine sandwiches , particularly those that are longer in length or overstuffed with greater quantities of ingredients than usual , are sometimes called battleship sandwiches or destroyer sandwiches . The terms submarine and sub are widespread and not assignable to any certain region , though many of the localized terms are clustered in the northeastern United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and etymology 1.1 Submarine 1.2 Hoagie 1.3 Hero 1.4 Grinder 1.5 Wedge 1.6 Spukie 1.7 Other types 2 Popularity and availability 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History and etymology ( edit ) The Italian sandwich originated in several different Italian American communities in the Northeastern United States from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries . Portland , Maine claims to be the birthplace of the Italian sandwich and it is considered Maine 's signature sandwich . The popularity of this Italian - American cuisine has grown from its origins in Connecticut , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , New York , New Jersey , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island to most parts of the United States , Canada , and with the advent of chain restaurants , is now available in many parts of the world . Submarine ( edit ) The use of the term `` submarine '' or `` sub '' ( after the resemblance of the roll to the shape of a submarine ) is widespread . While some accounts source the name as originating in New London , Connecticut ( site of the United States Navy 's primary submarine base ) during World War II , written advertisements from 1940 in Wilmington , Delaware indicate the term originated prior to the United States ' entry into World War II . Fenian Ram submarine One theory says the submarine was brought to the U.S. by Dominic Conti ( 1874 -- 1954 ) , an Italian immigrant who came to New York in the early 1900s . He is said to have named it after seeing the recovered 1901 submarine called Fenian Ram in the Paterson Museum of New Jersey in 1928 . His granddaughter has stated the following : `` My grandfather came to this country circa 1895 from Montella , Italy . Around 1910 , he started his grocery store , called Dominic Conti 's Grocery Store , on Mill Street in Paterson , New Jersey where he was selling the traditional Italian sandwiches . His sandwiches were made from a recipe he brought with him from Italy , which consisted of a long crust roll , filled with cold cuts , topped with lettuce , tomatoes , peppers , onions , oil , vinegar , Italian herbs and spices , salt , and pepper . The sandwich started with a layer of cheese and ended with a layer of cheese ( this was so the bread would n't get soggy ) . '' Hoagie ( edit ) Workers read the Hog Island News Salami , ham and cheeses on a hoagie roll The term hoagie originated in the Philadelphia area . The Philadelphia Bulletin reported , in 1953 , that Italians working at the World War I -- era shipyard in Philadelphia known as Hog Island , where emergency shipping was produced for the war effort , introduced the sandwich by putting various meats , cheeses , and lettuce between two slices of bread . This became known as the `` Hog Island '' sandwich ; shortened to `` Hoggies '' , then the `` hoagie '' . The Philadelphia Almanac and Citizen 's Manual offers a different explanation , that the sandwich was created by early - twentieth - century street vendors called `` hokey - pokey men '' , who sold antipasto salad , meats , cookies and buns with a cut in them . When Gilbert and Sullivan 's operetta H.M.S. Pinafore opened in Philadelphia in 1879 , bakeries produced a long loaf called the pinafore . Entrepreneurial `` hokey - pokey men '' sliced the loaf in half , stuffed it with antipasto salad , and sold the world 's first `` hoagie '' . Another explanation is that the word `` hoagie '' arose in the late 19th to early 20th century , among the Italian community in South Philadelphia , when `` on the hoke '' was a slang term used to describe a destitute person . Deli owners would give away scraps of cheeses and meats in an Italian bread - roll known as a `` hokie '' , but the Italian immigrants pronounced it `` hoagie '' . Shortly after World War II , there were numerous varieties of the term in use throughout Philadelphia . By the 1940s , the spellings `` hoagie '' and , to a lesser extent , `` hoagy '' had come to dominate less used variations like `` hoogie '' and `` hoggie '' . By 1955 , restaurants throughout the area were using the term `` hoagie '' . Listings in Pittsburgh show hoagies arriving in 1961 and becoming widespread in that city by 1966 . Former Philadelphia mayor ( and later Pennsylvania governor ) Ed Rendell declared the hoagie the `` Official Sandwich of Philadelphia '' . However , there are claims that the hoagie was actually a product of nearby Chester , Pennsylvania . DiCostanza 's in Boothwyn , Pennsylvania claims that the mother of DiConstanza 's owner originated the hoagie in 1925 in Chester . DiCostanza relates the story that a customer came into the family deli and through an exchange matching the customer 's requests and the deli 's offerings , the hoagie was created . Woolworth 's to - go sandwich was called a hoagie in all U.S. stores . Bánh mì sandwiches are sometimes referred to as `` Vietnamese hoagies '' in Philadelphia . Hero ( edit ) New York style meatball `` hero '' with mozzarella The New York term hero is first attested in 1937 . The name is sometimes credited to the New York Herald Tribune food writer Clementine Paddleford in the 1930s , but there is no good evidence for this . It is also sometimes claimed that it is related to the gyro , but this is unlikely as the gyro was unknown in the United States until the 1960s , according to sources . `` Hero '' ( plural usually heros , not heroes ) remains the prevailing New York City term for most sandwiches on an oblong roll with a generally Italian flavor , in addition to the original described above . Pizzeria menus often include eggplant parmigiana , chicken parmigiana , and meatball heros , each served with sauce . Grinder ( edit ) Pastrami grinder A common term in New England , its origin has several possibilities . One theory has the name coming from Italian - American slang for a dock worker , among whom the sandwich was popular . Others say it was called a grinder because it took a lot of chewing to eat the hard crust of the bread used . In Pennsylvania , New York , Delaware , and parts of New England the term grinder usually refers to a hot submarine sandwich ( meatball ; sausage ; etc . ) , whereas a cold sandwich ( e.g. , cold cuts ) is usually just simply called a `` sub '' . Wedge ( edit ) The term `` wedge '' is used in Westchester County , New York , Putnam County , New York , and Fairfield County , Connecticut -- three counties directly north of New York City . Some base the name `` wedge '' on a diagonal cut in the middle of the sandwich , creating two halves or `` wedges '' , or a `` wedge '' cut out of the top half of the bread with the fillings `` wedged '' in between , or a sandwich that is served between two `` wedges '' of bread . It has also been said `` wedge '' is just short for `` sandwich '' ; with the name having originated from an Italian deli owner located in Yonkers , who got tired of saying the whole word . Spukie ( edit ) The term `` spukie '' ( `` spukkie or `` spuckie '' ) is unique to the city of Boston and derives from the Italian word spucadella , meaning `` long roll . '' The word spucadella is not typically found in Italian dictionaries , which may suggest that it could be a regional Italian dialect , or possibly a Boston Italian - American innovation . Spukie is typically heard in parts of Dorchester and South Boston . Some bakeries in Boston 's North End neighborhood have homemade spucadellas for sale . Other types ( edit ) A Gatsby sandwich Blimpie ( shaped like a blimp ) -- From the Hoboken , New Jersey -- founded chain , Blimpie . Gatsby -- Cape Town , South Africa Po ' boy -- Louisiana Zeppelin or Zep -- eastern Pennsylvania . Popularity and availability ( edit ) From its origins with the Italian American labor force in the Northeastern United States , the sub began to show up on menus of local pizzerias . As time went on and popularity grew , small restaurants , called hoagie shops and sub shops , that specialized in the sandwich began to open . Pizzerias may have been among the first Italian - American eateries , but even at the turn of the ( 20th ) century distinctions were clear - cut as to what constituted a true ristorante . To be merely a pizza - maker was to be at the bottom of the culinary and social scale ; so many pizzeria owners began offering other dishes , including the hero sandwich ( also , depending on the region of the United States , called a ' wedge , ' a ' hoagie , ' a ' sub , ' or a ' grinder ' ) made on a Italian loaf of bread with lots of salami , cheese , and peppers . -- John Mariani , America Eats Out , p. 66 By the late 20th century , due to the rise of large franchisee chain restaurants and fast food , the sandwich became available worldwide . Many outlets offer non-traditional ingredient combinations . In the United States , many chain restaurants have arisen that specialize in subs including Capriotti 's , Submarina , Jersey Mike 's Subs , Charley 's Grilled Subs , Blimpie , Jimmy John 's , Lenny 's Sub Shop , Milio 's Sandwiches , Port of Subs , Eegee 's , Firehouse Subs , Penn Station , Planet Sub , Potbelly , Togo 's , Tubby 's , Which Wich ? and D'Angelo Sandwich Shops . Major international chains include Quiznos , Mr. Sub and the largest restaurant chain in the world , Subway . The sandwich is also often available at supermarkets and convenience stores . See also ( edit ) Food portal Bánh mì Cuban sandwich Dagwood sandwich French dip List of American sandwiches List of regional dishes of the United States List of sandwiches List of submarine sandwich restaurants Muffuletta Panini References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` submarine sandwich '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Co. 2000 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eames , Edwin ; Robboy , Howard ( December 1967 ) . `` The Submarine Sandwich , Lexical Variations in a Cultural Context '' . American Speech. 42 ( 4 ) : 279 -- 288 . doi : 10.2307 / 452990 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Generations of hoagies : Swissvale 's Triangle builds clientele , giant subs for 60 years '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . February 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Stradley , Linda . `` History of Hoagies , Submarine Sandwiches , Po ' Boys Sandwiches , Dagwood Sandwiches , & Italian Sandwiches '' . What 's Cooking America . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wilton , Dave ( Autumn 2003 ) . `` A Hoagie by Any Other Name '' ( PDF ) . Verbatim . XXVII ( 3 ) . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ogden Finds a New Gastronomic Love in a Submarine Sandwich '' . Wilmington Sunday Morning Star . September 7 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( April 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Apple : Submarine Sandwich '' . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Delaware has the strongest claim to the ' submarine sandwich , ' with that term appearing in a Wilmington telephone directory in January 1940 . Jump up ^ `` ... the OED 's first printed record of `` submarine sandwich '' dates to a January 1940 phone book for Wilmington , ( Delaware ) , where a restaurant was advertising ' submarine sandwiches to take out . ' '' The Origin of Hoagies , Grinders , Subs , Heroes , and Spuckies Bon Appétit Sam Dean Feb 2013 http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/the-origin-of-hoagies-grinders-subs-heroes-and-spuckies Jump up ^ Finkel , Kenneth , ed. ( 1995 ) . Philadelphia Almanac and Citizen 's Manual . Philadelphia : The Library Company of Philadelphia . p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Labov , William ( 2003 ) . `` Pursuing the Cascade Model '' . In Peter Trudgill ; David Britain ; Jenny Cheshire . Social Dialectology : In Honour of Peter Trudgill . John Benjamins Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58811 - 403 - 7 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Visitors Bureau webpage Archived July 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gebhart , Ed ( February 9 , 2003 ) . `` Hoagie , then known as Italian sandwich , got start in Chester '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Jump up ^ `` 1925 : Hoagie Rolls into County History '' . dicostanzas.com . Archived from the original on 17 November 2001 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Worcester , Mass - Places of the Past , Woolworth 's '' . worcestermass.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hoagies '' . woodenboat.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Hoagie in D'Burgh - Pennsylvania - Chowhound '' . CHOW . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Railroad Line Forums - 1957 Woolworth Menu '' . railroad-line.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music Review : Neil Diamond : The Bang Years 1966 - 1968 '' . seattlepi.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Many store memories of five - and - dimes '' . tribunedigital - mcall . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recipe Exchange : November 3 , 2010 '' . tribunedigital - mcall . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pleasant Family Shopping '' . pleasantfamilyshopping.blogspot.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jasko v. F.W. Woolworth Co Case Brief '' . 4lawschool.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woolworths - recall days of five - and - dimes - Recipes and more ! '' . tasteofhome.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Banh Mi ( Vietnamese Hoagies ) : : Philadelphia City Paper . 25 Years of Independent Journalism . '' . citypaper.net. 20 July 2006 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( June 11 , 2004 ) . `` The Big Apple : Hero Sandwich '' . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` hero '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lebovitz , David ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Meatball Sandwich '' . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Is There a Difference Between Hoagies , Heroes , Subs , and Grinders ? Jump up ^ The Origin of Hoagies , Grinders , Subs , Heroes , and Spuckies Jump up ^ Bonar , Julia ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` The good times are on a roll with this New Orleans classic '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Dean , Sam ( February 1 , 2013 ) http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/the-origin-of-hoagies-grinders-subs-heroes-and-spuckies Jump up ^ Grinders , Subs , and Spuckies Sandwich Names of New England https://newengland.com/today/living/new-england-nostalgia/spukies-subs-grinders-sandwich-names/ Jump up ^ Peterson , Kim ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Subway becomes world 's largest restaurant chain '' . MSN Money . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Submarine sandwiches . Map of regional variation of the word used to describe a submarine sandwich using data from Bert Vaux 's online survey of English dialects ( see question 64 ) ( hide ) Cuisine of the United States Historical Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies Thanksgiving dinner Regional List of regional dishes of the United States Allentown , Pennsylvania Appalachia California Cincinnati Kentucky Hawaii Mid-Atlantic Midwestern Chicago New England New Mexico New Orleans New York City Omaha Pacific Northwest Philadelphia Puerto Rico Southern Cajun Creole Lowcountry Texas Barbecue in Texas Tex - Mex Floribbean Southwest Western Ethnic American Chinese Greek American Soul food Native American Pennsylvania Dutch Asian Indian American Italian American Tlingit List articles American foods American breads American cheeses American desserts American regional and fusion cuisines American sandwiches Foods of the Southern United States Soul foods and dishes Miscellaneous Barbecue Christmas food Fast food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submarine_sandwich&oldid=803770331 '' Categories : American sandwiches Cuisine of Philadelphia Italian - American cuisine Sandwiches Culture of Philadelphia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name sub sandwich come from	[ "The use of the term \"submarine\" or \"sub\" (after the resemblance of the roll to the shape of a submarine) is widespread.[1] While some accounts source the name as originating in New London, Connecticut (site of the United States Navy's primary submarine base) during World War II, written advertisements from 1940 in Wilmington, Delaware indicate the term originated prior to the United States' entry into World War II.[8]" ]	[ "the resemblance of the roll to the shape of a submarine" ]
-3821794640108357298	Celtic Tiger	Celtic Tiger - Wikipedia Celtic Tiger For the Irish dance show , see Celtic Tiger Live . `` Celtic Tiger '' ( Irish : An Tíogar Ceilteach ) is a term referring to the economy of the Republic of Ireland from the mid-1990s to the late - 2000s , a period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment . The boom was dampened by a subsequent property bubble which resulted in a severe economic downturn . At the start of the 1990s , Ireland was a poor country by West European standards , with high poverty , unemployment , inflation , and low growth . The Irish economy expanded at an average rate of 9.4 % between 1995 and 2000 and continued to grow at an average rate of 5.9 % during the following decade until 2008 , when it fell into recession . Ireland 's rapid growth has been described as a rare example of a Western country to match the growth of East Asian nations , i.e. the ' Four Asian Tigers ' . The economy underwent a dramatic reversal from 2008 , hit hard by the European economic crisis , with GDP contracting by 14 % and unemployment levels rising to 14 % by 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Term 2 Tiger economy 2.1 Causes 2.1. 1 Tax policy 2.1. 2 European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds 2.1. 3 Trade within the European Union 2.1. 4 Industrial policies 2.1. 5 Geography and demographics 3 Impact of economic growth 4 Downturn , 2001 -- 2003 4.1 Post-2003 resurgence 5 Challenges 5.1 Property market 5.2 Loss of competitiveness 5.3 Promotion of indigenous industry 5.4 Reliance on foreign energy sources 5.5 Distribution of wealth 5.6 Banking scandals 6 Death of the Tiger 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 References Term ( edit ) The colloquial term `` Celtic Tiger '' has been used to refer to the country itself , and to the years associated with the boom . The first recorded use of the phrase is in a 1994 Morgan Stanley report by Kevin Gardiner . The term refers to Ireland 's similarity to the East Asian Tigers : Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan during their periods of rapid growth in the early 1960s and late 1990s . An Tíogar Ceilteach , the Irish language version of the term , appears in the Foras na Gaeilge terminology database and has been used in government and administrative contexts since at least 2005 . The Celtic Tiger period has also been called `` The Boom '' or `` Ireland 's Economic Miracle '' . During that time , the country experienced a period of economic growth that transformed it from one of Western Europe 's poorer countries into one of its wealthiest . The causes of Ireland 's growth are the subject of some debate , but credit has been primarily given to state - driven economic development ; social partnership among employers , government and trade unions ; increased participation by women in the labour force ; decades of investment in domestic higher education ; targeting of foreign direct investment ; a low corporation tax rate ; an English - speaking workforce ; and membership of the European Union , which provided transfer payments and export access to the Single Market . By mid-2007 , in the wake of the growing global financial crisis , the Celtic Tiger had all but died . Some critics , such as David McWilliams , who had been warning about impending collapse for some time , concluded : `` The case is clear : an economically challenged government , perniciously influenced by the interests of the housing lobby , blew it . The entire Irish episode will be studied internationally in years to come as an example of how not to do things . '' Historian Richard Aldous stated the Celtic Tiger has now gone the `` way of the dodo '' . In early 2008 , many commentators thought a soft landing was likely , but by January 2009 , it seemed possible the country could experience a depression . In early January 2009 , The Irish Times , in an editorial , declared : `` We have gone from the Celtic Tiger to an era of financial fear with the suddenness of a Titanic - style shipwreck , thrown from comfort , even luxury , into a cold sea of uncertainty . '' In February 2010 , a report by Davy Research concluded that Ireland had `` largely wasted '' its years of high income during the boom , with private enterprise investing its wealth `` in the wrong places '' . It compared Ireland 's growth to other small eurozone countries such as Finland and Belgium -- noting that the physical wealth of those countries exceeds that of Ireland because of their `` vastly superior '' transport infrastructure , telecommunications network , and public services . Tiger economy ( edit ) From 1995 to 2000 , GDP growth rate ranged between 7.8 and 11.5 % ; it then slowed to between 4.4 and 6.5 % from 2001 to 2007 . During that period , the Irish GDP per capita rose dramatically to equal , then eventually surpass , that of all but one state in Western Europe . Although GDP does not represent the standard of living , and the GNP remained lower than the GDP , in 2007 , the GNP achieved the same level as of some other Western European countries ' . Causes ( edit ) Tax policy ( edit ) Many economists credit Ireland 's growth to a low corporate taxation rate ( 10 to 12.5 % throughout the late 1990s ) . Since 1956 , successive Irish governments have pursued low - taxation policies . European Union Structural and cohesion funds ( edit ) Since joining the EU in 1973 , Ireland has received over € 17 billion in EU Structural and Cohesion Funds . These are made up of the European Regional Development Fund ( ERDF ) and the European Social Fund ( ESF ) and were used to increase investment in the education system and to build physical infrastructure . These transfer payments from members of the European Union , such as Germany and France , were as high as 4 % of Ireland 's gross national product ( GNP ) . Ireland is unique among cohesion countries , having allocated up to 35 % of its Structural Funds to human resource investments , compared with an average of around 25 % for other cohesion fund recipients . The Irish economy 's increased productive capacity is sometimes attributed to these investments , which made Ireland more attractive to high - tech businesses , though the libertarian Cato Institute has suggested that the EU transfer payments were economically inefficient and may have actually slowed growth . The conservative Heritage Foundation also attributed to transfer payments no significant role in causing growth . Trade within the European Union ( edit ) Ireland 's membership in the EU since 1973 helped the country gain access to Europe 's large markets . Ireland 's trade had previously been predominantly with the United Kingdom . Industrial policies ( edit ) In the 1990s , the provision of subsidies and investment capital by Irish state organisations ( such as IDA Ireland ) encouraged high - profile companies , such as Dell , Intel , and Microsoft , to locate in Ireland ; these companies were attracted to Ireland because of its EU membership , relatively low wages , government grants , and low tax rates . Enterprise Ireland , a state agency , provides financial , technical , and social support to start - up businesses . Additionally , the building of the International Financial Services Centre in Dublin led to the creation of 14,000 high - value jobs in the accounting , legal , and financial management sectors . In July 2003 , the government established the Science Foundation Ireland on a statutory basis to promote education for highly skilled careers , particularly in biotechnology and information and communications technology , with the additional purpose to invest in science initiatives that aim to further Ireland 's knowledge economy . Geography and demographics ( edit ) A favourable time zone difference allows Irish and British employees to work the first part of each day while US workers sleep . US firms were drawn to Ireland by cheap wage costs compared to the UK , and by the limited government intervention in business compared to other EU members , and particularly to countries in Eastern Europe . Growing stability in Northern Ireland brought about by the Good Friday Agreement further established Ireland 's ability to provide a stable business environment . Irish workers can communicate effectively with Americans -- especially compared to those in other low - wage , non-English - speaking EU nations , such as Portugal and Spain ; this factor was vital to U.S. companies ' choosing Ireland for their European headquarters . It has also been argued that the demographic dividend from the rising ratio of workers to dependents due to falling fertility , and increased female labour market participation , increased income per capita . Impact of economic growth ( edit ) Public debt as a percentage of GDP dropped significantly over the 1990s . Ireland was transformed from one of the poorest countries in Western Europe to one of the wealthiest . Disposable income soared to record levels , enabling a huge rise in consumer spending with foreign holidays accounting for over 91 % of total holiday expenditure in 2004 . However , the gap between the highest and lowest income households widened in the five - year period to 2004 - 2005 ; in response , the Economic and Social Research Institute ( ESRI ) stated in 2002 : `` On balance , budgets over the past 10 to 20 years have been more favourable to high income groups than low income groups , but particularly so during periods of high growth '' . Unemployment fell from 18 % in the late 1980s to 4.5 % by the end of 2007 , and average industrial wages grew at one of the highest rates in Europe . Inflation brushed 5 % per annum towards the end of the `` Tiger '' period , pushing Irish prices up to those of Nordic Europe , even though wage rates are roughly the same as in the UK . The national debt had remained constant during the boom , but the GDP to debt ratio rose , due to the dramatic rise in GDP . The new wealth resulted in large investments in modernising Irish infrastructure and cities . The National Development Plan led to improvements in roads , and new transport services were developed , such as the Luas light rail lines , the Dublin Port Tunnel , and the extension of the Cork Suburban Rail . Local authorities enhanced city streets and built monuments such as the Spire of Dublin . Ireland 's trend of net emigration was reversed as the republic became a destination for immigrants . This significantly changed Irish demographics and resulted in expanding multiculturalism , particularly in the Dublin , Cork , Limerick , and Galway areas . It was estimated in 2007 that 10 % of Irish residents were foreign - born ; most of the new arrivals were citizens of Poland and the Baltic states , many of whom found work in the retail and service sectors . A study conducted in 2006 found that many Irish people regarded immigration as an important factor for economic progress . Within Ireland , many young people left the rural countryside to live and work in urban centres . Many people in Ireland believe that the growing consumerism during the boom years eroded the country 's culture , with the adoption of American capitalist ideals . While Ireland 's historical economic ties to the UK had often been the subject of criticism , Peader Kirby argued that the new ties to the US economy were met with a `` satisfied silence '' . Nevertheless , voices on the political left have decried the `` closer to Boston than Berlin '' philosophy of the Fianna Fáil - Progressive Democrat government . Writers such as William Wall , Mike McCormick , and Gerry Murphy have satirised these developments . Growing wealth was blamed for rising crime levels among youths , particularly alcohol - related violence resulting from increased spending power . However , it was also accompanied by rapidly increased life expectancy and very high quality of life ratings ; the country ranked first in The Economist 's 2005 quality of life index . The growing success of Ireland 's economy encouraged entrepreneurship and risk - taking , qualities that had been dormant during poor economic periods . However , whilst some semblance of a culture of entrepreneurship exists , foreign - owned companies account for 93 % of Ireland 's exports . Downturn , 2001 -- 2003 ( edit ) The Celtic Tiger 's growth slowed along with the slowing in the world economy in 2002 after seven years of high growth . The economy was adversely affected by a large reduction in investment in the worldwide information technology ( IT ) industry . The industry had over-expanded in the late 1990s , and its stock market equity declined sharply . Ireland was a major player in the IT industry : in 2002 , it had exported US $10.4 billion worth of computer services , compared to $6.9 billion from the US . Ireland accounted for approximately 50 % of all mass - market packaged software sold in Europe in 2002 ( OECD , 2002 ; OECD , 2004 ) . Foot and mouth disease and the 11 September 2001 attacks damaged Ireland 's tourism and agricultural sectors , deterring U.S. and British tourists . Several companies moved operations to Eastern Europe and the People 's Republic of China because of a rise in Irish wage costs , insurance premiums , and a general reduction in Ireland 's economic competitiveness . The rising value of the Euro hit non-EMU exports , particularly those to the U.S. and the United Kingdom . At the same time , economies globally experienced a slowdown . The US economy grew only 0.3 % in April , May , and June 2002 from a year earlier , and the Federal Reserve made 11 rate cuts that year in an attempt to stimulate the US economy . The EU scarcely grew throughout the whole of 2002 , and many members ' governments ( notably in Germany and France ) lost control of public finances , causing large deficits that broke the terms of the EMU Stability and Growth Pact . The economic downturn in Ireland was not a recession but a slowdown in the rate of economic expansion . Signs of a recovery became evident in late 2003 , as US investment levels increased once again . Many senior economists have heavily criticised the government for the economic imbalance in favour of the construction industry , and the prospect of sustaining economic growth in the future . Post-2003 resurgence ( edit ) The Information Technology ( IT ) sector was a significant factor in the Irish economic boom After the slowdown in 2001 and 2002 , Irish economic growth began to accelerate again in late 2003 and 2004 . Some of the media considered that an opportunity to document the return of the Celtic Tiger -- occasionally referred to in the press as the `` Celtic Tiger 2 '' and `` Celtic Tiger Mark 2 '' . In 2004 , Irish growth was the highest , at 4.5 % , of the EU - 15 states , and a similar figure was forecast for 2005 . Those rates contrast with growth rates of 1 % to 3 % for many other European economies , including France , Germany , and Italy . The pace of expansion in lending to households from 2003 - 2007 was among the highest in the euro area In 2006 , there was a surge in Foreign Direct Investment and a net increase of 3,795 in IDA supported jobs , with International and Financial Services having the highest growth rate . The reasons for the continuation of the Irish economic boom were somewhat controversial within Ireland . Some Economists , Civil Rights Activists and Social Commentators have said that the growth throughout this period was merely due to a great increase in property values , and to catch - up growth in employment in the construction sector . Globally , the U.S. recovery boosted Ireland 's economy due to Ireland 's close economic ties to the US . The decline in tourism as a result of foot and mouth disease and the 11 September 2001 attacks had reversed itself . The recovery of the global information technology industry was also a factor ; Ireland produced 25 % of all European PCs , and Apple , Dell ( whose major European manufacturing plant was in Limerick ) , HP , and IBM all had sizeable Irish operations . There had been a renewed investment by multinational firms . Intel had resumed its Irish expansion , Google created an office in Dublin , Abbott Laboratories was building a new Irish facility , and Bell Labs planned to open a future facility . Domestically , a new state body , Science Foundation Ireland , was established to promote new science companies in Ireland Maturing funds from the SSIA government savings scheme relaxed consumers ' concerns about spending and thus fueled retail sales growth . In September 2009 , Tánaiste Mary Coughlan said Ireland had lost ground in international competitiveness every year since 2000 . Challenges ( edit ) The Spire of Dublin symbolises the modernisation and growing prosperity of Ireland . Property market ( edit ) The return of the boom in 2004 was claimed to be primarily the result of the large construction sector 's catching up with the demand caused by the first boom . The construction sector represented nearly 12 % of GDP and a large proportion of employment among young , unskilled men . A number of sources , including The Economist , warned of excessive Irish property values . 2004 saw the construction of 80,000 new homes , compared to the UK 's 160,000 -- a nation that has 15 times Ireland 's population . House prices doubled between 2000 and 2006 ; tax incentives were a key driver of this price rise , and the Fianna Fáil - Progressive Democrats government subsequently received substantial criticism for these policies . In January 2009 , UCD economist Morgan Kelly predicted that house prices would fall by 80 % from peak to trough in real terms . Loss of competitiveness ( edit ) Rising wages , inflation , and excessive public spending led to a loss of competitiveness in the Irish economy . Irish wages were substantially above the EU average , particularly in the Dublin region , though many poorer Eastern European states had joined the EU since 2004 , substantially lowering the average EU wage below its 1995 level . Low - paid sectors , such as retail and hospitality , remained below the EU - 15 average , however . The pressures primarily affect unskilled , semi-skilled , and manufacturing jobs . Outsourcing of professional jobs also increased , with Poland in 2008 gaining several hundred former Irish jobs from the accountancy divisions of Philips and Dell . Promotion of indigenous industry ( edit ) One of the major challenges facing Ireland is the successful promotion of indigenous industry . Although Ireland boasted a few large international companies , such as AIB , CRH , Élan , Kerry Group , Ryanair , and Smurfit Kappa , there are few companies with over one billion euros in annual revenue . The government has charged Enterprise Ireland with the task of boosting Ireland 's indigenous industry and launched a website in 2003 with the objective of streamlining and marketing the process of starting a business in Ireland . Reliance on foreign Energy sources ( edit ) Ireland relies on imported fossil fuels for over 80 % of its energy . Ireland for many years in the middle twentieth century limited its dependence on external energy sources by developing its peat bogs , building various hydroelectric projects , including a dam at Ardnacrusha on the River Shannon in 1928 , developing offshore gas fields , and diversifying into coal in the 1970s . As gas , peat , and hydroelectric power have been almost fully exploited in Ireland , there is a continuously increasing need for imported fossil fuels at a time of increasing concerns about security of supply and global warming . One solution is to develop alternative energy sources , including wind power and , to a lesser extent , wave power . Wind , however , is not a panacea as it needs to have conventional plants to augment it . An offshore wind farm is currently under construction off the east coast near Arklow , and many remote locations in the west show potential for wind farm development . A report by Sustainable Energy Ireland indicated that if wind power were properly developed , Ireland could one day be exporting excess wind power if the natural difficulties of integrating wind power into the national grid are solved . Wind power by November 2009 already accounted for 15.4 % of total installed generating capacity in the state . By 2020 , the Irish government forecasts that 40 % of the country 's energy needs will come from renewable sources , well above the EU average . Distribution of wealth ( edit ) Ireland 's new wealth is unevenly distributed . The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations . There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland 's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed , among them economist and journalist David McWilliams . He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement . However , while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain , the Mediterranean , and the new accession states , Ireland is still more unequal than France , Germany , and the Scandinavian countries . Moreover , Ireland 's inequality persists by other measurements . According to an ESRI report published in December 2006 , Ireland 's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries , and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe . Banking scandals ( edit ) The New York Times in 2005 described Ireland as the `` Wild West of European finance '' , a perception that helped prompt the creation of the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority . Despite its mandate for stricter oversight , the agency never imposed major sanctions on any Irish institution , even though Ireland had experienced several major banking scandals in overcharging of their customers . Industry representatives disputed the idea that Ireland may be home to unchecked financial frauds . In December 2008 , irregularities in directors loans that had been kept off one bank 's balance sheet for eight years forced the resignation of the financial regulator . Economic commentator David McWilliams has described the collapse of Anglo Irish Bank as Ireland 's Enron . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) Death of the Tiger ( edit ) In an economic analysis , the Economic and Social Research Institute ( ESRI ) on 24 June 2008 forecasted the possibility the Irish economy would experience marginal negative growth in 2008 . This would be the first time since 1983 . Outlining possible prospects for the economy for 2008 , the ESRI said output of goods and services might fall that year -- which would have been the Irish definition of a mild recession . It also predicted a recovery in 2009 and 2010 . In September 2008 , Ireland became the first eurozone country to officially enter recession . The recession was confirmed by figures from the Central Statistics Office showing the bursting of the property bubble and a collapse in consumer spending that terminated the boom that was the Celtic Tiger . The figures show the gross domestic product ( GDP ) , which measures the value of all the goods and services produced in the State , fell 0.8 % in the second three months of 2008 compared with the same quarter of 2007 . That was the second successive quarter of negative economic growth , which is the definition of a recession . The Celtic Tiger was declared dead by October 2008 In a November 2008 interview in Hot Press , in a grim assessment of where Ireland stood , then Taoiseach Brian Cowen said many people still did not realise how badly shaken the public finances were . By 30 January 2009 , Ireland 's government debt had become the riskiest in the euro zone , surpassing Greece 's sovereign bonds , according to credit - default swap prices . In February 2009 , Taoiseach Brian Cowen said that Ireland 's economy appeared on course to contract by 6.5 % in 2009 . Aftermath ( edit ) Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald blamed Ireland 's dire economic state in 2009 on a series of `` calamitous '' government policy errors . Between the years of 2000 and 2003 the then Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy boosted public spending by 48 % while cutting income tax . A second problem occurred when government policies allowed , or even encouraged , a housing bubble to develop , `` on an immense scale '' . However , he wrote nothing of the impact of the European Central Bank 's low interest rates which funded the property bubble and further exacerbated the overheating economy Nobel laureate Paul Krugman had a bleak prediction , `` As far as responding to the recession goes , Ireland appears to be really , truly without options , other than to hope for an export - led recovery , if and when the rest of the world bounces back . '' The International Monetary Fund in mid-April 2009 forecast a very poor outlook for Ireland . It projected that the Irish economy would contract by 8 per cent in 2009 and by 3 per cent in 2010 -- and that might be on the optimistic side . Unemployment in Ireland was forecasted to rise almost 17 percent in 2010 , the Economic and Social Research Institute ( ESRI ) stated in a report published on 28 April 2009 , however the unemployment rate in 2010 steadied at 14 % . In 2012 , the unemployment rate was at 14.8 percent , and in order to escape economic downfall , Ireland requested € 67.5 billion ( $85.7 billion ) from the International Monetary Fund and members of the euro area . Taking the money meant accepting austerity : The government has cut expenditure by 15 percent over three years , consumer spending has dropped for six straight quarters , and young Irish by the thousands have emigrated to Australia and elsewhere . On 19 November 2010 , The Irish Government had begun talks on a multibillion - dollar economic assistance package with experts from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the European Union . In mid-2011 the ratings agency Moody 's proceeded to downgrade Ireland 's government bond ratings to junk . See also ( edit ) Post-2008 Irish economic downturn Post-2008 Irish banking crisis Four Asian Tigers Tiger Cub Economies Gulf Tiger Ghost estate Baltic Tiger Tatra Tiger PIGS ( economics ) Economy of the Republic of Ireland Green Jersey Agenda References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` Suddenly Rich , Poor Old Ireland Seems Bewildered '' . Retrieved 5 April 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` The luck of the Irish '' . The Economist . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . 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Jump up ^ ( 3 ) date = March 2013 http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf Post-2008 Irish economic downturn and banking crisis Background Celtic Tiger Property bubble Anglo Irish Bank Response Bank guarantee Budgets 2009 ( I ) 2009 ( II ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Economic Adjustment Programme Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland People Brian Cowen Brian Lenihan Ireland topics Republic of Ireland topics Northern Ireland topics History Timeline Prehistory Protohistory Early history Gaelic Ireland / Lordship of Ireland 800 -- 1169 1169 -- 1536 Kingdom of Ireland 1536 -- 1691 1691 -- 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 -- 1923 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1922 Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) Ireland ( since 1922 ) Events Battles of Tara / Glenmama / Clontarf Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Desmond Rebellions Spanish Armada Tyrone 's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Cromwellian conquest / Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union ( 1800 ) 1803 Rebellion Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Dublin Lock - out Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo - Irish Treaty Civil War The Emergency IRA Northern Campaign IRA Border Campaign The Troubles Peace process Economy of the Republic of Ireland Celtic Tiger Post-2008 Irish economic downturn Post-2008 Irish banking crisis Other topics List of conflicts in Ireland List of Irish tribes List of Irish kingdoms List of High Kings Gaelic clothing and fashion List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland Geography Natural Climate Coastline Extreme points Fauna Islands Loughs Mountains Rivers list List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland / in Northern Ireland Human Architecture Notable buildings Tallest buildings and structures Cities Counties Demographics of the Republic of Ireland / of Northern Ireland Ports Provinces ROI -- UK border Towns Tourist attractions Transport Politics Ideologies Nationalism Republicanism Ulster loyalism Unionism Republic of Ireland Constitution Economy Education Foreign relations Government local Oireachtas parliament Dáil Éireann ( lower house ) Seanad Éireann ( upper house ) President Northern Ireland Assembly D'Hondt method Economy Education Government local Peace process Culture Cuisine Food List of dishes Barmbrack Boxty Champ Coddle Colcannon Drisheen Goody Skirts and kidneys Soda bread Stew Ulster fry Drinks Coffee Cream Guinness Mist Poitín Whiskey Dance Jig Sean - nós Set dancing Stepdance Festivals Imbolc Saint Patrick 's Day Bealtaine The Twelfth Lúnasa Rose of Tralee Samhain / Halloween Wren Day Languages Hiberno - English Irish Shelta Ulster Scots Literature Annals Fiction Gaeilge Poetry Theatre Triads Music Ballads Céilí Folk music session Instruments Rock music Traditional singing Mythology Cycles Fenian Mythological Ulster Aos Sí Echtrai Immrama Tuatha Dé Danann Legendary creatures People Anglo - Irish Gaels Gaelic Ireland Hiberno - Normans Irish diaspora List of Irish people Travellers Ulster Scots Sport Association football Camogie Gaelic football Gaelic handball Hurling Martial arts Road bowling Rounders Rugby union Symbols Brighid 's Cross Cláirseach County coats of arms Flags N. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the celtic tiger end in ireland	[ "In September 2008, Ireland became the first eurozone country to officially enter recession. The recession was confirmed by figures from the Central Statistics Office showing the bursting of the property bubble and a collapse in consumer spending that terminated the boom that was the Celtic Tiger.[81][82] The figures show the gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the value of all the goods and services produced in the State, fell 0.8% in the second three months of 2008 compared with the same quarter of 2007. That was the second successive quarter of negative economic growth, which is the definition of a recession.[citation needed] The Celtic Tiger was declared dead by October 2008[83]\n" ]	[ "by October 2008" ]
-4515579263000875397	Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.295 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the billion dollar mark . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 12th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , while others suggested the series had run its course , criticizing the screenplay and lack of innovation . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire Dearing to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . On finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone is destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin get away safely , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group in San Francisco to save Isla Nublar 's surviving dinosaurs . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum spoke of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations about the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and that he would direct the film if asked . He later told Spielberg he would only focus on directing one film in the series , but in May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' He felt different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow said that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , he did not deny the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' . He felt future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted the next film might not involve the Jurassic World theme park , and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several unnamed Spanish horror film directors . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they had for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' . He confirmed the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said the script was being written , and it was announced the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film . He chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project for which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film ; it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by his 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World . He declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before he was hired , Bayona had met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said of the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer . He spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow said that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half where dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings . Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but these locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was shot partly in England , Spielberg felt the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting for the second half . He and the producers did not want the film to spend too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back '' . Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return as composer for the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel . He retained final approval on the project . In June 2015 , about two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow so they could discuss a basic set of ideas Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , they began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow said that the story was heavily influenced by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate it into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' saying , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' for John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs . This made Trevorrow realize there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film . The producers felt it was important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world . He chose to remove them to keep the story focused . The script 's structure , Trevorrow said , was inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , saying , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow was familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes for the sequel that would allow for their use . For example , animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow said that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also said he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact . He added , `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism of the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow said for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow said the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona said that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' The `` gothic element '' of suspense was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films . He compared it to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in their script . Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . One of Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow said he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall said that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character '' . Trevorrow said of Malcolm , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the part , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed a role in the film with Bayona , but did not believe he would be available because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvise . Pineda auditioned seven times before being given the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley but did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had appeared in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role from the first two films as Dr. Ian Malcolm . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . Most of the filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , it was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 exclusively . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and offered Bayona his opinions . During filming , and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors , as he had done with his previous films . He also played sound effects from other films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving Owen 's character before it was shot . Many of Pratt 's ideas were used in the film . Discussing Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. President Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow where a news ticker says the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a comment that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . It was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , it was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surroundings , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes . He noted , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt said the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot there until the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes where Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes where characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . This specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck being driven over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar where Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . It was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England . Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene where the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to express genuine fear for the scene . The last part of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . This portion of the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single continuous shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor while he shot the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith being underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required a crew of 85 . It was shot primarily by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team asked `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' The lava was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene where Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had been built previously in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . It was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene removed from the film for runtime reasons revealed the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created using a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke were visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures . Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were often brought up and said , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the earlier films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film featured only one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene where Howard rides atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona said that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan felt animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios working on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World . Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic , which had the ability to breathe and move its head , was controlled with joysticks . It was used for a scene where the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots of the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI . The middle portion of the scene used a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable Indoraptor stand - in was operated by two puppeteers on set , to be later replaced by a CGI version of the creature . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms . The creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) tall while standing on two legs . Bayona chose black for the Indoraptor 's color because he wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , saying `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created by coordinating with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors used for a scene with Pratt . The scene 's final , wider shots used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump . The feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . They chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , said the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team worked through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . He advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . He also advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements and worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 . This was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , before the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group . It included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world . This frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes before the film 's release . Universal had the benefit of a global marketing campaign by its partners valued at $185 million , more than double the value of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners -- Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles -- who aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion promotional items including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , more than any film trailer watched online following its Super Bowl television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt where a dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners Mattel , Lego , and Funko created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . Mattel released a mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts as a tie - in to its dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego released a number of Lego sets and characters based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue , created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in , featuring Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins created a website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' ( the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group ) , which was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The film 's international theatrical release began in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 , and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 28 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $413.2 million in the United States and Canada and $881.5 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.295 billion . The production budget was in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film of all - time to reach this milestone , and the seventh film for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( after Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting at $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the second time two films opened to over $100 million on back - to - back weekends , following Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before , since May 2007 when Shrek the Third and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End opened to $121.6 million and $114.7 million , respectively . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend . In its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain . It was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million on its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . The film went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing its two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 50 % based on 331 reviews , and an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring . '' In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species ' role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael . It is based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . 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The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World Facts '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ® Jurassic World TM - Products and Sets '' . lego.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Delivers $150 M Debut ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Reaches $350 M Domestic '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; also written ) Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; also written ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=857138207 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Biological weapons in popular culture Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about cloning Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films produced by Frank Marshall Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in 2018 Films set in amusement parks Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films set in California Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Argyll and Bute Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did jurassic world fallen kindom come out	[ "Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii. Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22, 2018. The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the third Jurassic film to pass the billion dollar mark. It is the third highest-grossing film of 2018 and the 12th highest-grossing film of all time. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Pratt's performance, Bayona's direction, the visuals, and the \"surprisingly dark moments\", while others suggested the series had run its course, criticizing the screenplay and lack of innovation.[8] An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021, with Trevorrow returning to direct.\n" ]	[ "June 2018" ]
7500083448950616227	Acura RDX	Acura RDX - wikipedia Acura RDX Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Acura RDX Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 2006 -- present Model years 2007 -- present Body and chassis Class Compact luxury crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Related Honda CR - V Honda Civic Honda Crosstour The Acura RDX is Acura 's first compact luxury crossover SUV , taking over from the MDX as Acura 's entry - level crossover SUV , as the MDX grew in size and price . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( TB1 , 2007 -- 2012 ) 1.1 Engine 1.2 Drivetrain 1.3 Interior 1.4 Safety 2 Second generation ( 2013 -- present ) 2.1 2016 Facelift 2.2 Safety 2.3 Marketing 3 Sales 4 References 5 External links First generation ( tb1 , 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) TB1 2007 Acura RDX Overview Production July 2006 -- 2012 Model years 2007 -- 2012 Assembly Marysville , Ohio , United States Marysville Auto Plant Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive , all - wheel drive ( SH - AWD ) Powertrain Engine 2.3 L K23A1 Turbo I4 Transmission 5 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 104.3 in ( 2,649 mm ) Length 2007 - 09 : 180.7 in ( 4,590 mm ) 2010 : 182.5 in ( 4,636 mm ) Width 73.6 in ( 1,869 mm ) Height 65.2 in ( 1,656 mm ) Curb weight 3,968 lb ( 1,800 kg ) Originally previewed as the Acura RD - X concept car , the production RDX had its debut at the 2006 New York Auto Show and went on sale on August 11 , 2006 . A facelifted 2010 model went on sale in August 2009 , adopting Acura 's power plenum grille seen on its sedan models . Front - wheel drive was also added . Engine ( edit ) 2007 Acura RDX The first generation RDX is powered by turbocharged gasoline engines ; at the time , this was uncommon among Honda vehicles although it has since become common . The 2.3 - litre straight - 4 K23A1 engine has all - aluminum construction , an i - VTEC head , and dual balance shafts . It is also one of the only four - cylinder powered luxury SUVs . Honda 's variable flow turbocharger reduces turbo lag by using a valve to narrow the exhaust passage at low rpm , increasing the velocity of the exhaust flow and keeping the turbine spinning rapidly . At higher rpm , the valve opens to allow more exhaust flow for increased boost . The engine also features a top - mounted intercooler which receives air from the grille , channeled by ducting under the hood . The Acura RDX engine is rated at 240 bhp ( 179.0 kW ; 243.3 PS ) at 6000 rpm with a torque peak of 260 ft lbf ( 350 N m ) at 4500 rpm . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) estimated fuel mileage is 19 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 23 mpg ) city and 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) highway miles per gallon . Driving style and the terrain plays an important part in this Vehicle 's fuel economy . Uphill driving , frequent lane changes and sudden accelerations can increase turbo usage to increase torque output to the SH - AWD system and thus cause much higher fuel consumption . New more recent EPA mileage estimates as of February 2007 are 17 mpg ( 14 L / 100 km ; 20 mpg ) city and 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) highway . The required fuel is premium 91 octane unleaded . Drivetrain ( edit ) The Acura RDX comes standard with a five - speed automatic transmission with Acura 's SportShift sequential manual shift capability , activated by paddles mounted on the steering wheel . The paddles can be used in Drive ( D ) to make a gear change with the transmission returning to automatic mode as soon as the vehicle resumes a steady - cruise state . The Sport ( S ) setting has higher shift points and quicker downshifts , and using a paddle in `` Sport '' immediately puts the transmission in full manual mode . The RDX also has a version of Acura 's Super Handling All - Wheel Drive ( SH - AWD ) , first seen on the flagship RL sedan . The system can vary the front / rear torque distribution from 90 / 10 to 30 / 70 , depending on whether the vehicle is accelerating , cruising , hill climbing , taking a curve , or encountering poor road conditions . When taking a curve , a pair of magnetic flux clutches in the rear differential can transfer as much as 100 % of the available rear torque to the outside wheel . That torque transfer , combined with a 1.7 % rear over-rotation of the rear wheel helps rotate the RDX through a turn . Interior ( edit ) The RDX seats five and comes standard with leather seating , a moonroof , automatic climate control , and all the expected power features . The RDX 7 - speaker audio system features an in - dash 6 - CD changer , which is capable of playing standard Audio CDs , and Data - CDs burned with either MP3 or WMA files , it also plays DVD - A type CDs . The RDX 's sound system also includes XM Satellite Radio with a complimentary 3 - month subscription . Much of the interior technology introduced in the RL sedan is found in the optional `` Technology Package '' . This package includes the latest version of Acura 's navigation system , complete with a rear view camera , XM Nav - Traffic real - time traffic monitoring , and Zagat restaurant reviews . The package also features a 10 - speaker ELS Surround audio system with DTS and Dolby Pro Logic II surround sound . The audio system plays DVD - Audio discs as well . Both stereos come with a 1 / 8 '' ( a 3.5 mm ) auxiliary input jack , which may be used to plug in external sources such as iPods . For 2007 , Acura also offered an iPod adapter for the RDX , which was wired into the glove box , and allowed the iPod to be controlled through the RDX 's sound system interface . Due to hardware incompatibilities the Honda / Acura iPod musiclink has been discontinued as of model year 2008 . 2010 + models come standard with a USB connection that interfaces with Apple iPod players and other USB mass storage devices , such as flash drives that contain MP3 , WMA6 or AAC music files while being stored in the center console . Almost all of the ELS sound system 's operations can be activated by voice command , as can most of the operations for the navigation and climate control systems . In addition , the vehicle will interact with most Bluetooth - equipped cell phones . The driver can initiate or receive calls through verbal command . During the call , the sound system will mute and channel the call through the speakers while caller and signal information is displayed on the instrument cluster . The tailgate opens over six - feet high and 60 / 40 rear seatbacks fold down for a flat cargo area . A hard cargo cover can fit flush on the floor when not needed and is reversible to carry wet or dirty cargo . The cabin includes several storage areas including a lockable center console that can hold a standard size laptop computer . The cargo hold is small size compared to most rivals and does not have the adjustable cargo tracks or a rear parcel shelf . Safety ( edit ) The Acura RDX is the second Acura vehicle to feature the Advanced Compatibility Engineering ( ACE ) body structure which is designed to absorb energy from a collision . The RDX comes standard with six airbags , including dual front airbags , front side airbags and dual side curtain airbags . The front airbags use a dual - threshold , dual - stage technology that can adjust the timing and speed of each airbag deployment depending on the degree of impact and the driver 's or front passenger 's seat belt usage . If sensors deem the front passenger too small ( less than 65 lb ( 29 kg ) ) , the front airbag is designed not to deploy . The front passenger 's side airbag is also designed to shut off if a child or small - statured adult is leaning into the airbag 's deployment path . In the event of a sufficient side impact or roll - over , the side curtain airbag deploys from above the door frames of the affected side , with coverage for both the front and rear occupants on that side , and stays inflated longer than if there were a collision . Front seats have active head restraints and their seat belts are equipped with pre-tensioners and force - limiters . As of November 2006 the RDX was crash tested by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , resulting in a perfect `` 5 Star '' rating for driver and passenger frontal crashes , and front and rear side impacts , along with `` 4 Stars '' for rollover . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , Highway Loss Data Institute ( IIHS - HLDI ) gave the 2007 - 12 RDX the grade of Good `` G '' for moderate overlap front test and side impact test . The grade of Marginal `` M '' was given for roof strength evaluation . Second generation ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Second generation Acura RDX 2013 Acura RDX Overview Production Mar 2012 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States East Liberty Auto Plant Powertrain Engine 3.0 L J30Y1 V6 ( China Only ) 3.5 L J35Y V6 Transmission 6 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 105.7 inches ( 9 foot 6 inches Length 183.7 inches ( 16 ft 7 inches Width 73 inches ( 6 foot 7 inches ) Height 64.2 inches ( 5 foot 8 inches Curb weight 3,717 lb ( 1,686 kg ) ( FWD ) 3,838 lb ( 1,741 kg ) ( AWD ) The second generation RDX was revealed during January 2012 at the North American International Auto Show going on sale in April . The turbocharged four - cylinder engine was replaced by a 3.5 - liter V6 mated to a six - speed automatic , improving gas mileage to an EPA estimated 20 / 28 / 23 mpg ( city / highway / combined ) by using variable displacement ( VCM ) . The SH - AWD system will be replaced with a simpler and less costly AWD setup . 2013 Acura RDX A 5 - inch display , tri-angle rear - view backup camera are standard , as well as keyless entry with push button start . Also , standard Bluetooth hands - free calling and Pandora music can be streamed wirelessly into the audio system . When upgrading to the Technology package , a power tailgate is included , along with an upgraded 60 - gigabyte hard disc ( HDD ) based navigation system with 8 - inch screen , this system enables 15GB of music to be stored . In China , the RDX is offered with two engines . A 3.0 - liter SOHC V6 produces 263 hp at 6700 rpm and 220 lb. ft of torque at 4600 rpm , while the 3.5 - liter SOHC V6 produces 273 hp at 6500 rpm and 254 lb. ft at 4400 rpm . Both engine choices come with either FWD or AWD . 2016 facelift ( edit ) The refreshed 2016 RDX was introduced at the 2015 Chicago Auto Show , sales began in mid-April . The updated RDX uses a slightly more powerful revised 3.5 L SOHC V6 that produces 279 horsepower and 252 lb - ft of torque . The exterior adds LED headlamps ( low and high beams , DRL pipe and amber turn signals ) and LED taillamps . Additionally , the 2016 RDX includes several driver assists in the AcuraWatch package including Adaptive Cruise Control and Lane Keeping Assist System ( LKAS ) . AWD was also updated to send up to 40 % torque to rear wheels opposed to up to 25 % in the previous model . Safety ( edit ) NHTSA 2014 RDX : Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover FWD : / 16.4 % Rollover AWD : / 15.5 % IIHS scores : Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( 2013 -- 15 ) not tested Small overlap frontal offset ( 2016 -- present ) Good Side impact Good Roof strength Good vehicle structure rated `` Good '' strength - to - weight ratio : 5.48 Marketing ( edit ) Acura and Marvel Entertainment , LLC , announced a joint promotional campaign with Marvel 's The Avengers movie . Throughout Marvel 's The Avengers , S.H.I.E.L.D. agents drive various Acura vehicles , including the MDX , ZDX , and TL models ; the completely redesigned 2013 RDX was to make a cameo appearance in the movie but the scene did not make it in the final movie . In addition , the Acura NSX concept convertible sports car made an appearance in the movie . Sales ( edit ) Calendar year US sales 2006 9,164 2007 23,356 2008 15,845 2009 10,153 14,975 2011 15,196 2012 29,520 2013 44,750 2014 44,865 2015 51,026 2016 52,361 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HDLI : Acura RDX '' . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acura 2013 -- It 's time to resurrect Honda 's `` A '' game `` . New Cars for 2013 . 29 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gritzinger , Bob ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Change - Up '' . Autoweek. 62 ( 9 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ 2013 Acura RDX News and Photos , Car and Driver News Online . Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Honda Pilot , Acura RDX Bound for 2015 Chicago Auto Show '' . edmunds.com . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ready for Liftoff : 2016 Acura RDX Launching with More Performance , Luxury Appointments and Advanced Safety Technology than Ever Before '' . Honda Newsroom . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.acuranews.com/channels/rdx/releases/ready-for-liftoff-2016-acura-rdx-launching-with-more-performance-luxury-appointments-and-advanced-safety-technology-than-ever-before Jump up ^ `` 2014 Acura RDX SUV FWD '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Acura RDX SUV AWD '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Acura RDX Midsize luxury SUV / 2014 Acura MDX 4 - door 4wd '' . IIHS . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Acura and Marvel Entertainment Announce Exclusive Co-Promotion Campaign for Marvel 's The Avengers '' . 2012 - 04 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Posts 10th Consecutive Year of Record Sales in 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Acura Announces December and Year - End Sales Results '' ( Press release ) . Prnewswire.com. 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks '' . Honda Newsroom . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acura RDX . Official website Official Acura News Acura , a division of Honda , road car timeline , 1986 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Entry - level luxury car Coupé Integra Integra Integra RSX Sedan EL EL CSX ILX Integra Integra Integra TSX TSX Mid-size luxury car Coupé Legend Legend CL CL Sedan Vigor TL TL TL TL TLX Full - size luxury car Legend Legend RL RL RLX Crossover CDX RDX RDX MDX MDX MDX ZDX SUV SLX Sports car NSX NSX Note Vehicle sold only in Canada . Acura A division of Honda Current models Cars ILX TLX RLX NSX SUVs / Crossovers CDX MDX RDX Historic models CL CSX EL Integra Legend NSX RL RSX SLX TL TSX ZDX Vigor Racing cars ARX - 01 ARX - 02a Concept cars Advanced Sports Car Concept NSX Concept Precision Concept SUV - X Concept People John Mendel ( V.P. ) Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acura_RDX&oldid=803549431 '' Categories : Acura vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Luxury sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Cars introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the body style change on the acura rdx	[ "\n\nSecond generation Acura RDX\n\n\n\n2013 Acura RDX\n\n\n\nOverview\n\n\nProduction\nMar 2012–present\n\n\nModel years\n2013–present\n\n\nAssembly\nEast Liberty, Ohio, United States\nEast Liberty Auto Plant\n\n\nPowertrain\n\n\nEngine\n3.0 L J30Y1 V6 (China Only)\n3.5 L J35Y V6\n\n\nTransmission\n6-speed automatic\n\n\nDimensions\n\n\nWheelbase\n105.7 inches (9 foot 6 inches\n\n\nLength\n183.7 inches (16 ft 7 inches\n\n\nWidth\n73 inches (6 foot 7 inches)\n\n\nHeight\n64.2 inches (5 foot 8 inches\n\n\nCurb weight\n3,717 lb (1,686 kg) (FWD)\n3,838 lb (1,741 kg) (AWD)\n\n" ]	[ "2013" ]
9139660503774687647	Left coronary artery	Left coronary artery - wikipedia Left coronary artery Jump to : navigation , search Left coronary artery Heart viewed from above , atria removed , base of ventricles exposed . Left coronary artery visible at left . Heart viewed from the front . Coronary arteries ( labeled in red text ) and other major landmarks ( in blue text ) . Left coronary artery is at upper right in the image . Details Source ascending aorta Branches anterior interventricular circumflex ( ramus intermedius ) Identifiers Latin arteria coronaria sinistra Dorlands / Elsevier a_61 / 12154070 TA A12. 2.03. 201 FMA 50040 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The left coronary artery ( abbreviated LCA ) is an artery that arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve and feeds blood to the left side of the heart . It is also known as the left main coronary artery ( abbreviated LMCA ) and the left main stem coronary artery ( abbreviated LMS ) . It is one of the coronary arteries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Branching 2 Additional images 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Branching ( edit ) It typically runs for 10 to 25 mm and then bifurcates into the anterior interventricular artery ( also called the left anterior descending ( LAD ) and the Widow maker ) and the left circumflex artery ( LCx ) . Sometimes an additional artery arises at the bifurcation of the left main artery , forming a trifurcation ; this extra artery is called the ramus or intermediate artery . The part that is between the aorta and the bifurcation only is known as the left main artery ( LM ) , while the term ' LCA ' might refer to just the left main , or to the left main and all its eventual branches . A `` first septal branch '' is sometimes described . Additional images ( edit ) This gallery of anatomic features needs cleanup to abide by the medical manual of style . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the gallery accordingly . ( May 2015 ) Left coronary artery Cardiac vessels . The aortic arch and its branches . Diagram of the arch . Human heart with coronary arteries . Heart left lateral coronaries diagram . Diagram of a myocardial infarction . A coronary angiogram that shows the LMCA , LAD and LCX . Autopsy specimen showing the coronary ostia and proximal segments of the coronary arteries . Compare with Gray 's Anatomy drawing above . Left coronary artery Left coronary artery. Plastination technique Left coronary artery. Plastination technique See also ( edit ) Coronary circulation Pete Maravich , American basketball player whose congenital lack of a left coronary artery contributed to his sudden death of heart failure at age 40 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuster , V ; Alexander RW ; O'Rourke RA ( 2001 ) . Hurst 's The Heart ( 10th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 135694 - 0 . Jump up ^ Verna E , Santarone M , Boscarini M , Ghezzi I , Repetto S ( June 1988 ) . `` Unusual origin and course of the first septal branch of the left coronary artery : angiographic recognition '' . Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 11 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 9 . PMID 3139296 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02577106 . 3 . Rohan Pravinbhai Parikh , Amey Beedkar , Mahendra Maske , Bhavesh Talaviya , Sunil Washimkar , Pradeep Deshmukh , Mukund Deshpande . International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research . 2016 ; 7 ( 6 ) : 298 - 299 . http://ssjournals.com/index.php/ijbar/article/view/3370/2363 External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 20 : 03 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Anterior view of the heart . '' 00463 at CHORUS ( hide ) Arteries of the torso and chest Lungs Pulmonary artery Right Left ( Ligamentum arteriosum ) Heart Coronary circulation Right coronary : SA nodal AV nodal Atrial Right marginal Posterior interventricular Left coronary : Anterior interventricular Left circumflex ( Left marginal ) Aorta Sections Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Aortic body Aortic arch Brachiocephalic Thyreoidea ima Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid External carotid Internal carotid Carotid body Carotid sinus Carotid bifurcation Left subclavian Internal thoracic : Anterior intercostal Thymic Pericardiacophrenic Perforating branches terminal ( Musculophrenic , superior epigastric ) Costocervical trunk : Highest intercostal ( Posterior intercostal 1 -- 2 ) Deep cervical Descending aorta visceral : Bronchial Esophageal Mediastinal parietal : Posterior intercostal 3 -- 11 Subcostal Superior phrenic . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_coronary_artery&oldid=794306792 '' Categories : Arteries of the thorax Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles with gallery cleanup tags Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 05 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the left main coronary artery located	[ "The left coronary artery (abbreviated LCA) is an artery that arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve and feeds blood to the left side of the heart. It is also known as the left main coronary artery (abbreviated LMCA) and the left main stem coronary artery (abbreviated LMS). It is one of the coronary arteries." ]	[ "arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve" ]
4135923720747601060	Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)	Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 theatrical film ) - wikipedia Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 theatrical film ) For other uses , see Journey to the Center of the Earth ( disambiguation ) . Journey to the Center of the Earth Theatrical release poster Directed by Eric Brevig Produced by Beau Flynn Charlotte Huggins Screenplay by Michael D. Weiss Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Based on Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne Starring Brendan Fraser Josh Hutcherson Anita Briem Music by Andrew Lockington Cinematography Chuck Shuman Edited by Paul Martin Smith Dirk Westervelt Steven Rosenblum Production company Walden Media Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date July 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 11 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $242 million Journey to the Center of the Earth ( also promoted as Journey to the Center of the Earth 3 - D or Journey 3 - D ) is a 2008 American 3D science fantasy adventure film directed by Eric Brevig and starring Brendan Fraser , Anita Briem , and Josh Hutcherson . It is not considered a sequel or a remake of the 1959 film Journey to the Center of the Earth and was released in 3D and 2D theaters by New Line Cinema on July 11 , 2008 . This film was also the introduction for the special `` 4D '' motion effects cinema in Seoul , South Korea , which feature tilting seats to convey motion , wind , sprays of water and sharp air , probe lights to mimic lightning , fog , scents , and other theatrical special effects . This format is known as 4DX . The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and it earned $242 million on a $60 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Theme parks 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 International releases 7 Sequel 8 Journey to the Center of the Earth : 4 - D Adventure 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Max Anderson ( Jean - Michel Paré ) is being pursued by a Giganotosaurus when he finds a fissure vent . When he tries to jump across , he falls while calling out his brother 's name . Ten years later , Max 's 13 - year - old son , Sean Anderson ( Josh Hutcherson ) , visit Max 's brother , volcanologist Trevor Anderson ( Brendan Fraser ) . In a box of items that belonged to Max is a book , Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne . Notes written by Max are found inside the book . In Trevor 's volcanology laboratory , a device shows activity on Snæfell , a dormant volcano in Iceland . Trevor and Sean travel to Iceland to investigate . They try to contact Icelandic volcanologist Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson , but instead encounter his daughter Hannah Ásgeirsson ( Anita Briem ) since her father had died some years earlier . It turns out that Sigurbjörn and Max were both Vernians , a group of people who believe the works of Jules Verne to be fact and not fiction . Hannah offers to help them climb the volcano . While the group is hiking up the volcano , a lightning storm forces them to take shelter in a cave . The cave entrance collapses , trapping them in what appears to be an abandoned mine . The trio then rides on out - of - control mine carts , in which the tracks start to branch off in three ways . Hannah and Trevor save each other from dead - ends and Sean reunites with them . They reach the bottom of a volcanic vent , but the floor of the vent breaks , and they begin to fall towards the center of the Earth . The vent eventually becomes a water slide which drops them safely into a lake in the center of the Earth , which turns out to be a completely separate world contained within the Earth . The group starts seeking a way back to the surface . Along the way , they find evidence that someone had been there a hundred years ago . Trevor remarks that some instruments found are Lidenbrock 's ( the name of a character in the book ) , suggesting that another group had previously made the journey , somehow returned to the surface and recounted the tale of their adventure to Verne . They find some of Max 's things as well . While Trevor and Sean are examining what they 've found , Hannah finds Max 's body . They bury Max on the beach of the underground ocean and Trevor reads a letter to Sean found in Max 's journal . Trevor discovers that his brother died due to dehydration because of hot magma surrounding the center of the Earth . Using information from Max 's journal , Trevor determines that they must find a geyser that can send them to the surface before the temperature rises to 200 ° F ( about 93 ° C ) . Further , they must reach the geyser within 48 hours or the water for the geyser will have evaporated . They build a raft and begin crossing the underground ocean , but soon encounter a pack of Xiphactinus . They use makeshift clubs to bat them away , then a shoal of Elasmosaurus attacks the Xiphactinus , allowing the trio to escape . The raft 's sail becomes loose . Sean tries to hold on , but is blown away and separated from the two adults . A little bird guides Sean towards the river . Meanwhile , Trevor and Hannah decide to take a rest , but are attacked by carnivorous plants . Hannah is captured and starts being strangled by the plants . Trevor defeats the plant that is holding Hannah by the neck , and they continue towards the geyser . When they arrive at the river , Trevor calls out to Sean but gets no response . Trevor says he is going to look for Sean , but tells Hannah she should continue on to the geyser and save herself . Before he goes , Hannah kisses Trevor in case he does not return . Meanwhile , Sean has entered an arid , bone - filled land . He hears roars , looks up and sees a 80 - foot Giganotosaurus coming after him . Trevor saves him , and the dinosaur falls through the fragile floor while trying to catch them . When they get to a river , they find Hannah sailing a boat fashioned from a Tyrannosaurus skull . They sail to a volcano with magma rising in its crater , but they are too late ; the water needed for the geyser has evaporated . Sean notices that the crater walls are wet . Trevor hears water flowing on the other side of the walls and sees that the crater walls contain magnesium . After he uses a flare to ignite the magnesium , the resulting water - magma collision triggers the geyser , shooting them up and out of the center of the Earth through Mount Vesuvius . When they fall , they accidentally destroy some of the vines in a vineyard . To make amends with the vineyard 's farmer , Sean gives the owner a diamond that he found while in the center of the Earth . Trevor sees that Sean has many more diamonds in his backpack . After the adventure , Sean visits Trevor and Hannah in their new home , purchased using some of the diamonds Sean took from the cave ; Trevor is also using them to fund his late brother 's laboratory . Trevor hands Sean a book about another strange land , Atlantis : The Antediluvian World by Ignatius L. Donnelly , and suggests they get together during Sean 's Christmas break . Sean reveals that he has brought the little bird back from the center of the Earth to keep as a pet . However , the bird happily flies away , possibly reproducing his extinct species . Cast ( edit ) Brendan Fraser as Professor Trevor ' Trev ' Anderson , a volcanologist and Sean 's uncle Josh Hutcherson as Sean Anderson , Trevor 's nephew Anita Briem as Hannah Ásgeirsson Seth Meyers as Professor Alan Kitzens Jean - Michel Paré as Maxwell ' Max ' Anderson , Sean 's father and Trevor 's brother Jane Wheeler as Elizabeth ' Liz ' Anderson , Sean 's mother and Max 's wife Giancarlo Caltabiano as Leonard Garth Gilker as Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) On September 22 , 2001 , Walden Media announced that Eric Brevig was hired and set to direct Journey to the Center of the Earth based on the book of the same name by Jules Verne . Michael D. Weiss , Mark Levin and Jennifer Flackett wrote the script for the film . Beau Flynn and Charlotte Huggins produced the film with the budget of $60 million for release in 2008 . On April 16 , 2003 , it was announced that Brendan Fraser , Anita Briem , Josh Hutcherson , Seth Meyers , Jean - Michel Paré , Jane Wheeler , Giancarlo Caltabiano and Garth Gilker joined the film . On 9 December 2005 , it was announced that Andrew Lockington would compose the music for the film . On March 2006 , development and filming of the film was completed in Canada and Iceland . On April 20 , 2006 , principal photography and production began . On January 2 , 2007 , New Line Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film . Journey to the Center of the Earth was filmed in 2006 . The film transposes the novel into the present day and is mostly live action , with only the landscape and creatures supplied by computer - generated graphics . The film is projected using Real D Cinema and Dolby 3D . Josh Hutcherson 's character , Sean , is named after the professor and conservation biologist Dr. Sean Anderson . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer was shown before screenings of Meet the Robinsons , the re-release of The Nightmare Before Christmas and the release of Beowulf , with the Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert , and during the 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards . Warner Bros. marketed the film like a theme park attraction . However , the studio had to slightly tweak the campaign ( including dropping `` 3D '' from the title ) when it became clear that the film would be shown in 3 - D in far fewer theaters than anticipated . Theme parks ( edit ) In May 2009 , the film premiered as `` Journey to the Center of the Earth 4 - D '' at Stone Mountain Park in Georgia . It also opened in the motion simulator at Dollywood under the same name on June 12 , 2009 . It also featured in the new 4D Cinema at the Weston Super-Mare Grand Pier in the U.K. It was also shown in Movieworld on the Gold Coast . Home Media ( edit ) Journey to the Center of the Earth was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 28 , 2008 , in standard 2 - D format as well as a magenta / green anaglyph . It opened at # 2 at the DVD sales chart , selling 843,224 units in the 1st week which translates to $13,238,617 in revenue . As per the latest figures , 1,642,994 DVD units have been sold , bringing in $25,346,260 in revenue . This does n't include Blu - ray Disc sales / DVD rentals . The 2008 2 - disc BD edition of the movie does n't conform to the -- only later established -- Blu - ray 3D specifications , which means that this version does n't take advantage of any dedicated 3D HDTVs , although it can be watched on 3D HDTVs , as well as on any other TV in anaglyph 3D , by using red - cyan paper glasses ( four pairs are included ) . A 3D Blu - ray version was released on January 17 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews . It received a 61 % approval rating by Rotten Tomatoes , based on 158 reviews with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Modern visuals and an old fashioned storyline make this family adventure / comedy a fast - paced , kitschy ride . '' Metacritic gave the film a 57 out of 100 , based on 35 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4 . Peter Travers gave it 2.5 stars and Owen Glieberman gave it a B - . Box Office ( edit ) Journey to the Center of the Earth grossed $101.7 million in the US and $139.2 million foreign sales , with a total of $242 million worldwide . The film opened at # 3 in North America , behind Hellboy II : The Golden Army and Hancock . The film grossed $21,018,141 in 2,811 theaters in its first week of release with an average of $7,477. 57 percent of the opening gross was taken from theaters which showed the film in 3 - D. In second weekend it dropped to $12,340,435 and in third to $9,717,217 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Year Result Cast / Crew Teen Choice Awards 2008 Choice Summer Movie : Action Adventure Nominated Young Artist Award 2009 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor Nominated Josh Hutcherson BMI Film & TV Awards 2009 Won Andrew Lockington World Soundtrack Awards 2009 Discovery of the Year Nominated Andrew Lockington International releases ( edit ) Brazil - July 11 , 2008 Canada - July 11 , 2008 Ireland - July 11 , 2008 United Kingdom - July 11 , 2008 United States - July 11 , 2008 Chile - August 7 , 2008 Singapore - August 7 , 2008 Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island In March 2009 , Walden Media announced a sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth , Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island , with Josh Hutcherson , Dwayne Johnson , Michael Caine , Luis Guzman , and Vanessa Hudgens . Jane Wheeler was replaced by Kristin Davis . Journey 2 was filmed between November 2010 and February 2011 and was released in February 2012 . Like the first film , the sequel was shot in 3D , and the script is loosely based on a Verne novel -- this time The Mysterious Island . Journey to the Center of the Earth : 4 - D adventure ( edit ) Journey to the Center of the Earth 4 - D Adventure is a 15 - minute 4D film shown at various 4D theatres all over the world . It retells the condensed story of the film with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects , including moving seats , wind , mist and scents . Produced by SimEx - Iwerks , the 4D experience premiered in 2009 . Locations included Warner Bros. Movie World ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Dollywood ( 2009 -- 2012 ) , Enchanted Kingdom ( 2009 -- ) , Stone Mountain , and Rainbows End . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sunhee , Han ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' goes 4D in Korea Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ In Iceland Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson 's daughter would have the last name Sigurbjörnsdóttir , but in the film it is Ásgeirsson . Jump up ^ Journey 3 - D Profile at Comingsoon.net . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dolby Laboratories , Inc . - First Digital 3D Movie Released in China with Dolby 3D Digital Cinema System '' . Investor.dolby.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CI Professor inspires ' Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island '' . Ventura County Star . 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Mojo : ' Hellboy II ' Sizzles . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hollywood 's 3 - D kick hits a bump . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best Atlanta Attractions - Atlanta Activities - Stone Mountain Park '' . www.stonemountainpark.com . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . www.dollywood.com . ^ Jump up to : Journey to the Center of the Earth -- DVD Sales . The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth 4 - D '' . Iwerks Entertainment . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Journey To The Center Of The Earth 4 - D Adventure ( Warner Bros. Movie World ) '' . Parkz . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Business Wire ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` Take a Journey to the Center of the Earth 4D At Dollywood 's KidsFestSM '' . BNET . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enchanted Kingdom 's newest 4D adventure now showing '' . The Philippine Star . 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 film ) Official website Journey to the Center of the Earth on IMDb Journey to the Center of the Earth at AllMovie Journey to the Center of the Earth at Box Office Mojo Journey to the Center of the Earth at Rotten Tomatoes Journey to the Center of the Earth at Metacritic Journey to the Center of the Earth 3 - D Production Notes Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth Films 1959 film 1978 film 1989 film 2008 TV film 2008 Asylum film 2008 theatrical film Other 1967 series 1999 miniseries 1974 album 2008 video game Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island Journey Through the Impossible Films by Jennifer Flackett and Mark Levin Written and directed Little Manhattan ( 2005 ) Nim 's Island ( 2008 ) Screenplays Madeline ( 1998 ) Wimbledon ( 2004 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_(2008_theatrical_film)&oldid=850861977 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s 3D films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s science fiction films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American science fantasy films American science fiction films Icelandic - language films Films based on Journey to the Center of the Earth Walden Media films Films produced by Beau Flynn Films directed by Eric Brevig Films shot in Iceland Films shot in Montreal Films shot in Winnipeg Films set in Iceland Films set in Naples Directorial debut films Giant monster films Dinosaur films New Line Cinema films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 12 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie journey to the center of the earth filmed	[ "On September 22, 2001, Walden Media announced that Eric Brevig was hired and set to direct Journey to the Center of the Earth based on the book of the same name by Jules Verne. Michael D. Weiss, Mark Levin and Jennifer Flackett wrote the script for the film. Beau Flynn and Charlotte Huggins produced the film with the budget of $60 million for release in 2008. On April 16, 2003, it was announced that Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem, Josh Hutcherson, Seth Meyers, Jean-Michel Paré, Jane Wheeler, Giancarlo Caltabiano and Garth Gilker joined the film. On 9 December 2005, it was announced that Andrew Lockington would compose the music for the film. On March 2006, development and filming of the film was completed in Canada and Iceland. On April 20, 2006, principal photography and production began. On January 2, 2007, New Line Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. Journey to the Center of the Earth was filmed in 2006. The film transposes the novel into the present day and is mostly live action, with only the landscape and creatures supplied by computer-generated graphics.[4] The film is projected using Real D Cinema and Dolby 3D.[5]\n", "On September 22, 2001, Walden Media announced that Eric Brevig was hired and set to direct Journey to the Center of the Earth based on the book of the same name by Jules Verne. Michael D. Weiss, Mark Levin and Jennifer Flackett wrote the script for the film. Beau Flynn and Charlotte Huggins produced the film with the budget of $60 million for release in 2008. On April 16, 2003, it was announced that Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem, Josh Hutcherson, Seth Meyers, Jean-Michel Paré, Jane Wheeler, Giancarlo Caltabiano and Garth Gilker joined the film. On 9 December 2005, it was announced that Andrew Lockington would compose the music for the film. On March 2006, development and filming of the film was completed in Canada and Iceland. On April 20, 2006, principal photography and production began. On January 2, 2007, New Line Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. Journey to the Center of the Earth was filmed in 2006. The film transposes the novel into the present day and is mostly live action, with only the landscape and creatures supplied by computer-generated graphics.[4] The film is projected using Real D Cinema and Dolby 3D.[5]\n" ]	[ "Canada", "Iceland" ]
4927423492809912466	Rat rod	Rat rod - wikipedia Rat rod Jump to : navigation , search An example of a rat rod 1930 Ford Model A rat rod A rat rod is a style of hot rod or custom car that , in most cases , imitates ( or exaggerates ) the early hot rods of the 1940s , 1950s , and early - 1960s . The style is not to be confused with the somewhat closely related `` traditional '' hot rod , which is an accurate re-creation or period - correct restoration of a hot rod from the same era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Origins 2.1 The Jakelopy 3 General 3.1 Chassis 3.2 Paint and finish 3.3 Interior 3.4 Drive train 3.5 Suspension 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References Definition ( edit ) Originally , rat rods were a counter-reaction to the high - priced `` customs '' and typical hot rods , many of which were seldom driven and served only a decorative purpose . The rat rod 's inception signified a throwback to the hot rods of the earlier days of hot - rod culture -- built according to the owner 's abilities and with the intention of being driven . Rat rods are meant to loosely imitate , in both form and function , the `` traditional '' hot rods of the era . Biker , greaser , rockabilly , psychobilly , and punk sub-cultures are often cited as influences that shaped rat rodding . The typical rat rod is a late - 1920s through to late - 1950s coupe or roadster , but sometimes a truck or sedan . Many early ( pre-World War II ) vehicles were not built with fenders , hoods , running boards , and bumpers . The bodies are frequently channeled over the frame and sectioned , or the roofs are chopped , for a lower profile . Later - era post-war vehicles were rarely constructed without fenders and were often customized in the fashion of kustoms , leadsleds , and lowriders ; Maltese crosses , skulls , and other accessories were often added . The owner of the vehicle was typically responsible for most , or all , of the work present in the vehicle . Recently , using the term `` rat rod '' has been derided as being incorrect when describing any vehicle that appears unfinished or is built simply to be driven . Rodding scribe Pat Ganahl took a broad look at the rat rod trend and had this to say : I see what are referred to as Rat Rods today comprising three elements : First are the traditional rods and customs . Those are cars built the way rods were built in the ' 30s , ' 40s , and early ' 50s , with a primary emphasis on low - buck and home - built , using period - correct components ranging from flathead to nailhead engines , wide whitewall tires to skinny blackwall bias - plies , and black primer to hand - rubbed paint . Second are what I personally call Rat Rods , as a positive term ... They 're artistic , fun , and sensational reinterpretations of late - ' 40s / early - ' 50s hot rodding as a culture that includes music , clothing , hairstyles , and tattoos . The cars are low , loud , chopped ... with giant rear tires , lots of carburetors , open pipes , and tall gearshifts . Origins ( edit ) 1932 Ford coupe rat rod in Sheffield , Vermont . The December 1972 issue of Rod & Custom Magazine was dedicated to the `` beater '' , a low - budget alternative to the early car models that were slick and customized . Due to the beater 's cheap upholstery , primer covering ( instead of paint ) , and lack of chrome or polished metals , it has been considered a progenitor of the rat rod . The origin of the term `` rat rod '' is the subject of dispute . Opinions regarding the term 's origins were based in one of the following perspectives : The term first appeared in an article in Hot Rod Magazine , written by Gray Baskerville , about cars that , at that time , continued to be covered by primer ; or , the first rat rod was owned by artist , Robert Williams , who had a ' 32 Ford Roadster that was painted in primer . However , Hot Rod magazine has verified the latter view . Gray 's use of the term was in relation to `` Rat Bikes , '' motorcycles that were assembled from spare parts , to be enjoyed and ridden , and not necessarily for the display of the builder 's skills . It is believed that the term is likely to have originally been used in a derogatory or pejorative sense , as this remains the case among sections of the hot rod community ; however , the term has also been adopted in a positive light by other parts of the sub-culture . The Jakelopy ( edit ) The origin of the movement itself is a little easier to pin down . In 1987 , after many decades of building hot rods and customs , Jim `` Jake '' Jacobs gathered spare parts from his amassed personal stash and put together a ' 28 Ford Phaeton in 28 days . It sported no fenders , wide - white bias - ply tires , a rusty Model A body on ' 32 Ford frame rails , a chopped windshield and a shortened deuce grille shell with a small - block Chevy 350 and a ' 39 Ford 3 - speed . Jake drove it to Pleasanton , CA and entered the Goodguys ' annual West Coast Nationals with no bodywork , paint or interior ( other than what was needed to be functional and legal ) . He parked in full view of many high - end , top - dollar customs and proceeded to pull out a bucket of paint and some brushes . Many spectators stopped to watch , and a few even joined Jake as he painted the car . The Jakelopy was intended to remind people that hot rods were supposed to be accessible . They were supposed to be a hoot to build and drive . Gray Baskerville described the Jakelopy in the 11 / ' 00 issue of Hot Rod as being `` finished ... two years before the first rat rods appeared . '' General ( edit ) Chassis ( edit ) Custom frame Frames from older cars or light trucks are sometimes preferred for rat rod conversions due to the chassis that is used for these types of vehicles -- the chassis type provides a sturdy base for subsequent alterations . Older cars in poor condition are often advertised as candidates for rat rod conversions and , in some cases , the owner will purchase a custom frame , or design and build it himself / herself . In other cases , a rat rodder may use a small pick - up chassis , such as a Chevy S - 10 or Dodge Dakota , to insert into an older car body , in order to create a vehicle that features the look of a classic rat rod , while also maintaining the reliability of a modern vehicle . Paint and finish ( edit ) Typical `` rough '' finish of rat rods . Rat rods often appear unfinished and , at most , primer - only paint jobs are applied ; satin , or matte , black and other flat colors are also common . `` Natural patina '' ( the original paint job , with rust , blemishes , and sometimes bullet holes , left intact ) ; a patchwork of original paint and primer ; or bare metal , in rusty or oiled varieties , with no finish at all are some of the other finishes that may be used -- such finishes honor the anti-restoration slogan that `` it 's only original once '' . Contrary to the aesthetic of many car builders , rust is often acceptable and appreciated by rat rod owners . Owners with a pinstriping brush will often apply free - hand pinstriping to their rat rods . Early low - budget hot rods were often long term `` works in progress '' and as such final finishing treatments ( such as metal prep , paint , and trim ) remained in the future , and the Rat Rod imitates this aesthetic . Interior ( edit ) Interiors of rat rods can range from spartan to fully finished , though this is typically the final phase of construction . Mexican blankets and bomber seats form the basis of many rat rod interiors , and most are designed to be functional without many comforts ; although , this will vary in accordance with the owner 's taste . Drive train ( edit ) Though a variety of engines may be used , the most common engine type that is used in rat rods are : Flathead V8 engines , early Chrysler Hemi engines , or more modern small block V8 engines from any manufacturer ( Chevrolet is a common choice of small block engine ) . Straight - 8s straight - 6s , straight - 4 , and V6s are also fairly commonly used in the construction of rat rods -- these engines may exhibit varying displacements and modifications . While diesel engines are occasionally used , these engines are rarely fitted with emission controls , as such a feature was not part of the original construction , or the feature was not required under special license . Most rat rods are rear - wheel drive , with an open driveline . The rear - ends and the transmissions are typically passenger vehicle pieces . ( See below ) Suspension ( edit ) A beam axle is the most commonly used type of front suspension , due to its appearance when exposed without fenders on a vehicle with open front suspension . Independent front suspension is rarely used and most rat rods use a 1928 - 1948 Ford I - beam axle , with a transverse leaf spring . Although any rear axle can be used in a rat rod , the Ford rear end has been preferred for years due to the availability of spare parts . `` ... Ford 9 - inchers are the most used rear ends in nearly every form of racing and most high - performance street vehicles ... '' Spring types in the front and rear can be transverse , parallel or coil setups -- parallel is not used as frequently as the more common single - spring transverse setup and coil springs are still occasionally seen even though this spring type is less popular for aesthetic reasons . Rat rods will often be built with airbag suspension , thereby allowing the driver to raise and lower the car ; this can be a useful feature due to the extremely low ground clearance of many rat rods . In many cases , the front suspension is mounted a considerable distance forward of the radiator , a practice that may be derived from the construction of early drag racing cars . Criticism ( edit ) Traditional hot rodders and restorers often regard the rat rod trend movement as `` cheap '' and `` talentless '' . Sentiment among `` critics '' tends to be dismissive and sometimes overtly negative . Hot rodder and freelance journalist Brad Ocock said of the rat rod trend : There 's a huge difference between rat rod and beater . A beater has potential . A rat rod is something someone threw together to make a statement , and usually that statement is , ' I do n't know how to weld . I had a bunch of crap lying around and realized there was enough to put together a car but did n't want to put any effort into it . ' Hot rod journalist and builder Jim Aust put it in his own perspective : I put the majority of it into two categories -- `` Young Guy Bad Style '' and `` Old Guy Bad Style '' . The two different camps are separated by those that do not know better and those that should - yet both produce a high volume of style violations . The young guys that generally do not know any better commit their sins in the name of `` Why not , it gets a ton of attention at the cars shows '' . The problem is a clown on fire gets a lot of attention too , does n't make it a good thing either especially if you are the clown . The young violators like to not only produce a car that in its raw form has no flow or style , but on top of that they `` decorate '' them with such unnecessary items as spikes , bullets , grenades , plastic rats , garden tools , barbed wire , skulls and oversized tools . The young guys into this style are nearly 100 - percent new comers that have no knowledge of hot rod and custom car history and generally do not care . Good news many of them discover the history and quickly out grow the offensive style and leave it behind as they build new vehicles with an eye on style rather than creating unappreciated attention . However , despite such attitudes in many areas of hot rodding , over the last ten to twelve years rat rods have become more and more accepted at car shows and in the custom car culture in general , with many car shows either including sections for rat rods , or beginning events directly devoted to them and aimed at wider audiences than ever before . See also ( edit ) Rat bike Rat fink Pinstriping Volksrod References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Freiburger ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Rat Rod History - Order Rodentia '' . ^ Jump up to : Josh Courter ( Nov 27 , 2012 ) . `` What Exactly Is A Rat Rod And Where Did It All Begin ? '' . Jump up ^ sketchv . `` Robt . Williams Lecture Oakland Museum of CA 2008 Pt. 03 '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE HISTORY OF THE RAT ROD , PART I : The Jakelopy `` Autoculture '' . Jump up ^ Robert Eckhardt ( September 24 , 2001 ) . `` All - New Ford 9 - Inch Upgrade '' . Jump up ^ Jim Aust , ( `` Crosshairs '' ) , Traditional Rod and Kulture Magazine , p. 10 , Issue # 36 ( hide ) Kustom Kulture Key figures Kenneth Anger Joe Bailon George Barris Pete Chapouris Coop Dick Dean Rick Dobbertin Ken Fenical ( Posie ) Chip Foose Blackie Gejeian Norm Grabowski Kenny Howard ( Von Dutch ) Jim `` Jake '' Jacobs Dean Jeffries Dick Megugorac ( Magoo ) Dean Moon Ed Roth Darryl Starbird Larry Watson Robert Williams ( artist ) Indian Larry Vehicles Bobber ( motorcycle ) Café racer Cal Look Chopper ( motorcycle ) Custom car Cutdown Hot rod Leadsled Lowrider Rat rod Rat bike Show car T - bucket Volksrod Woodie Culture DIY ethic Futurism Greaser ( subculture ) Lowbrow art Midnight movies Mod ( subculture ) Mods and rockers Pin - up girls Pop art Punk subculture Psychobilly Raggare Rockabilly Scooterboy Surf culture Surrealism Media American Graffiti CK Deluxe The Kandy - Kolored Tangerine - Flake Streamline Baby Ol ' Skool Rodz Rat Fink Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rat_rod&oldid=808245094 '' Categories : Car body styles Vehicle modification Kustom Kulture Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Articles with unsourced quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 19 : 04 . About Wikipedia	what is the definition of a rat rod	[ "A rat rod is a style of hot rod or custom car that, in most cases, imitates (or exaggerates) the early hot rods of the 1940s, 1950s, and early-1960s. The style is not to be confused with the somewhat closely related \"traditional\" hot rod, which is an accurate re-creation or period-correct restoration of a hot rod from the same era." ]	[ "style of hot rod or custom car that, in most cases, imitates (or exaggerates) the early hot rods of the 1940s, 1950s, and early-1960s" ]
-8156676067230141355	Statue of Liberty	Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , American artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,673,969 in 2016 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,200,917 in 2016 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $660,275 in 2016 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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2453737667466144794	Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai	Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Theatrical release poster Directed by Milan Luthria Produced by Ekta Kapoor Shobha Kapoor Written by Rajat Arora Starring Ajay Devgn Emraan Hashmi Kangana Ranaut Prachi Desai Randeep Hooda Narrated by Randeep Hooda Music by Songs : Pritam Background score : Sandeep Shirodkar Cinematography Aseem Mishra Edited by Akiv Ali Production company Balaji Motion Pictures Release date 30 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) Running time 135 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 380 million ( $ 8.3 million ) Box office ₹ 852 million ( $19 million ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai is a 2010 Indian gangster film written by Rajat Arora , directed by Milan Luthria and produced by Ekta Kapoor . It stars Ajay Devgn , Emraan Hashmi , Kangana Ranaut , Prachi Desai and Randeep Hooda . The film is produced under Balaji Motion Pictures and released on 30 July 2010 . Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai received generally positive reviews from critics and was a box office success . The film is loosely based on the lives of Mumbai underworld gangsters Haji Mastan and Dawood Ibrahim . Its sequel , Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! was released on 15 August 2013 . It featured Akshay Kumar replacing Hashmi from the first film alongside Imran Khan . The filming for the sequel began in August 2012 apparently in Qatar . The sequel received negative reviews from both critics and audiences and performed poorly at the box office . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Inspiration for the film 5 Critical reception 6 Box office 6.1 India 6.2 Overseas 7 Awards and nominations 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Track listing 9 Sequel 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a suicide attempt by Assistant Commissioner of Police ( ACP ) Agnel Wilson ( Randeep Hooda ) on the pretext of the Bombay Bombings in 1993 . When questioned by his superior over his actions , he breaks down and claims that the recent tragic events are his own fault . Wilson recounts that 18 years ago , when he was posted as the ACP in the Mumbai crime branch , his inability to take the necessary action led to the rise of Shoaib Khan ( Emraan Hashmi ) a dreaded gangster , who played a central role in the bombings . Throughout the film , Wilson narrates the story of 1970s Bombay , when it was ruled by a kind hearted smuggler Sultan Mirza ( Ajay Devgn ) , and how Mirza 's eventual downfall led to Shoaib 's rise to power . After being hit by a flood in his hometown in Madras , a young Mirza arrives in Mumbai , where he lands a job as a coal shoveller . In spite of his meager earnings , the boy never fails to help the poor and needy , which soon gains their respect and admiration . Mirza is given the nickname of `` Sultan . '' As a grown man , Sultan Mirza becomes the kingpin of Mumbai 's smuggling underworld . Through his influence , Mirza peacefully divides the city among four gangsters , thus thwarting police efforts to curb illegal activities . Despite being a criminal , Sultan Mirza is portrayed as a man of principle with a heart of gold and a godfather - like figure to the people . He even refrains from smuggling contraband , as it is against his Muslim faith . Mirza has a crush on Bollywood actress Rehana ( Kangana Ranaut ) and eventually the two begin dating . Sultan invests black money in her upcoming films . ACP Wilson moves to stop Rehana 's films funded by Sultan . Later , Sultan and Rehana frame Wilson to make it look as if Wilson is accepting a bribe , which damages his credibility . Meanwhile , Shoaib is even in childhood a very ambitious person with a dark and daring character . He is frequently involved in petty theft . His father , Hussain Khan ( Asif Basra ) , who is a sub-inspector with the Bombay Police , tries in vain to guide and control his son , his anger against Shoaib began years ago when Shoaib and his best friend Javed were stealing money and got caught red handed by a man , by teaching his son a lesson , Khan slaps him 5 times . Khan locks Shoaib in jail but Shoaib angers him as both Shoaib and Wilson make a deal saying that Shoaib wants to follow another path . Worried , the father turns to Sultan for help . Sultan agrees and helps the young man set up an electronics shop . But Shoaib is unsatisfied , as his only real ambition is to become rich and powerful , like Sultan Mirza who is his idol . Shoaib 's beautiful girlfriend , Mumtaz ( Prachi Desai ) , works in a local jewellery shop , which Shoaib visits often , to the aggravation of the girl 's boss . Shoaib gives her a beautiful necklace , which , unbeknownst to Mumtaz , Shoaib had stolen from a lady during a home robbery . Later , that lady comes to the shop with her husband to buy more jewellery . The lady soon recognises her own necklace being worn by Mumtaz ; she then admits to the outraged customer that her boyfriend had given the item to her . The lady and her husband demand she take them to her boyfriend 's shop , where they confront him . This enrages Shoaib , who beats up the husband and destroys his own shop . Shoaib goes to Sultan and asks to be a part of his crime ring . Seeing his potential , Sultan agrees to take him under his wing . Shoaib learns the tricks of the trade and soon becomes Sultan 's trusted aide . ACP Wilson hatches a plan to use Shoaib 's reckless ambition for quick money and power as a way to cause the downfall of Sultan . Wilson even refrains from killing Sultan and Shoaib when he has the opportunity . Wilson 's plan backfires , however . Finally , when Shoaib becomes invincible , Wilson blames himself for the subsequent catastrophe as he now can not stop Shoaib 's rise to power . Sultan decides to hand over his power to Shoaib , and opts to enter state politics . He travels to Delhi to meet the Home Minister of India . Shoaib 's unscrupulous ambitions lead him to carry out trades and acts which Sultan himself would strongly condemn and abhors . Shoaib starts manufacturing illicit liquor , accepts contract killings , invests in drug peddling and runs extortion rackets . When Sultan returns to Bombay , he learns of Shoaib 's misdeeds and is outraged . He finds Shoaib at a party and slaps him in public for his unethical activities and states he can never really be like Sultan . This infuriates Shoaib and he plots revenge as he now knows that Sultan and he can not possibly rule Mumbai together due to Mirza 's strong principals and moral ethos . The next day , as Sultan campaigns for his new party , Shoaib appears and assassinates Sultan Mirza whilst he is addressing the people at the rally as a horrified Wilson looks on , thus ending the reign of the smuggler who was loved by his people . In his narration , Wilson laments that he and the police are responsible for the bombings because of their lack of forethought , Wilson also says that Shoaib now rules Mumbai despite living abroad and the people are now forever at his mercy -- as Mumbai 's new underworld kingpin -- he has since established a global smuggling empire . No government or force can reach him now . Cast ( edit ) Ajay Devgan as Sultan Mirza , character based on Haji Mastan Emraan Hashmi as Shoaib Khan , character based on Dawood Ibrahim Kangana Ranaut as Rehana Shergill Prachi Desai as Mumtaz Randeep Hooda as ACP Agnel Wilson Naved Aslam as Patrick , Sultan 's henchman Asif Basra as Inspector Hussain Khan ( Shoaib 's father ) , character based on Head - constable Ibrahim Kaskar Sumit Kaul as Chhota Rajan Avtar Gill as Jeet Kumar Rathi , Home Minister Hemant Choudhary as Vijay , actor Sushil Pandey as Iqbal Ravi Khanvilkar as Vardhan Mehul Bhojak as Javed Imran Hashnee as Harish , gun supplier Chandrakant Taneja as Pathan Sanjeev Wilson as Chandru Anjum Sharma as Khichdi Allauddin Khan as Allauddin Rajeev Yadav as Yakub Atha Dheerendra Dwivedi as Gattu Asif Hussain as Vishnu Vikas Shrivastava as Verghese Pankaj Sharma as Inspector Sohail Dinkar Gawande as Home Minister 's PA Gyan Prakash as Commissioner Pant Prithvi Zutshi as IG Aditya Mandke Tarang Nehra as young Javed Rakesh Biduwa as supervisor Payal Nair as Shikha Pradip Sagar as Raman Namit Dahiya as young Shoaib Khan Herbie F. Crasto as young Sultan Mirza Sanjay Roy as film Magazine Editor Sanjay Kulkarni as Inspector Murali Dhanlaxmi as Jewellery Shop Lady Prashant Barot as Jewellery Shop Manager Resham Arora as film Director Madhuri Bedekar as Shakuntala Raaj Gopal Iyer as Singhania Kamal Adeep as Daga Seth Tareeq as Sultan 's Driver Anand Alkunte as Inspector Chavan Krishna Choudhary as Inspector Sathe Gauhar Khan as item number `` Parda '' Production ( edit ) The film was made on a budget of ₹ 38 crore ( ₹ 28 crore for production and ₹ 10 crore for publicity and advertising ) . Inspiration for the film ( edit ) The film depicts the growth of the Mumbai underworld , from crime and smuggling in its early stages to its connection with international terrorism in recent times . It is believed to be based on the lives of real - life gangsters Haji Mastan and Dawood Ibrahim , portrayed by the characters Sultan and Shoaib , respectively . Originally Sanjay Dutt was chosen to play the role of Haji Mastan but the role went to Ajay Devgn instead . Critical reception ( edit ) Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN rated the film 2.5 out of 5 saying , `` The film is watchable and enjoyable in parts even , but it does n't quite pull off the retro chic tone it was going for '' . IANS rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 saying , `` Rajat Arora 's dialogues flow from the storytelling in a smooth flow of poetry and street wisdom . '' Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it 4 / 5 and called it `` An outstanding Cinematic experience '' . Nikhat Kazmi of the Times of India gave it 4 / 5 and stated , `` Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai offers you both substance and soul , even as it dabbles with a slice of reality '' . Rediff gave it 4 / 5 and said , `` Book your tickets now '' . Box office ( edit ) India ( edit ) OUATIM worldwide Collections breakdown Territory Collections India Gross -- ₹ 802.1 million Nett -- ₹ 583 million Distributor share -- ₹ 296.4 million Entertainment tax -- ₹ 204.7 million Overseas ( Outside India ) $ 1.1 million ( ₹ 497 million ) $302,862 ( United States ) Worldwide ₹ 852 million ( $19 million ) Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai managed to have a decent weekend despite starting slowly . The film picked up from Friday evening and managed to have good Saturday and Sunday collections . The approximate breakdowns are 5.50 crore ( Friday ) , 7 crore ( Saturday ) and 7.75 crore ( Sunday ) for a 20.25 crore weekend . The film grossed Rs. 58.50 crore in India at the end of its ninth week . Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai was declared a hit by Box Office India . Overseas ( edit ) In its opening weekend the film showed a day-wise growth in U.K. ( Friday £ 15,755 , Saturday £ 19,381 and Sunday £ 19,644 ) and a decent start in U.S. ( approx . $1 , 37,000 at 32 venues ) . In its second weekend , the film collected £ 16,249 on 14 screens , with the per screen average working out to £ 1,161 . Total : £ 1 , 07,988 at U.K boxoffice . In its third weekend , the film collected £ 5,909 on 8 screens , with the per screen average working out to £ 739 ( total : £ 1 , 22,257 in U.K. ) In its fourth weekend in U.K , the film collected £ 743 on four screens , with the per screen average working out to £ 186 ( total : £ 1 , 26,696 ) . In its fifth weekend in the U.K , the film collected £ 105 on two screens , with the per screen average working out to £ 53 ( total : £ 1 , 27,338 ) . In its fifth weekend at the U.S. boxoffice , the film collected $1,131 on two screens , with the per screen average working out to $566 ( total : $3 , 02,862 ) . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) The film received many awards at several award functions . Ajay Devgn and Prachi Desai received accolades for their nominations , while other awards were won for the film 's music , playback and technical direction . 56th Filmfare Awards Nominated Best Actor -- Ajay Devgn Best Supporting Actor -- Emraan Hashmi Best Supporting Actress -- Prachi Desai Best Music Director -- Pritam Best Male PlayBack Singer -- Mohit Chauhan for the Song `` Pee Loon '' BIG Star Entertainment Awards Nominated BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor -- Male -- Ajay Devgn BIG Star Most Entertaining Director -- Milan Luthria BIG Star Most Entertaining Film -- Ekta Kapoor BIG Star Most Entertaining Song -- Pee Loon BIG Star Most Entertaining Singer ( Male ) -- Mohit Chauhan for Pee Loon BIG Star Most Entertaining Singer ( Female ) -- Tulsi Kumar for Tum Jo Aaye 2011 Star Screen Awards Won Star Screen Award for Best Popular Music -- Pritam Stardust Awards Won Stardust Award for Best Thriller -- Action Film -- Ekta Kapoor Stardust Award for Best Thriller -- Action Actor -- Ajay Devgn Best Actress in an Ensemble Cast -- Prachi Desai Nominated Stardust Award for Best Thriller -- Action Director -- Milan Luthria Stardust Award for Best Thriller -- Action Actress -- Kangana Ranaut Stardust Award for Dream Director -- Milan Luthria Stardust Award for Star of the Year -- Male -- Ajay Devgn Best Actor in an Ensemble Cast -- Emraan Hashmi Lions Gold Awards 2010 Won Lions Favorite Popular Actor ( Male ) -- Ajay Devgn Lions Favorite Actor in Supporting Role -- Randeep Hooda Lions Favorite Actress in Supporting Role -- Prachi Desai 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards Won Apsara Award for Best Screenplay -- Rajat Arora Apsara Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Prachi Desai Nominated Apsara Award for Best Film -- Balaji Motion Pictures Apsara Award for Best Actor -- Ajay Devgn Apsara Award for Best Director -- Milan Luthria Apsara Award for Best Dialogue -- Rajat Arora Apsara Award for Best Choreography -- Raju Khan for `` Parda Parda '' Apsara Award for Best Lyrics -- Irshad Kamil for `` Pee Loon '' Apsara Award for Best Music -- Pritam Apsara Award for Best Playback Singer ( Male ) -- Mohit Chauhan for `` Pee Loon '' Apsara Award for Best Playback Singer ( Female ) -- Tulsi Kumar for `` Tum Jo Aaye '' Apsara Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role -- Emraan Hashmi Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Male ) -- Emraan Hashmi 2011 Zee Cine Awards Won Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Female -- Prachi Desai Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer - Male -- Mohit Chauhan for `` Pee Loon '' Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue -- Rajat Arora Nominated Best Actor -- Male -- Ajay Devgn Best Film -- Balaji Motion Pictures Best Director -- Milan Luthria Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Song of the Year -- `` Pee Loon '' Best Music Director -- Pritam Best Playback Singer -- Female -- Tulsi Kumar for `` Tum Jo Aaye '' Best Lyricist -- Irshad Kamil for `` Pee Loon '' and `` Tum Jo Aaye '' Best Supporting Actor -- Emraan Hashmi Best Supporting Actress -- Kangana Ranaut and Prachi Desai ( won ) Best Story -- Rajat Arora Best Cinematography -- Aseem Mishra Best Editing -- Akiv Ali 2011 Global Indian Music Awards Won Best Music Arranger & Programmer -- Sandeep Shirodkar for the song `` Pee Loon '' Best Lyricist -- Irshad Kamil for the song `` Pee Loon '' Best PlayBack Singer ( Male ) -- Mohit Chauhan for the song `` Pee Loon '' Best Song of The Year -- `` Pee Loon '' MTV Hot Pick of The Year -- `` Tum Jo Aaye '' International Indian Film Academy Awards 2011 Won Best Supporting Actress -- Prachi Desai Soundtrack ( edit ) Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai Soundtrack album by Pritam Released 28 June 2010 Genre Soundtrack Label T - Series Pritam chronology Khatta Meetha ( 2010 ) Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) Aashayein ( 2010 ) The films songs were released on 28 June 2010 . There were a total of 14 songs composed by Pritam with lyrics penned by Irshad Kamil , Neelesh Misra and Amitabh Bhattacharya . The film score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar . Track listing ( edit ) No . Track Singers Duration 01 `` Tum Jo Aaye Zindagi Mein '' Rahat Fateh Ali Khan & Tulsi Kumar 4 : 48 02 `` Tum Jo Aaye Zindagi Mein '' ( Reprise ) Rahat Fateh Ali Khan & Tulsi Kumar 4 : 45 03 `` Pee Loon '' ( Male ) Part 1 Mohit Chauhan 2 : 36 04 `` Pee Loon '' ( Male ) Part 2 Mohit Chauhan 2 : 36 05 `` Pee Loon '' ( Male ) Part 3 Mohit Chauhan 2 : 36 06 `` Pee Loon '' ( Remix ) ( Male ) Part 1 Mohit Chauhan 2 : 37 07 `` Pee Loon '' ( Remix ) ( Male ) Part 2 Mohit Chauhan 2 : 37 08 `` Pee Loon '' ( Remix ) ( Male ) Part 3 Mohit Chauhan 2 : 37 09 `` I Am in Love '' KK & Dominique Cerejo 4 : 47 10 `` I Am in Love '' ( Dance Mix ) KK & Dominique Cerejo 4 : 42 11 `` I Am in Love '' Karthik 4 : 58 12 `` Parda '' Sunidhi Chauhan & Rana Mazumder 5 : 23 13 `` Baburao Mast Hai '' Mika Singh 4 : 49 14 `` Pee Loon '' ( Female ) Tulsi Kumar 2 : 36 15 `` Pee Loon '' ( Remix ) ( Female ) Tulsi Kumar 2 : 37 The song `` Parda '' is a medley containing samples from the following 1970 's Bollywood songs ; `` Duniya Mein Logon Ko '' ( Apna Desh ) , `` Piya Tu Ab To Aaja '' ( Caravan ) . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! Due to the film 's commercial and critical success , a sequel was planned . Akshay Kumar and Imran Khan were roped in as the male leads . The sequel , Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! , features Sonakshi Sinha playing the role of actress Mandakini , whilst Sonali Bendre was also roped in for a role . The film started shooting in August 2012 , whilst the film released on 15 August 2013 , thus avoids clashing with Rohit Shetty directorial Chennai Express , starring Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone , which released one week before the release of OUATIMD . The film was a flop at the box office as it had very slow opening with very low occupancy while Chennai Express was breaking various box office records throughout its release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONCE UPON A TIME IN MUMBAAI ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai Cover Its Costs ? '' . Box Office India . 2 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service ( 45.7 INR per USD ) '' ( PDF ) . UBC Sauder School of Business . University of British Columbia . 2010 . p. 3 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai - Movie '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JHA , SUBHASH K ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` Kangana to play Haji Mastan 's wife '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hit List 2010 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ajay Devgn goes back to being a ' gangster ' '' . Screen India . 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Shah , Kunal M ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Emraan Hashmi has his way '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sonali Bendre returns to films '' . 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Akshay Kumar gives Milan 's dates to Khiladi 786 '' . 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon ... has ticket counters rolling '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Smugglers , cabaret -- 1970s era comes alive in ' Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai ' '' . World Snap. 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review -- ' Once Upon a Time in Mumbai ' '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust.co.in -- SANJU IS HAJI MASTAN ! ! '' . Magnamags.com. 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Masand : ' Once Upon A Time ... ' lacks drama '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WorldSnap News : Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai Movie Review '' . WorldSnap News . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kazmi , Nikhat ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai '' . Times of India . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buy a ticket for Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai . Now ! '' . Rediff . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxofficeindia.com '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers 2010 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme disaster ! '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai First Day Business '' . Box office India . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` On the lower side '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh . `` Below the mark ! '' . Bollywood Hungama . Jump up ^ `` Excellent start ! '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh . `` Rejected ! '' . Bollywood Hungama . Jump up ^ `` Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust.co.in -- StardustAwardWinner2011 '' . Magnamags.com. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust Awards 2011 Nominations '' . Top10bollywood.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of Lions Gold Awards 2010 '' . Pinkvilla . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011 '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Global Indian Music Awards ( GIMA ) 2011 Winners List Bollywood Movies Hindi Movies News Photos Videos Songs Lyrics '' . Hindifilmnews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karuna sherestha signed for Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai sequel '' . Bollywood Hungama. 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Akshay Kumar signs OUATIM 2 '' . Bhangra.org . Jump up ^ `` Ileana to play Mandakini in Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai 2 '' . NDTV Movies . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai : An epic saga '' . The Hans India . 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai . Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai on IMDb Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai at Rotten Tomatoes Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai at Bollywood Hungama India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Balaji Telefilms Key individuals Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor Companies Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Entertainment ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited Film productions Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta 2003 Kucch To Hai Krishna Cottage 2005 Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Koi Aap Sa 2007 Shootout at Lokhandwala 2008 Mission Istanbul C Kkompany EMI -- Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega Love Sex aur Dhokha Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2011 Taryanche Bait Shor in the City Ragini MMS The Dirty Picture 2012 Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 2013 Ek Thi Daayan Shootout at Wadala Lootera Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara ! 2014 Shaadi Ke Side Effects Ragini MMS 2 Main Tera Hero Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi Ek Villain 2016 Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Azhar Udta Punjab Great Grand Masti Flying Jat 2017 Half Girlfriend Super Singh Lipstick Under My Burkha 2018 Veere Di Wedding Laila Majnu 2019 Mental Hai Kya Jabariya Jodi Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare Present TV shows Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 - ) Kundali Bhagya ( 2017 - ) Star Plus Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( 2013 - ) Qayamat Ki Raat ( 2018 - ) Kasautii Zindagii Kay ( 2018 - ) Colors Naagin ( season 3 ) ( 2018 - ) Sony TV Dil Hi Toh Hai ( 2018 - ) Past TV shows Star Plus Chandra Nandni Dhhai Kilo Prem K. 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Kaali Shaktiyon Se Koi Aane Ko Hai Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Naagin ( season 1 ) Naagin ( season 2 ) Parichay - Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai ( season 1 ) Kitani Mohabbat Hai ( season 2 ) Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah : End of Innocence Gumrah ( Season 2 ) Gumrah ( Season 3 ) Gumrah ( Season 4 ) Gumrah ( Season 5 ) V The Serial MTV India Box Cricket League 3 , 2018 MTV Webbed ( season 1 ) MTV Webbed ( season 2 ) Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Star One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kundali Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Hungama TV Kartika Sun TV Kudumbbam Kulaa Villaakku Pasamalargal Kelunga Mamiyare Kanavarukaaha Kasthuri Kanmaneeya Naagini Jaya TV Kalki Films directed by Milan Luthria Kachche Dhaage ( 1999 ) Chori Chori ( 2003 ) Deewaar ( 2004 ) Taxi Number 9211 ( 2006 ) Hattrick ( 2007 ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) The Dirty Picture ( 2011 ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai Dobara ( 2013 ) Baadshaho ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Mumbaai&oldid=865754105 '' Categories : 2010 films Indian films Indian action films Films about organised crime in India Films set in Mumbai 2010s Hindi - language films 2010s action films Indian crime thriller films Films featuring songs by Pritam Hindi - language films based on actual events Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police Indian gangster films Films featuring an item number Balaji Motion Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use Indian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 22 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	once upon a time in mumbaai based on whose story	[ "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai is a 2010 Indian gangster film written by Rajat Arora , directed by Milan Luthria and produced by Ekta Kapoor. It stars Ajay Devgn, Emraan Hashmi, Kangana Ranaut, Prachi Desai[5] and Randeep Hooda. The film is produced under Balaji Motion Pictures and released on 30 July 2010. Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai received generally positive reviews from critics and was a box office success.[6][7][8] The film is loosely based on the lives of Mumbai underworld gangsters Haji Mastan and Dawood Ibrahim.\n", "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai is a 2010 Indian gangster film written by Rajat Arora , directed by Milan Luthria and produced by Ekta Kapoor. It stars Ajay Devgn, Emraan Hashmi, Kangana Ranaut, Prachi Desai[5] and Randeep Hooda. The film is produced under Balaji Motion Pictures and released on 30 July 2010. Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai received generally positive reviews from critics and was a box office success.[6][7][8] The film is loosely based on the lives of Mumbai underworld gangsters Haji Mastan and Dawood Ibrahim.\n" ]	[ "Haji Mastan", "Dawood Ibrahim" ]
-6502561536018638131	Jay Cutler (American football)	Jay Cutler ( American Football ) - wikipedia Jay Cutler ( American Football ) Jay Cutler Cutler with the Chicago Bears in 2015 No. 6 Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1983 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1983 ( age 35 ) Santa Claus , Indiana Height : 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Weight : 231 lb ( 105 kg ) Career information High school : Lincoln City ( IN ) Heritage Hills College : Vanderbilt NFL Draft : 2006 / Round : 1 / Pick : 11 Career history Denver Broncos ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Chicago Bears ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2017 ) Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2008 ) First - team All - SEC ( 2005 ) Career NFL statistics Passing attempts : 4,920 Passing completions : 3,048 Percentage : 62.0 Passing yards : 35,133 TD -- INT : 227 -- 160 Passer rating : 85.3 Player stats at NFL.com Jay Christopher Cutler ( born April 29 , 1983 ) is a former American football quarterback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League . He played college football at Vanderbilt and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft , for whom he played for three seasons . In 2009 , he was traded to the Chicago Bears , where he played for eight seasons . Following the 2016 season , Cutler announced his retirement and his intention to become a sportscaster for NFL on Fox 's television broadcasts . However , following a season - ending injury to Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill in August 2017 , Cutler came out of retirement and signed a one - year deal with the team . Contents 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 Awards and honors 2.2 Records 2.3 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Denver Broncos 3.1. 1 2006 season 3.1. 2 2007 season 3.1. 3 2008 season 3.2 Chicago Bears 3.2. 1 2009 season 3.2. 2 2010 season 3.2. 3 2011 season 3.2. 4 2012 season 3.2. 5 2013 season 3.2. 6 2014 season 3.2. 7 2015 season 3.2. 8 2016 season 3.3 Miami Dolphins 3.4 Statistics 3.5 Awards and honors 3.6 Chicago Bears franchise records 3.7 Denver Broncos franchise records 4 Personal life 4.1 Relationships 4.2 Volunteer work 4.3 In the media 5 References 6 External links Early years Jay Cutler was born in Santa Claus , Indiana , in 1983 . Cutler attended Heritage Hills High School in Lincoln City , Indiana . He started three years at quarterback for the Patriots football team , amassing a combined 26 -- 1 record in his junior and senior years , including a perfect 15 -- 0 during his senior year . Cutler and his team outscored opponents 746 -- 85 , including a 90 -- 0 shutout at Pike Central . During his senior year , Cutler connected on 122 of 202 passes ( 60.4 % ) for 2,252 yards with 31 touchdowns , while rushing 65 times for 493 yards with 11 touchdowns . He also started at safety for three years , intercepting nine passes as a senior , 12th overall in the state . His team 's perfect record during his senior year included the school 's first 3A state championship , where Heritage Hills beat Zionsville in overtime , 27 -- 24 . The most notable play of the game occurred when Cutler lateraled the ball to the halfback , Cole Seifrig , who then passed it to Cutler who ran it into the end zone . Cutler also played strong safety in the state championship and made 19 tackles . Cutler was named a first - team All - State selection by the Associated Press as a senior . In addition to playing football in high school , he was a first - team all - state selection in basketball and garnered honorable mention all - state accolades as a shortstop in baseball . Cutler grew up as a Chicago Bears fan during his youth in Indiana . College career Cutler attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee . He started all 45 career games that he played for the Vanderbilt Commodores football team , the most starts by a quarterback in school history . He did not miss a game in college due to injury . The Commodores were 11 -- 35 during his tenure , including going 5 -- 27 versus the SEC . In 2002 , Cutler set the school record for touchdowns and rushing yards by a freshman and rushed for more yards than any other Southeastern Conference quarterback that year . The Associated Press honored him with a first - team freshman All - SEC selection . In 2004 , as a junior , Cutler completed 61.0 percent of his passes , setting a school record , while throwing for 1,844 yards with 10 touchdowns and a career - low five interceptions . Cutler being sacked by Navy linebacker Jeremy Chase The 2005 season , Cutler 's final year of play at Vanderbilt , was his most successful . As an 11 - game starter , he completed 273 of 462 passes ( 59.1 % ) for 3,073 yards , 21 touchdowns and nine interceptions , as he became the first Commodore to win the SEC Offensive Player of the Year ( coaches and media ) since 1967 . With his senior - season performance , Cutler became the second Commodore to throw for more than 3,000 yards in a season , while his 273 completions and 21 touchdowns ranked second on the school 's single - season list . He led the Commodores to victories over Wake Forest , Arkansas , Ole Miss , Richmond and Tennessee . The Commodores also scored the second most points ever ( 42 ) laid upon the Florida Gators at their current home field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium . Vanderbilt nearly upset the 13th - ranked Gators before falling 49 -- 42 in the second overtime after a controversial excessive celebration call prevented the Commodores from going for 2 at the end of regulation . Reflecting on Cutler 's college career , former Denver Broncos safety John Lynch said , `` If this guy can take a bunch of future doctors and lawyers and have them competing against the Florida Gators , this guy is a stud . '' Cutler ended his career by leading Vanderbilt past Tennessee 28 -- 24 , their first over the Volunteers since 1982 ( the year before Cutler was born ) , and the first in Knoxville since 1975 . Cutler passed for three touchdowns and 315 yards , becoming the first quarterback in school history to record four consecutive 300 - yard passing performances . Cutler 's final play in college was the game - winning ( and streak - ending ) touchdown pass to teammate Earl Bennett against Tennessee . A finalist for the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( nation 's top senior quarterback ) , Cutler was a first - team All - SEC pick by the league 's coaches and led the conference with a school - record 3,288 yards of total offense . While at Vanderbilt , Cutler was a three - year captain and four - year starter , setting school career records for total offense ( 9,953 yards ) , touchdown passes ( 59 ) , passing yards ( 8,697 ) , pass completions ( 710 ) , pass attempts ( 1,242 ) , and combined touchdowns ( 76 ) . Cutler graduated from Vanderbilt in 2005 with a bachelor 's degree in human and organizational development . Awards and honors The Sporting News third - team freshman All - American ( 2002 ) Associated Press first - team freshman All - SEC ( 2002 ) First - team All - SEC ( 2005 ) SEC Offensive Player of the Year ( 2005 ) Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award finalist ( 2005 ) Maxwell Award Semifinalist ( 2005 ) Davey O'Brien Award Finalist ( 2005 ) Manning Award Finalist ( 2005 ) Sammy Baugh Trophy Finalist ( 2005 ) Records Vanderbilt University school career records : Total offense : 9,953 Touchdown passes : 59 Passing yards : 8,697 Pass completions : 710 Pass attempts : 1,242 Combined touchdowns : 76 College statistics Passing Rushing Year Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Sck Eff Att Yds Avg TD 2002 103 212 48.6 1,433 6.8 10 9 17 112.4 123 393 3.2 9 2003 187 327 57.2 2,347 7.2 18 13 16 127.7 115 299 2.6 147 241 61.0 1,844 7.7 10 5 24 134.8 109 349 3.2 6 2005 273 462 59.1 3,073 6.7 21 9 23 126.1 106 215 2.0 Career 710 1242 57.2 8,697 7.0 59 36 80 125.9 453 1256 2.8 17 Professional career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP Wonderlic 6 ft 3 ⁄ in ( 1.91 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 4.77 s 1.61 s 2.79 s 4.31 s 7.12 s 23 reps 26 All values from the NFL Combine Cutler was ranked by many experts as the third - best quarterback prospect in the 2006 NFL Draft , after Matt Leinart of USC and Vince Young of Texas . ESPN 's Chris Mortensen and Ron Jaworski tabbed him as the best quarterback available in the draft , and some scouts believed he had better arm strength than Young and Leinart , and compared him to Brett Favre for his gunslinger attitude . At the 2006 NFL Scouting Combine , Cutler completed 23 repetitions of a 225 - pound bench press ( more than some linemen ) and ran a 40 - yard dash in 4.77 seconds . Cutler was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round with the 11th pick in the draft , acquired from the St. Louis Rams for their 1st and 3rd round picks . Many believed Cutler was chosen by the Broncos due to the lackluster performance in the previous season 's AFC Championship Game of Jake Plummer . After the pick by Denver , Cutler said , `` We had no warning . I think I knew about 15 seconds before everyone else did . '' Cutler , as predicted by most , was the third quarterback chosen , after Young ( 3rd overall ) and Leinart ( 10th ) . He is the third first - round pick to come from Vanderbilt , preceded by Will Wolford and Bill Wade . On July 27 , 2006 , Cutler agreed to terms on a six - year $48 million contract , which included $11 million in bonuses . Denver Broncos 2006 season After a strong training camp in 2006 , Cutler was promoted from third to second on the Broncos ' quarterback depth chart ahead of Bradlee Van Pelt . He passed for more yards than any other rookie in the preseason . On November 27 , head coach Mike Shanahan officially announced that Cutler would replace Jake Plummer as starting quarterback despite a 7 - 4 record because , `` I think he gives us the best chance to win now . '' The controversial decision capped weeks of speculation and rumors about Cutler 's impending promotion to a starting role . Cutler took his first NFL snap on December 3 ( Week 13 ) , and after some initial jitters ( 0 - 3 with sack and fumble ) completed his first touchdown to tight end Stephen Alexander in the second quarter . In the fourth quarter , he threw a memorable 71 - yard touchdown to fellow - rookie Brandon Marshall to tie the game 20 -- 20 . It was one of the longest touchdown passes for a debut in NFL history and was also the second - longest pass play between two rookies in Broncos history . He also had two interceptions and took three sacks in the loss . On December 10 , in a road loss against the San Diego Chargers , Cutler connected with tight end Tony Scheffler for two touchdowns in a span of 48 seconds , which is tied for fastest , in league history that two rookies produced a pair of scoring passes . Cutler 's first win came in his third start on December 17 , which was a 37 -- 20 road victory over the Arizona Cardinals . He finished the game 21 - of - 31 with 261 yards , two touchdowns , an interception and a QB rating of 101.7 , the highest for a Broncos rookie since John Elway in 1983 . One touchdown traveled 65 yards in the air , and was recorded as a 54 - yard touchdown to Javon Walker on the Broncos ' third play of the game . Shanahan said to the media , `` You saw what he could do today . It does n't take a genius out there to figure out this guy is very composed , can make all the throws and plays with a lot of confidence . '' Cutler then led the Broncos to a Christmas Eve win over the Cincinnati Bengals , 24 -- 23 , in his fourth start on the season . He went 12 - of - 23 with 179 yards , two touchdowns and one interception . He also directed the Broncos on a 99 - yard drive in the third quarter that culminated on a Mike Bell two - yard touchdown run . As a result of the two passing touchdowns in the game against the Bengals , Cutler became the first rookie QB in NFL history to throw for at least two touchdowns in each of his first four games played . He also became the second rookie in league history ( fifth player overall ) to throw at least two touchdown passes in each of his first four starts . The Broncos ' quest to clinch a playoff berth came up short in the final game of the season , when they fell at home 26 -- 23 in overtime to the San Francisco 49ers . The loss dropped the Broncos to a 9 -- 7 overall record and 4 -- 4 at home . Despite sustaining a concussion in the first half , Cutler finished 21 of 32 with 230 yards and a touchdown , and led Denver on a game - tying touchdown drive in the closing minutes of regulation to force overtime . In five games played on the season , Cutler finished with a record of 2 -- 3 , and went 81 - of - 137 for 1,001 yards , 9 touchdowns , and 5 interceptions , earning a franchise rookie record passer rating of 88.5 . He posted the second - highest touchdown percentage ( 6.6 ) and third - highest TD - to - INT ratio ( 1.8 ) among NFL rookies since 1970 with at least 125 passing attempts . 2007 season Cutler preparing for the Titans in a 2007 MNF game . The 2007 NFL season marked Cutler 's first full season as the starting quarterback of the Denver Broncos . In the first game of the season against the Buffalo Bills , Cutler led Denver to a comeback win on a 12 - play , 42 - yard drive culminating in a Jason Elam 42 - yard field goal as time expired . Cutler 's pass attempts ( 39 ) , completions ( 23 ) , and yards ( 304 ) for the game were career - highs at the time . He led Denver to their second straight comeback win the next week in the home opener against the Oakland Raiders . Late in regulation , Cutler moved the team 78 yards in 15 plays for the game - tying field goal with 2 : 18 remaining . The game went into overtime , where he engineered a 52 - yard drive that led to another game - winning field goal by Elam . Cutler had a touchdown pass during the game , making him the first Broncos passer to begin his Broncos career with at least one touchdown pass in his first seven starts . The streak reached nine games through losses to Jacksonville and at Indianapolis ( which featured his first career rushing touchdown ) , but ended with a 41 -- 3 home loss to the San Diego Chargers in the fifth game of the season . After the bye week in Week 6 , the 2 - 3 Broncos beat the 4 -- 1 Pittsburgh Steelers , 31 -- 28 ( all three wins on last - second Elam field goals ) . Cutler had a QB rating of 106.7 , and career highs of 75.9 % passes completed , three touchdowns , 41 rushing yards and a long run of 31 yards , earning NBC Sunday Night Football 's Horse Trailer Player of the Game ( with Elam ) . Cutler finally had an interception - free game in his 12th start against the 6 -- 1 Green Bay Packers , in which he drove 89 - yards for a game - tying field goal in the last 2 : 27 of regulation , before losing in overtime , 19 -- 13 , on Green Bay 's first play from scrimmage . In week 8 , Cutler had just four attempts against the Detroit Lions before leaving with a leg injury ; backup Patrick Ramsey floundered in a 44 -- 7 loss . Cutler returned the next week in a 27 -- 11 victory at Kansas City . In Week 10 , the 4 - 5 Broncos faced the 6 - 3 Tennessee Titans ( and fellow 2006 draftee Vince Young for the first time ) in a MNF Game . Cutler posted a career - second - best 137.0 passer rating in a 34 -- 20 victory . He was the first Broncos quarterback since Elway in 1995 to throw two 40 + yard touchdowns in a game ( of the team 's franchise - record four 40 + yard touchdowns that night ) , and the 5 -- 5 Broncos moved into a tie with San Diego atop the AFC West . However , the Broncos won only one of the next five games , a 41 -- 7 Chiefs blowout . In that game , Cutler passed for four touchdowns and a then - career - best rating of 141.0 . But that bright spot came between two pairs of losses ; in the four games Cutler had five interceptions , took 12 sacks , twice had a rating under 50.0 , and culminated in 23 - 3 loss to San Diego that eliminated the Broncos from the playoffs . Cutler salvaged a 7 - 9 record with a 22 - 19 overtime win over Minnesota , eliminating them as well . Denver missed the playoffs for a second straight year . Cutler started all 16 games , completing 297 - of - 467 passes ( 63.6 % ) for 3,497 yards , 20 touchdowns and 14 interceptions . He was the NFL 's 12th - ranked passer ( 88.1 ) and also had the tenth-most passing yards ( 3,497 ) . Furthermore , Cutler was the league 's ninth - best third - down passer , with a 92.1 passer rating ( 73 - of - 125 for 901 yards , eight touchdowns , and three interceptions ) . It was the seventh most passing yards in Broncos history , and third - best completion percentage . Like his predecessor Plummer , Cutler showed mobility with 44 rushes for 205 yards ( 4.7 yards per carry ) and a touchdown on the season . In late 2007 , various experts suggested Cutler was the young quarterback most likely to reach the elite status along the lines of Peyton Manning and Tom Brady . Cutler , Brandon Marshall and Tony Scheffler went to Atlanta together to train and work on timing for the 2008 season . 2008 season Before the 2008 regular season began , Cutler and tight end Daniel Graham were voted offensive captains by Broncos teammates . Cutler started the season with a 41 - 14 Monday Night Football victory over Oakland . He completed 16 - of - 24 passes for 300 yards and two touchdowns , and had the league 's second - highest passer rating ( 137.5 ) . The next week , Cutler and the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in Denver , 39 -- 38 . Cutler went 36 - of - 50 , with 350 yards passing and a career - best - tying four touchdowns , including one to Eddie Royal on 4th and Goal with 0 : 24 left , followed by a game - winning two - point conversion again to Royal . This occurred one play after Cutler fumbled , but an inadvertent whistle by referee Ed Hochuli before the Chargers recovered gave the Broncos the ball back . In Week 3 , Cutler had 264 yards and two touchdowns in a 34 - 22 home win over New Orleans . Cutler threw two interceptions for the first time in the Broncos first defeat , 33 -- 19 at Kansas City . Despite this , he finished September first in the AFC in completions ( 102 ) , passing yards ( 1,275 ) , and attempts ( 157 ) , second in yards per attempt ( 8.12 ) , third in passing touchdowns ( 9 ) and quarterback rating ( 98.6 ) , and fifth in completion percentage ( 65.0 % ) , winning AFC Offensive Player of the Month honors for the first time in his career . Cutler with the Denver Broncos in 2008 The Broncos edged Tampa Bay 16 -- 13 behind Cutler 's 23 - of - 34 performance with 227 yards , one touchdown and no interceptions . The Broncos were 4 -- 1 and leading AFC West . But then followed a 24 - 7 loss to Jacksonville Jaguars , where Cutler passed for just 192 yards , two touchdowns and one interception . Next , Cutler injured his index finger on the first play of a 41 - 7 drubbing at New England ; he ended the night with 168 yards and two interceptions . After a bye week , the Broncos suffered their third straight defeat , 26 - 17 to Miami , behind Cutler 's 24 - of - 46 passing for 307 yards , two touchdowns and season - high three interceptions . During the 1 - 4 skid , Cutler had all seven of the Broncos touchdowns . In game 9 , the Broncos found themselves down 23 - 10 at Cleveland , but in the 4th quarter Cutler threw a career - long 93 - yard touchdown to Eddie Royal , followed by a touchdown passes to Daniel Graham and the game - winner to Brandon Marshall with 1 : 14 left . Cutler finished the game going 24 - of - 42 with 447 yards ( career - high ) , three touchdowns and one interception , and received AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the first time in his career . The next week , Cutler threw another late 4th quarter touchdown to Daniel Graham for a 24 - 20 win at Atlanta . In game 11 , Cutler 's streak of games with a touchdown ended at 11 as he went 16 - of - 37 for 204 yards and an interception in a 31 - 10 loss to Oakland . He did , however , reach 3,000 yards on the season , tying John Elway by reaching this mark in 11 games . In a windy game 12 at the New York Jets , Cutler went 27 - of - 43 with 357 yards , two touchdowns and one interception in the 34 -- 17 victory . The 7 - 5 Broncos had a 3 - game road win streak , 3 game home loss streak , and 3 game lead on San Diego ( who had their own 3 game loss streak ) with four games remaining . Cutler began December completing a season high 80 % of his 40 passes for 286 yards , two touchdowns , and one interception in a 24 - 17 win over the Chiefs . The win came via a 95 - yard drive and go - ahead touchdown pass to Brandon Marshall for Cutler 's fourth rally of the season . However , Cutler was just 21 - of - 33 with 172 yards , one touchdown , and one interception in a 20 - 30 loss at Carolina , and despite 359 yards and 2 rushing touchdowns , had no passing touchdowns and one interception in a 30 - 23 loss to Buffalo . This set up a winner - takes - the - division season finale against the San Diego Chargers . Cutler went 33 - of - 49 with 316 yards , one touchdown , and two interceptions , but it was n't enough to counteract the Chargers seven touchdowns and Denver lost 52 -- 21 , failing to reach the playoffs for the third straight season . Cutler finished the season with career - highs in passing completions ( 384 ) , passing attempts ( 616 ) , passing yards ( 4,526 ) , passing touchdowns ( 25 ) , interceptions ( 18 ) , rushing attempts ( 57 ) and rushing touchdowns ( 2 ) . At the time , his passing yards , completions and attempts were all single - season franchise records for the Broncos . He also had the most 300 - yard passing games ( 8 ) in team history . For the season , Cutler ranked third in the NFL in completions ( first in the AFC ) , second in passing attempts ( first in the AFC ) , third in passing yards ( first in the AFC ) and seventh in passing touchdowns ( third in the AFC ) . He was selected as the FedEx Air Player of the Week for his performances during Weeks 10 , 13 and 14 . He finished third in fan voting for AFC quarterbacks in the 2009 Pro Bowl , and was officially selected as a reserve . Before the game in Hawaii , fellow Pro Bowlers Peyton Manning , Nick Mangold , and Kris Dielman threw him into a pool , ruining his blood sugar monitor . A replacement one was found at a drugstore , and Cutler played without incident . Chicago Bears 2009 season Cutler points out the mike linebacker during training camp , 2009 After the 2008 season , coach Shanahan was fired and replaced by the Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels . On February 28 , 2009 , ESPN reported that the Broncos were listening to trade offers for Cutler , a possibility he found upsetting . McDaniels denied interest in trades , but Cutler did not believe him . On March 15 , Cutler listed his Colorado home for sale , and confirmed that he had officially asked the Broncos to trade him . On March 31 , Broncos owner Pat Bowlen announced that the team would accommodate his request , and three days later Cutler was indeed traded with the Broncos ' 2009 fifth - round draft pick to the Chicago Bears for quarterback Kyle Orton , the Bears ' first - and third - round selections in 2009 , and first - round pick in 2010 . On October 20 , Cutler and the Bears came to terms on a two - year contract extension worth $30 million , running through 2013 . Cutler passes in a game against the San Francisco 49ers Cutler was the subject of most of the praise and criticism during the Chicago Bears ' mercurial season . He began the season with 4 INTs in a loss to Green Bay , followed by seven touchdowns to one interception in three straight wins with a 100 + QB Rating . The Bears lost eight of the next ten games behind Cutler 's 11 touchdowns vs NFL - leading 20 interceptions . This included a Game 9 loss to San Francisco where Cutler threw a career - high five interceptions and no touchdowns , and Game 14 loss at Baltimore where Cutler had career - worsts of 94 yards and a passer rating of 7.9 . But Cutler again reversed direction in Game 15 against Brett Favre 's division rival Vikings , where he threw four touchdowns , including a go - ahead late in the 4th quarter , and 31 - yard game - winner in overtime . He earned Offensive Player of the Week for his effort against the Vikings . He then ended the season with another four - touchdown outing and win over Detroit . Cutler finished the season with 27 touchdowns , league - leading 26 interceptions , 3,666 yards passing , and career - worst passer rating of 76.8 . 2010 season The Bears hired Mike Martz ( famed for developing the St. Louis Rams ' `` Greatest Show on Turf '' ) as offensive coordinator . Though Martz had been critical of Cutler as an analyst , both professed excitement about working together . Cutler led the Bears to a 3 -- 0 start , throwing six touchdowns and only two interceptions . However , in week 4 , Cutler was sacked nine times in the first half against the New York Giants , missing the rest of that game and the next with a concussion . He returned to six sacks in a loss to Seattle and 4 interceptions in a loss to Washington , leaving the Bears at 4 -- 3 at their bye week . Cutler in 2010 Martz retooled the offensive line and showed more commitment to the running game , allowing Cutler to escape the next three games with just six sacks total . He won those three , followed by then - career - bests of four touchdowns and rating of 146.2 in a win over the 7 -- 3 Eagles ( winning NFC Player of the Week ) , and an 80.8 % completion percentage in a win over Detroit . After a 152 - yard , no touchdown , two interception loss to New England , Cutler won back - to - back games with three touchdowns , one interception , and 100 + ratings in each , before dropping the season finale to Green Bay . The Bears finished with an 11 -- 5 record , an NFC North title , and a first - round bye . Despite taking a league - leading 52 sacks , Cutler finished the season with 3,274 passing yards , 23 touchdowns , 16 interceptions , 232 rushing yards , and 4 comeback victories . Cutler on January 2 , 2011 against the Green Bay Packers . In Cutler 's playoff debut against the Seattle Seahawks , he had 274 passing yards , two passing touchdowns , 43 rushing yards , and two rushing touchdowns in the Bears 35 -- 24 win , making him the second quarterback in NFL history since Otto Graham in 1954 and 1955 to score two touchdown passes and two touchdown runs in a playoff game . In the NFC Championship Game , Cutler completed 6 - of - 14 passes for 80 yards and an interception , before a knee injury sidelined him early in the third quarter of a 21 -- 14 loss to Green Bay . The Bears did not make an immediate announcement about Cutler 's condition , allowing speculation to grow . In possibly the NFL 's first player - on - player social media attack , Cutler was being criticized seconds after the injury by Maurice Jones - Drew , Darnell Dockett , Deion Sanders , and Mark Schlereth . Bears coach Lovie Smith later clarified that he , and not Cutler , made the decision after consulting the medical and training staff . The following day , an MRI revealed Cutler had sprained his MCL . Hall of Fame quarterback Troy Aikman commented that the widespread reaction reflected hostility towards Cutler 's career - long polarizing attitude . Bears teammates defended Cutler , and his critics themselves became the targets of insults from other players , including Packers Aaron Rodgers ( `` disrespectful '' ) , LeRoy Butler ( `` stupid '' ) , and B.J. Raji ( `` pretty wrong and a lot times it has a lot to do with jealousy '' ) . 2011 season Throughout 2011 , offensive coordinator Mike Martz was commonly criticized for aggressive play - calling in a pass - happy offense , leading to unnecessary wear on a quarterback returning from injury . In the season opener against the Atlanta Falcons , Cutler started the season off on a good note with 312 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception in the 30 -- 12 win . In Week 2 against the New Orleans Saints , Cutler was sacked 6 times and kicked in the throat . During Week 6 , Cutler was caught on microphone asking a player to go to Martz on the sideline , and `` tell him I said fuck him ! '' Despite these incidents , by Week 10 , Cutler had a middle - of - the - pack QB rating of 85.7 ( 12th in the league ) and the Bears were 6 -- 3 . However , on November 20 , Cutler broke the thumb on his throwing hand tackling San Diego 's Antoine Cason after an interception . He played through the final drive for the win , but the injury required season - ending surgery . Under backups Caleb Hanie and Josh McCown , the Bears lost six of their remaining seven games , and missed the playoffs . Overall , in his shortened 2011 season , Cutler had 2,319 passing yards , 13 touchdowns , and seven interceptions . 2012 season Before the season , the Bears replaced Martz with Mike Tice , hired Cutler 's former coach Jeremy Bates from the Broncos , and acquired his former teammate , wide receiver Brandon Marshall from the Miami Dolphins . Unlike Martz , Tice allowed Cutler to call audibles at the line of scrimmage . Cutler talking to Brandon Marshall at Bears Training Camp in 2012 Cutler started his season by throwing an interception returned for a touchdown by the Colts ' Jerrell Freeman . He bounced back from a miserable 1st quarter ( passer rating 4.9 ) to finish the game 21 - of - 35 for 333 yards , two touchdowns , and a 98.9 passer rating , in a 41 -- 21 victory . In a frustrating week 2 , Cutler was sacked 7 times and threw 4 interceptions against Green Bay , yelling at his porous offensive line and bumping left tackle J'Marcus Webb on his way to a 28.2 passer rating in a 23 -- 10 loss . The line responded by surrendering just 5 sacks in the next three games , all wins , the second a 34 - 18 win over Dallas where Cutler was 18 of 24 for 275 yards , two touchdowns , no interceptions , and the third - best passer rating of his career ( 140.1 ) . After unspectacular performances in close wins over Detroit and Carolina , Cutler had three touchdowns and no interceptions with a rating of 138.1 in a 51 -- 20 blowout of Tennessee , bringing the Bears to 7 -- 1 on the season , and Cutler 's personal record in games with a 100 + QB rating to 25 -- 0 . In Week 10 against the Houston Texans , Cutler joined Michael Vick and Alex Smith as the third NFL quarterback out with a concussion that day . His replacement Jason Campbell lost that game and the next . Cutler returned for a Week 12 win over the Minnesota Vikings . Despite a 119.6 passer rating against the Seattle Seahawks in week 13 , the Bears lost in overtime , which was followed by two close losses to Minnesota and Green Bay . Cutler finished the season with two solid performances in easy wins over the Cardinals and Lions . Despite a 10 -- 6 record , the Bears missed the playoffs . Cutler again finished the season in the top 5 for times sacked , but nevertheless lead the league in fourth - quarter passer rating with 114.7 . In just four seasons , he was already the Bears all - time team leader in passer rating ( 81.9 ) and completions ( 1,034 ) , and second in yards ( 12,292 ) , touchdowns ( 82 ) , and completion percentage ( 59.6 % ) . His reunion with Brandon Marshall led to franchise records of 118 receptions for 1,508 yards , and the 7th - year receiver 's first All - Pro selection . 2013 season New head coach Marc Trestman developed a successful strategy to better protect his quarterback , and in the first six games Cutler was sacked only 9 times compared to 23 , 19 , and 19 in the previous three seasons . Under the new scheme , Cutler began the season with three consecutive games with a 90 + passer rating for the first time since 2009 . In each of those wins , he threw touchdowns in the 4th quarter , including game - winners in week 1 against Cincinnati and week 2 against Minnesota . He threw three interceptions in a week 4 loss to Detroit . In week five , Cutler was sacked three times and fumbled in the first 16 minutes of the game , then rebounded for 358 yards , two touchdowns , and a season - high 128.1 passer rating in defeat . He threw 2 touchdowns in a Week 6 win over the New York Giants . Through the first six games , he had a career best 95.2 passer rating , five multiple touchdown games , and a franchise - record 1,630 passing yards . However , against the Washington Redskins the following week , his 100th career start , Cutler tore a groin muscle when sacked by Chris Baker , breaking Jim Harbaugh 's franchise record for most times sacked . Josh McCown was solid in relief , barely losing that Redskins game in a 45 -- 41 shootout , and after the bye - week tossing two touchdowns in a 27 -- 21 win at Green Bay . Cutler was medically cleared to return early for the week 10 game against Detroit , where he had 250 yards , one touchdown , and one interception before a hit from Stephen Tulloch in the second quarter finally drove him from the game on the Bears last drive . McCown drove 74 yards in 90 seconds for a touchdown , but the two - point conversion failed and the Bears lost 21 -- 19 . Cutler missed the next four games with his injury and McCown played well in his absence , leading to some controversy when Cutler was reinstated as the starting QB in Week 15 . Cutler threw two interceptions in the first half against the Cleveland Browns , one returned for a touchdown , but ended with a 102.2 passer rating and three touchdowns . In the next week 's 54 -- 11 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles , Cutler ended up with 14,687 career passing yards for the Bears , one more than Sid Luckman 's franchise record . The season finale was a winner - takes - the - division matchup at home against Green Bay . Despite Cutler 's 15 - of - 24 passing for 226 yards , two touchdowns , and one interception for a 103.8 passer rating , the Bears lost 33 -- 28 on a last - minute Hail Mary , missing the playoffs with an 8 -- 8 record . Cutler ended the season completing 224 of 355 passes for 2,621 yards , 19 touchdowns , 12 interceptions , and a career - high 89.2 passer rating . On January 2 , 2014 , Cutler signed a seven - year deal , keeping him with the Bears through the 2020 NFL season . 2014 season Marc Trestman looks on as Cutler practices in 2014 . Cutler and the Bears struggled to a 5 -- 11 record in Trestman 's second year as head coach . The Bears opened the season with an overtime loss to the Buffalo Bills , in which Cutler threw two touchdowns and interceptions for 349 yards . The next week , the team overcame a 17 - point deficit behind Cutler 's four touchdown passes to defeat the San Francisco 49ers . The next week , he led the Bears to a 27 -- 19 victory against the New York Jets , tallying 225 passing yards , two touchdowns and no interceptions . In both weeks 4 and 5 , Cutler threw two touchdowns and two interceptions in defeats to the Packers and Panthers . In week 6 , Cutler recorded a career - high 381 passing yards , defeating Atlanta 27 -- 13 . Cutler recorded just 190 yards in a loss to Miami , then threw three touchdowns but suffered a lopsided 51 -- 23 defeat to the New England Patriots , and threw two interceptions in an even worse 55 -- 14 loss to the Packers . The 3 -- 6 Bears drew criticism from former Bears linebacker Brian Urlacher , who suggested that Phil Emery should n't have re-signed Cutler . `` Financially , he is one of the elite guys in the NFL ... He just has n't produced like an elite quarterback . '' Cutler and the Bears rebounded with two consecutive wins . He threw three touchdowns , two interceptions , and 330 yards against the Vikings , and 130 yards and one passing touchdown against Tampa Bay . That would be the last win of the season . Cutler started the Thanksgiving Day game against Detroit with two passing touchdowns , but the Bears stumbled for the remainder of the game en route to 34 -- 17 loss . He finished the game with two touchdowns , two interceptions , and 280 yards . The Bears suffered their eighth loss of the season to the Dallas Cowboys , in which Cutler threw 341 yards , two touchdowns and one interception , mathematically eliminating the Bears from the playoffs . Under criticism , offensive coordinator Aaron Kromer partially blamed Cutler 's audibles and impromptu play calling for the poor record , but later apologized to Cutler and the Bears organization in a press conference . The next week , Cutler threw two touchdowns , three interceptions , and just 194 yards for a season - low 55.8 passer rating in a loss to the Saints . Trestman demoted Cutler in favor of Jimmy Clausen , but Cutler returned when Clausen suffered a concussion in the loss to Detroit . In the Bears ' season finale against the Vikings , Cutler completed 23 of 36 passes for 172 yards , and a 63 passer rating in the loss . He accrued 3,812 passing yards , a career - high 28 passing touchdowns , but led the NFL with 18 interceptions . 2015 season The Bears hired John Fox as their new head coach on January 19 . Both Fox and GM Ryan Pace were initially lukewarm on Cutler , but reluctantly decided to keep Cutler as the starter . Tight end Martellus Bennett indicated his teammates were similarly unenthusiastic . Cutler began the season with a lackluster 225 yards in a loss to Green Bay , tossing a last - minute touchdown to Bennett to bring his rating up to 67.5 . He began Week 2 against the Cardinals with 8 straight completions , but then threw an interception and injured his hamstring failing to stop safety Tony Jefferson from returning it for a touchdown . Without Cutler , the Bears lost 48 - 23 to the Cardinals , and were shutout 26 -- 0 in Week 3 at Seattle . Cutler returned against Oakland , throwing two first half touchdowns , and drove 48 yards in the last 2 : 05 to set - up a game - winning field goal . In Week 5 , Cutler threw two touchdowns in the final 3 : 05 for a dramatic 18 -- 17 victory over the Chiefs and a tie of Jim McMahon 's record for the most wins in team history . In Week 6 , Cutler was just short of a third consecutive comeback : despite a season - best 353 yards , a 4th quarter touchdown and 2 - point conversion , followed by a 69 - yard drive in 17 seconds for a game - tying field goal , the Bears lost in overtime to the Lions . After the bye , in Week 8 Cutler again scored a go - ahead touchdown late in the 4th quarter , but the Vikings rallied for two late scores and a 23 -- 20 win . In Week 9 against San Diego , Cutler threw yet another late 4th quarter touchdown , which both won the game 22 -- 19 , and set the Bears franchise record ( 139 ) . In Week 10 , Cutler had a stellar performance in a 37 -- 13 win St. Louis , going 19 - for - 24 for 258 yards , three touchdowns ( two of them for 80 + yards for the only time in franchise history ) and no interceptions ; his 151.0 passer rating was a career - best , and the best by a Bears QB since 1980 . That would be the season high - point for both the 4 -- 5 Bears and Cutler . The Bears went 2 -- 5 the rest of the season , four of the losses by less than 7 points . Cutler had three unremarkable games in narrow losses to Denver and San Francisco and a narrow win at Green Bay . In Week 14 , Cutler threw for 315 yards and two touchdowns against Washington , including a 50 - yard completion with two minutes remaining , but Robbie Gould missed the game - tying field goal for a 24 -- 21 loss . The next week , Cutler was sacked five times and threw an interception in a 38 -- 17 loss to Minnesota , then had just 156 yards but a 100.2 passer rating in a win over Tampa Bay . In the season finale against Detroit , Cutler had two touchdowns , but three interceptions including one deep in Lions territory at the 2 minute warning to seal the 24 -- 20 loss . Despite his receiving unit being plagued by injuries , Cutler had one of his best seasons as he ended 2015 with 3,629 passing yards , 21 touchdowns , 11 interceptions , and career highs in passer rating ( 92.3 ) and completion percentage ( 64.4 ) . The 11 interceptions were the lowest in his career and resulted in an interception percentage of 2.3 , the lowest in a season when he has started at least 12 games , while 21 touchdowns were his second-most since 2011 and the 3,629 yards were the third-most in his career . On third down , Cutler had a 103.2 passer rating ( fourth in the NFL ) after completing 91 of 141 passes for 1,242 yards , seven touchdowns and two interceptions . 2016 season With Adam Gase 's departure to become the head coach of the Miami Dolphins , Dowell Loggains became the Bears ' offensive coordinator . In Cutler 's first two games , he was sacked 8 times and had two interceptions in losses to the Houston Texans ( where he injured his right thumb but completed the game ) , and Philadelphia Eagles ( where he re-aggravated his injury and was replaced by Brian Hoyer ) . He missed the next five games before making his return against the Vikings , where he completed 20 of 31 passes for 252 yards , a touchdown and a 100.5 passer rating en route to a 20 -- 10 victory . Zach Miller praised Cutler 's performance in his return , even adding that he delivered a half - time speech to motivate his teammates . Cutler fumbled and threw two interceptions ( including a pick - 6 ) in a loss to Tampa Bay . Cutler sustained a labrum injury in his throwing shoulder on November 20 , 2016 in a loss to the Giants , and missed the rest of the season . In his five games in 2016 , Cutler recorded 1,059 passing yards , four touchdowns , five interceptions , and a 78.1 passer rating . On March 9 , 2017 , Cutler was released by the Bears through a $2 million buyout clause , after the guaranteed years in his seven - year contract had run out . After Cutler 's lackluster performances and injuries , the move had been expected for months , as the Bears had decided to award a $45 million contract to Mike Glennon . In May 2017 , Cutler announced his retirement from professional football and was hired by FOX Sports to be a commentator . Miami Dolphins On August 3 , 2017 , Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill suffered a season - ending injury , and the team reached out to the retired Cutler . On August 7 , Cutler signed a one - year , $10 million contract with the Dolphins , reuniting him with former Bears offensive coordinator Adam Gase , who had been hired as Miami 's head coach in 2016 . In Week 2 , the Dolphins won their first game against the Los Angeles Chargers , 19 -- 17 . Cutler was 24 - of - 33 for 230 yards with a touchdown to wide receiver Kenny Stills in the road victory . In a Week 7 game against the New York Jets , Cutler suffered multiple cracked ribs . He was replaced by Matt Moore during the game and was ruled out for the following week 's game against the Baltimore Ravens . He returned in Week 9 to face the Oakland Raiders on Sunday Night Football . In the 27 -- 24 loss , he was very efficient going 34 - of - 42 for 311 yards and a touchdown . In the Week 11 game , Cutler suffered a concussion , which caused him to miss the team 's next game . Cutler had his best performance of the year in a Monday Night Football game against New England where he outplayed Tom Brady and the Dolphins upset the Patriots . Cutler threw three touchdowns in the win . On December 27 , he said he would probably only continue his NFL career if he can be a starter , stating `` I would n't want to move again or go somewhere just to back up . '' He started 14 games and finished with 2,666 passing yards , 19 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions for the Dolphins in the 2017 season . The Dolphins did not make the playoffs and Cutler went 6 - 8 as a starter . Many teammates , including Kenny Stills , praised Cutler during the season . `` I love the guy , '' Stills said . `` He 's a good man . People in other places have kind of given him a hard time . I got to know him as a man and as a player and I appreciate him . I like him . I 'm thankful for the experience of playing with him , catching some balls from him . '' Statistics Led the league Bold Career high General Passing Rushing Season Team GP GS W -- L Cmp Att Cmp % Yards Y / A Y / G TDs Ints Rtg Sk Att Yards Y / A Y / G TDs Fumbs 2006 Denver 5 5 2 -- 3 81 137 59.1 % 1,001 7.3 200.2 9 5 88.5 13 12 18 1.5 3.6 0 8 2007 Denver 16 16 7 -- 9 297 467 63.6 % 3,497 7.5 218.6 20 14 88.1 27 44 205 4.7 12.8 11 2008 Denver 16 16 8 -- 8 384 616 62.3 % 4,526 7.3 282.9 25 18 86.0 11 57 200 3.5 12.5 5 2009 Chicago 16 16 7 -- 9 336 555 60.5 % 3,666 6.6 229.1 27 26 76.8 35 40 173 4.3 10.8 9 Chicago 15 15 10 -- 5 261 432 60.4 % 3,274 7.6 218.3 23 16 86.3 52 50 232 4.6 15.5 10 2011 Chicago 10 10 7 -- 3 182 314 58.0 % 2,319 7.4 231.9 13 7 85.7 23 18 55 3.1 5.5 7 2012 Chicago 15 15 10 -- 5 255 434 58.8 % 3,033 7.0 202.2 19 14 81.3 38 41 233 5.7 15.5 0 8 2013 Chicago 11 11 5 -- 6 224 355 63.1 % 2,621 7.4 238.3 19 12 89.2 19 23 118 5.1 10.7 0 5 2014 Chicago 15 15 5 -- 10 370 561 66.0 % 3,812 6.8 254.1 28 18 88.6 38 39 191 4.9 12.7 12 2015 Chicago 15 15 6 -- 9 311 483 64.4 % 3,659 7.6 243.9 21 11 92.3 29 38 201 5.3 13.4 8 2016 Chicago 5 5 1 -- 4 81 137 59.1 % 1,059 7.7 211.8 5 78.1 17 5 24 4.8 4.8 0 6 2017 Miami 14 14 6 -- 8 266 429 62.0 % 2,666 6.2 190.4 19 14 80.8 20 15 25 1.7 2.3 0 6 Career 153 153 74 -- 79 3,048 4,920 62.0 % 35,133 7.1 229.6 227 160 85.3 322 382 1,675 4.4 11.1 9 95 Awards and honors Pro Bowl ( 2008 ) AFC passing yards leader ( 2008 ) AFC Offensive Player of the Month ( September 2008 ) AFC Offensive Player of the Week -- Week 10 ( 2008 ) NFC Offensive Player of the Week -- Week 16 ( 2009 ) FedEx Air Player of the Week -- Week 16 ( 2009 ) Chicago Bears franchise records As of 2017 's NFL off - season , Jay Cutler held at least 14 Bears franchise records , including : Completions : career ( 2,020 ) , season ( 370 in 2014 ) Pass Attempts : career ( 3,271 ) , season ( 561 in 2014 ) Passing Yards : career ( 23,443 ) Passing TDs : career ( 154 ) , playoff game ( 2 on 2011 - 01 - 16 SEA ; with 3 others ) Passer Rating ( Minimum 10 starts ) : career ( 85.2 ) Sacked : career ( 251 ) , season ( 52 in 2010 ) , game ( 9 on 2010 - 10 - 03 @ NYG ; with 2 others ) Pass Yds / Game : career ( 229.8 ) 300 + yard passing games : career ( 16 ) , season ( 4 in 2014 ; with Brian Hoyer ) Other franchise records ( As of 2017 ) Highest Completion Percentage in a Single Season : 66.0 % ( 2014 ) ( 15 starts ) Highest Career Completion Percentage : 61.8 % ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Most 4th Quarter Comeback Wins in a Single Season : 4 ( 2010 and 2015 ) Most Career 4th Quarter Comeback Wins : 16 ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Most Game Winning Drives in a Single Season : 4 ( 2009 and 2010 and 2015 ) ( tied with Bill Wade and Bob Avellini ) Most Career Game Winning Drives : 18 ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Most Wins : 51 ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Denver Broncos franchise records Highest rookie season passer rating : 88.5 in 2006 ( As of 2017 ) Personal life Cutler ( # 6 , top row , far right ) with teammates and soldiers at Buckley Air Force Base in 2006 . Relationships Cutler began dating reality television star Kristin Cavallari in Fall 2010 and became engaged to her in April 2011 . They called off the engagement in July 2011 , but subsequently confirmed their reconciliation that November . Cutler and Cavallari married on June 7 , 2013 in Nashville , Tennessee . They have two sons and one daughter : Camden Jack ( born August 8 , 2012 ) , Jaxon Wyatt ( born May 7 , 2014 ) , and Saylor James ( November 23 , 2015 ) . Despite the birth of his first son coming the day before the Bears played their preseason opener against the Denver Broncos , Cutler dressed for the game , though he did not play . Volunteer work Cutler does volunteer work for young people with developmental disabilities through Vanderbilt 's `` Best Buddies '' program . During the 2007 offseason , Cutler started the Jay Cutler Foundation , which partnered with Mile High United Way 's Youth Success Initiative to help at - risk youth overcome obstacles and graduate from high school . On May 1 , 2008 , Cutler announced that he had been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes and needs daily insulin shots . He is responding well with the insulin treatments . Cutler works with Dedicated to Diabetes , which is a Denver - based organization that aims to improve public knowledge about diabetes . For the 2009 season , Cutler teamed up with Eli Lilly and Company in a campaign called `` Touchdowns For Diabetes '' . For every touchdown pass Cutler threw during the 2009 season , Lilly sent a child to diabetes camp by donating $1,000 to the ADA 's `` Camp Scholarship '' fund -- roughly the cost of providing tuition for one child to attend a week of diabetes camp . For every pass Cutler completed in 2009 , Lilly donated $100 to the ADA Camp Scholarship fund to allow even more kids the chance to attend camp the following summer . In 2012 , Cutler visited Perspectives Charter School in Chicago , and talked about diabetes awareness . In the media An animated representation of Cutler briefly appeared in the South Park episode , `` Guitar Queer - O . '' The show is set in Colorado , and the characters are avid Broncos fans . Two characters , Stan and Kyle , meet Cutler and say , `` Nice to meet you . I mean , you kinda suck , but my dad says you might be good some day . '' Cutler himself later responded to the episode , saying , `` It was cool . I thought it was funny . They can make fun of me if they want to . '' Cutler , along with former Broncos tight end Tony Scheffler and former Broncos backup quarterback Preston Parsons , took part in an episode of Oprah 's Big Give filmed in Denver in 2007 . The episode aired on ABC on March 9 , 2008 . In 2011 , after the Bears lost five straight games while Cutler was out with a thumb injury , Chicago recording artist Magic 1 recorded `` Cutty Come Back '' , a parody of the song `` Baby Come Back '' . An internet meme , called `` Smokin ' Jay Cutler '' , portrays pictures of Cutler in an apathetic state with a cigarette photoshopped into his mouth . Cutler commented he is aware of the meme and `` gets a kick out of that '' . Aaron Rodgers of the Green Bay Packers performed a smoking gesture to reference the meme during a 38 -- 14 win over the Bears in 2014 . In 2013 Cutler played himself in an episode of the comedy show The League , alongside his wife , Kristin Cavallari , who appeared in one other episode of the show . Cutler supported Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney in 2012 and then - Presidential Candidate Donald Trump in 2016 . References Jump up ^ Forde , Pat ( 2006 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Christmas in April for Cutler '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` -- Official Website Of The Denver Broncos '' . Denverbroncos.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Indiana high school finals '' . IHSAA . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IHSAA State Box '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Drehs : Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler is feeling the love -- ESPN Chicago '' . Sports.espn.go.com . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler College Stats '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderbilt Commodores Football Record By Year '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Offensive Player of the Year Winners '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderbilt at Wake Forest Box Score , September 1 , 2005 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderbilt at Arkansas Box Score , September 10 , 2005 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ole Miss at Vanderbilt Box Score , September 17 , 2005 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderbilt at Tennessee Box Score , November 19 , 2005 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderbilt at Florida Box Score , November 5 , 2005 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Judy Battista ( December 31 , 2006 ) . `` With Eye on Playoffs , Broncos Turn to Cutler '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Football History '' . VandySports.com ( Rivals.com network ) . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Southeastern Conference Leaders '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderbilt Commodores Passing '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ NCAA passing efficiency ratings per `` The ORIGINAL Quarterback Rating Calculator '' . Note that NFL passer ratings are calculated quite differently . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler 2006 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile '' . Nfldraftscout.com . September 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Packers.com , April 27 , 2006 : Gil Brandt 's Analysis By Position : Quarterbacks Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NFL Quarterback Wonderlic Scores Archived January 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler - QB - Vanderbilt - 2006 NFL Combine Results '' . NFL Combine Results . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- To win big , Broncos must add to Cutler supporting cast -- NFL '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Cutler 's stock continues to skyrocket '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion : Broncos put Plummer in tough predicament - NFL - MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . May 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- 2006 NFL Draft -- Broncos move up in draft to pick quarterback -- Saturday April 29 , 2006 4 : 00PM '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. April 29 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- QB Cutler agrees to six - year deal with Broncos -- NFL '' . Sports.espn.go.com . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Denver Post Staff ( November 27 , 2006 ) . `` Cutler 's promotion official '' . Denver Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrew Mason ( November 27 , 2006 ) . `` Cutler to Start '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mike Organ ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` False start : Shanahan rips Cutler debut report '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Invesco Field , Denver , CO ( December 3 , 2006 ) . `` ESPN -- Hawks edge Broncos behind Brown 's game - winning FG -- NFL Football Recap '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks at Denver Broncos - December 3rd , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Broncos ' Cutler outduels Cards ' Leinart in rookie battle -- NFL Football Recap '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bob Baum ( December 15 , 2006 ) . `` Denver 37 , Arizona 20 '' . Associated Press via Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Muffed extra point costs Bengals shot at clinching -- NFL Football Recap '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ second player overall , joining the Washington Redskins ' Mark Rypien in 1988 Jump up ^ The only other rookie to accomplish the feat was Dan Marino in his 1983 rookie season . Jump up ^ Lee Rasizer ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Cutler 's calm catching '' . Rocky Mountain News . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers at Denver Broncos - December 31st , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jay Cutler # 6 QB ( April 29 , 1983 ) . `` ESPN -- Jay Cutler Stats , News , Photos -- Denver Broncos -- NFL Football '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ As of 2017 , this is the only Denver franchise record he still holds . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers at Denver Broncos - October 21st , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers at Denver Broncos - October 29th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at Kansas City Chiefs - November 11th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Four TDs of 40 - plus yards power Broncos -- NFL Football Recap '' . Scores.espn.go.com . November 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at Denver Broncos - November 19th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invesco Field , Denver , CO ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN -- Cutler tosses career - high four TDs as Broncos crush Chiefs -- NFL Football Recap '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at San Diego Chargers - December 24th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Denver Broncos - December 30th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler : USATODAY.com - Jay Cutler Biography from USATODAY.com '' . Fantasyfootball.usatoday.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- In young QB market , Cutler hot , Eli Manning not -- NFL '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos select team captains '' . Rockymountainnews.com . September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos vs. Oakland Raiders -- Recap -- September 08 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Denver Post ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Marshall roots on his teammates in rout of Raiders '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Passing Stats : 2008 '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- September 14 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL will lower Ed Hochuli 's grade after blown call '' . USA Today . Associated Press . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Denver Broncos - September 21st , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at Kansas City Chiefs - September 28th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler Named AFC Offensive Player Of The Month '' . Cbs4denver.com . October 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- October 05 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- October 12 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos vs. New England Patriots -- Recap -- October 20 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- November 02 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ As of 2017 , it was also the 4th longest touchdown pass in Broncos history . See List of 80 + Yard Broncos Touchdown Passes ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Broncos vs. Cleveland Browns -- Recap -- November 06 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos do what they usually do vs. Browns -- rally for late victory '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos ' Cutler named AFC player of week '' . Denverpost.com . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Injury - hit Broncos break out tricks to defeat Falcons '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- November 23 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 23 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos vs. New York Jets - Recap - November 30 , 2008 - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 30 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos get it together in 4th , put end to three - game home skid '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler leads Broncos to rare home win , closer to AFC West title '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smith , Williams power Panthers to perfect home record '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bills force Broncos to continue fight for playoff spot next week '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Denver Postdenverpost.com ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` QB Cutler sets records , but one big goal remains '' . Denverpost.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers , Chargers ( 8 -- 8 ) win West crown in rout '' . Sports.espn.go.com . December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jay Cutler ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jay Cutler , QB for the Chicago Bears at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ All since eclipsed . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NFL passing statistics '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final fan voting for Pro Bowl '' . Myespn.go.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Broncos : Marshall , Cutler to Pro Bowl '' . Denverpost.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton 's Pro Bowl Prank Goes Wrong '' . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Bill ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Source : Spurned Cutler wants to be traded '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Cutler upset over potential deals to Detroit , Tampa Bay '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Blogs '' Blog Archive McDaniels : Cutler will not be traded by Broncos `` '' . Blogs.nfl.com . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Broncos ' talk with Cutler sours '' . Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos quarterback Jay Cutler , parents selling Denver - area houses - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jay Cutler Asks Broncos to Trade Him ESPN , March 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Broncs Will Try to Trade Cutler Yahoo Sports , March 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bowlen says Broncos will try to trade Cutler '' . Blogs.nfl.com . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New home Chicago : Broncos ship disgruntled QB Cutler to Bears '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bears , Cutler agree on extension '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers - September 13th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ min . 15 attempts Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at San Francisco 49ers - November 12th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Baltimore Ravens - December 20th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Chicago Bears - December 28th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NFL Week 16 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ As of 2017 Jump up ^ `` NFL Stats by Category : Interceptions , descending '' . Nfl.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears hire Mike Martz as offensive coordinator - ESPN Chicago '' . Sports.espn.go.com . February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at New York Giants - October 3rd , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks at Chicago Bears - October 17th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at Chicago Bears - October 24th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Chicago Bears - November 28th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Detroit Lions - December 5th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Week 12 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Chicago Bears - December 12th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers - January 2nd , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler 2010 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick sets off the ' Kaepernicking craze ' ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Long offseason ahead for Bears QB Cutler '' . ProFootballWeekly.com . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Haugh , David ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't question Cutler 's toughness '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Unprecedented social media attack dooms Cutler '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . This was , perhaps , the NFL 's first player - on - player social media attack . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug . `` Cutler 's NFL contemporaries go after him on Twitter - Shutdown Corner - NFL Blog - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Does Cutler have seriously injured knee or weak heart ? '' . CBS Sports.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leahy , Sean ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Jay Cutler under attack for leaving Bears ' loss with knee injury '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFL playoffs : Chicago Bears ' Jay Cutler suffered MCL sprain vs. Green Bay Packers - ESPN Chicago '' . Sports.espn.go.com . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` When Talking Toughness , Aikman Believes in Cutler '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . To Aikman , the vitriolic reaction to Cutler was about the attitude he has shown since he arrived in the league . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers calls Cutler criticism ' disrespectful ' '' . Yardbarker.com . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Butler : Cutler 's Critics Are ' Stupid ' `` CBS Chicago '' . Chicago.cbslocal.com . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bears Fire Back At Jay Cutler 's Critics '' . Huffington Post . January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Chicago Bears - September 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wright , Michael C. ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` Bears wonder if Saints targeted them '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler on cursing out Mike Martz : ' Things Happen ' -- Audibles '' . Nfl.si.com . October 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jay Cutler to have thumb surgery ESPN Chicago , November 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler 2011 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler is thrilled to reunite with Bates '' . Chicagobears.com . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ship WR Marshall to Bears in blockbuster trade '' . NFL.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears ' Jay Cutler allowed to audible again '' . NFL.com . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Michael C. `` Halftime : Bears 24 , Colts 14 - Chicago Bears - ESPN Chicago '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry . `` Explosive Bears outduel Colts '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larry , Mayer . `` Write Now Blog Players react to Cutler / Webb incident '' . Blog.chicagobears.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry . `` Bears lose to Packers 23 - 10 at Lambeau '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry . `` Cutler lauds offensive line , Mike Tice '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ This win , combined with `` Is Cutler undefeated with 100 + passer rating ? '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler gets concussion in Chicago Bears ' loss '' . National Football League . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Andrew ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Bears ' Cutler to miss 49ers game with concussion '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` Reports : Jay Cutler cleared , will start for Chicago Bears '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` Bears defense unable to hold off Seahawks '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Reviewing Bears season by the numbers '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Marc Trestman eager to begin working with Jay Cutler '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Pro-Football - Reference 's Bears Franchise Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Cutler lauds improved offensive line '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( October 6 , 2013 ) . `` Critical mistakes cost Bears in loss to Saints '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Trestman impressed with Bears team leaders '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Paea hopes to return to action Sunday in Washington '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elholm , Eric ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Cutler knocked out against Washington Redskins with groin injury '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gartman , Michael ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Chicago Bears QB Jay Cutler Goes Down With Gruesome Injury '' . Gridiron Grit . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Michael ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Cutler tears muscle in groin '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers - November 4th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Campbell , Rich ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cutler cleared to play , expected to start vs. Lions '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Larry ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Cutler expected to be sidelined with ankle injury '' . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` Bears ' late comeback falls short against Lions '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Rich ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Barring a setback , Cutler to start vs. Browns '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Cutler ( ankle ) to miss Week 12 for Chicago Bears '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` Cutler thrives under pressure '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McCoy , Eagles rout Bears '' . Fox News Channel . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Jeff ( 29 Dec 2013 ) . `` Rodgers sends Pack to playoffs with late TD '' . SBNation.com . Jump up ^ `` Postgame notes : Bears vs. Packers '' . Chicago Bears . December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler 2013 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bears Sign Jay Cutler To 7 - Year Contract '' . WBBM - TV . January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at Chicago Bears - September 7th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at San Francisco 49ers - September 14th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at New York Jets - September 22nd , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers at Chicago Bears - September 28th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Carolina Panthers - October 5th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins - Bears Preview '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at Chicago Bears - October 19th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at New England Patriots - October 26th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers - November 9th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Jeff ( 2014 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Urlacher : Jay Cutler has n't produced '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Chicago Bears - November 16th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Chicago Bears - November 23rd , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Detroit Lions - November 27th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Chicago Bears - December 4th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Aaron Kromer apologizes for criticizing Jay Cutler '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wright , Michael ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Marc Trestman admits failures with Jay Cutler '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wright , Michael ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Bears giving Jimmy Clausen start '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peters , Micah ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Bears quarterback Jimmy Clausen was furious after brutal helmet - to - helmet hit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler 2014 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 19 Jan 2015 ) . `` John Fox looking forward to getting to know Jay Cutler '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 11 Mar 2015 ) . `` Bears GM : Jay Cutler is our starting quarterback '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Heck , Jordan ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Bears ' Martellus Bennett takes swing at Jay Cutler 's leadership '' . Sporting News . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers at Chicago Bears - September 13th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( 20 Sep 2015 ) . `` Jay Cutler 's pick - 6 leads to his Week 2 ending with injured hamstring '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Seattle Seahawks - September 27th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders at Chicago Bears - October 4th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Finley , Patrick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jay Cutler ties Jim McMahon 's Bears wins record '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Detroit Lions - October 18th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Chicago Bears - November 1st , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bien , Louis ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Bears win in yet another Monday night thriller '' . SBNation.com . Jump up ^ List of Bears ' 80 + yard TD passes Jump up ^ List of Bears games where a QBs had a passer rating > 130 ( min . 10 attempts ) . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at Chicago Bears - December 13th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Minnesota Vikings - December 20th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - December 27th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Chicago Bears - January 3rd , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Season in Review '' . Foxsports.com . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaberon , Eli ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` By the Numbers : 2015 '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stoltz , Jeremy ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Bears 2015 Season Review : Quarterback '' . Scout.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poupart , Alain ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` INSIDE THE NUMBERS : Adam Gase '' . Miami Dolphins . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bears offense in NFL Rankings '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Erik ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Jay Cutler Failure Came Down To Tragic Coaching Losses '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Jeff ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Chemistry problems between Jay Cutler , Kevin White plague Bears in Houston '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jahns , Adam ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Jay Cutler played with ligament damage in thumb from Texans game '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Bears drop to 0 - 2 with loss to Eagles '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Bears dominate up front , beat Vikings '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bears ' Zach Miller : Jay Cutler ' is the emotion on the football field ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2016 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Jeff ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Jay Cutler denies he has lost support of Bears teammates after Bucs loss '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Cutler out for season with injury '' . ChicagoBears.com . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bears add veteran Banks to secondary '' . ChicagoBears.com . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Jeff ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Bears QB Jay Cutler to have season - ending shoulder surgery '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago Bears Chicago Bears release quarterback Jay Cutler '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Jay Cutler joins FOX Sports '' . NFL . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Jay Cutler 's broadcasting move different than Romo 's '' . NFL . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Cutler : Retirement , move to broadcasting ' permanent ' '' . NFL . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' He 's done , I think ' : Dolphins reportedly fear Ryan Tannehill needs season - ending surgery '' . The Washington Post . August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins Make Roster Moves '' . MiamiDolphins.com . August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Cutler agrees to one - year deal with Miami Dolphins '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Game Recap : Miami Dolphins defeat LA Chargers '' . miamiherald.com . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Injuries : Jay Cutler 's MRI reveals multiple cracked ribs '' . nfl.com . October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durbin , Jared ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Cutler officially declared out for Thursday night vs. Ravens '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders at Miami Dolphins - November 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Walker , James ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Cutler ruled out vs. Patriots with concussion , Matt Moore to start for Dolphins '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler outdoes Tom Brady as Dolphins beat Patriots '' . Jump up ^ Donno , Alex ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Cutler Discusses Future : Does n't Wish To Continue Career As A Backup '' . miami.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staley , Antwan ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dolphins QB Jay Cutler not interested in backup role in 2018 '' . dolphinswire.usatoday.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler 2017 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Stills says Jay Cutler bucked reputation in season with Dolphins - The Daily Dolphin '' . Jump up ^ `` Caught in the Act ! '' . People.com . September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Garcia ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Kristin Cavallari and Jay Cutler Call Off Engagement '' . People.com . Jump up ^ Dahvi Shira ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Kristin Cavallari & Jay Cutler Are Engaged ... Again ! '' . People.com . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Cavallari , Jay Cutler Married : See Their Wedding Bands ! '' . Us Weekly . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler , Cavallari welcome baby boy '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler , Cavallari Have Their Baby `` CBS Chicago '' . Chicago.cbslocal.com . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Kristin Cavallari Gives Birth to a Baby Boy , Welcomes Jaxon Wyatt Cutler With Husband Jay Cutler '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler and Kristin Cavallari Welcome Daughter Saylor James '' . Jump up ^ `` New dad Jay Cutler sits in opener against Denver Broncos - ESPN Chicago '' . Espn.go.com . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tennessee , Metropolitan Clerk 's Office , Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County , . `` RESOLUTION NO . RS2006 - 1124 '' . www.nashville.gov . Jump up ^ NFL.com , Cutler has Type 1 diabetes , career not in jeopardy Jump up ^ Carucci , Vic ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` With diabetes under control , Cutler ready to roll '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diabetes education group leader contacts QB : Broncos '' . The Rocky Mountain News . May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Touchdowns For Diabetes '' . JC6 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler talks football , diabetes awareness '' . Chicagobears.com . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ cbs4denver.com -- Cutler Does n't Take ' South Park ' Insult Personally Archived August 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bill HustedThe Denver Postdenverpost.com ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` O , hush : Denver edition of `` Big Give '' a big secret -- The Denver Post `` . Denverpost.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` -- Official Website Of The Denver Broncos '' . Denverbroncos.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Blogs '' Blog Archive Chicago Saturday sing - along : `` Cutty Come Back '' `` '' . Blogs.nfl.com . December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katzowitz , Josh ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Jay Cutler on Smokin ' Jay Cutler : ' I get a kick out of that ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Aaron Rodgers : Smoking gesture a tribute to Jay Cutler or dummy signal -- or both '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Chicago Bears ' Jay Cutler Voting For Mitt Romney '' -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler : I 've supported Donald Trump for a while '' . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jay Cutler ( American football ) . Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN CBS Sports Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Official website Chicago Bears biography Denver Broncos 2006 NFL Draft selections Jay Cutler Tony Scheffler Brandon Marshall Elvis Dumervil Domenik Hixon Chris Kuper Greg Eslinger Jay Cutler -- awards and honors Vanderbilt Commodores starting quarterbacks Pat Estes ( 1890 ) William E. Beard ( 1892 ) W.J. Keller ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Myles P. 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Waller ( 1924 ) Neil Cargile ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Bill Spears ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Jimmy Armistead ( 1928 ) Benny Parker ( 1929 -- 1930 ) Tommy Henderson ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Rand Dixon ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Lunny Huggins ( 1936 -- 1937 ) Bert Marshall ( 1937 -- 1938 ) Junius Plunkett ( 1939 ) Charlton Davis ( 1940 ) Jack Jenkins ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Jack Kaley ( 1943 ) John Rich ( 1945 ) Jamie Wade ( 1946 -- 1947 , 1949 ) Bobby Berry ( 1948 ) Bill Wade ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Bill Krietemeyer ( 1952 ) Jim Looney ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Don Orr ( 1955 ) Boyce Smith ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Russ Morris ( 1959 ) Hank Lesesne ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Jon Cleveland ( 1963 ) David Waller ( 1964 ) Bob Kerr ( 1965 ) Gary Davis ( 1966 ) Roger May ( 1967 ) John Miller ( 1968 ) Watson Brown ( 1969 ) Denny Painter ( 1970 ) Steve Burger ( 1971 ) Steve Lainhart ( 1972 ) Fred Fisher ( 1973 -- 1975 ) David Lee ( 1974 ) Randy Hampton ( 1976 ) Mike Wright ( 1977 ) Van Heflin ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Whit Taylor ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Kurt Page ( 1983 -- 1984 ) John Gromos ( 1985 ; 1989 ) Mark Wracher ( 1986 ) Eric Jones ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Mike Healy ( 1990 ) Marcus Wilson ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Ronnie Gordon ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Damian Allen ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Greg Zolman ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jay Cutler ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Chris Nickson ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Mackenzi Adams ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Larry Smith ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Jared Funk ( 2010 ) Jordan Rodgers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Austyn Carta - Samuels ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Patton Robinette ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Stephen Rivers ( 2014 ) Wade Freebeck ( 2014 ) Johnny McCrary ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Kyle Shurmur ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Denver Broncos starting quarterbacks Frank Tripucka ( 1960 -- 1963 ) George Herring ( 1961 ) George Shaw ( 1962 ) Mickey Slaughter ( 1963 -- 1966 ) John McCormick ( 1963 , 1965 -- 1966 , 1968 ) Don Breaux ( 1963 ) Jacky Lee ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Max Choboian ( 1966 ) Scotty Glacken ( 1966 ) Steve Tensi ( 1966 -- 1970 ) Jim LeClair ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Marlin Briscoe ( 1968 ) Pete Liske ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Alan Pastrana ( 1970 ) Don Horn ( 1971 ) Steve Ramsey ( 1971 -- 1972 , 1974 -- 1976 ) Charley Johnson ( 1972 -- 1975 ) John Hufnagel ( 1975 ) Craig Penrose ( 1976 , 1978 ) Craig Morton ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Norris Weese ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Matt Robinson ( 1980 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Mark Herrmann ( 1982 ) John Elway ( 1983 -- 1998 ) Gary Kubiak ( 1983 -- 1984 , 1988 -- 1989 ) Ken Karcher ( 1987 ) Tommy Maddox ( 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1994 ) Bill Musgrave ( 1996 ) Bubby Brister ( 1998 ) Brian Griese ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Chris Miller ( 1999 ) Gus Frerotte ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Steve Beuerlein ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Jake Plummer ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Danny Kanell ( 2003 ) Jarious Jackson ( 2003 ) Jay Cutler ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Kyle Orton ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Chris Simms ( 2009 ) Tim Tebow ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Peyton Manning ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Brock Osweiler ( 2015 , 2017 ) Trevor Siemian ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Paxton Lynch ( 2016 -- present ) Decatur Staleys / Chicago Staleys / Chicago Bears starting quarterbacks Pard Pearce ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Chuck Dressen ( 1920 ) Jimmy Conzelman ( 1920 ) Joey Sternaman ( 1922 -- 1925 , 1927 -- 1929 ) Johnny Bryan ( 1923 ) Milton Romney ( 1926 ) Paddy Driscoll ( 1926 -- 1929 ) Edward Sternaman ( 1927 ) Carl Brumbaugh ( 1930 -- 1936 ) Keith Molesworth ( 1932 -- 1936 ) Bernie Masterson ( 1935 -- 1940 ) Ray Buivid ( 1937 -- 1938 ) Gene Ronzani ( 1937 -- 1938 , 1944 -- 1945 ) Sid Luckman ( 1939 -- 1949 ) Charlie O'Rourke ( 1942 ) Bob Snyder ( 1943 ) Johnny Long ( 1944 ) Al Grygo ( 1945 ) Tom Farris ( 1946 ) Noah Mullins ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Mike Jarmoluk ( 1947 ) Mike Holovak ( 1947 ) Ed Sprinkle ( 1948 ) Dick Flanagan ( 1948 ) Johnny Lujack ( 1949 -- 1951 ) George Blanda ( 1949 , 1952 -- 1954 ) Bob Perina ( 1949 ) Steve Romanik ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Bob Williams ( 1952 ) Zeke Bratkowski ( 1954 , 1957 -- 1960 ) Ed Brown ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Bill Wade ( 1961 -- 1965 ) Rudy Bukich ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Jack Concannon ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Larry Rakestraw ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Bobby Douglass ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Virgil Carter ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Kent Nix ( 1971 ) Gary Huff ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Bob Avellini ( 1975 -- 1979 , 1982 , 1984 ) Mike Phipps ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Vince Evans ( 1979 -- 1981 , 1983 ) Jim McMahon ( 1982 -- 1988 ) Steve Fuller ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Rusty Lisch ( 1984 ) Greg Landry ( 1984 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Doug Flutie ( 1986 ) Mike Hohensee ( 1987 ) Steve Bradley ( 1987 ) Jim Harbaugh ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Peter Tom Willis ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Will Furrer ( 1992 ) Steve Walsh ( 1994 ) Erik Kramer ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Dave Krieg ( 1996 ) Rick Mirer ( 1997 ) Steve Stenstrom ( 1998 ) Moses Moreno ( 1998 ) Shane Matthews ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Cade McNown ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Jim Miller ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Chris Chandler ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Henry Burris ( 2002 ) Kordell Stewart ( 2003 ) Rex Grossman ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Craig Krenzel ( 2004 ) Chad Hutchinson ( 2004 ) Jonathan Quinn ( 2004 ) Kyle Orton ( 2005 , 2007 -- 2008 ) Brian Griese ( 2007 ) Jay Cutler ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Todd Collins ( 2010 ) Caleb Hanie ( 2011 ) Josh McCown ( 2011 , 2013 ) Jason Campbell ( 2012 ) Jimmy Clausen ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2016 ) Matt Barkley ( 2016 ) Mike Glennon ( 2017 ) Mitchell Trubisky ( 2017 -- present ) Miami Dolphins starting quarterbacks Dick Wood ( 1966 ) Rick Norton ( 1966 -- 1969 ) George Wilson ( 1966 ) John Stofa ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Bob Griese ( 1967 -- 1980 ) George Mira ( 1971 ) Earl Morrall ( 1972 -- 1975 ) Don Strock ( 1975 -- 1976 , 1978 -- 1981 , 1983 ) David Woodley ( 1980 -- 1983 ) Dan Marino ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kyle Mackey ( 1987 ) Scott Mitchell ( 1993 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1993 ) Bernie Kosar ( 1995 ) Craig Erickson ( 1996 ) Damon Huard ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Jay Fiedler ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Ray Lucas ( 2002 ) Brian Griese ( 2003 ) A.J. Feeley ( 2004 ) Sage Rosenfels ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Gus Frerotte ( 2005 ) Joey Harrington ( 2006 ) Daunte Culpepper ( 2006 ) Cleo Lemon ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Trent Green ( 2007 ) John Beck ( 2007 ) Chad Pennington ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Chad Henne ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Tyler Thigpen ( 2010 ) Matt Moore ( 2011 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Ryan Tannehill ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Jay Cutler ( 2017 -- present ) Southeastern Conference Football Player of the Year Overall 1933 : Feathers 1934 : Howell 1935 : Geny 1936 : Gilbert 1937 : Hinkle 1938 : Cafego 1939 : Kavanaugh & Foxx 1940 : Elrod 1941 : Jenkins 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 1944 : McWilliams 1945 : Gilmer 1946 : Trippi 1947 : Connerly 1948 : Rauch 1949 : Tidwell 1950 : Parilli 1951 : Wade 1952 : Parker 1953 : Parker 1954 : A. Davis 1955 : Majors 1956 : Majors 1957 : Michaels 1958 : Cannon 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Gibbs 1961 : Trammell 1962 : Stovall 1963 : Sidle 1964 : Frederickson 1965 : Sloan 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Goodridge 1968 : Scott 1969 : A. Manning 1970 : Sullivan 1971 : Musso 1972 : T. Davis 1973 : Collins 1974 : Felker 1975 : DuBose 1976 : Goff 1977 : C. Alexander 1978 : McClendon 1979 : Cribbs 1980 : Walker 1981 : Walker 1982 : Walker 1983 : White 1984 : Bell 1985 : Jackson 1986 : Bennett 1987 : W. Davis 1988 : Rocker 1989 : E. Smith 1990 : Matthews 1991 : Matthews 1992 : Hearst 1993 : Shuler 1994 : Barker 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : P. Manning 1998 : Couch 1999 : S. Alexander 2000 : R. Johnson 2001 : Grossman Offensive 2002 : Pinner 2003 : E. Manning 2004 : Campbell 2005 : Cutler 2006 : McFadden 2007 : McFadden 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow & Ingram 2010 : Newton 2011 : Richardson 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Mason 2014 : Cooper 2015 : Henry 2016 : Hurts 2017 : K. Johnson Defensive 2002 : Pollack 2003 : Lavalais 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Ryans 2006 : Willis 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : Er . Berry 2009 : McClain 2010 : Fairley 2011 : Claiborne & Mathieu 2012 : Clowney & J. Jones 2013 : Mosley & Sam 2014 : Ray 2015 : Ragland 2016 : Allen 2017 : R. Smith Special Teams 2004 : Williams 2005 : Green 2006 : Vaughn 2007 : F. Jones 2008 : James 2009 : Arenas 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Adams 2012 : Sturgis & Sanders 2013 : C. Jones 2014 : Murphy 2015 : Ev . Berry 2016 : Carlson 2017 : Carlson Denver Broncos first - round draft picks LeClerc Gaiters Olsen Alexander Brown Shay Little Anderson Montgomery Odoms Armstrong Gradishar Wright Glassic Schindler Latimer Clark Smith Willhite Hinton Sewell Nattiel Gregory Atwater Croel Maddox Da . Williams Mobley Pryce Nash Wilson O'Neal Middlebrooks Lelie Foster D.J. Williams Cutler Moss Clady Moreno Ayers Thomas Tebow Miller S. Williams Roby Ray Lynch Bolles Chubb 2006 NFL Draft first - round selections Mario Williams Reggie Bush Vince Young D'Brickashaw Ferguson A.J. Hawk Vernon Davis Michael Huff Donte Whitner Ernie Sims Matt Leinart Jay Cutler Haloti Ngata Kamerion Wimbley Brodrick Bunkley Tye Hill Jason Allen Chad Greenway Bobby Carpenter Antonio Cromartie Tamba Hali Laurence Maroney Manny Lawson Davin Joseph Johnathan Joseph Santonio Holmes John McCargo DeAngelo Williams Marcedes Lewis Nick Mangold Joseph Addai Kelly Jennings Mathias Kiwanuka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Cutler_(American_football)&oldid=854691449 '' Categories : 1983 births American Conference Pro Bowl players American football quarterbacks Chicago Bears players Denver Broncos players Living people Miami Dolphins players People from Santa Claus , Indiana People with diabetes mellitus type 1 Players of American football from Indiana Vanderbilt Commodores football players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	where did jay cutler go to high school	[ "Jay Cutler\nCutler with the Chicago Bears in 2015No. 6Position:\nQuarterbackPersonal informationBorn:\n (1983-04-29) April 29, 1983 (age 35)Santa Claus, IndianaHeight:\n6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight:\n231 lb (105 kg)Career informationHigh school:\nLincoln City (IN) Heritage HillsCollege:\nVanderbiltNFL Draft:\n2006 / Round: 1 / Pick: 11Career history\n \nDenver Broncos (2006–2008)\nChicago Bears (2009–2016)\nMiami Dolphins (2017)\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n \nPro Bowl (2008)\nFirst-team All-SEC (2005)\n\nCareer NFL statistics\nPassing attempts:\n4,920Passing completions:\n3,048Percentage:\n62.0Passing yards:\n35,133TD–INT:\n227–160Passer rating:\n85.3\nPlayer stats at NFL.com" ]	[ "Lincoln City (IN) Heritage Hills" ]
6962033610795755862	Palestinian territories	Palestinian territories - wikipedia Palestinian territories Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . For the historical region , see Palestine ( region ) . For the modern - day state , see State of Palestine . For other uses , see Palestinian territories ( disambiguation ) . Palestinian territories الأراضي الفلسطينية al - Arāḍī al - Filasṭīniyya Palestinian Territories according to a Green Line based definition Largest cities Gaza Hebron Nablus Khan Yunis East Jerusalem Languages Arabic Hebrew Ethnic groups Palestinians Jews Samaritans Demonym Palestinians Israeli / Jewish settlers Area Total 6,220 km ( 2,400 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 3.5 West Bank 5,860 km ( of which Dead Sea : 220 km ) Gaza Strip 360 km Population Palestinians ( 2014 ) 4,550,000 Settlers ( 2012 ) 564,000 2007 census 3,719,189 ( Pal . ) Density 654 / km ( 1,693.9 / sq mi ) HDI ( 2010 ) 0.645 medium 97th Currency Egyptian pound ( EGP ) Israeli new sheqel ( ILS ) Jordanian dinar ( JOD ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 970 Internet TLD . ps فلسطين . Used in Gaza Strip since 1951 . Used since 1985 . Used in West Bank since 1950 . + 972 also used . `` Palestinian territories '' and `` occupied Palestinian territories '' ( OPT or oPt ) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip , which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel . Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute . The extent of the territories , while subject to future negotiations , have frequently been defined by the Green Line . The term `` Palestinian Territory , Occupied '' was used by the United Nations ( UN ) and other international organizations between 1998 to 2013 in order to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority . In December 2012 , UN Secretariat communications replaced this by the term State of Palestine . The ISO adopted the name change in 2013 . But , as of August 2015 , the UN Security Council continues to treat Palestine as a non-sovereign entity ; This prevents its admission to UN General Assembly membership . Israel occupied the territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the Six - Day War of 1967 and has since maintained control . Previously , these territories had been occupied by Jordan and Egypt , respectively , since the 1948 founding of Israel . In 1980 , Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and has proclaimed the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital . The inclusion , though never formally amounting to legal annexation , was condemned internationally and declared `` null and void '' by the United Nations Security Council . The Palestinian National Authority , the United Nations , the international legal and humanitarian bodies and the international community regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank , and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories . The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area , although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests . Israel shut them down in response to the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing . Israeli sovereignty , however , has not been recognized by any country , since the unilateral annexation of territory occupied during war contravenes the Fourth Geneva Convention . The cost of the occupation for Israel over four decades ( 1967 -- 2007 ) is estimated to amount to $50 billion . The World Bank estimates the annual cost in 2013 to the Palestinian economy of Israeli occupation at $3.4 billion . In 1988 , with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) intention to declare a Palestinian State , Jordan renounced all territorial claims to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem . Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988 , 135 UN Member Nations have recognized the State of Palestine , comprising the Palestinian territories . It has not been recognized by Israel and some Western nations , including the United States . In 1993 , following the Oslo Accords , parts of the territories politically came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority ( Areas A and B) . Israel still exercises full military control and , civil control over 61 % of the West Bank ( Area C ) . The Oslo Accords established access to the sea for Gaza within 20 nautical miles from the shore . The Berlin Commitment of 2002 reduced this to 12 miles ( 19 km ) . In October 2006 Israel imposed a 6 - mile limit , and at the conclusion of the Gaza War restricted access to a 3 - nautical - mile limit , beyond which a no - go zone exists . As a result , more than 3,000 Palestinian fishermen are denied access to 85 % of the maritime areas agreed to in 1995 . The majority of the Dead Sea area is off - limits to Palestinian use , and Palestinians are denied access to its coast line . Israel disengaged from the Gaza Strip in 2005 , however the international community considers the West Bank and the Gaza Strip still to be occupied by Israel . The Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007 divided the Palestinian territories politically . Abbas 's Fatah largely ruled the West Bank and was recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority ( see : Fatah - Hamas conflict ) . In 2014 , the two political groups agreed to hold elections and form a compromise unity government . The 2014 Israel - Gaza conflict intervened ; however , the unity government survived . Part of a series on Palestinians Demographics Definitions Palestine History Name People Diaspora Refugee camps Politics Previous Arab Higher Committee Depopulated villages All - Palestine Government PLO PFLP National Authority ( PNA ) ( political parties ) Current Fatah Hamas Islamic Jihad Politics of the Palestinian National Authority Governorates Cities Gaza Strip governance ( Hamas ) Governorates of the Gaza Strip National Council ( PNC ) Legislative Council ( PLC ) Flag Law Palestine West Bank Gaza Strip E. Jerusalem Religion / religious sites Christianity Islam Judaism Al - Aqsa Mosque Basilica of the Annunciation Cave of the Patriarchs Church of the Holy Sepulchre Church of the Nativity Dome of the Rock Great Mosque of Gaza Joseph 's Tomb Lot 's Tomb Nabi Samwil Rachel 's Tomb Culture Art Cinema Costume and embroidery Cuisine Dabke ( dance ) Handicrafts Language Literature Music List of Palestinians Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Boundaries 2.1 Palestinian state 2.2 East Jerusalem 2.3 Gaza Strip 3 Governance 4 Political status and sovereignty 5 Demographics 5.1 Palestinians 5.2 Religion 5.3 Language 5.4 Israeli settlers 6 Administrative divisions 6.1 Governorates 6.2 West Bank Areas 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Name See also : History of Palestine and Timeline of the name Palestine There are disagreements over what the Palestinian territories should be called . The United Nations , the European Union , International Committee of the Red Cross , and the government of the United Kingdom all refer to the `` Occupied Palestinian Territory '' or `` Occupied Palestinian Territories '' . The International Court of Justice refers to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , as `` the Occupied Palestinian Territory '' and this term is used as the legal definition by the International Court of Justice in the ruling in July 2004 . Other terms used to describe these areas collectively include `` the disputed territories '' , and `` Israeli - occupied territories '' . Further terms include `` Palestine '' , `` State of Palestine '' , `` Yesha '' ( Judea - Samaria - Gaza ) , `` Yosh '' ( Judea and Samaria ) , the `` Katif Bloc '' ( the south - west corner of the Gaza Strip ) , `` Palestinian Autonomous Areas '' ( although this term is also used to specifically refer to Areas A and B ) , `` Palestinian Administered Territories '' , `` administered territories '' , `` territories of undetermined permanent status '' , `` 1967 territories '' , and simply `` the territories '' . Many Arab and Islamic leaders , including some Palestinians , use the designation `` Palestine '' and `` occupied Palestine '' to imply a Palestinian political or religious claim to sovereignty over the whole former territory of the British Mandate west of the Jordan River , including all of Israel . Many of them view the land of Palestine as an Islamic Waqf ( trust ) for future Muslim generations . A parallel exists in the aspirations of David Ben - Gurion , Menachem Begin , and other Zionists and Jewish religious leaders to establish Jewish sovereignty over all of Greater Israel in trust for the Jewish people . However , this dispute is not related to religion for many Arabs , but simply an issue of rights , as the land was inhabited by Arabs ( as well as a minority of Jews ) before the Zionist movement began . Many Israelis object to the term `` Occupied Palestinian Territories '' and similar descriptions because they maintain such designations disregard Israeli claims to the West Bank and Gaza , or prejudice negotiations involving possible border changes , arguing that the armistice line agreed to after the 1948 Arab - Israeli War was not intended as a permanent border . Dore Gold wrote , `` It would be far more accurate to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip as `` disputed territories '' to which both Israelis and Palestinians have claims . '' Boundaries See also : Borders of Israel Boundaries defined in the 1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine : Area assigned for a Jewish state ; Area assigned for an Arab state ; Planned Corpus separatum with the intention that Jerusalem would be neither Jewish nor Arab Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949 : Israeli controlled territory from 1949 ; Arab controlled territory until 1967 The Palestinian Territories consist of two distinct areas : the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip . The boundaries are defined by the `` 1967 borders '' , which correspond with the Green Line . The Green Line represents the armistice lines under the 1949 Armistice Agreements , which brought an end to the 1948 Arab - Israeli War and expressly declared armistice lines , not international borders . Some Palestinian negotiators have claimed a return to those lines as the boundary for a future Palestinian state , while Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel at all . The Arab League has supported these boundaries as the borders of the future State of Palestine in the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative . The eastern limit of the West Bank is the border with Jordan . The Israel -- Jordan peace treaty defined that border as the international border , and Jordan renounced all claims to territory west of it . The border segment between Jordan and the West Bank was left undefined pending a definitive agreement on the status of the territory . The southern limit of the Gaza Strip is the border with Egypt . Egypt renounced all claims to land north of the international border , including the Gaza Strip , in the Israel - Egypt peace treaty . The Palestinians were not parties to either agreement . The Gaza Strip is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea . The natural geographic boundary of the West Bank , as the name implies , is the Jordan River . To the Territories belong the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip and the part of the Dead Sea between the West Bank and the Jordan border - line ( see adjacent CIA - map ) , which are also completely controlled by Israel . Palestinian state See also : UN General Assembly Resolution 67 / 19 The Palestinian territories are part of the area intended by the United Nations to become the territory of the future State of Palestine . Originally , a larger area was allotted to the planned Palestinian state in Resolution 181 of 29 November 1947 , but the Arabs rejected it and in the 1948 Palestine war , the Israeli army conquered major parts of it . While in the Partition Plan about 45 % of historic Palestine was destined for the Arabic state , the Palestinian territories constitute only some 23 % . The last figure is including all space occupied by Israeli settlements , walls and roads . In the UN , nearly all countries voted in favour of Resolution 58 / 292 of 17 May 2004 ; namely , that the boundaries of a future Palestinian state should be based on the pre-1967 borders , which correspond with the Green Line . The Resolution affirmed , in connection with the Palestinian right to self - determination and to sovereignty , that the independent State of Palestine should be based on the pre-1967 borders . In Resolution 43 / 177 of 15 December 1988 , the declaration of independence of the State of Palestine was acknowledged by the UN General Assembly , but it was not admitted as a member state . In the same resolution , their sovereignty over the Occupied Palestinian Territories was recognized . On 29 November 2012 , the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 changing Palestine 's observer status at the UN from `` entity '' to `` non-member state '' by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . East Jerusalem This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Positions on Jerusalem Immediately after the Six Day War of June 1967 , Israel effectively annexed East Jerusalem , an area comprising the much smaller prior Jordanian municipality of east Jerusalem and a surrounding area of the West Bank , as far as Kalandia to the north and Har Homa to the south . Israeli law , jurisdiction and administration were applied to this area , which was also made part of the Israeli Jerusalem municipality in its entirety . East Jerusalem residents became Israeli residents with blue Israeli ID cards . In 1980 , the Knesset elevated the issue of the unity of Jerusalem to constitutional status by enacting Basic Law : Jerusalem the Capital of Israel , an act which was condemned by much of the world community , the few , mainly Latin American , embassies maintained in west Jerusalem promptly moving to Tel Aviv . Israel 's annexation of East Jerusalem lacks international recognition by any country . Seven UNSC resolutions , including United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared it `` null and void '' and required that it be rescinded , stating that it was a violation of international law ( the Fourth Geneva Convention ) . The United Nations never explicitly recognized Jerusalem as part of either Israel or Palestine , as Resolution 181 ( 1947 ) was never revoked . In Resolution 181 , Jerusalem was intended to become a corpus separatum under international regime . Nevertheless , most countries , including the United States , implicitly recognize West Jerusalem as part of Israel , but do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel 's capital . Palestinians regard East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state . East Jerusalem is generally recognized as part of the Palestinian Territories . In UN resolutions concerning Israel , East Jerusalem is routinely referred to as part of the West Bank or as part of the Palestinian Territories . According to the Israeli Supreme Court , the Fourth Geneva Convention , which prohibits unilateral annexation of occupied territory , does not apply to East Jerusalem , as there was no `` legitimate sovereign '' recognised by Israel and its allies previously exercising control over the territory . In Israel , there has always been large support for retaining all of Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty , although opinions differ regarding the large number of outlying Palestinian villages and neighbourhoods annexed to Jerusalem beyond `` core '' East Jerusalem ( the Old City , Sheikh Jarrah and the large post-1967 Jewish neighborhoods such as Ramot , Ramat Eshkol , French Hill and Gilo ) . A few times , there were Israeli or U.S. proposals to divide East Jerusalem between Israel and the Palestinians . In the 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement , Israeli negotiators proposed Palestinian sovereignty over some Arab neighborhoods within an expanded Jerusalem that would include annexed Israeli neighborhoods and major settlement blocs . In 2000 , U.S. president Bill Clinton offered a similar proposal in his Clinton Parameters . In more recent years , the Israeli position has strongly been favourable to keeping all of Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty . Gaza Strip In 2005 , Israel pulled all its remaining forces out of the Gaza Strip and dismantled its settlements . Nevertheless , according to the international community , the Gaza Strip is still considered to be occupied by Israel . Israel has denied that it occupies the Gaza Strip , but two of the three border sectors of the Gaza Strip , together with the coast and airspace , are controlled by Israel ( the third border sector near Rafah is controlled by Egypt ) . The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 stated in 2007 : Israel remains an occupying Power in respect of Gaza . Arguments that Israel ceased its occupation of Gaza in 2005 following the evacuation of its settlements and the withdrawal of its troops take no account of the fact that Israel retains effective control over Gaza by means of its control over Gaza 's external borders , airspace , territorial waters , population registry , tax revenues and governmental functions . The effectiveness of this control is emphasized by regular military incursions and rocket attacks . Governance State of Palestine This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Palestine Officeholders whose status is disputed are shown in italics Government ( show ) State of Palestine government ( Ramallah ) President : Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister : Rami Hamdallah Hamas government ( Gaza ) National symbols ( show ) Flag National anthem Legislative Council ( show ) Palestinian National Council Palestinian Legislative Council Current members Speaker Aziz Duwaik Elections ( show ) Elections Electoral districts Political parties PLO political parties Next Palestinian general election Administrative divisions ( show ) Governorates Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign relations Palestinian Authority passport Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations Fatah -- Hamas reconciliation process Israeli -- Palestinian peace process International recognition See also : Palestinian National Authority and Governance of the Gaza Strip The political status of the territories has been the subject of negotiations between Israel and the PLO and of numerous statements and resolutions by the United Nations . ( See List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel . ) Since 1994 , the autonomous Palestinian National Authority has exercised various degrees of control in large parts of the territories , as a result of the Declaration of Principles contained in the Oslo Accords . The United States government considers the West Bank and Gaza as a single entity for political , economic , legal and other purposes . The State Department and other U.S. government agencies , such as USAID West Bank and Gaza , have been tasked with projects in the areas of democracy , governance , resources , and infrastructure . Part of the USAID mission is to provide flexible and discrete support for implementation of the Quartet Road Map . The Road Map is an internationally backed plan that calls for the progressive development of a viable Palestinian State in the West Bank and Gaza . Participating states provide assistance through direct contributions or through the Palestinian State account established by the World Bank . Gaza City in 2007 . Hamas won a majority of seats in elections for the Palestinian Parliament in 2006 and formed a government in Ramallah for the entire PA largely shunned by the United States and Israel . However the Fatah movement continued to dominate the PA security forces in both the West Bank and Gaza Strip . In 2007 , Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip by force , executing PA officers and removing its officials , many of whom , such as Muhammad Dahlan , escaped the Gaza Strip with their families . Mahmoud Abbas promptly deposed the Hamas - dominated PA government , and two rival administrations were created , a Fatah - controlled one in the West Bank , with which Israel , the US and the EU resumed business , and a Hamas - controlled one in the Gaza Strip which was largely shunned by the world community . After Hamas intensified rocket and mortar fire on Israeli civilian centers from the Gaza Strip , the United States and Israel instituted a military and economic blockade of the Gaza Strip . When that failed to topple the new government , a covert operation was launched to eliminate Hamas by force . The covert initiative was exposed when confidential State Department documents were accidentally leaked by the U.S. envoy . The talking points delivered to the Fatah leadership said : Hamas should be given a clear choice , with a clear deadline : they either accept a new government that meets the Quartet principles , or they reject it . The consequences of Hamas ' decision should also be clear : If Hamas does not agree within the prescribed time , you should make clear your intention to declare a state of emergency and form an emergency government explicitly committed to that platform . Since the Battle of Gaza ( 2007 ) , the administration of the territories has been contested by two rival factions of the Palestinian National Authority , with Hamas controlling the Gaza Strip and Fatah continuing to administer the West Bank . Both groups claim legitimacy over leadership of the Palestinian territories . Most countries with an interest in the issues , including most of the Arab countries , recognize the administration of Mahmoud Abbas as the legitimate government over both Palestinian Territories . During Operation Cast Lead the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1860 ( 2009 ) , which said that the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory occupied in 1967 that will be a part of the Palestinian state . On 15 December 2011 , Iceland recognized Palestine as an independent and sovereign state within the pre-1967 Six - Day War borders ; Össur Skarphéðinsson , Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland , and Dr. Riad Malki , the Foreign Minister of Palestine , formally confirmed the establishment of full diplomatic relations between Iceland and Palestine . The 2014 Fatah -- Hamas Gaza Agreement provided for elections and the formation of a compromise unity government . The 2014 Israel - Gaza conflict intervened , however the unity government survived . In August , Palestinian leaders said they would apply to the United Nations Security Council for the establishment of a timetable for ending the Israeli occupation in the West Bank . The application would be made on 15 September 2014 , following an Arab League meeting on 5 September at which support for the move would be requested . Unless a timetable was established , the Palestinian leadership said it would apply to the International Criminal Court where it would hold Israel responsible for its actions not only in the West Bank , but in the Gaza Strip . Political status and sovereignty See also : International law and the Arab - Israeli conflict and Status of territories captured by Israel The international community regards the West Bank as territories occupied by Israel . Israel has withdrawn its military forces from the Gaza strip , but it continues to be designated the occupying power in the Gaza Strip by the United Nations , the United States and various human rights organizations . Hillel Neuer , the executive Director of UN Watch argues that the co-founder of Hamas , Mahmoud Zahar , has stated that Gaza is no longer occupied since the Israeli withdrawal . Zahar has elsewhere referred to the situation in Gaza as an `` occupation '' . The final status of the Palestinian Territories as an independent state is supported by the countries that form the Quartet 's `` Road map for peace '' . The government of Israel has also accepted the road map but with 14 reservations . A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel -- PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area . In other areas of the West Bank , transfer of powers took place pursuant to the Israel - PLO 28 September 1995 Interim Agreement , the Israel -- PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron , the Israel -- PLO 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum , and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Agreement . The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of Israeli settlements and citizens . Direct negotiations to determine the permanent status of Gaza and the West Bank had begun in September 1999 after a three - year hiatus , but have been derailed by the al - Aqsa Intifada that began in September 2000 . In 2003 , the Israeli government issued a plan for total withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and part of the northern West Bank by late 2005 . This became known as the Disengagement Plan . The Palestinian Authority welcomed this plan , but declared that until final status , it would still consider the Gaza Strip under Israeli occupation . Many Israelis opposed the plan , and tensions were very high in Israel before and after the Disengagement Plan was approved by the Israeli Knesset on 16 February 2005 . In August 2005 , the Israel Defense Forces and Israeli police forcibly removed all settlers from the Gaza Strip . Israel completed the disengagement on 12 September 2005 . Presently , most of the West Bank is administered by Israel though 42 % of it is under varying degrees of autonomous rule by the Fatah - run Palestinian Authority . The Gaza Strip is currently under the control of Hamas . The International Criminal Court ( ICC ) is an independent international treaty organisation with its own legislative assembly . Many of the member states recognise the State of Palestine . The Palestinian Foreign Minister Riad al - Malki presented the ICC prosecutor with documentary evidence which shows that 67 states in Latin America , Asia , Africa , and Europe have legally recognised the State of Palestine . In January 2010 , King Abdullah of Jordan , after a meeting with the Israeli president Shimon Peres at the World Economic Forum in Davos , declared that his country does not want to rule the West Bank and that `` the two - state solution '' to the Israeli - Palestinian conflict was the only viable option . If rule over the territory was to be transferred to the kingdom , it would only `` replace Israeli military rule with Jordanian military rule ... and the Palestinians want their own state '' . On Thursday , 29 November 2012 , In a 138 -- 9 vote ( with 41 abstaining ) General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 passed , upgrading Palestine to `` non-member observer state '' status in the United Nations . The new status equates Palestine 's with that of the Holy See . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . The vote was a historic benchmark for the partially recognised State of Palestine and its citizens , whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States . Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialised UN agencies , including the International Civil Aviation Organisation , the International Criminal Court , and other organisations for recognised sovereign nations . It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN , and allow the Palestinian people the right to sue for control of their claimed territory in the International Court of Justice and to bring war - crimes charges against Israel in the International Criminal Court . Israeli soldiers in Awarta , West Bank in 2011 Customary international law , including the International Court of Justice 's interpretation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in their July 2004 ruling , has been widely interpreted as prohibiting Israel from building settlements , due to its clauses prohibiting the transfer of a civilian population into an occupied territory . This was reaffirmed 5 December 2001 , at the Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention . The participating High Contracting Parties called upon Israel `` to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory , including East Jerusalem , and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention . They reaffirm the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof . '' Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits any change of status in occupied territory concluded through negotiations between the occupying power and local authorities under occupation . This finding also suggests that Israel may be in violation of the Rome Statute ( one of the primary legal instruments of the International Criminal Court ) , Article 8 , section ( 2 ) ( b ) ( viii ) : `` The transfer , directly or indirectly , by the Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies , or the deportation or transfer of all or parts of the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory '' see : . Given that United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 upgraded Palestine to non-member observer state status in November 2012 , representatives of Palestine may now be able to take members of the Israeli government to the International Criminal Court under violations of the Rome Statute . On 31 January 2012 , the United Nations independent `` International Fact - Finding Mission on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory '' filed a report stating that if Israel did not stop all settlement activity immediately and begin withdrawing all settlers from the West Bank , it potentially might face a case at the International Criminal Court , increasing credibility of any Palestinianin attempt to do so . The UN has , after granting Palestine observer state status , permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as ' The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations ' , seen by many as a reflexion of the UN 's de facto recognition of the State of Palestine 's sovereignty , and Palestine has started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps , official documents and passports . The Palestinian authorities have also instructed its diplomats to officially represent ' The State of Palestine ' , as opposed to the ' Palestine National Authority ' . Additionally , on 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that ' the designation of `` State of Palestine '' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents ' . Critics point out that implementation of the Oslo Accords has not improved conditions for the population under occupation . Israel contends that the settlements are not illegal as the West Bank is considered a `` disputed territory '' under international law . United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 recognized Israel 's rights to `` safe and secure borders '' , which has been interpreted by Israeli government as meaning that Israel had a right to West Bank territory for secure borders . The San Remo Conference , binding under international law , further envisioned the West Bank as being part of a sovereign Jewish state , and arguably encourages , rather than prohibits Jewish settlement in the area . Furthermore , according to Israeli government , many of the settlements were established on the sites of former Jewish communities that had existed there prior to 1947 on land that was legitimately bought , and ethnically cleansed by Arab forces . Israel views the territory as being the subject of legitimate diplomatic dispute and negotiation under international law . East Jerusalem , captured in 1967 , was unilaterally annexed by Israel . The UN Security Council Resolution 478 condemned the annexation as `` a violation of international law '' . This annexation has not been recognized by other nations , although the United States Congress declared its intention to recognize the annexation ( a proposal that has been condemned by other states and organizations ) . Because of the question of Jerusalem 's status , no states base their diplomatic missions there and treat Tel Aviv as the capital , though two states have embassies in the Jerusalem suburb of Mevaseret Zion . Israel asserts that these territories are not currently claimed by any other state , and that Israel has the right to control them . The destroyed Palestinian Legislative Council building in Gaza City , Gaza -- Israel conflict , September 2009 Israel 's position has not been accepted by most countries and international bodies , and the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip are referred to as occupied territories ( with Israel as the occupying power ) by most international legal and political bodies , the rest of the Arab bloc , the UK , including the EU , the United States , both the General Assembly and Security Council of the United Nations , the International Court of Justice , the Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention , and the Israeli Supreme Court ( see Israeli West Bank barrier ) . Former U.S. President George W. Bush stated , during his presidency , that he did not expect Israel to return entirely to pre-1967 borders , due to `` new realities on the ground . '' Both US President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , who played notable roles in attempts at mediation , noted the need for some territorial and diplomatic compromise on this issue , based on the validity of some of the claims of both sides . One compromise offered by Clinton would have allowed Israel to keep some settlements in the West Bank , especially those in large blocks near the pre-1967 borders of Israel . In return , Palestinians would have received concessions of land in other parts of the country . The United Nations did not declare any change in the status of the territories as of the creation of the Palestinian National Authority between 1993 and 2000 , although a 1999 U.N. document implied that the chance for a change in that status was slim at that period . During the period between the 1993 Oslo Accords and the Second Intifada beginning in 2000 , Israeli officials claimed that the term `` occupation '' did not accurately reflect the state of affairs in the territories . During this time , the Palestinian population in large parts of the territories had a large degree of autonomy and only limited exposure to the IDF except when seeking to move between different areas . Following the events of the Second Intifada , and in particular , Operation Defensive Shield , most territories , including Palestinian cities ( Area A ) , are back under effective Israeli military control , so the discussion along those lines is largely moot . In the summer of 2005 , Israel implemented its unilateral disengagement plan ; about 8500 Israeli citizens living in the Gaza Strip were forcibly removed from the territory ; some received alternative homes and a sum of money . The Israel Defense Forces vacated Gaza in 2005 , but invaded it again in 2006 in response to rocket attacks and the abduction of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Hamas . In January 2010 , King Abdullah of Jordan , after a meeting with the Israeli president Shimon Peres at the World Economic Forum in Davos , declared that his country does not want to rule the West Bank and that `` the two - state solution '' to the Israeli - Palestinian conflict was the only viable option . If rule over the territory was to be transferred to the kingdom , it would only `` replace Israeli military rule with Jordanian military rule ... and the Palestinians want their own state . '' In December 2010 , Brazil recognized Palestine as a state with its 1967 borders . This move was later followed by Argentina , Peru , Uruguay , Bolivia and Ecuador . This action was later criticized by Israel and the United States , who labelled it `` counterproductive '' . Demographics Main article : Palestinian people See also : Demographics of Palestine and Demographics of the Palestinian territories Palestinians The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) estimated Palestinians at mid year 2009 as 10.7 million persons as follows : 3.9 million in the Palestinian Territory ( 36.6 % ) , 1.2 million ( 11.5 % ) in Israel ; 5.0 million in Arab countries ( 46.2 % ) , 0.6 million in foreign countries ( 5.7 % ) . According to The Guardian ( 2008 ) the Palestinian territories have one of the fastest growing populations in the world , with numbers surging 30 % in the past decade ( 2008 ) . There were 3.76 million Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip , up from 2.89 million ten years earlier . According to the U.S. Census , population growth from 1990 to 2008 in Gaza and the West Bank was 106 % , from 1.9 million ( 1990 ) to 3.9 million persons . According to the UN ( 2010 ) , the Palestinian population was 4.4 million . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) population density in 2009 was 654 capita / km , of which 433 capita / km in the West Bank including Jerusalem and 4,073 capita / km in Gaza Strip . In mid-2009 , the share of population less than 15 years was 41.9 % and above 65 years 3 % . Population ( mid year ) Year West Bank Gaza Total 1970 0.69 0.34 1.03 1980 0.90 0.46 1.36 1.25 0.65 1.90 2000 1.98 1.13 3.11 2.20 1.30 3.50 2008 2.41 1.5 3.91 2.52 1.60 4.12 Source : U.S. Census Bureau 2006 2.5 1.5 4.0 2009 2.48 1.45 3.94 Source : Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Region Population West Bank 2,568,555 East Jerusalem 192,800 Gaza Strip 1,657,155 Name Population ( 2007 ) Area ( km ) Density West Bank 2,369,700 5,671 417.86 Gaza Strip 1,416,539 360 3934.83 Total 3,786,239 6,031 627.80 Religion The overwhelming majority of Palestinians are Muslims . Almost the entire Palestinian Muslim population is Sunni , although few dozen converts to Ahmadiyya Islam resides in West Bank . According to Palestinian constitution , article 4 : `` Islam is the official religion of Palestine . Respect for the sanctity of all other divine religions shall be maintained '' . Christians constitute about 1 -- 2 % of population of Palestinian territories . The Christian population of Gaza is estimated at about 3,000 There are also about 370 Samaritans in West Bank village of Kiryat Luza on Mount Gerizim who hold both Palestinian and Israeli citizenship . The number of Jewish settlers in West Bank is estimated at 341 000 as of the end of 2012 and over 200 000 in East Jerusalem . Language Arabic is the official language within the Palestinian Authority . Palestinian Arabic is the vernacular . Hebrew and English are widely spoken. 16.1 % of the population speaks Hebrew as their native language and Hebrew is also a second or third language to many other Palestinians . Israeli settlers Settler population , 1972 -- 2007 : yellow = East Jerusalem ; blue = rest of West Bank The PCBS estimated that about 564,000 Israeli settlers lived in the West Bank in 2012 . Some 203,000 of them were settled in East Jerusalem ( Area J1 of the Jerusalem Governorate ) and 346,000 in the remaining West Bank . Consistent with its policy of Jerusalem as a united and indivisible capital of Israel , Israel does not publish exact figures of the number of settlers in East Jerusalem . Rather the figures of Israelis in Judea and Samaria District are given . Independently from the political composition of its subsequent governments , the number of settlers in the West Bank has grown rapidly and in a relatively straight line since 1967 ( see graphics ) . The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics counted about 341,000 settlers end 2012 in the Judea and Samaria District , which does not include Jerusalem . Administrative divisions The Constitution of the League of Arab States says the existence and independence of Palestine can not be questioned de jure even though the outward signs of this independence have remained veiled as a result of force majeure . The League supervised the Egyptian trusteeship of the Palestinian government in Gaza after the termination of the British Mandate and secured assurances from Jordan that the 1950 Act of Union was `` without prejudice to the final settlement '' . By the 1988 declaration , the PNC empowered its central council to form a government - in - exile when appropriate , and called upon its executive committee to perform the duties of the government - in - exile until its establishment . Under the terms of the Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the PLO , the latter assumed control over the Jericho area of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 17 May 1994 . On 28 September 1995 , following the signing of the Israeli - Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip , Israeli military forces withdrew from the West Bank towns of Nablus , Ramallah , Jericho , Jenin , Tulkarem , Qalqilya and Bethlehem . In December 1995 , the PLO also assumed responsibility for civil administration in 17 areas in Hebron . While the PLO assumed these responsibilities as a result of Oslo , a new temporary interim administrative body was set up as a result of the Accords to carry out these functions on the ground : the Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) . An analysis outlining the relationship between the PLO , the PNA ( PA ) , Palestine and Israel in light of the interim arrangements set out in the Oslo Accords begins by stating that , `` Palestine may best be described as a transitional association between the PA and the PLO . '' It goes on to explain that this transitional association accords the PA responsibility for local government and the PLO responsibility for representation of the Palestinian people in the international arena , while prohibiting it from concluding international agreements that affect the status of the occupied territories . This situation is said to be accepted by the Palestinian population insofar as it is viewed as a temporary arrangement . Since the Battle of Gaza ( 2007 ) , the two separate territories , the Gaza Strip and the West Bank , are divided into a Hamas leadership in the Gaza Strip and a Fatah civil leadership in the autonomous areas of the West Bank . Each sees itself as the administrator of all Palestinian Territories and does not acknowledge the other one as the official government of the territories . The Palestinian Territories have therefore de facto split into two entities . Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority Governorates Main article : Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority After the signing of the Oslo Accords , the Palestinian territories were divided 16 governorates under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority . Since 2007 there are two governments claiming to be the legitimate government of the Palestinian National Authority , one based in the West Bank and one based in the Gaza Strip . West Bank areas Main article : West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord Israeli signpost warning Israeli citizens that entry into Area ' A ' is forbidden , life - endangering , and constitutes a criminal offense The Oslo II Accord created three temporary distinct administrative divisions in the Palestinian territories , the Areas A , B and C , until a final status accord would be established . The areas are not contiguous , but rather fragmented depending on the different population areas as well as Israeli military requirements . Area A ( in theory , full civil and security control by the Palestinian Authority ) : circa 3 % of the West Bank , exclusive East - Jerusalem ( first phase , 1995 ) . In 2011 : 18 % . This area includes all Palestinian cities and their surrounding areas , with no Israeli settlements . Entry into this area is forbidden to all Israeli citizens . The Israel Defense Forces occasionally enters the area to conduct raids to arrest suspected militants . Area B ( Palestinian civil control and joint Israeli - Palestinian security control ) : circa 25 % ( first phase , 1995 ) . In 2011 : 21 % . Includes areas of many Palestinian towns and villages and areas , with no Israeli settlements . Area C ( full Israeli civil and security control , except over Palestinian civilians ) : circa 72 % ( first phase , 1995 ) . In 2011 : 61 % . These areas include all Israeli settlements ( cities , towns , and villages ) , nearby land , most roadways that connected the settlements ( and which Israelis are now restricted to ) as well as strategic areas described as `` security zones . '' There were 1,000 Israeli settlers living in Area C in 1972 . By 1993 , their population had increased to 110,000 . As of 2012 they number more than 300,000 -- as against 150,000 Palestinians , the majority of whom are Bedouin and fellahin . History See also : History of Palestine , History of the Gaza Strip , and History of the Palestinian people Part of a series on the History of Palestine Prehistory Jericho Ancient history Canaan Phoenicia Ancient Israel and Judah Philistia Median Empire Achaemenid Empire ( Yehud Medinata ) Classical period Seleucus Antigonus Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom Province of Judea Syria Palaestina Byzantine Empire ( Palaestina Prima / Secunda ) Islamic rule Muslim conquest Rashidun ( Jund Filastin , Jund al - Urdunn ) Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Crusader Ayyubid Mamluk Ottoman Modern era British Mandate All - Palestine Jordanian West Bank Egyptian Gaza Strip Israel Military Governorate Israeli Civil Administration Palestinian Authority ( Gaza Strip ) State of Palestine Palestine portal In 1922 , after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that ruled Greater Syria for four centuries ( 1517 -- 1917 ) , the British Mandate for Palestine was established . Large - scale Jewish immigration from abroad , mainly from Eastern Europe took place during the British Mandate , though Jewish immigration started during the Ottoman period . The future of Palestine was hotly disputed between Arabs and Jews . In 1947 , the total Jewish ownership of land in Palestine was 1,850,000 dunams or 1,850 square kilometres ( 714 sq mi ) , which is 7.04 % of the total land of Palestine . Public property or `` crown lands '' , the bulk of which was in the Negev , belonging to the government of Palestine may have made up as much as 70 % of the total land ; with the Arabs , Christians and others owning the rest . The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan proposed a division of Mandate Palestine between an Arab and a Jewish state , with Jerusalem and the surrounding area to be a corpus separatum under a special international regime . The regions allotted to the proposed Arab state included what became the Gaza Strip , and almost all of what became the West Bank , as well as other areas . The Partition Plan was passed by the UN General Assembly in November 1947 . The Partition Plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership , but rejected by the Arab leaders . The Arab League threatened to take military measures to prevent the partition of Palestine and to ensure the national rights of the Palestinian Arab population . One day before the expiration of the British Mandate for Palestine , on 14 May 1948 , Israel declared its independence within the borders of the Jewish State set out in the Partition Plan . US President Harry Truman recognized the State of Israel de facto the following day . The Arab countries declared war on the newly formed State of Israel heralding the start of the 1948 Arab - Israeli War . Arab countries announced `` an intervention in Palestine to restore law and order '' , heralding the start of the 1948 Palestine War . After the war , which Palestinians call the Nakba , the 1949 Armistice Agreements established the separation lines between the combatants , leaving Israel in control of some of the areas designated for the Arab state under the Partition Plan , Transjordan in control of the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , Egypt in control of the Gaza Strip and Syria in control of the Himmah Area . In 1950 , Jordan annexed the West Bank . Only the United Kingdom formally recognized the annexation of the West Bank , excluding the case of East Jerusalem which was de facto recognized . In the Gaza Strip the Arab League formed the All - Palestine Government , which operated under Egypt occupation . Article 24 of the Palestinian National Covenant of 1964 , which established the Palestine Liberation Organization , stated : `` This Organization does not exercise any territorial sovereignty over the West Bank in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , on the Gaza Strip or in the Himmah Area '' ( i.e. the areas of the former Mandate Palestine controlled by Jordan , Egypt and Syria , respectively ) . Israel captured both territories in the 1967 Six - Day War , as well as other territory belonging to Egypt and Syria . Since then , these territories have been designated Israeli - occupied territories . Immediately after the war , on 19 June 1967 , the Israeli government offered to return the Golan Heights to Syria , the Sinai to Egypt and most of the West Bank to Jordan in exchange for peace . At the Khartoum Summit in September , the Arab parties responded to this overture by declaring `` no peace with Israel , no recognition of Israel and no negotiations with Israel . '' UN Security Council Resolution 242 introduced the `` Land for Peace '' formula for normalizing relations between Israel and its neighbors . This formula was used when Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in 1979 in exchange for a peace treaty . While that treaty mentioned a `` linkage '' between Israeli - Egyptian peace and Palestinian autonomy , the formerly Egyptian - occupied territory in Gaza was excluded from the agreement , and remained under Israeli control . The Oslo Accords of the early 1990s between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority . This was an interim organization created to administer a limited form of Palestinian self - governance in the territories for a period of five years during which final - status negotiations would take place . The Palestinian Authority carried civil responsibility in some rural areas , as well as security responsibility in the major cities of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . Although the five - year interim period expired in 1999 , the final status agreement has yet to be concluded despite attempts such as the 2000 Camp David Summit , the Taba summit , and the unofficial Geneva Accords . Modern evolution of Palestine 1916 -- 1922 proposals : Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine . The red line is the `` International Administration '' proposed in the 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement , the dashed blue line is the 1919 Zionist Organization proposal at the Paris Peace Conference , and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923 -- 48 Mandatory Palestine . 1937 proposal : The first official proposal for partition , published in 1937 by the Peel Commission . An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep `` the sanctity of Jerusalem and Bethlehem '' , in the form of an enclave from Jerusalem to Jaffa , including Lydda and Ramle . 1947 ( proposal ) : Proposal per the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine ( UN General Assembly Resolution 181 ( II ) , 1947 ) , prior to the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . The proposal included a Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem , extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas , and Jaffa as an Arab exclave . 1947 ( actual ) : Mandatory Palestine , showing Jewish - owned regions in Palestine as of 1947 in blue , constituting 6 % of the total land area , of which more than half was held by the JNF and PICA . The Jewish population had increased from 83,790 in 1922 to 608,000 in 1946 . 1948 -- 1967 ( actual ) : The Jordanian - annexed West Bank ( light green ) and Egyptian - occupied Gaza Strip ( dark green ) , after the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , showing 1949 armistice lines . 1967 -- 1994 : During the Six - Day War , Israel captured the West Bank , the Gaza Strip , and the Golan Heights , together with the Sinai Peninsula ( later traded for peace after the Yom Kippur War ) . In 1980 -- 81 Israel annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights . Neither Israel 's annexation nor Palestine 's claim over East Jerusalem has been internationally recognized . 1994 -- 2006 : Under the Oslo Accords , the Palestinian National Authority was created to provide civil government in certain urban areas of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . 2006 -- present : After the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and clashes between the two main Palestinian parties following the Hamas electoral victory , two separate executive governments took control in Gaza and the West Bank . See also Palestine portal Middle East portal Israel portal Outline of the Palestinian territories Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories Economy of the Palestinian territories Health care in the Palestinian territories Judea and Samaria Area Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network Palestinian flag Racism in the Palestinian territories Tourism in the Palestinian territories Water , Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories References ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/population_dE.pdf ^ Jump up to : Israeli Settlements in Palestine -- Annual Statistical Report 2012 , Table 2 , p. 48 . 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' , UNRWA , August 2012 Jump up ^ ' Humanitarian Fact Sheet on the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea Area , ' OCHA , February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas leader 's Tunisia visit angers Palestinian officials '' . English.alarabiya.net. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keinon , Herb . `` Politics : Fatah - Hamas unity talks breed Likud harmony '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Set ' timetable ' to end Israeli occupation , Palestine to UN '' . Arab Herald . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory , including East Jerusalem : Report of the Secretary - General ( UN Doc . A / 71 / 364 ) '' . United Nations . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Union , Trade in goods with Occupied Palestinian Territory '' ( PDF ) . European Commission / Directorate - General for Trade . 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Council conclusions on the Middle East Peace Process '' . Council of the European Union . 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . The Council highlights the importance of unhindered work of civil society both in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory and follows recent developments in this regard with concern . Jump up ^ `` The occupied Palestinian territories : Dignity Denied '' . International Committee of the Red Cross . 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK and The Occupied Palestinian Territories '' . GOV.UK . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons International Development Committee -- FINAL REPORT Vol I 26 January 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . 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No Jew will accept partition as a just and rightful solution . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Avi ( 2008 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . Paw Prints . p. 670 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4352 - 9513 - 1 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Open a Bible Jump up ^ The Likud -- Platform states `` The Government of Israel flatly rejects the establishment of a Palestinian Arab state west of the Jordan River . The Palestinians can run their lives freely in the framework of self - rule , but not as an independent and sovereign state . '' Jump up ^ Barahona , Ana ( 2013 ) . Bearing Witness -- Eight weeks in Palestine . London : Metete . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908099 - 02 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( From ' Occupied Territories ' to ' Disputed Territories , ' Dore Gold , Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=380&PID=1864&IID=1115 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 58 / 292 . Status of the Occupied Palestinian Territory , including East Jerusalem ; 17 May 2004 ( doc.nr . A / RES / 58 / 292 ) Jump up ^ Based on figures of the CIA World Factbook . The Factbook estimates the land area of Israel ( excluding the Golan Heights ) 20,330 square kilometer , the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem , but excluding Mt . Scopus ) 5,640 and the Gaza Strip 360 . Jump up ^ UNGA , ; Resolution 43 / 177 . Question of Palestine Archived 1 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( doc.nr . A / RES / 43 / 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state '' . Reuters. 29 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UN makes Palestine nonmember state '' . 3 News NZ. 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians accuse Romney of `` racist '' remark `` . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated , The ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Romney calling Jerusalem Israel 's capital is ' unacceptable , ' says Erekat '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Gaza blockade must be completely lifted '' . Amnesty.org . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MIDEAST : Border Areas Bombed Again '' . Ipsnews.net. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Special Rapporteur , Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 ( p. 2 ; see also pp. 8 -- 12 ) . 17 August 2007 ( doc.nr . A / 62 / 275 ) Jump up ^ `` Department of the Treasury , Customs Service , T.D. 97 -- 16 , Country of Origin Marking of Products From the West Bank and Gaza '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USAID West Bank / Gaza '' . Usaid.gov . Archived from the original on 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` West Bank and Gaza -- Strategic Objective : 294 - 001 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . 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( Full transcript available at : cnn transcript ) Jump up ^ `` Tony Blair press conference '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . , 4 / 17 / 04 , UK Foreign Office official website , including comments on compromising on settlements , accessed 7 / 12 / 07 . ( Scroll down to question that begins with the phrase , `` But Mr Sharon sees a final settlement ... '' ) Jump up ^ Excerpt : Clinton , Bill . `` The ' Clinton Parameters . ' '' Jewish Virtual Library . 7 January 2001 . Full transcript : `` Transcript of Clinton 's remarks to the Israel Policy Forum gala . '' CNN.com International . Cable News Network . 8 January 2010 . Web . 15 October 2010 . Transcript . Jump up ^ DPA ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` '' http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1146187.html `` King Abdullah : Jordan wants no part of West Bank '' `` . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuador becomes fifth Latin American country to recognize Palestinian state '' . Haaretz. 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Palestinians in figures 2009 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics May 2010 ; p. 11 Jump up ^ Toni O'Loughlin in Jerusalem ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` Census finds Palestinian population up by 30 % '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . 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This data plus 2.57 million in the West Bank ( resulting 4.23 million ) agrees with the 4.1 million figure given by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics @ Google Hosted News Jump up ^ passia.org Palestine facts -- Population . Jump up ^ As stated in List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density , in 2010 , the total density raised to 681 , ranking the 20th biggest of this list . Jump up ^ `` Myths & Facts : Israel - Palestine conflict and the Ahmadiyya '' . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Amended Basic Law '' . 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` Declining Palestinian Christian Population Fears Its Churches Are Turning Into Museums '' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ IMEU . `` Palestinian Christians in the Holy Land -- IMEU '' . Jump up ^ `` Israeli Election Preview : The Samaritans , Caught Between Two Votes '' . 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A look at Israeli settlers , by the numbers '' . Jump up ^ The Palestine Basic Law , approved by the PLC in March 2003 , states in article 4 that `` Arabic shall be the official language . '' Jump up ^ `` Palestine '' . Tlfq.ulaval.ca . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Barahona , Ana ( 2013 ) . Bearing Witness -- Eight weeks in Palestine . London : Metete . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908099 - 02 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli Settler Population 1972 -- 2006 '' . Foundation for Middle East Peace . Archived from the original on 18 November 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year in West Bank settlements '' . B'Tselem . Archived from the original on 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Table 2.17 -- Localities ( 1 ) and population ( see end of table ) . ICBS , STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF ISRAEL 2013 , 5 March 2014 . Note : different dates of counting is one of the reasons for differing statistics . Jump up ^ Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. Blokker , International Institutional Law , Hotei , 1995 -- 2004 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 13828 - 5 , page 51 Jump up ^ Marjorie M. Whiteman , Digest of International Law , vol. 2 , US State Department ( Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1963 ) pages 1163 -- 68 Jump up ^ See paragraph 2.20 of the Written Statement submitted by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Sayigh , 1999 , p. 624 . Jump up ^ Europa World Publications , 2004 , p. 905 . Jump up ^ Dajani in Brownlie et al. , 1999 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Gvirtzman , Haim . `` Maps of Israeli Interests in Judea and Samaria Determining the Extent of the Additional Withdrawals '' . ( this study was funded by the Settlement Division of the Zionist Organization ) ^ Jump up to : `` Map No. 1 -- First Phase of Redeployment '' . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , 23 July 2012 , Israel Seeks Army Use of West Bank Area ^ Jump up to : West Bank : Area C Map Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... UNISPAL , 22 February 2011 ; from OCHAoPt Jump up ^ Diab , Khaled ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Bedouin kids ' school of hard knocks '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ History , Civil Society Network on the Question of Palestine , Division for Palestinian Rights , United Nations . Archived 4 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark A. Tessler , A History of the Israeli - Palestinian conflict. page 211 Jump up ^ British mandate # Land ownership of the British Mandate of Palestine Jump up ^ Alexander Safian , Can Arabs Buy Land in Israel ? , Middle East Quarterly Volume IV , Number 4 , December 1997 ; citing Moshe Aumann , Land Ownership in Palestine 1880 -- 1948 , Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East ( undated , approximately 1970 ) . The Negev statement is in Aumann . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Cablegram from the Secretary - General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary - General of the United Nations Jump up ^ Announcement in the UK House of Commons of the recognition of the State of Israel and also of the annexation of the West Bank by the State of Jordan . Commons Debates ( Hansard ) 5th series , Vol 474 , pp1137 - 1141 . 27 April 1950 . scan ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Palestinian National Charter , 1964 Jump up ^ `` Khartoum Resolutions '' . Mideastweb.org. 19 June 1967 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Notes Jump up ^ Israeli documentation provides population figures for the whole of Jerusalem without specific information on East Jerusalem being provided . External links Find more aboutPalestinian territoriesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Statistical Atlas of Palestine at the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics . Global Integrity Report : West Bank has a governance and anti-corruption profile . `` Gaza Strip '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . `` West Bank '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Palestinian Territories at the United States Department of State . Palestine from UCB Libraries GovPubs . Palestinian Territory at DMOZ Palestine under the Ottoman Rule Palestinian territories street - art `` The Question of Palestine & the United Nations '' . , published by the United Nations Department of Public Information , March 2003 . UN Brochure DPI / 2276 . Online , chapters are in PDF format . 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-818223406965019134	Lady and the Tramp	Lady and the Tramp - wikipedia Lady and the Tramp Jump to : navigation , search Lady and the Tramp Original theatrical release poster Directed by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Produced by Walt Disney Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene Starring Peggy Lee Barbara Luddy Larry Roberts Verna Felton Bill Thompson Bill Baucom Music by Oliver Wallace Edited by Don Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $93.6 million Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.1. 1 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . She is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs and thinks they are responsible . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady Larry Roberts as Tramp Bill Thompson as Jock , Joe , Dachsie , Policeman Bill Baucom as Trusty Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah George Givot as Tony Lee Millar as Jim Dear , Dogcatcher Peggy Lee as Darling , Si and Am , Peg Stan Freberg as the beaver Alan Reed as Boris Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , Pedro , Professor , Hyena The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . At the time , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Eisner refused , thus she filed suite in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28 , 2006 . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reception Despite being an enormous success at the box office , the film was also initially panned by critics : one indicated that the dogs had `` the dimensions of hippos , '' another that `` the artists ' work is below par '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney & Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received an 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . See also List of American films of 1955 References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Sales information of the DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp II information '' . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Jump up ^ 10 Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Referenced July 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=804194695 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated musical films Animated romance films Animated films about dogs Children 's comedy - drama films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 11 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of dog is jock on lady and the tramp	[ "On Christmas morning, 1909, in a quaint Midwestern town, Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady. Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs, Jock, a Scottish terrier, and Trusty, a bloodhound. Meanwhile, across town, a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own, dining on scraps from Tony's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg (a Pekingese) and Bull (a bulldog) from the local dogcatcher. One day, Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly. Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby. While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is, Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter, making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard. As Tramp leaves, he reminds Lady that \"when the baby moves in, the dog moves out.\"" ]	[ "a Scottish terrier" ]
-974228988958005007	Josh MacRae	Josh MacRae - Wikipedia Josh MacRae Jump to : navigation , search For the drummer , see Josh Macrae . Josh MacRae ( 1933 -- 1977 ) was a Scottish folk singer . Accompanying himself on guitar , he had two hits in Britain , `` Talking Army Blues '' ( on Top Rank Records , in 1960 ) and `` Messing About on the River '' ( Pye , 1961 ) . ( 1 ) His real name was Iain Macrae ; he called himself Josh after the blues musician Josh White . He also worked as an art teacher at Kirkland Junior High School at Methil , Scotland , in the mid sixties . External links ( edit ) ( 2 ) Biography ( 3 ) Records MusicBrainz : bf57afe7 - 015f - 4ce0 - 98f2 - 552b8f3a4934 This biographical article about a British singer is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . ^ Jump up to : `` Josh MacRae - New Songs , Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_MacRae&oldid=800088995 '' Categories : Scottish folk singers 1933 births 1977 deaths 20th - century singers British singer stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 13 : 03 . About Wikipedia	who sang the song messing about on the river	[ "Josh MacRae (1933–1977)[1] was a Scottish folk singer. Accompanying himself on guitar, he had two hits in Britain, \"Talking Army Blues\" (on Top Rank Records, in 1960) and \"Messing About on the River\" (Pye, 1961). [1] His real name was Iain Macrae; he called himself Josh after the blues musician Josh White.[1]" ]	[ "Josh MacRae" ]
-3741921710338461824	List of Catholic dioceses in the United States	List of Catholic dioceses in the United States - wikipedia List of Catholic dioceses in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list of the Catholic dioceses and archdioceses of the United States includes both the Dioceses of the Latin Church , which uses the Roman Rite , and various dioceses , primarily the Eparchies ( dioceses ) of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which use various ( Byzantine and other ) rites and which are in full communion with the Pope , the Bishop of Rome . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services , USA is not a metropolitan diocese . The Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter was established on January 1 , 2012 for former Anglicans who join the Roman Catholic Church . Provinces and Dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States . Each color represents one of the 32 Latin Rite Provinces . The Roman Catholic Church has a total of 197 particular churches -- consisting of 32 territorial archdioceses , 145 territorial dioceses , the Archdiocese for the Military Services , USA ( serving members of the US Armed Forces and Diplomatic Corps , and those in facilities of the Veterans Administration and their dependents ) , and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter ( serving Catholics who were formerly Anglicans ) within the Roman Rite ; and two archieparchies and 16 eparchies in the Eastern Catholic Churches -- in the 50 United States and the US Virgin Islands . The pastor of any particular church other than an ordinariate must be episcopally ordained , but his title conforms to that of his jurisdiction : the pastor of an archdiocese is an archbishop , the pastor of a diocese is a bishop , the pastor of an archieparchy is an archieparch , the pastor of an eparchy is an eparch , and the pastor of an exarchate is an exarch . The pastor of an ordinariate , titled the `` ordinary '' ( which is a term also used generically for the pastor of any particular church ) , may be either a bishop if celibate , or a presbyter ( priest ) if married , but he holds the same power of governance of his ordinariate that a bishop has of his diocese in either case ; Pope Benedict XVI deliberately instituted this provision to permit married , former Anglican bishops who come into full communion with the Catholic Church along with many of their congregants to accede to office while respecting sensitivities in ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox Churches , which also maintain a celibate episcopacy . The pastor of each particular church is , ex officio , a full member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) . Auxiliary and retired bishops are also members of the Conference but have no vote . In the United States , each archbishop is also the metropolitan bishop of an ecclesiastical province that encompasses several adjacent dioceses . Likewise , each archieparch is also the metropolitan of an ecclesiastical province that encompasses all of the eparchies of the same sui iuris particular church in the United States . Most provincial and diocesan boundaries conform to state , county , borough ( in Alaska ) , or parish ( in Louisiana ) political boundaries . The sui iuris Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the US has an ecclesiastical province consisting of an archieparchy and three eparchies , and the sui iuris Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church has an ecclesiastical province consisting of an archieparchy and three eparchies ; the boundaries of these jurisdictions also generally conform to those of states . Most of the remaining eparchies are national in territory , but two particular churches , namely the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg in the United States and Canada and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter , are international , encompassing all of the United States and Canada ; their pastors also are ex officio members of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( CCCB ) . There are several other dioceses whose territories cover the Nation 's unincorporated territories . Puerto Rico has one ecclesiastical province comprising an archdiocese and five dioceses , which together form the Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference , which is separate from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . The dioceses that encompass American Samoa , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Guam are part of the Episcopal Conference of the Pacific . In the Roman Rite , ( arch ) dioceses customarily take the name of the city of the ( arch ) bishop 's cathedra , denominated the `` see '' . A few dioceses bear the names of two cities , variously reflecting a shift in the major center of population , e.g. , the Archdiocese of Galveston - Houston ; future plan to divide a diocese , e.g. , the former Diocese of Reno - Las Vegas ; union of two former dioceses , e.g. , the Diocese of Kansas City - St. Joseph ; political expedience , e.g. , the Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis ; or a perceived need for some episcopal functions to be accessible to residents of another part of the diocesan territory , e.g. , the Diocese of Altoona - Johnstown . Some of the sui iuris particular churches also follow this custom , while others denominated their jurisdictions after saints or other religious titles . In the Roman Catholic Church , there are many bishops who do not govern dioceses : A `` coadjutor '' is appointed to assist the bishop of a diocese or eparchy with its daily governance and has the right of automatic succession upon the death or resignation of the bishop . A coadjutor always holds the title `` Coadjutor of ( name of see ) '' . The coadjutor of an archdiocese or archieparchy also has the status of an archbishop or archieparch . A retired diocesan bishop holds the title of `` Bishop Emeritus of ( name of see ) '' or , in the case of an archdiocese , `` Archbishop Emeritus of ( name of see ) '' . Auxiliary bishops , bishops who govern jurisdictions that are not canonically erected as dioceses , bishops and archbishops of the Roman Curia , and bishops and archbishops of the diplomatic corps of the Holy See have titles of former dioceses and archdioceses . The Pope also may confer the personal title of `` archbishop '' on a diocesan bishop who does not govern an archdiocese ; such a prelate is classified as an archbishop ad personam : although still merely a diocesan bishop , he is titled with the name of a former archdiocese in addition to possessing the title of his own diocese . Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen , Bishop of Rochester and Titular Archbishop of Neoportus was one of the more famous examples of this custom . When a diocese is suppressed or when the diocesan see is transferred to another location , the title of the former see becomes available for assignment to a titular bishop or , in the case of an archdiocese , a titular archbishop or an archbishop ad personam . The Vatican resurrected the names of many former sees of the United States in the 1990s , as indicated by the table of former dioceses toward the end of this article . Contents ( hide ) 1 Territorial provinces and dioceses 1.1 Ecclesiastical Province of Anchorage 1.2 Ecclesiastical Province of Atlanta 1.3 Ecclesiastical Province of Baltimore 1.4 Ecclesiastical Province of Boston 1.5 Ecclesiastical Province of Chicago 1.6 Ecclesiastical Province of Cincinnati 1.7 Ecclesiastical Province of Denver 1.8 Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit 1.9 Ecclesiastical Province of Dubuque 1.10 Ecclesiastical Province of Galveston - Houston 1.11 Ecclesiastical Province of Hartford 1.12 Ecclesiastical Province of Indianapolis 1.13 Ecclesiastical Province of Kansas City 1.14 Ecclesiastical Province of Los Angeles 1.15 Ecclesiastical Province of Louisville 1.16 Ecclesiastical Province of Miami 1.17 Ecclesiastical Province of Milwaukee 1.18 Ecclesiastical Province of Mobile 1.19 Ecclesiastical Province of New Orleans 1.20 Ecclesiastical Province of New York 1.21 Ecclesiastical Province of Newark 1.22 Ecclesiastical Province of Oklahoma City 1.23 Ecclesiastical Province of Omaha 1.24 Ecclesiastical Province of Philadelphia 1.25 Ecclesiastical Province of Portland 1.26 Ecclesiastical Province of St. Louis 1.27 Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis 1.28 Ecclesiastical Province of San Antonio 1.29 Ecclesiastical Province of San Francisco 1.30 Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe 1.31 Ecclesiastical Province of Seattle 1.32 Ecclesiastical Province of Washington 1.33 Ecclesiastical Province of San Juan 1.34 Ecclesiastical Province of Agaña 1.35 Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa - Apia 2 Military Archdiocese 3 Eastern Catholic eparchies 4 Personal Ordinariate ( Anglican Use ) 5 Former US Dioceses 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links Territorial Provinces and dioceses ( edit ) Province Map Diocese Coat of Arms Ecclesiastical Province of Anchorage ( edit ) Anchorage Archdiocese of Anchorage Diocese of Fairbanks Diocese of Juneau Ecclesiastical Province of Atlanta ( edit ) Atlanta Archdiocese of Atlanta Diocese of Charleston Diocese of Charlotte Diocese of Raleigh Diocese of Savannah Ecclesiastical Province of Baltimore ( edit ) Baltimore Archdiocese of Baltimore Diocese of Arlington Diocese of Richmond Diocese of Wheeling -- Charleston Diocese of Wilmington Ecclesiastical Province of Boston ( edit ) Boston Archdiocese of Boston Diocese of Burlington Diocese of Fall River Diocese of Manchester Diocese of Portland Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts Diocese of Worcester Ecclesiastical Province of Chicago ( edit ) Chicago Archdiocese of Chicago Diocese of Belleville Diocese of Joliet Diocese of Peoria Diocese of Rockford Diocese of Springfield in Illinois Ecclesiastical Province of Cincinnati ( edit ) Cincinnati Archdiocese of Cincinnati Diocese of Cleveland Diocese of Columbus Diocese of Steubenville Diocese of Toledo Diocese of Youngstown Ecclesiastical Province of Denver ( edit ) Denver Archdiocese of Denver Diocese of Cheyenne Diocese of Colorado Springs Diocese of Pueblo Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit ( edit ) Detroit Archdiocese of Detroit Diocese of Gaylord Diocese of Grand Rapids Diocese of Kalamazoo Diocese of Lansing Diocese of Marquette Diocese of Saginaw Ecclesiastical Province of Dubuque ( edit ) Dubuque Archdiocese of Dubuque Diocese of Davenport Diocese of Des Moines Diocese of Sioux City Ecclesiastical Province of Galveston - Houston ( edit ) Galveston - Houston Archdiocese of Galveston - Houston Diocese of Austin Diocese of Beaumont Diocese of Brownsville Diocese of Corpus Christi Diocese of Tyler Diocese of Victoria Ecclesiastical Province of Hartford ( edit ) Hartford Archdiocese of Hartford Diocese of Bridgeport Diocese of Norwich Diocese of Providence Ecclesiastical Province of Indianapolis ( edit ) Indianapolis Archdiocese of Indianapolis Diocese of Evansville Diocese of Fort Wayne - South Bend Diocese of Gary Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana Ecclesiastical Province of Kansas City ( edit ) Kansas City in Kansas Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas Diocese of Dodge City Diocese of Salina Diocese of Wichita Ecclesiastical Province of Los Angeles ( edit ) Los Angeles Archdiocese of Los Angeles Diocese of Fresno Diocese of Monterey Diocese of Orange Diocese of San Bernardino Diocese of San Diego Ecclesiastical Province of Louisville ( edit ) Louisville Archdiocese of Louisville Diocese of Covington Diocese of Knoxville Diocese of Lexington Diocese of Memphis Diocese of Nashville Diocese of Owensboro Ecclesiastical Province of Miami ( edit ) Miami Archdiocese of Miami Diocese of Orlando Diocese of Palm Beach Diocese of Pensacola - Tallahassee Diocese of St. Augustine Diocese of St. Petersburg Diocese of Venice Ecclesiastical Province of Milwaukee ( edit ) Milwaukee Archdiocese of Milwaukee Diocese of Green Bay Diocese of La Crosse Diocese of Madison Diocese of Superior Ecclesiastical Province of Mobile ( edit ) Mobile Archdiocese of Mobile Diocese of Biloxi Diocese of Birmingham Diocese of Jackson Ecclesiastical Province of New Orleans ( edit ) New Orleans Archdiocese of New Orleans Diocese of Alexandria Diocese of Baton Rouge Diocese of Houma - Thibodaux Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana Diocese of Lake Charles Diocese of Shreveport Ecclesiastical Province of New York ( edit ) New York Archdiocese of New York Diocese of Albany Diocese of Brooklyn Diocese of Buffalo Diocese of Ogdensburg Diocese of Rochester Diocese of Rockville Centre Diocese of Syracuse Ecclesiastical Province of Newark ( edit ) Newark Archdiocese of Newark Diocese of Camden Diocese of Metuchen Diocese of Paterson Diocese of Trenton Ecclesiastical Province of Oklahoma City ( edit ) Oklahoma City Archdiocese of Oklahoma City Diocese of Little Rock Diocese of Tulsa Ecclesiastical Province of Omaha ( edit ) Omaha Archdiocese of Omaha Diocese of Grand Island Diocese of Lincoln Ecclesiastical Province of Philadelphia ( edit ) Philadelphia Archdiocese of Philadelphia Diocese of Allentown Diocese of Altoona - Johnstown Diocese of Erie Diocese of Greensburg Diocese of Harrisburg Diocese of Pittsburgh Diocese of Scranton Ecclesiastical Province of Portland ( edit ) Portland in Oregon Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon Diocese of Baker Diocese of Boise Diocese of Great Falls - Billings Diocese of Helena Ecclesiastical Province of St. Louis ( edit ) St. Louis Archdiocese of St. Louis Diocese of Jefferson City Diocese of Kansas City - Saint Joseph Diocese of Springfield - Cape Girardeau Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis ( edit ) Saint Paul and Minneapolis Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Diocese of Bismarck Diocese of Crookston Diocese of Duluth Diocese of Fargo Diocese of New Ulm Diocese of Rapid City Diocese of Saint Cloud Diocese of Sioux Falls Diocese of Winona Ecclesiastical Province of San Antonio ( edit ) San Antonio Archdiocese of San Antonio Diocese of Amarillo Diocese of Dallas Diocese of El Paso Diocese of Fort Worth Diocese of Laredo Diocese of Lubbock Diocese of San Angelo Ecclesiastical Province of San Francisco ( edit ) San Francisco Archdiocese of San Francisco Diocese of Honolulu Diocese of Las Vegas Diocese of Oakland Diocese of Reno Diocese of Sacramento Diocese of Salt Lake City Diocese of San Jose Diocese of Santa Rosa Diocese of Stockton Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe ( edit ) Santa Fe Archdiocese of Santa Fe Diocese of Gallup Diocese of Las Cruces Diocese of Phoenix Diocese of Tucson Ecclesiastical Province of Seattle ( edit ) Seattle Archdiocese of Seattle Diocese of Spokane Diocese of Yakima Ecclesiastical Province of Washington ( edit ) Washington Archdiocese of Washington Diocese of Saint Thomas Ecclesiastical Province of San Juan ( edit ) San Juan ( Episcopal Conference of Puerto Rico ) Archdiocese of San Juan Diocese of Arecibo Diocese of Caguas Diocese of Fajardo - Humacao Diocese of Mayagüez Diocese of Ponce Ecclesiastical province of agaña ( edit ) Agaña ( part of the Episcopal Conference of the Pacific ) The Ecclesiastical Province of Agaña also includes one more diocese and an apostolic prefecture , neither of whose territories are in the United States . Archdiocese of Agaña Diocese of Chalan Kanoa Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa - Apia ( edit ) Samoa - Apia ( part of the Episcopal Conference of the Pacific ) The metropolitan archdiocese of this province lies outside the United States , as does a mission sui iuris which is also part of the province . Diocese of Samoa - Pago Pago Military archdiocese ( edit ) Members of the Armed Forces of the United States and their dependents , employees of the US Veterans Health Administration and its patients , and Americans in civil service overseas , including the Nation 's diplomatic corps and their dependents , both Catholics of the Latin Church and Eastern Churches , are served by the Archdiocese for the Military Services , USA . An archbishop leads it who is presently assisted by four auxiliary bishops . Its status as an `` archdiocese '' is merely honorary . In 1986 , Pope St. John Paul II amended the juridical organization of military chaplaincies from `` military vicariates '' to `` military ordinariates '' , the head of which was likened to a diocesan bishop . The Ordinary of the Archdiocese of the Military Services is usually granted the personal title of `` Archbishop '' , although this is not a requisite of the office . Archdiocese for the Military Services , USA Eastern Catholic eparchies ( edit ) Province of Philadelphia ( Ukrainian ) The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States is organized into a metropolia ( province ) comprising a metropolitan archeparchy and three suffragan eparchies . Metropolia Map Eparchy Philadelphia Archeparchy of Philadelphia Eparchy of Chicago Eparchy of Parma Eparchy of Stamford Province of Pittsburgh ( Ruthenian ) The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in the United States is organized into the sui iuris Province of Pittsburgh , consisting of a metropolitan archeparchy and three suffragan eparchies . The eparchies also serve the faithful of other Byzantine Catholic Churches without established hierarchies in the United States , namely those of the Albanian , Belarusian , Bulgarian , Croatian , Greek , Hungarian , Italo - Albanian , Macedonian , Russian , and Slovakian Byzantine Catholic Churches . Metropolia Map Eparchy Pittsburgh Archeparchy of Pittsburgh Eparchy of Parma Eparchy of Passaic Eparchy of Phoenix Eastern Catholic Eparchies Immediately Subject to the Holy See The following particular Eastern Catholic Churches are not suffragan to metropolitan sees , but are instead exempt and therefore immediately subject to the Holy See , while they still remain part of their respective patriarchal , major archiepiscopal , or other rite - and tradition - specific particular churches . Church Eparchy Armenian Catholic Church Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg of the USA and Canada Chaldean Catholic Church Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Detroit Eparchy of St. Peter the Apostle of San Diego Maronite Church Eparchy of St. Maron of Brooklyn Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles Melkite Greek Catholic Church Eparchy of Newton Romanian Catholic Church Eparchy of St George 's in Canton Syriac Catholic Church Eparchy of Our Lady of Deliverance of Newark Syro - Malabar Catholic Church Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago Syro - Malankara Catholic Church Eparchy of St. Mary , Queen of Peace of the USA and Canada Personal ordinariate ( Anglican Use ) ( edit ) Under the provisions of Anglicanorum Coetibus of 2009 , an effort was underway to establish a personal ordinariate , or diocese , in the United States . The ordinariate was formed for former Anglicans , including members from the Episcopal Church , Continuing Anglican churches , and Anglican Use parishes . The world 's first such ordinariate is the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham of England and Wales . The personal ordinariate for the United States , the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter , was instituted on January 1 , 2012 in accordance with Anglicanorum Coetibus . Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter Former US Dioceses ( edit ) Diocese Cathedral History Ref . Roman Catholic Diocese of Allegheny St. Peter Church 1876.01. 11 : Established as the Diocese of Allegheny with territory from the Diocese of Pittsburgh 1889.07. 01 : Suppressed , with its territory returned to the Diocese of Pittsburgh 1971 : Title of Bishop of Allegheny Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Alton Church of Sts . Peter and Paul 1853.07. 29 : Established as the Diocese of Quincy , with territory from the Diocese of Chicago 1857.01. 09 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Alton 1887.01. 07 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Belleville 1923.10. 26 : See Transferred and Title Changed to the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois 1995 : Title of Bishop of Alton Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Bardstown Basilica of St. Joseph Proto - Cathedral 1808.04. 08 : Established as the Diocese of Bardstown with territory from the Diocese of Baltimore 1821.06. 19 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Cincinnati 1834.05. 06 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Vincennes 1837.07. 28 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Nashville 1841.02. 13 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Louisville 1937 : Elevated to Archdiocese 1995 : Title of Bishop of Bardstown Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Both Californias 1840.04. 27 : Established as the Diocese of Both Californias with territory from the Diocese of Sonora 1849.11. 20 : Title Changed to Diocese of Monterey 1859 : Title Changed to Diocese of Monterey - Los Angeles 1992 : Title Changed to Diocese of Los Angeles - San Diego 1922 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Monterrey - Fresno 1936 : Elevated to Archdiocese ; lost territory to establish the Diocese of San Diego 1976 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Orange 1978 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of San Bernardino 1996 : Title of Bishop of Both Californias Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Concordia Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church 1887.08. 02 : Established as the Diocese of Concordia with territory from the Diocese of Leavenworth 1944.12. 23 : See transferred and title changed to Diocese of Salina 1995 : Title of Bishop of Concordia Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Grass Valley St. Patrick Church 1860.09. 27 : Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Marysville with territory from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco 1868.03. 22 : Promoted as Diocese of Grass Valley 1886.05. 28 : Title Changed to Diocese of Sacramento 1995 : Restored as Titular Episcopal See of Grass Valley Roman Catholic Diocese of Jamestown St. James Church 1889.11. 10 : Established as the Diocese of Jamestown with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Dakota 1897.04. 06 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Fargo 1995 : Title of Bishop of Jamestown Restored as Titular Episcopal Roman Catholic Diocese of Kearney 1912.03. 08 : Established as the Diocese of Kearney with territory from the Diocese of Omaha 1917.04. 11 : See transferred and title changed to Diocese of Grand Island 1995 : Title of Bishop of Kearney Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Lead St. Patrick Church 1902.08. 04 : Established as the Diocese of Lead with territory from the Diocese of Sioux Falls 1930.08. 01 : See transferred and title changed to Diocese of Rapid City 1995 : Title of Bishop of Lead Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Leavenworth Church of the Immaculate Conception 1850.07. 19 : Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Indian Territory East of the Rocky Mountains with territory from the Diocese of New Orleans 1857.01. 06 : Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Nebraska 1857 : Title changed to Apostolic Vicariate of Kansas 1877.05. 22 : Promoted as Diocese of Leavenworth 1887.08. 02 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Wichita and Diocese of Concordia 1891.05. 29 : Title Changed to Diocese of Kansas City , Kansas 1897.03. 05 : Title Changed to Diocese of Leavenworth 1947.05. 10 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Kansas City in Kansas 1952 : Elevated to Archdiocese 1995 : Title of Bishop of Leavenworth Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Natchez St. Mary Basilica 1826.07. 18 : Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Mississippi with territory from the Diocese of Louisiana 1837.07. 28 : Promoted as Diocese of Natchez 1956.12. 18 : Title Changed to Diocese of Natchez -- Jackson 1977.03. 01 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Natchez ; lost territory to establish the Diocese of Biloxi and Diocese of Jackson 1977.03. 01 : Title of Bishop of Natchez Designated as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Natchitoches Basilica of the Immaculate Conception 1853.07. 29 : Established as the Diocese of Natchitoches with territory from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of New Orleans 1910.08. 06 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Alexandria 1977 : Title Changed to Diocese of Alexandria - Shreveport 1986 : Title Changed to Diocese of Alexandria ; lost territory to establish the Diocese of Shreveport 1995 : Title of Bishop of Natchitoches Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Nesqually Proto - Cathedral of St. James the Greater 1850.05. 31 : Established as the Diocese of Nesqually with territory from the Diocese of Walla Walla 1853.07. 29 : Gained territory from the suppressed Diocese of Walla Walla 1907.09. 11 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Seattle 1951 : Elevated as Archdiocese of Seattle 1995 : Title of Bishop of Nesqually Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Oregon City St. John the Apostle Church 1843.12. 01 : Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Oregon with territory from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baltimore and Archdiocese of Quebec 1846.07. 24 : Promoted as Diocese of Oregon City ; lost territory to establish the Diocese of Vancouver Island and Diocese of Walla Walla 1850.07. 29 : Elevated to Metropolitan Archdiocese of Oregon City 1868.03. 03 : Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Idaho and Montana 1894 : Gained territory from the Diocese of Vancouver Island 1903.06. 19 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Baker City 1928.09. 26 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon 1996 : Title of Archbishop of Oregon City Restored as Titular Metropolitan See Roman Catholic Diocese of Quincy 1853.07. 29 : Established as the Diocese of Quincy with territory from the Diocese of Chicago 1857.01. 09 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Alton 1887.01. 07 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Belleville 1923.10. 26 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Springfield in Illinois 1995 : Title of Bishop of Alton Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Joseph 1868.03. 03 : Established as Diocese of Saint Joseph with territory from the Archdiocese of Saint Louis 1956.07. 02 : Suppressed , merged with the Diocese of Kansas City ( Mo . ) to form the Diocese of Kansas City -- Saint Joseph , and lost territory to establish Diocese of Jefferson City and Diocese of Springfield -- Cape Girardeau Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie Holy Name of Mary Pro-Cathedral 1853.07. 29 : Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Upper Michigan with territory from the Diocese of Detroit 1857.01. 09 : Elevated as Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie 1865.10. 23 : Title Changed to Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie -- Marquette 1937.01. 03 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Marquette 1995 : Title of Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie Restored as Titular Episcopal See 1996 : Title of Titular See Changed to Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie in Michigan Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes Basilica of St. Francis Xavier 1834.05. 06 : Established as the Diocese of Vincennes with territory from the Diocese of Bardstown 1857.01. 08 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Fort Wayne 1898.03. 28 : See Transferred and Title Changed to Diocese of Indianapolis 1944 : Elevated to Metropolitan Archdiocese of Indianapolis ; lost territory to establish the Diocese of Evansville 1995 : Title of Bishop of Vincennes Restored as Titular Episcopal See Roman Catholic Diocese of Walla Walla 1846.07. 24 : Established as the Diocese of Walla Walla with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Oregon 1850.05. 31 : Lost territory to establish the Diocese of Nesqually 1853.07. 29 : Suppressed , with territory annexed to the Diocese of Nesqually 1971 : Title of Bishop of Walla Walla Restored as Titular Episcopal See See also ( edit ) Category : Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States ( including ecclesiastical provinces ) Provincial boundaries in the US List of Catholic bishops of the United States List of Catholic dioceses ( structured view ) List of Catholic dioceses ( alphabetical ) List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States List of basilicas § Basilicas in North and Central America and the Caribbean ) Category : Roman Catholic churches in the United States ( including sub-categories for shrines , cathedrals , and former churches ) -- churches are listed by state , territory , or district . Nunciature to the United States List of Roman Catholic dioceses in North America § Episcopal Conference of the United States of America List of Catholic titular sees List of Roman Catholic archdioceses ( by nation and continent ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cardinal Levada , William ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Decree of Erection of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter '' ( PDF ) . Holy See . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For exceptions , see Provincial Boundary Lines . Jump up ^ Conferencia Episcopal Puertorriqueña ( C.E.P. ) . GCatholic.org website . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19860421_spirituali-militum-curae.html Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Allegheny '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Alton '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Bardstown '' . GCatholic.org . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Both Californias '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California '' . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Concordia '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Grass Valley '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Jamestown '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Kearney '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Lead '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Leavenworth '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Natchez '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Nachitoches '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Nesqually '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Oregon City '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Quincy '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Sault Sainte Marie '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Vincennes '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titular Episcopal See of Walla Walla '' . GCatholic.org. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) United States Conference of Catholic Bishops : List of Dioceses GCatholic . ( hide ) Catholic ecclesiastical provinces in the United States Anchorage Atlanta Baltimore Boston Chicago Cincinnati Denver Detroit Dubuque Galveston -- Houston Hartford Indianapolis Kansas City in Kansas Los Angeles Louisville Miami Milwaukee Mobile New Orleans New York Newark Oklahoma City Omaha Philadelphia Portland in Oregon Saint Louis Saint Paul and Minneapolis San Antonio San Francisco Santa Fe Seattle Washington Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_the_United_States&oldid=803829604 '' Categories : Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States Lists of Roman Catholic dioceses by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many dioceses are there in the united states	[ "The Roman Catholic Church has a total of 197 particular churches — consisting of 32 territorial archdioceses, 145 territorial dioceses, the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA (serving members of the US Armed Forces and Diplomatic Corps, and those in facilities of the Veterans Administration and their dependents), and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter (serving Catholics who were formerly Anglicans) within the Roman Rite; and two archieparchies and 16 eparchies in the Eastern Catholic Churches — in the 50 United States and the US Virgin Islands. The pastor of any particular church other than an ordinariate must be episcopally ordained, but his title conforms to that of his jurisdiction: the pastor of an archdiocese is an archbishop, the pastor of a diocese is a bishop, the pastor of an archieparchy is an archieparch, the pastor of an eparchy is an eparch, and the pastor of an exarchate is an exarch. The pastor of an ordinariate, titled the \"ordinary\" (which is a term also used generically for the pastor of any particular church), may be either a bishop if celibate, or a presbyter (priest) if married, but he holds the same power of governance of his ordinariate that a bishop has of his diocese in either case; Pope Benedict XVI deliberately instituted this provision to permit married, former Anglican bishops who come into full communion with the Catholic Church along with many of their congregants to accede to office while respecting sensitivities in ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox Churches, which also maintain a celibate episcopacy. The pastor of each particular church is, ex officio, a full member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). Auxiliary and retired bishops are also members of the Conference but have no vote." ]	[ "145" ]
511087508072091059	Fools rush in where angels fear to tread	Fools rush in where angels fear to tread - wikipedia Fools rush in where angels fear to tread Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The line For fools rush in where angels fear to tread was first written by Alexander Pope in his 1711 poem An Essay on Criticism . The phrase alludes to inexperienced or rash people attempting things that more experienced people avoid . It has since entered the general English lexicon as an idiom . The phrase , in full or in part , has been used multiple times since 1711 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Full Line 2 First Half of Line Only 3 Second Half of Line Only 3.1 Novels and films 3.2 Music 4 References 5 External links Full line ( edit ) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used by Edmund Burke in his work Reflections on the Revolution in France ( 1790 ) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in Abraham Lincoln 's speech made at Peoria , Illinois October 16 , 1854 `` Fools Rush In ( Where Angels Fear to Tread ) '' , a 1940 song written by Johnny Mercer and Rube Bloom , sung by Frank Sinatra , Ricky Nelson , Bow Wow Wow and many others Cary Grant as the character Dudley changes the line in the movie The Bishop 's Wife to `` angels rush in where fools fear to tread '' . The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread appears in Bob Dylan 's song `` Jokerman '' The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread appears in the 1984 film Supergirl The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the film Afro Samurai : Resurrection ( 2009 ) The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the animated series Digimon The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the animated series Ao no Exorcist ( episode 21 ) The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the animated series One Piece ( episode 742 ) The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used by the Indian social reformer B.R. Ambedkar in Who Were the Shudras ? and in many places like Constitution Assembly debates also . The line is misquoted by Neil in The Young Ones , season 2 , episode 5 episode entitled , `` Sick '' . The line is misquoted by Diane in Cheers , season 2 , episode 1 entitled `` Power Play . '' First half of line only ( edit ) Fools Rush In ( 1949 film ) , a British comedy film Fools Rush In ( 1973 film ) , television documentary Fools Rush In ( 1997 film ) , a romantic comedy film Fools Rush In , title of an All Grown Up ! episode , 2004 Wise men say , only fools rush in , from Elvis Presley 's `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' , released in 1961 . Fools rush in , so here I am , from Richard Rodger 's and Lorenz Hart 's `` Glad to Be Unhappy '' , in the 1936 Musical On Your Toes , covered by multiple music artists including the Mamas & the Papas in 1967 . Hey only fools rush in and only time will tell , from the Van Halen song , `` Why Ca n't This Be Love '' , from the band 's 1986 album 5150 . Fools Rush In , a 2004 non-fiction book by Nina Munk regarding the AOL / Time Warner merger in 2000 . Fools rushing in , from the Atoms for Peace ( band ) song `` Ingenue '' , from the band 's 2013 Album Amok ( Atoms for Peace album ) . Second half of line only ( edit ) The video game Planetfall , originally packaged with a booklet titled `` Today 's Stellar Patrol : Boldly Going Where Angels Fear to Tread . '' In Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country Captain James T. Kirk said : `` I 'm a great one for rushing in where angels fear to tread . '' In the Doctor Who episode `` The Satan Pit '' , the Doctor uses this line while commenting on human curiosity . In the video game Borderlands 2 , a mission toward the end of the main story is called `` Where Angels Fear to Tread . '' In the Deep Purple song `` You Keep On Moving '' , written by David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes , released on the 1975 album Come Taste the Band . In the Inkubus Sukkubus song `` Vampyre Erotica , '' from the 1997 album of the same name . In his third lecture in the UCLA lecture series `` The Human Situation '' from 1959 , Aldous Huxley claims that `` what has become abundantly clear is that man has rushed in where angels fear to tread '' in his intervention into nature . In the Symphony X song `` Legend '' from the 2015 album Underworld . `` Steal away through the land of the dead where angels fear to tread . '' In `` The Ballad of Thunder Road '' by Robert Mitchum there is a line `` The mountain boy took roads that even angels fear to tread . '' Novels and films ( edit ) Where Angels Fear to Tread , 1905 novel by E.M. Forster Where Angels Fear to Tread ( film ) , 1991 adaptation of Forster 's novel Where Angels Fear to Tread , 2010 novel by Thomas E. Sniegoski Where Angels Fear , novel , spin - off from Doctor Who Angels Fear : Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred , ( 1987 ) , Mary Catherine Bateson & Gregory Bateson Fear to Tread , a 2012 novel by James Swallow , Book 21 in the Horus Heresy book series Music ( edit ) `` Fools Rush In ( Where Angels Fear to Tread ) '' , song written by Johnny Mercer and Rube Bloom , 1940 `` Angels Fear '' , the main theme of Secret of Mana . It makes a `` cameo appearance '' in Seiken Densetsu 3 under the name `` Where Angels Fear to Tread '' Where Angels Fear to Tread ( Mink DeVille album ) , 1983 Where Angels Fear to Tread ( Matt Redman album ) Where Angels Fear to Tread , album by Mentallo and the Fixer , 1994 `` Where Angels Fear to Tread '' , song by Spin Doctors from the 1996 album You 've Got to Believe in Something `` Where Angels Fear to Tread '' , a song written by Bryan Adams and released on his 1998 album On A Day Like Today `` Angels Fear To Tread '' , song by Charles Manson , from the 2002 album One Mind `` Where Boys Fear to Tread '' , song by The Smashing Pumpkins , from the 1995 album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness `` Fools Rush In '' , song by Eliza Rickman , from the 2015 album `` Footnotes for the Spring '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' ' Fools rush in where angels fear to tread ' `` '' . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://play.google.com/music/preview/Tmzqbhxouspqdgtzgkkwabtznay?lyrics=1&pcampaignid=kp-lyrics Jump up ^ Huxley , Aldous . `` Lecture 3 -- More Nature in Art '' , The Human Situation , UCLA , 2 March 1959 . Retrieved on 4 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Look up fools rush in where angels fear to tread in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fools_rush_in_where_angels_fear_to_tread&oldid=801498253 '' Categories : Works by Alexander Pope Adages Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 01 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said fools rush in where angels fear to tread	[ "The line For fools rush in where angels fear to tread was first written by Alexander Pope in his 1711 poem An Essay on Criticism. The phrase alludes to inexperienced or rash people attempting things that more experienced people avoid. It has since entered the general English lexicon as an idiom.[1]" ]	[ "Alexander Pope" ]
-6499712673420293445	Toddler	Toddler - wikipedia Toddler Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre - and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural - historical Evolutionary Human body portal Vincent van Gogh , First Steps , after Millet Toddlers in a kibbutz A toddler is a child 12 to 36 months old . The toddler years are a time of great cognitive , emotional and social development . The word is derived from `` to toddle '' , which means to walk unsteadily , like a child of this age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Developmental milestones 2 One year old 2.1 Physical and motor skills 2.2 Sensory and cognitive development 3 Two years old 4 Two and half years old 5 Motor development 5.1 14 months 5.2 18 months 5.3 Two years 6 Vocalization and socialization 6.1 15 months 6.2 18 months 6.3 Two years 6.4 21⁄2 years 7 Major learning events 7.1 Toilet training 7.2 Play ( parallel play ) 8 Squatting 9 Language 10 Emotions and self - image 11 Overview 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Developmental milestones Learning to walk pushing a wheeled toy Normal vital parameters of toddlers Blood Pressure ( mmHg ) Systolic 80 -- 110 Diastolic 50 -- 80 Heart rate ( BPM ) 90 -- 140 Respiratory rate 20 -- 40 Toddler development can be broken down into a number of interrelated areas . There is reasonable consensus about what these areas may include : Physical : growth or an increase in size . Gross motor : the control of large muscles which enable walking , running , jumping and climbing . Fine motor : the ability to control small muscles ; enabling the toddler to feed themselves , draw and manipulate objects . Vision : the ability to see near and far and interpret what is seen . Hearing and speech : the ability to hear and receive information and listen ( interpret ) , and the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively . Social : the ability to interact with the world through playing with others , taking turns and fantasy play . Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development , it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum , with considerable individual differences between children . There is a wide range of what may be considered ' normal ' development . One year old 12 - month - old toddler sitting in a bucket At one year of age , the typical toddler will be able to display the following skills : Physical and motor skills A typical one - year - old toddler 's body proportions Triple the birth weight Grow to a height of 50 % over birth length Have a head circumference equal to that of the chest Have one to eight teeth Pull to stand Walk with help or alone Sit down without help Bang two blocks together Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time Have a pincer grasp Sleep 8 -- 10 hours a night and take one to two naps Sensory and cognitive development Learning to eat independently Follows a fast moving object Can respond to sounds Responds to his or her name Understands several words Can say mama , papa , and at least one or two other words Understands simple commands Tries to imitate animal sounds Connects names with objects Understands that objects continue to exist , even when they are not seen ( object permanence ) Points to objects with index finger Waves bye bye May develop attachment to a toy or object Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings Two years old Weight : about 11 -- 13 kg Height : about 80 -- 82 cm Teeth : 12 temporary Two and half years old Learning to ride a toy car Teeth : full set of 20 temporary Decreased need for naps Motor development Running and falling 14 months Walks well alone with wide based gait Creeps upstairs Builds with blocks Drinks from a cup , uses spoon Enjoys throwing objects and picking them up 18 months Walks sideways and backwards , runs well , falls easily Climbs stairs or up on furniture Scribbles vigorously , attempting a straight line Drinks well from a cup , still spills with a spoon Two years Gross motor skills are quite well refined , can walk up and down stairs on both feet with one step at a time while holding on to a rail Builds tower of five cubes Control of spoon well - developed Toilet trained during day time Vocalization and socialization 15 months Can use 10 - 15 words Says `` no '' ( see holophrasis ) Indicates when diaper is wet 18 months Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns Begins to have temper tantrums Very ritualistic , has favorite toy or blanket Thumb sucking may be at peak Two years Vocabulary of about 350 words Obeys simple commands Helps undress self and put on simple clothes Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality Does not share possessions -- everything `` mine '' as in the `` Toddler 's Creed '' : `` If I want it , it 's mine . If I give it to you and change my mind later , it 's mine . If I can take it away from you , it 's mine . If I had it a little while ago , it 's mine . If it 's mine it will never belong to anyone else , no matter what . If we are building something together , all the pieces are mine . If it looks like mine , it 's mine . '' -- Burton L. White in his Raising a Happy , Unspoiled Child 21⁄2 years Begins to see self as separate individual ; still sees other children as `` objects '' Major learning events Toilet training Psychological readiness Process training Parental response Play ( parallel play ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Child plays alongside other children but not with them Mostly free and spontaneous , no rules or regulations Attention span very short and change of toys occurs at frequent intervals Imitation and make - believe play begins by end of the second year Games : throwing and retrieving objects Suggested toys : Play furniture , dishes , cooking utensils , play telephone , puzzles with large pieces , pedal propelled toys , rocking horse , clay crayons , finger paints , pounding toys , blocks , push - pull toys , balls Squatting Main article : Squatting position Young child playing at ease in a squatting position Young children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level . One - and two - year - olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position , with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor , although at first they need to hold on to something to stand up again . Language Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware . A toddler 's first word most often occurs around 12 months , but again this is only an average . The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly . He or she may learn as many as 7 -- 9 new words a day . Around this time , toddlers generally know about 50 words . At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary , such as `` I go '' , `` mama give '' , and `` baby play '' . Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills . At this age , children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion . Emotions and self - image 23 - month - old crying girl There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend not to emphasize as much as walking and talking . Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler . This generally happens before a child 's first birthday . This age is sometimes referred to as `` the terrible twos '' , because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous . This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment . Toddlers tend to have temper tantrums because they have such strong emotions but do not know how to express themselves the way that older children and adults do . They also throw tantrums to let others know that they are free and can do what they want . The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works . Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase , it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation . Research has shown that parents with histories of maltreatment , violence exposure , and related psychopathology may have particular difficulty in responding sensitively and in a developmentally appropriate manner to their toddlers ' tantrums and thus may benefit from parent - child mental health consultation . This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence . Self - awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting . Around 18 months of age , a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his / her own thoughts and actions . A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves . One way to test this is the rouge test : putting lipstick on the child 's face and showing them their own reflection . Upon seeing the out - of - the - ordinary mark , if the child reaches to his or her own face , the child has achieved this important milestone . Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced . Overview The toddler developmental timeline shows what an average toddler can do at what age . Times vary greatly from child to child . It is common for some toddlers to master certain skills such as walking well before other skills , like talking . Even close siblings can vary greatly in the time taken to achieve each key milestone . Age Physical Mental Emotional 12 -- 14 months Walk alone well . Drink from a cup ( poorly ) . Turn pages in a book ( a few at a time ) . Play ball by rolling or tossing it . Uses one or two syllable words such as `` ball '' or `` cookie '' Can follow a simple command with an associated gesture , such as : bringing a cup to you when you point at it and saying `` Please bring me the cup '' . Use gestures or words to convey objects , such as : Pointing at a book , raising arms to be picked up , or saying `` cup '' . Mimic actions such as covering eyes while playing Peekaboo . 15 -- 18 months Hold a crayon well enough to scribble . Lift cup up to mouth for drinking . Climb onto furniture . Uses 10 -- 20 words . May be able to follow a command without a gesture . Stack two blocks . Address others with greetings . Mimic parental activities such as cleaning up or talking on a telephone . 19 -- 24 months Feed self with a spoon . Run . Climb into a small chair . Walk up steps . Helps with dressing : Likes to dress and undress self . Speaks 20 -- 50 words ; understands many more Stack six blocks Understands non-physical relationships such as turning on lights or pushing buttons . Sorting toys . Searching for hidden objects . Problem solving through experimentation . Wants to be independent at times . Will throw a tantrum or possibly say `` No ! '' . Mimics social behavior such as hugging a teddy bear or feeding a doll . Self recognition . Displays attachment . Separation anxiety . Can play turn - taking games . Begins to be ready for toilet learning 25 -- 36 months Advanced mobility and climbing skills . Increased dexterity with small objects , puzzles . Able to dress oneself . Speaking in sentences . Ability to be independent to primary care giver . Easily learns new words , places and people 's names . Anticipates routines . Toilet learning continues Plays with toys in imaginative ways . Attempts to sing in - time with songs . Knows boys from girls . Shows preferences , such as clothes and entertainment . Knows how to play different games . See also Child development stages Early childhood Early childhood education Sign language in infants and toddlers References Jump up ^ `` toddler '' . The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ Barker , Robin ( 2001 ) The Mighty Toddler : The essential guide to the toddler years , Pan Macmillan Australia , Sydney , p1 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Alicia F , ( 1993 ) The Emotional Life of the Toddler , The Free Press , New York , p1 . Jump up ^ Brown , Stephanie ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` What Is the Definition of a Toddler ? '' . verywell.com , an About.com site . About , Inc . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . The term toddler comes from the way that children first walk , which is at first unsteady and more like a toddle than actual walking . ^ Jump up to : PEDIATRIC AGE SPECIFIC , page 6 . Revised 6 / 10 . By Theresa Kirkpatrick and Kateri Tobias . UCLA Health System Jump up ^ Barker , Robin ( 2001 ) The Mighty Toddler : The essential guide to the toddler years , Pan Macmillan Australia , Sydney , p19 . Jump up ^ Feigelman S . The first year . In : Kliegman RM , Behrman RE , Jenson HB , Stanton BF , eds . Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics . 18th ed . Philadelphia , Pa : Saunders Elsevier ; 2007 : chapter 8 quoted in Developmental milestones record - 12 months MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Burton L. White , Raising a Happy , Unspoiled Child ( Simon and Schuster ( Fireside Book ) , 1995 ) , 161 . Jump up ^ Slentz K , Krogh S Early Childhood Development and Its Variations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` The Terrible Twos Explained - Safe Kids ( UK ) '' . Safe Kids . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kuersten - Hogan , Regina ; McHale , James P. ( 1998 ) . `` Talking About Emotions During the Toddler Years and Beyond : Mothers ' and Fathers ' Coaching of Children 's Emotion Understanding '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 21 : 514 . ISSN 0163 - 6383 . doi : 10.1016 / s0163 - 6383 ( 98 ) 91727 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fields - Olivieri , Margaret A. ; Cole , Pamela M. ; Maggi , Mirella C. `` Toddler Emotional States , Temperamental Traits , and their Interaction : Associations with Mothers ' and Fathers ' Parenting '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 67 : 106 -- 119 . ISSN 0092 - 6566 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2016.05. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Toddlers World '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gudmundson , Jessica A. ; Leerkes , Esther M. `` Links Between Mothers ' Coping Styles , Toddler Reactivity , and Sensitivity to Toddler 's Negative Emotions '' . Infant Behavior and Development . 35 ( 1 ) : 158 -- 166 . ISSN 0163 - 6383 . doi : 10.1016 / j. infbeh. 2011.07. 004 . Jump up ^ Schechter DS , Moser D , Wang Z , Marsh R , Hao XJ , Duan Y , Yu S , Gunter B , Murphy D , McCaw J , Kangarlu A , Willheim E , Myers M , Hofer M , Peterson BS ( 2012 ) . `` An fMRI Study of the Brain Responses of Traumatized Mothers to Viewing their Toddlers During Separation and Play '' . Journal of Social , Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 7 ( 8 ) : 969 -- 79 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsr069 . External Links The dictionary definition of toddle at Wiktionary Media related to Toddlers at Wikimedia Commons Preceded by Infancy Stages of human development Toddlerhood Succeeded by Childhood ( hide ) Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toddler&oldid=794903186 '' Categories : Childhood Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from April 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Русский Sicilianu Simple English Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you call a baby a toddler	[ "A toddler is a child 12 to 36 months old.[1][2][3] The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from \"to toddle\", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.[4]" ]	[ "12 to 36 months" ]
-8198087694005444603	Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party	Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic party - wikipedia Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic party Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party Leader Earle McCurdy President Kathleen Connors Founded 1961 Headquarters St. John 's , NL Ideology Social democracy Political position Centre - left National affiliation New Democratic Party Colours Orange , white , and blue Seats in the House of Assembly 2 / 40 Website www.nl.ndp.ca Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador Political parties Elections The Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party ( NL NDP ) is a social democratic political party in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It is a provincial section of the federal New Democratic Party . It was formed in 1961 as the successor to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) and the Newfoundland Democratic Party . The party first contested the 1962 provincial election . Lorraine Michael was elected leader of the NL NDP at the party 's leadership election on May 28 , 2006 . She led the party during the 2007 and 2011 general elections , each time improving the party 's share of vote from the previous election . In the 2011 election a record five NDP MHAs were elected under her leadership . Michael was succeeded by former Fish , Food and Allied Workers Union president , Earle McCurdy on March 7 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 1962 -- 1984 1.3 Peter Fenwick years 1.4 Jack Harris years 1.5 Lorraine Michael 1.6 Earle McCurdy 2 Party policies 3 Representation in the House of Assembly 3.1 Electoral performance 3.2 48th General Assembly -- sitting members 3.3 Historical representation 4 Relationship with the federal party 5 Leaders 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) The NL NDP is the successor party to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) . The Newfoundland CCF was founded in 1955 when Sam Drover , a member of the Newfoundland House of Assembly for White Bay ( Trinity North ) who left the provincial Liberal Party to sit as a member of the CCF . Drover became leader of the new provincial party , which fielded ten candidates , mostly in rural districts , in the 1956 provincial election . The CCF party failed to win any seats : Drover lost his own riding , winning 237 votes to the Liberal candidate 's 1,437 . The CCF did not run candidates in the 1959 election , but supported the Newfoundland Democratic Party . This party had been organised by the Newfoundland Federation of Labour with the support of the Canadian Labour Congress , to protest the Liberal government 's decertification of the International Woodworkers of America in the course of a logging strike . The Newfoundland Democratic Party ran eighteen candidates , none of whom was elected . The party was led by Ed Finn , Jr. and Calvin Normore . In 1961 , the federal New Democratic Party was founded in with the merger of the federal CCF and the Canadian Labour Congress . The Newfoundland Democratic Party followed suit becoming the Newfoundland New Democratic Party with Finn leading the NL NDP into the 1962 provincial election and Normore doing so in 1966 . 1962 -- 1984 ( edit ) Since the 1962 general election , the party has run candidates in all of Newfoundland and Labrador 's general elections . From 1962 to 1984 the party was led by seven different leaders and contested seven provincial elections . The party won an average of 3.3 % of the vote in those elections and were unable to elect a candidate to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly . Peter Fenwick years ( edit ) Peter Fenwick succeeded Fonse Faour as party leader in 1981 . In a 1984 by - election , Fenwick won the Labrador riding of Menihek becoming the first New Democrat to be elected in the province . In the 1985 general election the party won 14 per cent of the popular vote , nearly quadrupling their share of the vote they received three years earlier . Even with their successful results Fenwick was the only NL NDP candidate elected . In 1986 , Gene Long won the party 's second seat in a by - election in the riding of St. John 's East ( since renamed Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi ) . Also that year Fenwick was arrested , along with union representatives , for participating in a strike by the Newfoundland Association of Public Employees ( NAPE ) . Fenwick retired from politics in 1989 and did not run in that year 's election . Cle Newhook replaced Fenwick as party leader and the NL NDP was once again left without representation after the 1989 election when both ridings they had held were won by Progressive Conservatives . Jack Harris years ( edit ) St. John 's lawyer and former Member of Parliament Jack Harris won back the riding of St. John 's East in a 1990 by - election after Progressive Conservative MHA Shannie Duff resigned to run for Mayor . Harris took nearly 50 % of the vote in the by - election beating the Liberal candidate by 740 votes . In 1992 , Harris succeed Newhook as party leader and led the party into the 1993 general election . For the first and only time in the party 's history they ran a full slate of candidates throughout the province , while they won almost 10,000 more votes than the previous election and increased their share of the popular vote from 3.4 % to 7.4 % Harris remained the only New Democrat elected . The 1996 general election resulted in a landslide majority government for the Liberal Party , the New Democrats received only 4.45 % of the vote and nominated candidates in only 20 of the provinces 48 ridings . Though the party suffered their worst electoral result in 14 years Harris was easily re-elected in the new riding of Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi . Lorraine Michael ( edit ) Lorraine Michael won the leadership of the Newfoundland and Labrador NDP in 2006 . After succeeding Harris as leader she was elected in his former district of Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi several months later . In the 2007 provincial election Michael was the only New Democrat elected , though she increased her party 's share of the popular vote . Between 2007 and 2011 polling for the NL NDP remained below 10 per cent in public opinion polls behind the Liberal Party and governing Progressive Conservatives . However , after the federal New Democrat 's success in the 2011 federal election , where they formed the official opposition , support for Michael 's New Democrats saw a surge in support . In a Corporate Research Associates ( CRA ) poll conducted just weeks after the federal election in May 2011 , the NL NDP support rose to 20 per cent . For the first time in its history the party was statistically tied for second place with the Liberal Party , who were at 22 per cent . The New Democrats ' gains came at the expense of the governing Progressive Conservatives who fell to 57 per cent . The NL NDP surpassed the Liberals in polling in September 2011 , and won just under 25 per cent of the popular vote , and five seats , in the October 11 , 2011 , general election . The Progressive Conservatives won their third straight majority government and while the New Democrats placed second in the popular vote , they finished third behind the Liberal Party in seats . On October 21 , 2013 , it was revealed that Michael had received a letter from her caucus over the previous weekend calling for a leadership election to be held in 2014 . The caucus felt that without renewal in the party they would have trouble attracting quality candidates and public support in the 2015 election . In an interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , Michael said she was shocked by the letter and felt betrayed by her caucus . Michael said she planned to sit down with her caucus before making a decision on what to do . The letter led to a public fight within the NDP , particularly among the caucus . Both Gerry Rogers and George Murphy said they regretted sending the letter and supported Michael , while Dale Kirby and Chris Mitchelmore stood behind what they had written in the letter . Following the caucus meeting Michael agreed to having a vote on her leadership at the next annual general meeting of the party . Both Kirby and Mitchelmore later announced they were leaving the caucus to sit as Independent MHAs , and both men joined the Liberal Party in February 2014 . The dispute over Michael 's leadership also led to members of the provincial executive to resign . In May 2014 a party convention reaffirmed her leadership with the support of 75 % of delegates . Michael announced on January 6 , 2015 , that she would step down as leader after the party performed poorly in four recent by - elections . While she was resigning as leader Michael also stated that she planned to seek re-election as an MHA . Her term as leader ended when her successor was chosen in a leadership election held on March 7 , 2015 . Earle McCurdy ( edit ) Main article : New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election , 2015 Three candidates sought to succeed Michael as leader : former Fish , Food and Allied Workers Union leader Earle McCurdy , former Labrador City town councillor Mike Goosney and former NDP official Chris Bruce McCurdy won the election with 68 percent of the vote on March 7 , 2015 . He did not win his seat in the 2015 provincial election . Therefore , Michael subsequently served as NDP House Leader in the following parliamentary sessions . On September 19 , 2017 , McCurdy announced his resignation as Leader , effective September 30 , 2017 . Party policies ( edit ) The New Democratic Party in Newfoundland and Labrador has long been a party that has advocated social democratic policies that support working people and families and the labour movement . On September 20 , 2007 , the party released its policy platform for the 2007 general election . The platform 's main points were : A review of the province 's health care system ; A universal pharmacare program ; Safe , healthy , and clean neighbourhood schools ; A home care and home support program for seniors ; A better energy plan than the one created by the Williams government ; Increased funding for women 's centres and initiatives ; A province - wide 911 system ; Anti-Scab legislation ; and Free tuition for public post-secondary education . Representation in the House of Assembly ( edit ) Electoral performance ( edit ) Results of elections for the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly : Year of election Leader # of seats won Seat change Seats place # of votes % of popular vote 1956 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Sam Drover 0 / 36 > 1,964 0.017 % 1959 as Newfoundland Democratic Party Ed Finn , Jr . 0 / 36 9,352 7.2 % 1962 0 / 42 7,479 3.6 % 1966 Calvin Normore 0 / 42 2,725 1.8 % 1971 John Connors 0 / 42 4,075 1.8 % 1972 0 / 42 410 0.2 % Gerry Panting 0 / 51 9,653 4.35 % 1979 John Green 0 / 52 18,507 7.8 % 1982 Peter Fenwick 0 / 52 9,371 3.7 % 1985 1 / 52 3rd 39,954 14.4 % 1989 Cle Newhook 0 / 52 none 12,929 4.4 % 1993 Jack Harris 1 / 52 3rd 22,399 7.4 % 1 / 48 3rd 12,706 4.45 % 1999 2 / 48 3rd 21,962 8.23 % 2003 2 / 48 3rd 19,048 6.86 % 2007 Lorraine Michael 1 / 48 3rd 19,028 8.49 % 2011 5 / 48 3rd 54,713 24.6 % 2015 Earle McCurdy 2 / 40 3rd 24,130 12.1 % 48th General Assembly -- sitting members ( edit ) Lorraine Michael , St. John 's East - Quidi Vidi Gerry Rogers , St. John 's Centre Historical representation ( edit ) The New Democratic Party won its first seat in the House of Assembly in 1984 when leader Peter Fenwick was elected in a by - election for the district of Labrador West . The party has been represented in the provincial legislature continually since 1990 . Former leader and St. John 's East Member of Parliament Jack Harris was elected to represent the district in the 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 1999 and 2003 provincial elections . Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi has been represented in the House of Assembly by party leader Lorraine Michael since 2006 . Sam Drover , MHA for White Bay , 1955 - 1956 CCF ( Drover crossed the floor from the Liberals ) , Peter Fenwick , MHA for Menihek ( Labrador West ) , 1984 -- 1985 , 1985 -- 1989 Gene Long , MHA for St. John 's East , 1986 -- 1989 Jack Harris , MHA for St. John 's East , 1990 ( by - election ) - 1995 , Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi 1995 - 2006 Randy Collins MHA for Labrador West , 1999 -- 2007 Lorraine Michael , MHA for Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi , 2006 -- 2015 ; St. John 's East - Quidi Vidi , 2015 - Present Dale Kirby , MHA for St. John 's North , 2011 - 2013 Christopher Mitchelmore , MHA for The Straits - White Bay North , 2011 - 2013 George Murphy , MHA for St. John 's East , 2011 -- 2015 Gerry Rogers , MHA for St. John 's Centre , 2011 -- Present Relationship with the federal party ( edit ) The NL NDP is affiliated with the federal New Democratic Party . Two of the three New Democratic Party Members of Parliament ever elected to the Canadian House of Commons from Newfoundland and Labrador went on to lead the provincial party : Fonse Faour , who won a by - election in 1978 in the federal riding of Humber -- St. George 's -- St. Barbe , and was re-elected the following year in the 1979 federal election in the renamed riding of Humber -- Port au Port -- St. Barbe . Faour was defeated in the subsequent 1980 federal election . He then went on to serve as leader of the provincial party . Jack Harris , won a 1987 by - election in the riding of St. John 's East , but was defeated the following year in the 1988 federal election . Harris served as leader of the provincial party before being re-elected to represent St. John 's East in the 2008 federal election . Leaders ( edit ) Sam Drover , 1955 -- 1956 . Although not elected as leader of the party , Samuel Drover effectively led the NL NDP 's predecessor party , the CCF , in the 1956 provincial election . In 1955 , Drover had crossed the floor from the Liberal Party to sit in the opposition as a CCF MHA . Ed Finn , Jr. , 1959 -- 1963 . Ed Finn became co-leader of the Newfoundland Democratic Party upon its inception in 1959 , and assumed the leadership of the CCF and the New Democratic Party . Finn narrowly lost his bid for a seat in the House of Assembly in the 1962 provincial election when he ran for the NL NDP in Humber West . He left Newfoundland and Labrador in 1963 to pursue a career as a labour researcher , writer , and journalist . Calvin George Normore , 1963 -- 1966 , led the party during the 1966 provincial election . Head of the Corner Brook Labor Council and vice-president of the Newfoundland Federation of Labour , he had been co-leader of the Newfoundland Democratic Party in 1959 . Esau Thoms , 1966 -- 1970 . A founding member of the Newfoundland Democratic Party in the late 1950s and one of the province 's foremost labour organizers , Esau Thoms had contested two federal elections for the CCF . From 1966 to 1970 , the Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party was without a formal leader , relying instead upon local committees throughout the province , but Thoms was essentially de facto leader . He was a consistently outspoken voice for social democracy and social justice until his death in 1979 . John Connors , 1970 -- 1974 . John Connors took the reins of the party in 1970 at a difficult time , as the electorate became sharply divided over whether to continue supporting the Liberal Party . Connors was a candidate for the NL NDP in the 1968 federal election , and was one of only three NL NDP candidates in the 1972 provincial campaign . He later pursued a career at the Marine Institute . Gerry Panting , 1974 -- 1977 . Gerald Panting led the party from 1974 to 1977 . Panting was a distinguished historian and founder of the Maritime History Group at Memorial University of Newfoundland . He ran for the NL NDP provincially five times , coming in a strong second in the 1975 general election . A dedicated party builder , Panting remained active within the NL NDP until his death in 1998 . John Green , 1977 -- 1980 . John Greene led the NL NDP from 1977 to 1980 and played a significant role in building the party . He came close to winning a seat in the House of Assembly , giving a strong showing in the televised leaders debate . Due to his leadership the NL NDP became a recognized provincial party . This helped set the stage for the party 's later electoral success . Greene later became an author and remained active in various human rights organizations . Fonse Faour , 1980 -- 1981 . Fonse Faour served a one - year term a leader from 1980 to 1981 after serving as the party 's first Member of Parliament from Newfoundland and Labrador in the House of Commons . He was elected as an MP in 1978 and 1979 , and was defeated in the 1980 general election . Faour later worked in senior positions with the provincial public service and served as Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of the Public Service Commission . In 2003 , Faour was appointed to the trial division of the Newfoundland and Labrador Supreme Court . Peter Fenwick , 1981 -- 1989 . Leader from 1981 to 1989 , in 1984 Fenwick set a landmark in provincial history by becoming the first New Democrat to be elected to the House of Assembly , sitting as the member for the former Labrador district of Menihek . He was re-elected in 1985 . An outspoken leader , he was jailed in 1986 along with union representatives who participated in a strike by the Newfoundland Association of Public Employees . Cle Newhook 1989 -- 1992 . Cle Newhook served as party leader from 1989 to 1992 after working full - time as the party 's provincial secretary from 1986 to 1988 . As a candidate in several elections , and through work as leader and provincial secretary , he played a major role in the party 's development throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . Newhook now works as a consultant in St. John 's . Jack Harris , 1992 -- 2006 . First elected as Member of Parliament for St. John 's East in 1987 , he was elected to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly in the 1990 provincial election and was acclaimed leader of the NL NDP in 1992 . He was re-elected to the Legislature in the 1993 , 1996 , 1999 and 2003 elections . In October 2008 , Harris was a second time elected Member of Parliament for the riding of St. John 's East receiving 74.1 % of the vote -- the fifth - highest winning percentage in Canada . Lorraine Michael , 2006 -- 2015 . Upon winning the NL NDP leadership election in May 2006 , Michael later won the by - election for Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi in November of that year . She was re-elected in her riding in the 2007 general election , and in the 2011 election a record five NDP MHAs were elected by the voters . She was re-elected in 2015 . Earle McCurdy , 2015 -- present . McCurdy won the leadership in 2015 . He had been president of the Fish , Food and Allied Workers Union from 1993 to 2014 . See also ( edit ) Canadian politics portal Newfoundland and Labrador portal New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election , 1989 New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election , 2006 New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election , 2015 List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador William Coaker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Convention 2012 a success '' . New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` NDP celebrates historic gains '' . Canadian Broadcasting corporation . 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us '' . Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peckford Hangs to Power '' . The Windsor Star . 3 April 1985 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Dermot F. ( 22 October 1985 ) . `` Fortieth General Election , 1985 - Chief Electoral Officer '' ( PDF ) . Elections Newfoundland and Labrador . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tories drop , NDP surge in new poll '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Dunderdale leads N.L. Tories to majority '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` N.L. NDP Leader Lorraine Michael facing caucus revolt '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed messages from NDP caucus , executive '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Sue ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Newfoundland NDP Leader pledges to stay on after leadership feud '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Another N.L. NDP executive member resigns '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lorraine Michael Quits As N.L. NDP Leader '' . Huffington Post . Canadian Press . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lorraine Michael stepping down as NDP leader '' . CBC News . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NDP leadership tracker : An early look at some possible contenders '' . CBC News . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NDP leadership speculation begins '' . The Telegram . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://vocm.com/news/mccurdy-to-step-down-as-provincial-ndp-leader/ Jump up ^ `` Earle McCurdy Named Leader of the NDP '' . VOCM News . March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Leaders of the Newfoundland and Labrador CCF / NDP Drover Finn Normore Connors Panting Green Faour Fenwick Newhook Harris Michael McCurdy New Democratic Party Party wings Federal New Democratic Party Provincial Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territorial Yukon Historical Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Manitoba ( CCF ) Ontario ( CCF ) Quebec ( CCF ) Toronto Federal level Leaders Woodsworth ( CCF ) Coldwell ( CCF ) Argue ( CCF ) Douglas Lewis Broadbent McLaughlin McDonough Layton Turmel Mulcair Leadership elections 1961 1971 1989 1995 2003 2012 2017 Parliamentary election candidates 1993 2000 2006 2008 2011 2015 Provincial level Current leaders Notley -- AB Horgan -- BC Kinew -- MB McKenzie -- NB McCurdy -- NL Burrill -- NS Horwath -- ON Ducasse -- QC Redmond -- PE Sarauer -- SK Hanson -- YT Upcoming or most recent leadership elections Alberta 2014 British Columbia 2014 Manitoba 2017 New Brunswick 2017 Newfoundland & Labrador TBA Nova Scotia 2016 Ontario 2009 Prince Edward Island 2012 Quebec 2018 Saskatchewan 2018 Factions The Waffle Left Caucus Socialist Caucus New Politics Initiative Leap Manifesto See also History Members Presidents Members of Parliament Members of provincial / territorial assemblies United Farmers Labour candidates and parties Ginger Group New Party New Democratic Youth of Canada Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador The Crown Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II Lieutenant Governor Frank Fagan Former lieutenant governors Premier Dwight Ball Former premiers List of premiers by time in office Opposition Leader Paul Davis Former Opposition Leaders Speaker of the Assembly Tom Osborne Former Speakers of the Assembly Legislative Assembly Current members Former Assemblies Executive Council ( Cabinet ) Active Political parties Liberal Party New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Party Defunct political parties Labrador Party ( 1969 - 1975 , 2003 - 2007 ) Newfoundland and Labrador First Party ( 1999 - 2011 ) Newfoundland Reform Liberal Party ( 1975 ) United Newfoundland Party ( 1932 , 1959 ) Newfoundland Democratic Party ( 1959 ) Responsible Government League ( 1947 - 1949 ) Confederate Association ( 1948 - 1949 ) Party for Economic Union with the United States ( 1948 ) United Newfoundland Party ( 1932 - 1934 ) Fisherman 's Protective Union ( 1913 - 1934 ) Newfoundland People 's Party ( 1907 - 1923 ) Conservative parties in Newfoundland ( pre-Confederation ) ( 1854 - 1934 ) Liberal parties in Newfoundland ( pre-Confederation ) ( 1854 - 1934 ) Confederation Party ( 1860s ) Anti-Confederation Party ( 1860s ) Elections 2015 general election Past elections Other Canadian politics Federal BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador Represented in the House of Assembly Liberal ( 31 ) Progressive Conservative ( 7 ) New Democratic ( 2 ) Defunct provincial parties Newfoundland Reform Liberal United Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador First Newfoundland Democratic Labrador Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newfoundland_and_Labrador_New_Democratic_Party&oldid=801434903 '' Categories : New Democratic Party of Canada Provincial political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	former leader of the newfoundland and labrador new democratic party crossword clue	[ "Lorraine Michael was elected leader of the NL NDP at the party's leadership election on May 28, 2006. She led the party during the 2007 and 2011 general elections, each time improving the party's share of vote from the previous election. In the 2011 election a record five NDP MHAs were elected under her leadership.[2] Michael was succeeded by former Fish, Food and Allied Workers Union president, Earle McCurdy on March 7, 2015.", "Lorraine Michael was elected leader of the NL NDP at the party's leadership election on May 28, 2006. She led the party during the 2007 and 2011 general elections, each time improving the party's share of vote from the previous election. In the 2011 election a record five NDP MHAs were elected under her leadership.[2] Michael was succeeded by former Fish, Food and Allied Workers Union president, Earle McCurdy on March 7, 2015." ]	[ "Earle McCurdy", "Lorraine Michael" ]
2588909480684195421	Athletics abbreviations	Athletics abbreviations - Wikipedia Athletics abbreviations Jump to : navigation , search The sports under the umbrella of athletics , particularly track and field use a large number of statistics . In order to report that information efficiently , numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport . Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson , Track and Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field . But these abbreviations have also been adopted by , among others , the IAAF ; the world governing body , various domestic governing bodies , the Association of Track and Field Statisticians , the Association of Road Racing Statisticians , the Associated Press and the individual media outlets who receive their reports . These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Times and marks 1.1 Records 1.2 Bests 1.3 Circumstances and conditions 1.4 Disqualifications 2 Initialisms 2.1 Organising bodies 2.2 Publications and statisticians 3 Events 4 Competitions 5 References 6 External links Times and marks ( edit ) Almost all races record a time . Evolving since experiments in the 1930s , to their official use at the 1968 Summer Olympics and official acceptance in 1977 , fully automatic times have become common . As this evolution has occurred , the rare early times were specified as FAT times . As they are now commonplace , automatic times are now expressed using the hundredths of a second . Hand times ( watches operated by human beings ) are not regarded as accurate and thus are only accepted to the accuracy of a tenth of a second even when the watch displays greater accuracy . If the mark was set before 1977 , a converted time to the tenth was recorded for record purposes , because they did not have a system to compare between the timing methods . Frequently in those cases there is a mark to the 100th retained for that race . Over this period of evolution , some reports show hand times also followed with an `` h '' or `` ht '' to distinguish hand times . With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times . Track and Field News initiated adding . 24 to hand times as a conversion factor . Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth . Frequently those readings are recorded , but are not accepted as valid ( leading to confused results ) . Some low level meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch . All of this is , of course , wrong . Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races . Human reaction time is not perfectly identical between different human beings . Hand times involve human beings reacting , pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the Starting pistol , then reacting ( possibly anticipating ) the runner crossing the finish line . The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the . 24 to get a time for comparison purposes only . But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing . In these cases , some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races . When detected , reports of these times are followed by a `` c '' or ' to indicate converted times . Road race times are only considered accurate to a full second . To distinguish a full second time with hours , from a minute time with hundredths of a second , colons are used to separate hours from minutes , and minutes from seconds . A period is used to separate seconds from hundredths of a second . Transponder timing is becoming more common . The RFID detection system times the transponder chip , usually located on a runner 's shoe as opposed to the official timing of the torso . Accurate to a full second , this is not significant , but in breaking microscopic ties , the data does not correspond to timing rules . Most road races can not fit all participants onto the start line . Depending on the size of the field , some athletes could be several city blocks away from the start line and in the large crowd , could take minutes to get across the line . Results frequently indicate two times , the `` gun time '' would be the official time from the firing of the starting gun , but the mat time shows the time the shoe crossed a sensing mat at the start line to the time the shoe crossed the sensing mat at the finish line . Occasionally , when breaking ties using photo finish , times are displayed to the thousandth of a second . These times to the thousandth are not used for record purposes but times to the thousandth can be used to break ties between adjacent heats . Rules specify if a tie is broken this way , that all heats involved are recorded with the same timing system . Records ( edit ) Most records are subject to ratification by the governing body for that record . On the world level , that is the IAAF . Each body has their own procedure for ratifying the records : for example , USATF , the governing body for the United States , only ratifies records once a year at their annual meeting at the beginning of December . Until a record is ratified , it is regarded as `` Pending '' which is sometimes indicated by a following P WR = World Record OR = Olympic Record CR = Championship Record GR = Games Record AR = Area ( or continental ) Record NR = National Record ( for a specific country ) MR = Meet Record DLR = Diamond League Record When a J is added , it indicates a junior record ( if a junior does not reach their 20th birthday in the calendar year of the mark ) WJR = World Junior Record AJR = Area ( or continental ) Junior Record NJR = National Junior Record ( for a specific country ) # = indicates a record has not been accepted , or there is some sort of irregularity with a result X = indicates the athlete has been disqualified after the performance ( usually , this is for taking performance - enhancing drugs ) Bests ( edit ) Some records are ratified or tracked , but they are not to the same standard of quality or accuracy as a record . The term is `` bests . '' IAAF lists bests for the Youth division and for road racing records such as the marathon . It also tracks athlete personal achievements as bests . A Y indicates Youth . A youth athlete has not reached or will not reach their 18th birthday in the calendar year of competition . WYB = World Youth Best ( the best mark achieved by an athlete in the youth age category ) WB = World Best ( the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event ) PB = Personal Best ( the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level ) SB = Season 's Best ( the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level within a given season ) WL = World Leader ( the best mark achieved worldwide within a given season ) Circumstances and conditions ( edit ) A = a mark set at altitude w = a wind assisted mark NWI = No Wind Information For events where wind assistance is a factor ( outdoor races 220 yards or less , Long Jump and Triple Jump ) , the wind reading is usually reported in metres per second or `` m / s '' a = in a road race , indicates a course that has conditions that assist the athlete ( downhill , favoring wind , point to point ) + = indicates a time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race c = indicates a converted mark DNF = Did not finish DNS = Did not start DQ = Disqualified i = indoors n = non-winning time h = hand timed Mx = mixed gender race NH = No height NM = No mark NT = No time AC = Also competed Q = automatic qualifier in a major competition See Qualifying standards in athletics q = secondary qualifier , by next best time or distance to complete the prescribed field size , rather than achieving a place or measurement goal Wo = women only race y = race measurement was in yards Disqualifications ( edit ) Athlete disqualifications often reference the IAAF rule number under which the athlete was disqualified . This is typically written in the format ( false start as example ) : DQ R162. 7 40.1 -- Doping violation during or in connection with the championships 40.8 -- Prior doping violation leading to suspension during the period of the championships 41.1 -- Doping violation by one or more relay team members 142.4 -- Failure to participate honestly with bona fide effort 144.2 -- Giving or receiving assistance ( e.g. pacing , use of electronic devices ) 145.2 -- Acting in an unsporting or improper manner ( unsportsmanlike conduct ) 149 - Entry to championships on the grounds of invalid performances 162.7 -- False start 163.2 -- Jostling or obstructing another athlete on the track 163.3 -- Running out of lane 163.5 -- Running out of lane ( before 800 m breakline ) 168.6 -- Knocking down hurdle out of lane 168.7 -- Illegal hurdle clearance and / or deliberately knocking down hurdle 170.6 -- Baton not carried by hand ; gloves or substances worn to give a better grip of the baton 170.6 c -- Dropped baton not retrieved by the athlete who dropped it 170.7 -- Baton not passed within take - over zone 170.8 -- Obstructing another team by athlete without baton 170.11 -- Unverified team composition or running order 170.17 -- Outgoing runner in 4x400m relay begins running and / or breaks from lane too early 218.4 -- Illegal change of position by waiting relay runner ( indoor events ) 230.6 a -- Failure to comply with definition of race walking according to three different judges 240.8 e -- Illegal action by person authorised to hand refreshment to athlete 240.8 f -- More than two team officials stationed behind drinks table and / or running beside an athlete while taking on refreshment or water Initialisms ( edit ) Organising bodies ( edit ) The various organizing bodies of the sport are abbreviated into alphabet soup . AAA = Amateur Athletic Association of England -- England AAA = Asian Athletics Association AAU = Amateur Athletic Union USA amateur sports umbrella governing body formed 1887 until broken up in 1979 -- USA AK = Athletics Kenya -- Kenya ANA = Authorised Neutral Athletes ANZ = Athletics New Zealand -- New Zealand APA = Association of Panamerican Athletics -- North and South America ARAF = All - Russia Athletic Federation -- Russia BAAA = Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations -- Bahamas BFLA = Belarus Athletic Federation -- Belarus CAA = Confederation of African Athletics CACAC = Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation -- Central America and Caribbean CBAt = Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo -- Brasil CISM = International Military Sports Council -- Military athletics CONSUDATLE = Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo -- South America CTAA = Chinese Taipei Athletics Association -- Taiwan DAF = Danish Athletics Federation -- Denmark DLFV = 1949 - 1990 during the existence of East Germany DLV = Deutscher Leichtathletik - Verband -- Germany EAA or EA = European Athletic Association / European Athletics EAF = Ethiopian Athletic Federation -- Ethiopia FCA = Federación Cubana de Atletismo -- Cuba FFA = Fédération française d'athlétisme -- France FIDAL = Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera -- Italy FISU = International University Sports Federation -- Student athletics IAAF = International Association of Athletics Federations -- World IAU = International Association of Ultrarunners IOC = International Olympic Committee -- Olympics IPC = International Paralympic Committee -- Paralympic athletics JAAA = Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association -- Jamaica JAAF = Japan Association of Athletics Federations -- Japan KNAU = Royal Dutch Athletics Federation -- Netherlands OAA = Oceania Athletics Association NACAC = North American , Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association -- North America NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association -- USA Colleges and Universities NFHS = National Federation of State High School Associations -- USA High Schools RFEA = Real Federación Española de Atletismo -- Spain TAC = The Athletics Congress , predecessor to USA Track & Field 1979 - 1992 -- USA UKA = UK Athletics -- United Kingdom USATF = USA Track & Field -- USA WAVA = 1977 - 2001 World Association of Veteran Athletes -- World Masters ( athletes over age 35 ) WMA = since 2001 World Masters Athletics -- World Masters ( athletes over age 35 ) WMRA = World Mountain Running Association Publications and statisticians ( edit ) ARRS = Association of Road Racing Statisticians ATFS = Association of Track and Field Statisticians AW = Athletics Weekly NUTS = National Union of Track Statisticians -- United Kingdom T&FN = Track & Field News Events ( edit ) Due to the large number of athletics events that are regularly contested , presentations of results and statistics often use abbreviations to refer to the events , rather than the full form . CE = Combined events DMR = Distance medley relay DT = Discus throw HJ = High jump HM = Half marathon HT = Hammer throw JT = Javelin throw LJ = Long jump mh = metres hurdles ( e.g. 400mh for 400 metres hurdles ) PV = Pole vault SMR = Sprint medley relay SP = Shot put st. or s'chase = Steeplechase TJ = Triple jump WT = Weight throw XC = Cross country running Competitions ( edit ) AAG = All - Africa Games AfC = African Championships in Athletics AsC = Asian Athletics Championships CWG = Commonwealth Games EC or ECh = European Athletics Championships ECCC = European Cross Country Championships EIC = European Athletics Indoor Championships EJC = European Athletics Junior Championships EG = European Games ETC = European Team Championships ISTAF = Internationales Stadionfest Berlin OG = Olympic Games WC or WCh = World Championships in Athletics WHM = IAAF World Half Marathon Championships WIC = IAAF World Indoor Championships WJC = IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics WXC = IAAF World Cross Country Championships WYC = IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics PAG = Pan American Games SAG = South Asian Games SEAG = Southeast Asian Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAT vs Handheld Times '' . Gordie Richardson Oakland County 7th & 8th Grade Track Meet . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Mark et al. ( 2013 ) . IAAF Statistics Book Moscow 2013 ( archived ) , p. 71 . IAAF . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 06 . External links ( edit ) GBR Athletics abbreviations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&oldid=835976232 '' Categories : Lists of abbreviations Athletics ( track and field ) terminology Glossaries of sports Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does c mean in track and field	[ "With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times. Track and Field News initiated adding .24 to hand times as a conversion factor. Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth. Frequently those readings are recorded, but are not accepted as valid (leading to confused results). Some low level meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch. All of this is, of course, wrong. Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races. Human reaction time is not perfectly identical between different human beings. Hand times involve human beings reacting, pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the Starting pistol, then reacting (possibly anticipating) the runner crossing the finish line. The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the .24 to get a time for comparison purposes only.[1] But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing. In these cases, some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races. When detected, reports of these times are followed by a \"c\" or ' to indicate converted times." ]	[ "converted times" ]
-6780747220843761172	Battle of Britain	Battle of Britain - wikipedia Battle of Britain This article is about the Second World War battle . For other uses , see Battle of Britain ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Britain Part of the Second World War An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London . Date 10 July -- 31 October 1940 ( 3 months and 3 weeks ) Location British airspace Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy Commanders and leaders Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh - Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzisław Krasnodębski Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans - Jürgen Stumpff R.C. Fougier Units involved Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Foreign pilots from ( show ) Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo Italiano Strength 1,963 serviceable aircraft 2,550 serviceable aircraft . Casualties and losses 1,542 aircrew killed 422 aircrew wounded 1,744 aircraft destroyed 41,480 noncombatants killed ( including 16,775 women and 5,184 children ) 1,400,245 buildings destroyed or damaged ( London ) 2,585 aircrew killed and missing , 925 captured , 735 wounded 1,977 aircraft destroyed , 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat Around 90,000 civilian casualties , 40,000 of them fatal . Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland German bombing of Rotterdam Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic The Battle of Britain ( German : Luftschlacht um England , literally `` The Air Battle for England '' ) was a military campaign of the Second World War , in which the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) defended the United Kingdom ( UK ) against large - scale attacks by Nazi Germany 's air force , the Luftwaffe . It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces . The British officially recognise the battle 's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940 , which overlaps the period of large - scale night attacks known as the Blitz , that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941 . German historians do not accept this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941 , including the Blitz . The primary objective of the German forces was to compel Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement . In July 1940 the air and sea blockade began , with the Luftwaffe mainly targeting coastal - shipping convoys , ports and shipping centres , such as Portsmouth . On 1 August , the Luftwaffe was directed to achieve air superiority over the RAF with the aim of incapacitating RAF Fighter Command ; 12 days later , it shifted the attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure . As the battle progressed , the Luftwaffe also targeted factories involved in aircraft production and strategic infrastructure . Eventually it employed terror bombing on areas of political significance and on civilians . The Germans had rapidly overwhelmed France and the Low Countries , leaving Britain to face the threat of invasion by sea . The German high command knew the difficulties of a seaborne attack and its impracticality while the Royal Navy controlled the English Channel and the North Sea . On 16 July , Adolf Hitler ordered the preparation of Operation Sea Lion as a potential amphibious and airborne assault on Britain , to follow once the Luftwaffe had air superiority over the UK . In September , RAF Bomber Command night raids disrupted the German preparation of converted barges , and the Luftwaffe 's failure to overwhelm the RAF forced Hitler to postpone and eventually cancel Operation Sea Lion . Germany proved unable to sustain daylight raids , but their continued night - bombing operations on Britain became known as the Blitz . Historian Stephen Bungay cited Germany 's failure to destroy Britain 's air defences to force an armistice ( or even outright surrender ) as the first major German defeat in World War II and a crucial turning point in the conflict . The Battle of Britain takes its name from a speech by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on 18 June : `` What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over . The Battle of Britain is about to begin . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Developing air strategies 1.2 First stages of World War II 1.3 German aims and directives 1.3. 1 Negotiated peace or neutrality 1.3. 2 Blockade and siege 1.3. 3 Invasion plans 1.3. 4 Independent air attack 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Fighters 2.2 Bombers 2.3 Pilots 2.4 International participation 2.4. 1 Allies 2.4. 2 Axis 3 Luftwaffe strategy 3.1 Regrouping of Luftwaffe in Luftflotten 3.2 Tactics 3.2. 1 Fighter formations 3.2. 2 Higher - level dispositions 3.3 Intelligence 3.4 Navigational aids 3.5 Air - sea rescue 4 RAF strategy 4.1 The Dowding system 4.2 Intelligence 4.3 Air - sea rescue 4.4 Tactics 4.4. 1 Fighter formations 4.4. 2 Squadron - and higher - level deployment 4.5 Bomber and Coastal Command contributions 5 Phases of the battle 5.1 Small scale raids 5.2 Channel battles 5.3 Main assault 5.3. 1 Assault on RAF : radar and airfields 5.3. 2 Raids on British cities 5.3. 3 Attacks on airfields from 24 August 5.3. 4 Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF 5.4 Day and night attacks on London : start of the Blitz 5.5 Night time Blitz , fighter - bomber day raids 5.5. 1 Royal family 6 Attrition statistics 7 Propaganda 8 Aftermath 9 Battle of Britain Day 10 Memorials and museums 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media adaptations 11.2 In books 11.3 Miscellaneous 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 General 15.2 Autobiographies and biographies 15.3 Aircraft 15.4 Additional references Background ( edit ) Strategic bombing during World War I introduced air attacks intended to panic civilian targets and led in 1918 to the amalgamation of British army and navy air services into the Royal Air Force . Its first Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard was among the military strategists in the 1920s like Giulio Douhet who saw air warfare as a new way to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare . Interception was nearly impossible with fighter planes no faster than bombers . Their view ( expressed vividly in 1932 ) was that the bomber will always get through , and the only defence was a deterrent bomber force capable of matching retaliation . Predictions were made that a bomber offensive would quickly cause thousands of deaths and civilian hysteria leading to capitulation , but widespread pacifism contributed to a reluctance to provide resources . Developing air strategies ( edit ) Germany was forbidden to have a military air force by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , but developed air crew training in civilian and sport flying . Following a 1923 memorandum , the Deutsche Luft Hansa airline developed designs for aircraft which could carry passengers and freight , and also be readily adapted into bombers , including the Junkers Ju 52 . In 1926 the secret Lipetsk fighter - pilot school began operating . Erhard Milch organised rapid expansion , and following the 1933 Nazi seizure of power his subordinate Robert Knauss formulated a deterrence theory incorporating Douhet 's ideas and Tirpitz 's `` risk theory '' , which proposed a fleet of heavy bombers to deter a preventive attack by France and Poland before Germany could fully rearm . A 1933 -- 34 war game indicated a need for fighters and anti-aircraft protection as well as bombers . On 1 March 1935 the Luftwaffe was formally announced , with Walther Wever as Chief of Staff . The 1935 Luftwaffe doctrine for `` Conduct of the Air War '' ( Die Luftkriegführung ) set air power within the overall military strategy , with critical tasks of attaining ( local and temporary ) air superiority and providing battlefield support for army and naval forces . Strategic bombing of industries and transport could be decisive longer term options , dependent on opportunity or preparations by the army and navy , to overcome a stalemate or used when only destruction of the enemy 's economy would be conclusive . The list excluded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale , as that was considered a waste of strategic effort , but the doctrine allowed revenge attacks if German civilians were bombed . A revised edition was issued in 1940 , and the continuing central principle of Luftwaffe doctrine was that destruction of enemy armed forces was of primary importance . The RAF responded to Luftwaffe developments with its 1934 Expansion Plan A rearmament scheme , and in 1936 it was restructured into Bomber Command , Coastal Command , Training Command and Fighter Command . The latter was under Hugh Dowding , who opposed the doctrine that bombers were unstoppable : the invention of radar at that time could allow early detection , and prototype monoplane fighters were significantly faster . Priorities were disputed , but in December 1937 the Minister in charge of defence coordination Sir Thomas Inskip decided in Dowding 's favour , that `` The role of our air force is not an early knock - out blow '' but rather was `` to prevent the Germans from knocking us out '' and fighter squadrons were just as necessary as bomber squadrons . In the Spanish Civil War , the Luftwaffe in the Condor Legion tried out air fighting tactics and their new aeroplanes . Wolfram von Richthofen became an exponent of air power providing ground support to other services . The difficulty of accurately hitting targets prompted Ernst Udet to require that all new bombers had to be dive bombers , and led to the development of the Knickebein system for night time navigation . Priority was given to producing large numbers of smaller aeroplanes , and plans for a long range four engined strategic bomber were delayed . First stages of World War II ( edit ) Winston Churchill , British Prime Minister , in 1941 The early stages of World War II saw successful German invasions on the continent aided decisively by the air power of the Luftwaffe , which was able to establish tactical air superiority with great efficiency . The speed with which German forces defeated most of the defending armies in Norway in early 1940 created a significant political crisis in Britain . In early May 1940 , the Norway Debate questioned the fitness for office of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . On 10 May , the same day Winston Churchill became British Prime Minister , the Germans initiated the Battle of France with an aggressive invasion of French territory . RAF Fighter Command was desperately short of trained pilots and aircraft , but despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that the diversion of his forces would leave home defences under - strength , Churchill sent fighter squadrons , the Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force , to support operations in France , where the RAF suffered heavy losses . After the evacuation of British and French soldiers from Dunkirk and the French surrender on 22 June 1940 , Hitler mainly focused his energies on the possibility of invading the Soviet Union in the belief that the British , defeated on the continent and without European allies , would quickly come to terms . The Germans were so convinced of an imminent armistice that they began constructing street decorations for the homecoming parades of victorious troops . Although the British Foreign Secretary , Lord Halifax , and certain elements of the British public favoured a negotiated peace with an ascendant Germany , Churchill and a majority of his Cabinet refused to consider an armistice . Instead , Churchill used his skilful rhetoric to harden public opinion against capitulation and to prepare the British for a long war . The Battle of Britain has the unusual distinction that it gained its name before being fought . The name is derived from the This was their finest hour speech delivered by Winston Churchill in the House of Commons on 18 June , more than three weeks prior to the generally accepted date for the start of the battle : ... What General Weygand has called The Battle of France is over . The battle of Britain is about to begin . Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation . Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire . The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us . Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war . If we can stand up to him , all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad , sunlit uplands . But if we fail , then the whole world , including the United States , including all that we have known and cared for , will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister , and perhaps more protracted , by the lights of a perverted science . Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties , and so bear ourselves that , if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years , men will still say , `` This was their finest hour '' . -- Winston Churchill German aims and directives ( edit ) Adolf Hitler , Chancellor of Germany , in 1933 From the outset of his rise to power , Hitler expressed admiration for Britain , and throughout the Battle period he sought neutrality or a peace treaty with Britain . In a secret conference on 23 May 1939 , Hitler set out his rather contradictory strategy that an attack on Poland was essential and `` will only be successful if the Western Powers keep out of it . If this is impossible , then it will be better to attack in the West and to settle Poland at the same time '' with a surprise attack . `` If Holland and Belgium are successfully occupied and held , and if France is also defeated , the fundamental conditions for a successful war against England will have been secured . England can then be blockaded from Western France at close quarters by the Air Force , while the Navy with its submarines extend the range of the blockade . '' When war commenced , Hitler and the OKW ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or `` High Command of the Armed Forces '' ) issued a series of Directives ordering planning and stating strategic objectives . `` Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War '' dated 31 August 1939 instructed the invasion of Poland on 1 September as planned . Potentially , Luftwaffe `` operations against England '' were to `` dislocate English imports , the armaments industry , and the transport of troops to France . Any favourable opportunity of an effective attack on concentrated units of the English Navy , particularly on battleships or aircraft carriers , will be exploited . The decision regarding attacks on London is reserved to me . Attacks on the English homeland are to be prepared , bearing in mind that inconclusive results with insufficient forces are to be avoided in all circumstances . '' Both France and the UK declared war on Germany ; on 9 October Hitler 's `` Directive No. 6 '' planned the offensive to defeat these allies and `` win as much territory as possible in the Netherlands , Belgium , and northern France to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war against England '' . On 29 November OKW `` Directive No. 9 -- Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy '' stated that once this coastline had been secured , the Luftwaffe together with the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) was to blockade UK ports with sea mines , attack shipping and warships , and make air attacks on shore installations and industrial production . This directive remained in force in the first phase of the Battle of Britain . It was reinforced on 24 May during the Battle of France by `` Directive No. 13 '' which authorised the Luftwaffe `` to attack the English homeland in the fullest manner , as soon as sufficient forces are available . This attack will be opened by an annihilating reprisal for English attacks on the Ruhr Basin . '' By the end of June 1940 , Germany had defeated Britain 's allies on the continent , and on 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his review of options to increase pressure on Britain to agree to a negotiated peace . The first priority was to eliminate the RAF and gain air supremacy . Intensified air attacks against shipping and the economy could affect food supplies and civilian morale in the long term . Reprisal attacks of terror bombing had the potential to cause quicker capitulation , but the effect on morale was uncertain . Once the Luftwaffe had control of the air , and the UK economy had been weakened , an invasion would be a last resort or a final strike ( `` Todesstoss '' ) after Britain had already been conquered , but could have a quick result . On the same day , the Luftwaffe Commander - in - Chief Hermann Göring issued his operational directive ; to destroy the RAF , thus protecting German industry , and also to block overseas supplies to Britain . The German Supreme Command argued over the practicality of these options . In `` Directive No. 16 -- On preparations for a landing operation against England '' on 16 July , Hitler required readiness by mid-August for the possibility of an invasion he called Operation Sea Lion , unless the British agreed to negotiations . The Luftwaffe reported that it would be ready to launch its major attack early in August . The Kriegsmarine Commander - in - Chief , Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , continued to highlight the impracticality of these plans , and said sea invasion could not take place before early 1941 . Hitler now argued that Britain was holding out in hope of assistance from Russia , and the Soviet Union was to be invaded by mid 1941 . Göring met his air fleet commanders , and on 24 July issued `` Tasks and Goals '' of firstly gaining air supremacy , secondly protecting invasion forces and attacking the Royal Navy 's ships . Thirdly , they were to blockade imports , bombing harbours and stores of supplies . Hitler 's `` Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England '' issued on 1 August attempted to keep all the options open . The Luftwaffe 's Adlertag campaign was to start around 5 August , subject to weather , with the aim of gaining air superiority over southern England as a necessary precondition of invasion , to give credibility to the threat and give Hitler the option of ordering the invasion . The intention was to incapacitate the RAF so much that the UK would feel open to air attack , and would begin peace negotiations . It was also to isolate the UK and damage war production , beginning an effective blockade . Following severe Luftwaffe losses , Hitler agreed at a 14 September OKW conference that the air campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans . On 16 September , Göring gave the order for this change in strategy , to the first independent strategic bombing campaign . Negotiated peace or neutrality ( edit ) Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf of 1923 mostly set out his hatreds : he only admired ordinary German World War I soldiers and Britain , which he saw as an ally against communism . In 1935 Hermann Göring welcomed news that Britain as a potential ally was rearming . In 1936 he promised assistance to defend the British Empire , asking only a free hand in Eastern Europe , and repeated this to Lord Halifax in 1937 . That year , von Ribbentrop met Churchill with a similar proposal ; when rebuffed , he told Churchill that interference with German domination would mean war . To Hitler 's great annoyance , all his diplomacy failed to stop Britain from declaring war when he invaded Poland . During the fall of France , he repeatedly discussed peace efforts with his generals . When Churchill came to power , there was still wide support for Halifax , who as Foreign Secretary openly argued for peace negotiations in the tradition of British diplomacy , to secure British independence without war . On 20 May , Halifax secretly requested a Swedish businessman to make contact with Göring to open negotiations . Shortly afterwards , in the May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis , Halifax argued for negotiations involving the Italians , but this was rejected by Churchill with majority support . An approach made through the Swedish ambassador on 22 June was reported to Hitler , making peace negotiations seem feasible . Throughout July , as the battle started , the Germans made wider attempts to find a diplomatic solution . On 2 July , the day the armed forces were asked to start preliminary planning for an invasion , Hitler got von Ribbentrop to draft a speech offering peace negotiations . On 19 July Hitler made this speech to the German Parliament in Berlin , appealing `` to reason and common sense '' , and said he could `` see no reason why this war should go on '' . His sombre conclusion was received in silence , but he did not suggest negotiations and this was effectively an ultimatum which was rejected by the British government . Halifax kept trying to arrange peace until he was sent to Washington in December as ambassador , and in January 1941 Hitler expressed continued interest in negotiating peace with Britain . Blockade and siege ( edit ) A May 1939 planning exercise by Luftflotte 3 found that the Luftwaffe lacked the means to do much damage to Britain 's war economy beyond laying naval mines . The Head of Luftwaffe intelligence Joseph `` Beppo '' Schmid presented a report on 22 November 1939 , stating that `` Of all Germany 's possible enemies , Britain is the most dangerous . '' This `` Proposal for the Conduct of Air Warfare '' argued for a counter to the British blockade and said `` Key is to paralyse the British trade '' . Instead of the Wehrmacht attacking the French , the Luftwaffe with naval assistance was to block imports to Britain and attack seaports . `` Should the enemy resort to terror measures -- for example , to attack our towns in western Germany '' they could retaliate by bombing industrial centres and London . Parts of this appeared on 29 November in `` Directive No. 9 '' as future actions once the coast had been conquered . On 24 May 1940 `` Directive No. 13 '' authorised attacks on the blockade targets , as well as retaliation for RAF bombing of industrial targets in the Ruhr . After the defeat of France the High Command ( OKW ) felt they had won the war , and some more pressure would persuade Britain . On 30 June the OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl issued his paper setting out options : the first was to increase attacks on shipping , economic targets and the RAF : air attacks and food shortages were expected to break morale and lead to capitulation . Destruction of the RAF was the first priority , and invasion would be a last resort . Hermann Göring 's operational directive issued the same day ordered destruction of the RAF to clear the way for attacks cutting off seaborne supplies to Britain . It made no mention of invasion . Invasion plans ( edit ) Main article : Operation Sea Lion In November 1939 , the OKW reviewed the potential for an air - and seaborne invasion of Britain : the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) was faced with the threat the Royal Navy 's larger Home Fleet posed to a crossing of the English Channel , and together with the German Army viewed control of airspace as a necessary precondition . The German navy thought air superiority alone was insufficient ; the German naval staff had already produced a study ( in 1939 ) on the possibility of an invasion of Britain and concluded that it also required naval superiority . The Luftwaffe said invasion could only be `` the final act in an already victorious war . '' Hitler first discussed the idea of an invasion at a 21 May 1940 meeting with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , who stressed the difficulties and his own preference for a blockade . OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl 's 30 June report described invasion as a last resort once the British economy had been damaged and the Luftwaffe had full air superiority . On 2 July , OKW requested preliminary plans . In Britain , Churchill described `` the great invasion scare '' as `` serving a very useful purpose '' by `` keeping every man and woman tuned to a high pitch of readiness '' . On 10 July , he advised the War Cabinet that invasion could be ignored , as it `` would be a most hazardous and suicidal operation '' . On 11 July , Hitler agreed with Raeder that invasion would be a last resort , and the Luftwaffe advised that gaining air superiority would take 14 to 28 days . Hitler met his army chiefs , von Brauchitsch and Halder , who presented detailed plans on the assumption that the navy would provide safe transport . Hitler showed no interest in the details , but on 16 July he issued Directive No. 16 ordering preparations for Operation Sea Lion . The navy insisted on a narrow beachhead and an extended period for landing troops ; the army rejected these plans : the Luftwaffe could begin an air attack in August . Hitler held a meeting of his army and navy chiefs on 31 July . The navy said 22 September was the earliest possible date , and proposed postponement until the following year , but Hitler preferred September . He then told von Brauchitsch and Halder that he would decide on the landing operation eight to fourteen days after the air attack began . On 1 August he issued Directive No. 17 for intensified air and sea warfare , to begin with Adlertag on or after 5 August subject to weather , keeping options open for negotiated peace or blockade and siege . Independent air attack ( edit ) Under the continuing influence of the 1935 `` Conduct of the Air War '' doctrine , the main focus of the Luftwaffe command ( including Göring ) was in concentrating attacks to destroy enemy armed forces on the battlefield , and `` blitzkrieg '' close air support of the army succeeded brilliantly . They reserved strategic bombing for a stalemate situation or revenge attacks , but doubted if this could be decisive on its own and regarded bombing civilians to destroy homes or undermine morale as a waste of strategic effort . The defeat of France in June 1940 introduced the prospect for the first time of independent air action against Britain . A July Fliegercorps I paper asserted that Germany was by definition an air power : `` Its chief weapon against England is the Air Force , then the Navy , followed by the landing forces and the Army . '' In 1940 , the Luftwaffe would undertake a `` strategic offensive ... on its own and independent of the other services '' , according to an April 1944 German account of their military mission . Göring was convinced that strategic bombing could win objectives which were beyond the army and navy , and gain political advantages in the Third Reich for the Luftwaffe and himself . He expected air warfare to decisively force Britain to negotiate , as all in the OKW hoped , and the Luftwaffe took little interest to planning to support an invasion . Opposing forces ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft of the Battle of Britain Further information : RAF Fighter Command Order of Battle 1940 and Luftwaffe Order of Battle August 1940 Further information : List of officially accredited Battle of Britain squadrons The Luftwaffe faced a more capable opponent than any it had previously met : a sizeable , highly coordinated , well - supplied , modern air force . Fighters ( edit ) The Luftwaffe 's Messerschmitt Bf 109E and Bf 110C fought against the RAF 's workhorse Hurricane Mk I and the less numerous Spitfire Mk I ; Hurricanes outnumbered Spitfires in RAF Fighter Command by about 2 : 1 when war broke out . The Bf 109E had a better climb rate and was up to 40 mph faster in level flight than the Rotol ( constant speed propeller ) equipped Hurricane Mk I , depending on altitude . The speed and climb disparity with the original non-Rotol Hurricane was even greater . By mid-1940 , all RAF Spitfire and Hurricane fighter squadrons converted to 100 octane aviation fuel , which allowed their Merlin engines to generate significantly more power and an approximately 30 mph increase in speed at low altitudes through the use of an Emergency Boost Override . In September 1940 , the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricanes started entering service in small numbers . This version was capable of a maximum speed of 342 mph ( 550 km / h ) , some 20 mph more than the original ( non-Rotol ) Mk I , though it was still 15 to 20 mph slower than a Bf 109 ( depending on altitude ) . Hawker Hurricane R4118 fought in the Battle of Britain . Here it arrives at the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo , England . X4382 , a late production Spitfire Mk I of 602 Squadron flown by P / O Osgood Hanbury , Westhampnett , September 1940 The performance of the Spitfire over Dunkirk came as a surprise to the Jagdwaffe , although the German pilots retained a strong belief that the 109 was the superior fighter . The British fighters were equipped with eight Browning . 303 ( 7.7 mm ) machine guns , while most Bf 109Es had two 7.92 mm machine guns supplemented by two 20mm cannons . The latter was much more effective than the . 303 ; during the Battle it was not unknown for damaged German bombers to limp home with up to two hundred . 303 hits . At some altitudes , the Bf 109 could outclimb the British fighter . It could also engage in vertical - plane negative - g manoeuvres without the engine cutting out because its DB 601 engine used fuel injection ; this allowed the 109 to dive away from attackers more readily than the carburettor - equipped Merlin . On the other hand , the Bf 109E had a much larger turning circle than its two foes . In general , though , as Alfred Price noted in The Spitfire Story : ... the differences between the Spitfire and the Me 109 in performance and handling were only marginal , and in a combat they were almost always surmounted by tactical considerations of which side had seen the other first , which had the advantage of sun , altitude , numbers , pilot ability , tactical situation , tactical co-ordination , amount of fuel remaining , etc . Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 The Bf 109E was also used as a Jabo ( jagdbomber , fighter - bomber ) -- the E-4 / B and E-7 models could carry a 250 kg bomb underneath the fuselage , the later model arriving during the battle . The Bf 109 , unlike the Stuka , could fight on equal terms with RAF fighters after releasing its ordnance . At the start of the battle , the twin - engined Messerschmitt Bf 110C long range Zerstörer ( `` Destroyer '' ) was also expected to engage in air - to - air combat while escorting the Luftwaffe bomber fleet . Although the 110 was faster than the Hurricane and almost as fast as the Spitfire , its lack of manoeuvrability and acceleration meant that it was a failure as a long - range escort fighter . On 13 and 15 August , thirteen and thirty aircraft were lost , the equivalent of an entire Gruppe , and the type 's worst losses during the campaign . This trend continued with a further eight and fifteen lost on 16 and 17 August . The most successful role of the Bf 110 during the battle was as a Schnellbomber ( fast bomber ) . The Bf 110 usually used a shallow dive to bomb the target and escape at high speed . One unit , Erprobungsgruppe 210 -- initially formed as the service test unit ( Erprobungskommando ) for the emerging successor to the 110 , the Me 210 -- proved that the Bf 110 could still be used to good effect in attacking small or `` pinpoint '' targets . Four 264 Squadron Defiants ( PS - V was shot down on 28 August 1940 over Kent by Bf 109s . ) The RAF 's Boulton Paul Defiant had some initial success over Dunkirk because of its resemblance to the Hurricane ; Luftwaffe fighters attacking from the rear were surprised by its unusual gun turret . During the Battle of Britain , it proved hopelessly outclassed . For various reasons , the Defiant lacked any form of forward - firing armament , and the heavy turret and second crewman meant it could not outrun or outmanoeuvre either the Bf 109 or Bf 110 . By the end of August , after disastrous losses , the aircraft was withdrawn from daylight service . Bombers ( edit ) Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain The Luftwaffe 's primary bombers were the Heinkel He 111 , Dornier Do 17 , and Junkers Ju 88 for level bombing at medium to high altitudes , and the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka for dive bombing tactics . The He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict , and was better known , partly due to its distinctive wing shape . Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions accompanying them that were used during the battle . Although it had been successful in previous Luftwaffe engagements , the Stuka suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain , particularly on 18 August , due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after dive bombing a target . As the losses went up along with their limited payload and range , Stuka units were largely removed from operations over England and diverted to concentrate on shipping instead until they were eventually re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941 . For some raids , they were called back , such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield . The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities ; the Heinkel 111 was the slowest ; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped ; and the Do 17 had the smallest bomb load . All three bomber types suffered heavy losses from the home - based British fighters , but the Ju 88 disproportionately so . The German bombers required constant protection by the Luftwaffe 's fighter force . German escorts were not sufficiently numerous . Bf 109Es were ordered to support more than 300 -- 400 bombers on any given day . Later in the conflict , when night bombing became more frequent , all three were used . Due to its smaller bomb load , the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose . German propaganda photo purporting to show a Spitfire I flying very close to a Dornier 17Z On the British side , three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories , invasion ports and railway centres ; the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley , the Handley - Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF , although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111 . The twin - engined Bristol Blenheim and the obsolescent single - engined Fairey Battle were both light bombers ; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping , ports , airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night . The Fairey Battle squadrons , which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks during the Battle of France , were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports , until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940 . Pilots ( edit ) A Spitfire pilot recounts how he shot down a Messerschmitt , Biggin Hill , September 1940 South African Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan led No. 74 Squadron RAF and was , at the time , the RAF 's leading ace , with 27 planes destroyed , 7 shared , 2 unconfirmed , 3 probables and 16 damaged . Before the war , the RAF 's processes for selecting potential candidates were opened to men of all social classes through the creation in 1936 of the RAF Volunteer Reserve , which `` ... was designed to appeal , to ... young men ... without any class distinctions ... '' The older squadrons of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force did retain some of their upper - class exclusiveness , but their numbers were soon swamped by the newcomers of the RAFVR ; by 1 September 1939 , 6,646 pilots had been trained through the RAFVR . By mid-1940 , there were about 9,000 pilots in the RAF to man about 5,000 aircraft , most of which were bombers . Fighter Command was never short of pilots , but the problem of finding sufficient numbers of fully trained fighter pilots became acute by mid-August 1940 . With aircraft production running at 300 planes each week , only 200 pilots were trained in the same period . In addition , more pilots were allocated to squadrons than there were aircraft , as this allowed squadrons to maintain operational strength despite casualties and still provide for pilot leave . Another factor was that only about 30 % of the 9,000 pilots were assigned to operational squadrons ; 20 % of the pilots were involved in conducting pilot training , and a further 20 % were undergoing further instruction , like those offered in Canada and in Southern Rhodesia to the Commonwealth trainees , although already qualified . The rest were assigned to staff positions , since RAF policy dictated that only pilots could make many staff and operational command decisions , even in engineering matters . At the height of fighting , and despite Churchill 's insistence , only 30 pilots were released to the front line from administrative duties . For these reasons , and the permanent loss of 435 pilots during the Battle of France alone along with many more wounded , and others lost in Norway , the RAF had fewer experienced pilots at the start of the initial defence of their home . It was the lack of trained pilots in the fighting squadrons , rather than the lack of aircraft , that became the greatest concern for Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding , Commander of Fighter Command . Drawing from regular RAF forces , the Auxiliary Air Force and the Volunteer Reserve , the British were able to muster some 1,103 fighter pilots on 1 July . Replacement pilots , with little flight training and often no gunnery training , suffered high casualty rates , thus exacerbating the problem . The Luftwaffe , on the other hand , were able to muster a larger number ( 1,450 ) of more experienced fighter pilots . Drawing from a cadre of Spanish Civil War veterans , these pilots already had comprehensive courses in aerial gunnery and instructions in tactics suited for fighter - versus - fighter combat . Training manuals discouraged heroism , stressing the importance of attacking only when the odds were in the pilot 's favour . Despite the high levels of experience , German fighter formations did not provide a sufficient reserve of pilots to allow for losses and leave , and the Luftwaffe was unable to produce enough pilots to prevent a decline in operational strength as the battle progressed . International participation ( edit ) Allies ( edit ) 126 German aircraft or `` Adolfs '' were claimed by Polish pilots of 303 Squadron during the Battle of Britain Main article : Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain About 20 % of pilots who took part in the battle were from non British countries . The Royal Air Force roll of honour for the Battle of Britain recognises 595 non-British pilots ( out of 2,936 ) as flying at least one authorised operational sortie with an eligible unit of the RAF or Fleet Air Arm between 10 July and 31 October 1940 . These included 145 Poles , 127 New Zealanders , 112 Canadians , 88 Czechoslovaks , 10 Irish , 32 Australians , 28 Belgians , 25 South Africans , 13 French , 9 Americans , 3 Southern Rhodesians and one each from Jamaica and Mandatory Palestine . `` Altogether in the fighter battles , the bombing raids , and the various patrols flown between 10 July and 31 October 1940 by the Royal Air Force , 1495 aircrew were killed , of whom 449 were fighter pilots , 718 aircrew from Bomber Command , and 280 from Coastal Command . Among those killed were 47 airmen from Canada , 24 from Australia , 17 from South Africa , 35 from Poland , 20 from Czechoslovakia and six from Belgium . Forty - seven New Zealanders lost their lives , including 15 fighter pilots , 24 bomber and eight coastal aircrew . The names of these Allied and Commonwealth airmen are inscribed in a memorial book which rests in the Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey . In the chapel is a stained glass window which contains the badges of the fighter squadrons which operated during the battle and the flags of the nations to which the pilots and aircrew belonged . '' These pilots , some of whom had to flee their home countries because of the Nazi war - machine , fought with great distinction . The No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron for example was not just the highest scoring of the Hurricane squadrons during the Battle of Britain , but also had the highest ratio of enemy aircraft destroyed to their own losses . Axis ( edit ) Main article : Corpo Aereo Italiano An element of the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) called the Italian Air Corps ( Corpo Aereo Italiano or CAI ) first saw action in late October 1940 . It took part in the latter stages of the battle , but achieved limited success . The unit was redeployed in early 1941 . Luftwaffe strategy ( edit ) Hermann Göring , the commander of the Luftwaffe Hugo Sperrle , the commander of Luftflotte 3 The high command 's indecision over which aim to pursue was reflected in shifts in Luftwaffe strategy . Their Air War doctrine of concentrated close air support of the army at the battlefront succeeded in the blitzkrieg offensives against Poland , Denmark and Norway , the Low Countries and France , but incurred significant losses . The Luftwaffe now had to establish or restore bases in the conquered territories , and rebuild their strength . In June 1940 they began regular armed reconnaissance flights and sporadic Störangriffe , nuisance raids of one or a few bombers , both day and night . These gave crews practice in navigation and avoiding air defences , and set off air raid alarms which disturbed civilian morale . Similar nuisance raids continued throughout the battle , into late 1940 . Scattered naval mine -- laying sorties began at the outset , and increased gradually over the battle period . Göring 's operational directive of 30 June ordered destruction of the RAF as a whole , including the aircraft industry , with the aims of ending RAF bombing raids on Germany and facilitating attacks on ports and storage in the Luftwaffe blockade of Britain . Attacks on Channel shipping in the Kanalkampf began on 4 July , and were formalised on 11 July in an order by Hans Jeschonnek which added the arms industry as a target . On 16 July Directive No. 16 ordered preparations for Operation Sea Lion , and on the next day the luftwaffe was ordered to stand by in full readiness . Göring met his air fleet commanders , and on 24 July issued `` Tasks and Goals '' of gaining air supremacy , protecting the army and navy if invasion went ahead , and attacking the Royal Navy 's ships as well as continuing the blockade . Once the RAF had been defeated , Luftwaffe bombers were to move forward beyond London without the need for fighter escort , destroying military and economic targets . At a meeting on 1 August the command reviewed plans produced by each Fliegerkorps with differing proposals for targets including whether to bomb airfields , but failed to focus priorities . Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated : the intent was that raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down . On 6 August he finalised plans for this `` Operation Eagle Attack '' with Kesselring , Sperle and Stumpff : destruction of RAF Fighter Command across the south of England was to take four days , with lightly escorted small bomber raids leaving the main fighter force free to attack RAF fighters . Bombing of military and economic targets was then to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain . Bombing of London was to be held back while these night time `` destroyer '' attacks proceeded over other urban areas , then in culmination of the campaign a major attack on the capital was intended to cause a crisis when refugees fled London just as the Operation Sea Lion invasion was to begin . With hopes fading for the possibility of invasion , on 4 September Hitler authorised a main focus on day and night attacks on tactical targets with London as the main target , in what the British called the Blitz . With increasing difficulty in defending bombers in day raids , the Luftwaffe shifted to a strategic bombing campaign of night raids aiming to overcome British resistance by damaging infrastructure and food stocks , though intentional terror bombing of civilians was not sanctioned . Regrouping of Luftwaffe in Luftflotten ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was forced to regroup after the Battle of France into three Luftflotten ( Air Fleets ) on Britain 's southern and northern flanks . Luftflotte 2 , commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , was responsible for the bombing of southeast England and the London area . Luftflotte 3 , under Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle , targeted the West Country , Wales , the Midlands , and northwest England . Luftflotte 5 , led by Generaloberst Hans - Jürgen Stumpff from his headquarters in Norway , targeted the north of England and Scotland . As the battle progressed , command responsibility shifted , with Luftflotte 3 taking more responsibility for the night - time Blitz attacks while the main daylight operations fell upon Luftflotte 2 's shoulders . Initial Luftwaffe estimates were that it would take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England . This would be followed by a four - week offensive during which the bombers and long - range fighters would destroy all military installations throughout the country and wreck the British aircraft industry . The campaign was planned to begin with attacks on airfields near the coast , gradually moving inland to attack the ring of sector airfields defending London . Later reassessments gave the Luftwaffe five weeks , from 8 August to 15 September , to establish temporary air superiority over England . To achieve this goal , Fighter Command had to be destroyed , either on the ground or in the air , yet the Luftwaffe had to be able to preserve its own strength to be able to support the invasion ; this meant that the Luftwaffe had to maintain a high `` kill ratio '' over the RAF fighters . The only alternative to the goal of air superiority was a terror bombing campaign aimed at the civilian population , but this was considered a last resort and it was ( at this stage of the battle ) expressly forbidden by Hitler . The Luftwaffe kept broadly to this scheme , but its commanders had differences of opinion on strategy . Sperrle wanted to eradicate the air defence infrastructure by bombing it . His counterpart , Kesselring , championed attacking London directly -- either to bombard the British government into submission , or to draw RAF fighters into a decisive battle . Göring did nothing to resolve this disagreement between his commanders , and only vague directives were set down during the initial stages of the battle , with Göring seemingly unable to decide upon which strategy to pursue . He seemed at times obsessed with maintaining his own power base in the Luftwaffe and indulging his outdated beliefs on air fighting , which would later lead to tactical and strategic errors . Tactics ( edit ) Fighter formations ( edit ) Luftwaffe formations employed a loose section of two ( nicknamed the Rotte ( pack ) ) , based on a leader ( Rottenführer ) followed at a distance of about 200 metres by his wingman ( nicknamed the Rottenhund ( pack dog ) or Katschmarek ) , who also flew slightly higher and was trained always to stay with his leader . With more room between them , both pilots could spend less time maintaining formation and more time looking around and covering each other 's blind spots . Attacking aircraft could be sandwiched between the two 109s . The Rotte allowed the Rottenführer to concentrate on getting kills , but few wingmen had the chance , leading to some resentment in the lower ranks where it was felt that the high scores came at their expense . Two sections were usually teamed up into a Schwarm , where all the pilots could watch what was happening around them . Each Schwarm in a Staffel flew at staggered heights and with about 200 metres of room between them , making the formation difficult to spot at longer ranges and allowing for a great deal of flexibility . By using a tight `` cross-over '' turn , a Schwarm could quickly change direction . The Bf 110s adopted the same Schwarm formation as the 109s , but were seldom able to use this to the same advantage . The Bf 110 's most successful method of attack was the `` bounce '' from above . When attacked , Zerstörergruppen increasingly resorted to forming large `` defensive circles '' , where each Bf 110 guarded the tail of the aircraft ahead of it . Göring ordered that they be renamed `` offensive circles '' in a vain bid to improve rapidly declining morale . These conspicuous formations were often successful in attracting RAF fighters that were sometimes `` bounced '' by high - flying Bf 109s . This led to the often repeated misconception that the Bf 110s were escorted by Bf 109s . Higher - level dispositions ( edit ) Luftwaffe tactics were influenced by their fighters . The Bf 110 proved too vulnerable to the nimble single - engined RAF fighters . This meant the bulk of fighter escort duties fell on the Bf 109 . Fighter tactics were then complicated by bomber crews who demanded closer protection . After the hard - fought battles of 15 and 18 August , Göring met with his unit leaders . During this conference , the need for the fighters to meet up on time with the bombers was stressed . It was also decided that one bomber Gruppe could only be properly protected by several Gruppen of 109s . In addition , Göring stipulated that as many fighters as possible were to be left free for Freie Jagd ( `` Free Hunts '' : a free - roving fighter sweep preceded a raid to try to sweep defenders out of the raid 's path ) . The Ju 87 units , which had suffered heavy casualties , were only to be used under favourable circumstances . In early September , due to increasing complaints from the bomber crews about RAF fighters seemingly able to get through the escort screen , Göring ordered an increase in close escort duties . This decision shackled many of the Bf 109s to the bombers and , although they were more successful at protecting the bomber forces , casualties amongst the fighters mounted primarily because they were forced to fly and manoeuvre at reduced speeds . The Luftwaffe consistently varied its tactics in its attempts to break through the RAF defences . It launched many Freie Jagd to draw up RAF fighters . RAF fighter controllers were often able to detect these and position squadrons to avoid them , keeping to Dowding 's plan to preserve fighter strength for the bomber formations . The Luftwaffe also tried using small formations of bombers as bait , covering them with large numbers of escorts . This was more successful , but escort duty tied the fighters to the bombers ' slow speed and made them more vulnerable . Pattern of condensation trails left by British and German aircraft after a dogfight . By September , standard tactics for raids had become an amalgam of techniques . A Freie Jagd would precede the main attack formations . The bombers would fly in at altitudes between 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) and 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) , closely escorted by fighters . Escorts were divided into two parts ( usually Gruppen ) , some operating in close contact with the bombers , and others a few hundred yards away and a little above . If the formation was attacked from the starboard , the starboard section engaged the attackers , the top section moving to starboard and the port section to the top position . If the attack came from the port side the system was reversed . British fighters coming from the rear were engaged by the rear section and the two outside sections similarly moving to the rear . If the threat came from above , the top section went into action while the side sections gained height to be able to follow RAF fighters down as they broke away . If attacked , all sections flew in defensive circles . These tactics were skilfully evolved and carried out , and were difficult to counter . Adolf Galland , the successful leader of III. / JG 26 , became Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 on 22 August Adolf Galland noted : We had the impression that , whatever we did , we were bound to be wrong . Fighter protection for bombers created many problems which had to be solved in action . Bomber pilots preferred close screening in which their formation was surrounded by pairs of fighters pursuing a zigzag course . Obviously , the visible presence of the protective fighters gave the bomber pilots a greater sense of security . However , this was a faulty conclusion , because a fighter can only carry out this purely defensive task by taking the initiative in the offensive . He must never wait until attacked because he then loses the chance of acting . We fighter pilots certainly preferred the free chase during the approach and over the target area . This gives the greatest relief and the best protection for the bomber force . The biggest disadvantage faced by Bf 109 pilots was that without the benefit of long - range drop tanks ( which were introduced in limited numbers in the late stages of the battle ) , usually of 300 litres ( 66 imp gal ; 79 US gal ) capacity , the 109s had an endurance of just over an hour and , for the 109E , a 600 km ( 370 mi ) range . Once over Britain , a 109 pilot had to keep an eye on a red `` low fuel '' light on the instrument panel : once this was illuminated , he was forced to turn back and head for France . With the prospect of two long flights over water , and knowing their range was substantially reduced when escorting bombers or during combat , the Jagdflieger coined the term Kanalkrankheit or `` Channel sickness '' . Intelligence ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was ill - served by its lack of military intelligence about the British defences . The German intelligence services were fractured and plagued by rivalries ; their performance was `` amateurish '' . By 1940 , there were few German agents operating in Great Britain and a handful of bungled attempts to insert spies into the country were foiled . As a result of intercepted radio transmissions , the Germans began to realise that the RAF fighters were being controlled from ground facilities ; in July and August 1939 , for example , the airship Graf Zeppelin , which was packed with equipment for listening in on RAF radio and RDF transmissions , flew around the coasts of Britain . Although the Luftwaffe correctly interpreted these new ground control procedures , they were incorrectly assessed as being rigid and ineffectual . A British radar system was well known to the Luftwaffe from intelligence gathered before the war , but the highly developed `` Dowding system '' linked with fighter control had been a well - kept secret . Even when good information existed , such as a November 1939 Abwehr assessment of Fighter Command strengths and capabilities by Abteilung V , it was ignored if it did not match conventional preconceptions . On 16 July 1940 , Abteilung V , commanded by Oberstleutnant `` Beppo '' Schmid , produced a report on the RAF and on Britain 's defensive capabilities which was adopted by the frontline commanders as a basis for their operational plans . One of the most conspicuous failures of the report was the lack of information on the RAF 's RDF network and control systems capabilities ; it was assumed that the system was rigid and inflexible , with the RAF fighters being `` tied '' to their home bases . An optimistic and , as it turned out , erroneous conclusion reached was : D. Supply Situation ... At present the British aircraft industry produces about 180 to 300 first line fighters and 140 first line bombers a month . In view of the present conditions relating to production ( the appearance of raw material difficulties , the disruption or breakdown of production at factories owing to air attacks , the increased vulnerability to air attack owing to the fundamental reorganisation of the aircraft industry now in progress ) , it is believed that for the time being output will decrease rather than increase . In the event of an intensification of air warfare it is expected that the present strength of the RAF will fall , and this decline will be aggravated by the continued decrease in production . Because of this statement , reinforced by another more detailed report , issued on 10 August , there was a mindset in the ranks of the Luftwaffe that the RAF would run out of frontline fighters . The Luftwaffe believed it was weakening Fighter Command at three times the actual attrition rate . Many times , the leadership believed Fighter Command 's strength had collapsed , only to discover that the RAF were able to send up defensive formations at will . Throughout the battle , the Luftwaffe had to use numerous reconnaissance sorties to make up for the poor intelligence . Reconnaissance aircraft ( initially mostly Dornier Do 17s , but increasingly Bf 110s ) proved easy prey for British fighters , as it was seldom possible for them to be escorted by Bf 109s . Thus , the Luftwaffe operated `` blind '' for much of the battle , unsure of its enemy 's true strengths , capabilities , and deployments . Many of the Fighter Command airfields were never attacked , while raids against supposed fighter airfields fell instead on bomber or coastal defence stations . The results of bombing and air fighting were consistently exaggerated , due to inaccurate claims , over-enthusiastic reports and the difficulty of confirmation over enemy territory . In the euphoric atmosphere of perceived victory , the Luftwaffe leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality . This lack of leadership and solid intelligence meant the Germans did not adopt consistent strategy , even when the RAF had its back to the wall . Moreover , there was never a systematic focus on one type of target ( such as airbases , radar stations , or aircraft factories ) ; consequently , the already haphazard effort was further diluted . Navigational aids ( edit ) While the British were using radar for air defence more effectively than the Germans realised , the Luftwaffe attempted to press its own offensive with advanced radio navigation systems of which the British were initially not aware . One of these was Knickebein ( `` bent leg '' ) ; this system was used at night and for raids where precision was required . It was rarely used during the Battle of Britain . Air - sea rescue ( edit ) The Luftwaffe was much better prepared for the task of air - sea rescue than the RAF , specifically tasking the Seenotdienst unit , equipped with about 30 Heinkel He 59 floatplanes , with picking up downed aircrew from the North Sea , English Channel and the Dover Straits . In addition , Luftwaffe aircraft were equipped with life rafts and the aircrew were provided with sachets of a chemical called fluorescein which , on reacting with water , created a large , easy - to - see , bright green patch . In accordance with the Geneva Convention , the He 59s were unarmed and painted white with civilian registration markings and red crosses . Nevertheless , RAF aircraft attacked these aircraft , as some were escorted by Bf 109s . After single He 59s were forced to land on the sea by RAF fighters , on 1 and 9 July respectively , a controversial order was issued to the RAF on 13 July ; this stated that from 20 July , Seenotdienst aircraft were to be shot down . One of the reasons given by Churchill was : We did not recognise this means of rescuing enemy pilots so they could come and bomb our civil population again ... all German air ambulances were forced down or shot down by our fighters on definite orders approved by the War Cabinet . The British also believed that their crews would report on convoys , the Air Ministry issuing a communiqué to the German government on 14 July that Britain was unable , however , to grant immunity to such aircraft flying over areas in which operations are in progress on land or at sea , or approaching British or Allied territory , or territory in British occupation , or British or Allied ships . Ambulance aircraft which do not comply with the above will do so at their own risk and peril The white He 59s were soon repainted in camouflage colours and armed with defensive machine guns . Although another four He 59s were shot down by RAF aircraft , the Seenotdienst continued to pick up downed Luftwaffe and Allied aircrew throughout the battle , earning praise from Adolf Galland for their bravery . RAF strategy ( edit ) Commander - in - Chief , Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding 10 Group Commander , Sir Quintin Brand 11 Group Commander , Keith Park 12 Group Commander , Trafford Leigh - Mallory 13 Group Commander , Richard Saul The Dowding system ( edit ) Main article : Dowding system Chain Home radar cover During early tests of the Chain Home system , the slow flow of information from the CH radars and observers to the aircraft often caused them to miss their `` bandits '' . The solution , today known as the `` Dowding system '' , was to create a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters . It was named after its chief architect , `` Stuffy '' Dowding . Reports from CH radars and the Observer Corps were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters ( FCHQ ) at Bentley Priory where they were `` filtered '' to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks . Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters , where the map would be re-created . This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level , covering a much smaller area . Looking over their maps , Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets . From that point the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception , as well as return them to base . Sector stations also controlled the anti-aircraft batteries in their area ; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire . The Dowding system dramatically improved the speed and accuracy of the information that flowed to the pilots . During the early war period it was expected that an average interception mission might have a 30 % chance of ever seeing their target . During the battle , the Dowding system maintained an average rate over 75 % , with several examples of 100 % rates -- every fighter dispatched found and intercepted its target . In contrast , Luftwaffe fighters attempting to intercept raids had to randomly seek their targets and often returned home having never seen enemy aircraft . The result is what is now known as an example of `` force multiplication '' ; RAF fighters were as effective as two or more Luftwaffe fighters , greatly offsetting , or overturning , the disparity in actual numbers . Intelligence ( edit ) RAF and Luftwaffe bases , group and Luftflotte boundaries , and range of Luftwaffe Bf 109 fighters . Southern part of British radar coverage : radar in North of Scotland not shown . While Luftwaffe intelligence reports underestimated British fighter forces and aircraft production , the British intelligence estimates went the other way : they overestimated German aircraft production , numbers and range of aircraft available , and numbers of Luftwaffe pilots . In action , the Luftwaffe believed from their pilot claims and the impression given by aerial reconnaissance that the RAF was close to defeat , and the British made strenuous efforts to overcome the perceived advantages held by their opponents . It is unclear how much the British intercepts of the Enigma cipher , used for high - security German radio communications , affected the battle . Ultra , the information obtained from Enigma intercepts , gave the highest echelons of the British command a view of German intentions . According to F.W. Winterbotham , who was the senior Air Staff representative in the Secret Intelligence Service , Ultra helped establish the strength and composition of the Luftwaffe 's formations , the aims of the commanders and provided early warning of some raids . In early August it was decided that a small unit would be set up at FCHQ , which would process the flow of information from Bletchley and provide Dowding only with the most essential Ultra material ; thus the Air Ministry did not have to send a continual flow of information to FCHQ , preserving secrecy , and Dowding was not inundated with non-essential information . Keith Park and his controllers were also told about Ultra . In a further attempt to camouflage the existence of Ultra , Dowding created a unit named No. 421 ( Reconnaissance ) Flight RAF . This unit ( which later became No. 91 Squadron RAF ) , was equipped with Hurricanes and Spitfires and sent out aircraft to search for and report Luftwaffe formations approaching England . In addition the radio listening service ( known as Y Service ) , monitoring the patterns of Luftwaffe radio traffic contributed considerably to the early warning of raids . Air - sea rescue ( edit ) Main article : Royal Air Force Marine Branch One of the biggest oversights of the entire system was the lack of adequate air - sea rescue organisation . The RAF had started organising a system in 1940 with High Speed Launches ( HSLs ) based on flying boat bases and at some overseas locations , but it was still believed that the amount of cross-Channel traffic meant that there was no need for a rescue service to cover these areas . Downed pilots and aircrew , it was hoped , would be picked up by any boats or ships which happened to be passing by . Otherwise the local life boat would be alerted , assuming someone had seen the pilot going into the water . RAF aircrew were issued with a life jacket , nicknamed the `` Mae West , '' but in 1940 it still required manual inflation , which was almost impossible for someone who was injured or in shock . The waters of the English Channel and Dover Straits are cold , even in the middle of summer , and clothing issued to RAF aircrew did little to insulate them against these freezing conditions . The RAF also imitated the German practice of issuing fluorescein . A conference in 1939 had placed air - sea rescue under Coastal Command . Because pilots had been lost at sea during the `` Channel Battle '' , on 22 August , control of RAF rescue launches was passed to the local naval authorities and 12 Lysanders were given to Fighter Command to help look for pilots at sea . In all some 200 pilots and aircrew were lost at sea during the battle . No proper air - sea rescue service was formed until 1941 . Tactics ( edit ) X4474 , a late production Mk I Spitfire of 19 Squadron , September 1940 . During the battle 19 Squadron was part of the Duxford Wing Fighter formations ( edit ) In the late 1930s , Fighter Command expected to face only bombers over Britain , not single - engined fighters . A series of `` Fighting Area Tactics '' were formulated and rigidly adhered to , involving a series of manoeuvres designed to concentrate a squadron 's firepower to bring down bombers . RAF fighters flew in tight , v - shaped sections ( `` vics '' ) of three aircraft , with four such `` sections '' in tight formation . Only the squadron leader at the front was free to watch for the enemy ; the other pilots had to concentrate on keeping station . Training also emphasised by - the - book attacks by sections breaking away in sequence . Fighter Command recognised the weaknesses of this structure early in the battle , but it was felt too risky to change tactics during the battle , because replacement pilots -- often with only minimal flying time -- could not be readily retrained , and inexperienced pilots needed firm leadership in the air only rigid formations could provide . German pilots dubbed the RAF formations Idiotenreihen ( `` rows of idiots '' ) because they left squadrons vulnerable to attack . Front line RAF pilots were acutely aware of the inherent deficiencies of their own tactics . A compromise was adopted whereby squadron formations used much looser formations with one or two `` weavers '' flying independently above and behind to provide increased observation and rear protection ; these tended to be the least experienced men and were often the first to be shot down without the other pilots even noticing that they were under attack . During the battle , 74 Squadron under Squadron Leader Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan adopted a variation of the German formation called the `` fours in line astern '' , which was a vast improvement on the old three aircraft `` vic '' . Malan 's formation was later generally used by Fighter Command . Squadron - and higher - level deployment ( edit ) The weight of the battle fell upon 11 Group . Keith Park 's tactics were to dispatch individual squadrons to intercept raids . The intention was to subject incoming bombers to continual attacks by relatively small numbers of fighters and try to break up the tight German formations . Once formations had fallen apart , stragglers could be picked off one by one . Where multiple squadrons reached a raid the procedure was for the slower Hurricanes to tackle the bombers while the more agile Spitfires held up the fighter escort . This ideal was not always achieved , resulting in occasions when Spitfires and Hurricanes reversed roles . Park also issued instructions to his units to engage in frontal attacks against the bombers , which were more vulnerable to such attacks . Again , in the environment of fast moving , three - dimensional air battles , few RAF fighter units were able to attack the bombers from head - on . During the battle , some commanders , notably Leigh - Mallory , proposed squadrons be formed into `` Big Wings , '' consisting of at least three squadrons , to attack the enemy en masse , a method pioneered by Douglas Bader . Douglas Bader commanded 242 Squadron during the battle . He also led the Duxford Wing . Proponents of this tactic claimed interceptions in large numbers caused greater enemy losses while reducing their own casualties . Opponents pointed out the big wings would take too long to form up , and the strategy ran a greater risk of fighters being caught on the ground refuelling . The big wing idea also caused pilots to overclaim their kills , due to the confusion of a more intense battle zone . This led to the belief big wings were far more effective than they were . The issue caused intense friction between Park and Leigh - Mallory , as 12 Group was tasked with protecting 11 Group 's airfields whilst Park 's squadrons intercepted incoming raids . The delay in forming up Big Wings meant the formations often did not arrive at all or until after German bombers had hit 11 Group 's airfields . Dowding , to highlight the problem of the Big Wing 's performance , submitted a report compiled by Park to the Air Ministry on 15 November . In the report , he highlighted that during the period of 11 September -- 31 October , the extensive use of the Big Wing had resulted in just 10 interceptions and one German aircraft destroyed , but his report was ignored . Post-war analysis agrees Dowding and Park 's approach was best for 11 Group . Dowding 's removal from his post in November 1940 has been blamed on this struggle between Park and Leigh - Mallory 's daylight strategy . The intensive raids and destruction wrought during the Blitz damaged both Dowding and Park in particular , for the failure to produce an effective night - fighter defence system , something for which the influential Leigh - Mallory had long criticised them . Bomber and coastal Command contributions ( edit ) A Bristol Blenheim Mk IV of 21 Squadron Bomber Command and Coastal Command aircraft flew offensive sorties against targets in Germany and France during the battle . An hour after the declaration of war , Bomber Command launched raids on warships and naval ports by day , and in night raids dropped leaflets as it was considered illegal to bomb targets which could affect civilians . After the initial disasters of the war , with Vickers Wellington bombers shot down in large numbers attacking Wilhelmshaven and the slaughter of the Fairey Battle squadrons sent to France , it became clear that they would have to operate mainly at night to avoid incurring very high losses . Churchill came to power on 10 May 1940 , and night raids on German towns began with the bombing of Mönchen - Gladbach on the night of 11 May . The War Cabinet on 12 May agreed that German actions justified `` unrestricted warfare '' , and on 14 May they authorised an attack on the night of 14 / 15 May against oil and rail targets in Germany . At the urging of Clement Attlee , the Cabinet on 15 May authorised a full bombing strategy against `` suitable military objectives '' , even where there could be civilian casualties . That evening , a night time bomber campaign began against the German oil industry , communications , and forests / crops , mainly in the Ruhr area . The RAF lacked accurate night navigation , and carried small bomb loads . As the threat mounted , Bomber Command changed targeting priority on 3 June 1940 to attack the German aircraft industry . On 4 July , the Air Ministry gave Bomber Command orders to attack ports and shipping . By September , the build - up of invasion barges in the Channel ports had become a top priority target . On 7 September , the government issued a warning that the invasion could be expected within the next few days and , that night , Bomber Command attacked the Channel ports and supply dumps . On 13 September , they carried out another large raid on the Channel ports , sinking 80 large barges in the port of Ostend. 84 barges were sunk in Dunkirk after another raid on 17 September and by 19 September , almost 200 barges had been sunk . The loss of these barges may have contributed to Hitler 's decision to postpone Operation Sea Lion indefinitely . The success of these raids was in part because the Germans had few Freya radar stations set up in France , so that air defences of the French harbours were not nearly as good as the air defences over Germany ; Bomber Command had directed some 60 % of its strength against the Channel ports . Wellington crews studying maps at a briefing with the station commander , September 1940 The Bristol Blenheim units also raided German - occupied airfields throughout July to December 1940 , both during daylight hours and at night . Although most of these raids were unproductive , there were some successes ; on 1 August , five out of twelve Blenheims sent to attack Haamstede and Evere ( Brussels ) were able to destroy or heavily damage three Bf 109s of II. / JG 27 and apparently kill a Staffelkapitän identified as a Hauptmann Albrecht von Ankum - Frank . Two other 109s were claimed by Blenheim gunners . Another successful raid on Haamstede was made by a single Blenheim on 7 August which destroyed one 109 of 4. / JG 54 , heavily damaged another and caused lighter damage to four more . German invasion barges waiting at Boulogne Harbour , France during the Battle of Britain There were some missions which produced an almost 100 % casualty rate amongst the Blenheims ; one such operation was mounted on 13 August 1940 against a Luftwaffe airfield near Aalborg in north - eastern Denmark by 12 aircraft of 82 Squadron . One Blenheim returned early ( the pilot was later charged and due to appear before a court martial , but was killed on another operation ) ; the other eleven , which reached Denmark , were shot down , five by flak and six by Bf 109s . Of the 33 crewmen who took part in the attack , 20 were killed and 13 captured . As well as the bombing operations , Blenheim - equipped units had been formed to carry out long - range strategic reconnaissance missions over Germany and German - occupied territories . In this role , the Blenheims again proved to be too slow and vulnerable against Luftwaffe fighters , and they took constant casualties . Coastal Command directed its attention towards the protection of British shipping , and the destruction of enemy shipping . As invasion became more likely , it participated in the strikes on French harbours and airfields , laying mines , and mounting numerous reconnaissance missions over the enemy - held coast . In all , some 9,180 sorties were flown by bombers from July to October 1940 . Although this was much less than the 80,000 sorties flown by fighters , bomber crews suffered about half the total casualties borne by their fighter colleagues . The bomber contribution was , therefore , much more dangerous on a loss - per - sortie comparison . Bomber , reconnaissance , and antisubmarine patrol operations continued throughout these months with little respite and none of the publicity accorded to Fighter Command . In his famous 20 August speech about `` The Few '' , praising Fighter Command , Churchill also made a point of mentioning Bomber Command 's contribution , adding that bombers were even then striking back at Germany ; this part of the speech is often overlooked , even today . The Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey lists in a roll of honour , 718 Bomber Command crew members , and 280 from Coastal Command who were killed between 10 July and 31 October . Bomber and Coastal Command attacks against invasion barge concentrations in Channel ports were widely reported by the British media during September and October 1940 . In what became known as ' the Battle of the Barges ' RAF attacks were claimed in British propaganda to have sunk large numbers of barges , and to have created widespread chaos and disruption to German invasion preparations . Given the volume of British propaganda interest in these bomber attacks during September and earlier October , it is striking how quickly this was overlooked once the Battle of Britain had been concluded . Even by mid-war the bomber pilots ' efforts had been largely eclipsed by a continuing focus on the Few , this a result of the Air Ministry 's continuing valorisation of the '' fighter boys '' , beginning with the March 1941 Battle of Britain propaganda pamphlet . Phases of the Battle ( edit ) German Heinkel He 111 bombers over the English Channel 1940 The battle covered a shifting geographical area , and there have been differing opinions on significant dates : when the Air Ministry proposed 8 August as the start , Dowding responded that operations `` merged into one another almost insensibly '' , and proposed 10 July as the onset of increased attacks . With the caution that phases drifted into each other and dates are not firm , the Royal Air Force Museum states that five main phases can be identified : 26 June -- 16 July : Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) , scattered small scale probing attacks both day and night , armed reconnaissance and mine - laying sorties . From 4 July , daylight Kanalkampf ( `` the Channel battles '' ) against shipping . 17 July -- 12 August : daylight Kanalkampf attacks on shipping intensify through this period , increased attacks on ports and coastal airfields , night raids on RAF and aircraft manufacturing . 13 August -- 6 September : Adlerangriff ( `` Eagle Attack '' ) , the main assault ; attempt to destroy the RAF in southern England , including massive daylight attacks on RAF airfields , followed from 19 August by heavy night bombing of ports and industrial cities , including suburbs of London . 7 September -- 2 October : the Blitz commences , main focus day and night attacks on London . 3 -- 31 October : large scale night bombing raids , mostly on London ; daylight attacks now confined to small scale fighter - bomber Störangriffe raids luring RAF fighters into dogfights . Small scale raids ( edit ) The RAF night bombing campaign against military objectives in German towns began on 11 May . The small forces available were given ambitious objectives , but lacked night navigation capability and their isolated inaccurate attacks were thought by the Germans to be intended to terrorise civilians . From 4 July the RAF achieved some successes with raids on Channel ports , anticipating the build up for an invasion . Following Germany 's rapid territorial gains in the Battle of France , the Luftwaffe had to reorganise its forces , set up bases along the coast , and rebuild after heavy losses . It began small scale bombing raids on Britain on the night of 5 / 6 June , and continued sporadic attacks throughout June and July . The first large - scale attack was at night , on 18 / 19 June , when small raids scattered between Yorkshire and Kent involved in total 100 bombers . These Störangriffe ( `` nuisance raids '' ) which involved only a few aeroplanes , sometimes just one , were used to train bomber crews in both day and night attacks , to test defences and try out methods , with most flights at night . They found that , rather than carrying small numbers of large high explosive bombs , it was more effective to use more small bombs , similarly incendiaries had to cover a large area to set effective fires . These training flights continued through August and into the first week of September . Against this , the raids also gave the British time to assess the German tactics , and invaluable time for the RAF fighters and anti-aircraft defences to prepare and gain practice . Interior of RAF Fighter Command 's Sector ' G ' Operations Room at Duxford , 1940 The attacks were widespread : over the night of 30 June alarms were set off in 20 counties by just 20 bombers , then next day the first daylight raids occurred during 1 July , on both Hull in Yorkshire and Wick , Caithness . On 3 July most flights were reconnaissance sorties , but 15 civilians were killed when bombs hit Guildford in Surrey . Numerous small Störangriffe raids , both day and night , were made daily through August , September and into the winter , with aims including bringing RAF fighters up to battle , destruction of specific military and economic targets , and setting off air - raid warnings to affect civilian morale : four major air - raids in August involved hundreds of bombers , in the same month 1,062 small raids were made , spread across the whole of Britain . Channel battles ( edit ) The Kanalkampf comprised a series of running fights over convoys in the English Channel . It was launched partly because Kesselring and Sperrle were not sure about what else to do , and partly because it gave German aircrews some training and a chance to probe the British defences . Dowding could provide only minimal shipping protection , and these battles off the coast tended to favour the Germans , whose bomber escorts had the advantage of altitude and outnumbered the RAF fighters . From 9 July reconnaissance probing by Dornier Do 17 bombers put a severe strain on RAF pilots and machines , with high RAF losses to Bf 109s . When nine 141 Squadron Defiants went into action on 19 July six were lost to Bf 109s before a squadron of Hurricanes intervened . On 25 July a coal convoy and escorting destroyers suffered such heavy losses to attacks by Stuka dive bombers that the Admiralty decided convoys should travel at night : the RAF shot down 16 raiders but lost 7 aircraft . By 8 August 18 coal ships and 4 destroyers had been sunk , but the Navy was determined to send a convoy of 20 ships through rather than move the coal by railway . After repeated Stuka attacks that day , six ships were badly damaged , four were sunk and only four reached their destination . The RAF lost 19 fighters and shot down 31 German aircraft . The Navy now cancelled all further convoys through the Channel and sent the cargo by rail . Even so , these early combat encounters provided both sides with experience . Main assault ( edit ) The main attack upon the RAF 's defences was code - named Adlerangriff ( `` Eagle Attack '' ) . Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated , and raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down . The strategy agreed on 6 August was to destroy RAF Fighter Command across the south of England in four days , then bombing of military and economic targets was to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain , culminating in a major bombing attack on London . Assault on RAF : radar and airfields ( edit ) East Coast Chain Home radar station Poor weather delayed Adlertag ( `` Eagle Day '' ) until 13 August 1940 . On 12 August , the first attempt was made to blind the Dowding system , when aircraft from the specialist fighter - bomber unit Erprobungsgruppe 210 attacked four radar stations . Three were briefly taken off the air but were back working within six hours . The raids appeared to show that British radars were difficult to knock out . The failure to mount follow - up attacks allowed the RAF to get the stations back on the air , and the Luftwaffe neglected strikes on the supporting infrastructure , such as phone lines and power stations , which could have rendered the radars useless , even if the towers themselves ( which were very difficult to destroy ) remained intact . Adlertag opened with a series of attacks , led again by Erpro 210 , on coastal airfields used as forward landing grounds for the RAF fighters , as well as ' satellite airfields ' ( including Manston and Hawkinge ) . As the week drew on , the airfield attacks moved further inland , and repeated raids were made on the radar chain . 15 August was `` The Greatest Day '' when the Luftwaffe mounted the largest number of sorties of the campaign . Luftflotte 5 attacked the north of England . Believing Fighter Command strength to be concentrated in the south , raiding forces from Denmark and Norway ran into unexpectedly strong resistance . Inadequately escorted by Bf 110s , bombers were shot down in large numbers . North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt 110s , and RAF Great Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers 88s . Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent , 75 planes were destroyed and many others damaged beyond repair . Furthermore , due to early engagement by RAF fighters many of the bombers dropped their payloads ineffectively early . As a result of these casualties , Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign . Czechoslovak fighter pilots of No. 310 Squadron RAF at RAF Duxford in 1940 18 August , which had the greatest number of casualties to both sides , has been dubbed `` The Hardest Day '' . Following this grinding battle , exhaustion and the weather reduced operations for most of a week , allowing the Luftwaffe to review their performance . `` The Hardest Day '' had sounded the end for the Ju 87 in the campaign . This veteran of Blitzkrieg was too vulnerable to fighters to operate over Britain . So as to preserve the Stuka force , Göring withdrew them from the fighting . This removed the main Luftwaffe precision - bombing weapon and shifted the burden of pinpoint attacks on the already - stretched Erpro 210 . The Bf 110 proved too clumsy for dogfighting with single - engined fighters , and its participation was scaled back . It would be used only when range required it or when sufficient single - engined escort could not be provided for the bombers . Pilots of No. 19 Squadron RAF relax in the crew room at RAF Fowlmere , 1940 Göring made yet another important decision : to order more bomber escorts at the expense of free - hunting sweeps . To achieve this , the weight of the attack now fell on Luftflotte 2 , and the bulk of the Bf 109s in Luftflotte 3 were transferred to Kesselring 's command , reinforcing the fighter bases in the Pas - de-Calais . Stripped of its fighters , Luftflotte 3 would concentrate on the night bombing campaign . Göring , expressing disappointment with the fighter performance thus far in the campaign , also made sweeping changes in the command structure of the fighter units , replacing many Geschwaderkommodore with younger , more aggressive pilots like Adolf Galland and Werner Mölders . Finally , Göring stopped the attacks on the radar chain . These were seen as unsuccessful , and neither the Reichsmarschall nor his subordinates realised how vital the Chain Home stations were to the defence systems . It was known that radar provided some early warning of raids , but the belief among German fighter pilots was that anything bringing up the `` Tommies '' to fight was to be encouraged . Raids on British cities ( edit ) On the afternoon of 15 August , Hauptmann Walter Rubensdörffer leading Erprobungsgruppe 210 mistakenly bombed Croydon airfield ( on the outskirts of London ) instead of the intended target , RAF Kenley . German intelligence reports made the Luftwaffe optimistic that the RAF , thought to be dependent on local air control , was struggling with supply problems and pilot losses . After a major raid attacking Biggin Hill on 18 August , Luftwaffe aircrew said they had been unopposed , the airfield was `` completely destroyed '' , and asked `` Is England already finished ? '' In accordance with the strategy agreed on 6 August , defeat of the RAF was to be followed by bombing military and economic targets , systematically extending up to the Midlands . Göring ordered attacks on aircraft factories on 19 August 1940 . Sixty raids on the night of 19 / 20 August targeted the aircraft industry and harbours , and bombs fell on suburban areas around London : Croydon , Wimbledon and the Maldens . Night raids were made on 21 / 22 August on Aberdeen , Bristol and South Wales . That morning , bombs were dropped on Harrow and Wealdstone , on the outskirts of London . Overnight on 22 / 23 August , the output of an aircraft factory at Filton near Bristol was drastically affected by a raid in which Ju88 bombers released over 16 tons of high explosive bombs . On the night of 23 / 24 August over 200 bombers attacked the Fort Dunlop tyre factory in Birmingham , with a significant effect on production . A sustained bombing campaign began on 24 August with the largest raid so far , killing 100 in Portsmouth , and that night , several areas of London were bombed ; the East End was set ablaze and bombs landed on central London . Some historians believe that these bombs were dropped accidentally by a group of Heinkel He 111s which had failed to find their target ; this account has been contested . More night raids were made around London on 24 / 25 August , when bombs fell on Croydon , Banstead , Lewisham , Uxbridge , Harrow and Hayes . London was on red alert over the night of 28 / 29 August , with bombs reported in Finchley , St Pancras , Wembley , Wood Green , Southgate , Old Kent Road , Mill Hill , Ilford , Chigwell and Hendon . Attacks on airfields from 24 August ( edit ) Polish 303 squadron pilots , 1940 . Left to right : P / O Ferić , Flt Lt Kent , F / O Grzeszczak , P / O Radomski , P / O Zumbach , P / O Łokuciewski , F / O Henneberg , Sgt . Rogowski , Sgt . Szaposznikow . Göring 's directive issued on 23 August 1940 ordered ceaseless attacks on the aircraft industry and on RAF ground organisation to force the RAF to use its fighters , continuing the tactic of luring them up to be destroyed , and added that focussed attacks were to be made on RAF airfields . From 24 August onwards , the battle was a fight between Kesselring 's Luftflotte 2 and Park 's 11 Group . The Luftwaffe concentrated all their strength on knocking out Fighter Command and made repeated attacks on the airfields . Of the 33 heavy attacks in the following two weeks , 24 were against airfields . The key sector stations were hit repeatedly : Biggin Hill and Hornchurch four times each ; Debden and North Weald twice each . Croydon , Gravesend , Rochford , Hawkinge and Manston were also attacked in strength . Coastal Command 's Eastchurch was bombed at least seven times because it was believed to be a Fighter Command aerodrome . At times these raids caused some damage to the sector stations , threatening the integrity of the Dowding system . To offset some losses , some 58 Fleet Air Arm fighter pilot volunteers were seconded to RAF squadrons , and a similar number of former Fairey Battle pilots were used . Most replacements from Operational Training Units ( OTUs ) had as little as nine hours flying time and no gunnery or air - to - air combat training . At this point , the multinational nature of Fighter Command came to the fore . Many squadrons and personnel from the air forces of the Dominions were already attached to the RAF , including top level commanders -- Australians , Canadians , New Zealanders , Rhodesians and South Africans . In addition , there were other nationalities represented , including Free French , Belgian and a Jewish pilot from the British mandate of Palestine . They were bolstered by the arrival of fresh Czechoslovak and Polish squadrons . These had been held back by Dowding , who mistakenly thought non-English speaking aircrew would have trouble working within his control system : Polish and Czech fliers proved to be especially effective . The pre-war Polish Air Force had lengthy and extensive training , and high standards ; with Poland conquered and under brutal German occupation , the pilots of No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron , the highest - scoring Allied unit , were strongly motivated . Josef František , a Czech regular airman who had flown from the occupation of his own country to join the Polish and then French air forces before arriving in Britain , flew as a guest of 303 Squadron and was ultimately credited with the highest `` RAF score '' in the Battle of Britain . The RAF had the advantage of fighting over home territory . Pilots who bailed out of their downed aircraft could be back at their airfields within hours , while if low on fuel and / or ammunition they could be immediately rearmed . One RAF pilot interviewed in late 1940 had been shot down five times during the Battle of Britain , but was able to crash land in Britain or bail out each time . For Luftwaffe aircrews , a bailout over England meant capture -- in the critical August period , almost exactly as many Luftwaffe pilots were taken prisoner as were killed -- while parachuting into the English Channel often meant drowning or death from exposure . Morale began to suffer , and ( Kanalkrankheit ) ( `` Channel sickness '' ) -- a form of combat fatigue -- began to appear among the German pilots . Their replacement problem became even worse than the British . Assessment of attempt to destroy the RAF ( edit ) The effect of the German attacks on airfields is unclear . According to Stephen Bungay , Dowding , in a letter to Hugh Trenchard accompanying Park 's report on the period 8 August -- 10 September 1940 , states that the Luftwaffe `` achieved very little '' in the last week of August and the first week of September . The only Sector Station to be shut down operationally was Biggin Hill , and it was non-operational for just two hours . Dowding admitted 11 Group 's efficiency was impaired but , despite serious damage to some airfields , only two out of 13 heavily attacked airfields were down for more than a few hours . The German refocus on London was not critical . Retired air marshal Peter Dye , head of the RAF Museum , discussed the logistics of the battle in 2000 and 2010 , dealing specifically with the single - seat fighters . Dye contends that not only was British aircraft production replacing aircraft , but replacement pilots were keeping pace with losses . The number of pilots in RAF Fighter Command increased during July , August and September . The figures indicate the number of pilots available never decreased : from July , 1,200 were available , and from 1 August , 1,400 were available . Just over that number were in the field by September . In October the figure was nearly 1,600 . By 1 November 1,800 were available . Throughout the battle , the RAF had more fighter pilots available than the Luftwaffe . Although the RAF 's reserves of single seat fighters fell during July , the wastage was made up for by an efficient Civilian Repair Organisation ( CRO ) , which by December had repaired and put back into service some 4,955 aircraft , and by aircraft held at Air Servicing Unit ( ASU ) airfields . Pilots of No. 66 Squadron at Gravesend , September 1940 Richard Overy agrees with Dye and Bungay . Overy asserts only one airfield was temporarily put out of action and `` only '' 103 pilots were lost . British fighter production produced 496 new aircraft in July and 467 in August , and another 467 in September ( not counting repaired aircraft ) , covering the losses of August and September . Overy indicates the number of serviceable and total strength returns reveal an increase in fighters from 3 August to 7 September , 1,061 on strength and 708 serviceable to 1,161 on strength and 746 serviceable . Moreover , Overy points out that the number of RAF fighter pilots grew by one - third between June and August 1940 . Personnel records show a constant supply of around 1,400 pilots in the crucial weeks of the battle . In the second half of September it reached 1,500 . The shortfall of pilots was never above 10 % . The Germans never had more than between 1,100 and 1,200 pilots , a deficiency of up to one - third . `` If Fighter Command were ' the few ' , the German fighter pilots were fewer '' . Other scholars assert that this period was the most dangerous of all . In The Narrow Margin , published in 1961 , historians Derek Wood and Derek Dempster believed that the two weeks from 24 August to 6 September represented a real danger . According to them , from 24 August to 6 September 295 fighters had been totally destroyed and 171 badly damaged , against a total output of 269 new and repaired Spitfires and Hurricanes . They assert that 103 pilots were killed or missing and 128 were wounded , which represented a total wastage of 120 pilots per week out of a fighting strength of just fewer than 1,000 . They conclude that during August no more than 260 fighter pilots were turned out by OTUs and casualties in the same month were just over 300 . A full squadron establishment was 26 pilots whereas the average in August was 16 . In their assessment , the RAF was losing the battle . Denis Richards , in his 1953 contribution to the official British account History of the Second World War , agreed that lack of pilots , especially experienced ones , was the RAF 's greatest problem . He states that between 8 and 18 August 154 RAF pilots were killed , severely wounded , or missing , while only 63 new pilots were trained . Availability of aircraft was also a serious issue . While its reserves during the Battle of Britain never declined to a half dozen planes as some later claimed , Richards describes 24 August to 6 September as the critical period because during these two weeks Germany destroyed far more aircraft through its attacks on 11 Group 's southeast bases than Britain was producing . Three more weeks of such a pace would indeed have exhausted aircraft reserves . Germany had seen heavy losses of pilots and aircraft as well , thus its shift to night - time attacks in September . On 7 September RAF aircraft losses fell below British production and remained so until the end of the war . Day and night attacks on London : start of the Blitz ( edit ) Main articles : The Blitz and Battle of Britain Day Calais , September 1940 . Göring giving a speech to pilots about the change in tactics : to bomb London instead of the airfields Hitler 's `` Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England '' issued on 1 August 1940 , reserved to himself the right to decide on terror attacks as measures of reprisal . Hitler issued a directive that London was not to be bombed save on his sole instruction . In preparation , detailed target plans under the code name Operation Loge for raids on communications , power stations , armaments works and docks in the Port of London were distributed to the Fliegerkorps in July . The port areas were crowded next to residential housing and civilian casualties would be expected , but this would combine military and economic targets with indirect effects on morale . The strategy agreed on 6 August was for raids on military and economic targets in towns and cities to culminate in a major attack on London . In mid August raids were made on targets on the outskirts of London . Luftwaffe doctrine included the possibility of retaliatory attacks on cities , and since 11 May small scale night raids by RAF Bomber Command had frequently bombed residential areas . The Germans assumed this was deliberate , and as the raids increased in frequency and scale the population grew impatient for measures of revenge . On 25 August 1940 , 81 bombers of Bomber Command were sent out to raid industrial and commercial targets in Berlin . Clouds prevented accurate identification and the bombs fell across the city , causing some casualties among the civilian population as well as damage to residential areas . Continuing RAF raids on Berlin led to Hitler withdrawing his directive on 30 August , and giving the go - ahead to the planned bombing offensive . On 3 September Göring planned to bomb London daily , with General Albert Kesselring 's enthusiastic support , having received reports the average strength of RAF squadrons was down to five or seven fighters out of twelve and their airfields in the area were out of action . Hitler issued a directive on 5 September to attack cities including London . In his widely publicised speech delivered on 4 September 1940 , Hitler condemned the bombing of Berlin and presented the planned attacks on London as reprisals . The first daylight raid was titled Vergeltungsangriff ( revenge attack ) . Smoke rising from fires in the London docks , following bombing on 7 September Heinkel He 111 bomber over the Surrey Commercial Docks in South London and Wapping and the Isle of Dogs in the East End of London on 7 September 1940 On 7 September , a massive series of raids involving nearly four hundred bombers and more than six hundred fighters targeted docks in the East End of London , day and night . The RAF anticipated attacks on airfields and 11 Group rose to meet them , in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected . The first official deployment of 12 Group 's Leigh - Mallory 's Big Wing took twenty minutes to form up , missing its intended target , but encountering another formation of bombers while still climbing . They returned , apologetic about their limited success , and blamed the delay on being scrambled too late . Air - raid shelter in London , 1940 The German press jubilantly announced that `` one great cloud of smoke stretches tonight from the middle of London to the mouth of the Thames . '' Reports reflected the briefings given to crews before the raids -- `` Everyone knew about the last cowardly attacks on German cities , and thought about wives , mothers and children . And then came that word ' Vengeance ! ' '' Pilots reported seeing ruined airfields as they flew towards London , appearances which gave intelligence reports the impression of devastated defences . Göring maintained that the RAF was close to defeat , making invasion feasible . Fighter Command had been at its lowest ebb , short of men and machines , and the break from airfield attacks allowed them to recover . 11 Group had considerable success in breaking up daytime raids. 12 Group repeatedly disobeyed orders and failed to meet requests to protect 11 Group airfields , but their experiments with increasingly large Big Wings had some success . The Luftwaffe began to abandon their morning raids , with attacks on London starting late in the afternoon for fifty - seven consecutive nights . Members of the London Auxiliary Firefighting Service The most damaging aspect to the Luftwaffe of targeting London was the increase in range . The Bf 109E escorts had a limited fuel capacity resulting in only a 660 km ( 410 mile ) maximum range solely on internal fuel , and when they arrived had only 10 minutes of flying time before turning for home , leaving the bombers undefended by fighter escorts . Its eventual stablemate , the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A , was flying only in prototype form in mid-1940 ; the first 28 Fw 190s were not delivered until November 1940 . The Fw 190A - 1 had a maximum range of 940 km ( 584 miles ) on internal fuel , 40 % greater than the Bf 109E . The Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-7 corrected this deficiency by adding a ventral centre - line ordnance rack to take either an SC 250 bomb or a standard 300 litre Luftwaffe drop tank to double the range to 1,325 km ( 820 mi ) . The ordnance rack was not retrofitted to earlier Bf 109Es until October 1940 . On 14 September , Hitler chaired a meeting with the OKW staff . Göring was in France directing the decisive battle , so Erhard Milch deputised for him . Hitler asked `` Should we call it off altogether ? '' General Hans Jeschonnek , Luftwaffe Chief of Staff , begged for a last chance to defeat the RAF and for permission to launch attacks on civilian residential areas to cause mass panic . Hitler refused the latter , perhaps unaware of how much damage had already been done to civilian targets . He reserved for himself the power to unleash the terror weapon . Instead political will was to be broken by destroying the material infrastructure , the weapons industry , and stocks of fuel and food . Zehbe 's Dornier falling on Victoria Station after being rammed by Ray Holmes , 15 September 1940 On 15 September , two massive waves of German attacks were decisively repulsed by the RAF by deploying every aircraft in 11 Group . Sixty German and twenty - six RAF aircraft were shot down . The action was the climax of the Battle of Britain . Two days after the German defeat Hitler postponed preparations for the invasion of Britain . Henceforth , in the face of mounting losses in men , aircraft and the lack of adequate replacements , the Luftwaffe completed their gradual shift from daylight bomber raids and continued with nighttime bombing . 15 September is commemorated as Battle of Britain Day . Night time Blitz , fighter - bomber day raids ( edit ) Main article : The Blitz At the 14 September OKW conference , Hitler acknowledged that the Luftwaffe had still not gained the air superiority needed for the Operation Sealion invasion . In agreement with Raeder 's written recommendation , Hitler said the campaign was to intensify regardless of invasion plans : `` The decisive thing is the ceaseless continuation of air attacks . '' Jeschonnek proposed attacking residential areas to cause `` mass panic '' , but Hitler turned this down : he reserved to himself the option of terror bombing . British morale was to be broken by destroying infrastructure , armaments manufacturing , fuel and food stocks . On 16 September , Göring gave the order for this change in strategy . This new phase was to be the first independent strategic bombing campaign , in hopes of a political success forcing the British to give up . Hitler hoped it might result in `` eight million going mad '' ( referring to the population of London in 1940 ) , which would `` cause a catastrophe '' for the British . In those circumstances , Hitler said , `` even a small invasion might go a long way '' . Hitler was against cancelling the invasion as `` the cancellation would reach the ears of the enemy and strengthen his resolve '' . On 19 September , Hitler ordered a reduction in work on Sealion . He doubted if strategic bombing could achieve its aims , but ending the air war would be an open admission of defeat . He had to maintain the appearance of concentration on defeating Britain , to conceal from Joseph Stalin his covert aim to invade the Soviet Union . Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of 609 Squadron , flown by Flight Lieutenant JHG McArthur , hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter . These aircraft were part of a large formation from KG 53 and 55 which attacked the Bristol Aeroplane Company 's works at Filton , Bristol , just before midday on 25 September 1940 . Throughout the battle , most Luftwaffe bombing raids had been at night . They increasingly suffered unsustainable losses in daylight raids , and the last massive daytime attacks were on 15 September . A raid of 70 bombers on 18 September also suffered badly , and day raids were gradually phased out leaving the main attacks at night . Fighter command still lacked any successful way of intercepting night - time raiders , the night fighter force was mostly Blenheims and Beaufighters , and lacked airborne radar so had no way of finding the bombers . Anti-aircraft guns were diverted to London 's defences , but had a much reduced success rate against night attacks . From mid September , Luftwaffe daylight bombing was gradually taken over by a Bf 109 fighters , adapted to take one 250 kg bomb . Small groups of fighter - bombers would carry out Störangriffe raids escorted by large escort formations of about 200 to 300 combat fighters . They flew at altitudes over 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) where the Bf109 had an advantage over RAF fighters , except the Spitfire . The raids disturbed civilians , and continued the war of attrition against Fighter Command . The raids were intended to carry out precision bombing on military or economic targets , but it was hard to achieve sufficient accuracy with the single bomb . Sometimes , when attacked , the fighter - bombers had to jettison the bomb to function as fighters . The RAF was at a disadvantage , and changed defensive tactics by introducing standing patrols of Spitfires at high altitude to monitor incoming raids . On a sighting , other patrols at lower altitude would fly up to join the battle . A Junkers Ju 88 returning from a raid on London was shot down in Kent on 27 September resulting in the Battle of Graveney Marsh , the last action between British and foreign military forces on British mainland soil . German bombing of Britain reached its peak in October and November 1940 . In post war interrogation , Wilhelm Keitel described the aims as economic blockade , in conjunction with submarine warfare , and attrition of Britain 's military and economic resources . The Luftwaffe wanted to achieve victory on its own , and was reluctant to cooperate with the navy . Their strategy for blockade was to destroy ports and storage facilities in towns and cities . Priorities were based on the pattern of trade and distribution , so for these months London was the main target . In November their attention turned to other ports and industrial targets around Britain . Hitler postponed the Sealion invasion on 13 October `` until the spring of 1941 '' . It was not until Hitler 's Directive 21 was issued , on 18 December 1940 , that the threat to Britain of invasion finally ended . Royal family ( edit ) During the battle , and for the rest of the war , an important factor in keeping public morale high was the continued presence in London of King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth . When war broke out in 1939 , the King and Queen decided to stay in London and not flee to Canada , as had been suggested . George VI and Elizabeth officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war , although they often spent weekends at Windsor Castle to visit their daughters , Elizabeth ( the future queen ) and Margaret . Buckingham Palace was damaged by bombs which landed in the grounds on 10 September and , on 13 September , more serious damage was caused by two bombs which destroyed the Royal Chapel . The royal couple were in a small sitting room about 80 yards from where the bombs exploded . On 24 September , in recognition of the bravery of civilians , King George VI inaugurated the award of the George Cross . Attrition statistics ( edit ) See also : Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories Overall , by 2 November , the RAF fielded 1,796 pilots , an increase of over 40 % from July 1940 's count of 1,259 pilots . Based on German sources ( from a Luftwaffe intelligence officer Otto Bechtle attached to KG 2 in February 1944 ) translated by the Air Historical Branch , Stephen Bungay asserts German fighter and bomber `` strength '' declined without recovery , and that from August -- December 1940 , the German fighter and bomber strength declined by 30 and 25 percent . In contrast , Williamson Murray , argues ( using translations by the Air Historical Branch ) that 1,380 German bombers were on strength on 29 June 1940 , 1,420 bombers on 28 September , 1,423 level bombers on 2 November and 1,393 bombers on 30 November 1940 . In July -- September the number of Luftwaffe pilots available fell by 136 , but the number of operational pilots had shrunk by 171 by September . The training organisation of the Luftwaffe was failing to replace losses . German fighter pilots , in contrast to popular perception , were not afforded training or rest rotations unlike their British counterparts . The first week of September accounted for 25 % of Fighter Command 's and 24 % of the Luftwaffe 's overall losses . Between the dates 26 August -- 6 September , on only one day ( 1 September ) did the Germans destroy more aircraft than they lost . Losses were 325 German and 248 British . Luftwaffe losses for August numbered 774 aircraft to all causes , representing 18.5 % of all combat aircraft at the beginning of the month . Fighter Command 's losses in August were 426 fighters destroyed , amounting to 40 per cent of 1,061 fighters available on 3 August . In addition , 99 German bombers and 27 other types were destroyed between 1 and 29 August . From July to September , the Luftwaffe 's loss records indicate the loss of 1,636 aircraft , 1,184 to enemy action . This represented 47 % of the initial strength of single - engined fighters , 66 % of twin - engined fighters , and 45 % of bombers . This indicates the Germans were running out of aircrew as well as aircraft . Throughout the battle , the Germans greatly underestimated the size of the RAF and the scale of British aircraft production . Across the Channel , the Air Intelligence division of the Air Ministry consistently overestimated the size of the German air enemy and the productive capacity of the German aviation industry . As the battle was fought , both sides exaggerated the losses inflicted on the other by an equally large margin . The intelligence picture formed before the battle encouraged the Luftwaffe to believe that such losses pushed Fighter Command to the very edge of defeat , while the exaggerated picture of German air strength persuaded the RAF that the threat it faced was larger and more dangerous than was the case . This led the British to the conclusion that another fortnight of attacks on airfields might force Fighter Command to withdraw their squadrons from the south of England . The German misconception , on the other hand , encouraged first complacency , then strategic misjudgement . The shift of targets from air bases to industry and communications was taken because it was assumed that Fighter Command was virtually eliminated . Between 24 August and 4 September , German serviceability rates , which were acceptable at Stuka units , were running at 75 % with Bf 109s , 70 % with bombers and 65 % with Bf 110s , indicating a shortage of spare parts . All units were well below established strength . The attrition was beginning to affect the fighters in particular . '' By 14 September , the Luftwaffe 's Bf 109 Geschwader possessed only 67 % of their operational crews against authorised aircraft . For Bf 110 units it was 46 per cent ; and for bombers it was 59 per cent . A week later the figures had dropped to 64 per cent , 52 % and 52 per cent . Serviceability rates in Fighter Command 's fighter squadrons , between 24 August and 7 September , were listed as : 64.8 % on 24 August ; 64.7 % on 31 August and 64.25 % on 7 September 1940 . Due to the failure of the Luftwaffe to establish air supremacy , a conference assembled on 14 September at Hitler 's headquarters . Hitler concluded that air superiority had not yet been established and `` promised to review the situation on 17 September for possible landings on 27 September or 8 October . Three days later , when the evidence was clear that the German Air Force had greatly exaggerated the extent of their successes against the RAF , Hitler postponed Sea Lion indefinitely . '' Propaganda ( edit ) Propaganda was an important element of the air war which began to develop over Britain from 18 June 1940 onwards , when the Luftwaffe began small , probing daylight raids to test RAF defences . One of many examples of these small - scale raids was the destruction of a school at Polruan in Cornwall , by a single raider . Into early July , the British media 's focus on the air battles increased steadily , the press , magazines , BBC radio and newsreels daily conveying the contents of Air Ministry communiques . The German OKW communiques matched Britain 's efforts in claiming for the upper hand . Central to the propaganda war on both sides of the Channel were aircraft claims , this discussed under ' Attrition statistics ' . These daily claims were important both for sustaining British home front morale and persuading America to support Britain , and were produced by the Air Ministry 's Air Intelligence branch . Under pressure from American journalists and broadcasters to prove that the RAF 's claims were genuine , RAF intelligence compared pilots ' claims with actual aircraft wrecks and those seen to crash into the sea . It was soon realised that there was a discrepancy between the two , but the Air Ministry decided not to reveal this . In fact , it was not until May 1947 that the actual figures were released to the public , by which time it was of far less importance . Many though refused to believe the revised figures , including Douglas Bader . The place of the Battle of Britain in British popular memory is due in no small part to the successful propaganda campaign waged by the Air Ministry , between July -- October 1940 , but also in valorising the Few from March 1941 onwards . The publication of the immensely successful 3d pamphlet , The Battle of Britain , saw huge international sales , leading even Goebbels to admire its propaganda value . Focusing only upon the Few , with no mention of RAF bomber attacks against invasion barges , the Battle of Britain was soon established as a major victory for Fighter Command . This in turn inspired a wide range of feature films , books , magazines , works of art , poetry , radio plays and MOI short films . It is notable that this most impressive of British victories had , in essence , been proclaimed within only five months of the cessation of large - scale daylight air battles , and without reference to Hitler and the OKW 's reasoning for not proceeding with Operation Sea Lion . The continuing post-war popularity of the Battle of Britain is in fact directly attributable to the Air Ministry 's latter - 1940 air communiques , the media in turn broadcasting or publishing RAF aircraft claims . Noted above , this in turn led to the March 1941 pamphlet , which inspired a wide range of cultural responses to the Few , and the Battle of Britain . The Air Ministry built upon this with the development of the Battle of Britain Sunday commemoration , also supported the Battle of Britain clasp for issue to the Few in 1945 , and from 1945 Battle of Britain Week . The Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey was also encouraged by the Air Ministry , Lords Trenchard and Dowding on its committee . By July 1947 when the window was unveiled , the Battle of Britain had already attained central prominence as Fighter Command 's most notable victory , the Few alone credited with preventing invasion in 1940 . Although given widespread media coverage in September and October 1940 , RAF Bomber and Coastal Command raids against invasion barge concentrations had already been forgotten by war 's end . Aftermath ( edit ) The Battle of Britain marked the first major defeat of Germany 's military forces , with air superiority seen as the key to victory . Pre-war theories had led to exaggerated fears of strategic bombing , and UK public opinion was buoyed by coming through the ordeal . For the RAF , Fighter Command had achieved a great victory in successfully carrying out Sir Thomas Inskip 's 1937 air policy of preventing the Germans from knocking Britain out of the war . The battle also significantly shifted American opinion . During the battle , many Americans accepted the view promoted by Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador in London , who believed that the United Kingdom could not survive . Roosevelt wanted a second opinion , and sent `` Wild Bill '' Donovan on a brief visit to the UK ; he became convinced the UK would survive and should be supported in every possible way . Before the end of the year American journalist Ralph Ingersoll , after returning from Britain , published a book concluding that `` Adolf Hitler met his first defeat in eight years '' in what might `` go down in history as a battle as important as Waterloo or Gettysburg '' . The turning point was when the Germans reduced the intensity of the Blitz after 15 September . According to Ingersoll , `` ( a ) majority of responsible British officers who fought through this battle believe that if Hitler and Göring had had the courage and the resources to lose 200 planes a day for the next five days , nothing could have saved London '' ; instead , `` ( the Luftwaffe 's ) morale in combat is definitely broken , and the RAF has been gaining in strength each week . '' Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down . In general , claims were two to three times the actual numbers , because of the confusion of fighting in dynamic three - dimensional air battles . Postwar analysis of records has shown that between July and September , the RAF claimed 2,698 kills , while the Luftwaffe fighters claimed 3,198 RAF aircraft downed . Total losses , and start and end dates for recorded losses , vary for both sides . Luftwaffe losses from 10 July to 30 October 1940 total 1,977 aircraft , including 243 twin - and 569 single - engined fighters , 822 bombers and 343 non combat types . In the same period , RAF Fighter Command aircraft losses number 1,087 , including 53 twin - engined fighters . To the RAF figure should be added 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft lost conducting bombing , mining , and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country . There is a consensus among historians that the Luftwaffe were unable to crush the RAF . Stephen Bungay described Dowding and Park 's strategy of choosing when to engage the enemy whilst maintaining a coherent force as vindicated ; their leadership , and the subsequent debates about strategy and tactics , had created enmity among RAF senior commanders and both were sacked from their posts in the immediate aftermath of the battle . All things considered , the RAF proved to be a robust and capable organisation which was to use all the modern resources available to it to the maximum advantage . Richard Evans wrote : Irrespective of whether Hitler was really set on this course , he simply lacked the resources to establish the air superiority that was the sine qua non-of a successful crossing of the English Channel . A third of the initial strength of the German air force , the Luftwaffe , had been lost in the western campaign in the spring . The Germans lacked the trained pilots , the effective fighter aircraft , and the heavy bombers that would have been needed . The Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries , but they could not destroy the British industrial potential , and made little systematic effort to do so . Hindsight does not disguise the fact the threat to Fighter Command was very real , and for the participants it seemed as if there was a narrow margin between victory and defeat . Nevertheless , even if the German attacks on the 11 Group airfields which guarded southeast England and the approaches to London had continued , the RAF could have withdrawn to the Midlands out of German fighter range and continued the battle from there . The victory was as much psychological as physical . Writes Alfred Price : The truth of the matter , borne out by the events of 18 August is more prosaic : neither by attacking the airfields , nor by attacking London , was the Luftwaffe likely to destroy Fighter Command . Given the size of the British fighter force and the general high quality of its equipment , training and morale , the Luftwaffe could have achieved no more than a Pyrrhic victory . During the action on 18 August it had cost the Luftwaffe five trained aircrew killed , wounded or taken prisoner , for each British fighter pilot killed or wounded ; the ratio was similar on other days in the battle . And this ratio of 5 : 1 was very close to that between the number of German aircrew involved in the battle and those in Fighter Command . In other words the two sides were suffering almost the same losses in trained aircrew , in proportion to their overall strengths . In the Battle of Britain , for the first time during the Second World War , the German war machine had set itself a major task which it patently failed to achieve , and so demonstrated that it was not invincible . In stiffening the resolve of those determined to resist Hitler the battle was an important turning point in the conflict . The British victory in the Battle of Britain was achieved at a heavy cost . Total British civilian losses from July to December 1940 were 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded , with one of the largest single raids on 19 December 1940 , in which almost 3,000 civilians died . With the culmination of the concentrated daylight raids , Britain was able to rebuild its military forces and establish itself as an Allied stronghold , later serving as a base from which the Liberation of Western Europe was launched . Battle of Britain day ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Britain Day World War II poster containing the famous lines by Winston Churchill The Battle of Britain anniversary parade at Buckingham Palace in 1943 . Winston Churchill summed up the effect of the battle and the contribution of RAF Fighter Command , RAF Bomber Command , RAF Coastal Command and the Fleet Air Arm with the words , `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few '' . Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since ; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September , `` Battle of Britain Day '' . On this day in 1940 , the Luftwaffe embarked on their largest bombing attack yet , forcing the engagement of the entirety of the RAF in defence of London and the South East , which resulted in a decisive British victory that proved to mark a turning point in Britain 's favour . Within the Commonwealth , Battle of Britain Day has been observed more usually on the third Sunday in September , and even on the 2nd Thursday in September in some areas in the British Channel Islands . The day has been observed by many artists over the years , often with works that show the battle itself . Many mixed media artists have also created pieces in honour of the Battle of Britain . Memorials and museums ( edit ) Plans for the Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey were begun during wartime , the committee chaired by Lords Trenchard and Dowding . Public donations paid for the window itself , this officially opened by King George VI on 10 July 1947 . Although not actually an ' official ' memorial to the Battle of Britain in the sense that government paid for it , the window and chapel have since been viewed as such . During the late 1950s and 1960 , various proposals were advanced for a national monument to the Battle of Britain , this also the focus of several letters in The Times . In 1960 the Conservative government decided against a further monument , taking the view that the credit should be shared more broadly than Fighter Command alone , and there was little public appetite for one . All subsequent memorials are the result of private subscription and initiative , as discussed below . There are numerous memorials to the battle . The most important ones are the Battle of Britain Monument in London and the Battle of Britain Memorial at Capel - le - Ferne in Kent . Westminster Abbey and St James 's Church , Paddington both have memorial windows to the battle , replacing windows that were destroyed during the campaign . There is also a memorial at the former Croydon Airport , one of the RAF bases during the battle , and a memorial to the pilots at Armadale Castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland , which is topped by a raven sculpture . There are also two museums to the battle : one at Hawkinge in Kent and one at Stanmore in London , at the former RAF Bentley Priory . In 2015 the RAF created an online ' Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic ' composed of pictures of `` the few '' -- the pilots and aircrew who fought in the battle -- and `` the many '' -- ' the often unsung others whose contribution during the Battle of Britain was also vital to the RAF 's victory in the skies above Britain ' , submitted by participants and their families . Memorials to the Battle of Britain Victoria Embankment , London Capel - le - Ferne , Kent Armadale Castle Westminster Abbey St James 's Church , Paddington Croydon Airport Monument of Polish Pilots , Northolt In popular culture ( edit ) Media adaptations ( edit ) The battle was the subject of the 1969 film Battle of Britain . The cast included Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park . It also starred Michael Caine , Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders . Former participants of the battle served as technical advisors including Douglas Bader , Adolf Galland and Hugh Dowding . An Italian film around the same time entitled Eagles Over London ( 1969 ) also featured the Battle of Britain . The 1988 ITV mini-series Piece of Cake , an aerial drama about a fictional Second World War RAF fighter squadron in 1940 , features the battle . The Czech film Dark Blue World ( 2001 ) also featured the battle , focusing on the Czech pilots who fought in the battle . A fictional version of the battle is shown in the 2001 movie , Pearl Harbor , in which the battle is depicted as still going on into 1941 . It has also been the subject of many documentaries , including the 1941 Allied propaganda film Churchill 's Island , winner of the first Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject . There was also the 1943 The Battle of Britain in Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series . It was included in an episode of 2004 BBC television documentary series Battlefield Britain . In 2010 , actor Julian Glover played a 101 - year - old Polish veteran RAF pilot in the short film Battle for Britain . In Books ( edit ) The Few , a novel by Alex Kershaw , tells the stories of the men who flew in the Battle of Britain . As of 2003 , a Hollywood film similarly named The Few was in preparation for release in 2008 , based on the story of real - life US pilot Billy Fiske , who ignored his country 's neutrality rules and volunteered for the RAF . A Variety magazine outline of the film 's historical content was said in The Independent to have been described by Bill Bond , who conceived the Battle of Britain Monument in London , as `` Totally wrong . The whole bloody lot . '' The project was later cancelled . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Battle of Britain ( video game ) , a 1987 video game Their Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain , a 1989 video game Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator , a 1998 combat flight simulator Rowan 's Battle of Britain , a 2000 video game Battle of Britain II : Wings of Victory , a 2005 video game Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII , a 2006 video game IL - 2 Sturmovik : Cliffs of Dover , a 2011 combat flight simulator The song Aces in Exile from Sabaton 's album Coat of Arms is about foreign pilots who fought in the Battle of Britain . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Air warfare of World War II Battle information Battle of Britain RAF squadrons Battle of Britain RAF airfields List of RAF aircrew in the Battle of Britain Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain List of military aircraft operational during World War II Operation Banquet Operation Lucid Battle in contemporary history The Darkest Hour The Few Coventry Blitz Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II Air Transport Auxiliary Post-war memorials Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Battle of Britain Memorial , Capel - le - Ferne Battle of Britain Monument in London Kent Battle of Britain Museum Battle of Britain Class steam locomotives of the Southern Railway Polish War Memorial Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stacey , p. 256 : `` Even as Britain braced itself to meet the attack of the Luftwaffe , the nice legalities of Commonwealth cooperation had to be observed . But the R.C.A.F. , like the Canadian Army , was determined that there should be no possibility of these formalities conferring any advantage on the enemy . To avoid misunderstanding , delay and perhaps embarrassment , and doubtless to emphasize the point that No. 1 Squadron was , after all , a Canadian unit , Air Commodore Walsh early brought the necessity of conforming to the Visiting Forces Acts to the attention of the Air Officer Commanding No. 11 Group R.A.F. , under whom the squadron would fight ... '' Jump up ^ The Polish , Czech and most other national contingents were , at this time , incorporated into the RAF itself : the Polish Air Force , for example , was not given sovereignty until June 1944 . Although under RAF operational control , RCAF pilots in the BoB were technically flying for the RCAF Jump up ^ The British date the battle from 10 July to 31 October 1940 , which represented the most intense period of daylight bombing . German historians usually place the beginning of the battle in May 1940 and end it mid-August 1941 , with the withdrawal of the bomber units in preparation for Operation Barbarossa , the campaign against the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 . Jump up ^ For example : Terraine states that the outcome was `` decisive '' ; quoting Luftwaffe General Werner Kreipe , who described it as a `` strategic ( Luftwaffe ) failure '' and `` turning point in the Second World War '' . It also states the `` German Air Force was bled almost to death , and suffered losses that could never be made good throughout the course of the war '' . Quoting Dr ( Karl ) Klee `` The invasion and subjugation of Britain was made to depend on that battle , and its outcome therefore materially influenced the further course and fate of the war as a whole '' . Other references that can be consulted include : : Shulman 2004 , p. 63. : Bungay 2000 , p. 368. : Hough and Richards 2007 , p . XV. : Overy 2001 , p. 267. : Deighton 1980 , p. 213. : Keegan 1997 , p. 81. : Buell 2002 , p. 83. : Terraine 1985 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ 754 single - seat fighters , 149 two - seat fighters , 560 bombers and 500 coastal aircraft . The RAF fighter strength given is for 0900 1 July 1940 , while bomber strength is for 11 July 1940 . Jump up ^ Figures taken from Quartermaster General 6th Battalion returns on 10 August 1940 . According to these , the Luftwaffe deployed 3,358 aircraft against Britain , of which 2,550 were serviceable . The force was made up by 934 single - seat fighters , 289 two - seat fighters , 1,482 medium bombers , 327 dive - bombers , 195 reconnaissance and 93 coastal aircraft , including unserviceable aircraft . The number of serviceable aircraft amounted to 805 single - seat fighters , 224 two - seat fighters , 998 medium bombers , 261 dive - bombers , 151 reconnaissance and 80 coastal aircraft . Jump up ^ The Luftwaffe possessed 4,074 aircraft , but not all of these were deployed against Britain . The force was made up of 1,107 single - seat fighters , 357 two - seat fighters , 1,380 medium bombers , 428 dive - bombers , 569 reconnaissance and 233 coastal aircraft , including unserviceable aircraft . The Luftwaffe air strength given is from the Quartermaster General 6th Battalion numbers for 29 June 1940 . Jump up ^ 1,220 fighters ( per type : 753 Hurricane , 467 Spitfire ) 376 bombers , 148 aircraft ( RAF Coastal Command ) Jump up ^ The strategic bombing commenced after the Germans bombed London on 14 September 1940 , followed by the RAF bombing of Berlin and of German air force bases in France . Adolf Hitler withdrew his directive not to bomb population centres and ordered attacks on British cities . Jump up ^ Bf 109E - 3 and E-4s had this armament , while the E-1 , which was still used in large numbers , was armed with four 7.92 mm machine guns . Jump up ^ The inboard position of the upper wing roundels on the Spitfire strongly suggests this was a repainted captured Spitfire or a photo - reconnaissance model , at least one of which was captured in France . Jump up ^ The pilots occupying these administrative positions included such officers as Dowding , Park and Leigh - Mallory and the numbers actually fit to serve in front line fighter squadrons are open to question . Jump up ^ Polish units in the composition of the RAF taking part in the Battle of Britain In the Battle of Britain , first in composition , and then alongside the RAF fought four Polish squadrons : two bomber ( 300 and 301 ) , 2 Hunting ( 302 and 303 ) and 81 Polish pilots in British squadrons , a total of 144 Polish pilots ( killed 29 ) , representing 5 % of all the pilots of the RAF taking part in the battle . Poles shot down about 170 German aircraft , damaged 36 , representing about 12 % of the losses of the Luftwaffe . Squadron 303 was the best unit air , taking part in the Battle of Britain -- reported shot down 126 Luftwaffe planes . Jump up ^ This was the turning radius of a Bf 109 , meaning that both aircraft , if necessary , could turn together at high speed . Jump up ^ This formation was developed based on principles formulated by the First World War ace Oswald Boelcke in 1916 . In 1934 the Finnish Air Force adopted similar formations , called partio ( patrol ; two aircraft ) and parvi ( two patrols ; four aircraft ) , for similar reasons , though Luftwaffe ' pilots during the Spanish Civil War ( led by Günther Lützow and Werner Mölders , among others ) are generally given credit . Jump up ^ This account is from Warner 2005 , p. 253 Another source , Ramsay 1989 , p. 555 , lists no aircrew casualties and three 109s in total destroyed or damaged . Jump up ^ `` Satellite '' airfields were mostly fully equipped but did not have the sector control room which allowed `` Sector '' airfields such as Biggin Hill to monitor and control RAF fighter formations . RAF units from Sector airfields often flew into a satellite airfield for operations during the day , returning to their home airfield in the evenings . Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , pp. 118 -- 119 : Irving 's sources were General Franz Halder and the OKW War Diary for 14 September 1940 . Keitel 's notes , ND 803 - PS , record the same . Jump up ^ Bungay refers to the 14 September meeting with Milch and Jeschonnek . Hitler wanted to keep up the `` moral '' pressure on the British Government , in the hope it would crack . Bungay indicates that Hitler had changed his mind from the day before , refusing to call off the invasion for the time being . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Quill wrote of his combat experience whilst flying with No. 65 Squadron : Nearly all our engagements with Me 109s took place at around 20,000 -- 25,000 ft . The Spitfire had the edge over them in speed and climb , and particularly in turning circle . ( ... ) One engagement with several Me 109s at about 25,000 ft over the Channel sticks in my memory ... I was now convinced that the Spitfire Mk I could readily out - turn the 109 , certainly in the 20,000 ft region and probably at all heights . Jump up ^ Bf 109 leaking valves , supercharger faults / failure . Jump up ^ This proposal has since been confused , or conflated , with a possible flight by HMG in exile . Jump up ^ The exact percentage was 28 . The Luftwaffe deployed 5,638 aircraft for the campaign . 1,428 were destroyed and a further 488 were damaged , but were repairable . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peszke 1980 , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Foreman 1989 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Hough , Ronald ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` The Battle of Britain '' . Pen & Sword . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Haining 2005 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 318 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 368 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 251 -- 297 ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Britain RAF and FAA Roll of Honour . '' RAF ... Retrieved : 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ 544 aircrew ( RAF Fighter Command ) , 718 ( RAF Bomber Command ) , 280 ( RAF Coastal Command ) killed Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 161 ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 , 4th ed . McFarland . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . ^ Jump up to : Hans Ring , `` Die Luftschlacht über England 1940 '' , Luftfahrt international Ausgabe 12 , 1980 p. 580 Jump up ^ 812 fighters ( per type : 569 Bf 109 , 243 Bf 110 ) 822 bombers ( per type : 65 Ju 87 , 271 Ju 88 , 184 Do 17 , 223 He 111 , 29 He 59 , 24 He 159 , 34 Others ) 343 non combat ( per type : 76 Bf 109 , 29 Bf 110 , 25 Ju 87 , 54 Ju 88 , 31 Do 17 , 66 He 111 , 7 He 59 , 7 He 159 , 48 Others ) Jump up ^ Goodenough 1982 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` 92 Squadron -- Geoffrey Wellum . '' Battle of Britain Memorial Flight via raf.mod.uk ... Retrieved : 17 November 2010 , archived 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Phases of the Battle -- History of the Battle of Britain -- Exhibitions & Displays -- Research '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 305 -- 306 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 388 ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1955 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , The Luftwaffe : Origins and Preparation Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 14 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 18 , 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 18 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 69 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the Royal Air Force , '' pp. 99 -- 100 . RAF ... Retrieved : 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray 2003 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Smith 1942 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Their Finest Hour . '' The Churchill Centre . Retrieved : 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain -- finest hour speech '' on Youtube . Retrieved : 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1964 , pp. 589 -- 593 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler and Poland '' . Holocaust Educational Resource . 23 May 1939 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1964 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War '' . Berlin . 31 August 1939 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , pp. 32 -- 33 , 35 , Directive No. 6 for the Conduct of the War , Berlin , 9 October 1939 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 68 , Directive No. 9 -- Instructions For Warfare Against The Economy Of The Enemy , Berlin , 29 November 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Magenheimer 2015 , p. 24 , Directive No. 13 , Headquarters , 24 May 1940 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 , 122 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Directive No. 16 -- On preparations for a landing operation against England '' . Führer Headquarters. 16 July 1940 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 110 -- 114 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 -- 33 Directive No. 17 -- For the conduct of air and sea warfare against England , Führer Headquarters , 1 August 1940 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2001 , pp. 87 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 9 -- 13 , 33 . Jump up ^ Hitler 1940 , My Last Appeal to Great Britain Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 114 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. ii . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 31 , 110 , 122 . Jump up ^ Operation Sea Lion -- The German Invasion Plans section ( David Shears ) Thornton Cox 1975 -- p. 156 Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 , 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Heinz Magenheimer 2015 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 66 -- 67 , 70 , 75 , 690 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Crosby 2002 , p. 84 Jump up ^ `` Report on Comparative Trials of Hurricane versus Messerschmitt 109 . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 139 Jump up ^ `` Calibration of Hurricane L1717 Merlin II Engine . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAE Chart of Spitfire I , Merlin III . '' wwiiaircraftperformance.org . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 2011 , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ McKinstry 2010 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Jones 1970 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 415 , 516 , 526 , 796 Jump up ^ Harvey - Bailey 1985 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ RAF yearbook 1978 p61 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Feist 1993 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Green 1980 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 257 -- 258 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 42 -- 51 Jump up ^ Green 1962 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 84 , 178 , 269 -- 273 Jump up ^ Ansell 2005 , pp. 712 -- 714 ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 , pp. 6 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Ward 2004 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wright 1968 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Fairey Battle . '' Archived 7 July 2012 at Archive.is airlandseaweapons.devhub.com , 16 August 2009 . Retrieved : 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Richards 1953 , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ `` But night after night . the Battles and the Blenheims , the Wellingtons , the Whitleys and the Hampdens went forth . '' Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Bishop 1968 , pp. 85 -- 87 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 370 ^ Jump up to : Ponting 1991 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 757 -- 790 Jump up ^ `` The Airmen of the Battle of Britain '' bbm.org.uk . Retrieved : 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , R.E , New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force . Wellington , New Zealand : Government Printer , 1953 , Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Olson and Cloud 2003 Jump up ^ Zaloga and Hook 1982 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gretzyngier and Matusiak 1998 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 67 -- 68 , 71 , 80 , 92 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2001 , pp. 56 -- 57 , 61 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 78 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Stedman , Robert F. Jagdflieger : Luftwaffe Fighter Pilot 1939 -- 45 . p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1980 , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Nikunen , Heikki . `` '' The Finnish Fighter Tactics and Training Before and During the WW II . '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . FI : Saunalahti , January 2006 . Retrieved : 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2007 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 13 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ `` Lt Col Earle Lund , USAF , p. 13 . '' ProFTPd . Retrieved : 13 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , p. 188 ^ Jump up to : Abteilung V Intelligence Appreciation of the RAF ( see `` Appendix 4 '' ) Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... ProFTPd ... Retrieved : 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Allen 1974 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 342 Jump up ^ Orange 2001 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Richards 1953 , p. 159 ^ Jump up to : Deere 1974 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1987 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Churchill 1949 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Deere 1974 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , pp. 602 , 680 Jump up ^ Galland 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , pp. 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Winterbotham 1975 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` RAF History : Air / Sea Search and Rescue -- 60th Anniversary . '' UK : RAF . Retrieved : 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 249 Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Holmes 2007 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Orange 2001 , pp. 96 , 100 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 276 -- 277 , 309 -- 310 , 313 -- 314 , 320 -- 321 , 329 -- 330 , 331 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 241 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Halpenny 1984 , pp. 8 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Mayer 1974 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , pp. 255 , 266 Jump up ^ Warner 2005 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` Speech of 20 August 1940 . '' Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Winston Churchill . Retrieved : 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Warner 2005 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 65 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 91 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Phases of the Battle -- History of the Battle of Britain -- Exhibitions & Displays -- Research '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 47 -- 49 , 61 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2010 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1980 , pp. 154 -- 183 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 82 -- 83 , 85 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 203 -- 205 Jump up ^ `` Document 32 . Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Price 1980 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , pp. 197 -- 198 Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Putland , Alan L. `` 19 August -- 24 August 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Zaloga and Hook 1982 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 188 , 275 Jump up ^ Holland 2011 , pp. 760 . 657 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll 1940 , pp. 159 -- 169 Jump up ^ Holland 2011 , p. 658 Jump up ^ the PRO , AIR 19 / 60 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 368 -- 369 ^ Jump up to : Dye 2000 , pp. 1 , 31 -- 40 ^ Jump up to : Dye , Air Vice Marshal Peter . Aeroplane , Issue July 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Dye 2000 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Dye 2000 , pp. 33 , 37 Jump up ^ Overy 1980 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Overy 2010 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , pp. 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Richards 1953 , pp. 176 , 190 -- 193 Jump up ^ Korda 2010 , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , p. 117 Note : OKW War diary , 6 -- 9 September 1940 . Jump up ^ Hough and Richards 2007 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 7 September 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 7 September 1940 -- The Aftermath . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 83 , 87 . Jump up ^ Putland , Alan L. `` 8 September -- 9 September 1940 . '' Battle of Britain Historical Society . Retrieved : 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wagner and Nowarra 1971 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wagner and Nowarra 1971 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Irving 1974 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 317 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 78 -- 89 , 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 65 - quill - 12aug40. jpg , ( 1000 × 1590 px ) '' . spitfireperformance.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kesselring as cited in A. van Ishoven , Messerschmitt Bf 109 at War , ( Ian Allan , Shepperton , 1977 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Steinhilper , op . cit. , p. 280,282 , 295 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , pp. 95 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Green , Ron and Mark Harrison . `` Forgotten frontline exhibition tells how Luftwaffe fought with soldiers on Kent marshes . '' Kent Online , 30 September 2009 . Retrieved : 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Overy 2013 , pp. 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` George VI and Elizabeth during the war years . '' UK : Royal government . Retrieved : 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1988 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Churchill 1949 , p. 334 Jump up ^ Dye 2000 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 371 Jump up ^ Hough and Richards 2007 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 314 . ^ Jump up to : Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2002 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Overy 2001 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2010 ) . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few ( first ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0230279964 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 13 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2010 ) . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 104 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 0230279964 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 180 -- 186 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 370 -- 373 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 398 -- 399 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , introduction by A.J.P. Taylor , pp. 12 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 172 , 285 Jump up ^ Ingersoll 1940 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 266 -- 268 Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 394 -- 396 Jump up ^ Evans , Richard J. `` Immoral Rearmament '' . The New York Review of Books , No. 20 , 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hooton Vol 2 . 2007 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Speech to the House of Commons on 20 August 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain Day '' . BBC . Retrieved : 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain 70th Anniversary '' Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... The Royal British Legion . Retrieved : 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tudor Rose Patchwork '' . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few ( first ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 186 -- 194 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Britain Museum opened by Prince Charles '' . BBC News . 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Battle of Britain 75th Anniversary Commemorative Mosaic , Royal Air Force ^ Jump up to : Battle of Britain : Special Edition DVD ( 1969 ) BBC . Retrieved : 22 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` Churchill 's Island . '' Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . NFB.ca , National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved : 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Campion , Garry ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and The Few . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 . Jump up ^ `` Dreaming Spires . '' The Economist via economist.com , 16 September 2010 . Retrieved : 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 9 September 2003 ) . `` New flight plan for Cruise '' . VARIETY . Variety Media . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Moreton , Cole . `` Hollywood updates history of Battle of Britain : Tom Cruise won it all on his own . '' Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . The Independent , 11 April 2004 . Retrieved : 28 December 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Allen , Hubert Raymond `` Dizzy '' , Wing Commander , RAF . Who Won the Battle of Britain ? London : Arthur Barker , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 213 - 16489 - 2 . Bishop , Edward . Their Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain 1940 . London : Ballantine Books , 1968 . Bishop , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Battle of Britain : a day - by - day chronicle , 10 July 1940 to 31 October 1940 . London : Quercus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84916 - 224 - 1 . Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War . London : UCL Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 589 - 1 . Buell , Thomas . The Second World War : Europe and the Mediterranean . New York : Square One Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7570 - 0160 - 4 . Bungay , Stephen ( 2000 ) . The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 721 - 6 . ( hardcover ) , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 801 - 8 ( paperback ) . Collier , Basil . The Defence of the United Kingdom ( 1962 , Official history ) Collier , Basil . The Battle of Britain ( 1962 , Batsford 's British Battles series ) Collier , Richard . Eagle Day : The Battle of Britain , 6 August -- 15 September 1940 . London : Pan Books , 1968 . Churchill , Winston S ( 1949 ) , The Second World War -- Their Finest Hour ( Volume 2 ) , London : Cassell Churchill , Winston S . The Second World War -- The Grand Alliance ( Volume 3 ) . Bantam Books , 1962 . Corum , James . The Luftwaffe : Creating the Operational Air War , 1918 -- 1940 . Lawrence , Kansas : Kansas University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0836 - 2 . Crosby , Francis . A Handbook of Fighter Aircraft . London : Hermes House , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8430 - 9444 - 9 . Deighton , Len ( 1996 ) . Fighter : The True Story of the Battle of Britain . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7423 - 3 . ( Originally published : London : Jonathan Cape , 1977 . ) ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7423 - 3 . Deighton , Len . Battle of Britain . London : Cape , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01826 - 4 . de Zeng , Henry L. , Doug G. Stankey and Eddie J. Creek . Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933 -- 1945 : A Reference Source , Volume 1 . Hersham , Surrey , UK : Ian Allen Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 279 - 5 . Dönitz , Karl . Ten years and Twenty Days . New York : Da Capo Press , First Edition , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80764 - 5 . Dye , Air Commodore Peter J. ( Winter 2000 ) , `` Logistics and the Battle of Britain '' , Air Force Journal of Logistics , Vol 4 ( No. 24 ) , archived from the original on 26 September 2010 Ellis , John . Brute Force : Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War . London : Andre Deutsch , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8031 - 4 . Evans , Michael . `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to ... the Navy . '' The Times , 24 August 2006 . Retrieved : 3 March 2007 . Goodenough , Simon . War Maps : World War II , From September 1939 to August 1945 , Air , Sea , and Land , Battle by Battle . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1982 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 3128 - 5584 - 0 . Halpenny , Bruce Barrymore . Action Station 4 : Military Airfields of Yorkshire . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stevens , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85059 - 532 - 0 . Harding , Thomas . `` Battle of Britain was won at sea . '' The Telegraph , 25 August 2006 . Retrieved : 25 August 2006 . Holland , James . The Battle of Britain . London : Bantam , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05913 - 5 . Hooton , E.R. Luftwaffe at War : Blitzkrieg in the West , Vol. 2 . London : Chevron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 272 - 6 . Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain : The Greatest Air Battle of World War II . New York : W.W. Norton & Co Inc , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02766 - 2 . Ingersoll , Ralph ( 1940 ) , Report on England , November 1940 , New York : Simon & Schuster Irving , David ( 1974 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe : The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch , Dorney , Windsor , UK : Focal Point Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 76532 - 5 Keegan , John . The Second World War London : Pimlico , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 7348 - 8 . Kieser , Egbert . Operation Sea Lion ; The German Plan to Invade Britain 1940 . London : Cassel Military Paperbacks , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35208 - X . Kieser , Egbert . Unternehmen Seelöwe : Die geplante Invasion in England 1940 ( in German ) . Berlin : Becthle , 2000 . ISBN 3 - 7628 - 0457 - 5 . Korda , Michael ( 2010 ) , With Wings Like Eagles : The Untold Story of the Battle of Britain , New York : Harper Perennial , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 112536 - 2 Macksey , Kenneth . Invasion : The German Invasion of England , July 1940 . London : Greenhill Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 324 - 7 . Magenheimer , Heinz ( 10 September 2015 ) . Hitler 's War : Germany 's Key Strategic Decisions 1940 -- 45 . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4746 - 0275 - 4 . Mason , Francis K. Battle Over Britain : A History of the German Air Assaults on Great Britain , 1917 -- 18 and July -- December 1940 , and the Development of Air Defences Between the World Wars . New York : Doubleday , 1969 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 901928 - 00 - 9 . Murray , Williamson ( 2002 ) . Strategy for defeat : the Luftwaffe , 1933 -- 1945 . Honolulu , Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 797 - 5 . Overy , Richard J. ( 2001 ) . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02008 - 8 . ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32297 - 1 paperback , 2002 ) Overy , Richard J. ( 2013 ) . The Bombing War : Europe 1939 -- 1945 . London & New York : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9561 - 9 . Owen , R.E , New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force Government Printer , Wellington , New Zealand 1953 . Peszke , Michael Alfred ( October 1980 ) , `` A Synopsis of Polish - Allied Military Agreements During World War Two '' , The Journal of Military History , Volume 44 ( No. 3 ) : 128 -- 134 Ponting , Clive. 1940 : Myth and Reality . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 036 - 8 . Pope , Stephan . `` Across the Ether : Part One '' . Aeroplane , Vol. 23 , No. 5 , Issue No. 265 , May 1995 . Price , Alfred ( 1980 ) , The Hardest Day : 18 August 1940 , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , ISBN 0 - 684 - 16503 - 1 Raeder , Erich . Erich Rader , Grand Admiral . New York : Da Capo Press ; United States Naval Institute , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80962 - 1 . Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1987 ) , The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 1 , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 45 - 2 Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1988 ) , The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 2 , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 54 - 1 Ramsay , Winston , ed. ( 1989 ) , The Battle of Britain Then and Now Mk V , London : Battle of Britain Prints International , ISBN 0 - 900913 - 46 - 0 Richards , Denis . Royal Air Force 1939 -- 1945 , Vol . I : The Fight at Odds . London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1953 . Robinson , Derek , Invasion , 1940 : Did the Battle of Britain Alone Stop Hitler ? New York : Carroll & Graf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1618 - 5 . Shulman , Milton . Defeat in the West . London : Cassell , 2004 ( First edition 1947 ) . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36603 - X . Shirer , William ( 1964 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , London : Ballantine , ISBN 978 - 0 - 449 - 21977 - 5 Smith , Howard K . Last Train from Berlin . New York : Knopf , 1942 . Stacey , C P. ( 1955 ) The Canadian Army 1939 -- 1945 An Official Historical Summary Queen 's Printer , Ottawa Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 Queen 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) Taylor , A.J.P. and S.L. Mayer , eds . A History of World War Two . London : Octopus Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0399 - 1 . Terraine , John , The Right of the Line : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Sceptre , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 41919 - 9 . Terraine , John , A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 616970 - 7 . Wagner , Ray and Heinz Nowarra . German Combat Planes : A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Winterbotham , F.W. ( 1975 ) , The Ultra Secret , London : Futura Publications , ISBN 0 - 86007 - 268 - 1 Wood , Derek , and Derek Dempster , The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power , 1930 -- 1949 . London : Pen & Sword , 2003 , First edition 1961 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 915 - 9 . Wright , Gordon , The Ordeal of Total War : 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Harper & Row , 1968 . Autobiographies and biographies ( edit ) Collier , Basil . Leader of the Few : the Authorised Biography of Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding of Bentley Priory . London : Jarrolds , 1957 . Deere , Alan Christopher ( 1974 ) , Nine Lives , London : Hodder Paperbacks Ltd for Coronet Books , ISBN 0 - 340 - 01441 - 5 Duncan Smith , Group Captain W.G.G. , Spitfire into Battle . London : John Murray , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5484 - 5 . Franks , Norman , Wings of Freedom : Twelve Battle of Britain Pilots . London : William Kimber , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0197 - 8 . Galland , Adolf ' The First and the Last : Germany 's Fighter Force in WWII ( Fortunes of War ) South Miami , Florida : Cerberus Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84145 - 020 - 0 . Halpenny , Bruce , Fight for the Sky : Stories of Wartime Fighter Pilots . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stephens , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 85059 - 749 - 8 . Halpenny , Bruce , Fighter Pilots in World War II : True Stories of Frontline Air Combat ( paperback ) . Barnsley , UK : Pen and Sword Books Ltd , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 065 - 8 . Orange , Vincent , Park : The Biography of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park . London : Grub Street , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 902304 - 61 - 6 . Aircraft ( edit ) Ansell , Mark , Boulton Paul Defiant : Technical Details and History of the Famous British Night Fighter . Redbourn , Herts , UK : Mushroom Model Publications , 2005 . pp. 712 -- 714 . ISBN 83 - 89450 - 19 - 4 . de Zeng , Henry L. , Doug G. Stankey and Eddie J. Creek , Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933 -- 1945 : A Reference Source , Volume 2 . Hersham , Surrey , UK : Ian Allen Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 87 - 1 . Feist , Uwe , The Fighting Me 109 . London : Arms and Armour Press , 1993 . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 209 - X . Goss , Chris , Dornier 17 : In Focus . Surrey , UK : Red Kite Books , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 9546201 - 4 - 3 . Green , William , Famous Fighters of the Second World War . London : Macdonald , 1962 . Harvey - Bailey , Alec . Merlin in Perspective : The Combat Years Derby , UK : Rolls - Royce Heritage Trust , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8729 - 2206 - 5 . Holmes , Tony , Hurricane Aces 1939 -- 1940 ( Aircraft of the Aces ) . Botley , Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 597 - 7 . Holmes , Tony ( 2007 ) , Spitfire vs Bf 109 : Battle of Britain , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 190 - 8 Huntley , Ian D. , Fairey Battle , Aviation Guide 1 . Bedford , UK : SAM Publications , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 9533465 - 9 - 5 . Jones , Robert C. , Camouflage and Markings Number 8 : Boulton Paul Defiant , RAF Northern Europe 1936 -- 45 . London : Ducimus Book Limited , 1970 . Lloyd , Sir Ian and Pugh , Peter. , Hives and the Merlin . Cambridge : Icon Books , 2004 . ISBN 1840466448 . Mason , Francis K. , Hawker Aircraft since 1920 . London : Putnam , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 85177 - 839 - 9 . McKinstry , Leo , Hurricane : Victor of the Battle of Britain . London : John Murray Publishers , 2010 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 339 - 5 Molson , Kenneth M. et al. , Canada 's National Aviation Museum : Its History and Collections . Ottawa : National Aviation Museum , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 660 - 12001 - 0 . Moyes , Philip , J.R. , `` The Fairey Battle . '' Aircraft in Profile , Volume 2 ( nos. 25 -- 48 ) . Windsor , Berkshire , UK : Profile Publications , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 85383 - 011 - 8 Parry , Simon W. , Intruders over Britain : The Story of the Luftwaffe 's Night Intruder Force , the Fernnachtjager . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Books , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 904811 - 07 - 7 . Price , Alfred ( 1996 ) , Spitfire Mark I / II Aces 1939 -- 41 ( Aircraft of the Aces 12 ) , London : Osprey Books , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 627 - 2 Price , Alfred ( 2002 ) , The Spitfire Story : Revised second edition , Enderby , Leicester , UK : Silverdale Books , ISBN 1 - 85605 - 702 - X Sarkar , Dilip , How the Spitfire Won the Battle of Britain . London : Amberly , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 84868 - 868 - 7 . Scutts , Jerry , Messerschmitt Bf 109 : The Operational Record . Sarasota , Florida : Crestline Publishers , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0262 - 0 . Ward , John , Hitler 's Stuka Squadrons . London : Brown Reference , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1991 - X . Warner , G ( 2005 ) , The Bristol Blenheim : A Complete History ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Crécy Publishing , ISBN 0 - 85979 - 101 - 7 Weal , John ( 1999 ) , Messerschmitt Bf 110 ' Zerstōrer ' Aces of World War 2 , Botley , Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 753 - 8 Additional references ( edit ) Books Addison , Paul and Jeremy Crang . The Burning Blue : A New History of the Battle of Britain . London : Pimlico , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6475 - 0 . Bergström , Christer . Barbarossa -- The Air Battle : July -- December 1941 . London : Chervron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 270 - 2 . Bishop , Patrick . Fighter Boys : The Battle of Britain , 1940 . New York : Viking , 2003 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03230 - 1 ) ; Penguin Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200466 - 9 . As Fighter Boys : Saving Britain 1940 . London : Harper Perennial , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653204 - 7 . Brittain , Vera . England 's Hour . London : Continuum International Publishing Group , 2005 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8031 - 4 ) ; Obscure Press ( paperback , ISBN 1 - 84664 - 834 - 3 ) . Campion , Garry . The Good Fight : Battle of Britain Wartime Propaganda and The Few . Basingstoke , Hampshire , UK : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 , First edition 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 27996 - 4 . Campion , Garry . The Battle of Britain , 1945 -- 1965 : The Air Ministry and the Few : Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0230284548 Cooper , Matthew . The German Air Force 1933 -- 1945 : An Anatomy of Failure . New York : Jane 's Publishing Incorporated , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 531 - 03733 - 9 . Craig , Phil and Tim Clayton . Finest Hour : The Battle of Britain . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86930 - 6 ( hardcover ) ; 2006 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86931 - 4 ( paperback ) . Cumming , Anthony J. The Royal Navy and The Battle of Britain . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 160 - 0 . Fiedler , Arkady. 303 Squadron : The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron . Los Angeles : Aquila Polonica , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60772 - 004 - 1 . Fisher , David E. A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain . Emeryville , CA : Shoemaker & Hoard , 2005 . ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 59376 - 047 - 7 ) ; 2006 , ISBN 1 - 59376 - 116 - 3 ( paperback ) . Foreman , John ( 1989 ) , Battle of Britain : The Forgotten Months , November And December 1940 , Wythenshawe , Lancashire , UK : Crécy , ISBN 1 - 871187 - 02 - 8 Gaskin , Margaret . Blitz : The Story of 29 December 1940 . New York : Harcourt , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101404 - 3 . Haining , Peter . The Chianti Raiders : The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain . London : Robson Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 829 - 2 . Haining , Peter . Where the Eagle Landed : The Mystery of the German Invasion of Britain , 1940 . London : Robson Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 750 - 4 . Halpenny , Bruce Barrymore . Action Stations : Military Airfields of Greater London v. 8 . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stephens , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 85039 - 885 - 1 . Harding , Thomas . `` It 's baloney , say RAF aces '' . The Telegraph , 24 August 2006 . Retrieved : 3 March 2007 . Hough , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Greatest Air Battle of World War II . New York : W.W. Norton , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02766 - X ( hardcover ) ; 2005 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 30734 - 4 ( paperback ) . James , T.C.G. The Battle of Britain ( Air Defence of Great Britain ; vol. 2 ) . London / New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5123 - 0 ( hardcover ) ; ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8149 - 0 ( paperback , ) . James , T.C.G. Growth of Fighter Command , 1936 -- 1940 ( Air Defence of Great Britain ; vol. 1 ) . London ; New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5118 - 4 . James , T.C.G. Night Air Defence During the Blitz . London / New York : Frank Cass Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5166 - 4 . McGlashan , Kenneth B. with Owen P. Zupp . Down to Earth : A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk , the Battle of Britain , Dieppe , D - Day and Beyond . London : Grub Street Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 904943 - 84 - 5 . March , Edgar J. British Destroyers ; a History of Development 1892 -- 1953 . London : Seely Service & Co . Limited , 1966 . Olson , Lynne and Stanley Cloud . A Question of Honor : The Kościuszko Squadron : Forgotten Heroes of World War II . New York : Knopf , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41197 - 6 . NB : This book is also published under the following title : For Your Freedom and Ours : The Kościuszko Squadron -- Forgotten Heroes of World War II . Prien , Jochen and Peter Rodeike. Messerschmitt Bf 109 F , G , and K : An Illustrated Study . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 88740 - 424 - 3 . Ray , John . Battle of Britain . London : The Orion Publishing Co. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 345 - 2 . Ray , John Philip . The Battle of Britain : Dowding and the First Victory 1940 . London : Cassel & Co. , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35677 - 8 . Ray , John Philip . The Battle of Britain : New Perspectives : Behind the Scenes of the Great Air War . London : Arms & Armour Press , 1994 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 229 - 4 ) ; London : Orion Publishing , 1996 ( paperback , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 345 - 2 ) . Rongers , Eppo H. De oorlog in mei ' 40 , Utrecht / Antwerpen : Uitgeverij Het Spectrum N.V. , 1969 , No ISBN Townsend , Peter . Duel of Eagles ( new edition ) . London : Phoenix , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 211 - 8 . Wellum , Geoffrey . First Light : The Story of the Boy Who Became a Man in the War - Torn Skies Above Britain . New York : Viking Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91248 - 4 ( hardcover ) ; Hoboken , NJ : Wiley & Sons , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 42627 - X ( hardcover ) ; London : Penguin Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100814 - 8 ( paperback ) . Zaloga , Steven J. and Richard Hook . The Polish Army 1939 -- 45 . London : Osprey , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 417 - 4 . General The Battle of Britain Historical Timeline Day by Day blog charting the progress of the Battle by ex RAF veteran Battle Of Britain Historical Society video : Battle of Britain on YouTube , ( 52 min . ) complete film documentary by Frank Capra made for U.S. Army The Battle of Britain `` In Photos '' Royal Air Force history Battle of Britain Memorial BBC History Overview of Battle Historical recording BBC : Churchill 's `` This Was Their Finest Hour '' speech Radio New Zealand ' Sounds Historical ' ANZAC Day , 25 April 2008 : Historical recording of Sir Keith Park describing the Battle of Britain . ( Scroll down to 10 : 50 am ) . Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding on the Battle of Britain ( despatch to the Secretary of State , August 1941 ) Royal Engineers Museum : Royal Engineers during the Second World War ( airfield repair ) Shoreham Aircraft Museum Tangmere Military Aviation Museum Kent Battle of Britain Museum ADLG Visits RAF Uxbridge Battle of Britain Operations Room British Invasion Defences The Falco and Regia Aeronautica in the Battle of Britain History of North Weald Airfield The Royal Mint Memorial website New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain ( NZHistory.net.nz ) New Zealanders in the Battle of Britain ( official history ) Battle for Britain , short film starring Julian Glover Interactive map showing Battle of Britain airfields and squadrons by date http://garry-campion.com/ Air Defence of Great Britain during the Second World War Overview Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Strategic bombing Night fighter Big Wing formation People RAF Hugh Dowding Charles Portal Cyril Newall Trafford Leigh - Mallory Keith Park Sholto Douglas Army Frederick Pile Scientists R.V. Jones Robert Watson - Watt Organisation Commands RAF Fighter Command RAF Balloon Command RAF Coastal Command Anti-Aircraft Command RAF Bomber Command Groups No. 9 Group RAF No. 10 Group RAF No. 11 Group RAF No. 12 Group RAF No. 13 Group RAF No. 14 Group RAF AA Corps 1 AA Corps 2 AA Corps 3 AA Corps AA Divisions 1 AA Division 2 AA Division 3 AA Division 4 AA Division 5 AA Division 6 AA Division 7 AA Division 8 AA Division 9 AA Division 10 AA Division 11 AA Division 12 AA Division Other units Battle of Britain airfields Eagle Squadrons Royal Observer Corps Women 's Auxiliary Air Force Campaigns and operations Battle of Britain The Blitz Baedeker raids Operation Steinbock Operation Crossbow Operation Diver Aircraft Beaufighter Defiant Hurricane Meteor Mosquito Spitfire Tempest Typhoon Technology Barrage balloon Battle of the Beams Radar ( Chain Home ) German V weapons Related topics Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom RAF strategic bombing offensive United States Army Air Forces British Empire battles of the Second World War Africa East Africa Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia North Africa First Battle of El Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein Italian invasion of Egypt Operation Compass Run for Tunis Siege of Giarabub Siege of Tobruk Capture of Tobruk Operation Brevity Operation Skorpion Operation Sonnenblume Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Battle of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Operation Postmaster Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Faroe Islands occupation Balkans Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete ( Rethymno Thermopylae Vevi ) Mediterranean Convoy AN 14 Attack on Mers - el - Kébir Battle of Calabria Campobasso Convoy Battle of Cape Bon Battle of Cape Matapan Battle of Cape Passero Battle of Cape Spada Battle of Cape Spartivento Cigno Convoy Duisburg Convoy Espero Convoy Battle of the Ligurian Sea Battle of Skerki Bank Battle of the Strait of Otranto ( 1940 ) Battle of Taranto Tarigo Convoy Battle off Zuwarah Operation Abstention Operation Agreement Operation Albumen Operation Excess Operation Grog Raid on Alexandria Raid on Souda Bay Siege of Malta Malta convoys Western Europe Battle of the Heligoland Bight BEF Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Dieppe Raid Channel Dash Operation Gisela Operation Steinbock Operation Diver Evacuation of Gibraltar Juno Beach Gold Beach Sword Beach Clearing the Channel Coast Battle of the Scheldt Operation Blackcock Battle of the Reichswald St Nazaire Raid Liberation of Belgium Liberation of the Netherlands Far East Hong Kong Battle of Kowloon and New Territories Battle of Hong Kong Island Malay Japanese invasion of Malaya Battle of Jitra Defence of Johore Singapore Fall of Singapore Burma Japanese conquest of Burma Arakan Campaign 1942 -- 43 Recapture of Burma India Invasion of India Operation U-Go Battle of Imphal Battle of Kohima Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Cocos Islands mutiny Indian Ocean raid Battle of Ceylon Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean raid ( 1944 ) Indian Ocean strike Battle of the Malacca Strait Bombing of Sumatra Bombardment of Andaman Islands Bombardment of Northern Malay Middle East Iraq Invasion of Iraq Battle of Fallujah Siege of Habbaniya Battle of Basra Capture of Baghdad Iran Invasion of Khuzestan Invasion of Central Iran Syria -- Lebanon Invasion of Lebanon Capture of Beirut Invasion of Syria Capture of Damascus Americas Atlantic Battle of the River Plate Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Battle of the Denmark Strait Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal Royal Air Force Royal Air Force portal Formations and units Commands Groups Stations Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units Regiment squadrons Branches and components Air Force Board RAF Flying Branch RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary 's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police Search and Rescue Force Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Ground Trades Reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve Associated civil organisations Air Training Corps Royal Air Forces Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association Royal Air Force Museum Equipment List of RAF aircraft List of RAF missiles Personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of personnel Appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant - General of the RAF Regiment Chief of the Air Staff 's Warrant Officer Symbols and uniform Ensign Badge Roundels Uniform Heraldic badges History Timeline Future Portals Access related topics Military of Germany portal Royal Air Force portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Britain&oldid=849978938 '' Categories : Battle of Britain 1940 in the United Kingdom 1940 in England Conflicts in 1940 World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre World War II strategic bombing United Kingdom home front during World War II Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving Italy Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II World War II operations and battles of the Western European Theatre Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015 Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the battle of britain take place	[ "Battle of BritainPart of the Second World WarAn Observer Corps spotterscans the skies of London.Date10 July – 31 October 1940[nb 3](3 months and 3 weeks)LocationBritish airspaceResult\nBritish victory[3][nb 4]Belligerents\n United Kingdom Canada[nb 1][nb 2]\n Germany ItalyCommanders and leaders\n Hugh Dowding Keith Park T. Leigh-Mallory Quintin Brand Richard Saul L. Samuel Breadner Zdzisław Krasnodębski\n Hermann Göring Albert Kesselring Hugo Sperrle Hans-Jürgen Stumpff R. C. Fougier[5]Units involved\n Royal Air Force Royal CanadianAir Force\nForeign pilots from[show]\n Poland New Zealand Czechoslovakia Belgium Australia South Africa France Ireland United States Southern Rhodesia Jamaica Barbados Newfoundland Northern Rhodesia\n\n Luftwaffe Corpo Aereo ItalianoStrength\n1,963 serviceable aircraft [nb 5]\n2,550 serviceable aircraft. [nb 6][nb 7]Casualties and losses\n1,542 aircrew killed[11]422 aircrew wounded[12] 1,744 aircraft destroyed[nb 8]\n\n\n41,480 noncombatants killed (including 16,775 women and 5,184 children)[14]1,400,245 buildings destroyed or damaged (London)[14]\n2,585 aircrew killed and missing, 925 captured, 735 wounded[15] 1,977 aircraft destroyed, 1,634 in combat and 343 non-combat[16]\nAround 90,000 civilian casualties, 40,000 of them fatal.[17]" ]	[ "British airspace" ]
-14818142766027910	Draft lottery (1969)	Draft lottery ( 1969 ) - wikipedia Draft lottery ( 1969 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Representative Alexander Pirnie ( R - NY ) drawing the first number . On December 1 , 1969 , the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950 . These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973 . It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942 . The lottery numbers assigned in December 1969 were used during calendar year 1970 both to call for induction and to call for physical examination , a preliminary call covering more men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Origins and consequences 3 Modification 4 Present Day Use 5 References 6 External links Method ( edit ) The days of the year ( including February 29 ) were written on slips of paper . These pieces of paper were then placed in separate plastic capsules that were mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar . Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time . The first number drawn was 258 ( September 14 ) , so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1 . The second number drawn corresponded to April 24 , and so forth . All men of draft age ( born 1944 to 1950 ) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once . The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn ; the last of these was September 24 . Also on December 1 , 1969 , a second lottery was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet . Among men with the same birthdate , the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters of their last , first , and middle names . Anyone with initials `` JJJ '' would have been first within the shared birthdate , followed by `` JGJ '' , `` JDJ '' , and `` JXJ '' ; anyone with initials `` VVV '' would have been last . SSS Draft scatterplot of the days of the year ( horizontal ) and their lottery numbers ( vertical ) . December birthdays ( far right ) were assigned many low numbers ( bottom ) , representing early induction , and few high numbers ( top ) . People soon noticed that the lottery numbers were not distributed uniformly over the year . In particular , November and December births , or dates 306 to 366 , were assigned mainly to lower draft numbers representing earlier calls to serve ( see figure ) . This led to complaints that the lottery was not random as the legislation required . Analysis of the procedure suggested that mixing 366 capsules in the shoe box did not mix them sufficiently before dumping them into the jar . ( `` The capsules were put in a box month by month , January through December , and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing . '' ) Only five days in December -- Dec. 2 , 12 , 15 , 17 and 19 -- were higher than the last call number of 195 ; had the days been evenly distributed , 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled . From January to December , the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 9 10 7 11 12 . A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1 -- 12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09 % . Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 ( for those born in 1951 ) and from 1971 to 1975 ( for 1952 to 1956 births ) . The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service , because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 . The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams . The highest number called for a physical was 215 ( for tables 1970 through 1976 ) . Origins and consequences ( edit ) The reason for the 1969 draft was to add personnel to a war to stop the spread of communism in Vietnam . After World War II , Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai in command . Ho Chi Minh , another Vietnamese leader , saw this as an opportunity to strike and took over Hanoi . Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . Emperor Bo , in the South , set up the Vietnam State with Saigon as the capital . Ho Chi Minh was basing his political structure off of the communist states such as Russia while Emperor Bao Dai in the south wanted a Vietnam that was modeled after the west , like the United States . The North and the South began armed conflict against one another until the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 ended with the Viet Minh forces as the victor . Afterwards at the Geneva conference Vietnam was split along the 17th latitude . There was supposed to be a reunification election in 1956 but another leader took over the South . Ngo Dinh Diem took over leadership from Emperor Bao Dai who took a very hard stance against communism . In other parts of the world , the Cold War was intensifying between Soviet Russia and the United States . The U.S. was becoming more rigid in its policies with the communist allies of Russia . President Dwight D. Eisenhower started supporting the South Vietnamese who were also against the communist north . The U.S. begun training and equipping Diem 's forces with weapons . Conflicts between communist sympathizers began occurring in the South . At the time , the U.S. had only committed around 800 personnel to train and outfit the South Vietnamese . In 1961 , the John F. Kennedy administration started working under the `` Domino Theory , '' which stated that if South Vietnam was to fall to the North , then other places in southeast Asia were to become vulnerable to the communists as well . This caused President Kennedy to begin sending additional American soldiers to Vietnam . By 1962 , there were around 9,000 personnel in Vietnam . In 1963 , a coup was organized by South Vietnamese generals which resulted in the death of Diem . President Lyndon B. Johnson increased U.S. personnel in Vietnam due to the political instability in the country . In August 1964 , two U.S. warships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats . Johnson issued an attack order against North Vietnam , and Congress passed a motion which gave him more authority over military decisions . In 1965 , President Johnson had sent 82,000 troops to Vietnam , and his officials wanted another 175,000 . Due to the heavy demand for military personnel , the United States required more than what the regular military could provide , causing the acceleration of the draft . Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military . Previously in the United States , during the War of 1812 , President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower ; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army . After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress , it was decided that an all - volunteer force was affordable , feasible , and would enhance the nation 's security . President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing regulations for random selection by the United States Selective Service on November 26 , 1969 . In the 1960s anti-war movements started to occur in the U.S. , mainly among those on college campuses and in more leftist circles , especially those who embraced the `` hippie '' lifestyle . College students were entitled to a deferment ( 2 - S status ) but were subject to the draft if they dropped out or graduated . In 1967 , the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000 . The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year , and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of . Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement on the grounds of it being immoral and the amount of African Americans that were being killed . November 15 , 1969 marked the largest anti war movement in the history of the United States . This protest featured many anti-war political speakers and popular singers of the time . Many people at the time saw Richard Nixon as a liar ; when he took office , he claimed that he would begin troop withdrawals from Vietnam immediately . After ten months of being in office , the president had yet to start withdrawals , anyone and the people felt lied to . Later , president Nixon claimed to have been watching sports as the anti-war demonstration took place outside the White House . The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States , beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement . The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft . It strengthened the anti-war movement , and all over the United States , people decried discrimination by the draft system `` against low - education , low - income , underprivileged members of society '' . The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters , draft evaders or `` draft dodgers '' , were generally young , well - educated , healthy men . The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard . These young men were aware that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam . Many men were unable to join the National Guard , even though they had passed their physicals , because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist . Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment , either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters , or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test . Others left the country , commonly moving to Canada . The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000 ; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era ( when the war was also over ) ( 1975 ) . Modification ( edit ) Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow until `` authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 '' . In 1970 , covering 1951 birthdates for use during 1971 ( sometimes called the 1971 draft ) , scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables . From the 78 permutations , 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1 , 2 = January 2 , ... 365 = December 31 . Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. 25 more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars . The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System . On June 2 , an official picked two envelopes , thus one calendar and one raw permutation . The 365 birthdates ( for 1951 ) were written down , placed in capsules , and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar . Similarly , the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation . On July 1 , the drawing date , one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half - hour ( its rotating mechanism failed ) . Pairs of capsules were then drawn , one from each drum , one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366 . The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139 , so all men born September 16 , 1951 , were assigned draft number 139 . The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1 , so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first . Present day use ( edit ) The military draft method used back in the 1950s and 1960s involved using dates and numbers mixed randomly and then drawn to decide who would go to war . In the present - day , not much has changed on how the draft would be conducted if it was ever needed . The Selective Service Committee who presides over the draft procedures still have a large tumbler that holds all the number and dates that will be drawn to select candidates and the only thing that seems to have changed between the method of the past and the present one is that instead of using pieces of paper in blue capsules the SSC now uses ping pong balls with the dates and numbers on them . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . `` 1970 Draft Lottery Results drawn December 1 , 1969 sorted by date '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . See also sorted by numeric order . ^ Jump up to : Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . June 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henk Tijms . `` Understanding Probability '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chambers , John W. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Richard Nixon : `` Executive Order 11497 - Amending the Selective Service Regulations to Prescribe Random Selection , '' November 26 , 1969 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War Protests - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/02/us/college-enrollment-linked-to-vietnam-war.html , https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/03/19/107186611.pdf Jump up ^ Fisher , Anthony C. ( 1969 ) . `` The Cost of the Draft and the Cost of Ending the Draft '' . American Economic Review . 59 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Ifill , Gwen ( 13 February 1992 ) . `` THE 1992 CAMPAIGN : New Hampshire ; Clinton Thanked Colonel in ' 69 For ' Saving Me From the Draft ' '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Rosenblatt , J.R. ; Filliben , J.J. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and the Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 : 306 -- 08 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 306 . Jump up ^ `` How the U.S. Draft Works '' . HowStuffWorks. 2001 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Landscaper.net ( 2009 ) . The Military Draft and 1969 Draft Lottery for the Vietnam War . Last modified 2009 - 03 - 24 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- contemporary news stories , images of Official Orders ( call to physical exam , call to report ) , lottery results , Draft Board classifications , Vietnam troop levels , induction statistics 1917 -- 73 . David Lane ( 2003 ) . Introduction to Graphs : Clearing Up the Draft with Graphs . Connexions. 18 July 2003 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- list of draft ranks , additional analysis . Selective Service System ( 2009 ) . The Vietnam Lotteries . SSS : History and Records . Last updated 2015 - 09 - 19 . Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . Fienberg , S.E. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and Social Affairs : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 ( 3968 ) : 255 -- 261 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 255 . PMID 17736218 . Rosenbaum , David E. ( 4 January 1970 ) . `` Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random '' . New York Times . p. 66 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft_lottery_(1969)&oldid=836891138 '' Categories : Vietnam War Conscription in the United States 1969 in military history 1969 in the United States 1969 establishments in the United States 1973 disestablishments in the United States Lotteries Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 36 . About Wikipedia	when did they start drafting for the vietnam war	[ "On December 1, 1969, the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950. These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973. It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942." ]	[ "December 1, 1969" ]
3156822626010965284	Designated Survivor (season 2)	Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) Starring Kiefer Sutherland Natascha McElhone Paulo Costanzo Adan Canto Italia Ricci LaMonica Garrett Zoe McLellan Ben Lawson Kal Penn Maggie Q Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network ABC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Designated Survivor episodes The second season of the American political drama series Designated Survivor was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It premiered on September 27 , 2017 , and will consist of 22 episodes . The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company , and is filmed in Toronto , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) One year into office , President Thomas Kirkman juggles searching for the mastermind behind the attack on the Capitol Building , dealing with the day - to - day situations that take place at home and abroad , and helping a nation rebuild . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kiefer Sutherland as President Thomas `` Tom '' Kirkman Natascha McElhone as First Lady Alexandra `` Alex '' Kirkman Paulo Costanzo as White House Political Director Lyor Boone Adan Canto as National Security Advisor Aaron Shore Italia Ricci as White House Chief of Staff Emily Rhodes LaMonica Garrett as Mike Ritter Zoe McLellan as White House Counsel Kendra Daynes Ben Lawson as Damian Rennett Kal Penn as White House Press Secretary Seth Wright Maggie Q as Hannah Wells Recurring ( edit ) Terry Serpico as Patrick Lloyd Jake Epstein as Chuck Russink Mckenna Grace as Penny Kirkman Bonnie Bedelia as Eva Booker Reed Diamond as John Forstell Geoff Pierson as Cornelius Moss Mykelti Williamson as Admiral Chernow Breckin Meyer as Trey Kirkman Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` One Year In '' Chris Grismer Keith Eisner September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 5.50 Kirkman struggles to prevent a possible international crisis when Ukrainian separatists hijack a Russian airplane with American citizens among the passengers ; Wells works with MI6 agent Damian Rennett ( Ben Lawson ) to find the Capitol bombing 's chief architect ; Emily juggles hiring political consultant Lyor Boone ( Paulo Costanzo ) and determining where Seth 's loyalties lie ; the senior staff attempts to keep a visiting writer occupied before his audience with the President . 23 `` Sting of the Tail '' Frederick E.O. Toye Keith Eisner October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 4.80 Kirkman works with Wells and Rennett when Patrick Lloyd ( Terry Serpico ) reemerges and threatens to unleash sarin gas on the D.C. metropolitan area if his demands are not met ; Seth struggles to finish Kirkman 's speech for the Correspondents ' Dinner ; the senior staff welcomes White House Counsel Kendra Daynes ( Zoe McLellan ) into the fold . 24 `` Outbreak '' Chris Grismer Ashley Gable October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 4.61 Kirkman works with the CDC to contain a deadly viral outbreak ; Wells and Rennett dig deeper into Patrick Lloyd 's motives ; Kendra attempts to settle a debate about a controversial Confederate statue ; the senior staff prepares for the presentation of an Amazonian frog named after the President . 25 `` Equilibrium '' Joe Lazarov Paul Redford & Keith Eisner October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 4.34 Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to resolve a border dispute between the United States and Mexico ; Wells interrogates Alex about her mother 's possible involvement in a decades - old crime ; an investigator from the Office of Management and Budget tries to determine who is responsible for breaking a priceless vase . 26 5 `` Suckers '' Fred Gerber Bill Chais October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 3.94 Kirkman and the senior staff work together to regain the general public 's trust after a private conversation is taken out of context on national television ; Wells and Rennett reunite when a visiting British MP is gunned down ; Alex becomes emotionally involved in the ongoing investigation against her mother . 27 6 `` Two Ships '' Leslie Libman Jessica Grasl November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 3.92 Kirkman sets out to prevent a potential national security threat after a stranded U.S. Navy ship with a state - of - the - art surveillance system drifts into enemy waters ; Wells and Rennett continue investigating Charlotte Thorne 's death ; Kendra tries to convince Alex 's mother to make a difficult decision ; Emily reunites with her absentee father . 28 7 `` Family Ties '' Milan Cheylov Pierluigi Cothran November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 4.05 The First Family struggles to prevent a scandal when Leo is sued by a man protesting a Turkish activist ; Alex finds herself caught in the middle of a murder investigation ; Secretary Moss stonewalls Wells and Rennett as they investigate his relationship with Charlotte Thorne . 29 8 `` Home '' Ian Toynton Pat Cunnane November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 4.03 During a secret trip to Afghanistan , Kirkman negotiates with influential warlords and Wells comes under fire . Back home , Seth lands in legal trouble , while trying to protect his younger brother . The charges were eventually quashed by Daynes . 30 9 `` Three - Letter Day '' Jeannot Szwarc Bill Chais & Ashley Arena December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 3.91 Kirkman dispatches his staff to investigate a war hero 's legacy , a man on death row and a bee colony 's collapse . Wells follows a trail of dirty money . 31 10 `` Line of Fire '' Chris Grismer Keith Eisner December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 4.39 Religious zealots in the path of a raging fire square off with the White House over their convictions and a member 's baby daughter 's life - threatening condition . Wells digs for the truth behind a betrayal . Kirkman reinstates the D.C. medical license of a controversial surgeon whose pioneering work with artificial blood could resolve the standoff between the zealots and the administration . Alex 's victory over the DOJ investigation carries a tragic price . 32 11 TBA TBA TBA February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Designated Survivor was renewed for a second season on May 11 , 2017 . Former The Good Wife executive producer Keith Eisner will take over as showrunner for the second season . Eisner will be the fourth showrunner for the show , replacing Jeff Melvoin , who was hired as showrunner in December 2016 , taking over for Jon Harmon Feldman . The show 's original showrunner Amy B. Harris stepped down due to creative differences after the series ' official pickup in February 2016 . On June 22 , 2017 , cast member Virginia Madsen announced that she would not be returning for the second season as Kimble Hookstraten as she commented `` I guess they had other stories to tell . It 's a big show so I wish them well . '' After the first season finale , Sutherland announced that the show would add three new characters for the second season . Two of the character descriptions was `` a `` fiery '' female White House Counsel and a `` ruggedly handsome '' MI6 operative who crosses paths with Hannah . '' TVLine announced on June 29 , 2017 , that Paulo Costanzo had been cast as a series regular role as Lyor Boone , the new White House Political Director . Deadline reported on July 17 , 2017 , that Ben Lawson had been cast as the series regular character Damian Rennett , an MI6 operative . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` One Year In '' September 27 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.50 1.4 5.84 2.5 11.34 `` Sting of the Tail '' October 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.80 5.20 2.1 10.00 `` Outbreak '' October 11 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.61 1.1 5.07 2.0 9.68 `` Equilibrium '' October 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.34 1.1 5.00 1.9 9.34 5 `` Suckers '' October 25 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.94 1.0 4.60 1.7 8.54 6 `` Two Ships '' November 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.92 0.9 4.31 1.6 8.23 7 `` Family Ties '' November 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.05 0.9 4.47 1.7 8.52 8 `` Home '' November 29 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.03 1.0 4.83 1.7 8.86 9 `` Three - Letter Day '' December 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.87 0.9 4.60 1.6 8.47 10 `` Line of Fire '' December 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.38 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Renewed at ABC '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 201 ) `` One Year In '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Breckin Meyer Set To Recur In Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Keith Eisner Set As Showrunner , Pending Season 2 Renewal '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Licoln , Ross ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' Taps New Showrunner As Jon Harmon Feldman Exits '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland ABC Drama ' Designated Survivor ' Gets Formal Series Pickup , First Trailer ; Eyes Jon Feldman As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Virginia Madsen Will Not Return for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Five - 0 , Killjoys , Arrow , Designated Survivor , Zoo , Stranger Things , Riverdale and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Enlists Royal Pains ' Paulo Costanzo as New Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Ben Lawson Cast As Series Regular In Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_Survivor_(season_2)&oldid=816910114 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Designated Survivor ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the season 2 of designated survivor	[ "The second season of the American political drama series Designated Survivor was ordered on May 11, 2017.[1] It premiered on September 27, 2017, and will consist of 22 episodes.[2] The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company, and is filmed in Toronto, Canada." ]	[ "September 27, 2017" ]
5809983748705449432	List of Home Improvement characters	List of home Improvement characters - wikipedia List of home Improvement characters Jump to : navigation , search This article contains character information for the American television sitcom Home Improvement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taylor family 1.1 Tim Taylor 1.2 Jill Taylor 1.3 Brad Taylor 1.4 Randy Taylor 1.5 Mark Taylor 1.6 Marty Taylor 1.7 Jeff Taylor 2 Friends of the family 2.1 Al Borland 2.1. 1 Family , fashion sense , and career 2.1. 2 Al 's beard 2.1. 3 Al 's knowledge of tools and home improvement 2.1. 4 Love life 2.1. 5 Running gags surrounding Al 2.2 Wilson Wilson , Jr . 2.3 Lisa 2.4 Heidi Keppert 2.5 Harry Turner 2.6 Benny Baroni 3 Other recurring characters 4 References Taylor family ( edit ) Tim Taylor ( edit ) Timothy `` Tim '' Taylor ( Tim Allen ) -- Tim Taylor ( the character has a birth date of October 1954 ) is the father of the family . Ever the know - it - all , Tim believes he has an incredibly wide knowledge of tools , electronics , and general mechanics . In reality , he is highly accident - prone . He actually does have a significant amount of skill as a general handyman , but can be overly confident and prone to spectacular mishaps . He often forgets a crucial step , ignores instructions , makes ill - advised modifications , or comes to inaccurate conclusions . The only exception to this ineptitude is when working on cars , at which he excels . He is left - handed but actually does a great deal of his work with his right hand . Taylor 's `` arch enemy '' , so to speak , was the real - life home improvement specialist , Bob Vila . One episode saw Tim competing against Bob Vila in a lawnmower contest for charity . Tim actually installed a jet engine on his machine - which resulted in Tim causing unintended chaos and destruction . Tim hosts a home improvement show called Tool Time with his co-host and friend , Al Borland . While Al is his co-host , Al constantly must remind Tim of safety regulations and practices . Tim often ignores Al 's advice , and this frequently results in an accident . While it is constantly mentioned that Tool Time is a limited local home improvement show that sits very high on the channel dial , Tool Time seems to have a very wide audience in the state of Michigan , and is progressively broadcast to more outlets across the Midwest ( A season 5 episode has Tim , Al , and Bud brainstorming for ideas on how to bring the show into the Chicago markets ) . Tim often boasts at his popularity for hosting the show , although many people state that they like Al better . A running gag involves people encountering Tim in public and stating , `` Oh , we always watch Tool Time ... we love Al . '' To which an annoyed Tim would reply , `` Oh yeah , we all love Al . '' In later seasons , however , it is learned that Tim actually has a higher fan base than Al . Because of the numerous accidents in which he is involved , both on his TV show and at home , it is a recurring joke that Tim is on a first name basis with the hospital staff , and it is often suggested that Tim has special offers available to him for being a repeat customer . Another gag is that Tool Time fans believe his many accidents are staged , to show people what not to do . However , many of Tim 's modified inventions work but are often too powerful , like his new ice cube dispenser in season 2 . Tim often garbles advice he heard from Wilson and / or otherwise makes stupid remarks -- although on one episode Tim stuns Jill and Wilson by putting forth sound advice of his own . Another running gag is Tim accidentally causing damage or destruction to anything he touches -- such as destroying the world 's smallest car or running over golf carts with a Marine Corps tank . Tim has an unhealthy obsession with Halloween and Christmas , going to extraordinary lengths to scare others and competing with `` Doc Johnson '' in the annual neighborhood Christmas lighting contest , which he has rarely won . While Tim has a very good relationship with his wife , he is quick to admit defeat in any conflict they become engaged in . He also works hard to maintain healthy relationships with his three sons , although he relates more closely to Brad than Randy or Mark . Tim is occasionally chauvinistic in attitude , usually putting women down or sometimes seeing them as inferior ( But he often must absorb the same insults against men from Jill ) . He also tends to mock those who are overweight , such as Al 's mother or his mother - in - law ( until she loses weight ) , and can be juvenile in attitude on many occasions . A running gag involves Jill 's distaste for his attitude , in that she says `` You 're pathetic '' every time he goes too far . Tim is an avid fan of all the local sports teams ; the Detroit Lions , the Detroit Pistons , the Detroit Red Wings , and the Detroit Tigers . He is also a big fan of boxing , the Indy Racing League , and tractor pulls . Many scenes take place in the garage during his favorite hobby , working on one of his two hot rods , one of which he built from the ground up , and the other existing vehicle that he restored . While he occasionally considers moving on professionally , Tim remains the main host of Tool Time until the final episode of Home Improvement . Before he was cast on Tool Time , he worked as a traveling tool salesman . Tim barely graduated from college , but later receives an honorary Doctorate from Western Michigan University . Tim is famous for his ever - popular noisemaking , which he refers to as a `` Simian grunt . '' His mother is alive for the entire series , however his father died when Tim was eleven years old . There has always been some disparity between how many brothers Tim has . On several occasions in the later seasons , it is mentioned that Tim has four brothers , but in earlier seasons he is stated to have five , however , seven have been mentioned by name ( Marty , Jeff , Rick , John , Steve , Brian , and Danny ) . Tim always thinks things need `` more power '' , and is often seen wearing sweaters from Michigan - based colleges . Tim thinks he knows everything there is to know about tools . Tim is the only character to appear in every single episode . A close second is Jill , who only missed the second part of the series finale ( unless one counts the flashbacks shown ) . Jill Taylor ( edit ) Main article : Jill Taylor Jillian `` Jill '' Patterson Taylor ( Patricia Richardson ) -- Jill ( born November 1956 ) is Tim 's wife and the mother of Brad , Randy , and Mark . Jill graduated from Adams High School ( taken from an actual high school in Rochester Hills , Michigan ) in 1973 . Jill is intelligent , practical , and has a dry sense of humor that does n't often fly with her family . After she decides that her career is not fulfilling , Jill dedicates herself toward earning her master 's degree in Psychology . While she is very motherly and domestic in nature , she is apparently a very bad cook , as Tim and the three boys often make remarks about her cooking . Her strong femininity is often in direct conflict with Tim 's masculinity , occasionally leading her to wonder why they work as a couple . Jill comes from a strong military family , and sometimes uses her upbringing to solve several family squabbles . Her father was a Colonel in the US Army and is referred to as such . Jill has four sisters , all of whom have appeared : Robin , Carrie , Tracy , and Linda . ( A fifth sister , Katie , was briefly mentioned by Jill 's mother in the season 2 episode , `` Much Ado About Nana '' , and in the season 4 episode , `` Quibbling Siblings '' , but never again . ) She often appears overwhelmed at the fact that she is the only female in a family with three sons and no daughter . She appears closest to her youngest son , Mark , as she remarks a few times that Mark is the only one who still has the ability to be open - minded to accept the things that Jill likes as opposed to being the typical `` boy '' . Early on , she has a temporary job working at a magazine , and later in the series , Jill is a psychology student . She also does a significant amount of volunteer work , especially for the local library . Jill has a strong feminist side and enjoys opera , theatre , and the ballet . She occasionally tries to be interested in sports and tools but always ends up relating to her husband over his buried sensitivity . Jill also considers it her mission to get Tim , Brad , Randy , and Mark to do the right thing . Jill refers to any or all of her sons , as well as Tim by their full names when she is angry . Jill likes to `` match - make '' , with mixed results , as she did set up Al with Ilene , who were together for a few seasons , and Wilson and one of her professors in another successful relationship . She also has a thing for cars -- driving at different times an Austin - Healey 3000 ( which Tim hates because he does n't understand British wiring ) and a cherry red Chevy Bel - Air Nomad ; in two memorable episodes , Jill is furious with Tim for driving her Healey without permission and for wrecking her Nomad . In other memorable episodes , Jill is extremely angry at Tim when he calls her an `` old Hen '' on TV and when she finds out he bought $4,000 worth of game tickets for the Detroit Pistons . Brad Taylor ( edit ) Bradley Michael `` Brad '' Taylor ( Zachery Ty Bryan ) -- ( born January 1981 ) is the oldest , most athletic and strongest of the three boys , once seen throwing Randy around when they got into an argument . While all three boys are portrayed as troublemakers at one point or another , Brad gets into the most serious trouble . He is the only one to have a run - in with the police ( after throwing bricks at windows in an abandoned greenhouse ) and was once discovered in possession of marijuana , which he admitted to smoking . On the other hand , Brad was the only Taylor son to co-host an episode of Tool Time , and the one seen doing the most extensive work on Tim 's Hot Rod , and is the son to which Tim relates to the easiest . Although he often struggled with his school work , he has extraordinary athletic ability , especially playing soccer . Throughout the series , he was offered numerous opportunities to make a career out of soccer , including the offer to play for a professional team in England ( the fictitious Birmingham Chubbs ) . This was rejected when his parents refused to allow him to give up college to play professional soccer . Later in the series , despite a knee injury which threatened to put an end to his athletic pursuits , he earned a college scholarship to UCLA . Brad has a prominent attraction to women , including his mild infatuation with Tool Time ' s Heidi Keppert . Brad and Tim enjoy working on classic cars . Brad got along well with Randy , especially early on in the show . The two are often seen working together to tease Mark , attempting to cover up Brad 's actions to keep him out of trouble , or just hanging out together . Brad and Mark do n't share many things in common until they get older , especially in the 8th season where they develop a close bond while Randy is away in Costa Rica . Randy Taylor ( edit ) Randall William `` Randy '' Taylor ( Jonathan Taylor Thomas ) -- Randy ( born February 8 , 1982 ) is the middle child , ultimately the smartest of the three boys , and frequently the most mischievous troublemaker . Randy 's intelligence eventually led to him skipping ahead to advanced math and science classes , and was often the cause of sibling rivalry with Brad . Randy inherited Tim 's talents as a jokester . Randy in the later seasons is noticeably a lot shorter than his brothers and his height is often made fun of by Brad . Whenever Tim was in trouble with Jill , Randy was always there with a quick remark that would almost always get him in trouble . Although initially sharing mostly the same interests as Brad and his father , throughout his adolescence Randy became very conscious about the environment and civil rights . He became very skeptical of the intentions of organized religion , especially Christian denominations , and became a vegetarian in later seasons . He wrote for the school newspaper , where he concentrated on social and political issues , including criticizing Binford for its pollution record , which led to a fierce disagreement with Tim . Unlike Brad who dated many different girls , Randy , for the most part , only dated one girl , Lauren , whom he remained with for the rest of the series . Randy is generally the most level - headed son in the family , although because he is an intelligent boy , he was also prone to arrogance , jealousy , and sometimes a little prejudice . His father has a tendency to dislike and mock anything he has no interest in , such as ballet and opera , and Randy inherited this attitude , which ironically puts him at odds with Tim , since Randy has no interest in cars and tools . Out of all the Taylor boys , Randy is the one with the least respect for his father . He once called his father 's show `` Fool Time '' , and compared his father to an ape . When Tim brought Brad onto Tool Time , Randy immediately called it a stupid show and acted hateful towards Tim and Brad . During high school , he wrote a school article that turned many adults against Tim for Binford 's pollution record , threatening his father 's reputation , and he bitterly disapproved of Brad 's jockish article earning the paper 's front page , which was usually occupied by Randy 's articles . He does however mend his relationships with them after learning the error of his ways . In the Eighth Season of the show , Randy leaves for Costa Rica ( along with Lauren , who stayed in a nearby town ) , reappearing in only one episode when he came back for Christmas . On that occasion , Randy felt that so much had changed in his absence that he no longer fit in with the family , although confiding in Wilson aided his feelings . Unlike Tim and Brad , Randy is not good with his hands and does not enjoy working on crafts or the Hot Rod . Randy often relates more with his mother , with whom he shares his intelligence and enjoyment of acting ( although Tim embarrassed Randy during one acting scene thanks to a malfunctioning stage prop ) . In another episode Randy 's party with friends was ruined due to Tim putting on too many coats of floorwax - which resulted in his girlfriend getting a sprained ankle . Early on in the show , Brad and Randy were portrayed as `` partners in crime '' . While they did argue like normal brothers , they generally bonded over their mutual enjoyment of teasing Mark . As they got older , they grew apart somewhat , as Randy became more focused on school and social issues and Brad became more focused on athletics and girls . Early on Randy and Mark generally only get along when united against Brad , though things improved somewhat as they got older . Mark Taylor ( edit ) Marcus Jason `` Mark '' Taylor ( Taran Noah Smith ) -- Mark ( born March 1985 ) is the youngest and most sensitive of the three boys . He relates very closely with his mother , especially after the first season . He does not share many interests with his brothers or father , and in the early seasons was often the victim due to his naïveté of some practical joke that Brad and Randy had thought up on the spot for him . Mark is not a troublemaker , as he does n't possess a joking demeanor or even a hint of a mean streak . On the rare occasions that Brad or Randy include him on pranks , Mark often blows their cover by responding to someone when he is not supposed to or divulging too much information . This divulging of information not only gets Brad and Randy in trouble , but often Tim as well , especially when he is trying to keep something he said or did from Jill . During adolescence , Mark began to adopt a more `` goth '' look and an anti-establishment kind of attitude , the cause of which was founded in his feelings of social isolation . While Mark 's darkening demeanor worried Tim and Jill on several occasions , it never turned into anything extremely destructive , although a homemade horror movie he created was a bit more twisted than they expected . His Gothic appearance was gone by the end of the series . Mark enjoys film production and music , took karate and pilot training , and became a proficient cook . During the early seasons of the show Mark is seen in a Cub Scout uniform - sans badges . Mark 's relationship with Brad and Randy was often adversarial , especially in early seasons as he was often the butt of their jokes , pranks and teasing . While Mark never truly bonded with Randy , in the final season Mark and Brad grew very close as the result of the dynamic of their relationship changing when Randy left for Costa Rica . Mark eventually became taller than Randy and later Brad . Marty Taylor ( edit ) Martin `` Marty '' Taylor ( William O'Leary ) -- Marty ( born in 1964 ) is Tim 's youngest brother by ten years . As their father died when Marty was just one year old , Tim is the closest thing he knows to a father . Marty was often picked on by his older brothers , much as Mark is by Brad and Randy . He is often seen bouncing from job to job , unable to hold a steady career . For the majority of the show 's run , Marty was married to Nancy ( Jensen Daggett ) , and they had identical twin girls , Gracie and Claire . Jeff Taylor ( edit ) Jeffrey `` Jeff '' Taylor ( Thom Sharp ) -- Jeff is Tim and Marty 's oldest brother ( exact age unspecified ) . He is extremely frugal and suffers from male - pattern baldness , both of which make him a frequent target of Tim 's jokes . Like Marty , Jeff has trouble maintaining a steady job . It is mentioned that he has made a number of bad business ventures ( such as a drive - thru pet store ) , was divorced twice , and did n't finish college ( as mentioned by Jill 's sister in one episode ) . Jeff eventually makes an investment in Tim 's hardware store . Friends of the family ( edit ) Al Borland ( edit ) Al Borland Home Improvement character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` The Long and Winding Road '' Portrayed by Richard Karn Information Family Alma Borland ( mother ) Cal Borland ( brother ) Albert E. `` Al '' Borland ( Richard Karn ) -- A master plumber and licensed contractor , Al is Tim 's un-hip sidekick on the show - within - a-show Tool Time and best friend . His personality is an exact opposite of Tim 's -- he is reserved , quiet , does not show much enthusiasm and has a wide array of professional knowledge concerning tools . Al made frequent suggestions that he should be the host of Tool Time instead of Tim . Al does not make as much money as Tim , in fact it is implied that his salary is not very big at all . In the episode , `` Brothers and Sisters '' , Al says that he gets a very small paycheck . In the episode , `` Fifth Anniversary '' , it is revealed that a big reason why Al was chosen to be Tim 's assistant was because Al was the only assistant applicant that was willing to work for the salary that was offered . Al could be characterized as a `` mama 's boy '' ; he spent a great deal of time attempting to please his mother Alma -- who was severely overweight ( though she was never seen ) . She died from a heart attack near the end of the series after Al asked her permission to marry Trudy . His father was almost 60 when Al was born . Young Al has mechanical talent - constructing a model crane out of wood . Al was engaged to an orthodontist named Ilene for a time , but they ended up calling off the wedding . He also dated Greta Post who appeared a few times in the series . In a later season , Al met a wealthy exterminator named Trudy . They hit it off and were married in the show 's final episode . Al might have been based on Norm Abram of This Old House because of the resemblance ( flannel shirts , beard , pudgy , etc . ) and the fact that Al does all the `` real work '' on the Tool Time show ( much like Norm did on This Old House ) . In the episode `` No , No , Gadot '' , Tim and Al were arrested for scalping hockey tickets . In a holding cell , an inmate named George approached them and asked if they were `` the guys from that TV tool show '' , and Tim responded with `` why , yes , I 'm Bob Vila , and this is Norm '' . Al has a big brother named Cal who is a physicist , and unlike some other siblings around the world , they had never gotten into a physical fight . Instead , they usually settled their disputes over a cup of tea . In a flashback episode of the Tool Time premiere , Al was noted to be a Pisces and had a clean - shaven face , while Tim had a beard . Al has his own fan club . Like Tim , Al is left - handed and his favorite board games are Parcheesi , Chinese Checkers , Scrabble and Bingo . His favorite movie is My Fair Lady . One episode had a pet of Al 's , a turtle named `` Scooter , '' which Tim accidentally dropped in cement . With his dry wit , Al serves as the show 's ( both Tool Time and Home Improvement ) straight man to the wackier , more outgoing Tim . Beginning at the end of the fifth season , Al invented a second source of income for himself by inventing a board game based on Tool Time , which features Tim , Al and Heidi as playable characters . Family , fashion sense , and career ( edit ) Borland is slightly overweight , and always seen wearing flannel , which Tim cracks jokes about consistently . The reason he always wears flannel came from his father , who , when asking young Al to assist in their own various home projects , would put his old flannels on Al to keep him clean or warm . Al wears flannel as a tribute to him after he died . Tim also often criticizes Al 's mother , Alma Borland , who is never seen ( except her hand and forearm ) , but is apparently severely overweight . In one of the later episodes , Al announces to his mother he is getting married . Immediately afterwards , she screams , passes out , and dies . ( she was holding a breadstick , which was all that was seen ) When hearing the news , the breadstick shook violently and fell over . The coffin , shown at her funeral , is double - wide to keep the humorous tone . Al also has a brother , Cal , who looks and dresses almost exactly like him , though he is a physicist ( `` Sisters and Brothers '' ) . In the episode commentaries featured on the Season 1 DVD Set , the executive producers reveal that `` Cal '' was a fan from Texas who sent his photo in a fan letter . Upon seeing his resemblance to Al , the producers brought him in to be Al 's brother , Cal . When Al was younger , he took fencing in school and served in the Navy as a Lt ( j.g. ) with the Seabees , and although he wanted to see the world , he was stationed in Fallon , Nevada ( interestingly enough , in the episode where Al mentions this , he uses the shibboleth pronunciation of `` Nevada '' , which is uncommon for an outsider , especially someone living in the midwest ) . After finishing his military service , Al was a construction crane operator ( AFL -- CIO Local 324 ) , then apparently got certified as a master plumber and carpenter before getting the job on Tool Time . Al drives a 1983 Mercury Grand Marquis station wagon which his mother passed down to him , and has put much time and effort into preserving the vehicle . While Al has similar interests of Tim such as cars , he has some rather odd interests , such as being able to deduce different types of wood by smell rather than appearance or texture . Al gets along well with Tim 's sons . However , just like Tim , Al has faced problems and needed to seek the advice of Wilson . Outside of his job , Al has made investments such as becoming part owner of Harry 's Hardware and marketing a successful board game based on Tool Time , whose object is to avoid hospitalization . Al 's beard ( edit ) Al 's beard is also a constant joke by Tim . In one episode where Tool Time is celebrating their fifth anniversary show , Al is shown in the first ever episode of Tool Time clean shaven , while Tim has a beard . Al 's knowledge of tools and home Improvement ( edit ) He generally knows what he is doing more than Tim , and he seems to have a better knowledge of tools and home improvement than Tim . In the first episode of Tool Time , he was described as a `` master plumber '' by Tim Taylor . He also is very serious about his job , unlike Tim , who often jokes and messes up the project . Al often speaks fondly of his time as a U.S. Navy Seabee . Although Tim is the one who messes up most of the projects on Tool Time , Al is often the one who is blamed for the mishap , or is injured by the mishap . On rare occasions Al would cause a mishap of his own , but these were more due to overcalculating than Tim 's attitude of `` more power '' . Despite this , Tim and Al are good friends offstage , and Al often helps out , either by helping with home projects , or by watching his children . Love life ( edit ) Throughout the series , Al has had four different girlfriends . In season one , Al went out with Greta Post , whom he met while she was volunteering to help out during a Tool Time show . Al then showed an interest in Jill 's friend Karen , but when he learned she found another man Al took it well and rebounded . He almost went out with Tim 's ex-girlfriend Stacey Lewis , however , he was n't interested in her as much as he thought . From seasons three through five , Al went out with Dr. Ilene Markham , an orthodontist who is sisters with one of Jill 's co-workers . They got engaged , but they decided at the wedding that they should n't marry . Al met a woman named Trudy in season seven and married her in the finale episode in 1999 . Running gags surrounding Al ( edit ) His overweight and overbearing mother . Tim jokes about Al 's mom `` looking for a smorgasbord '' . He is always wearing flannel . His beard . His higher popularity over Tim His love of Bingo . His fanatic admiration of fellow home improvement television host Bob Vila . Whenever Tim suggests doing something particularly stupid , dangerous or both , Al replies in deadpan fashion , `` I do n't think so , Tim '' . When Tim would make a particularly sexist or otherwise offensive remark , Al would hold up a large sign with Tim 's mailing address and say , `` That 's Tim Taylor , care of Tool Time , PO Box 32733 , Detroit , Michigan , 48252 '' Sometimes Tim will rip the sign half - way in his sentence , but Al would just pick up another sign and finish . His often unlucky relationship with women , despite ( or possibly because of ) him being more sensitive than Tim . Wilson Wilson , Jr ( edit ) Wilson ( right ) speaking from behind his fence to Tim . Wilson W. Wilson , ( Earl Hindman ) -- Tim 's neighbor and confidant . As a child , his parents did not allow him to speak to his neighbors , so he really likes talking to Tim and Jill . Wilson serves as an all-wise sage in the show , doling out advice to the Taylor family and seemingly always knowing just what to say to solve a problem . While most of his appearances were to help the Taylors , on seldom occasion someone who was in the extended family , or a nonmember , such as Al , would seek out Wilson 's advice . He has traveled the globe and learned much from virtually every culture in existence . He has a Ph. D. in Cultural Studies , studying `` extinct languages and forgotten cultures . '' His house is full of artifacts along with a pet myna bird named Mozart who appeared infrequently . Wilson was married at one point , but his wife Catherine died long before the series begins ( in a November 1994 episode , Wilson revealed that that month would have marked his and Catherine 's 25th anniversary ) . At first it was unclear whether `` Wilson '' was his first name or last , but his full name is revealed as Wilson Wilson , Jr . In Season 6 , it is revealed that his cousins are the Wilsons of The Beach Boys . He has a grown niece named Willow Wilson ( China Kantner ) , who appeared regularly in the seventh season when she moved in with him for a while . His usual greetings are `` Well , hi - dee - ho ... '' or `` Hi ho , there neighbor '' or `` good neighbor '' when greeting Tim , `` neighborette '' when greeting Jill , and `` Taylor lad ( s ) '' when greeting the Taylor boys . A visual gag is that Wilson 's face is n't shown in its entirety , originally ( and most commonly ) with the bottom half obscured by the tall privacy fence that separates the neighbors ' yards . This gag is extended over the course of the series with other objects ( or a beard ) obscuring the bottom of his face , or the bottom half showing but the top obscured ( such as by a mask ) , or his full face shown but covered by paint . The audience finally sees Earl Hindman 's full face unobscured in the series finale 's curtain call . This was based on how Tim Allen saw a next - door neighbor when he was growing up . Lisa ( edit ) Lisa ( Pamela Anderson ) -- Binford 's first `` Tool Girl . '' A secondary cast member on Tool Time , Lisa 's job was to introduce Tim and Al and to hand them any tool they requested . When Pamela Anderson chose to leave Home Improvement to pursue a role on the syndicated series Baywatch , she was written out of the series after Season 2 and it was stated that Lisa was training to be a paramedic . She returned for a guest appearance four years later , having become fully qualified . Heidi Keppert ( edit ) Heidi Keppert ( Debbe Dunning ) -- The second `` Tool Girl '' ( beginning in Season 3 ) and a master electrician . Initially , the character was seen only in and around the Tool Time set . In later seasons , her personal life crossed paths with Tim and Al on a number of occasions . She gave birth to a daughter ( Amy ) and suffered marital problems during the show 's run . In Season 8 Episode 24 ( Dead Weight ) , Heidi reveals to Tim that her breasts twitch when she is nervous . In the last episode of the series , Heidi revealed she was pregnant for a second time . Her outfits typically showed off her very large cleavage during the `` Tool Time '' episodes . Tim speculated that many men came to the show just to see Heidi . It is revealed in multiple episodes that Tim 's son , Brad , has a crush on her . In seasons seven and eight , her role on Tool Time increased so much that she was eventually given main cast billing in the opening credits . Harry Turner ( edit ) Harry Turner ( Blake Clark ) -- Owner of `` Harry 's Hardware '' , where Tim spent a great deal of his time ( and money ) and in which Al eventually became part owner . He is married -- not - so - happily -- to Delores ( Shirley Prestia ) , and the couple bad - mouths one another behind their respective backs on every occasion ( But Dolores rarely follows this rule ) . Also has four sons , one Dennis ( David DeLuise ) , with whom he has a somewhat rocky relationship . In one episode Harry told Tim that he had gotten a vasectomy . In another episode it is mentioned he served in the United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War . Benny Baroni ( edit ) Benny Baroni ( Jimmy Labriola ) -- One of Tim 's buddies who hangs out at the hardware store . Benny is a bit of a slacker and notoriously known as a freeloader -- his trademark being drinking coffee and eating donuts . Benny has not had a job in years , mainly because he does n't like to work . He makes money by gambling and betting on horse races . On one episode ( `` A House Divided '' , Season 4.18 ) While the `` Tool Time '' crew is fixing up Benny 's aunt 's house , the structure is blown up due to Benny 's negligence and is not Tim 's fault ; furthermore when Tim and his family are moving furniture back into the twice repaired Benny 's aunt house , Benny , rather than helping out , lies back on a lawn chair to watch the others do the work . He is also known for being inconsiderate of others ; at one point , he even ate at a soup kitchen regularly to avoid paying for meals . One episode ( `` The Look '' , Season 5.07 ) Tim was selling season Pistons tickets ( Tim had 2 tickets for each game and each pair cost $100 ) and Benny not able or willing to buy any of the tickets kept offering to go to the games with the people who were buying them , even people he did n't even know , so he could go to the games without paying for a ticket . Ironically in a rare instance of performing earnest work , Benny once appeared on an episode of Tool Time for `` Tim and Al 's Fantasy Kitchen '' , where he was shown cutting meat inside a walk - in freezer . Other recurring characters ( edit ) Karen ( Betsy Randle ) -- feminist friend of Jill who is very obnoxious towards Tim , often helping Jill mock and discourage Tim . Tim finds her irritating . While she finds her rivalry with Tim innocent and harmless , she has no qualms passively accusing Tim of being unfaithful , making Jill feel insecure about their marriage . Moved to California after Season 2 - this coincided with the start of her regular role of Amy Matthews on Boy Meets World , another ABC sitcom . Ilene Louise Markham , D.D.S. ( Sherry Hursey ) -- an orthodontist , and Al 's first serious girlfriend . On their wedding day , she and Al mutually agreed not to get married and ended their romance on a positive note . Her last appearance was in Season 6 . Marie Morton ( Mariangela Pino ) -- neighbor of the Taylors ; close friend of Jill . Joe Morton ( Robert Picardo ) -- Marie 's overactive and obnoxious husband ; the `` meat man '' who irritates Tim , until Morton finds a hard to find jalopy replacement part for Tim ; ran out on Marie in Season 5 - this coincided with Picardo 's taking the role of `` The Doctor '' on Star Trek : Voyager . Jennifer Sudarski ( Jessica Wesson ) -- Brad 's first love interest who always called him `` Bradley '' , later moved to Ohio . Angela ( Kristen Clayton ) -- Former girlfriend of Brad , known for being a constant motor - mouth . She dumped Brad for a guy with his own car . Brad suffered from a bout of depression because of this , but eventually rebounded . Ashley ( Leigh Ann Orsi ) -- girlfriend of Brad , went to boarding school from Season 5 onwards Beth ( Anndi McAfee ) -- Randy 's first girlfriend who left town Lauren ( Courtney Peldon ) -- Randy 's tomboy girlfriend , left for Costa Rica with him in Season 8 . Lillian `` Nana '' Patterson ( Polly Holliday ) -- Jill 's mother . Before Lillian 's first appearance , she was joked at by Tim as being largely overweight , though in her first appearance , Lillian has become thin again , having used Tim 's jokes on Tool Time as motivation . Lillian speaks with a very notable Southwestern accent and is caring and supportive to Jill whenever she has troubles . Colonel Fred Patterson ( M. Emmet Walsh ) -- Jill 's father , died in his sleep from a heart attack in Season 6 . He had a long career in the Army and his favorite movie was Patton . He somewhat got along fine with Tim , but did n't particularly respect him . He never called Tim by his name but instead called him `` Hey You '' . Delores Turner ( Shirley Prestia ) -- Harry 's overbearing and demanding wife ; a New York Knicks fan who can devastate men with `` The Look '' . Her worsening asthma causes Harry to sell the hardware store and move to Arizona in Season 8 . Delores and Harry are shown to constantly be arguing whenever they are seen together . Delores is shown several times to work at a local coffee shop as a waitress , where she continues to be sharp - tongued to customers Nancy Taylor ( Jensen Daggett ) -- Wife of Marty Taylor . They are divorced in Season 8 . John Binford ( Noble Willingham ) -- founder of Binford Tools , died early in Season 3 . Maureen `` Producer '' Binford ( Vicki Lewis ) -- John Binford 's overeager and annoying daughter , she ran Tool Time for a brief time during Season 2 , constantly reminding Tim in a sing - song voice that she was the Producer of the show , which allowed her to cause many changes to the show that Tim hated . Trudy McHale ( Megan Cavanagh ) -- an electrician and heiress to her family 's fortune whom Al married in the final episode . Cal Borland ( Keith Lehman ) -- Al 's brother , a physicist . Felix Myman ( Al Fann ) -- professional plumber and frequent participant in Tool Time 's projects . Rock Flanagan ( Casey Sander ) -- construction worker at K&B Construction . Somewhat loud , and charismatic , Rock always responds to guest appearances on Tool Time by saying , `` It 's always great to be here , Timmy ! '' In K&B 's `` all - tool band '' , his instrument is a grinder run over an empty oil drum . Dwayne Hoover ( Gary McGurk ) -- construction worker at K&B Construction . The `` straight man '' of K&B , he always has to interrupt Pete whenever he is about to say a story that is too revealing by saying , `` This is not the time , nor the place ! '' In K&B 's band , he plays hammers on an anvil . Pete Bilker ( Mickey Jones ) -- construction worker at K&B Construction . Whenever he is called by name from Rock , Pete usually responds , `` That would be me . '' In K&B 's band , he plays empty plastic fuel cans as drums , using screwdrivers as drumsticks . Carrie Patterson ( Tudi Roche -- the real - life wife of Richard Karn ) , Jill 's sister , a world - traveling photographer . Willow Branch Leaf Wilson ( China Kantner ) -- Wilson 's laid back niece , just goes by Willow , saying she `` pruned it back '' . Lucille Taylor ( Bonnie Bartlett ) -- Tim 's widowed mother . Bud Harper ( Charlie Robinson ) -- head of Binford Tools , Tim 's boss . Bud interacts a lot with Tim and Al , even offering Tim season tickets to the Detroit Pistons . He does not particularly respect Al , even at one point suggesting Al get fired , however Tim defended Al from this . Jason ( Jarrad Paul ) -- Eddie Haskell - like friend of Brad , often claims to be a fan of Tool Time even though he 's never actually seen the show and gains favor with Tim by pretending to ask for advice about tools . Samantha Hayes ( Maggie Lawson ) -- A college student who dated Brad , although she was four years his senior , which troubled Jill and Tim . In one episode , she and Brad impulsively decided to get married at their young age , but Tim and Jill successfully tricked them to realize their mistake . Patty ( Tammy Lauren ) -- Jill 's friend in season six and seven Morgan Wondell ( Danny Zorn ) -- The much hated producer of Tool Time during the final season . He apparently has no interest in tool shows , and constantly made changes to the show 's premise , even staging a Jerry Springer Show - like riot in the audience , and planning to stage more destructive accidents . Rather than let Wondell turn their show into `` Trash Time '' , Tim , Al , and Heidi quit in the series finale . Milton ( Milton Canady ) -- friend of Tim , often a guest on Tool Time ; when he 's around , people tend to make gay references , leading to him snapping `` Hey , I do n't go for that sort of thing ! '' . Art Leonard ( Dick O'Neill ) -- Tim 's old shop teacher who inspired him to enter the world of tools ; stops by several times ; at one point has a fling with Tim 's mother . George Sparky Henderson ( Patrick Cronin ) -- friend of Tim and fellow car enthusiast . Antonio ( Vasili Bogazianos ) -- a sarcastic waiter who is always seen serving the Taylors at high - class restaurants ; constantly jokes about the Taylors being cheap . Alma Borland -- Al 's unseen , overbearing , obese mother ; is the butt of many of Tim 's jokes ; dies of a sudden heart attack in Season 8 . Ronny ( Kaylan Romero ) -- Mark 's goth friend in season 7 . Almost never speaks a word and constantly disturbs Tim and Jill with his silent but haunting demeanor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV Guide : TV on DVD 2006 : The Ultimate Resource to Television Programs on DVD ( Macmillan , 2005 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Hazim , Madinah ; Hooper , Michael ( August 25 , 2001 ) . `` Ex-sitcom actor battling parents : Lawrence attorney helping with fight '' . The Capitol Journal Online . Jump up ^ ( Tanks For the memories Season 5 / 15 ) Jump up ^ `` dubai movers '' . TV Acres . ^ Jump up to : `` Home Improvement Archive -- Script for ( 4.08 ) Quibbling Siblings '' . Home Imporovement Archive . ( hide ) Home Improvement Characters Tim Taylor Jill Taylor See also Episodes Awards and nominations Buddies Soul Man Thunder Alley Home Improvement : Power Tool Pursuit ! ( video game ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Home_Improvement_characters&oldid=832808189 '' Categories : Home Improvement characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of American television series characters Home Improvement ( TV series ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played brad's girlfriend jennifer on home improvement	[ "Jennifer Sudarski (Jessica Wesson) – Brad's first love interest who always called him \"Bradley\", later moved to Ohio." ]	[ "Jessica Wesson" ]
-4829452310305683563	List of shopping malls in Texas	List of shopping malls in Texas - wikipedia List of shopping malls in Texas Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The Galleria in Houston is the largest mall in Texas . The history of shopping malls in Texas began with the oldest shopping center in the United States , Highland Park Village , which opened in 1931 in the Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex . The Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex and Greater Houston areas are both home to numerous regional shopping malls and shopping centers located in various areas of the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Shopping malls by region 1.1 Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex 1.2 Greater Houston 1.3 San Antonio 2 Enclosed shopping malls in Texas , outside of the three largest metropolitan areas 2.1 Austin 2.2 El Paso 2.3 Corpus Christi 2.4 Rio Grande Valley 2.5 Killeen - Temple 2.6 Midland - Odessa 2.7 Beaumont - Port Arthur 2.8 Other , listed By 2010 metropolitan area size 3 References Shopping malls by region ( edit ) Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex ( edit ) mall name location Gross Leasable Area sq. feet / ( m2 ) total stores NorthPark Center North Dallas 2,000,000 sq ft ( 185,800 m ) * 235 North East Mall South Hurst 1,749,000 sq ft ( 162,500 m ) * 173 Dallas Midtown North Dallas 1,633,286 sq ft ( 151,700 m ) > 130 Stonebriar Centre Frisco 1,600,000 sq ft ( 148,600 m ) 165 Grapevine Mills Grapevine 1,600,000 sq ft ( 148,600 m ) 200 + The Parks at Arlington ( Parks Mall ) Arlington 1,510,000 sq ft ( 140,300 m ) 180 Galleria Dallas North Dallas 1,400,000 sq ft ( 130,100 m ) 200 + The Shops at Willow Bend Plano 1,391,000 sq ft ( 129,200 m ) 125 Ridgmar Mall West Fort Worth 1,269,135 sq ft ( 117,900 m ) > 80 Town East Mall Mesquite 1,250,000 sq ft ( 116,100 m ) 185 Collin Creek Mall Plano 1,118,000 sq ft ( 103,900 m ) 135 Southwest Center Mall South Dallas 1,084,528 sq ft ( 100,800 m ) 112 La Gran Plaza de Fort Worth South Fort Worth , Texas 1,077,782 sq ft ( 100,100 m ) 200 + Vista Ridge Mall Lewisville 1,046,000 sq ft ( 97,200 m ) 160 Irving Mall Irving 1,044,000 sq ft ( 97,000 m ) 120 Firewheel Town Center Garland 1,004,000 sq ft ( 93,300 m ) 123 Hulen Mall South Fort Worth 942,000 sq ft ( 87,500 m ) 120 Southlake Town Square Southlake 861,887 sq ft ( 80,072 m 120 Golden Triangle Mall Denton 764,719 sq ft ( 71,000 m ) 91 Hillside Village Cedar Hill 615,000 sq ft ( 57,100 m ) 65 Allen Premium Outlets Allen 565,000 sq ft ( 52,500 m ) 100 + The Shops at Legacy Plano 520,000 sq ft ( 48,300 m ) 33 * Denotes statistic based on information that will be valid after planned construction / renovation ; shown value may be higher than current actual value . Greater Houston ( edit ) mall name location retail space sq. feet / ( m2 ) total stores The Galleria Uptown , Houston 2,400,000 sq ft ( 223,000 m ) 400 Memorial City Mall Memorial City , Houston 1,700,000 sq ft ( 157,900 m ) 145 Willowbrook Mall Willowbrook , Houston 1,530,000 sq ft ( 142,100 m ) 160 The Woodlands Mall The Woodlands 1,435,000 sq ft ( 133,300 m ) 160 Greenspoint Mall Greenspoint , Houston 1,391,432 sq ft ( 129,300 m ) 96 Deerbrook Mall Humble 1,280,000 sq ft ( 118,900 m ) 144 Baybrook Mall Clear Lake , Houston 1,210,000 sq ft ( 112,400 m ) 175 Katy Mills Katy 1,201,104 sq ft ( 111,586.2 m ) 200 San Jacinto Mall Baytown 1,150,000 sq ft ( 106,800 m ) 130 First Colony Mall Sugar Land 1,110,000 sq ft ( 103,100 m ) 150 West Oaks Mall Alief , Houston 1,100,000 sq ft ( 102,200 m ) 64 PlazAmericas formerly known as Sharpstown Mall Sharpstown , Houston 860,000 sq ft ( 79,900 m ) 70 Almeda Mall Genoa , Houston 825,000 sq ft ( 76,600 m ) 60 Mall of the Mainland ( closed except Sears , Palais Royal , and Cinemark ) Texas City 800,000 sq ft ( 74,300 m ) 49 Northwest Mall ( closed ) Lazybrook / Timbergrove , Houston 794,092 sq ft ( 73,800 m ) 60 Brazos Mall Lake Jackson 680,000 sq ft ( 63,200 m ) 74 River Oaks District Neartown , Houston 252,000 sq ft ( 23,400 m ) 31 San Antonio ( edit ) mall name location Gross Leasable Area sq. feet / ( m2 ) total stores The Shops at La Cantera Northwest San Antonio 1,310,777 sq ft ( 121,800 m ) 200 + North Star Mall North Central San Antonio 1,257,000 sq ft ( 116,800 m ) 200 + The Rim Shopping Center Northwest San Antonio 1,812,492 sq ft ( 168,400 m ) 106 + Ingram Park Mall Northwest San Antonio 1,130,000 sq ft ( 105,000 m ) 150 + Rivercenter Downtown San Antonio 1,060,000 sq ft ( 98,500 m ) 100 + Alamo Quarry Market North San Antonio 1,130,000 sq ft ( 105,000 m ) 95 + Wonderland of the Americas Balcones Heights 700,000 sq ft ( 65,000 m ) 40 + Rolling Oaks Mall Northeast San Antonio 889,000 sq ft ( 82,600 m ) 100 + South Park Mall South San Antonio 790,000 sq ft ( 73,400 m ) 85 Enclosed shopping malls in Texas , outside of the three largest metropolitan areas ( edit ) Austin ( edit ) Barton Creek Square - South Austin Lakeline Mall - North Austin El Paso ( edit ) Bassett Place - El Paso Cielo Vista Mall - El Paso Sunland Park Mall - El Paso Corpus Christi ( edit ) La Palmera - Corpus Christi Sunrise Mall - Corpus Christi Rio Grande Valley ( edit ) Sunrise Mall - Brownsville Amigoland Mall - Brownsville Valle Vista Mall - Harlingen La Plaza Mall - McAllen Rio Grande Valley Premium Outlets - Mercedes Killeen - Temple ( edit ) Killeen Mall - Killeen Temple Mall - Temple Midland - Odessa ( edit ) Midland Park Mall - Midland Music City Mall - Odessa Beaumont - Port Arthur ( edit ) Central Mall - Port Arthur Parkdale Mall - Beaumont Other , listed By 2010 metropolitan area size ( edit ) South Plains Mall - Lubbock ( 290,002 - metropolitan area population ) Longview Mall - Longview ( 282,962 ) Broadway Square Mall - Tyler ( 264,521 ) Mall del Norte - Laredo ( 256,496 ) Westgate Mall - Amarillo ( 253,823 ) Richland Mall - Waco ( 238,564 ) Post Oak Mall - College Station ( 231,623 ) Mall of Abilene - Abilene ( 166,416 ) Sikes Senter - Wichita Falls ( 150,261 ) Central Mall - Texarkana ( 136,552 ) Midway Mall - Sherman ( 121,419 ) Victoria Mall - Victoria ( 116,230 ) Sunset Mall - San Angelo ( 113,443 ) Lufkin Mall - Lufkin ( 87,669 ) West Hill Mall - Huntsville ( 66,296 ) Mall de Las Aguilas - Eagle Pass ( 55,405 ) Plaza del Sol Mall - Del Rio ( 49,106 ) Heartland Mall - Brownwood ( 38,186 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ VisitDallas.com Shopping in Dallas . Retrieved on 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers NorthPark Center . Retrieved on 26 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/search/label/Dallas-Ft.%20Worth%20Malls Jump up ^ `` North East Mall '' . Simon Malls . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valley View Mall Archived 2010 - 06 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Property Description . Retrieved on 14 February 2007 . Jump up ^ General Growth Properties , Inc . Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Stonebriar Centre Information , Retrieved on 14 February 2007 Jump up ^ Grapevine Mills Leasing Information . Retrieved on 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ GPP Mall Directory The Parks at Arlington Information , Retrieved on 23 February 2008 Jump up ^ Property details Hines , Retrieved on 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Taubman Centers : Willow Bend Leasing Information . Retrieved on 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Ridgmar Mall Property Description . Retrieved on 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ General Growth Properties , Inc Town East Mall Center Information . Retrieved on 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ General Growth Properties , Inc Collin Creek Mall Center Info . Retrieved on 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers Southwest Center Mall . Retrieved on 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leasing plan '' ( PDF ) . Boxer Properties . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ General Growth Properties Vista Ridge Center Information . Retrieved on 14 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Irving Mall Website Archived 2006 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Leasing factsheet . Information accurate as of 6 May 2006 . Retrieved on 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Irving Mall Stores '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reserved. , Simon Property Group , L.P. and / or Its Affiliates ( NYSE : SPG ) , © Copyright 1999 - 2016 . All Rights . `` Do Business at Firewheel Town Center , a Simon Property '' . business.simon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ General Growth Properties , Inc Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Hulen Mall Center Information . Retrieved on 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Southlake TX : Southlake Town Square - Retail Space For Lease - Retail Properties of America , Inc '' . rpai.propertycapsule.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Golden Triangle Mall Archived 2011 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Leasing Information . Retrieved on 14 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillside Village Leasing Brochure Archived 2015 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . -- Trademark Property Company . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Allen Premium Outlets Retrieved on 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New stores announced at Allen outlet mall expansion '' . starlocalmedia . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ RETAIL MARKET ANALYSIS HISTORIC DOWNTOWN PLANO , TEXAS GIBBS PLANNING GROUP , Inc . Retrieved on 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shopping '' . The Shops at Legacy . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Galleria Houston '' . Mall Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.greenspointmall.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=111 Jump up ^ http://business.simon.com/leasing/katy-mills Jump up ^ River Oaks District Shops Jump up ^ OliverMcMillan Project Page Jump up ^ Midland Park Mall Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved March 2010 . ( hide ) List of shopping malls in the United States by political division States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_shopping_malls_in_Texas&oldid=833894865 '' Categories : Lists of shopping malls in the United States Shopping malls in Texas Lists of buildings and structures in Texas Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from March 2013 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 22 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the biggest shopping mall in texas	[ "\n\nmall name\nlocation\nretail space\nsq. feet / (m²)\ntotal stores\n\n\nThe Galleria\nUptown, Houston\n2,400,000 sq ft (223,000 m2)\n400[28]\n\n\nMemorial City Mall\nMemorial City, Houston\n1,700,000 sq ft (157,900 m2)\n145\n\n\nWillowbrook Mall\nWillowbrook, Houston\n1,530,000 sq ft (142,100 m2)\n160\n\n\nThe Woodlands Mall\nThe Woodlands\n1,435,000 sq ft (133,300 m2)\n160\n\n\nGreenspoint Mall\nGreenspoint, Houston\n1,391,432 sq ft (129,300 m2)[29]\n96\n\n\nDeerbrook Mall\nHumble\n1,280,000 sq ft (118,900 m2)\n144\n\n\nBaybrook Mall\nClear Lake, Houston\n1,210,000 sq ft (112,400 m2)\n175\n\n\nKaty Mills\nKaty\n1,201,104 sq ft (111,586.2 m2)[30]\n200\n\n\nSan Jacinto Mall\nBaytown\n1,150,000 sq ft (106,800 m2)\n130\n\n\nFirst Colony Mall\nSugar Land\n1,110,000 sq ft (103,100 m2)\n150\n\n\nWest Oaks Mall\nAlief, Houston\n1,100,000 sq ft (102,200 m2)\n64\n\n\nPlazAmericas formerly known as Sharpstown Mall\nSharpstown, Houston\n860,000 sq ft (79,900 m2)\n70\n\n\nAlmeda Mall\nGenoa, Houston\n825,000 sq ft (76,600 m2)\n60\n\n\nMall of the Mainland (closed except Sears, Palais Royal, and Cinemark)\nTexas City\n800,000 sq ft (74,300 m2)\n49\n\n\nNorthwest Mall (closed)\nLazybrook/Timbergrove, Houston\n794,092 sq ft (73,800 m2)\n60\n\n\nBrazos Mall\nLake Jackson\n680,000 sq ft (63,200 m2)\n74\n\n\nRiver Oaks District\nNeartown, Houston\n252,000 sq ft (23,400 m2)[31][32]\n31\n\n" ]	[ "The Galleria" ]
6494611625033416057	Eiffel Tower	Eiffel tower - wikipedia Eiffel tower This article is about the landmark in Paris , France . For Other uses , see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ) . The Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel Seen from the Champ de Mars Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement , Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 129 years ago ) Owner City of Paris , France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris / en References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl / EYE - fəl ; French : Tour Eiffel ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) ( listen ) ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed from 1887 -- 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free - standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel . It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments . First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs . Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick . Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 . Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died , due to Eiffel 's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . The start of the erection of the metalwork . 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains . The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers . Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit . Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel , 1926 , one of the Eiffel Tower series by Robert Delaunay For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level . The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed . American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze . The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour . The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . Wind considerations When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them . In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests . In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . A pop - culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower . In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017 . Starting May 2019 , it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton . It owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town . It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . Ironically , if accurate , that means that the replica would cost more than ten times that of the original ( with the original costing nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs ; ~ US $40 million in 2018 dollars ) . Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) . Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower . French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Eiffel Tower , 1909 - 1928 painting series by Robert Delaunay Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal . 22 . G.H. Frost. 1889 . p. 482 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Loyrette , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Paul Souriau ; Manon Souriau ( 1983 ) . The Aesthetics of Movement . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 412 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eiffel Tower '' . News . The Times ( 32661 ) . London . 1 April 1889 . col B , p. 5 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : And the World 's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris , the Artists Quarreled , and Thomas Edison Became a Count . Viking . pp. 163 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02060 - 7 . Jump up ^ Guillaume Apollinaire ( 1980 ) . Anne Hyde Greet , ed . Calligrammes : Poems of Peace and War ( 1913 -- 1916 ) . 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Eccentric France : The Bradt Guide to Mad , Magical and Marvellous France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An air tragedy '' . The Sunday Times . Perth , WA. 28 February 1926 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont ( 18 November 2002 ) . `` The Silver Spire : How two men 's dreams changed the skyline of New York '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Harriss , pp. 180 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` HD Stock Video Footage - The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France '' . www.criticalpast.com . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Eiffel Tower : 40 fascinating facts '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este ( 2003 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . Henry Holt and Company . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7 . 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Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ) . Architecture of France . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe . Dorling Kindersley. 2012 . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 231 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor '' . Science Daily . 7 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 807 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` FAQ : History / Technical '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower '' . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE ( 2010 ) . `` The Eiffel Tower Laboratory '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Painting the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings '' . Architectural Teaching Resource . Tata Steel Europe , Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks '' . France 24 . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris '' . Le Monde . France . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike '' . Associated Press . Fox News . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft . `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing , restaurants , links , transit '' . Bonjour Paris . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower in Paris '' . Paris Digest . 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower '' . History Extra . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo '' . KLM . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed '' . Huffpost Travel . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Pricing the Priceless . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 9 May 2011 . National Geographic Channel ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless '' . The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Bibliography Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . External links Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Eiffel Tower at Structurae Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) Records Preceded by Washington Monument World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m Succeeded by Chrysler Building 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the construction of the eiffel tower start and end	[ "Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887.[15] Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[16] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.\n" ]	[ "28 January 1887" ]
8037014811019344947	Social class in ancient Rome	Social class in Ancient Rome - wikipedia Social class in Ancient Rome Not to be confused with Status in Roman legal system . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The toga , shown here on a statue restored with the head of Nerva , was the distinctive garb of Roman male citizens . Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical , but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies , and an individual 's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another . The status of freeborn Romans during the Republic was established by : ancestry ( patrician or plebeian ) ; census rank ( ordo ) based on wealth and political privilege , with the senatorial and equestrian ranks elevated above the ordinary citizen ; attainment of honors ( the novus homo or self - made man established his family as nobilis ( `` noble '' ) and thus there were noble plebeians ) ; and citizenship , of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges . For example , men who lived in towns outside Rome ( such as municipia or colonies ) might hold citizenship , but lack the right to vote ( see ius Latinum ) ; free - born Roman women were citizens , but could not vote or hold political office . There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights , such as peregrini . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no rights as such . However , some laws regulated slavery and offered slaves protections not extended to other forms of property such as animals . Slaves who had been manumitted were freedmen ( liberti ) , and for the most part enjoyed the same legal rights and protections as free - born citizens . Roman society was patriarchal in the purest sense ; the male head of household ( paterfamilias ) held special legal powers and privileges that gave him jurisdiction ( patria potestas ) over all the members of his familia -- a more encompassing term than its modern derivative `` family '' that included adult sons , his wife ( but only in Rome 's earlier history , when marriage cum manu was practiced ) , married daughters ( in the Classical period of Roman history ) , various dependent relatives , and slaves . The patron - client relationship ( clientela ) , with the word patronus deriving from pater ( `` father '' ) , was another way in which Roman society was organized into hierarchical groups , though clientela also functioned as a system of overlapping social networks . A patron could be the client of a socially superior or more powerful patron ; a client could have multiple patrons . Contents 1 Patricians and plebeians 2 Property - based classes 3 Citizenship 3.1 Women 3.2 Latin Right 3.3 Peregrini 3.4 Slaves 3.5 Freed men 4 References Patricians and plebeians ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Patrician ( ancient Rome ) and Plebs The Patrician Torlonia bust believed to be of Cato the Elder . 1st century BC Roman portraiture fresco of a young man with a papyrus scroll , from Herculaneum , 1st century CE In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians . The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus , who monopolised political power . The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens ( see below ) . Adult males who were not Roman citizens , whether free or slave , fall outside this division . Women and children were also not citizens , but took the social status of their father or husband , which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank . The distinction between patricians and plebeians in Ancient Rome was based purely on birth . Although modern writers often portray patricians as rich and powerful families who managed to secure power over the less - fortunate plebeian families , plebeians and patricians among the senatorial class were equally wealthy . As civil rights for plebeians increased during the middle and late Roman Republic , many plebeian families had attained wealth and power while some traditionally patrician families had fallen into poverty and obscurity . The first Roman Emperor , Augustus , was of plebeian origin , as were many of his successors . By the Late Empire , few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families , most of which had died out . Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system , but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians . Originally , all public offices were open only to patricians , and the classes could not intermarry . Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power . A series of social struggles ( see Conflict of the Orders ) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions , the last in 297 BC , until their demands were met . They won the right to stand for office , the abolition of the intermarriage law , and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs . This office , founded in 494 BC as a result of a plebeian secession , was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class , and only plebeians were eligible . The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate . Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers , such as the right to veto legislation . A tribune 's person was sacrosanct , and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office . Some patricians , notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BC , petitioned to be assigned plebeian status , in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded . The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BC when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law . Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important , and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods . Over time , some patrician families declined , some plebeian families rose in status , and the composition of the ruling class changed . A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo ( `` new man '' ) , and he and his descendants became `` noble '' ( nobiles ) . Notable examples of novi homines are the seven - time consul Marius , and Cicero , whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than , as with Marius , military success . During the Empire , patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors . Property - based classes ( edit ) Further information : Roman Senate and Equestrian order The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property . The richest were the senatorial class , who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii , the same as the equites ; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate , he raised the property requirement to 1,000,000 sestertii . The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates , and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity . Below the senatores in rank , but above others were the equites ( `` equestrians '' or `` knights '' ) , with 400,000 sestertii , who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class . Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites , including tax farming and , under the Principate , leadership of the Praetorian Guard . Below the equites were three more classes of property - owning citizens ; and lastly the proletarii , whose property was valued below 11,000 asses . Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509 - 241 BC * Class Census property rating money ( property ) Electoral assembly votes per person Military Equipment ( self - supplied ) Patricians ( historical aristocracy ) Senatores 400,000 sestertii ( 1,000 , 0000 sestertii ) Equites * * 400,000 sestertii Horse , ... Plebeians ( commoners ) First ( triarii ) 100,000 As ( 100 iugera ) Helm , round shield , cuirass , greaves , sword , and spear . Second ( principes ) 75,000 As ( 75 iugera ) Helm , round shield , greaves , sword and spear . Third ( hastati ) 50,000 As ( 50 iugera ) Helm , oblong shield , sword and spear . Fourth ( leves ) 25,000 As ( 25 iugera ) Oblong shield , spear or sword , javelin Fifth 11,000 As ( 11 iugera ) 12,500 As ( 12 iugera ) Slings ( accensi ) or javelins ( velites ) Proles ( landless poor ) Proletarii below 11,000 asses Fleets ( oarsmen ) * This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution . Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy , Polybius , and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus . For a contrasting version of the same or similar data , see the table in the Equites article . * * The equites class was available for both plebeians and patricians , and favored by ambitious young men in both groups . At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As ; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors . Citizenship ( edit ) Main article : Roman citizenship The Orator , c. 100 BC , an Etrusco - Roman bronze sculpture depicting Aule Metele ( Latin : Aulus Metellus ) , an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric ; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet Women ( edit ) Free - born women in ancient Rome were citizens ( cives ) , but could not vote or hold political office . The form of Roman marriage called conubium , for instance , requires that both spouses be citizens ; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio , women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage . The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son 's citizenship . The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status , in specific contrast to a peregrina . Latin right ( edit ) The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights . It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era , and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire . Latin citizens had rights , but not the vote , although their leading magistrates could become full citizens . Peregrini ( edit ) Free - born foreign subjects were known as peregrini , and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes . These distinctions continued until 212 AD , when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free - born men in the empire . Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome Slaves ( servi ) were not citizens , and lacked even the legal standing accorded free - born foreigners . For the most part , slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war , especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece , Italy , Spain , and Carthage . In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire , more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul , Britain , North Africa , and Asia Minor . Many slaves were created as the result of Rome 's conquest of Greece , but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome : hence Horace 's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ( `` Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive '' ) . The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave . Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth , misfortune , or war ; it was defined in terms of legal status , or rather the lack thereof , and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race , nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition . Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor . Those who were violent or disobedient , or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society , might be sentenced to labor in the mines , where they suffered under inhumane conditions . Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom . Since slaves were legally property , they could be disposed of by their owners at any time . All children born to female slaves were slaves . Some slave owners , as for instance Tacitus , freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children . Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will . Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves , and some might be able to buy their own freedom . Over time , legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves . Although many prostitutes were slaves , for instance , the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution . Freed men ( edit ) Freed men ( liberti ) were freed slaves , whose free - born children were full citizens . The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased . Livy states that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians . Juvenal , writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire . The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy . Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes , fraud , or other forms of corruption , or were given large estates by the Emperor they served . Other freedmen engaged in commerce , amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles . Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen , some ' with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel ' . Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their ( often ill - gotten ) wealth . Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon . The majority of freedmen , however , joined the plebeian classes , and often worked as farmers or tradesmen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koenraad Verboven. ( 2007 ) . The Associative Empire . Athenaeum 95 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Carlin A. Barton . ( 1993 ) . The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans : The Gladiator and the Monster , pp. 176 -- 177 . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Livy , Ab Urbe Condita 1 : 8 Jump up ^ McKay , John P. ( 2013 ) . Study guide for a History of World Societies , Volume A : To 1500 , 51 . Content Technologies . Jump up ^ `` patricians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` plebeians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Garnsey & Richard Saller. ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture , pp. 112f . Berkeley : University of California . Jump up ^ Joseph Wells , A Short History of Rome to the Death of Augustus ( Plymouth : William Brendan and Sons , 1896 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Based on Livy 1.43 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus IV , 16 - 18 . First referenced by Cornell , T.J. ( 1995 ) . The Beginnings of Rome : Italy and Rome from Bronze Age to the Punic Wars 1000 - 264 BCE , 179 . Jump up ^ Ligt , Luuk / de ; Northwood , S.J. ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . People , Land , and Politics : Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC - AD 14 . BRILL . ISBN 9004171185 . Jump up ^ Bruce W. Frier & Thomas A.J. McGinn. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 , et passim . Oxford University Press : American Philological Association . Jump up ^ See Frier and McGinn , passim , and A.N. Sherwin - White . ( 1979 ) . Roman Citizenship , pp. 211 & 268 . Oxford University Press. online ( on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women ) et passim . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) . Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 293 . Oxford University Press . 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component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social cleansing Social exclusion Social mobility Social orphan Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Chhetri Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Plebian Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Global elite Gentry Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy Nepal New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=865274467 '' Categories : Social classes in ancient Rome Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 21 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the social class that struggled with plebeians for control of the roman empire	[ "Originally, all public offices were open only to patricians, and the classes could not intermarry. Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power.[4] A series of social struggles (see Conflict of the Orders) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions, the last in 297 BC, until their demands were met. They won the right to stand for office, the abolition of the intermarriage law, and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs. This office, founded in 494 BC as a result of a plebeian secession, was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class, and only plebeians were eligible. The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate. Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers, such as the right to veto legislation. A tribune’s person was sacrosanct, and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office. Some patricians, notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BC, petitioned to be assigned plebeian status, in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded. The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BC when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law.\n" ]	[ "Patricians" ]
-8424210435498943123	Tesla Autopilot	Tesla Autopilot - wikipedia Tesla Autopilot Jump to : navigation , search Tesla Autopilot may reduce accidents due to negligence and fatigue from long term driving . Tesla Autopilot , later marketed as Enhanced Autopilot after a second hardware version started to be shipped , is an advanced driver - assistance system feature offered by Tesla that has lane centering , adaptive cruise control , self - parking , ability to automatically change lanes without requiring driver steering , and enables the car to be summoned to and from a garage or parking spot . Planned improvements to Enhanced Autopilot include transitioning from one freeway to another and exiting the freeway when your destination is near . As an upgrade above and beyond Enhanced Autopilot 's capabilities , the company 's stated intent is to offer full self - driving at a future time , acknowledging that legal , regulatory , and technical hurdles must be overcome to achieve this goal . As of February 2018 , Tesla indicates that a demonstration of a self driving coast to coast drive will be ready in three to six months . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Hardware 2.1 Hardware 1 2.2 Hardware 2 2.3 Hardware 2.5 3 Driving features 3.1 Software updates 3.2 Adaptive cruise control 3.3 Alerts 3.4 Autopark / Summon 3.5 Autosteer 3.6 Safety features 3.7 Speed assist 4 Public debate 4.1 Legal Challenges 5 Serious crashes 5.1 Handan , China ( January 20 , 2016 ) 5.2 Williston , Florida ( May 7 , 2016 ) 5.3 Culver City , California ( January 22 , 2018 ) 5.4 Mountain View , California ( March 23 , 2018 ) 5.5 South Jordan , Utah ( May 11 , 2018 ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Autopilot was first offered on October 9 , 2014 , for Tesla Model S , followed by the Model X upon its release . Autopilot was included within a `` Tech Package '' option . At that time Autopilot features included semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities . Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with the Israeli company Mobileye . Tesla and Mobileye ended their partnership in July 2016 . In October 2015 , Tesla released Autopilot version 7.0 to its customers . In December 2015 , Tesla announced that it will remove some self - driving features to discourage customers from engaging in risky behavior . Autopilot Firmware 7.1 made those changes and includes remote parking technology known as Summon that can park and can bring the car to the driver without the driver in the car . On August 31 , 2016 , Elon Musk announced Autopilot 8.0 , that processes radar signals to create a coarse point cloud similar to Lidar to help navigate in low visibility conditions , and even to ' see ' in front of the car ahead . Autopilot , as of version 8 , uses radar as the primary sensor instead of the camera . In November 2016 , Autopilot 8.0 was updated to have a more noticeable signal to the driver that it is engaged and it requires drivers to touch the steering wheel more frequently , otherwise Autopilot will turn off . By November 2016 , Autopilot had operated actively on hardware version 1 vehicles for 300 million miles ( 500 million km ) and 1.3 billion miles ( 2 billion km ) in shadow mode . As of October 2016 , Tesla said all vehicles come with the necessary sensing and computing hardware , known as Hardware version 2 ( HW2 ) , for future fully autonomous operation ( SAE Level 5 ) , with software being made available as it matures . The company offers various free / extra-cost options for enabling Autopilot - associated features / services . Autopilot on hardware version 1 cars is available for US $2,500 ( $3,000 after delivery ) . For HW2 cars , Autopilot is available as `` Enhanced Autopilot '' for $5,000 ( $6,000 after delivery ) and future full self - driving capability is an additional $3,000 ( $4,000 after delivery ) . The first release of Autopilot for HW2 cars was in February 2017 . It included adaptive cruise control , autosteer that was enabled on divided highways , autosteer on ' local roads ' up to a speed of 35 mph or a specified number of mph over the local speed limit . Firmware version 8.1 for HW2 began in June 2017 that has many new features including a new Autopilot driving - assist algorithm , full - speed braking and handling parallel and perpendicular parking . On April 28 , 2017 , Elon Musk predicted that in around two years drivers would be able to sleep in their Tesla until it finishes the trip . In the middle of 2017 , Tesla planned to demonstrate full self - driving by the end of 2017 . In February 2018 , Tesla indicates the demonstration of a self driving coast to coast drive will be ready in three to six months . Hardware ( edit ) Hardware 1 ( edit ) Vehicles manufactured after late September 2014 are equipped with a camera mounted at the top of the windshield , forward looking radar ( supplied by Bosch ) in the lower grille and ultrasonic acoustic location sensors in the front and rear bumpers that provide a 360 - degree view around the car . The computer is the Mobileye EyeQ3 . This equipment allows Model S to detect road signs , lane markings , obstacles , and other vehicles . Upgrading from Hardware 1 to Hardware 2 is not offered as it would require substantial work and cost . Hardware 2 ( edit ) Hardware 2 , included in all vehicles manufactured after October 2016 , includes an Nvidia Drive PX 2 GPU for CUDA based GPGPU computation . Tesla claimed that Hardware 2 provided the necessary equipment to allow full self - driving capability at SAE Level 5 . The hardware includes 8 surround cameras and 12 ultrasonic sensors , in addition to forward - facing radar with enhanced processing capabilities . The Autopilot computer is replaceable to allow for future upgrades . The radar is claimed to be able to observe beneath and ahead of the vehicle in front of the Tesla ; the radar can see vehicles through heavy rain , fog or dust . Hardware specifications Hardware 2014 Autopilot Hardware 1 2016 Enhanced Autopilot / Full Self - Driving Capability Hardware 2 Radar Unknown range 160 m ( 525 ft ) Forward Cameras 1 monochrome with unknown range Trifocal camera : Narrow : 250 m ( 820 ft ) Main : 150 m ( 490 ft ) Wide : 60 m ( 195 ft ) Forward Looking Side Cameras N / A Left : 80 m ( 260 ft ) Right : 80 m ( 260 ft ) Rearward Looking Side Cameras N / A Left : 100 m ( 330 ft ) Right : 100 m ( 330 ft ) Rear View Camera For human use , not for automation use 50 m ( 165 ft ) Sonars 12 surrounding with 5 m ( 16 ft ) range 12 surrounding with 8 m ( 26 ft ) range Platform MobilEye EyeQ3 NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 AI computing platform Function specifications ( pending incremental updates and regulatory approvals ) Functions 2014 Autopilot Hardware 1 2016 Enhanced Autopilot / Full Self - Driving Capability Hardware 2 Hands - on feature with limited Hands - Free On - Ramp to Off - Ramp for limited - access roads Yes , except when driver wants to change lane . Yes TACC - Traffic - Aware Cruise Control ( Smart / Adaptive Cruise Control ) Yes Yes Max speed 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) Autosteer Yes Yes , and in the future : tighter , more complex roads Auto Lane Change Driver initiates the lane changing signal when the traffic is safe ( due to ultrasonic 16 foot limited range capability ) then the system does the rest . In future : Automatically done all by itself for a faster lane and without driver 's judgement nor input . Highway Interchanges In future : Yes In future : Yes Autopark : Parallel and Perpendicular Parking Yes Yes Summon ( remote automatic car retrieval , including automatic garage door opening and closing ) Yes Yes Lane Departure Warning Yes Yes Full Self - Driving Capability Not designed to be driverless In future : Yes , with an additional fee . The Tesla car will be able to drive itself , automatically recharge at `` cable bot '' - equipped Superchargers and can use Parking Seek to find a parking space all without a driver . Hardware 25 ( edit ) An updated Hardware version referred to as ' HW 2.5 ' ( also known as ' 2.1 ' ) was released in July 2017 , with cars built from August 2017 containing the updated hardware set . In HW 2.5 there is a secondary node ( without a GPU ) to provide more computing power and wiring redundancy which is to slightly improve reliability . Driving features ( edit ) Tesla requires operators to monitor the vehicle at all times , just as the Federal Aviation Administration requires pilots to monitor aircraft on autopilot . Autopilot includes multiple capabilities , including adaptive cruise control and lane departure warning . Software updates ( edit ) Autopilot - enabled cars receive Autopilot software updates wirelessly , the same as all other Tesla software updates . Adaptive cruise control ( edit ) Autopilot has the ability to follow another car , maintaining a safe distance from it as it speeds up and slows down . It can observe a second vehicle in front of the vehicle that it is following . It also slows on tight curves and when a car crosses the road in front of it . It can be enabled at any speed above 17 mph . By default , it sets the limit at the current speed limit plus / minus any driver - specified offset . Alerts ( edit ) Autopilot alerts the driver under various circumstances , such as a surprising situation on the road or excessive inattention by the driver . If the driver dismisses three audio warnings within an hour , Autopilot is disabled until the car is parked . This is to prevent experienced drivers from excessive reliance on built - in safety features . At speeds under 8 mph on divided highways , Autopilot functions indefinitely without the driver 's hands on the wheel . Under 45 mph free hands are allowed for five minutes , unless the car detects lateral acceleration . Above 45 mph free hands are allowed for three minutes if following another vehicle or one minute without following a car . Autopark / Summon ( edit ) Autopark drives the car into a parking spot , while Summon drives it out . Configuration settings control maximum distance , side clearance and bumper clearance . This feature activates Homelink to open and close garage doors and it is available using the fob or the Tesla mobile app . As of March 2017 , Summon was available in `` beta '' for HW2 . Controls include bumper , side clearance and summon distance . Autosteer ( edit ) Autosteer steers the car to remain in whatever lane it is in ( known as lane - keeping ) . With HW1 , it is also able to safely change lanes as directed by a tap of the turn signal . As of May 2017 , HW2 is limited to 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) on highway roads and the former 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) speed limit on non-highway roads was removed , instead limiting to five over the speed limit or 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) if no speed limit is detected . Safety features ( edit ) The Autopilot can detect a potential front or side collision with another vehicle , bicycle or pedestrian within a distance of 525 feet ( 160 m ) , if one is found it sounds a warning . Autopilot has automatic emergency braking that detects objects that may hit the car and applies the brakes . Autopilot also can automatically adjust the high / low beam headlights as the nighttime lighting changes . Speed assist ( edit ) Front - facing cameras detect speed limit signs and display the current limit on the dashboard or center display . Limits are compared against GPS data if no signs are present . Public debate ( edit ) Some industry experts have raised questions about the legal status of autonomous driving in the U.S. and whether Tesla owners would violate current state regulations when using the Autopilot function . The few states that have passed laws allowing autonomous cars on the road , limit their use for testing purposes ; not for use by the general public . Also , there are questions about the liability for autonomous cars in case there is a mistake . A Tesla spokesman said there is `` nothing in our autopilot system that is in conflict with current regulations . '' `` We are not getting rid of the pilot . This is about releasing the driver from tedious tasks so they can focus and provide better input . '' Google 's director of self - driving cars said he does not think there is a regulatory block as long as the self - driving vehicle met crash - test and other safety standards . A spokesman for the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) said that `` any autonomous vehicle would need to meet applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards '' and the NHTSA `` will have the appropriate policies and regulations in place to ensure the safety of this type of vehicles . '' According to Elon Musk , `` We really designed the Model S to be a very sophisticated computer on wheels . Tesla is a software company as much as it is a hardware company . A huge part of what Tesla is , is a Silicon Valley software company . We view this the same as updating your phone or your laptop . '' Full autonomy is `` really a software limitation : The hardware exists to create full autonomy , so it 's really about developing advanced , narrow AI for the car to operate on. `` The Autopilot development focus is on `` increasingly sophisticated neural nets that can operate in reasonably sized computers in the car '' . According to Musk , `` the car will learn over time '' , including from other cars . Early data after 47 million miles of driving in Autopilot mode shows the probability of an accident is at least 50 % lower when using Autopilot . However , Ars Technica notes that the brake system tends to initiate later than some drivers expect . One driver claimed that Tesla 's Autopilot failed to brake , resulting in collisions . Tesla pointed out that the driver deactivated the cruise control of the car prior to the crash . Ars Technica also notes that the lane changes are semi-automatic ; the driver must activate the turn signal in order for the car to initiate a lane change . Tesla 's Autopilot with Hardware version 1 ( HW1 ) can be classified as somewhere between levels 2 and 3 under the U.S. Department of Transportation 's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) five levels of vehicle automation . At this level , the car can act autonomously but requires the driver to be prepared to take control at a moment 's notice . HW1 is suitable only on limited - access highways , and sometimes will fail to detect lane markings and disengage itself . In urban driving the system will not read traffic signals or obey stop signs . This system also does not detect pedestrians or cyclists , and while AP1 detects motorcycles , there has been two instances of AP rear - ending motorcycles . There has been significant controversy over the media response to the fatal Tesla accident described in the below section . Whilst a significant amount of blame was apportioned to Tesla for the failure of its Autopilot system , it must be noted that the system at the time of the accident was in a beta phase and not ready for widespread public use , and also required the driver to ensure that their hands remained on the steering wheel at all times , and to be prepared to resume manual driving at any moment . Hence , when used as an assistive feature ( as intended by Tesla ) , some hold the view that Autopilot can only enhance road safety , assuming it does not lull the driver into complacent inattention . Autopilot potentially saved the life of a pedestrian in Washington , D.C. on the night of July 17 , 2016 , and played a pivotal role in a medical emergency involving 37 - year - old Joshua Neally that same month . Neally was driving his Tesla Model X when he suffered a pulmonary embolism that caused intense panic and rendered him incapable of driving . Neally used Autopilot to drive most of the highway to a local hospital . At the off - ramp , Neally took control of the car and drove to the emergency room . Legal challenges ( edit ) Tesla 's Autopilot is facing a class action suit that claims the second - generation Enhanced Autopilot system is `` dangerously defective . '' Serious crashes ( edit ) Handan , China ( January 20 , 2016 ) ( edit ) On January 20 , 2016 , the driver of a Tesla Model S in Handan , China was killed when their car crashed into a stationary truck . The Tesla was following a car in the far left lane of a multi-lane highway ; the car in front moved to the right lane to avoid a truck stopped on the left shoulder , and the Tesla , which the driver 's father believes was in Autopilot mode , did not slow before colliding with the stopped truck . According to footage captured by a dashboard camera , the stationary street sweeper on the left side of the expressway partially extended into the far left lane , and the driver did not appear to respond to the unexpected obstacle . In September 2016 , the media reported the driver 's family had filed a lawsuit in July against the Tesla dealer who sold the car . The family 's lawyer stated the suit was intended `` to let the public know that self - driving technology has some defects . We are hoping Tesla , when marketing its products , will be more cautious . Do n't just use self - driving as a selling point for young people . '' Tesla released a statement which said they `` have no way of knowing whether or not Autopilot was engaged at the time of the crash '' since the car telemetry could not be retrieved remotely due to damage caused by the crash . Telemetry was recorded locally to a SD card and given to Tesla , who decoded it and provided that data to a third party for independent review . Tesla added that `` while the third - party appraisal is not yet complete , we have no reason to believe that Autopilot on this vehicle ever functioned other than as designed . '' Williston , Florida ( May 7 , 2016 ) ( edit ) The first known fatal accident involving a Tesla engaged in Autopilot mode took place in Williston , Florida , on May 7 , 2016 . The driver was killed in a crash with a 18 - wheel tractor - trailer . By late June 2016 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) opened a formal investigation into the accident , working with the Florida Highway Patrol . According to the NHTSA , preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when the tractor - trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway , and the car failed to apply the brakes . The car continued to travel after passing under the truck 's trailer . The diagnostic log of the Tesla indicated it was traveling at a speed of 74 mi / h ( 119 km / h ) when it collided with and traveled under the trailer , which was not equipped with a side underrun protection system . The underride collision sheared off the Tesla 's glasshouse , destroying everything above the beltline , and caused fatal injuries to the driver . Approximately nine seconds after colliding with the trailer , the Tesla traveled another 886.5 feet ( 270.2 m ) and came to rest after colliding with two chain - link fences and a utility pole . The NHTSA 's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash , which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars . On July 8 , 2016 , the NHTSA requested Tesla Inc. to hand over to the agency detailed information about the design , operation and testing of its Autopilot technology . The agency also requested details of all design changes and updates to Autopilot since its introduction , and Tesla 's planned updates scheduled for the next four months . According to Tesla , `` neither autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor - trailer against a brightly lit sky , so the brake was not applied . '' The car attempted to drive full speed under the trailer , `` with the bottom of the trailer impacting the windshield of the Model S . '' Tesla also stated that this was Tesla 's first known Autopilot - related death in over 130 million miles ( 208 million km ) driven by its customers while Autopilot was activated . According to Tesla there is a fatality every 94 million miles ( 150 million km ) among all type of vehicles in the U.S. It is estimated that billions of miles will need to be traveled before Tesla Autopilot can claim to be safer than humans with statistical significance ( although fewer than billions of miles will be needed if Tesla Autopilot is more dangerous ) . Researchers say that Tesla and others need to release more data on the limitations and performance of automated driving systems if self - driving cars are to become safe and understood enough for mass market use . The truck 's driver told the Associated Press that he could hear a Harry Potter movie playing in the crashed car , and said the car was driving so quickly that `` he went so fast through my trailer I did n't see him . '' `` It was still playing when he died and snapped a telephone pole a quarter mile down the road . '' According to the Florida Highway Patrol , they found in the wreckage an aftermarket portable DVD player . It is not possible to watch videos on the Model S touchscreen display . A laptop computer was recovered during the post-crash examination of the wreck , along with an adjustable vehicle laptop mount attached to the front passenger 's seat frame . The NHTSA concluded the laptop was probably mounted and the driver may have been distracted at the time of the crash . Dr. Deb Bruce , head of the investigation team , announces results to the Board on September 12 , 2017 In July 2016 , the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) announced it had opened a formal investigation into the fatal accident while Autopilot was engaged . The NTSB is an investigative body that only has the power to make policy recommendations . An agency spokesman said , `` It 's worth taking a look and seeing what we can learn from that event , so that as that automation is more widely introduced we can do it in the safest way possible . '' The NTSB opens annually about 25 to 30 highway investigations . In September 2017 , the NTSB released its report , determining that `` the probable cause of the Williston , Florida , crash was the truck driver 's failure to yield the right of way to the car , combined with the car driver 's inattention due to overreliance on vehicle automation , which resulted in the car driver 's lack of reaction to the presence of the truck . Contributing to the car driver 's overreliance on the vehicle automation was its operational design , which permitted his prolonged disengagement from the driving task and his use of the automation in ways inconsistent with guidance and warnings from the manufacturer . '' . In January 2017 , the NHTSA Office of Defects Investigations ( ODI ) released a preliminary evaluation , finding that the driver in the crash had seven seconds to see the truck and identifying no defects in the Autopilot system ; the ODI also found that the Tesla car crash rate dropped by 40 percent after Autosteer installation , but later also clarified that it did not assess the effectiveness of this technology or whether it was engaged in its crash rate comparison . The NHTSA Special Crash Investigation team published its report in January 2018 . According to the report , for the drive leading up to the crash , the driver engaged Autopilot for 37 minutes and 26 seconds , and the system provided 13 `` hands not detected '' alerts , to which the driver responded after an average delay of 16 seconds . The report concluded `` Regardless of the operational status of the Tesla 's ADAS technologies , the driver was still responsible for maintaining ultimate control of the vehicle . All evidence and data gathered concluded that the driver neglected to maintain complete control of the Tesla leading up to the crash . '' Culver City , California ( January 22 , 2018 ) ( edit ) On January 22 , 2018 , a Tesla Model S crashed into a fire truck parked on the side of the I - 405 freeway in Culver City , California while traveling at a speed exceeding 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and the driver survived . The driver said he was using Autopilot , according to the Culver City Fire Department , which reported the crash over Twitter at approximately 8 : 30 A.M. The fire truck and a California Highway Patrol vehicle were parked in the left emergency lane and carpool lane of the southbound 405 , blocking off the scene of an earlier accident , with emergency lights flashing . Autopilot may not detect stationary vehicles at highway speeds and it can not detect some objects . Other advanced driver - assistance systems have similar limitations . Raj Rajkumar , who studies autonomous driving systems at Carnegie Mellon University , believes the radars used for Autopilot are designed to detect moving objects , but are `` not very good in detecting stationary objects '' . Both NTSB and NHTSA have dispatched teams to investigate the crash . Hod Lipson , director of Columbia University 's Creative Machines Lab , faulted the diffusion of responsibility concept : `` If you give the same responsibility to two people , they each will feel safe to drop the ball . Nobody has to be 100 % , and that 's a dangerous thing . '' Mountain view , California ( March 23 , 2018 ) ( edit ) On March 23 , 2018 , a second US Autopilot fatality occurred in Mountain View , California . The crash occurred just before 9 : 30 A.M. on southbound US 101 at the carpool lane exit for southbound Highway 85 , at a concrete barrier where the left - hand offramp separates from 101 . After the Model X crashed into the narrow concrete barrier , it was struck again by two following vehicles , and then it caught on fire . Both the NHTSA and NTSB are investigating the March 2018 crash . Another driver of a Model S demonstrated that Autopilot appeared to be confused by the road stripes in April 2018 . The gore ahead of the barrier is marked by diverging solid white lines ( a vee - shape ) ; the Autosteer feature of the Model S appeared to mistakenly use the left - side white line instead of the right - side white line as the lane marking for the far left lane , which would have led the Model S into the same concrete barrier had the driver not taken control . Ars Technica concluded `` that as Autopilot gets better , drivers could become increasingly complacent and pay less and less attention to the road . '' In a corporate blog post , Tesla noted the impact attenuator separating the offramp from US 101 had been previously crushed and not replaced prior to the Model X crash on March 23 . The post also stated that Autopilot was engaged at the time of the crash , and the driver 's hands had not been detected manipulating the steering wheel for six seconds before the crash . Vehicle data showed the driver had five seconds and 150 metres ( 490 ft ) `` unobstructed view of the concrete divider , ( ... ) but the vehicle logs show that no action was taken . '' The NTSB investigation had been focused on the damaged impact attenuator and the vehicle fire after the collision , but after it was reported the driver had complained about the Autopilot functionality , the NTSB announced it would also investigate `` all aspects of this crash including the driver 's previous concerns about the autopilot . '' A NTSB spokesman stated the organization `` is unhappy with the release of investigative information by Tesla '' . Elon Musk dismissed the criticism , tweeting that NTSB was `` an advisory body '' and that `` Tesla releases critical crash data affecting public safety immediately & always will . To do otherwise would be unsafe . '' South Jordan , Utah ( May 11 , 2018 ) ( edit ) On May 11 , 2018 , a Tesla Model S with Autopilot engaged crashed into the rear of a fire truck that was stopped at a red light in South Jordan , Utah . The Tesla was moving at an estimated 60 mi / h ( 97 km / h ) and did not appear to brake or attempt to avoid the impact , according to witnesses . The driver of the Tesla , who survived the impact with a broken foot , admitted she was looking at her phone before the crash . See also ( edit ) Nissan Propilot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot Crash Avoidance Model S Autopilot saves man 's life '' . BGR . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Golson , Jordan ; Bohn , Dieter ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` All new Tesla cars now have hardware for ' full self - driving capabilities ' '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla promises ' series of new Autopilot features in 2018 ' , still plans coast - to - coast drive '' . Electrek. 2018 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Tesla orders 3rd - party survey to prove owners understand ' Autopilot ' , 98 % say they do '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Riding shotgun in Tesla 's fastest car ever '' . Engadget. 2014 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla D is , as expected , an AWD Model S but new autopilot features surprise '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph B. ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Tesla Aims to Leapfrog Rivals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Howell , Donna ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Tesla , Mobileye Rev Up on Future of Self - Driving Car '' . Investors.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bhuiyan , Johana ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) . `` In the wake of a fatal crash , Tesla will quit using Mobileye 's chips for Autopilot vision '' . ReCode . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Jonathan M. ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Mobileye spills the beans : Tesla was dropped because of safety concerns '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabe ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Tesla beams down ' autopilot ' mode to Model S '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Enhancing Safety and Convenience with Summon '' . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Benjamin ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) . `` ELON MUSK : In 2 years your Tesla will be able to drive from New York to LA and find you '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Autopilot - Summon '' . Tesla Motors -- via Vimeo . Jump up ^ Tesla to publish details of v8. 0 with `` Major improvements to Autopilot '' later today August 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk explains Tesla Autopilot 's new capacity to see ahead of the car in front of you '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Analyst : Tesla Autopilot 's Switch From Camera To Radar Bad News For Mobileye Benzinga , Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ Tesla 's Autopilot Vindicated With 40 % Drop in Crashes Bloomberg , January 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Automated Flight Controls '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . While the autopilot relieves you from manually manipulating the flight controls , you must maintain vigilance over the system to ensure that it performs the intended functions and the aircraft remains within acceptable parameters of altitudes , airspeeds , and airspace limits . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Tesla has now 1.3 billion miles of Autopilot data going into its new self - driving program '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autopilot : Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Andrew . `` New Tesla AutoPilot hardware '' . Medium . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Tesla enables Autosteer on ' local roads ' for new Enhanced Autopilot vehicles '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` First look at Tesla 's latest Autopilot 2.0 ' smooth as silk ' update ( Video ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk on Boring Company , Semi-Truck , Mars -- TED Talk ( transcript ) '' . Electrek. 2017 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Chris : The time when someone will be able to buy one of your cars and literally just take the hands of the wheel and go to sleep and wake up and find that they 've arrived . How far away is that ? To do that safely ? Elon : That 's about two years . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Tesla 's software timeline for ' Enhanced Autopilot ' transition means ' Full Self - Driving Capability ' as early as next year '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . 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Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) . `` ' Tesla will not stop innovating ' and introduce ' major updates every 12 to 18 months ' , says Elon Musk '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . require `` stripping down the entire car and replacing 300 + parts '' Jump up ^ Shapiro , Danny ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Tesla Self - Driving Car Built on NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 - NVIDIA Blog '' . The Official NVIDIA Blog . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla is about to increase its lead in semi-autonomous driving w / ' Tesla Vision ' : computer vision based on NVIDIA 's parallel computing '' . Electrek. 2016 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Guess , Megan ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Teslas will now be sold with enhanced hardware suite for full autonomy '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Tesla is about to increase its lead in semi-autonomous driving w / ' Tesla Vision ' : computer vision based on NVIDIA 's parallel computing '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Musk did say that the new vehicles will eventually be able to upgrade the new onboard Autopilot computer since the access has been made relatively easy ^ Jump up to : GITLIN , JONATHAN M. ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Tesla is all about autopilot and radar in firmware 8 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Autopilot '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Tesla Autopilot - What Happens After Mobileye ? '' . Wccftech. 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Self - Driving Car Built on NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 NVIDIA Blog '' . The Official NVIDIA Blog. 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Daniel ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Elon Musk : Tesla Motors , Inc . Will Be the Leader in Autonomous Cars '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . Tesla. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dual Motor Model S and Autopilot '' . Tesla. 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Steven ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot Update Bumps Autosteer Speed Up To 90 MPH '' . Inside Evs . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Tesla releases important new Autopilot update removing Autosteer restrictions in new cars '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Model S Auto Pilot Does Lane Changes For You '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot with new v8. 0 software update is able to handle highway interchanges '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . Tesla. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dual Motor Model S and Autopilot '' . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Mike ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) . `` UPDATE : Tesla Model S Now With Driver Assist Features '' . Inside EVs . Jump up ^ `` Model X Owner 's Manual 8.0 , page 94 '' ( PDF ) . Tesla. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Frederic ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tesla has a new Autopilot ' 2.5 ' hardware suite with more computing power for autonomous driving '' . electrek.co . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Andrew . `` Tesla has been working on a backup plan in case its self - driving promises fail '' . The Verge . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Tesla pushes a new update with improved ' Autopark ' and ' Summon ' feature ( v7. 1 2.12. 22 release notes ) '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Tesla releases 8.1 software update and improves Autopilot 2.0 features : Autosteer 80 mph and Summon '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hall , Gina ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Tesla to limit self - driving functions '' . Silicon Valley Business Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla wants to make self - driving cars a reality by collecting more video data from drivers '' . The Verge. 2015 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Model X Owner 's Manual ^ Jump up to : Aaron M. Kessler ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Elon Musk Says Self - Driving Tesla Cars Will Be in the U.S. by Summer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Elon Musk : Model S not a car but a ' sophisticated computer on wheels ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Will Elon Musk Announce Autopilot 2.0 and the Model 3 HUD ? '' . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Jeff . `` Software Is The Last Obstacle To Fully Autonomous Vehicles , Elon Musk Says '' . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` The car will learn over time , but there is a min caliber of starting quality '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Steven ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Elon Musk `` The Probability Of Having An Accident Is 50 % Lower If You Have Autopilot On '' `` . Inside EVs . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Cruising with Tesla 's Autopilot in Houston traffic '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Jonathan ( 2016 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Another driver says Tesla 's autopilot failed to brake ; Tesla says otherwise '' . Ars Technica . US . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Four hundred miles with Tesla 's autopilot forced me to trust the machine '' . Ars Technica . US . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Golson , Jordan ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Volvo autonomous car engineer calls Tesla 's Autopilot a ' wannabe ' '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Korosec , Kirsten ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Elon Musk Says Tesla Vehicles Will Drive Themselves in Two Years '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot Fatality Shows Why Lidar And V2V Will Be Necessary For Autonomous Cars '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot significantly improved pedestrian detection in v8 update tests show , now renders humans '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle rear - ending raises questions on Tesla vehicle type approval in Europe '' . New Atlas . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thoughts on the fatal Tesla Autopilot accident '' . www.deeptread.com . Deep Tread . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot reportedly prevented serious injury or saved the life of a pedestrian in DC '' . Electrek . Jump up ^ @ elonmusk ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Autopilot prevents serious injury or death of a pedestrian in NY ( sic ) ( owner anecdote confirmed by vehicle logs ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell . `` Autopilot in Tesla Model X helps driver get safely to a hospital '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Tesla 's Model X 's Autopilot Just Save This Missouri Man 's Life ? - Sokolove Law '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit labels Tesla Autopilot as ' dangerously defective ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Dashcam shows fatal Tesla Model S crash in China '' . CNet. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boudette , Neal E. ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Autopilot Cited in Death of Chinese Tesla Driver '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Another fatal Tesla crash reportedly on Autopilot emerges , Model S hits a streetsweeper truck -- caught on dashcam '' . Electrek . Jump up ^ `` Tesla sued in China over fatal crash '' . Financial Times . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Felton , Ryan ( 27 February 2018 ) . `` Two Years On , A Father Is Still Fighting Tesla Over Autopilot And His Son 's Fatal Crash '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yadron , Danny ; Tynan , Dan ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode '' . The Guardian . San Francisco . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Vlasic , Bill ; Boudette , Neal E. ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Self - Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , David Paul ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Highway patrol found DVD player in wreckage of fatal Tesla accident '' . Associated Press . CNBC . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Crash Research & Analysis , Inc . ( January 2018 ) . Special Crash Investigations : On - Site Automated Driver Assistance System Crash Investigation of the 2015 Tesla Model S 70D ( Report No . DOT HS 812 481 ) ( Report ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Office of Defects Investigations , NHTSA ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ODI Resume - Investigation : PE 16 - 007 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) . `` NHTSA seeks answers on fatal Tesla Autopilot crash '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Tragic Loss '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . This is the first known fatality in just over 130 million miles where Autopilot was activated . Among all vehicles in the US , there is a fatality every 94 million miles . Worldwide , there is a fatality approximately every 60 million miles . Jump up ^ Simonite , Tom ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Tesla 's Dubious Claims About Autopilot 's Safety Record '' . MIT Technology Review . US . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Adding Some Statistical Perspective To Tesla Autopilot Safety Claims '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Liston , Barbara ; Woodall , Bernie ( 2016 - 07 - 02 ) . `` DVD player found in Tesla car in fatal May crash '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Levin , Alan ; Plungis , Jeff ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` NTSB to scrutinize driver automation with probe of Tesla crash '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Collision Between a Car Operating With Automated Vehicle Control Systems and a Tractor - Semitrailer Truck Near Williston , Florida May 7 , 2016 '' . National Transportation Safety Board . 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Tesla Autopilot accident investigation ends with no recall ordered '' . The Verge. 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` PE 16 - 007 . MY2014 - 2016 Tesla Model S and Model X '' ( PDF ) . NHTSA. 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David . `` U.S. safety agency says ' did not assess ' Tesla Autopilot effectiveness '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla in Autopilot mode crashes into fire truck '' . CNN . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Baron , Ethan ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Tesla ' on Autopilot ' slams into parked fire truck on California freeway '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S firetruck crash in California : What we know so far '' . TESLARATI. 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Jack ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Why Tesla 's Autopilot ca n't see a stopped firetruck '' . Wired . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Krisher , Tom ; Durbin , Dee - Ann ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` 2 federal agencies send teams to probe Tesla freeway crash '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Tesla crash highlights a problem : When cars are partly self - driving , humans do n't feel responsible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Update on Last Week 's Accident '' . Tesla. 30 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly crash involving Tesla on Hwy 101 in Mountain View '' . KRON4. 23 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` Tesla says crashed vehicle had been on autopilot prior to accident '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot confuses markings toward barrier in recreation of fatal Model X crash at exact same location '' . electrek . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Timothy B. ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` There 's growing evidence Tesla 's Autopilot handles lane dividers poorly '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Timothy B. ( 31 March 2018 ) . `` Tesla says Autopilot was active during fatal crash in Mountain View '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Noyes , Dan ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) . `` I - TEAM EXCLUSIVE : Victim who died in Tesla crash had complained about auto - pilot '' . ABC7 San Francisco . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Faiz ( 1 April 2018 ) . `` NTSB ' unhappy ' with Tesla release of investigative information in fatal crash '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla rebuked by death crash investigators '' . BBC News . 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk hits back at NTSB 's critique of Tesla releasing data of fatal Autopilot accident '' . electrek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Tesla Model S was on Autopilot , Utah driver tells police '' . USA Today . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla driver in Utah crash says Autopilot was on and she was looking at her phone '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Testing ( Semi ) Autonomous Cars With Tesla , Cadillac , Hyundai , and Mercedes '' . Motor Trend . 2016 - 07 - 05 . Tesla , Inc . People Elon Musk ( CEO , Chief Product Architect ) J.B. Straubel ( CTO ) Franz von Holzhausen ( Chief Designer ) Martin Eberhard ( co-founder , inaugural CEO ) Marc Tarpenning ( co-founder , inaugural CFO ) Products Current vehicles Model S Model X Model 3 Discontinued vehicles Roadster ( 2008 ) Future vehicles Model Y Semi Roadster ( 2020 ) Other Powerwall Autopilot Solar Roof Collaborations Mercedes A-Class E-Cell Mercedes B - Class Electric Drive Smart electric drive RAV4 EV Second generation Facilities Tesla Factory Gigafactories 1 ( Clark , NV ) 2 ( Buffalo , NY ) Proposed Europe factory Superchargers and battery - swapping stations Other History Timeline Dealership disputes SolarCity Roadster in space Autonomous cars and enabling technologies Overview and context History of autonomous cars Intelligent transportation system Context - aware pervasive systems Mobile computing Smart , connected products Ubiquitous computing Ambient intelligence Internet of things SAE Levels Human driver monitors the driving environment ( Levels 0 , 1 , 2 ) Lane departure warning system Automatic parking Collision avoidance system Adaptive cruise control Advanced driver - assistance systems Driver drowsiness detection Intelligent speed adaptation Blind spot monitor System monitors the driving environment ( Levels 3 , 4 , 5 ) Vehicle - to - vehicle ( V2V ) Connected car Automotive navigation system Vehicles Cars VaMP ( 1994 ) Spirit of Berlin ( 2007 ) General Motors EN - V ( 2010 ) MadeInGermany ( 2011 ) Waymo , formerly Google Car ( 2012 ) Tesla Model S with Autopilot ( 2015 ) LUTZ Pathfinder ( 2015 ) Buses and commercial vehicles Automated guideway transit ParkShuttle Navia shuttle NuTonomy taxi Freightliner Inspiration Driverless tractor Mobility as a service Regulation Autonomous car legislation IEEE 802.11 p Enabling technologies Radar Laser LIDAR Artificial neural network Computer stereo vision Image recognition Real - time Control System Eye tracking Radio - frequency identification Organizations , Projects & People Organizations , projects and events DAVI European Land - Robot Trial Navlab DARPA Grand Challenge VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge Eureka Prometheus Project IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society People Harold Goddijn Alberto Broggi Anthony Levandowski Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Autopilot&oldid=843412639 '' Categories : Advanced driver assistance systems Automotive technology tradenames Automotive accessories Automotive technologies Tesla , Inc . Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with minor POV problems from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first self driving tesla made	[ "Autopilot was first offered on October 9, 2014, for Tesla Model S, followed by the Model X upon its release.[4] Autopilot was included within a \"Tech Package\" option. At that time Autopilot features included semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities.[5][6][7] Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with the Israeli company Mobileye.[8] Tesla and Mobileye ended their partnership in July 2016.[9][10]" ]	[ "October 9, 2014" ]
-3747698530611995535	The Story of an Hour	The story of an Hour - wikipedia The story of an Hour Jump to : navigation , search `` The Story of an Hour '' Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Short story Published in United States Publication type Magazine Publisher Vogue Publication date 1894 `` The Story of an Hour , '' is a short story written by Kate Chopin on April 19 , 1894 . It was originally published in Vogue on December 6 , 1894 , as `` The Dream of an Hour '' . Later it was reprinted in St. Louis Life on January 5 , 1895 , as `` The Story of an Hour '' . The title of the short story refers to the time elapsed between the moments at which the protagonist , Louise Mallard , hears that her husband is dead , and when she discovers that he is alive after all . `` The Story of an Hour '' was controversial by American standards of the 1890s because it features a female protagonist who feels liberated by the news of her husband 's death . In Unveiling Kate Chopin , Emily Toth argues that Chopin `` had to have her heroine die '' in order to make the story publishable `` . ( The `` heroine '' dies when she sees her husband alive after he was thought to be dead . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Analysis 3 Critical responses 4 Film adaptation 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) The short story describes that all make the series of emotions Louise Mallard endures after hearing of the death of her husband , Brently , who was reported to have died in a train accident . Mrs. Mallard suffers from heart ems , as stated at the beginning of the story . Therefore , her sister and her husband 's friend , Richard , attempt to inform her of the news in a gentle way so as not to shock her too much . Mrs. Mallard immediately mourns the loss of her husband and makes way to her room upstairs . She sits down and looks out the window . She sees the nature and new life outside . While locked inside , a weird feeling comes over her and confusion follows immediately after . She begins to feel an unexpected sense of exhilaration , yelling , `` Free ! Body and soul free . '' She begins to think of all the springs and summers she can enjoy without her husband around . Her sudden rush of exhilaration is what she believes to be a benefit of his death . Along with all the excitement , Mrs. Mallard still grieves for her husband and knows she will cry about it later . Her sister begs her to open the door ; she is scared that Louise will become ill . As Louise and her sister descend the staircase , Brently enters the house . Louise suffers a heart attack upon receiving the shock that he has not died , and she is stuck in her marriage to him after all . The story ends with doctors blaming Mallard 's death on heart disease ; from a joy that kills . This is ironic as it is implied that she actually died of grief of having her supposed soon to be freedom suddenly ripped away from her . Analysis ( edit ) Readers often wonder what had to have occurred for the wife to be relieved that her husband had passed . It was a correlation to both the time period and the way men perceived woman back in the 1800 's . The thought of a woman being able to survive without a man was a distant thought among many civilians back in that time . Women were often stuck at home while the husbands went to work . It was thought of between women at the time that the death of their husbands would bring them `` freedom '' and therefore Kate Chopin 's `` The Story of an Hour '' resonated with a lot of women at the time , but was not so popular with men . It also shows that marriage is n't always as happy as it seems . In the article Marriage and The Story of An Hour , it says `` in The Story of an Hour , it is shown that marriage is not always what it appears to be and that the journey to freedom can be dangerous . Chopin shows her readers that the love of only one partner in a marriage is not indicative of a mutual relationship . '' In the story Louise says that she loves her husband sometimes and in the article it suggests that maybe her husband was cruel so even though she did indeed love him she loves the new found freedom she has from him . The open window from which Mrs. Mallard looks out of for a majority of the story is a sign of the freedom and opportunities that await her through her new found independence . `` She hears people and birds singing and smells a coming rainstorm . Everything that she experiences through her senses suggests joy and spring -- new life '' . Mrs. Mallard can look into the distance and see nothing but a clear bright future ahead of her . Critical responses ( edit ) Bert Bender offers a biographical reading of the text and argues that writing of the 1890s was influenced by Charles Darwin 's theory of sexual selection . Her understanding of the meaning of love and courtship , in particular , was altered and became more pessimistic . This attitude finds its expression in `` The Story of an Hour '' when Mrs. Mallard questions the meaning of love and ultimately rejects it as meaningless . Lawrence I. Berkove notes that there has been `` virtual critical agreement '' that the story is about female liberation from a repressive marriage . However , he contests this reading and argues that there is a `` deeper level of irony in the story '' . The story , according to Berkove , depicts Mrs. Mallard as an `` immature egotist '' and a `` victim of her own extreme self - assertion '' . He also challenges the notion that Chopin intended for the views of the story 's main character to coincide with those of the author . Xuding Wang has criticized Berkove 's interpretation . In her article , `` Emotions in ' The Story of An Hour ' '' , Selina Jamil argues that Chopin portrays Mrs. Mallard 's perception of her husband 's supposed death as fostered by emotions , rather than by rationality . Jamil claims that up until that point , Mrs. Mallard 's life had been devoid of emotion to such an extent that she has even wondered if it is worth living . The repression of emotion may represent Mrs. Mallard 's repressive husband , who had , up until that point , `` smothered '' and `` silenced '' her will . Therefore , her newfound freedom is brought on by an influx of emotion ( representing the death of her repressive husband ) that adds meaning and value to her life . Although Mrs. Mallard initially feels fear when she hears of her husband 's death , the strength of the emotion is so powerful that Mrs. Mallard actually feels joy ( because she is feeling ) . Since this `` joy that kills '' ultimately leads to Mrs. Mallard 's death , one possible interpretation is that the repression of Mrs. Mallard 's feelings is what killed her in the end . In the same article , Jamil shows the repression that Mrs. Mallard faces as a wife . She realizes after her husband 's apparent death that she is `` free , free , free '' . This shows how her life would change and that she is now a new person and removed from the repressed life she faced before . No evidence is given in the story about how she is repressed , but her reaction to his death and her newfound confidence and freedom are enough . This repression of herself , that she dealt with , has now been removed , enabling her to be free . In a 2013 article , Jeremy Foote argues that `` The Story of an Hour '' can be read as a commentary and warning about technology -- specifically the railroad and the telegraph . The railroad , he claims , may be the cause of the distance between the Mallards ( and many other couples of the time ) . It allowed for work and home to be very distant from each other , and eliminated opportunities for spouses to spend time together . Foote argues that the reason that Louise Mallard wanted more autonomy was because she and her husband did not spend time together . The alone time that Louise had in the house made her less close to her husband , and made her want her independence . The way the telegraph is used in the story can be viewed as a warning about a world in which information ( and people ) are moving too quickly . Instead of having enough time to think about and process the death of her husband , it is thrust upon Mrs. Mallard , in its entirety , followed within minutes by the shock of seeing him alive . As the title suggests , this is a story about the importance of time . It may not have been the events that happened so much as the speed at which they happened which is so devastating to Mrs. Mallard . Film adaptation ( edit ) In 1984 , Director Tina Rathbone released a film adaptation of the story titled The Joy That Kills . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jamil , Selina S. `` Emotions in ' The Story of an Hour ' '' Explicator ( 2009 ) : 215 -- 220 . EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Toth , Emily ( 1999 ) . Unveiling Kate Chopin. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , p. 10 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 101 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , X.J. ( 2016 ) . Literature An Introduction to Fiction , Poetry , Drama , and Writing . University of Southern California . p. 548 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage and The Story of An Hour '' . Odyssey. 2016 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SparkNotes : The Story of an Hour : Themes , Motifs , and Symbols '' . www.sparknotes.com . Jump up ^ Bender , Bert ( 1991 ) . `` The Teeth of Desire : The Awakening and the Descent of Man '' . American Literature 63 ( 3 ) : 459 -- 473 . Jump up ^ Berkove , Lawrence L. ( 2000 ) `` Fatal Self - Assertion in Kate Chopin 's ' The Story of an Hour . ' '' American Literary Realism 32 ( 2 ) : 152 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Xuding Wang , `` Feminine Self - Assertion in ' The Story of an Hour ' , '' English Department , Tamkang University , Taiwan ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jamil , Selina S. `` Emotions in ' The Story of an Hour ' '' Explicator ( 2009 ) : 215 -- 220 . EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Foote , J. ( 2013 ) . `` Speed That Kills : The Role of Technology in Kate Chopin 's THE STORY OF AN HOUR '' . The Explicator. 71 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144940.2013. 779222 . Jump up ^ Corry , John ( January 28 , 1985 ) . `` TV REVIEW ; ' THE JOY THAT KILLS , ' ON WNET '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Story of an Hour The Story of an Hour public domain audiobook at LibriVox Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_an_Hour&oldid=828294734 '' Categories : 1894 short stories Feminist fiction Short stories by Kate Chopin Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 18 : 50 . About Wikipedia	when was the story of an hour published	[ "\"The Story of an Hour,\" is a short story written by Kate Chopin on April 19, 1894. It was originally published in Vogue on December 6, 1894, as \"The Dream of an Hour\". Later it was reprinted in St. Louis Life on January 5, 1895, as \"The Story of an Hour\"." ]	[ "December 6, 1894" ]
-1067064903242296428	Say You Won't Let Go	Say You Wo n't Let Go - wikipedia Say You Wo n't Let Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Single by James Arthur from the album Back from the Edge Released 9 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 3 : 31 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) James Arthur Neil Ormandy Steve Solomon Producer ( s ) Alex Beitzke Bradley Spence James Arthur singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' on YouTube `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur . The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge ( 2016 ) . The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart , a position it maintained for three weeks . Outside the United Kingdom , the single has topped the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland . It also became his breakthrough hit in the US , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Due to the longevity of the chart trajectory of the song , it peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 year end charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Commercial performance ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , the song was at number 30 on The Official Chart Update in the United Kingdom . On 16 September 2016 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 25 , and peaked at number one two weeks later , spending three consecutive weeks at the top . The song was ranked the nineteenth biggest - selling song of 2016 in the UK , making Arthur the biggest - selling British male artist of the year . By the second week of January 2017 , it had surpassed the one million sales mark , making him the first - ever X Factor act to have two singles sell over a million copies in his homeland . Controversy arose when similarities to The Script 's `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' were found , yet the Script ultimately decided not to pursue legal action . In early March , it had gone double platinum in the UK . In the United States , the song is his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making Arthur only the second winner of The X Factor UK to reach the US top 40 ( following Leona Lewis ) and only the third winner to chart on the Hot 100 following Lewis and Little Mix . In May 2017 , the song reached No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart , more than six months after its release in the US . The song was also certified platinum in the US by the RIAA on May 18 , 2017 . In 2017 , the song has sold almost 1,244,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . On 15 September 2016 , the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 91 before peaking at number one on 14 October and spending four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts . The song has also charted in Australia , France , New Zealand and Sweden . On February 26 , 2017 , it was announced on Channel 4 's Sunday Brunch that the single had sold 2 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 9 September 2016 at a total length of three minutes and thirty seconds . Live performances ( edit ) The X Factor ( 9 October 2016 ) Sunrise ( 22 November 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 3 January 2017 ) The Today Show ( 5 January 2017 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 25 April 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 18 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum ~ 1,244,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 9 September 2016 Digital download Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - Single by James Arthur on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ Lady Gaga 's Perfect Illusion set to be this week 's highest new entry on the Official UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Is James Arthur facing a copyright lawsuit over Say You Wo n't Let Go ? '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ YTD T40 Singles / Albums ( with estimated sales ) , Week 2 : 19 / 1 / 17 . BuzzJack Music Forum Jump up ^ `` James Arthur wo n't face legal action from The Script '' . MSN . 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on Twitter '' . Twitter . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Tops Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Brunch on Twitter '' . Twitter . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ JamesAVEVO ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` James Arthur - Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on iTunes '' . itunes . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 4 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 48 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Topp 20 Single uke 44 , 2016 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 443 '' . auspOp. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Enter James Arthur in the field Interpret . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . 1 December 2017 . Type James Arthur in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Say You Wo n't LetGo and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ( hide ) James Arthur Discography Studio albums James Arthur Back from the Edge Singles `` Impossible '' `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' `` Recovery '' `` Get Down '' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` Safe Inside '' `` Can I Be Him '' `` Sun Comes Up '' Tours James Arthur Tour The Story So Far Tour Back from the Edge Tour Related articles The X Factor series 9 finalists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_You_Won%27t_Let_Go&oldid=815807928 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles James Arthur songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Neil Ormandy Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote song say you wont let go	[ "\"Say You Won't Let Go\" is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur. The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge (2016).[1] The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart, a position it maintained for three weeks. Outside the United Kingdom, the single has topped the charts in Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland. It also became his breakthrough hit in the US, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Due to the longevity of the chart trajectory of the song, it peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 year end charts." ]	[ "James Arthur" ]
-3706815550216408704	The Jacksons: An American Dream	The Jacksons : an American Dream - wikipedia The Jacksons : an American Dream The Jacksons : An American Dream The DVD cover for the miniseries . Written by Joyce Eliason Directed by Karen Arthur Starring Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs Angela Bassett Holly Robinson Peete Margaret Avery Alex Burrall Jermaine Jackson , Jr . Bumper Robinson Floyd Meyers Jr . Monica Calhoun Jason Weaver Angel Vargas Terrence Howard Vanessa L. Williams Billy Dee Williams Wylie Draper Colin Steele Theme music composer Harold Wheeler Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Suzanne de Passe Joyce Eliason Jermaine Jackson Margaret Maldonado Stan Marguiles Running time 240 min . Distributor The Stan Marguiles Company KJ Films de Passe Entertainment Motown Productions PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Release Original network ABC Original release November 15 -- November 18 , 1992 The Jacksons : An American Dream is a four - hour American miniseries broadcast in two halves on ABC and originally broadcast on November 15 through November 18 , 1992 . It is based upon the history of the Jackson family , one of the most successful musical families in show business , and the early and successful years of the popular Motown group The Jackson 5 . The miniseries was executive produced by Suzanne de Passe and Stan Marguiles , produced by Joyce Eliason , Jermaine Jackson and Margaret Maldonado and directed by Karen Arthur . The movie was filmed in Los Angeles and Pittsburgh , where director Arthur had previously filmed her feature film Lady Beware . The Jacksons : An American Dream is based on Katherine Jackson 's My Family autobiography . A critical and commercial success , the program won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography . The title alludes to the iconic concept of the ' American Dream ' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical inaccuracies 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The miniseries stars Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs as the Jacksons ' patriarch Joseph Jackson , Angela Bassett as the family matriarch Katherine Jackson , Alex Burrall , Jason Weaver and Wylie Draper played Michael Jackson in different eras , while Bumper Robinson and Terrence Howard played Jackie Jackson in different eras , Shakiem Jamar Evans and Angel Vargas played Tito Jackson , Margaret Avery as Katherine 's mother Martha Scruse , Holly Robinson Peete as Diana Ross , Billy Dee Williams as Berry Gordy and Vanessa L. Williams as Suzanne de Passe . The opening titles of the film shows footage of the real Jacksons rehearsing , performing on stage , a few clips from the `` Can You Feel It '' music video , album covers , magazine covers and pictures of the family . The film is mostly based on the autobiography written by Katherine Jackson , who issued the 1990 autobiography , My Family . Part one of the film was based on how Joseph and Katherine managed to raise their children , first in Gary , Indiana , then later dealing with The Jackson 5 's early fame and its consequences . Part two of the film is based on the struggles of young Michael Jackson as he deals with his brothers marrying early into The Jackson 5 success , his problems with acne as a teenager , his eventual solo superstardom based on the success of his albums Off the Wall and Thriller and his legendary Motown 25 performance of `` Billie Jean '' as well as his difficult relationship with his father . Michael Jackson 's voice is heard on : `` Beat It , '' `` Human Nature , '' `` Billie Jean , '' `` I Want You Back , '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are , '' `` I 'll Be There , '' `` Rockin ' Robin , '' `` ABC , '' and `` Dancing Machine . '' On all other songs , the Michael Jackson vocal part is performed by Anthony Harrell , Jason Weaver or Kipp Lennon . Cast ( edit ) Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs - Joseph Jackson Angela Bassett - Katherine Jackson Holly Robinson Peete - Diana Ross Margaret Avery - Martha Scruse Billy Dee Williams - Berry Gordy Vanessa Williams - Suzanne de Passe Wylie Draper - Michael Jackson Abolade David Olatunde - Michael Jackson ( baby ) Alex Burrall - Michael Jackson ( ages 6 -- 8 ) Jason Weaver - Michael Jackson ( ages 8 -- 15 ) Colin Steele - Jermaine Jackson Jermaine Jackson II - Jermaine Jackson ( ages 10 -- 16 ) Terrence Howard - Jackie Jackson Bumper Robinson - Jackie Jackson ( ages 13 -- 17 ) Monica Calhoun - Rebbie Jackson Ebonie Smith - La Toya Jackson Kelli Martin - La Toya Jackson ( ages 8 -- 10 ) Angel Vargas - Tito Jackson Shakiem Jamar Evans - Tito Jackson ( ages 11 -- 15 ) Maya Nicole Johnson - Janet Jackson Monica Allison - Hazel Gordy Robert Redcross - Randy Jackson Nicolas Phillips - Randy Jackson ( age 7 - 9 ) Marcus Maurice - Marlon Jackson Floyd Myers , Jr . - Marlon Jackson ( age 7 - 9 ) Jacen Wilkerson - Marlon Jackson ( ages 9 -- 16 ) Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) The group is shown making a record of Wilbert Harrison 's `` Kansas City '' . `` Kansas City '' was never covered by the Jackson 5 , although the band did multiple covers of early hits . In the Motown audition scene , Berry Gordy was not actually in attendance . Instead , the audition was videotaped and shown to Gordy at a later time . The Jacksons are shown getting an audition for Motown due to winning a talent show at the Apollo Theatre , and Joseph is touting it as their first signing . In actuality , the group 's first recording contract was offered by Steeltown Records , a smaller agency based in their native Gary , Indiana , in 1967 . The group had done one audition for Motown and was rejected . Following their moderate success with a couple of single tracks in Steeltown , the Jackson 5 felt confident enough to audition a second time for Motown , after which they were signed . In the film , prior to the Motown debut , Michael is seen in a recording studio , which may have been reference to their early career with Steeltown Records . In the scene where Michael is seen shooting for the Pepsi commercial which caused his scalp to catch fire , it shows his body rolling down the stairs . In fact he actually walked down the stairs with his hair on fire and later realized and did a one rotation spin ( not the usual spin move he did ) and shaking his head wildly from the pain . However , the realistic display of Michael 's burning was not seen until video leaked after Michael 's 2009 death . The film 's depiction of Michael performing `` Billie Jean '' at the Motown 25 television special , has Jackson wearing his trademark white glove on his right hand . In reality , Michael wore it on his left hand that night . The style of the film 's glove is also notably different , compared to the factual one . The film lists 1959 as Michael 's birth . Michael was actually born in 1958 . When the group performs on the Diana Ross special , Michael announces that the song I Want You Back is out on sale everywhere after they perform the song . In reality , Michael announced his statement before the group performed the song . In the documentary , when the group performed the Star Spangled Banner at the baseball game , they sang it acapella and took place at a regular baseball game with unknown teams . In reality , a marching band accompanied the brothers when they sang the national anthem at Game 1 of the 1970 World Series , which pitted the Cincinnati Reds against the Baltimore Orioles . In part 1 of the miniseries , they showed the year 1945 as the year Joseph and Katherine Jackson met as teenagers in East Chicago . They actually met two years later in 1947 when Joseph was 19 and Katherine 17 . When five - year - old Michael Jackson is shown singing `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' , each Jackson family member , including Joseph , is in attendance . The real life Joseph was actually working overtime in U.S. Steel while Michael performed this . Joseph 's father Samuel instead viewed the performance with the family . Joseph would n't see his son perform until he began singing with Jermaine during a group rehearsal . In the scene where Joseph catches son Tito playing his guitar after the string broke , he reportedly whips him with the belt . However , family members and friends differ from what happened ; while early Jackson 5 band members such as Milford Hite , claimed Tito was whipped , both Tito and Jermaine denied that the whipping took place that night and that Joseph just threatened to `` whip Tito '' if he played wrong after Joseph fixed the string . In the scene after the alleged discipline by Joseph , the four eldest Jackson brothers began singing for Joseph while Michael is rebuffed by his mother . In reality , only Jackie , Tito and Jermaine sang for Joseph . In Katherine 's book , she claimed that Michael was the fourth member and that Marlon almost did n't join because Joseph felt Marlon `` was n't talented enough '' . Katherine eventually convinced Joseph to put Marlon in the group though he reportedly did n't sing for the group until the group signed with Motown . In the early years , he played tambourine with them while Michael played congas . In the bedroom scene with Jermaine and a groupie , Michael and Marlon are seen hiding in the bed and playing a prank on Jermaine by touching the groupie 's leg only to run out of the bedroom when Jermaine catches them . In reality , according to Michael , Jermaine had Michael and Marlon sleeping in the next bed and told them to `` pretend '' they were sleeping while he and the groupies had sex . In the scene where Katherine convinces Michael to partake on The Victory Tour , she gives Michael an emotional speech about family ; however in biographies on the family , Katherine practically begs Michael to take part in the tour , which he agrees to . Following the tour , Michael left the group in December 1984 , with Marlon leaving the following month . Reception ( edit ) The Jacksons : An American Dream became one of the most popular and successful music - biography miniseries of the 1990s . Part 1 of the miniseries was the third highest - rated program broadcast during the week of November 9 -- 15 with a 21.1 rating . Part 2 of the miniseries was watched by 38.4 million viewers in 22.3 million households becoming the highest - rated program broadcast during the week of November 16 -- 22 posting a 23.9 rating , and 36 share . Overall , the miniseries was watched in 38.3 million households and posted a 22.3 rating and 33 share . The series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography , and was also nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Special , Outstanding Miniseries , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Miniseries or a Special . Bumper Robinson won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Television Movie , and Alex Burrall and Jason Weaver both won a special award for Outstanding Young Performers Starring in a Mini-Series . The miniseries was later rebroadcast on VH1 and released to VHS and DVD . The DVD version of the miniseries was released as a two - disc set . The first disc was named `` The Early Years '' and the second disc was named `` The Success Years '' . In 2004 , VH1 would produce Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story , which picked up Michael 's life from the end of The Jacksons to the present , which at the time included him standing trial on charges of child molestation . The miniseries aired frequently after the death of Michael Jackson . It has been shown on TV One , BET , Centric and VH1 . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jacksons : An American Dream Soundtrack album by The Jackson 5 Released September 29 , 1992 Recorded Genre Soul , Funk Length 37 : 51 Label Motown The Jackson 5 chronology 2300 Jackson Street ( 1989 ) 2300 Jackson Street 1989 `` The Jacksons : An American Dream '' ( 1992 ) Soulsation ! ( 1995 ) Soulsation ! 1995 Singles from The Jacksons : An American Dream Track listing ( edit ) All songs performed by the Jackson 5 except where noted `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( Live ) - 5 : 39 Recorded live in Gary , Indiana , May 29 , 1971 `` Kansas City '' ( Jason Weaver ) - 2 : 19 `` I 'll Be There '' ( Originally on Third Album ) - 3 : 56 `` In the Still of the Night '' ( Boyz II Men ) - 2 : 51 `` Walk on / The Love You Save '' ( Live ) - 6 : 05 Recorded live in Gary , Indiana , May 29 , 1971 `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' ( Jason Weaver ) - 4 : 21 `` Dancing Machine '' ( Originally on G.I.T. : Get It Together ) - 3 : 17 `` The Dream Goes On '' ( Jermaine Jackson ) - 3 : 50 `` I Want You Back / ABC '' ( Live ) - 3 : 23 Recorded live at the Forum , Los Angeles . August 26 , 1972 ( Later issued in its entirety on Live at the Forum in 2010 ) `` Stay With Love '' ( Jermaine Jackson and Syreeta ) - 4 : 19 `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( Originally on Maybe Tomorrow ) - 2 : 59 `` You Are the Ones ( Interlude ) '' ( 3T ) - 1 : 51 `` Dancing Machine ( Remix ) '' - 3 : 43 Other songs done in the film but not put on the track : `` Climb Every Mountain '' `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Beans , Beans , the Musical Fruit '' `` Beat It '' See also ( edit ) The Jackson Family portal Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Faye B. ( November 14 , 1992 ) . `` Highlights '' . The Tuscaloosa News . p. 6A . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Motown 's Gordy On Discovering Jackson '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` ABC posts third straight ratings win '' . The Modesto Bee . November 19 , 1992 . p . F5 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Carmody , John ( November 20 , 1992 ) . `` THE TV COLUMN '' . The Washington Post . p. c. 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's ' The Jacksons ' finales holds top spot '' . Daily News . November 27 , 1992 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Grahnke , Lon ( November 27 , 1992 ) . `` Highlights '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 6A . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) The Jacksons : An American Dream at AllMovie The Jacksons : An American Dream on IMDb Michael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever , Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Other albums Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday Thriller 25 One Night in Japan Bad 25 Soundtracks The Wiz E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson 's This Is It Immortal Compilations A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies The Best of Michael Jackson 18 Greatest Hits One Day in Your Life The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary : The Video Singles Thriller 25 : Limited Japanese Single Collection 50 Best Songs -- The Motown Years : Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 The Collection Hello World : The Motown Solo Collection Concert tours Bad World Tour Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It Filmography Michael Jackson 's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Ghosts Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls Michael Jackson 's This Is It Michael Jackson : The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Video albums Dangerous : The Short Films Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory HIStory on Film , Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson 's Vision Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Television `` Stark Raving Dad '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story Move Like Michael Jackson Michael Jackson 's Halloween Video games Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 Space Channel 5 : Part 2 Michael Jackson : The Experience Planet Michael Bibliography Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever MJ & Friends Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand : What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Assets Neverland Ranch Northern Songs Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( formerly ) Influence on society Heal the World Foundation Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour Michael Jackson : One Related The Jackson 5 Moonwalk Health and appearance Personal relationships 1993 child sexual abuse accusations Living with Michael Jackson People v. Jackson Death Memorial service Trial of personal physician Cover versions Thriller jacket HIStory statue Quincy Jones Kenny Ortega Bubbles Mesoparapylocheles Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award We Are the World Mind Is the Magic : Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson Queen Forever Relatives Katherine Esther Scruse ( mother ) Joseph Walter Jackson ( father ) Maureen Reillette Brown ( elder sister ) Sigmund Esco Jackson ( elder brother ) Toriano Adaryll Jackson ( elder brother ) Jermaine La Juane Jackson ( elder brother ) La Toya Yvonne Jackson ( elder sister ) Marlon David Jackson ( elder brother ) Steven Randall Jackson ( younger brother ) Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( younger sister ) Nathaniel Austin Brown ( nephew ) Tito Joe Jackson ( nephew ) Lisa Marie Presley ( ex-wife ) Deborah Jeanne Rowe ( ex-wife ) Prince Jackson ( son ) Paris - Michael Katherine Jackson ( daughter ) Book Category Portal The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T. : Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! 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Jackson : 1978 Austin Brown : 1985 Prince Jackson : 1997 Paris Jackson : 1998 Musical groups The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons 3T Television The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty The Jacksons : Next Generation Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream&oldid=854828859 '' Categories : Jackson family ( show business ) The Jackson 5 1990s American television miniseries English - language films African - American television American biographical films American films Motown Productions films 1992 television films Films set in Indiana Films set in Alabama Films set in Michigan Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in California Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s American Broadcasting Company network shows Films directed by Karen Arthur Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 02 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the dad in the jackson 5 movie	[ "The miniseries stars Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs as the Jacksons' patriarch Joseph Jackson, Angela Bassett as the family matriarch Katherine Jackson, Alex Burrall, Jason Weaver and Wylie Draper played Michael Jackson in different eras, while Bumper Robinson and Terrence Howard played Jackie Jackson in different eras, Shakiem Jamar Evans and Angel Vargas played Tito Jackson, Margaret Avery as Katherine's mother Martha Scruse, Holly Robinson Peete as Diana Ross, Billy Dee Williams as Berry Gordy and Vanessa L. Williams as Suzanne de Passe. The opening titles of the film shows footage of the real Jacksons rehearsing, performing on stage, a few clips from the \"Can You Feel It\" music video, album covers, magazine covers and pictures of the family.\nThe film is mostly based on the autobiography written by Katherine Jackson, who issued the 1990 autobiography, My Family. Part one of the film was based on how Joseph and Katherine managed to raise their children, first in Gary, Indiana, then later dealing with The Jackson 5's early fame and its consequences. Part two of the film is based on the struggles of young Michael Jackson as he deals with his brothers marrying early into The Jackson 5 success, his problems with acne as a teenager, his eventual solo superstardom based on the success of his albums Off the Wall and Thriller and his legendary Motown 25 performance of \"Billie Jean\" as well as his difficult relationship with his father.\n" ]	[ "Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs" ]
2254730658377278530	Stranger Things	Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80057281 Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by The Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season . The Duffer Brothers intend to conclude Stranger Things with a fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guests 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will had been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When Will is found to be still influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He falls in love with Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She falls in love with Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guests Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a disturbing vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Hopper and Eleven head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him to force the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He starts a fight with Steve , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as The Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited The Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and The Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Later that month , David Harbour said that the Duffers were still writing episodes for the season , and did not expect the season would release until 2019 . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , The Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , The Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , The Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with The Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to The Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , The Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award . Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award because their performances in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 69 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 109 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 69 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like The Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 109 reviews , and an average rating of 7.83 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and The Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , The Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Accolades It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( October 2017 ) Association Nominee ( s ) / work Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated American Film Institute Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Art Directors Guild One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' and `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz and John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven / Jane Ives `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Nominated Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Episode Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Drama Episode Paul Ditcher , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Cast of Stranger Things Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Producers Guild of America Episodic Television , Drama Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Society of Camera Operators Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Television Critics Association Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Finn Wolfhard Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Writers Guild of America Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated New Series Stranger Things Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Series Stranger Things Pending Best Supporting Performance in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Pending Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Pending Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including The Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar. 26 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are there for stranger things 2	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n9\n1\n\"Chapter One: MADMAX\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nThe Duffer Brothers\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nOn October 28, 1984, Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police. Her wrist tattoo marks her as \"008.\" At the Hawkins arcade, Will has a vision of the Upside Down. Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper. Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril's pumpkin patch. Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine (\"Max\") to his class. At Hawkins Lab, Owens examines Will. He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder. Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb's parents, who are selling their house to pay for Bauman's investigation into Barb's disappearance. Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home, and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down. Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods, where Eleven accuses him of being late.\n\n\n10\n2\n\"Chapter Two: Trick or Treat, Freak\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nThe Duffer Brothers\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nIn a flashback, Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school, having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season. After escaping the Upside Down, she goes to Mike's house. To avoid government agents, she hides in the woods. In the present, Eleven asks to go trick-or-treating, but Hopper says it's too risky. Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town. Nancy wants to tell Barb's parents about her death, but Steve insists it's too dangerous. At a Halloween party that evening, Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she doesn't love him. Angered, Steve leaves, and asks Jonathan to take her home. Mike, Will, Dustin, Lucas, and Max go trick-or-treating. Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him. Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven. Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails. Dustin finds a creature in his trash can.\n\n\n11\n3\n\"Chapter Three: The Pollywog\"\nShawn Levy\nJustin Doble\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nDustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan (\"Dart\"). In a flashback, Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven. She approaches him and moves into his grandfather's hunting cabin. In the present, Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside. Angry, she escapes and looks for Mike. Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears. Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb's parents the truth. Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab. Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will, Mike, Lucas, and Max. Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down. Dart molts and escapes. Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting. Jealous, she makes Max fall off her skateboard. On a videotape Will made while trick-or-treating, Joyce discovers an image of the monster. Will finds Dart, triggering a vision of the Upside Down. Dustin recovers Dart. Following Bob's advice, Will confronts the monster, but it invades his body.\n\n\n12\n4\n\"Chapter Four: Will the Wise\"\nShawn Levy\nPaul Dichter\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nJoyce takes Will home. His temperature is strangely low, but he refuses a warm bath. Eleven returns to the cabin. She and Hopper fight, and Hopper grounds her. Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he's connected to the Shadow Monster. Unable to explain in words, he makes a vast number of scribbles. Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map. Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents. Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down. He says it can be contained but not destroyed, admits Barb died, and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free. Secretly, Nancy records his confession. Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas. Eleven finds Hopper's notes on Hawkins Lab. Using her psychic powers, she contacts Terry Ives, who calls her \"Jane.\" Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon. Following Will's map, Hopper digs in Merril's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down.\n\n\n13\n5\n\"Chapter Five: Dig Dug\"\nAndrew Stanton\nJessie Nickson-Lopez\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nVines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels. Will realizes Hopper is in danger. Lucas tells Max the truth about Will's disappearance last year, but she doesn't believe him. Jonathan and Nancy play Owens' confession to Bauman. The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab. Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it. Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind. Eleven hitchhikes to Terry's house. She telepathically communicates with Terry, seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy. Bob figures out Hopper's location, and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him. They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab. As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels, Will screams in agony and collapses.\n\n\n14\n6\n\"Chapter Six: The Spy\"\nAndrew Stanton\nKate Trefry\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nWill is rushed to the lab, where he cannot recognize Bob, Hopper, or Owens. Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will. He shows Hopper the lab basement, where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor. Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar. Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman's and admit their feelings for each other. Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true, and he sneaks her out of her house. Steve offers Dustin dating tips. Steve, Dustin, Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard. Max opens up to Lucas about Billy's anger over his father's remarriage to Max's mother. Dart, now the size of a large dog, arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus. Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster. Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels, and the Demodogs leave the junkyard. Will apologizes, saying the Shadow Monster made him do it. The Demodogs ambush the soldiers, slaughter them, and climb into the lab.\n\n\n15\n7\n\"Chapter Seven: The Lost Sister\"\nRebecca Thomas\nJustin Doble\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nIn Chicago, Eleven locates Kali, who is the girl from Terry's memories. Kali can create illusions, and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them. She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers. Eleven uses her powers to find Ray, the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry, and the gang breaks into his apartment. Ray claims Brenner is still alive, and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner. They disbelieve him, and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray. When Eleven learns he has two daughters, she stops and prevents Kali from killing him. Back at their hideout, Kali conjures a disturbing vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother. Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble. While Kali and her gang escape the police, Eleven returns to Hawkins.\n\n\n16\n8\n\"Chapter Eight: The Mind Flayer\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nThe Duffer Brothers\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nThe Demodogs overwhelm the lab. Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster cannot track them. Mike, Will, Joyce, Hopper, Bob, and Owens shelter in the lab's security room. Dustin, Steve, Lucas, and Max track the Demodogs to the lab, where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan. When the power goes out, Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape. Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out. Mike, Will, Joyce, and Hopper escape, but Bob is killed by the Demodogs. The group retreat to the Byers' house, where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer. After disguising their location, they interrogate Will. Using Morse code, he taps out, \"CLOSE GATE.\" The house phone rings, and Will realizes where he is. The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house, but Eleven arrives and kills it.\n\n\n17\n9\n\"Chapter Nine: The Gate\"\nThe Duffer Brothers\nThe Duffer Brothers\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n\n\nHopper and Eleven head for the lab, where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs. Jonathan, Nancy, and Joyce take Will to Hopper's cabin and overheat him to force the Mind Flayer out. Mike, Dustin, Lucas, and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate, but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety. Billy, forced by his abusive father to look for Max, arrives at the Byers house. He starts a fight with Steve, but Max sedates him, and the group leaves in Billy's car. They start a fire in the tunnels, but Dart blocks their return. Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar, and Dart allows them to pass. Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate, and as the gate closes, the remaining monsters in Hawkins die. One month later, Hawkins Lab has shut down. Barb is given a funeral, and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven. The students attend the school's winter dance, the Snow Ball. Max and Lucas kiss, as do Mike and Eleven. Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him. In the Upside Down, the Mind Flayer towers over the school.\n\n" ]	[ "9" ]
-2050183238642747029	Basal ganglia	Basal ganglia - wikipedia Basal ganglia Jump to : navigation , search Basal ganglia Basal ganglia labeled at top right . Basal ganglia on underneath view of brain Details Part of Cerebrum Identifiers Latin nuclei basales MeSH A08. 186.211. 730.885. 105 NeuroNames hier - 206 NeuroLex ID Basal ganglia Dorlands / Elsevier n_11 / 12580456 TA A14. 1.09. 501 FMA 84013 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The basal ganglia ( or basal nuclei ) is a group of subcortical nuclei , of varied origin , in the brains of vertebrates including humans , which are situated at the base of the forebrain . Basal ganglia are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex , thalamus , and brainstem , as well as several other brain areas . The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including : control of voluntary motor movements , procedural learning , routine behaviors or `` habits '' such as teeth grinding , eye movements , cognition , and emotion . The main components of the basal ganglia -- as defined functionally -- are the striatum ; both dorsal striatum ( caudate nucleus and putamen ) and ventral striatum ( nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle ) , globus pallidus , ventral pallidum , substantia nigra , and subthalamic nucleus . Each of these components has a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization . The largest component , the striatum ( dorsal and ventral ) , receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia , but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia . The pallidum receives input from the striatum , and sends inhibitory output to a number of motor - related areas . The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine , which plays an important role in basal ganglia function . The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex , and projects to the globus pallidus . Popular theories implicate the basal ganglia primarily in action selection -- in helping to decide which of several possible behaviors to execute at any given time . In more specific terms , the basal ganglia 's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly . Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems , and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active . The `` behavior switching '' that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain , including the prefrontal cortex , which plays a key role in executive functions . The importance of these subcortical nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction , which include : disorders of behavior control such as Tourette syndrome , hemiballismus , and obsessive -- compulsive disorder ; dystonia ; addiction ; and movement disorders , the most notable of which are Parkinson 's disease , which involves degeneration of the dopamine - producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta , and Huntington 's disease , which primarily involves damage to the striatum . The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names : the nucleus accumbens , ventral pallidum , and ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) . There is considerable evidence that this limbic part plays a central role in reward learning , particularly a pathway ( mesolimbic pathway ) from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens that uses the neurotransmitter dopamine . A number of highly addictive drugs , including cocaine , amphetamine , and nicotine , are thought to work by increasing the efficacy of this dopamine signal . There is also evidence implicating overactivity of the VTA dopaminergic projection in schizophrenia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Striatum 1.2 Pallidum 1.3 Substantia nigra 1.4 Subthalamic nucleus 1.5 Circuit connections 1.6 Neurotransmitters 1.7 Functional Connectivity 2 Function 2.1 Eye movements 2.2 Role in motivation 2.3 Decision making 2.4 Working memory 3 Clinical significance 4 History 4.1 Terminology 5 Other animals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) In terms of development , the human central nervous system is often classified based on the original three primitive vesicles from which it develops : These primary vesicles form in the normal development of the neural tube of the embryo and initially include the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , in rostral to caudal ( from head to tail ) orientation . Later in development of the nervous system each section itself turns into smaller components . During development , the cells that migrate tangentially to form the basal ganglia are directed by the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences . The following table demonstrates this developmental classification and traces it to the anatomic structures found in the basal ganglia . The structures relevant to the basal ganglia are shown in bold . Primary division of the neural tube Secondary subdivision Final segments in a human adult Prosencephalon Telencephalon Diencephalon On each side of the brain : the cerebral cortices , caudate , putamen Globus pallidus , ventral pallidum , thalamus , hypothalamus , subthalamus , epithalamus , subthalamic nucleus Mesencephalon Mesencephalon Mesencephalon ( midbrain ) : substantia nigra pars compacta ( SNc ) , substantia nigra pars reticulata ( SNr ) Rhombencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon Pons and cerebellum Medulla Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia . White matter is shown in dark gray , gray matter is shown in light gray . Anterior : striatum , globus pallidus ( GPe and GPi ) Posterior : subthalamic nucleus ( STN ) , substantia nigra ( SN ) The basal ganglia form a fundamental component of the cerebrum . In contrast to the cortical layer that lines the surface of the forebrain , the basal ganglia are a collection of distinct masses of gray matter lying deep in the brain not far from the junction of the thalamus . They lie to the side of and surround the thalamus . Like most parts of the brain , the basal ganglia consist of left and right sides that are virtual mirror images of each other . In terms of anatomy , the basal ganglia are divided into four distinct structures , depending on how superior or rostral they are ( in other words depending on how close to the top of the head they are ) : Two of them , the striatum and the pallidum , are relatively large ; the other two , the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus , are smaller . In the illustration to the right , two coronal sections of the human brain show the location of the basal ganglia components . Of note , and not seen in this section , the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra lie farther back ( posteriorly ) in the brain than the striatum and pallidum . Striatum ( edit ) Main article : Striatum Basal ganglia The striatum is a subcortical structure generally divided into the dorsal striatum and ventral striatum , although a medial lateral classification has been suggested to be more relevant behaviorally and is being more widely used . The striatum is composed mostly of medium spiny neurons . These GABAergic projection neurons project to the external ( lateral ) globus pallidus and internal ( medial ) globus pallidus as well as the substantia nigra pars reticulata . The projections into the globus pallidus and substantia nigra are primarily dopaminergic , although enkephalin , dynorphin and substance P are expressed . The striatum also contains interneurons that are classified into nitrergic neurons ( due to use of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter ) , tonically active cholinergic interneurons , parvalbumin - expressing neurons and calretinin - expressing neurons . The dorsal striatum receives significant glutamatergic inputs from the cortex , as well as dopaminergic inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta . The dorsal striatum is generally considered to be involved in sensorimotor activities . The ventral striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from the limbic areas as well as dopaminergic inputs from the VTA , via the mesolimbic pathway . The ventral striatum is believed to play a role in reward and other limbic functions . The dorsal striatum is divided into the caudate and putamen by the internal capsule while the ventral striatum is composed of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle . The caudate has three primary regions of connectivity , with the head of the caudate demonstrating connectivity to the prefrontal cortex , cingulate cortex and amygdala . The body and tail show differentiation between the dorsolateral rim and ventral caudate , projecting to the sensorimotor and limbic regions of the striatum respectively . Pallidum ( edit ) The pallidum consists of a large structure called the globus pallidus ( `` pale globe '' ) together with a smaller ventral extension called the ventral pallidum . The globus pallidus appears as a single neural mass , but can be divided into two functionally distinct parts , called the internal ( or medial ) and external ( lateral ) segments , abbreviated GPi and GPe . Both segments contain primarily GABAergic neurons , which therefore have inhibitory effects on their targets . The two segments participate in distinct neural circuits . The GPe , receives input mainly from the striatum , and projects to the subthalamic nucleus . The GPi , receives signals from the striatum via the `` direct '' and `` indirect '' pathways . Pallidal neurons operate using a disinhibition principle . These neurons fire at steady high rates in the absence of input , and signals from the striatum cause them to pause or reduce their rate of firing . Because pallidal neurons themselves have inhibitory effects on their targets , the net effect of striatal input to the pallidum is a reduction of the tonic inhibition exerted by pallidal cells on their targets ( disinhibition ) with an increased rate of firing in the targets . Substantia nigra ( edit ) Main article : Substantia nigra Location of the substantia nigra within the basal ganglia The substantia nigra is a midbrain gray matter portion of the basal ganglia that has two parts -- the pars compacta ( SNc ) and the pars reticulata ( SNr ) . SNr often works in unison with GPi , and the SNr - GPi complex inhibits the thalamus . Substantia nigra pars compacta ( SNc ) however , produces the neurotransmitter dopamine , which is very significant in maintaining balance in the striatal pathway . The circuit portion below explains the role and circuit connections of each of the components of the basal ganglia . Subthalamic nucleus ( edit ) Main article : Subthalamic nucleus The subthalamic nucleus is a diencephalic gray matter portion of the basal ganglia , and the only portion of the ganglia that produces an excitatory neurotransmitter , glutamate . The role of the subthalamic nucleus is to stimulate the SNr - GPi complex and it is part of the indirect pathway . The subthalamic nucleus receives inhibitory input from the external part of the globus pallidus and sends excitatory input to the GPi . Circuit connections ( edit ) Further information : Cortico - basal ganglia - thalamo - cortical loop Connectivity diagram showing excitatory glutamatergic pathways as red , inhibitory GABAergic pathways as blue , and modulatory dopaminergic pathways as magenta . ( Abbreviations : GPe : globus pallidus external ; GPi : globus pallidus internal ; STN : subthalamic nucleus ; SNc : substantia nigra pars compacta ; SNr : substantia nigra pars reticulata ) The left side of Fig. 1 shows a region of the prefrontal cortex receiving multiple inputs from other regions , as cortico - cortical activity . The input from B is the strongest of these . The right side of Fig. 1 shows the input signals also being fed to the basal ganglia circuitry . The output from here , back to the same region , is shown to modify the strength of the input from B , by adding strength to the input from C thereby modifying the strongest signal from B to C. ( Thalamic involvement is implicit but not shown ) . Multiple models of basal ganglia circuits and function have been proposed , however there have been questions raised about the strict divisions of the direct and indirect pathways , their possible overlap and regulation . The circuitry models has evolved since the first proposed model in the 1990s by DeLong in the parallel processing model , in which the cortex and substantia nigra pars compacta project into the dorsal striatum giving rise to an inhibitory indirect and excitatory direct pathway . The inhibitory indirect pathway involved the inhibition of the globus pallidus externus , allowing for the disinhibition of the globus pallidus internus allowing it to inhibit the thalamus . The direct or excitatory pathway involved the disinhibition of the thalamus through the inhibition of the GPe / SNr . However the speed of the direct pathway would not be concordant with the indirect pathway in this model leading to problems with it . To get over this , a hyperdirect pathway where the cortex sends glutamatergic projections through the subthalamic nucleus exciting the inhibitory GPe under the center surround model , as well as a shorter indirect pathway have been proposed . Generally , the basal ganglia circuitry is divided into a limbic , two associative ( prefrontal ) , an oculomotor and one motor pathway . The motor and oculomotor are sometimes grouped into one motor pathway . The 5 general pathways are organized as follows : The motor loop involving projections from the supplementary motor area , arcuate premotor area , motor cortex and somatosensory cortex into the putamen , which projects into the ventrolateral GPi and caudolateral SNr which projects into the cortex through the ventralis lateralis pars medialis and ventralis lateralis pars orialis . The oculomotor loop involved projections from the frontal eye fields , the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) , and the posterior parietal cortex into the caudate , into the caudal dorsomedial GPi and ventrolateral SNr , finally looping back into the cortex through the lateral ventralis anterior pars magnocellularis ( VAmc ) . The first cognitive / associative pathway proposes a pathway from the DLPFC , into the dorsolateral caudate , followed by a projection into the lateral dosomedial GPi , and rostral SNr before projecting into the lateral VAmc and medial pars magnocellularis . The second cognitive / associative pathway proposed is a circuit projecting from the lateral orbitofrontal cortex , the temporal gyrus , and anterior cingulate cortex into the ventromedial caudate , followed by a projection into the lateromedial GPi , and rostrolateral SNr before looping into the cortex via the medial VAmc and medial magnocellularis . The limbic circuit involving the projections from the ACC , hippocampus , entorhinal cortex , and insula into the ventral striatum , then into the rostrodorsal GPi , ventral palladium and rostrodorsal SNr , followed by a loop back into the cortex through the posteromedial part of the medial dorsal nucleus . However , more subdivisions of loops have been proposed , up to 20,000 . The direct pathway , originating in the dorsal striatum inhibits the GPi and SNr , resulting in a net disinhibition or excitation of the thalamus . This pathway consist of medium spiny neurons ( MSNs ) that express dopamine receptor D1 , muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 , and adenosine receptor A1 . The direct pathway has been proposed to facilitate motor actions , timing of motor actions , gating of working memory , and motor responses to specific stimuli . The ( long ) indirect pathway originates in the dorsal striatum and inhibits the GPe , resulting in disinhibition of the GPi which is then free to inhibit the thalamus . This pathway consists of MSNs that express dopamine receptor D2 , muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 , and adenosine receptor A2a . This pathway has been proposed to result in global motor inhibition ( inhibition of all motor activity ) , and termination of responses . Another shorter indirect pathway has been proposed , which involves cortical excitation of the subthalamic nucleus resulting in direct excitation of the GPe , and inhibition of the thalamus . This pathway is proposed to result in inhibition of specific motor programs based on associative learning . A combination of these indirect pathways resulting in a hyperdirect pathway that results in inhibition of basal ganglia inputs besides one specific focus has been proposed as part of the center surround theory . This hyperdirect pathway is proposed to inhibit premature responses , or globally inhibit the basal ganglia to allow for more specific top down control by the cortex . The interactions of these pathways are currently under debate . Some say that all pathways directly antagonize each other in a `` push pull '' fashion , while others support the center surround theory , in which one focused input into the cortex is protected by inhibition of competing inputs by the rest of the indirect pathways . Main circuits of the basal ganglia . This diagram shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures . The + and -- signs at the point of the arrows indicate whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory , respectively , in effect . Green arrows refer to excitatory glutamatergic pathways , red arrows refer to inhibitory GABAergic pathways and turquoise arrows refer to dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway . Neurotransmitters ( edit ) The basal ganglia contains many afferent glutamatergic inputs , with predominantly GABAergic efferent fibers , modulatory cholinergic pathways , significant dopamine in the pathways originating in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra , as well as various neuropeptides . Neuropeptides found in the basal ganglia include substance P , neurokinin A , cholecystokinin , neurotensin , neurokinin B , neuropeptide Y , somatostatin , dynorphin , enkephaline . Other neuromodulators found in the basal ganglia include nitric oxide , carbon monoxide , and phenylethylamine . Functional connectivity ( edit ) The functional connectivity , measured by regional co-activation during functional neuroimaging studies , is broadly consistent with the parallel processing models of basal ganglia function . The putamen was generally coactivated with motor areas such as the Supplementary motor area , caudal Anterior cingulate cortex and Primary motor cortex , while the caudate and rostral putamen were more frequently coactivated with the rostral ACC and DLPFC . The ventral striatum was significantly associated with the amygdala and hippocampus , which although was not included in the first formulations of basal ganglia models , has been an addition to more recent models . Function ( edit ) Eye movements ( edit ) One intensively studied function of the basal ganglia is its role in controlling eye movements . Eye movement is influenced by an extensive network of brain regions that converges on a midbrain area called the superior colliculus ( SC ) . The SC is a layered structure whose layers form two - dimensional retinotopic maps of visual space . A `` bump '' of neural activity in the deep layers of the SC drives an eye movement directed toward the corresponding point in space . The SC receives a strong inhibitory projection from the basal ganglia , originating in the substantia nigra pars reticulata ( SNr ) . Neurons in the SNr usually fire continuously at high rates , but at the onset of an eye movement they `` pause '' , thereby releasing the SC from inhibition . Eye movements of all types are associated with `` pausing '' in the SNr ; however , individual SNr neurons may be more strongly associated with some types of movements than others . Neurons in some parts of the caudate nucleus also show activity related to eye movements . Since the great majority of caudate cells fire at very low rates , this activity almost always shows up as an increase in firing rate . Thus , eye movements begin with activation in the caudate nucleus , which inhibits the SNr via the direct GABAergic projections , which in turn disinhibits the SC . Role in motivation ( edit ) Extracellular dopamine in the basal ganglia has been linked to motivational states in rodents , with high levels being linked to satiated `` euphoria '' , medium levels with seeking , and low with aversion . The limbic basal ganglia circuits are influenced heavily by extracellular dopamine . Increased dopamine results in inhibition of the Ventral pallidum , entopeduncular nucleus , and substantia nigra pars reticulata , resulting in disinhibition of the thalamus . This model of direct D1 , and indirect D2 pathways explain why selective agonists of each receptor are not rewarding , as activity at both pathways is required for disinhibition . The disinhibition of the thalamus leads to activation of the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum , selective for increased D1 activity leading to reward . Decision making ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Cortico - basal ganglia - thalamo - cortical loop . ( edit history ) Two models have been proposed for the basal ganglia , one being that actions are generated by a `` critic '' in the ventral striatum and estimates value , and the actions are carried out by an `` actor '' in the dorsal striatum . Another model proposes the basal ganglia acts as a selection mechanism , where actions are generated in the cortex and are selected based on context by the basal ganglia . The CBGTC loop is also involved in reward discounting , with firing increasing with an unexpected or greater than expected reward . One review supported the idea that the cortex was involved in learning actions regardless of their outcome , while the basal ganglia was involved in selecting appropriate actions based on associative reward based trial and error learning . Working memory ( edit ) The basal ganglia has been proposed to gate what enters and what does n't enter working memory . One hypothesis proposes that the direct pathway ( Go , or excitatory ) allows information into the PFC , where it stays independent of the pathway , however another theory proposes that in order for information to stay in the PFC the direct pathway needs to continue reverberating . The short indirect pathway has been proposed to , in a direct push pull antagonism with the direct pathway , close the gate to the PFC . Together these mechanisms regulate working memory focus . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Basal ganglia disease Basal ganglia disease is a group of movement disorders that result from either excessive output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus -- hypokinetic disorders , or from insufficient output -- hyperkinetic disorders . Hypokinetic disorders arise from an excessive output from the basal ganglia , which inhibits the output from the thalamus to the cortex , and this limits voluntary movement . Hyperkinetic disorders result from a low output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus which gives not enough inhibition to the thalamic projections to the cortex and this gives uncontrolled / involuntary movements . Dysfunction of the basal ganglia circuitry can also lead to other disorders . The following is a list of disorders that have been linked to the basal ganglia : Addiction Athetosis Athymhormic syndrome ( PAP syndrome ) Attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) Blepharospasm Bruxism Cerebral palsy : basal ganglia damage during second and third trimester of pregnancy Chorea Dystonia Fahr 's disease Foreign accent syndrome ( FAS ) Huntington 's disease Kernicterus Lesch -- Nyhan syndrome Major Depressive Disorder Obsessive - compulsive disorder Other anxiety disorders PANDAS Parkinson 's disease Spasmodic dysphonia Stuttering Sydenham 's chorea Tardive dyskinesia , caused by chronic antipsychotic treatment Tourette 's disorder Wilson 's disease History ( edit ) The acceptance that the basal ganglia system constitutes one major cerebral system took time to arise . The first anatomical identification of distinct subcortical structures was published by Thomas Willis in 1664 . For many years , the term corpus striatum was used to describe a large group of subcortical elements , some of which were later discovered to be functionally unrelated . For many years , the putamen and the caudate nucleus were not associated with each other . Instead , the putamen was associated with the pallidum in what was called the nucleus lenticularis or nucleus lentiformis . A thorough reconsideration by Cécile and Oskar Vogt ( 1941 ) simplified the description of the basal ganglia by proposing the term striatum to describe the group of structures consisting of the caudate nucleus , the putamen , and the mass linking them ventrally , the nucleus accumbens . The striatum was named on the basis of the striated ( striped ) appearance created by radiating dense bundles of striato - pallido - nigral axons , described by anatomist Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson ( 1912 ) as `` pencil - like '' . The anatomical link of the striatum with its primary targets , the pallidum and the substantia nigra , was discovered later . The name globus pallidus was attributed by Déjerine to Burdach ( 1822 ) . For this , the Vogts proposed the simpler `` pallidum '' . The term `` locus niger '' was introduced by Félix Vicq - d'Azyr as tache noire in ( 1786 ) , though that structure has since become known as the substantia nigra , due to contributions by Von Sömmering in 1788 . The structural similarity between the substantia nigra and globus pallidus was noted by Mirto in 1896 . Together , the two are known as the pallidonigral ensemble , which represents the core of the basal ganglia . Altogether , the main structures of the basal ganglia are linked to each other by the striato - pallido - nigral bundle , which passes through the pallidum , crosses the internal capsule as the `` comb bundle of Edinger '' , then finally reaches the substantia nigra . Additional structures that later became associated with the basal ganglia are the `` body of Luys '' ( 1865 ) ( nucleus of Luys on the figure ) or subthalamic nucleus , whose lesion was known to produce movement disorders . More recently , other areas such as the centromedian nucleus and the pedunculopontine complex have been thought to be regulators of the basal ganglia . Near the beginning of the 20th century , the basal ganglia system was first associated with motor functions , as lesions of these areas would often result in disordered movement in humans ( chorea , athetosis , Parkinson 's disease ) . Terminology ( edit ) The nomenclature of the basal ganglia system and its components has always been problematic . Early anatomists , seeing the macroscopic anatomical structure but knowing nothing of the cellular architecture or neurochemistry , grouped together components that are now believed to have distinct functions ( such as the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus ) , and gave distinct names to components that are now thought to be functionally parts of a single structure ( such as the caudate nucleus and putamen ) . The term `` basal '' comes from the fact that most of its elements are located in the basal part of the forebrain . The term ganglia is a misnomer : In modern usage , neural clusters are called `` ganglia '' only in the peripheral nervous system ; in the central nervous system they are called `` nuclei '' . For this reason , the basal ganglia are also occasionally known as the `` basal nuclei '' . Terminologia anatomica ( 1998 ) , the international authority for anatomical naming , retained `` nuclei basales '' , but this is not commonly used . The International Basal Ganglia Society ( IBAGS ) informally considers the basal ganglia to be made up of the striatum , the pallidum ( with two nuclei ) , the substantia nigra ( with its two distinct parts ) , and the subthalamic nucleus , whereas Terminologia anatomica excludes the last two . Some neurologists have included the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus as part of the basal ganglia , and some have also included the pedunculopontine nucleus . Other animals ( edit ) See also : Primate basal ganglia system The basal ganglia form one of the basic components of the forebrain , and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates . Even in the lamprey ( generally considered one of the most primitive of vertebrates ) , striatal , pallidal , and nigral elements can be identified on the basis of anatomy and histochemistry . The names given to the various nuclei of the basal ganglia are different in different species . In cats and rodents the internal globus pallidus is known as the entopeduncular nucleus . In birds the striatum is called the paleostriatum augmentatum and the external globus pallidus is called the paleostriatum primitivum . A clear emergent issue in comparative anatomy of the basal ganglia is the development of this system through phylogeny as a convergent cortically re-entrant loop in conjunction with the development and expansion of the cortical mantle . There is controversy , however , regarding the extent to which convergent selective processing occurs versus segregated parallel processing within re-entrant closed loops of the basal ganglia . Regardless , the transformation of the basal ganglia into a cortically re-entrant system in mammalian evolution occurs through a re-direction of pallidal ( or `` paleostriatum primitivum '' ) output from midbrain targets such as the superior colliculus , as occurs in sauropsid brain , to specific regions of the ventral thalamus and from there back to specified regions of the cerebral cortex that form a subset of those cortical regions projecting into the striatum . The abrupt rostral re-direction of the pathway from the internal segment of the globus pallidus into the ventral thalamus -- via the path of the ansa lenticularis -- could be viewed as a footprint of this evolutionary transformation of basal ganglia outflow and targeted influence . See also ( edit ) Neuroscience portal This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Alexander Cools Nathaniel A. 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Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press . p. 728 . ISBN 9780123858702 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ikemoto , Satoshi ; Yang , Chen ; Tan , Aaron ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Basal ganglia circuit loops , dopamine and motivation : A review and enquiry '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 290 : 17 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2015.04. 018 . ^ Jump up to : Schroll , Henning ; Hamker , Fred H. ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` Computational models of basal - ganglia pathway functions : focus on functional neuroanatomy '' . Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 7 . doi : 10.3389 / fnsys. 2013.00122 . ISSN 1662 - 5137 . PMC 3874581 . ^ Jump up to : Silkis , I. ( 1 January 2001 ) . `` The cortico - basal ganglia - thalamocortical circuit with synaptic plasticity. II . Mechanism of synergistic modulation of thalamic activity via the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia '' . Bio Systems . 59 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . ISSN 0303 - 2647 . PMID 11226622 . Jump up ^ DeLong , Mahlon ; Wichmann , Thomas ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` Changing Views of Basal Ganglia Circuits and Circuit Disorders '' . Clinical EEG and neuroscience. 41 ( 2 ) : 61 -- 67 . ISSN 1550 - 0594 . PMC 4305332 . Jump up ^ DeLong , Mahlon ; Wichmann , Thomas ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction '' . Parkinsonism & related disorders . 15 ( Suppl 3 ) : S237 -- S240 . doi : 10.1016 / S1353 - 8020 ( 09 ) 70822 - 3 . ISSN 1353 - 8020 . PMC 4275124 . Jump up ^ Sian , J. ; Youdim , M.B.H. ; Riederer , P. ; Gerlach , M. Biochemical Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia and Associated Neural Systems . Jump up ^ Postuma , RB ; Dagher , A ( October 2006 ) . `` Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta - analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications '' . Cerebral cortex ( New York , N.Y. : 1991 ) . 16 ( 10 ) : 1508 -- 21 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhj088 . PMID 16373457 . ^ Jump up to : Hikosaka , O ; Takikawa , Y ; Kawagoe , R ( 2000 ) . `` Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements '' . Physiological Reviews . 80 ( 3 ) : 953 -- 78 . PMID 10893428 . Jump up ^ Redgrave , P. ; Prescott , T.J. ; Gurney , K. ( April 1999 ) . `` The Basal Ganglia : A Vertebrate Solution to the Selection Problem ? '' . Neuroscience. 89 ( 4 ) : 1009 -- 1023 . doi : 10.1016 / S0306 - 4522 ( 98 ) 00319 - 4 . PMID 10362291 . Jump up ^ Maia , Tiago V. ; Frank , Michael J. ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` From Reinforcement Learning Models of the Basal Ganglia to the Pathophysiology Oof Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders '' . Nature Neuroscience. 14 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 162 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 2723 . ISSN 1097 - 6256 . PMC 4408000 . Jump up ^ Hélie , Sébastien ; Ell , Shawn W. ; Ashby , F. Gregory ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` Learning robust cortico - cortical associations with the basal ganglia : an integrative review '' . 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Revue neurologique. 150 ( 8 -- 9 ) : 543 -- 54 . PMID 7754290 . Jump up ^ Soltanzadeh , Akbar ( 2004 ) . Neurologic Disorders . Tehran : Jafari . ISBN 964 - 6088 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ Percheron , Gerard ; McKenzie , John S. ; Féger , Jean ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` The Basal Ganglia IV : New Ideas and Data on Structure and Function '' . Springer Science & Business Media . Jump up ^ Percheron , G ; Filion , M ( 1991 ) . `` Parallel processing in the basal ganglia : up to a point '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 14 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 0166 - 2236 ( 91 ) 90020 - U . PMID 1708537 . Jump up ^ Parent , Martin ; Parent , Andre ( 2005 ) . `` Single - axon tracing and three - dimensional reconstruction of centre median - parafascicular thalamic neurons in primates '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 481 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 44 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 20348 . PMID 15558721 . Jump up ^ Menasegovia , J ; Bolam , J ; Magill , P ( 2004 ) . `` Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia : distant relatives or part of the same family ? '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 27 ( 10 ) : 585 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2004.07. 009 . PMID 15374668 . Jump up ^ Parent A ( 1986 ) . Comparative Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 80348 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grillner , S ; Ekeberg , O ; Elmanira , A ; Lansner , A ; Parker , D ; Tegner , J ; Wallen , P ( 1998 ) . `` Intrinsic function of a neuronal network -- a vertebrate central pattern generator1 '' . Brain Research Reviews . 26 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 184 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / S0165 - 0173 ( 98 ) 00002 - 2 . PMID 9651523 . Jump up ^ Peter Redgrave ( 2007 ) Basal ganglia . Scholarpedia , 2 ( 6 ) : 1825 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basal ganglia . Imaging of Basal Ganglia at USUHS Models of Basal ganglia Jim Houk Scholarpedia 2 ( 10 ) : 1633 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 1633 The International Basal Ganglia Society Basal ganglia -- Official journal of LIMPE ( Lega Italiana per la Lotta Contro la Malattia di Parkinson , le Sindromi Extrapiramidali e le Demenze , Italy ) , the German Parkinson Society ( DPG , Deutsche Parkinson Gesellschaft ) , and the Japanese Basal Ganglia Society ( JBAGS Japan Basal Ganglia Society ) Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures Basal ganglia Grey matter Striatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts : Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus Rhinencephalon Grey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrain Grey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex : Hippocampal formation / Hippocampus anatomy Grey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral Obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( F42 , 300.3 ) History Yale -- Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Biology Neuroanatomy Basal ganglia ( striatum ) Orbitofrontal cortex Cingulate cortex Brain - derived neurotrophic factor Receptors 5 - HT β 5 - HT 5 - HT μ Opioid NK NMDA Symptoms Obsessions ( associative diagnostic injurious scrupulous pathogenic sexual ) Compulsions ( impulses , rituals tics ) Thought suppression ( avoidance ) Hoarding ( animals , books possessions ) Treatment Serotonergics Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Paroxetine Sertraline Citalopram Nefazodone Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Venlafaxine Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Serotonin -- norepinephrine -- dopamine reuptake inhibitors Nefazodone Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Phenelzine Tranylcypromine Tricyclic antidepressants Clomipramine Serotonergic psychedelics Lysergic acid diethylamide Psilocin Atypical antipsychotics Aripiprazole Quetiapine Mu opioidergics Hydrocodone Morphine Tramadol Anticholinergics Diphenhydramine NMDA glutamatergics Riluzole NK - 1 tachykininergics Aprepitant Other Nicotine Memantine Tautomycin Behavioral Cognitive behavioral therapy ( Exposure and response prevention ) Organizations International OCD Foundation OCD Action Notable people Edna B. 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Schwartz Susan Swedo Emily Colas Popular culture Literature / Comics Fictional Matchstick Men Plyushkin Xenocide Nonfiction Everything in Its Place Just Checking Media As Good as It Gets The Aviator Matchstick Men Adrian Monk `` $ pringfield '' Related Obsessive -- compulsive personality disorder Obsessional jealousy Primarily Obsessional OCD Relationship obsessive -- compulsive disorder Social anxiety disorder Tourette syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basal_ganglia&oldid=814905862 '' Categories : Obsessive -- compulsive disorder Basal ganglia Motor system Biology of obsessive -- compulsive disorder Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2010 Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the putamen and globus pallidus are considered to be subdivisions of the	[ "\n\nPrimary division of the neural tube\nSecondary subdivision\nFinal segments in a human adult\n\n\nProsencephalon\n\n\nTelencephalon\nDiencephalon\n\n\n\n\nOn each side of the brain: the cerebral cortices, caudate, putamen\nGlobus pallidus, ventral pallidum, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, subthalamic nucleus\n\n\n\n\nMesencephalon\n\n\nMesencephalon\n\n\n\n\nMesencephalon (midbrain): substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)\n\n\n\n\nRhombencephalon\n\n\nMetencephalon\nMyelencephalon\n\n\n\n\nPons and cerebellum\nMedulla\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Prosencephalon" ]
-5241027533505825947	Admission to the Union	Admission to the Union - wikipedia Admission to the Union Jump to : navigation , search For the admission of new member states to the European Union , see Enlargement of the European Union . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution , oftentimes called the New States Clause , and found at Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect . The Constitution went into effect on June 21 , 1788 , after ratification by 9 of the 13 states , and the federal government began operations under it on March 4 , 1789 . Since then , 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence . Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress , all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory . A state so created might encompass all or a portion of a territory . When the people of a territory or a region thereof would make their desire for statehood known to the federal government , in most cases Congress passed an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory or region to frame a proposed state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union . Although the use of an enabling act was a common historic practice , a number of states were admitted to the Union without one . In many instances , an enabling act would detail the mechanism by which the territory would be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers . Although the use of such an act is a traditional historic practice , a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted . The broad outline for this process was established by the Land Ordinance of 1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance , both of which predate the present U.S. Constitution . The Admission to the Union Clause also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress . The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims ( there were four at that time ) a veto over whether their western counties could become states . This clause has served the same function since , each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Articles of Confederation 2.2 1787 Constitutional Convention 3 Equal footing doctrine 4 Admission process 5 States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory 5.1 Notes 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Text ( edit ) New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or Parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . Background ( edit ) Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Between 1781 and 1789 the United States was governed by a unicameral Congress , the Congress of the Confederation , which operated under authority granted to it by the Articles of Confederation , the nation 's first constitution . The 11th Article authorized Congress to admit new states to the Union provided nine states consented . Under the Articles , each state cast one vote on each proposed measure in Congress . During this period , the Confederation Congress enacted two ordinances governing the admission of new states into the Union . The first such ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1784 , enacted April 23 , 1784 . Thomas Jefferson was its principal author . The Ordinance called for the land ( recently confirmed as part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris ) west of the Appalachian Mountains , north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to eventually be divided into ten separate states . Once a given area reached 20,000 inhabitants , it could call a constitutional convention and form a provisional government . Then , upon enacting a state constitution which affirmed that the new state would forever be part of the Confederation , would be subject to the Articles of Confederation and acts of Congress , would be subject to payment for federal debts and would not tax federal properties within the state border or tax non-residents at a rate higher than residents , and would have a republican form of government , and also after reaching a population equal to that of the least - populated of the established states , it would be admitted , on an equal footing with all other states , based on a majority vote in Congress . Jefferson 's original draft of the ordinance gave names to the proposed states , and also contained a provision that `` After the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of them . '' The 1784 ordinance was superseded three years later by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13 , 1787 , it created the Northwest Territory , the first organized incorporated territory of the United States . The Northwest Ordinance ( Article V ) provided for the admission of several new states from within its bounds : There shall be formed in the said territory , not less than three nor more than five States ... And , whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein , such State shall be admitted , by its delegates , into the Congress of the United States , on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever , and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government : Provided , the constitution and government so to be formed , shall be republican , and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and , so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy , such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period , and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand . Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress , it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states , rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation . No new states were formed in the Northwest Territory under either ordinance . In August , 1789 , the ordinance was replaced by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 , in which the new Congress ( under the present Constitution ) reaffirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications . The territory itself remained in existence until 1803 , when the southeastern portion of it was admitted to the Union as the State of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized . While the articles of Confederation were in effect , the Congress considered various ordinances admitting particular new states into the Union : On August 20 , 1781 , Congress passed a resolution stating conditions under which the Vermont Republic ( at the time a de facto but unrecognized sovereign state ) could enter the Union . It needed only to give up its claims to territory west of Lake Champlain and east of the Connecticut River . The following February , the legislature of Vermont agreed to those terms . However , Vermont 's admission would be delayed for nearly a decade , due largely to opposition from New York , which asserted a disputed claim to the region . On May 16 , 1785 , a resolution to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) to the Union was introduced in Congress . Eventually , seven states voted to admit what would have been the 14th state . This was , however , less than the nine states required by the Articles of Confederation . This would - be state was created in 1784 from part of the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been offered by North Carolina as a cession to Congress to help pay off debts related to the Revolutionary War . It continued to exist as an extra-legal state through mid-1788 , when North Carolina re-assumed full control of the area . Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory , which still later became the state of Tennessee . In July , 1788 , Congress began deliberations on whether to admit Kentucky to the Union . Kentucky was then a part of Virginia . The legislature of Virginia had consented to the creation of the new state from its western district . However , when Congress began to discuss the matter , they received notification that New Hampshire had ratified the Constitution , becoming the ninth state to do so , causing it to go into effect in the ratifying states . Congress instead passed a resolution stating that it was `` unadvisable '' to admit a new state under those circumstances and the matter should wait until the federal government under the Constitution came into existence . As a result , no new states were admitted to the Union while the Articles of Confederation was in effect . 1787 constitutional convention ( edit ) At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , a proposal to include the phrase , `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '' , in the new states clause was defeated . That proposal would have taken the policy articulated in the Ordinance of 1784 and made it a constitutional imperative . Many delegates objected to including the phrase however , fearing that the political power of future new western states would ultimately overwhelm that of the established eastern states . Delegates , understanding that the number of states would inevitably increase , did agree to include wording into this clause to preclude formation of a new state out of an established one without the consent of the established state as well as the Congress . It was anticipated that Kentucky ( which was a part of Virginia ) , Franklin ( which was a part of North Carolina , and later became part of the Southwest Territory ) , Vermont ( to which New York asserted a disputed claim ) , and Maine ( which was a part of Massachusetts ) , would become states . As a result of this compromise , new breakaway states are permitted to join the Union , but only with the proper consents . Equal footing doctrine ( edit ) Shortly after the new Constitution went into effect Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms with the existing 13 states , and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states . Thus the Congress , utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers , adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states . The constitutional principle derived from these actions is known as the equal footing doctrine . With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period , the Supreme Court asserted , in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ) , that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality . Admission process ( edit ) The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union . Historically , most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated U.S. territory , created and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution . In some cases , an entire territory became a state ; in others some part of a territory became a state . In most cases , the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood , usually by referendum . Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution . Upon acceptance of that constitution , by the people of the territory and then by Congress , would adopt a joint resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union . While Congress , which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states , has usually followed this procedure , there have been occasions ( due to unique case - specific circumstances ) where it did not . Congress is under no obligation to admit states , even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood . In one instance , Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849 . It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress . In another , leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Seminole ) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905 , as a means to retain control of their lands . The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress . Instead , the Indian Territory was incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907 . Some U.S. territories existed only a short time before becoming states , while others remained territories for decades . The shortest - lived was Alabama Territory at 2 years , while New Mexico and Hawaii territories both were in existence for more than 50 years . The entry of several states into the Union has been delayed due to complicating factors . Among them , Michigan Territory , which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835 , was not admitted to the Union until 1837 , due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio . The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837 , but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years . Also , statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years ( 1854 -- 61 ) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions . Once established , most state borders have , with few exceptions , been generally stable . Notable exceptions include : the various portions ( the Western land claims ) of several original states ceded over a period of several years to the federal government , which in turn became the Northwest Territory , Southwest Territory , and Mississippi Territory ; the 1791 cession by Maryland and Virginia of land to create the District of Columbia ( Virginia 's portion was returned in 1847 ) ; and the creation , on at least three separate occasions , of a new state ( Kentucky , Maine and West Virginia ) from a region of an existing state ( Vermont was created from what was disputedly claimed to be a part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented ) ; two large additions to Nevada , which became a state in 1864 , were made in 1866 and 1867 . However , there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys , resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions , or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes . One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York , in which New Jersey won roughly 90 % of Ellis Island from New York in 1998 . States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory ( edit ) In addition to the original 13 , six subsequent states were never part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory . Kentucky , Maine , and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states . Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states ( only de facto sovereignty in Vermont 's case , as the region was claimed by New York ) . California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican -- American War . State Date of admission Formed from California 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 Unorganized territory ( part ) Kentucky 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) Maine 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) Texas 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 Texas ! Republic of Texas Vermont 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 Vermont Republic ( earlier known as the New Hampshire Grants ) West Virginia 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Area Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The cession consisted of present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850 . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the state and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the state ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . The Act of Congress establishing Maine as the 23rd state was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and on March 6 , 1790 the state of New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for the creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state . See also ( edit ) 51st state Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii Federalism in the United States List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union List of U.S. state partition proposals State cessions Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Perpetual Union Further reading ( edit ) The Uniting States : The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States , three volumes , edited by Benjamin F. Shearer , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32703 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . ^ Jump up to : Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grupo de Investigadores Puertorriqueños ( 1984 ) . Breakthrough From Colonialism : An Interdisciplinary Study of Statehood. 1 . University of Puerto Rico . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 9780847724895 . OCLC 836947912 . Jump up ^ `` Report from the Committee for the Western Territory to the United States Congress '' . Envisaging the West : Thomas Jefferson and the Roots of Lewis and Clark . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and University of Virginia . March 1 , 1784 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13 , 1787 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Horsman , Reginald ( Autumn 1989 ) . `` The Northwest Ordinance and the Shaping of an Expanding Republic '' . The Wisconsin Magazine of History . Wisconsin Historical Society . 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . JSTOR 4636235 . Jump up ^ Mello , Robert A. ( 2014 ) . Moses Robinson and the Founding of Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Vasan , Kesavan ( 2002 ) . `` When did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates , July 23 , 1787 '' . Yale University . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ; Paulsen , Michael Stokes ( 2002 ) . `` Is West Virginia Unconstitutional ? '' . California Law Review . 90 ( 2 ) : 395 . Jump up ^ `` Property and Territory : Powers of Congress '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Huddle , F.P. ( 1946 ) . `` Admission of new states '' . Editorial research reports . CQ Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Red River -- The Choctaw '' . Museum of the Red River . 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2002 ) . Crisis in the Southwest : the United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 82 , 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : HarperCollins . pp. xvi , 334 . ISBN 9780061431395 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( May 27 , 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Riccards , `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 27 , 1997 online edition Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Square Historic Site '' . Danville / Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : March 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 200 ) . The fate of their country : politicians , slavery extension , and the coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 20 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . 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-921336021274993239	2004 World Series	2004 World Series - wikipedia 2004 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2004 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Boston Red Sox ( 4 ) Terry Francona 98 -- 64 , . 605 , 3 GB St. Louis Cardinals ( 0 ) Tony La Russa 105 -- 57 , . 648 , 13 GA Dates October 23 -- 27 MVP Manny Ramírez ( Boston ) Umpires Ed Montague ( crew chief ) , Dale Scott , Brian Gorman , Chuck Meriwether , Gerry Davis , Charlie Reliford Hall of Famers Red Sox : Pedro Martínez Cardinals : Tony La Russa ( manager ) ALCS Boston Red Sox defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS St. Louis Cardinals defeated Houston Astros , 4 -- 3 Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WEEI ( Red Sox ) KMOX ( Cardinals ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan Joe Castiglione and Jerry Trupiano ( Red Sox ) Mike Shannon and Wayne Hagin ( Cardinals ) ← 2003 World Series 2005 → The 2004 World Series was the 100th edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series . It featured the American League ( AL ) champions Boston Red Sox against the National League ( NL ) champions St. Louis Cardinals . The Red Sox defeated the Cardinals by four games to none in the best - of - seven series , played at Fenway Park and Busch Memorial Stadium . The series was played from October 23 to 27 , 2004 , broadcast on Fox , and watched by an average of just under 25.5 million viewers . The Red Sox became the third straight wild card team to win the World Series ; the Anaheim Angels won in 2002 and the Florida Marlins won in 2003 . The Cardinals earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the National League Central , and had the best win -- loss record in the National League . The Red Sox won the American League wild card to earn theirs . The Cardinals reached the World Series by defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best - of - five National League Division Series and the Houston Astros in the best - of - seven Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Red Sox defeated the Anaheim Angels in the American League Division Series . After being down three games to none to the New York Yankees , they came back to win the 2004 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and advanced to their first World Series since 1986 . The Cardinals made their first appearance in the World Series since 1987 . The Red Sox won the World Series for the first time since 1918 . With the New England Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII , the World Series made Boston the first city to have Super Bowl and World Series championship teams in the same year ( 2004 ) since Pittsburgh in 1979 . Mark Bellhorn helped the Red Sox win Game 1 with a home run , while starter Curt Schilling led the team to a Game two victory by pitching six innings and allowing just one run . The Red Sox won the first two games despite committing four errors in each . The Red Sox won Game three , aided by seven shutout innings by Pedro Martínez . A home run by Johnny Damon in the first inning helped to win Game four for the Red Sox to secure the series . The Cardinals did not lead in any of the games in the series . Manny Ramírez was named the series ' Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . When each team next played in a World Series , both won their respective series -- the Cardinals in 2006 ( two years later ) and the Red Sox in 2007 . When the Cardinals won , Tony La Russa joined Sparky Anderson as the only men to have managed World Series championship teams in both leagues , a feat he failed to achieve in 2004 . The Red Sox and Cardinals faced each other again in the 2013 World Series , which the Red Sox also won . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the series 1.1 Boston Red Sox 1.2 St. Louis Cardinals 2 Series build up 3 Matchups 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 4 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Aftermath 6.1 Red Sox 6.2 Cardinals 6.3 2005 season and beyond 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Route to the Series ( edit ) Boston Red Sox ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Boston Red Sox season The Red Sox had lost in the previous season 's American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The loss was mainly blamed on the decision by then - manager Grady Little to keep starting pitcher Pedro Martínez in the game in the 8th inning of Game 7 , and Little was fired two weeks later . The Red Sox hired Terry Francona as their manager during the 2003 -- 04 off - season . During the off - season , the Red Sox hired Terry Francona as their new manager . They also signed Keith Foulke as their closer and traded for Curt Schilling as a starting pitcher . The Red Sox played two particularly notable games against the Yankees during the regular season . A game on July 1 , in which they came back from a 3 - run deficit to force extra innings , is best remembered for an incident in the 12th inning , when Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter made a catch on the run before hurling himself head - first into the stands . The Yankees won the game in the next inning to take an 8 - game lead in the American League East . In the 3rd inning of a game on July 24 , Red Sox pitcher Bronson Arroyo hit Yankees batter Alex Rodriguez with one of his pitches . As Rodriguez walked towards first base , he began shouting profanities at Arroyo . Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek positioned himself between the two players . After a brief argument , Varitek pushed his glove into Rodriguez ' face , causing a bench - clearing brawl . The Red Sox eventually won the game thanks to a home run by Bill Mueller in the 9th inning . On July 31 , the Red Sox traded shortstop Nomar Garciaparra to the Chicago Cubs after he had spent eight years with the team . They acquired shortstop Orlando Cabrera and first baseman Doug Mientkiewicz in this trade . They won the wild card to earn a place in the post-season for the second year in a row . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Red Sox faced the Anaheim Angels in a best - of - five series . They won Game 1 largely thanks to a 7 - run 4th inning , and went on to sweep the series . In the 7th inning of Game 3 , with the Red Sox leading by 4 , Vladimir Guerrero tied the game for the Angels with a grand slam . However , David Ortiz won the series with a game winning home run in the 10th . In the American League Championship Series , the Red Sox lost the first three games against the New York Yankees and were trailing in Game 4 when they began the 9th inning . Kevin Millar was walked by Yankees closer Mariano Rivera . Dave Roberts then came into the game to pinch run for Millar and stole second base . Mueller then singled to enable him to tie the game . Another game winning home run by Ortiz won the game for the Red Sox in the 12th inning . Ortiz ' single in the 14th inning of Game 5 scored the winning run for the Red Sox , in what was the longest post-season game in baseball history . Despite having a dislocated ankle tendon , Schilling started Game 6 for the Red Sox . He pitched for seven innings , and allowed just one run , during which time his sock became soaked in blood . In the eighth inning , Yankees third baseman Rodriguez slapped a ball out of pitcher Arroyo 's hand , allowing the Yankees to score a run . However , after a discussion the umpires called Rodriguez out for interference and canceled the run . Fans then threw debris onto the field in protest and the game was stopped for ten minutes . The Red Sox won the game and became the first baseball team to ever force a Game 7 after having been down 3 games to none . A 10 -- 3 win in Game 7 brought the Red Sox to the World Series for the first time in 18 years . St. Louis Cardinals ( edit ) Albert Pujols , seen here in 2007 , hit 46 home runs , then a career - high . Main article : 2004 St. Louis Cardinals season Having failed to make the playoffs the season before , and with their division rivals ( the Chicago Cubs and Houston Astros ) expected to be strong , the Cardinals were generally expected to finish 3rd in the National League Central . However , strong offensive seasons from Albert Pujols , Scott Rolen , and Jim Edmonds -- during which they each hit more than 30 home runs and 100 runs batted in ( RBI ) -- helped them to lead the league in runs scored . They also allowed the least runs of any team in the league . Four of their starters recorded at least 15 wins and closer Jason Isringhausen recorded a league - best 47 saves . They added outfielder Larry Walker in August and finished the regular season with the best win -- loss record in the league . The Cardinals faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the divisional round of the playoffs . Five home runs in Game 1 and no runs allowed by the bullpen in Game 2 helped the Cardinals to win the first two games . A complete game by Dodgers pitcher José Lima enabled the Dodgers to force a Game 4 , during which a home run by Pujols won the series for the Cardinals . In the National League Championship Series , the Cardinals faced the Astros and won the first two games in St. Louis . However , the Astros tied the series in the next two games in Houston , before a combined one - hitter by Astros pitchers Brandon Backe and Brad Lidge gave them the series lead . An RBI single by Jeff Bagwell in the 9th inning of Game 6 tied the game and forced extra innings . In the 12th , Edmonds won the game for the Cardinals with a walk - off home run . Trailing in the sixth inning of Game 7 , a game - tying RBI double by Albert Pujols followed by a Scott Rolen two - run home run and then an RBI single by Larry Walker in the 8th inning helped the Cardinals to a 5 -- 2 win and their first World Series berth in 17 years . By reaching the World Series with the Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the sixth manager to win pennants in both leagues . This was after La Russa had managed the Oakland Athletics to three straight pennants between 1988 and 1990 and winning the 1989 World Series . He would attempt to join Sparky Anderson as the only men to have managed teams to World Series championships in both leagues . He wore # 10 in tribute to Anderson ( who wore 10 while manager of the Cincinnati Reds ) and to indicate he was trying to win the team 's 10th championship . Series build up ( edit ) The series was heavily discussed and analyzed by the American media prior to it beginning . The Star - News of Wilmington , North Carolina , compared the Red Sox and Cardinals position by position and concluded that the Cardinals were stronger in eight positions , the Red Sox in four and both teams even in one . They predicted that the Cardinals would win the series in seven games . Andrew Haskett of E-Sports.com gave high praise to the two teams starting pitchers , but also said that the Cardinals `` took a serious blow '' when Chris Carpenter was forced out of the series due to an injury to his arm . He also pointed out the ability of both teams to hit home runs , especially in the case of the Red Sox 's David Ortiz and the Cardinals ' Albert Pujols , Scott Rolen and Jim Edmonds . While he praised the Red Sox defense , he called the Cardinals `` one of the best defensive teams to ever walk onto a baseball field . '' Ultimately he concluded that the series would be close and that the Red Sox would win it . John Donovan of Sports Illustrated praised both teams for how unexpected their reaching the World Series was , saying that they were `` not supposed to be here . '' He also called the series a `` blast from the past '' because both teams were very old franchises and had twice previously met in the World Series . In a breakdown of how the two teams matched up , he concluded that the edge was with the Red Sox in pitching and the Cardinals in defense and batting . Ultimately he concluded that Schilling and Martinez would be the `` key to ( the ) Series '' and that the Red Sox would win in six games . Jim Molony of MLB.com , said he expected the series to play out very differently from the last time the two teams met in the World Series in 1967 . This was because both team offenses had been some of the best in the league during the season , while pitching had been very dominant in 1967 . Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe said that `` Bally 's in Las Vegas set the Red Sox as 8 -- 5 favorites to win the Series '' and that there was `` some sentiment in St. Louis that the NL champions have been disrespected . '' but also that Red Sox General Manager Theo Epstein `` Did not want to dis ( respect ) the Cardinals . '' Shaughnessy also quoted Schilling as having said : `` There 's a lot of good players in that ( visitors ) clubhouse over there . This is n't the time for us to be thinking about history . If we get three wins and 26 outs into the fourth win , I 'm pretty sure it will hit us . '' Before the series began , Shaughnessy wrote a piece saying that although the Red Sox had beaten the Yankees , the series needed to be won , as it was the only way the Curse of the Bambino , which he had publicized based on the book of the same title in 1990 , would end , and demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' would no longer echo at Yankee Stadium . During the series , he wrote a piece about how much people in New England were thinking about loved ones who had spent their entire lives rooting for the Red Sox , hoping that one day , they would see their Red Sox win a World Series . Both teams had lost in their previous World Series appearances in seven games . The Red Sox lost to the New York Mets in 1986 , while the Cardinals lost in 1987 to the Minnesota Twins . The Cardinals and Red Sox had not won the World Series since 1982 and 1918 respectively . When the two teams had previously played each other in the 1946 and 1967 World Series , the Cardinals won both series in seven games . Having won the All - Star Game , the AL had been awarded home - field advantage , which meant the Red Sox had the advantage at Fenway Park in four of the seven games in the series . Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 23 , 2004 8 : 05 pm ( EDT ) at Fenway Park in Boston , Massachusetts Team 5 6 7 8 9 St. Louis 0 0 0 0 9 11 Boston 0 0 0 0 X 11 13 WP : Keith Foulke ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Julián Tavárez ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : STL : Larry Walker ( 1 ) BOS : David Ortiz ( 1 ) , Mark Bellhorn ( 1 ) Before Game 1 , local band Dropkick Murphys performed `` Tessie '' , and a moment of silence was observed to remember local student Victoria Snelgrove , who had been accidentally killed by police two days earlier as Sox fans had celebrated winning the American League pennant . Steven Tyler , the lead singer of Aerosmith , another local band , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' and Red Sox legend Carl Yastrzemski threw the ceremonial first pitch . Down the right field line , into the corner it is fair ! And a three - run home run , Ortiz has done it again ! `` '' Joe Buck of Fox Sports , calling the fifth home run of the postseason by David Ortiz in Game 1 . Tim Wakefield made his first start of the 2004 postseason for the Red Sox , becoming the first knuckleball pitcher to make a World Series start since 1948 , while Woody Williams , who had won both his previous two starts in the post-season , was the Cardinals ' starting pitcher . In the bottom of the first inning , Williams gave up a lead - off double to Johnny Damon , and then hit Orlando Cabrera in the shoulder with one of his pitches . After Manny Ramírez flied out , Ortiz hit a three - run home run in his first - ever World Series at bat . Kevin Millar then scored by virtue of a single by Bill Mueller to put the Red Sox up 4 -- 0 . The Cardinals scored one run in both the second and third innings on a sacrifice fly by Mike Matheny to score Jim Edmonds and a home run to right field by Walker , respectively . However , in the bottom of the third , the Red Sox scored three runs after seven consecutive batters reached base , giving them a five - run lead . Dan Haren came in from the Cardinals ' bullpen to replace Williams during the inning . In the top of the fourth inning , Bronson Arroyo was brought in to replace Wakefield after he had walked four batters . Those walks , combined with a throwing error by Millar and a passed ball by Doug Mirabelli , allowed the Cardinals to reduce the lead to two runs . In the sixth inning , So Taguchi reached first on an infield hit and was allowed to advance to second when Arroyo threw the ball into the stands . Doubles by Édgar Rentería and Walker tied the game at seven . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Ramírez singled with two men on base , and a poor throw by Edmonds allowed Bellhorn to score . Ortiz then hit a line drive that appeared to skip off the lip of the infield and hit Cardinals ' second baseman Tony Womack with `` considerable force . '' Womack immediately grabbed his clavicle as a second Red Sox run scored . He was attended to once play had ended and replaced by Marlon Anderson . A precautionary X-ray revealed that there was no damage . In the top of the eighth inning , with one out and two men on base , Red Sox closer Foulke came in to pitch . Édgar Rentería singled towards Ramírez in left field , who unintentionally kicked the ball away , allowing Jason Marquis to score . Walker also hit the ball towards Ramírez in the next at bat . Ramírez slid in an attempt to try to catch the ball , but tripped and deflected the ball for his second error in two plays , and the fourth Red Sox error in the game . Roger Cedeño scored on the play to tie the game at nine . In the bottom of the eighth inning , however , Jason Varitek reached on an error , and Bellhorn then hit a home run off the right field foul pole , also known as Pesky 's Pole , for his third home run in as many games to give the Red Sox a two - run lead . In the ninth inning , Foulke struck out Cedeño to win the game for the Red Sox 11 -- 9 . With a total of 20 runs , it was the highest scoring opening game of a World Series ever . With four RBI , Ortiz also tied a franchise record for RBI in a World Series game . Walker , making his World Series debut in Game 1 , collected four hits in five at bats with a home run and two doubles . His four - hit outing tied a Cardinals World Series record , becoming the seventh overall and first to do so since Lou Brock in 1967 , also against Boston . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 24 , 2004 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Fenway Park in Boston , Massachusetts Team 5 6 7 8 9 St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Boston 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 8 WP : Curt Schilling ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Matt Morris ( 0 -- 1 ) Boston native James Taylor performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before Game 2 and singer Donna Summer , also a Boston native , performed `` God Bless America '' during the seventh - inning stretch . The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by the surviving three members of the famous Red Sox quartet that had faced the Cardinals in 1946 : Bobby Doerr , Dom DiMaggio and Johnny Pesky ( Ted Williams had died two years earlier ) . Schilling , seen here in 2007 , started and won Game 2 for the Red Sox . Despite having a torn tendon in his right ankle , similar to Game 6 of the ALCS against the Yankees , Schilling started Game 2 for the Red Sox . Schilling had four stitches in the ankle the day before , causing him `` considerable discomfort . '' He was not sure on the morning of Game 2 if he would be able to play , but after one of the stitches was removed , he was treated with antibiotics and was able to pitch . Morris started for the Cardinals on three days ' rest ( one day less than is orthodox rest for a starting pitcher ) . In the first inning , Albert Pujols doubled with two out , and Scott Rolen hit a line drive towards Mueller , who caught it to end the inning. Morris walked Ramírez and Ortiz in the bottom of the inning . Varitek then tripled to center field to give the Red Sox a 2 -- 0 lead . In the fourth inning , Pujols doubled again and was able to score on an error by Mueller . The Red Sox also scored in the bottom of the inning when Bellhorn doubled to center with two runners on base , to give them a three - run lead . Cal Eldred came in to relieve Morris in the fifth inning , after he had walked the leadoff hitter , having already given up four runs in the previous four innings . Mueller committed his World Series record - tying third error of the game , in the sixth inning ; however , the Cardinals failed to capitalize . In the bottom of the inning , Trot Nixon led off with a single to center , and two more singles by Johnny Damon and Orlando Cabrera enabled two more runs to score to make it 6 -- 1 . After six innings of allowing no earned runs -- which gave him a total of 13 innings against the Yankees and Cardinals with only one earned run allowed on a torn ankle tendon -- Schilling made way for Alan Embree , who pitched a scoreless seventh . Mike Timlin replaced Embree in the eighth , in which a sacrifice fly by Scott Rolen reduced the Red Sox lead to four . Keith Foulke then came in to strike out Jim Edmonds to end the inning and also pitched the ninth to end the game . For the second game in a row , the Red Sox won despite committing four fielding errors . With the win , Schilling became only the fifth pitcher to ever win a World Series game with a team from both leagues , having previously done it with National League teams , the Philadelphia Phillies in 1993 , and the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001 . He later donated the bloody sock he wore during the game to the Baseball Hall of Fame museum . Much of the blame for the Cardinals ' losses in the first two games was directed at the fact that Rolen , Edmonds and Reggie Sanders , three of the Cardinals ' best batters , had combined for one hit in 22 at - bats . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 26 , 2004 7 : 30 pm ( CDT ) at Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 Boston 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Pedro Martínez ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jeff Suppan ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : BOS : Manny Ramírez ( 1 ) STL : Larry Walker ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners designated hitter Edgar Martínez was presented with the 2004 Roberto Clemente Award before Game 3 , having announced his retirement one month before . The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by arguably the Cardinals ' best - ever position player , Stan Musial , and caught by arguably their best - ever pitcher , Bob Gibson . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' and `` God Bless America '' were sung by country music singer Martina McBride and singer -- songwriter Amy Grant respectively . During the game , a sign for the fast - food restaurant Taco Bell that measured 12 by 12 feet ( 3.7 m × 3.7 m ) and read `` Free Taco Here '' , was hung approximately 420 feet ( 130 m ) from home plate , over the left - center field bullpen . Taco Bell promised that , if the sign was hit by a home run ball , they would give a free `` Crunchy Beef Taco '' to everyone in the United States . Once again , the Red Sox took the lead in the first inning when Ramírez hit a home run off former Red Sox pitcher Jeff Suppan . Martínez was the starting pitcher for the Red Sox , and in the bottom of the first inning , he allowed the Cardinals to load the bases with one out . Edmonds then hit a fly ball towards Ramírez in left field , who caught it on the run and threw to catcher Jason Varitek at home plate . Varitek tagged out Walker , who was attempting to score from third , ending the inning . In the bottom of the third inning , the Cardinals had two runners on base with no one out . Walker hit a ground ball towards first base , and Cardinals third base coach José Oquendo signalled to Suppan on third to run to home plate . However , halfway towards home , Suppan `` suddenly stopped . '' Édgar Rentería , who had been running from second base towards third , was forced to return to second when he saw Suppan had stopped . After forcing out Walker at first base , David Ortiz began moving toward Suppan , who had turned back toward third , Ortiz threw to third baseman Mueller , who tagged Suppan out . After the next batter , Albert Pujols , was thrown out by Mueller , the inning ended . Trot Nixon extended the Red Sox lead to two in the top of the fourth , hitting a single to right field that scored Mueller , who had started the rally with a two - out double to left - center . Johnny Damon then led off the Red Sox 's fifth inning with a double to right . Singles by Orlando Cabrera and Ramírez , to right and left respectively , scored Damon to make it 3 -- 0 . With two out , Mueller singled along the first base line , enabling Cabrera to score the Red Sox 's fourth run . Suppan was replaced by Al Reyes , which meant none of the Cardinals three starting pitchers had finished five innings during the series . Mike Timlin relieved Martinez in the bottom of the eighth inning . He finished with six strikeouts , three hits allowed and retired the last 14 batters he faced . The Cardinals avoided a shutout when Walker hit a home run to center field off Foulke in the ninth inning , but Foulke retired the other three batters he faced in the inning to secure the win for the Red Sox 4 -- 1 . On the same day the Red Sox won Game 3 , The Boston Globe 's Dan Shaughnessy wrote that , as this win brought the Red Sox on the verge of winning a World Series , he wondered how many people in New England were thinking about loved ones who had spent their entire lives rooting for the Red Sox and hoping that one day , they would see the Red Sox win a World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 27 , 2004 7 : 25 pm ( CDT ) at Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 Boston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Derek Lowe ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jason Marquis ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Keith Foulke ( 1 ) Home runs : BOS : Johnny Damon ( 1 ) STL : None Ramírez , seen here during spring training in 2007 , was named the series MVP . Before the game , country music singer Gretchen Wilson , a life - long Cardinals fan , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner . '' Barry Bonds and Manny Ramírez received the Hank Aaron Award for the National and American Leagues , respectively . Former Cardinals players Lou Brock and Red Schoendienst threw out ceremonial first pitches along with Rashima Manning , from the Herbert Hoover Boys & Girls Clubs of America . A lunar eclipse was visible during the game -- the first lunar eclipse to take place during a World Series game . The game was also played on the eighteenth anniversary of Game 7 of the 1986 World Series , which the Red Sox had lost at Shea Stadium to the New York Mets despite holding a lead . Damon hit a home run to right field in the first at - bat of the game on a 2 - 1 count to give the Red Sox the lead in the first inning for the fourth straight game ; it proved to be the game - winning run . Ramírez singled in the third inning to give him a hit in 17 consecutive postseason games . Doubles by David Ortiz to right and Trot Nixon to center , who narrowly missed a grand slam after swinging on a 3 - 0 count , scored two more runs for the Red Sox to give them a three - run lead . Back to Foulke , Red Sox fans have longed to hear it : The Boston Red Sox are World Champions ! `` '' Joe Buck , calling the final play of Game 4 . Swing and a ground ball stabbed by Foulke ! He has it , he underhands to first -- and the Boston Red Sox are the World Champions ! For the first time in 86 years , the Red Sox have won baseball 's world championship ! Can you believe it ? `` '' Joe Castiglione calling the final play of Game 4 for WEEI in Boston . In the top of the eighth , Mueller led off with a single to right and Nixon followed with his third double of the game . Jason Isringhausen came in to pitch for the Cardinals with the bases loaded and nobody out , and was able the finish the inning without allowing a run to score . Kevin Millar pinch hit for the Red Sox starting pitcher Lowe during this inning . It was the third straight game in which the Red Sox starting pitcher had not allowed an earned run . Red Sox closer Foulke came in to pitch the bottom of the ninth . Pujols led off the inning by hitting a single through Foulke 's legs and into center field . After Foulke induced Rolen into a fly out and struck out Edmonds , Pujols took second base , but no stolen base due to fielder 's indifference . Édgar Rentería then hit a ground ball that bounced back to Foulke on the mound . Foulke threw it underhand to Doug Mientkiewicz at first base to end the game , and secure the series . The series win was the Red Sox 's first title in 86 years . They were also the fourth team to win a World Series without trailing in any of the games in the series , and the seventh to win it having previously been three outs away from elimination . With the win , pitcher Lowe became the first pitcher to ever win three series - clinching games in a single postseason having also won Game 3 of the ALDS against the Angels and Game 7 of the ALCS against the Yankees . Although the series was won in St. Louis , 3,000 Red Sox fans were present at the game , and many stayed after the final out to celebrate with the team , including going on the field when the team came back out of their dugout with the World Series trophy . Ramírez , who was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the series , said afterwards `` I do n't believe in curses , I believe you make your own destination . ( sic ) '' Kevin Millar said that it was important to finish off the Cardinals in four and not let it go to a fifth game given the team 's history . The Cardinals offense struggled to find spark in the final three games . Pujols , Rolen , and Edmonds , the normally fearsome 3 - 4 - 5 hitters for the Cardinals , were six - for - 45 with one RBI . The club batted . 190 with a . 562 OPS overall . Walker was one of very few exceptions , batting . 357 with a 1.366 OPS . His two home runs accounted for the only two hit by the entire Cardinals team . In the 2004 postseason , Walker scored 21 percent ( 14 of 68 ) of Cardinal runs . Statistics ( edit ) AL Boston Red Sox ( 4 ) beat NL St. Louis Cardinals ( 0 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 23 St. Louis Cardinals -- 9 , Boston Red Sox -- 11 Fenway Park 4 : 00 35,035 October 24 St. Louis Cardinals -- 2 , Boston Red Sox -- 6 Fenway Park 3 : 20 35,001 October 26 Boston Red Sox -- 4 , St. Louis Cardinals -- 1 Busch Stadium ( II ) 2 : 58 52,015 October 27 Boston Red Sox -- 3 , St. Louis Cardinals -- 0 Busch Stadium ( II ) 3 : 14 52,037 Team 5 6 7 8 9 Boston Red Sox 8 0 5 0 24 39 8 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 12 24 Total attendance : 174,088 Average attendance : 43,522 Winning player 's share : $223,619.79 Losing player 's share : $163,378.53 Broadcasting ( edit ) The series was broadcast by Fox , and the announcers were Joe Buck and Tim McCarver . Jeanne Zelasko covered the pre-game build up to all four games and the presentation of the World Series trophy . An average of 23.1 million people watched Game 1 . This was the highest television ratings for the opening game of a World Series in five years and had the highest average number of viewers since 1996 . It was also the highest rated broadcast on any network in the past ten months . The ratings for the first two games were also the highest average since 1996 , and the average for the first three games was the highest since 1999 . Game 3 had the highest average number of viewers with 24.4 million , since 1996 when 28.7 million watched the Atlanta Braves and New York Yankees . It was also the Fox network 's highest rating for a Game 3 of a World Series ever . Game 4 posted an 18.2 national rating giving the series an overall average of 15.8 . This was the highest average in five years , and the average number of viewers of 25.4 million was the highest since 1995 . In terms of local radio , Joe Castiglione and Jerry Trupiano called the series for WEEI in Boston while Mike Shannon and Wayne Hagin announced for KMOX in St. Louis . Game Rating Share Audience ( in millions ) 13.7 25 23.17 15.9 24 25.46 15.7 24 24.42 18.2 28 28.84 Average 15.8 25.25 25.47 Aftermath ( edit ) With the win coming eight months after the New England Patriots victory in Super Bowl XXXVIII , the event made Boston the first city to have a Super Bowl and World Series winner in the same year since Pittsburgh in 1979 . A number of players from both teams won awards for their performances during the season . Manny Ramírez won the Hank Aaron Award and , along with Albert Pujols , a Silver Slugger Award , while Gold Glove awards were won by Mike Matheny , Scott Rolen and Jim Edmonds . The American sports magazine Sports Illustrated honored the Red Sox with their Sportsman of the Year award a month later , making them the first professional team to ever win the award . For pitcher Curt Schilling , it was the second time he had won the award , having shared it with then - Arizona Diamondbacks teammate Randy Johnson in 2001 . This World Series win by the Red Sox continued a history of Boston teams beating St. Louis teams to win championships . Previously , in Super Bowl XXXVI , the New England Patriots had upset the St. Louis Rams ' `` Greatest Show on Turf '' , the Boston Bruins had swept the St. Louis Blues in the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals ( with Game 4 being remembered for Bobby Orr 's Cup - winning overtime goal that sent him flying ) , and the Boston Celtics -- when Bill Russell was still just a rookie -- had beaten the St. Louis Hawks to win their first NBA championship in 1957 . With championship showdowns between teams from Boston and St. Louis seen in Major League Baseball , the NFL , NBA and NHL , it is the only showdown between teams from two specific locations , that has been seen in each of these four leagues . Red Sox ( edit ) The Red Sox 's win in the World Series ended the `` Curse of the Bambino '' , which supposedly had afflicted the team ever since the Red Sox sold Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1919 . Pitcher Derek Lowe and other players said that the team would no longer hear `` 1918 ! '' at Yankee Stadium ever again . Kevin Millar said to all Red Sox fans : `` We wanted to do it so bad for the city of Boston . To win a World Series with this on our chests , it has n't been done since 1918 . So rip up those ' 1918 ! ' posters right now . '' Members of previous Red Sox teams who had fallen short immediately acclaimed the 2004 team , including Pesky -- who had been the shortstop responsible for a fatal checking error that had allowed the Cardinals ' Enos Slaughter to complete his `` Mad Dash '' to score the winning run in Game 7 at the old Sportsman 's Park in 1946 . Pesky watched the game from the visiting clubhouse and was immediately embraced by Millar , Wakefield , Schilling and others as a living representative of those previous teams as he joined the celebrations . It also added to the recent success of Boston - area teams , following the Patriots wins in Super Bowls XXXVI and XXXVIII . With the Patriots having won Super Bowl XXXVIII the previous February , the Red Sox winning the World Series marked the first time since 1979 that the same city had a Super Bowl and World Series winner in the same year -- the last city to accomplish the feat had been Pittsburgh , when the Steelers and Pirates had won Super Bowl XIII and the World Series respectively . The city would go on to record a decade of sports success from 2001 to 2011 with seven championships in the four major North American sports leagues ( MLB , the NFL , the NBA and the NHL ) , including one in each league after the Patriots won two more Super Bowls , the Celtics won the 2008 NBA championship and the Bruins won the Stanley Cup in 2011 . Following the Bruins winning the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy ranked all seven championships and chose the Red Sox ' 2004 World Series win as the greatest Boston sports championship during the ten - year span . Red Sox Manager Terry Francona became the third manager in four years to win a World Series in his first year as manager , following Bob Brenly of the 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks and Jack McKeon of the 2003 Florida Marlins . Massachusetts US Senator , Boston resident and future Secretary of State John Kerry , who had been named Democratic presidential nominee in Boston that summer , wore a Red Sox cap the day after the series ended . He also said that the Red Sox had `` ( come ) back against all odds and showed America what heart is . '' His Republican opponent , incumbent President George W. Bush , made a phone call from the White House to congratulate the team 's owner John W. Henry , president Larry Lucchino and manager Terry Francona . The team also visited Bush at the White House the following March , where he gave a speech honoring their presence , in which he asked `` what took ( them ) so long ? '' A future Presidential candidate , Mitt Romney , at the time Massachusetts Governor , ceremonially helped remove the Reverse Curve road sign on Storrow Drive that had been famously spray - painted to read `` Reverse the Curse '' as a further marking of the end of the Curse . The day after the Red Sox win , the Boston Globe more than doubled its daily press run , from 500,000 to 1.2 million copies , with the headline , `` YES ! ! ! '' right across the front page . Ramírez at the victory parade , with a sign that one of the spectators handed him . The Red Sox held their World Series victory parade on the following Saturday , October 30 . The team was transported around on 17 duck boats equipped with loudspeakers so the players could talk to the spectators . Due to large interest in the parade , it was lengthened by officials the day before to include the Charles River , so that fans could watch from the Boston and Cambridge river banks . The parade did not however , include a staged rally . The parade began at 10 a.m. local time at Fenway Park , turned east onto Boylston Street , then west onto Tremont Street and Storrow Drive before entering the river . One of the lanes on Massachusetts Avenue had to be closed to accommodate members of the media filming the parade as it passed under the Harvard Bridge . Ramírez was handed a sign by one of the spectators part of the way through the parade , which read , `` Jeter is playing golf today . This is better ! '' He held on to this sign for the rest of the parade , in a similar way to what Tug McGraw said after the Philadelphia Phillies won the 1980 World Series . Over three million people were estimated to have attended the parade , making it the largest gathering ever in the city of Boston . The Boston Red Sox were honored at the White House by President George W. Bush following their 2004 World Series victory . The Red Sox were presented with their World Series rings on April 11 , 2005 , at a ceremony before the team 's first home game of the 2005 season . Former Red Sox players Bobby Doerr , Dom DiMaggio , Johnny Pesky , and Carl Yastrzemski were all present , as were the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Orchestra . During the ceremony , five red pennants were first unfurled at the top of the Green Monster , showing the years of each of the Red Sox ' previous World Series wins . A much larger banner was unfurled that covered the entire wall and read `` 2004 World Series Champions . '' James Taylor , himself a Boston native and a Red Sox fan , performed `` America the Beautiful '' , and 19 members of the United States Army and Marine Corps who had fought in the Iraq War walked onto the field . Moments of silence were held to honor the deaths of Pope John Paul II , who had died nine days earlier , and former Red Sox relief pitcher , Dick Radatz . The rings were handed out by the team 's owner , John W. Henry . Former Red Sox players Lowe and Dave Roberts , who had joined the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres respectively during the off - season , were also present to collect their rings . The ceremony , which lasted around an hour , ended with stars from other Boston sports teams , including the Celtics ' Bill Russell , the Bruins ' Bobby Orr and the Patriots ' Tedy Bruschi and Richard Seymour , throwing ceremonial first pitches . The presence of Bruschi and Seymour made evident the recent success of Boston - area teams . The day after the Red Sox won the Series , Shaughnessy and the rest of the news media said of the Red Sox home opener : `` The team in the third - base dugout ? The New York Yankees , Sweet . '' In a sign of respect , the Red Sox rivals came to the top step of the visitors dugout and gave the Red Sox a standing ovation . The Fenway Park crowd burst into cheers when Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera was introduced , breaking from the tradition of fans booing opposing players , due to him having blown save opportunities in Games 4 and 5 of the 2004 ALCS . Rivera was a good sport about it and laughed while waving his arms in mock appreciation of the fans . All right ... Forget about ending the curse and having 86 years of baggage erased in one fell swoop . If you do n't get emotional watching a group of guys celebrating and hugging when you feel like you know them , when you suffered all the same highs and lows , when you spent the last seven months with them ... I mean , why even follow sports at all ? ( Translation : It 's getting a little dusty in here . ) `` '' Bill Simmons ' entry in his Game 4 running diary at 8 : 42 PM Pacific Time , 1 minute after the final out The following August , Simon & Schuster published Faithful , a book which collected e-mails about the Red Sox between American writers and Red Sox fans Stephen King and Stewart O'Nan during the 2004 season . In March 2005 , Houghton Mifflin Company published Reversing the Curse , a book by Shaughnessy , author of the bestselling The Curse of the Bambino , chronicling the 2004 Red Sox season . ESPN 's Bill Simmons published Now I Can Die In Peace , a collection of his columns with updated annotations and notes , including columns for each of the last four games of the ALCS and each World Series game -- with Game 4 being a running diary . The Farrelly Brothers altered the ending of their 2005 film Fever Pitch -- which includes appearances by Damon , Nixon and Varitek -- to coincide with the actual end of the series . They and their crew , plus stars Drew Barrymore and Jimmy Fallon , flew to St. Louis and Barrymore and Fallon attended Game 4 in character , complete with the two of them running onto the field at Busch Stadium and kissing once the final out was made . On May 28 , 2014 , the team reunited at Fenway Park as the Red Sox celebrated the 10 - year anniversary of the historic championship as they hosted the Atlanta Braves . Ramirez threw out the first pitch to Varitek but was cut off by Damon in a reversal of Ramirez once cutting off Damon 's throw from center field during a game . Cardinals ( edit ) The loss by the Cardinals in the series meant Tony La Russa failed to join Sparky Anderson as managers of World Series championship teams in both leagues . He would however achieve this in 2006 . On the Cardinals ' side , the media expressed disappointment at the team 's failure to win a game in the Series after recording the team 's best regular season in over 60 years . Many reporters believed that the Cardinals had not played up to their usual standard , and much of the blame was directed at Rolen , Edmonds and Reggie Sanders , three of the Cardinals ' best hitters , who had combined for one hit in 39 at bats in the series . It also marked the last time that Busch Memorial Stadium would host a World Series . The Cardinals moved to the new Busch Stadium in their championship season of 2006 , which was their first since 1982 . 2005 season and beyond ( edit ) Both the Red Sox and Cardinals made the playoffs the following season . The Red Sox lost to the eventual champions the Chicago White Sox , in the American League Division Series . The Cardinals , in a repeat meeting of the previous season 's National League Championship Series , lost to the Houston Astros . However , the city of Boston would see more success when the New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXIX , three months after the Red Sox won the World Series , giving the greater Boston area its third championship in 12 months , making it the first time since 1980 that any city had two Super Bowl winners and a World Series winner in a period of the same length . Both teams also won one of the next three World Series in successive years ; the Cardinals , as noted above , in 2006 , beating the Detroit Tigers in five games , becoming the first team since the New York Yankees in 1923 , to win a World Series championship in their first season in a new stadium ( which the Yankees themselves would also do in 2009 ) . Tony La Russa would achieve the distinction that he could n't achieve in 2004 of managing World Series winners in both leagues . He would continue to wear number 10 to pay tribute to Sparky Anderson afterwards . The Red Sox won the World Series the following year , sweeping the Colorado Rockies in four games . Tom Werner , chairman of the Red Sox , and team president Larry Lucchino said that the 2004 championship was `` for the parents and grandparents who had suffered through the Curse of the Bambino '' , while 2007 was `` for children , grandchildren , and for Red Sox Nation '' . Both teams would meet again in the 2013 World Series , with the Red Sox winning the championship in six games . It was the first time Boston clinched the World Series at its home field , Fenway Park , since 1918 . Twelve years after this World Series , the Chicago Cubs would end their own championship drought at 108 years , defeating the Cleveland Indians in seven games . In doing this , Theo Epstein is now credited with helping to end two of the most famous curses in all of professional sports . Coincidentally , the losing manager in that year 's World Series was Terry Francona , who had managed the Red Sox to both the 2004 and 2007 championships . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 212 -- 214 Jump up ^ `` How Many MLB Wild - Card Teams Have Won the World Series ? '' . The Cheat Sheet . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sheinin , Dave ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` La Russa Gets Number He Wants '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 14 , 33 -- 34 , 169 Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( December 4 , 2003 ) . `` Red Sox hire Francona as manager '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Foulke signs three - year deal with Red Sox '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 17 , 2003 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox sign Schilling '' . BBCSport.com . BBC . November 29 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 145 -- 146 Jump up ^ `` No More Nomar ; Red Sox ship Garciaparra to Cubs in blockbuster four - team deadline deal '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . July 31 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hohler , Bob ( September 28 , 2004 ) . `` Berth announcement - Red Sox clinch a spot in playoffs by beating Rays '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 8 , 2004 ) . `` Sox answer Angels ' 7th heaven '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 197 -- 198 Jump up ^ `` Ortiz forces Game 5 with dramatic homer '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 17 , 2004 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' bullpen comes apart in 14th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 18 , 2004 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 204 -- 205 ^ Jump up to : `` Schilling sends Sox to Game 7 '' . ESPN . October 19 , 2004 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( October 21 , 2003 ) . `` Umpires Huddled to Get 2 Disputed Calls Right in Game 6 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's blow out caps unequaled comeback '' . ESPN . October 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals history timeline '' . Cardinals official website . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals never seem to have full deck in postseason '' . Sports Illustrated . October 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Baseball reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 National League Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball reference.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fallstrom , R.B. ( August 6 , 2004 ) . `` Emotional Walker finally moving on '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Renteria 's clutch bat lifts Cardinals '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 6 , Los Angeles 2 '' . Sports Illustrated . October 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 18 , 2004 ) . `` Cardinals fall on homer in ninth '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 6 , Houston 4 ( 12 Innings ) '' . Sports Illustrated . October 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Cards earn trip to World Series '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , John ( October 23 , 2004 ) . `` La Russa Keeping Options Open '' . Boston Globe . p . E7 . For La Russa , this is his first Series appearance since 1990 , when he directed Oakland to its third in a row ... La Russa is only the sixth skipper to take teams from both leagues to the Fall Classic . Jump up ^ McCoy , Hal ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Sanders has that winning touch '' . Dayton Daily News . p . C6 . La Russa , though , did win a World Series in Oakland and is attempting to join Sparky Anderson ( Cincinnati , Detroit ) as the only manager to win a World Series in both leagues . ^ Jump up to : Leach , Matthew ( October 28 , 2006 ) . `` Cards secure 10th World Series title '' . St. Louis Cardinals . MLB . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Matchups '' . Google news ( Originally from Star - News ) . October 23 , 2004 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haskett , Andrew ( October 23 , 2004 ) . `` A preview of the 2004 World Series -- Boston vs. St. Louis '' . E-Sports.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( October 22 , 2004 ) . `` Instant classic '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( October 22 , 2004 ) . `` World Series preview : Cardinals - Red Sox '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2004 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Molony , Jim ( October 22 , 2004 ) . `` Explosive lineups take center stage '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 23 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox Nation Set for Game 1 ; Boston Tries to Undo Years of Heartbreak '' . Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 185 , 214 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 22 , 2004 ) . `` Now wait just a minute : Series still must be won '' . Boston Globe . p . D17 . ^ Jump up to : Kepner , Tyler ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Red Sox Erase 86 Years of Futility in 4 Games '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Major League Baseball on Fox : Game 4 of the 2004 World Series ( television ) . Fox . October 27 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 26 , 2004 ) . `` Going National ; This is bigger than all of us '' . Boston Globe . p . F1 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 213 ^ Jump up to : `` World Series Winners '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lopresti , Mike ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` American League extends All - Star dominance 9 -- 4 '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` WP '' stands for `` Winning pitcher '' , `` LP '' stands for `` Losing pitcher '' , and `` Sv '' stands for `` Save . '' Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Sox prevail in wild Series slugfest ; Bellhorn 's dramatic HR sparks 11 -- 9 win '' . Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Major League Baseball on Fox : Game 1 of the 2004 World Series ( television ) . Fox . October 23 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Sox 11 , Cardinals 9 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Ortiz primed for Series success '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Sox 11 , Cardinals 9 play by play '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schlegel , John ( October 23 , 2004 ) . `` Injury wo n't ground Womack '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Sox have crazy 8th , cut Cards '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Bellhorn helps Sox ring up victory '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 2004 World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball Productions . 2004 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Finley , Bill ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Walker is dangerous when others give way '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Walker stats , fantasy & news ( Career biography ) '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Going to Fenway Park in my mind '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Schilling guts one out in Game 2 '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis at Boston 8 : 00 pm EDT World Series Boston leads , 1 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . October 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Sox 6 , Cardinals 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Baseball ; In Game 2 , It 's Bloopers : The Sequel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Schilling 's famous sock heads to Hall of Fame '' . USA Today . February 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Heart of Cards ' order missing ( This article incorrectly states that Rolen , Edmonds and Sanders had three hits . See the following two references for confirmation of the correct stats ) '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series Game 1 '' . Baseball reference.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series Game 2 '' . Baseball reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Steve ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` Edgar Martinez receives Clemente Award '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` Game 3 brings out Cards greats '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Will the World Series feed America ? '' . CNNMoney . October 25 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro leaves Cardinals running on empty '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2004 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox 4 , Cardinals 1 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2004 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Footer , Alyson ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` Stars align at Game 4 '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday , Oct. 27 '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 225 -- 226 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` YES ! ! ! : Red Sox complete sweep , win first Series since 1918 '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Sox 3 , Cardinals 0 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ WEEI Radio broadcast of Game 4 , October 27 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Derek does it '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . October 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Faith Rewarded -- Part 8 YouTube ( produced by NESN ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series : Boston Red Sox over St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series Game 1 -- St. Louis Cardinals vs. Boston Red Sox '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series Game 2 -- St. Louis Cardinals vs. Boston Red Sox '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series Game 3 -- Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series Game 4 -- Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series shares announced '' . MLB.com . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Game 1 gets highest TV ratings since ' 99 Series '' . Sports Illustrated . October 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series notebook : Boston may use Schilling again '' . Web Citation.org ( Originally from The Seattle Times ) . October 26 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` Fox scores in ratings game despite the one - sided Series '' . Access my library.com ( Originally from St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First 2004 World Series game in St. Louis dominates network TV competition '' . MLB.com . October 27 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martzke , Rudy ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Fox cleans up in Series ratings despite sweep '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzgerald , Toni ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` Put a number on NBA 's broadcast days ( source input from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vasquez , Diego ( November 10 , 2004 ) . `` For CBS , a Monday fix for ' Raymond ' ( source input from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 MLB Awards '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox named ' Sports Illustrated ' Sportsmen of the Year '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 29 , 2004 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 212 -- 213 ^ Jump up to : Walker , Ben ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Curse 86 'd ! '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , John ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Ai n't no mistake : Red Sox up 2 -- 0 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox beat the curse '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . October 29 , 2004 . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Kiss That Curse Goodbye '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Michael ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` At Last ! No More ' 1918 ' Chants '' . New York Post . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` How great is this ? '' . The Boston Globe . p . C1 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , Mary ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Kerry and Bush bask in Red Sox win '' . Salt Lake Deseret News . Associated Press . p . A8 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( March 3 , 2005 ) . `` Bush honors world champions '' . Boston Globe . p . C3 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Mac ( October 31 , 2004 ) . `` Curse sign comes down - and traffic backs up '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ MacQuarrie , Brian ( October 31 , 2004 ) . `` Thank you ; Millions Turn Out to Salute Red Sox for a Season to Remember '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Frank ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` For once , we take a bite out of the Big Apple '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . C3 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( October 26 , 2004 ) . `` Curses ! '' . Village Voice . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , pp. 12 , 230 Jump up ^ Petraglia , Mike ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Red - letter day for World Series champs '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dupont , Kevin Paul ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` Ceremony had the right ring '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Yankees take in Red Sox celebration '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Feinsand , Mark ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Rivera has some fun with Sox fans '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` The Nation 's destination : Destiny '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Faithful : Two Diehard Boston Red Sox Fans Chronicle the Historic 2004 Season '' . Barnes and Noble.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nowlin , Bill ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` ' Reversing the Curse ' is a winning tale '' . Boston Globe . p . B5 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pastorek , Whitney ( November 12 , 2004 ) . `` Sox Change '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Fever Pitch - `` Breaking The Curse '' Featurette TrailerAddict.com ( produced by 20th Century Fox ) Jump up ^ Braves @ Red Sox : Red Sox honor 2004 World Series team MLB.com Jump up ^ Molony , Jim ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Cards ' season should be celebrated '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Molony , Jim ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Booming bats silenced in Series '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` Cardinals shut out in clincher '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Andrew ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` By the Numbers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Post Season '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Twin peaks : Sox are champs '' . redsox.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . References ( edit ) 2004 World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball Productions . 2004 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2004 World Series . Baseball portal 2004 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 2004 World Series at Baseball Almanac 2004 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 2004 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 2004 at The SportingNews . Archived from the original on 2008 . World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series 2004 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League teams Anaheim Angels Boston Red Sox Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Atlanta Braves Houston Astros Los Angeles Dodgers St. Louis Cardinals 2004 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Anaheim Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Florida Montréal New York Philadelphia NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Houston Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2004 All - Star Game 2004 World Series Boston Red Sox 2004 World Series champions 3 Pokey Reese 7 Trot Nixon 11 Bill Mueller 12 Mark Bellhorn 13 Doug Mientkiewicz 15 Kevin Millar 18 Johnny Damon 19 Gabe Kapler 20 Kevin Youkilis 24 Manny Ramirez ( World Series MVP ) 26 Ramiro Mendoza 28 Doug Mirabelli 29 Keith Foulke 30 Curt Leskanic 31 Dave Roberts 32 Derek Lowe 33 Jason Varitek 34 David Ortiz ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Mike Myers 38 Curt Schilling 43 Alan Embree 44 Orlando Cabrera 45 Pedro Martínez 49 Tim Wakefield 50 Mike Timlin 61 Bronson Arroyo Manager 47 Terry Francona Coaches Bench Coach 2 Brad Mills Hitting Coach 22 Ron Jackson First Base Coach 35 Lynn Jones Third Base Coach 41 Dale Sveum Interim First Base Coach 44 Bill Haselman Pitching Coach 17 Dave Wallace Bullpen Coach 54 Euclides Rojas Bullpen Catcher 60 Dana LeVangie Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did boston beat in the 2004 world series	[ "The 2004 World Series was the 100th edition of Major League Baseball's championship series. It featured the American League (AL) champions Boston Red Sox against the National League (NL) champions St. Louis Cardinals.[1] The Red Sox defeated the Cardinals by four games to none in the best-of-seven series, played at Fenway Park and Busch Memorial Stadium. The series was played from October 23 to 27, 2004, broadcast on Fox, and watched by an average of just under 25.5 million viewers. The Red Sox became the third straight wild card team to win the World Series; the Anaheim Angels won in 2002 and the Florida Marlins won in 2003.[2]" ]	[ "St. Louis Cardinals" ]
-7506833593009639944	Night Safari, Singapore	Night Safari , Singapore - wikipedia Night Safari , Singapore This article is about zoo in Singapore . For other places , see Night Safari . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Night Safari Entrance of the Night Safari Date opened 26 May 1994 Location Mandai , Singapore 80 Mandai Lake Road , 729826 Coordinates 1 ° 24 ′ 08 '' N 103 ° 47 ′ 16 '' E / 1.402260 ° N 103.787886 ° E / 1.402260 ; 103.787886 Coordinates : 1 ° 24 ′ 08 '' N 103 ° 47 ′ 16 '' E / 1.402260 ° N 103.787886 ° E / 1.402260 ; 103.787886 Land area 40 ha ( 99 acres ) No. of animals 1,040 No. of species 120 Annual visitors 1.1 million Major exhibits 59 Website Night Safari The Night Safari is the world 's first nocturnal zoo and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Singapore . The concept of a nocturnal park in Singapore was suggested in the 1980s by the former executive chairman of the Singapore Zoo , Dr Ong Swee Law . Constructed at a cost of S $ 63 million , the Night Safari was officially opened on 26 May 1994 and occupies 35 hectares ( 86 acres ) of secondary rainforest adjacent to the Singapore Zoo and Upper Seletar Reservoir . The Night Safari currently houses over 2,500 animals representing over 130 species , of which 38 % are threatened species . The Night Safari is managed by Wildlife Reserves Singapore , and about 1.1 million visitors visit the safari per year . The Night Safari received its 11 millionth visitor on 29 May 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highlights 2 Awards 3 References 4 External links Highlights ( edit ) A tiger in the Night Safari . Unlike traditional nocturnal houses , which reverse the day - night cycle of animals so they will be active by day , the Night Safari is an entire open - air zoo set in a humid tropical forest that is only open at night . It is divided into seven geographical zones , which can be explored either on foot via four walking trails , or by tram . The animals of the Night Safari , ranging from Indian rhinoceros and pangolins to tarsiers and Asian elephants , are made visible by lighting that resembles moonlight . Although it is brighter than full moonlight by a few orders of magnitude , it is dim enough not to disturb nocturnal and crepuscular animals ' behaviour . London based lighting designer Simon Corder created the lighting for Night Safari . The naturalistic enclosures simulate the animals ' native habitat . Animals are separated from visitors with natural barriers , rather than caged , similar to the Singapore Zoo 's open concept . Instead of vertical prison - like cages , cattle grids were laid all over the park to prevent hoofed animals from moving one habitat to another . These are grille - like metal sheets with gaps wide enough for animals ' legs to go through . Moats were designed to look like streams and rivers to enable fishing cats and servals to be put on show in open areas , and hot wires were designed to look like twigs to keep animals away from the boundaries of their enclosures . Cultural performances are a regular feature at the safari , and include tribal dances , blowpipe demonstrations and fire eating displays . Creatures of the Night Show is a performance presented by the animals in the Night Safari . Food and beverage outlets in the Night Safari include Ulu Ulu Safari Restaurant , Bongo Burgers , and Casa Italia . Visitors can dine in the `` Evening in the Wild '' at Night Safari 's only Tepee Tent . Also experience dining on the move with the Cocktail Safari Express and Gourmet Safari Express . Awards ( edit ) Singapore Tourism Awards Top 10 Best Family Experience ( 2006 ) Best Leisure Attraction Experience ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) Leisure Attraction of the Year ( 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 ) Best Trail Marshall of the Year , Mohammed Munzir Aziz. ( 2008 ) Best Trail Marshall of the Year , Mohammad Ridhwan Shahril. ( 2009 ) Best Ground crew of the Year , Vijayeswaran Visvalingam. ( 2009 ) Best Animal Caretaker of the Year , Hadi Akmal ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Night Safari Fast facts '' . Night Safari . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Night Safari -- World 's First in Singapore Jump up ^ Welcome to Singapore Tourism Awards 2008 Lin Xinyi , `` Night Safari : From trailblazer to tourism icon '' , The Straits Times , 31 May 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Night Safari , Singapore . Night Safari official website Map of Night Safari Zoos of Singapore Zoos Jurong Bird Park Jurong Reptile Park ( closed 2006 ) Night Safari River Safari Singapore Crocodile Farm ( closed 2012 ) Singapore Zoo Aquariums Marine Life Park Underwater World ( closed 2016 ) Van Kleef Aquarium ( closed 1991 ) Major tourist attractions in Singapore WRS Parks Jurong Bird Park Night Safari River Safari Singapore Zoo Integrated resorts Marina Bay Sands Resorts World Sentosa Amusement parks Sentosa Imbiah Lookout Resorts World Sentosa Universal Studios Singapore Adventure Cove Waterpark NTUC Downtown East Wild Wild Wet Escape Theme Park ( defunct ) Oceanariums Marine Life Park Underwater World ( defunct ) Van Kleef Aquarium ( defunct ) Museums ArtScience Museum Asian Civilisations Museum Baba House Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum Changi Museum Fort Siloso Images of Singapore Indian Heritage Centre Madame Tussauds Singapore Malay Heritage Centre Malay Village National Gallery Singapore National Museum of Singapore Old Ford Motor Factory Peranakan Museum Reflections at Bukit Chandu Science Centre Singapore Singapore Art Museum Singapore Discovery Centre Singapore Philatelic Museum Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall The Battle Box The Maritime Experiential Museum Nature parks Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Central Catchment Nature Reserve Chinese Garden Gardens by the Bay HortPark Japanese Garden Labrador Nature Reserve Pulau Ubin Chek Jawa Singapore Botanic Gardens Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Monuments Bukit Batok Memorial Caldwell House CHIJMES Hall Civilian War Memorial Early Founders Memorial Stone Former Indian National Army Monument Japanese Cemetery Park Kranji War Memorial Lim Bo Seng Memorial Raffles ' Landing Site SGH War Memorial The Cenotaph Others CHIJMES Clifford Pier Geylang Road Harmony Centre Haw Par Villa Marina Barrage Merlion Merlion Park Orchard Road Singapore Flyer Singapore River The Helix Bridge Singapore Tourism Board Night safaris around the world Asia China India Singapore Thailand Laos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_Safari,_Singapore&oldid=832668979 '' Categories : Safari parks Tourist attractions in Singapore Zoos in Singapore 1994 establishments in Singapore Zoos established in 1994 Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2014 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本語 ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 10 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the night safari located in singapore	[ "The concept of a nocturnal park in Singapore was suggested in the 1980s by the former executive chairman of the Singapore Zoo, Dr Ong Swee Law. Constructed at a cost of S$63 million, the Night Safari was officially opened on 26 May 1994 and occupies 35 hectares (86 acres) of secondary rainforest adjacent to the Singapore Zoo and Upper Seletar Reservoir." ]	[ "occupies 35 hectares (86 acres) of secondary rainforest adjacent to the Singapore Zoo and Upper Seletar Reservoir" ]
5187780714365595520	List of UEFA club competition winners	List of UEFA club competition Winners - wikipedia List of UEFA club competition Winners Ajax 's international trophies displayed in the club 's museum . The Dutch are one of five teams to have won UEFA 's three main club competitions : European Cup / Champions League ( 4 ) , Cup Winners ' Cup ( 1 ) and UEFA Cup ( 1 ) . The Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) is the governing body for association football in Europe . It organises three club competitions : the UEFA Champions League ( formerly European Cup ) , the UEFA Europa League ( formerly UEFA Cup ) and the UEFA Super Cup . UEFA was also responsible for the Cup Winners ' Cup and the Intertoto Cup , until their discontinuation in 1999 and 2008 , respectively . Together with the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) , it also organised the Intercontinental Cup , which was last held in 2004 , before its replacement by FIFA 's Club World Cup . Spanish side Real Madrid have won a record total of 22 titles in UEFA competitions , five more than Milan ( Italy ) . The only team to have won every UEFA club competition is Juventus ( Italy ) . They received The UEFA Plaque on 12 July 1988 , in recognition of winning the three seasonal confederation trophies -- UEFA Cup in 1977 , Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 , and European Cup in 1985 . Juventus then won their first Super Cup in 1984 , their first Intercontinental Cup in 1985 , and the Intertoto Cup in 1999 . Spanish clubs have won the most titles ( 60 ) , ahead of clubs from Italy ( 48 ) and England ( 40 ) . Italy is the only country in European football history whose clubs won the three main competitions in the same season : in 1989 -- 90 , Milan retained the European Cup , Sampdoria won the Cup Winners ' Cup , and Juventus secured the UEFA Cup . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is considered to be the predecessor of the UEFA Cup , it is not officially recognised by UEFA and therefore successes in this competition are not included in this list . Also excluded are the unofficial 1972 European Super Cup and the Club World Cup , a FIFA competition . Contents 1 Winners 1.1 By club 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Winners ( edit ) By club ( edit ) Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles , with 22 followed by Milan 's 17 titles . Spanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions : Real Madrid , with thirteen European Cup / UEFA Champions League titles ; Sevilla , with five UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League titles ; and Barcelona , with four Cup Winners ' Cup titles . Milan share the most Super Cup wins ( five ) with Barcelona , and the most Intercontinental Cup wins ( three ) with Real Madrid . German clubs Hamburg , Schalke 04 and Stuttgart , and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup ( twice each ) . Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Chelsea and Manchester United are the only teams to have won all of UEFA 's three main club competitions ( European Cup / UEFA Champions League , Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League ) . However , Juventus is the only team to have won every UEFA club competition , which additionally includes the Super Cup , the Intertoto Cup , and the Intercontinental Cup . The following table lists all the clubs that have won at least one UEFA club competition , and is updated as of 15 August 2018 ( in chronological order ) . Key UCL European Cup or UEFA Champions League UEL UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League CWC UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UIC UEFA Intertoto Cup ( defunct ) USC UEFA Super Cup IC Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) List of UEFA club competition winners Club Country UCL UEL CWC UIC USC IC Total Real Madrid Spain 13 0 0 22 Milan Italy 7 0 0 5 17 Barcelona Spain 5 0 0 5 0 14 Liverpool England 5 0 0 0 11 Juventus Italy 11 Bayern Munich Germany 5 0 10 Ajax Netherlands 0 10 Atlético Madrid Spain 0 0 8 Internazionale Italy 0 0 0 8 Manchester United England 0 7 Porto Portugal 0 0 7 Sevilla Spain 0 5 0 0 0 6 Chelsea England 0 0 5 Anderlecht Belgium 0 0 0 5 Valencia Spain 0 0 5 Feyenoord Netherlands 0 0 0 Hamburger SV Germany 0 0 0 Parma Italy 0 0 0 Nottingham Forest England 0 0 0 0 Borussia Dortmund Germany 0 0 0 Aston Villa England 0 0 0 Tottenham Hotspur England 0 0 0 0 Schalke 04 Germany 0 0 0 0 Dynamo Kyiv Ukraine 0 0 0 0 Benfica Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 PSV Eindhoven Netherlands 0 0 0 0 Marseille France 0 0 0 0 Steaua București Romania 0 0 0 0 Red Star Belgrade Serbia 0 0 0 0 Borussia Mönchengladbach Germany 0 0 0 0 0 IFK Göteborg Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 Galatasaray Turkey 0 0 0 0 Zenit St. Petersburg Russia 0 0 0 0 Paris Saint - Germain France 0 0 0 0 Werder Bremen Germany 0 0 0 0 West Ham United England 0 0 0 0 Aberdeen Scotland 0 0 0 0 KV Mechelen Belgium 0 0 0 0 Lazio Italy 0 0 0 0 VfB Stuttgart Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Villarreal Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Celtic Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 Bayer Leverkusen Germany 0 0 0 0 0 CSKA Moscow Russia 0 0 0 0 0 Eintracht Frankfurt Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Ipswich Town England 0 0 0 0 0 Napoli Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Shakhtar Donetsk Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 Arsenal England 0 0 0 0 0 Dinamo Tbilisi Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 Everton England 0 0 0 0 0 Fiorentina Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Magdeburg Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Manchester City England 0 0 0 0 0 Rangers Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 Real Zaragoza Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Sampdoria Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Slovan Bratislava Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 Sporting CP Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 Auxerre France 0 0 0 0 0 Bastia France 0 0 0 0 0 Bologna Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Bordeaux France 0 0 0 0 0 Braga Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 Celta Vigo Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Fulham England 0 0 0 0 0 Guingamp France 0 0 0 0 0 Karlsruhe Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Lens France 0 0 0 0 0 Lille France 0 0 0 0 0 Lyon France 0 0 0 0 0 Málaga Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Montpellier France 0 0 0 0 0 Newcastle United England 0 0 0 0 0 Perugia Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Strasbourg France 0 0 0 0 0 Silkeborg Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 Troyes France 0 0 0 0 0 Udinese Italy 0 0 0 0 0 By country ( edit ) Spanish clubs are the most successful in UEFA competitions , with a total of 60 titles , and hold a record number of wins in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League ( 17 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 15 ) , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa league ( 11 ) . Italian clubs have the most victories in the Intercontinental Cup ( 7 ) . In third place , English clubs have secured 40 titles , including a record eight wins in the Cup Winners ' Cup . French clubs , ranked sixth in UEFA competition titles , have won the Intertoto Cup the most times ( 12 ) . Italian clubs are the only in European football history to have won the three main UEFA competitions in the same season ( 1989 -- 90 ) . The following table lists all the countries whose clubs have won at least one UEFA competition , and is updated as of 26 May 2018 ( in chronological order ) . Key UCL European Cup or UEFA Champions League UEL UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League CWC UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UIC UEFA Intertoto Cup ( defunct ) USC UEFA Super Cup IC Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) List of UEFA club competition winners by country Nationality UCL UEL CWC UIC USC IC Total Spain 18 11 7 5 15 60 Italy 12 9 7 9 7 48 England 12 8 8 7 40 Germany * 7 6 5 8 30 Netherlands 6 0 16 France 0 12 0 0 14 Portugal 11 Belgium 0 0 0 7 Scotland 0 0 0 Ukraine 0 0 0 Russia 0 0 0 0 Romania 0 0 0 0 Serbia 0 0 0 0 Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 Turkey 0 0 0 0 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 * = Germany 's record includes West Germany and East Germany . See also ( edit ) UEFA club competition records and statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The records of clubs from currently non-existing associations such as Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , East Germany and Yugoslavia are attributed to those federations , since the corresponding titles were won when the clubs were affiliated to those associations . References ( edit ) General `` UEFA Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2005 - 07 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . `` UEFA Champions league -- History '' . UEFA. 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . `` UEFA Intertoto Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2005 - 07 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . `` UEFA Super Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2007 - 08 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Sorteo de las competiciones europeas de fútbol : el Fram de Reykjavic , primer adversario del F.C. Barcelona en la Recopa '' ( Draw for the European football competitions : Reykjavic 's Fram , first opponent of F.C. Barcelona in the Cup Winners ' Cup . ) ( PDF ) . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . 13 July 1988 . p. 53 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All start ' with a little ' poetry '' . Gazzetta dello Sport 's Historical Archive ( in Italian ) . 24 May 1997 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 / 90 : Rijkaard seals Milan triumph '' . UEFA. 23 May 1990 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup : All - time finals '' . UEFA. 30 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup -- History '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA. 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final facts and figures '' . UEFA . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . External links ( edit ) UEFA official website UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League UEFA competitions Football National teams European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League Women 's Championship U-19 U-17 Meridian Cup ( defunct ) Clubs Champions League Europa League Super Cup Youth League Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) Intertoto Cup ( defunct ) Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) Intercontinental Champions ' Supercup ( defunct ) Women 's Champions League Amateurs Regions ' Cup Amateur Cup ( defunct ) Futsal National teams Futsal Championship U-21 ( defunct ) U-19 Women 's Futsal Championship Clubs Futsal Champions League UEFA club competitions Records and statistics Winning teams Winning managers UEFA coefficient Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UEFA_club_competition_winners&oldid=861428968 '' Categories : UEFA club competitions Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Magyar Norsk Română Русский کوردی Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 10 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who have won the champions league the most	[ "Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles, with 22 followed by Milan's 17 titles.[6][7] \nSpanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions: Real Madrid, with thirteen European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles; Sevilla, with five UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League titles; and Barcelona, with four Cup Winners' Cup titles. Milan share the most Super Cup wins (five) with Barcelona, and the most Intercontinental Cup wins (three) with Real Madrid. German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (twice each).\n" ]	[ "Real Madrid" ]
5949533524866471319	Rider Strong	Rider Strong - wikipedia Rider Strong Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rider Strong Strong at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival Rider King Strong ( 1979 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1979 ( age 38 ) San Francisco , California Alma mater Columbia University Bennington College Occupation Actor , screenwriter , voice actor , director , producer Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Alexandra Barreto ( m . 2013 ) Children Rider King Strong ( born December 11 , 1979 ) , born as Rider King Strong , is an American actor , director , voice actor , producer and screenwriter . He is best known for his role as Shawn Hunter on the 1990s sitcom Boy Meets World and its 2014 sequel Girl Meets World . He is also known for his role in the 2002 horror film Cabin Fever , and he is also known as the voice of Tom Lucitor in Star vs. the Forces of Evil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards / Nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Rider King Strong was born in San Francisco , California , the second of two boys born for Lin ( née Warner ) , a teacher and nutritionist , and King Arthur Strong , a firefighter . He graduated from high school in Sebastopol , California in 1998 . His elder brother is Shiloh Strong , an actor and photographer . Career ( edit ) Strong began his acting career at the age of nine , when he starred as Gavroche in the San Francisco production of Les Misérables . After the stage production , he appeared in small screen roles on television . In 1992 , he received his first regular television series role as Julie Andrews 's son on Julie . When the series was canceled , Strong made his debut on film as Amy Irving 's son in Benefit of the Doubt . It was not until he was chosen for the role of Shawn Hunter in the ABC series Boy Meets World that he received widespread recognition . During the seven - year run he was nominated twice for the Young Artist Award and nominated for a Hollywood Reporter YoungStar Award . When the series ended , Strong returned to the big screen to star as Paul in the indie horror film Cabin Fever , directed by Eli Roth . In 2006 , he returned to television for a regular series role in Pepper Dennis on the WB . The show was short - lived and was not chosen as one of the transferring shows to The CW Television Network . That same year , Strong recorded a reading for the audio version of the Anthony Kiedis biography , Scar Tissue . He had a brief cameo appearance in 2009 's Cabin Fever 2 : Spring Fever , the sequel to Cabin Fever . Along with his brother , Shiloh Strong , he wrote and directed the short film , Irish Twins , which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival . It went on to win both the Jury Award and Audience Award at the Woods Hole Film Festival , a Special Jury Prize in the Action / Cut Short Film Competition and Best First - Time Director at DC Shorts . Speaking to Pure Movies in 2010 he expressed that he wanted to expand his writing and directing career : ' Acting is always there and I enjoy it but it 's kind of got a little unfulfilling lately . You know , I 'm in the low budget horror world ... I have a whole lot of other stuff I want to do . ' In April 2008 , Strong , along with his brother Shiloh and his then - girlfriend ( now wife ) actress Alexandra Barreto , co-created a 30 - second television ad in support of Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama titled , `` It Could Happen to You . '' The ad , submitted to MoveOn.org , became one of 15 finalists from a pool of over 1,100 submitted ads , and was chosen as the funniest ad in May 2008 . In August , MoveOn raised $200,000 to air the ad on MTV and Comedy Central ; it was the first political commercial to ever appear on Comedy Central . In early 2009 , Strong narrated the audiobook of The Obama Revolution by Alan Kennedy - Shaffer . In 2010 , Strong starred in the science fiction - thriller film The Darkening Sky alongside Ezra Buzzington , Charley Rossman , Sally Berman , Daniel Kirschner and LaShan Anderson under the direction of Victor Bornia . In late 2012 , Strong declined an offer to reprise his role as Shawn Hunter in the upcoming spinoff , Girl Meets World . However , during production of the pilot in March 2013 , Strong along with other cast members , who were also unconfirmed to return , appeared on the set sparking rumors of a cameo or return to the new series . Creator Michael Jacobs stated `` I think there 's more than a chance , I think there 's a strong chance '' when commenting on Strong and other original series cast members returning . Other current cast members commented on Strong 's return indicating that his return might be a secret not ready to be revealed . In June 2013 , a Boy Meets World reunion was held with Strong attending along with many of his former cast members . On March 19 , 2014 , it was confirmed that Strong would reprise his role as Shawn Hunter , the first being a holiday - themed episode along with former cast members Betsy Randle and William Russ . In addition , Strong will also direct a number of episodes . In March 2012 , Strong , Julia Pistell , and Tod Goldberg , started Literary Disco , a podcast about books and writing . Personal life ( edit ) In 2004 , Strong graduated magna cum laude from Columbia University as an English major . Before Columbia , Strong attended Occidental College . He completed his Master of Fine Arts degree in June 2009 at Bennington College . Strong began dating actress Alexandra Barreto after they met while filming the 2006 television series Pepper Dennis . They became engaged in December 2012 , and married on October 20 , 2013 in Oregon . The couple have one son , Indigo `` Indy '' Barreto Strong , born in December 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1993 Benefit of the Doubt Pete Braswell 1998 My Giant Justin Allen 2001 Buck Naked Arson Willy Barnes 2001 Secret Pact , The The Secret Pact Lenny B. Dalton 2002 Cabin Fever Paul Death Valley Daniel 2005 Paradise , Texas Charlie 2007 Cosmic Radio Justin 2007 Borderland Phil 2007 Tooth and Nail Ford 2008 Spy School Mr. Randall 2008 Irish Twins Michael Sullivan Short film 2008 Pulse 3 : Invasion Adam Video 2009 H20 Extreme Greg 2009 Cabin Fever 2 : Spring Fever Paul Darkening Sky Eric Rainer Ruff Love George Short film Penthouse , The The Penthouse Kieran Your Lucky Day Young Man Short film Shown at the 2010 Seattle International Film Festival 2011 Lone Jason Sumner Short film 2011 Walter Do n't Dance Thad Short film 2013 Too Late Matthew Television Year Title Role Notes 1991 Long Road Home Benjy Robertson TV film 1991 Going Places David Episode : `` The Camping Show '' 1992 Bobby 's World George ( voice ) 7 episodes 1992 Empty Nest Philip Logan Episode : `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love ? '' 1992 Evening Shade Jimmy Episode : `` The Diary of Molly Newton '' 1992 Home Improvement Danny Episode : `` Haunting of Taylor House '' 1993 Nurses Max Kaplan Episode : `` The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' 1993 Time Trax William Peterman Episode : `` The Prodigy '' 1993 Last Hit , The The Last Hit Jimmy Dunne TV film 1993 -- 2000 Boy Meets World Shawn Hunter Main role ( 158 episodes ) 1994 Summertime Switch Frederick Egan III TV film Maybe This Time Shawn Hunter Episode : `` Acting Out '' Party of Five Byron 2 episodes 1997 Oddville , MTV 1 episode 1998 Hercules Pollux ( voice ) Episode : `` Hercules and the Trojan War '' 1998 Invasion America Jim Bailey ( voice ) 13 episodes 1999 Practice , The The Practice Gary Armbrust 2 episodes 1999 Batman Beyond Bobby Vance ( voice ) Episode : `` Lost Soul '' 1999 -- 2000 Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles Pvt . Carl Jenkins 12 episodes 2002 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Ethan Edwards Episode : `` The Pilgrim '' 2002 -- 2004 Kim Possible Brick Flagg ( voice ) Recurring role ( 5 episodes ) 2005 Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Brick Flagg ( voice ) TV film 2006 Crumbs Dennis Episode : `` Six Feet Blunder '' 2006 Pepper Dennis Chick Dirka Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2006 Veronica Mars Rafe Episode : `` My Big Fat Greek Rush Week '' 2007 Bones Gregg Liscombe Episode : `` Mummy in the Maze '' 2009 Castle Rocco Jones Episode : `` The Fifth Bullet '' 100 Questions Alan Episode : `` Wayne ? '' 2012 Paulilu Mixtape Sam Paxton Episode : `` Hooker Lawyer '' 2014 Chosen Ross Episode : `` Redemption '' 2014 -- 2017 Girl Meets World Shawn Hunter Recurring Role Directed 18 episodes 2015 -- present Star vs. the Forces of Evil Tom Lucitor ( voice ) Recurring Role 2017 Mighty Magiswords Familiar Episode : `` Quest for Knowledge ! '' Awards / Nominations ( edit ) Awards Year Award Production Result 1994 Young Artist Award Best Youth Comedian Boy Meets World Nominated 1997 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Comedy -- Supporting Young Actor Boy Meets World Nominated 2000 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Television Friends Boy Meets World ( shared with Ben Savage ) Won 2008 Washington DC Shorts Film Festival Best First Time Filmmaker Irish Twins ( shared with Shiloh Strong ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ kevinpollakschatshow ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) , KPCS : Rider Strong # 288 , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 Jump up ^ Rider Strong Biography -- Yahoo ! Movies Jump up ^ `` Rider Strong : Pure Movies '' . puremovies.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Trailer : The Darkening Sky '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Sarah Anne Lloyd . `` Shawn Hunter : Will He Be on Girl Meets World ? 5 Reasons We Think Rider Strong Is Returning '' . Wetpaint . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets World : Rider Strong , Betsy Randle , William Russ Reunite - Us Weekly '' . usmagazine.com . March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GMWWriters/status/503908852640006145 . Twitter . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christie , Josh ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Rumpus Interview with Literary Disco '' . The Rumpus . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 0 : Introduction ( March 11 , 2012 ) '' . Literary Disco : Where Books Come to Dance . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ravitz , Justin ( December 27 , 2012 ) . `` Rider Strong , Boy Meets World Star , Engaged : How He Proposed ! '' . Usmagazine.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Rider Strong Marries Alexandra Barreto , Boy Meets World Star 's Wedding -- All the Details ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rider Strong Is a Dad ! Boy Meets World Star Welcomes Son With Alexandra Barreto '' . Us Weekly . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lucky Day 2010 '' . Seattle International Film Festival . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Rider Strong on IMDb VIAF : 71131285 LCCN : no2005092317 ISNI : 0000 0001 1557 0848 GND : 1061316424 SUDOC : 150157444 BNF : cb145639210 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rider_Strong&oldid=829653918 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area American male child actors American male film actors American film directors American film producers American male screenwriters American television directors American male television actors American male voice actors Columbia University alumni Film directors from California Male actors from San Francisco Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from December 2013 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played shawn hunter on boy meets world	[ "Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979), born as Rider King Strong, is an American actor, director, voice actor, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Shawn Hunter on the 1990s sitcom Boy Meets World and its 2014 sequel Girl Meets World. He is also known for his role in the 2002 horror film Cabin Fever, and he is also known as the voice of Tom Lucitor in Star vs. the Forces of Evil." ]	[ "Rider King Strong" ]
9004461684785477610	Precipitation (chemistry)	Precipitation ( Chemistry ) - Wikipedia Precipitation ( Chemistry ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical phenomenon . For other uses , see Precipitation ( disambiguation ) . `` Precipitate '' redirects here . For other uses , see Precipitate ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic . Please help improve this article , possibly by splitting the article and / or by introducing a disambiguation page , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chemical Precipitation Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution . When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution , the solid formed is called the ' precipitate ' . The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ' precipitant ' . Without sufficient force of gravity ( settling ) to bring the solid particles together , the precipitate remains in suspension . After sedimentation , especially when using a centrifuge to press it into a compact mass , the precipitate may be referred to as a ' pellet ' . Precipitation can be used as a medium . The precipitate - free liquid remaining above the solid is called the ' supernate ' or ' supernatant ' . Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been known as ' flowers ' . When the solid appears in the form of cellulose fibers which have been through chemical processing , the process is often referred to as regeneration . Sometimes the formation of a precipitate indicates the occurrence of a chemical reaction . If silver nitrate solution is poured into a solution of sodium chloride , a chemical reaction occurs forming a white precipitate of silver chloride . When potassium iodide solution reacts with lead ( II ) nitrate solution , a yellow precipitate of lead ( II ) iodide is formed . Precipitation may occur if the concentration of a compound exceeds its solubility ( such as when mixing solvents or changing their temperature ) . Precipitation may occur rapidly from a supersaturated solution . In solids , precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid , due to e.g. rapid quenching or ion implantation , and the temperature is high enough that diffusion can lead to segregation into precipitates . Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize nanoclusters . An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation . The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface , which requires some energy based on the relative surface energy of the solid and the solution . If this energy is not available , and no suitable nucleation surface is available , supersaturation occurs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Representation using chemical equations 3 Precipitate colors 4 Anion / cation analysis 5 Digestion 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Applications ( edit ) Crystals of meso - tetratolylporphyrin from a reflux of propanoic acid precipitate on cooling Copper from a wire is displaced by silver in a silver nitrate solution it is dipped into , and solid silver precipitates out . Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments , removing salts from water in water treatment , and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis . Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during workup . Ideally , the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent . Thus , it precipitates as it is formed , preferably forming pure crystals . An example of this would be the synthesis of porphyrins in refluxing propionic acid . By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature , crystals of the porphyrin precipitate , and are collected by filtration : Precipitation may also occur when an antisolvent ( a solvent in which the product is insoluble ) is added , drastically reducing the solubility of the desired product . Thereafter , the precipitate may easily be separated by filtration , decanting , or centrifugation . An example would be the synthesis of chromic tetraphenylporphyrin chloride : water is added to the DMF reaction solution , and the product precipitates . Precipitation is also useful in purifying products : crude bmim - Cl is taken up in acetonitrile , and dropped into ethyl acetate , where it precipitates . Another important application of an antisolvent is in ethanol precipitation of DNA . In metallurgy , precipitation from a solid solution is also a useful way to strengthen alloys ; this process is known as solid solution strengthening . Representation using chemical equations ( edit ) See also : solubility product An example of a precipitation reaction : Aqueous silver nitrate ( AgNO ) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride ( KCl ) , the precipitation of a white solid , silver chloride ( AgCl ) , is observed . ( Zumdahl , 2005 ) AgNO 3 + KCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + KNO 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( AgNO3 ) + KCl - > AgCl ( v ) + KNO3 ) ) ) The silver chloride ( AgCl ) has formed a solid , which is observed as a precipitate . This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution . This is known as the ionic equation . Ag + + NO 3 − + K + + Cl − ⟶ AgCl ↓ + K + + NO 3 − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Ag+ ) + ( NO3 ^ ( - ) ) + ( K+ ) + ( Cl ^ ( - ) ) - > AgCl ( v ) + ( K+ ) + NO3 ^ ( - ) ) ) ) A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a net ionic reaction . In this case , any spectator ions ( those that do not contribute to the reaction ) are left out of the formula completely . This simplifies the above equations to the following : Ag + + Cl − ⟶ AgCl ↓ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Ag+ ) + Cl ^ - - > AgCl ( v ) ) ) ) Precipitate colors ( edit ) Green and reddish brown stains on a limestone core sample , respectively corresponding to precipitates of oxides / hydroxides of Fe 2 + and Fe 3 + . Many compounds containing metal ions produce precipitates with distinctive colors . The following are typical colors for various metals . However , many of these compounds can produce colors very different from those listed . Gold black Chromium Deep green , murky green , orange , purple , yellow , brown Cobalt Pink Copper Blue Iron ( II ) Green Iron ( III ) Reddish brown Manganese Pale pink Nickel Green Lead Yellow Other compounds generally form white precipitates . Anion / cation analysis ( edit ) See also : Qualitative inorganic analysis Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of cation in a salt . To do this , an alkali first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate that is the hydroxide of the unknown salt . To identify the cation , the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted . Similar processes are often used in sequence -- for example , a barium nitrate solution will react with sulfate ions to form a solid barium sulfate precipitate , indicating that it is likely that sulfate ions are present . Digestion ( edit ) Digestion , or precipitate ageing , happens when a freshly formed precipitate is left , usually at a higher temperature , in the solution from which it precipitates . It results in cleaner and bigger particles . The physico - chemical process underlying digestion is called Ostwald ripening . See also ( edit ) Coprecipitation Salting in Salting out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dhara , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Formation , Dynamics , and Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation '' . Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences . 32 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2007CRSSM ... 32 ... 1D . doi : 10.1080 / 10408430601187624 . Jump up ^ A.D. Adler ; F.R. Longo ; J.D. Finarelli ; J. Goldmacher ; J. Assour ; L. Korsakoff ( 1967 ) . `` A simplified synthesis for meso - tetraphenylporphine '' . J. Org . Chem. 32 ( 2 ) : 476 -- 476 . doi : 10.1021 / jo01288a053 . Jump up ^ Alan D. Adler ; Frederick R. Longo ; Frank Kampas ; Jean Kim ( 1970 ) . `` On the preparation of metalloporphyrins '' . Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry . 32 ( 7 ) : 2443 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 70 ) 80535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dupont , J. , Consorti , C. , Suarez , P. , de Souza , R. ( 2004 ) . `` Preparation of 1 - Butyl - 3 - methyl imidazolium - based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids '' . Organic Syntheses . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Collective Volume , 10 , p. 184 Further reading ( edit ) Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 2005 ) . Chemical Principles ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37206 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solid precipitation . http://www.answers.com/supernatant Precipitation reactions of certain cations Digestion Instruments A Thesis on pattern formation in precipitation reactions NDL : 00573050 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_(chemistry)&oldid=818871886 '' Categories : Liquid - solid separation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles lacking focus from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles lacking focus Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction	[ "Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the 'precipitate'. The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the 'precipitant'. Without sufficient force of gravity (settling) to bring the solid particles together, the precipitate remains in suspension. After sedimentation, especially when using a centrifuge to press it into a compact mass, the precipitate may be referred to as a 'pellet'. Precipitation can be used as a medium. The precipitate-free liquid remaining above the solid is called the 'supernate' or 'supernatant'. Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been known as 'flowers'. When the solid appears in the form of cellulose fibers which have been through chemical processing, the process is often referred to as regeneration." ]	[ "'precipitate'" ]
-4286121311004003652	Gitlow v. New York	Gitlow v. New York - wikipedia Gitlow v. New York Jump to : navigation , search Gitlow v. New York Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 12 , 1923 Reargued November 23 , 1923 Decided June 8 , 1925 Full case name Benjamin Gitlow v. People of the State of New York Citations 268 U.S. 652 ( more ) 45 S. Ct. 625 ; 69 L. Ed . 1138 ; 1925 U.S. LEXIS 598 Prior history Defendant convicted , Supreme Court of New York County , 2 - 5 - 20 ; affirmed , 195 A.D. 773 ( N.Y. Sup. Ct. App. Div. 1921 ) ; affirmed , 136 N.E. 317 ( N.Y. 1923 ) Subsequent history None Holding The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from infringing free speech , but the defendant was properly convicted under New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law because he disseminated newspapers that advocated the violent overthrow of the government . Court membership Chief Justice William H. Taft Associate Justices Oliver W. Holmes , Jr . Willis Van Devanter James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis George Sutherland Pierce Butler Edward T. Sanford Harlan F. Stone Case opinions Majority Sanford , joined by Taft , Van Devanter , McReynolds , Sutherland , Butler , Stone Dissent Holmes , joined by Brandeis Laws applied U.S. Const . amends . I , XIV ; N.Y. Penal Law § § 160 , 161 Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment -- specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press -- to the governments of the individual states . It was one of a series of Supreme Court cases that defined the scope of the First Amendment 's protection of free speech and established the standard to which a state or the federal government would be held when it criminalized speech or writing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Incorporation 2 Free speech 2.1 Aftermath 3 Footnotes 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Following the Red Scare of 1919 -- 20 , a variety of leftists , either anarchists , sympathizers with the Bolshevik Revolution , labor activists , or members of a communist or socialist party , were convicted for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 on the basis of their writings or statements . Benjamin Gitlow , a member of the Socialist Party of America , who had served in the New York State Assembly , was charged with criminal anarchy under New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902 for publishing in July 1919 a document called `` Left Wing Manifesto '' in The Revolutionary Age , a newspaper for which he served as business manager . His trial lasted from January 22 to February 5 , 1920 . His defense contended that the Manifesto represented historical analysis rather than advocacy . He was convicted on February 11 and sentenced to 5 to 10 years in prison . He served more than two years at Sing Sing prison before his motion to appeal was granted and he was released on bail . State courts of appeal upheld his conviction . New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law was passed in 1902 following the assassination of President William McKinley by an anarchist in Buffalo , New York , in September 1901 . Gitlow was the first major First Amendment case that the American Civil Liberties Union argued before the Supreme Court . The Court had to consider whether it could review a challenge to a state law on the basis that it violated the federal constitution . If it determined that such a challenge lay within the scope of its authority , then it had to review the application of the law to the case at hand , the specific violation of the statute . It upheld Gitlow 's conviction 7 -- 2 , with Brandeis and Holmes dissenting . Incorporation ( edit ) The Supreme Court previously held , in Barron v. Baltimore , 32 U.S. 243 ( 1833 ) , that the Constitution 's Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government , that states were free to enforce statutes that restricted the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights , and that the federal courts could not interfere with the enforcement of such statutes . Gitlow v. New York partly reversed that precedent and began a trend toward its nearly complete reversal . The Supreme Court now holds that almost every provision of the Bill of Rights applies to both the federal government and the states . The Supreme Court relied on the `` due process clause '' of the Fourteenth Amendment , which prohibits a state from depriving `` any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . '' The Court stated that `` For present purposes we may and do assume that '' the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of the press were `` among the fundamental personal rights and ' liberties ' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states '' . The Court used the doctrine first enunciated in Gitlow in other cases , such as De Jonge v. Oregon , 299 U.S. 353 ( 1937 ) , Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) , and Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) , to extend the reach of the Bill of Rights . Constitutional scholars refer to this as the `` incorporation doctrine , '' meaning that the Supreme Court has identified rights specified in the Bill of Rights and incorporated them into the liberties covered by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Recently , the Supreme Court , see , McDonald v. Chicago , found the 2nd Amendment Right to `` ... keep and bear arms , '' for lawful purposes such as self - defense both a fundamental and individual right of all law - abiding Citizens over 21 years of age and of sound mind as self - defense is the `` central component '' of the 2nd Amendment , and these Rights are `` fully applicable '' in all of the 50 States . Free speech ( edit ) The Court upheld Gitlow 's conviction on the basis that the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue , which made it a crime to advocate the duty , need , or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence . Justice Edward Terry Sanford 's majority opinion attempted to define more clearly the `` clear and present danger '' test developed a few years earlier in Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) . He embraced `` the bad tendency test '' found in Shaffer v. United States , 255 F. 886 ( 1919 ) , which held that a `` State may punish utterances endangering the foundations of government and threatening its overthrow by unlawful means '' because such speech clearly `` present ( s ) a sufficient danger to the public peace and to the security of the State . '' According to Sanford , a `` single revolutionary spark may kindle a fire that , smoldering for a time , may burst into a sweeping and destructive conflagration . '' He said the Manifesto contained `` the language of direct incitement '' and was not `` the expression of philosophical abstraction . '' In his dissent , Holmes , the author of Schenck 's clear and present danger test , wrote that he believed it was still the appropriate test to employ in judging the limits of freedom of expression . Joined by Brandeis , he argued that Gitlow presented no present danger because only a small minority of people shared the views presented in the manifesto and because it directed an uprising at some `` indefinite time in the future . '' He responded to Sanford 's kindling metaphor that `` eloquence may set fire to reason , but , whatever may be thought of the redundant discourse before us , it had no chance of starting a present conflagration . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On November 9 , 1925 , Gitlow surrendered to New York Authorities for transportation back to Sing Sing Prison to finish his sentence . On December 11 , 1925 , New York Gov. Al Smith pardoned him , saying that while Gitlow had been `` properly and legally convicted '' , he needed to consider `` whether or not he has been sufficiently punished for a political crime . '' He concluded that `` no additional punishment would act as a deterrent to those who would preach an erroneous doctrine of Government . '' Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New York Times : `` Gitlow Goes Back to Serve his Term , '' November 10 , 1925 , accessed June 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Whipple , Leon ( 1927 ) . The Story of Civil Liberty in the United States . New York : Vanguard Press . p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` The Successes of the American Civil Liberties Union '' . ACLU. 17 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gitlow Loses Fight in Highest Court to Annul Anarchy Law '' . New York Times . 9 June 1925 . Jump up ^ `` Gitlow is Pardoned by Governor Smith as Punished Enough '' . New York Times . 12 December 1925 . Further reading ( edit ) Heberle , Klaus H. ( May 1972 ) . `` From Gitlow to Near : Judicial `` Amendment '' by Absent - Minded Incrementalism `` . Journal of Politics . 34 ( 2 ) : 458 -- 483 . JSTOR 2129363 . External links ( edit ) Text of Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar First Amendment Library entry for Gitlow v. New York Exploring Constitutional Conflicts : Clear and Present Danger ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. 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United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. 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Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gitlow_v._New_York&oldid=816350353 '' Categories : 1925 in United States case law Incorporation case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Free Speech Clause case law American Civil Liberties Union litigation Legal history of New York ( state ) Socialist Party of America United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when the gitlow case get to the federal supreme court the court ruled	[ "Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states. It was one of a series of Supreme Court cases that defined the scope of the First Amendment's protection of free speech and established the standard to which a state or the federal government would be held when it criminalized speech or writing." ]	[ "that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states" ]
4693092787934681932	2017 ITTF Women's World Cup	2017 ITTF Women 's World Cup - wikipedia 2017 ITTF Women 's World Cup 2017 ITTF Women 's World Cup Venue Pan Am Centre Location Markham , Ontario , Canada Date 27 -- 29 October Competitors 20 from 16 nations Total prize money $ 150,000 Medalists Zhu Yuling Liu Shiwen Cheng I - ching ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 ITTF Women 's World Cup was a table tennis competition held in Markham , Ontario , from 27 to 29 October 2017 . It was the 21st edition of the ITTF - sanctioned event , and the first time that it had been staged in Canada . In the final , China 's Zhu Yuling defeated fellow Chinese player Liu Shiwen , 4 -- 3 , to win her first World Cup title . Contents 1 Qualification 2 Competition format 3 Seeding 4 Preliminary stage 5 Main draw 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Qualification ( edit ) The following list of players was confirmed on 2 October 2017 , based on the qualification system set by the ITTF . No . World Ranking ( August 2017 ) Player Qualified as Liu Shiwen World Champion Substitute 118 Dina Meshref Africa Cup winner Zhu Yuling Asian Cup winner 73 Lily Zhang PanAm Cup winner 5 232 Paulina Vega PanAm Cup Latin American qualifier 6 106 Jian Fang Lay Oceania Cup winner 7 19 Li Jie Europe Top 16 winner 8 7 Kasumi Ishikawa Asian Cup 3rd place 9 5 Miu Hirano Asian Cup 4th place 10 35 Matilda Ekholm Europe Top 16 2nd place Substitute 11 49 Sabine Winter Europe Top 16 3rd place 12 22 Liu Jia Continental Cup qualifier 13 32 Georgina Póta Continental Cup qualifier 14 40 Chen Szu - yu Continental Cup qualifier 15 29 Seo Hyo - won Continental Cup qualifier 16 31 Doo Hoi Kem Continental Cup qualifier 17 8 Cheng I - ching Continental Cup qualifier 18 36 Lee Ho Ching Continental Cup qualifier 19 56 Zhang Mo Host nation representative 20 27 Elizabeta Samara Wild card Competition format ( edit ) The tournament consisted of two stages : a preliminary group stage and a knockout stage . The players seeded 9 to 20 were drawn into four groups , with three players in each group . The top two players from each group then joined the top eight seeded players in the second stage of the competition , which consisted of a knockout draw . Seeding ( edit ) The seeding list was based on the official ITTF world ranking for October 2017 . Zhu Yuling ( Champion ) Liu Shiwen ( Final ) Kasumi Ishikawa ( First round ) Miu Hirano ( Semifinals ) Cheng I - ching ( Semifinals ) Doo Hoi Kem ( First round ) Li Jie ( Quarterfinals ) Elizabeta Samara ( Quarterfinals ) Seo Hyo - won ( First round ) Georgina Póta ( First round ) Chen Szu - yu ( Quarterfinals ) Liu Jia ( First round ) Lee Ho Ching ( Quarterfinals ) Matilda Ekholm ( First round ) Sabine Winter ( Preliminary round ) Zhang Mo ( First round ) Lily Zhang ( Preliminary round ) Dina Meshref ( First round ) Jian Fang Lay ( Preliminary round ) Paulina Vega ( Preliminary round ) Preliminary stage ( edit ) The preliminary group stage took place on 27 October , with the top two players in each group progressing to the main draw . Group A Seo Zhang Zhang Points 9 Seo Hyo - won 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 16 Zhang Mo 0 -- 4 4 -- 3 17 Lily Zhang 1 -- 4 3 -- 4 Group B Póta Ekholm Lay Points 10 Georgina Póta 4 -- 2 4 -- 1 14 Matilda Ekholm 2 -- 4 4 -- 0 19 Jian Fang Lay 1 -- 4 0 -- 4 Group C Chen Lee Vega Points 11 Chen Szu - yu 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 13 Lee Ho Ching 0 -- 4 4 -- 0 20 Paulina Vega 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 Group D Liu Meshref Winter Points 12 Liu Jia 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 18 Dina Meshref 0 -- 4 4 -- 0 15 Sabine Winter 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 Main draw ( edit ) The knockout stage took place from 28 -- 29 October . First round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Zhu Yuling 6 11 11 14 11 16 Zhang Mo 11 8 8 12 Zhu Yuling 11 6 11 11 11 12 Liu Jia 9 9 11 8 11 12 5 7 Li Jie 11 9 5 7 Li Jie 11 11 11 10 11 Zhu Yuling 11 11 11 11 5 Cheng I - ching 7 7 11 13 11 7 11 5 Cheng I - ching 9 10 Georgina Póta 11 11 8 11 7 11 5 Cheng I - ching 6 13 6 11 11 11 13 Lee Ho Ching 11 11 8 11 11 13 Lee Ho Ching 11 11 11 7 8 5 Kasumi Ishikawa 11 7 11 11 9 6 Zhu Yuling 11 8 11 11 10 11 12 Miu Hirano 5 11 11 11 11 Liu Shiwen 13 11 7 8 12 9 10 14 Matilda Ekholm 11 6 9 Miu Hirano 11 11 11 11 11 Chen Szu - yu 5 10 11 18 12 11 Chen Szu - yu 7 6 6 8 6 Doo Hoi Kem 11 11 12 8 16 10 8 Miu Hirano 5 7 6 Third place 8 Elizabeta Samara 11 11 11 11 Liu Shiwen 11 11 11 11 9 Seo Hyo - won 6 11 8 7 8 Elizabeta Samara 6 7 5 Cheng I - ching 9 11 9 11 11 11 18 Dina Meshref 5 6 6 Liu Shiwen 11 11 11 11 Miu Hirano 11 5 11 9 5 8 Liu Shiwen 11 11 11 11 See also ( edit ) 2017 World Table Tennis Championships 2017 ITTF Men 's World Cup 2017 ITTF World Tour 2017 ITTF World Tour Grand Finals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Uncle Pop 2017 ITTF Women 's World Cup '' . ITTF . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zhu Yuling wins in Markham ends remarkable record of Liu Shiwen in dramatic final '' . ITTF . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Qualification and Playing System for the Women ́s & Men 's World Cup '' ( PDF ) . ITTF . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed list of players Uncle Pop 2017 Women ́s World Cup '' ( PDF ) . ITTF . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liu Shiwen in search of unprecedented fifth title '' . ITTF . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Uncle Pop 2017 ITTF Women 's World Cup Presented by Polar Naturals Players ' Seeding List ( WR Oct 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . ITTF . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ITTF Women 's World Cup / Group Stage '' ( PDF ) . ITTF . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review Day One : First places for top four names but day belongs to Dina Meshref '' . ITTF . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ITTF Women 's World Cup / Main Draw '' ( PDF ) . ITTF . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) ITTF website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ITTF_Women%27s_World_Cup&oldid=846536133 '' Categories : Table Tennis World Cup 2017 in table tennis Table tennis competitions in Canada International sports competitions hosted by Canada October 2017 sports events in North America Hidden categories : Pages using a tennis bracket with deprecated syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 10 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who hosted the table tennis 2017 itf women's world cup	[ "The 2017 ITTF Women's World Cup was a table tennis competition held in Markham, Ontario, from 27 to 29 October 2017. It was the 21st edition of the ITTF-sanctioned event, and the first time that it had been staged in Canada.[1]\n" ]	[ "Canada" ]
1846298398322052985	Lonesome Dove (miniseries)	Lonesome Dove ( miniseries ) - wikipedia Lonesome Dove ( miniseries ) Lonesome Dove VHS poster Based on Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry Written by William D. Wittliff ( teleplay ) Directed by Simon Wincer Starring Robert Duvall Tommy Lee Jones Danny Glover Diane Lane Anjelica Huston Composer ( s ) Basil Poledouris Country of origin USA Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Dyson Lovell Suzanne De Passe Cinematography Douglas Milsome Editor ( s ) Corky Ehlers Running time 384 min . Production company ( s ) Motown Productions Qintex Entertainment Distributor Qintex Entertainment Budget $20 million Release Original network CBS Original release February 5 ( 1989 - 02 - 05 ) -- February 8 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 08 ) Chronology Related shows Return to Lonesome Dove Streets of Laredo Dead Man 's Walk Comanche Moon Lonesome Dove is an American epic Western adventure television miniseries directed by Simon Wincer . It is a four - part adaptation of the 1985 novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry and is the first installment in the Lonesome Dove series . The novel was based upon a screenplay by Peter Bogdanovich and McMurtry , intended to star John Wayne , James Stewart and Henry Fonda , but the film was never made after John Ford advised Wayne against it . The eventual television miniseries stars Robert Duvall and Tommy Lee Jones . The series was originally broadcast by CBS from February 5 to 8 , 1989 , drawing a huge viewing audience , earning numerous awards , and reviving both the television western and the miniseries . An estimated 26 million homes tuned in to watch Lonesome Dove , unusually high numbers for a Western at that time . The western genre was considered dead by most people , as was the miniseries . By the show 's end , it had earned huge ratings and virtually revamped the entire 1989 -- 1990 television season . A favorite with audiences , as well as critics , Lonesome Dove garnered many honors and awards . At the 1989 Emmy Awards , the miniseries had 18 nominations and seven wins , including one for director Simon Wincer . Lonesome Dove also won two Golden Globes , for Best Miniseries and Best Actor in a Miniseries ( Robert Duvall ) . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Part I : Leaving 1.2 Part II : On the Trail 1.3 Part III : The Plains 1.4 Part IV : Return 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 Home media 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Captain Augustus `` Gus '' McCrae and Captain Woodrow F. Call , two famous former Texas Rangers , run a livery in the small dusty Texas border town of Lonesome Dove . Gus loves women , but he 's twice a widower , and Call is somewhat of a workaholic . Working with them are Joshua Deets , a black tracker and scout from their Ranger days , Pea Eye Parker , another former Ranger who works hard but is n't very bright , and Bolívar , a retired Mexican bandit who is their cook . Also living with them is Newt Dobbs , a 17 - year - old whose mother was a prostitute named Maggie and whose father may be Call . Part i : leaving ( edit ) The story begins in the small south Texas town of Lonesome Dove , on the Rio Grande , as Jake Spoon , a former Texas Ranger and comrade of Gus and Call 's , shows up after an absence of more than ten years . He reveals that he is a fugitive after having accidentally shot the dentist and mayor of Fort Smith , Arkansas , in a bar - room gunfight . The dentist / mayor 's brother happens to be the sheriff , July Johnson . Reunited with Gus and Call , Jake 's glowing description of Montana inspires Call to gather a herd of cattle and drive them there , attracted by the notion of settling pristine country . Gus is less enthusiastic , pointing out that they are getting old and that they are Rangers and traders , not cowboys . But he changes his mind when he realises Lonesome Dove has little left to offer him by way of excitement , now that much of the land has been `` civilized '' . At the continued insistence of the dentist 's widow , Sheriff Johnson sets off in pursuit of Spoon , accompanied by his young stepson Joe who travels at the request of Joe 's mother and Sheriff Johnson 's wife Elmira . Once her son and husband have left for Texas , Elmira leaves Fort Smith for Ogallala , Nebraska , to meet up with her first husband and Joe 's father , Dee Boot . Sailing up the Arkansas River on a whiskey boat , she falls in with a group of buffalo hunters . Meanwhile , the men of Lonesome Dove make preparations for their adventure north , including stealing 2,500 horses and cattle from across the Rio Grande in Mexico , befriending two lost Irish immigrants , Allan and Sean O'Brien , and being joined by nearly all of the male citizens of the town . Before leaving , Gus returns to fetch his livery sign and say farewell to his pigs , who end up following him anyway . Back in Fort Smith , Peach ( widowed from Jake 's shooting ) insists that Roscoe Brown , July 's timid deputy , has to find July not only to inform him that his wife 's run off , but also that she is pregnant . Jake decides not to travel with the herd , mainly because he promises to take the town 's only prostitute , Lorena `` Lorie '' Wood , to San Francisco via Denver . Some time later the group survive a huge dust storm , but Sean , one of the Irishmen , is attacked by water moccasins while crossing the Nueces River . Part ii : on the trail ( edit ) The young Irishman soon succumbs to his numerous snakebites , dies , and is buried . While travelling through a forest in east Texas , Roscoe encounters Janey , a young girl fleeing from an old abusive `` owner '' . As they travel together they are robbed , when luckily Sheriff Johnson happens to catch up with them . Meanwhile , Johnson 's wife Elmira arrives by boat at Bent 's Fort , Colorado , and sets off overland across the plains with two hunters she has befriended . Meanwhile , the camp 's cook refuses to cross the river after Sean O'Brien's mishap , so Gus and Call head into San Antonio in search of a new cook . They soon find Po Campo , who gets the job after impressing Gus and Call not only with his cooking , but with his attitude . On the way back , Gus catches up with Lorie , whom Jake has abandoned in order to go gambling in Austin . Before he returns , Gus and Lorie encounter Blue Duck , a notorious Mexican / Indian bandit from Gus and Call 's Ranger days . After Gus sends Newt over to Lorie 's camp to guard her , Blue Duck knocks Newt unconscious , kidnaps Lorie , and attempts to sell / barter her to a gang of Comanchero bandits camped on the Llano Estacado . Knowing that Gus is in pursuit , Blue Duck asks the Comancheros to kill Gus when he arrives , with Lorie being their reward . Gus and the bandits engage in a brief gun battle that quickly turns into a stalemate . Gus , having killed his horse for cover on the flat plains , is pinned down by the bandits ' gunfire until nightfall , when Sheriff Johnson 's party arrives and scares them off . Johnson , despite Gus 's protests , joins Gus in the rescue of Lorie . The pair then ride to a hilltop above the Comancheros ' camp . After a brief one - sided gunfight , in which Gus kills all of Blue Duck 's gang , Lorie is rescued . But while Gus and Johnson are away , Blue Duck uses his knife to kill deputy Roscoe , Janey , and Joe . He then steals their horses and escapes . The tearful Sheriff , with Gus 's help , buries them all . Gus and Lorie ride north to rejoin Call and the herd . After being severely traumatized by her capture , Lorie now regards Gus as her primary protector . Meanwhile , in a saloon in Fort Worth , oblivious of Lorie 's ordeal , Jake Spoon falls in with a gang that are headed north to rob banks in Kansas . Part iii : the plains ( edit ) As they ride through the bush , Spoon and the robbers come across a group of horse wranglers . They shoot most of the wranglers and steal the horses . They then travel to a sodbuster 's farm , two of whom the leader kills , hangs , and burns for no apparent reason . Although Spoon disagrees , the gang leader bullies and threatens Spoon into submission . When one of the dying wranglers is rescued by the cowboys , Call leads a posse to search for the thieves . Gus and Call quickly capture the robbers and prepare to hang them . With his last words , Jake Spoon admits that it is better to be hanged by his friends than by strangers . Jake , with his head in the noose , then spurs his horse , causing it to run from underneath him , effectively hanging himself , much to the shock and dismay of his former friends . By chance , Elmira and the buffalo hunters arrive at the home of Gus ' old sweetheart , Clara Allen , near the Platte River in Nebraska . Clara 's husband is an invalid , having been kicked in the head by a horse . Elmira gives birth to a son , but abandons the child with Clara and goes to Ogallala in search of Dee Boot . She finds Dee in jail , where he is shortly hanged for a murder . Two weeks later , Sheriff Johnson also arrives at Clara 's house and sees his abandoned son . Later in Ogallala , Sheriff Johnson sees Elmira , who is still recovering from childbirth . That night , Elmira secretly departs east for St. Louis with the two buffalo hunters , but all three are soon killed by the Sioux . Sheriff Johnson returns to Clara 's house and is offered a job . Clara , having lost her own three sons to pneumonia , is quite fond of Johnson 's newborn son , and names him Martin . Gus and Call 's cattle drive also arrives at Ogallala , where they relax and enjoy the town . Some U.S. cavalry soldiers attempt to commandeer the group 's horses , and things intensify when their scout both injures top cowhand Dishwater `` Dish '' Boggett and viciously whips Newt when they resist , sending Call flying into a murderous rage . In the aftermath , Gus tells Newt that Call is his father . Clara , although happy to see Gus , and with her husband gravely ill , makes it clear that she will not marry Gus . Instead , she invites Gus to settle and ranch on a piece of nearby property . Further , she invites Lorie to remain with her and her daughters . Before he departs , Gus promises he will return one day . Continuing their journey , Gus and Call lead their cattle drive north through the badlands of Wyoming Territory , nearly exhausting their water supply , and into Montana Territory . Impoverished Indians soon steal a dozen of their horses for food . Gus , Call , and Deets ride after the horse thieves to retrieve the horses . Call frightens the Indians away with a gunshot . Deets takes pity on a blind Indian child left behind , and goes to assist him . Another Indian mistakes his intentions and impales Deets with a spear . Mortally wounded , he dies in Gus 's and Call 's arms a few moments later . Part iv : return ( edit ) Deets is buried , then the party continues on across the Powder River . Meanwhile , Clara 's husband finally dies and is buried as well . Leaving the main group to scout ahead with Pea Eye Parker , Gus decides to pursue some buffalo , but is chased by mounted Indians and is badly wounded by two arrows in his right leg . While trying to get back to the herd for help , an exhausted Pea Eye is guided by the ghost of Deets , whereas Gus is found by a stranger and taken 40 miles away to Miles City , Montana . There a doctor amputates Gus 's right leg . He tells Gus that his left leg is septic and that he will die unless it also is amputated , but Gus refuses to let him remove it too . Gus tells Call ( who has come in search of him ) to give his money to Lorie , to bury him in Texas , and to admit that Call is Newt 's father . Call arranges to store Gus 's body in the town over the winter . He then leads the cattle drive to a wilderness lake where the party raises a cabin and a corral . Call honors Gus 's wish to be returned to Texas . Just before departing , Call gives Newt a pocket - watch that belonged to his own father and states that Newt will run the ranch in his absence . The moment is filled with anticipation , but he is incapable of actually calling Newt his son out loud . Call soon returns to Ogallala . Sheriff Johnson , Clara , Lorie , and the ranch hand Dish live happily together . Dish is enamored with Lorie , but she does not return his affections . When Call brings Gus 's body , she stays and mourns by the coffin all night long . Clara asks Call to bury Gus at her home , but Call declines . Clara then berates Call for the bad effect he and Gus had on each other , blaming their adventures as the reason neither of them could find happiness . After a long journey , Call arrives at Santa Rosa , New Mexico Territory , where Blue Duck has finally been captured . Call visits Blue Duck in his jail cell , where Blue Duck mocks Call 's failure to capture him . While being led to the gallows , Blue Duck grabs deputy Robert Hofer and throws himself out a window , choosing a murder - suicide rather than allow himself to be hanged . Despite blizzards , a broken wagon , and the loss of the coffin , Call finally succeeds in burying Gus after a journey of some three thousand miles . Call weeps for his friend after burying him , the first display of emotion he has allowed himself since Deets 's death . After the burial , Call tours Lonesome Dove , reunites with his former cook Bolivar , and discovers that the saloon owner who once employed Lorie was so heartbroken by her departure that he burned the saloon down around him . As Call walks out of town , a reporter recognizes him and tries to interview him about his remarkable feats . Call ignores the reporter 's questions , aside from ironically agreeing with him that he was a man of vision . Call then walks away as the sun sets on Lonesome Dove . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Robert Duvall as Captain Augustus `` Gus '' McCrae , former Texas Ranger Tommy Lee Jones as Captain Woodrow F. Call , former Texas Ranger Danny Glover as Joshua Deets , former scout for the Texas Rangers Diane Lane as Lorena Wood , prostitute Robert Urich as Jake Spoon , former Texas Ranger Frederic Forrest as Blue Duck , bandit and murderer D.B. Sweeney as Dishwater `` Dish '' Boggett , ramrod of the Hat Creek trail herd Ricky Schroder as Newt Dobbs , Capt . Call 's illegitimate son Anjelica Huston as Clara Allen Chris Cooper as Sheriff July Johnson Tim Scott as Pea Eye Parker , former Texas Ranger Glenne Headly as Elmira Johnson Barry Corbin as Roscoe Brown William Sanderson as Lippy Jones Barry Tubb as Jasper Fant Gavan O'Herlihy as Dan Suggs , leader of the Suggs Gang Steve Buscemi as Luke , takes on Elmira Frederick Coffin as Big Zwey , takes on Elmira Travis Swords as Allan O'Brien Supporting cast ( edit ) Nina Siemaszko as Janey Missy Crider as Sally Allen , Clara 's daughter Lauren Stanley as Betsy Allen , Clara 's daughter Jerry Biggs as Roy Suggs , Suggs Gang Sean Hennigan as Eddie Suggs , Suggs Gang Julius Tennon as Frog Lip , Suggs Gang Bradley Gregg as Sean O'Brien Kevin O'Morrison as Doctor Ron Weyand as Old Hugh Lanny Flaherty as Soupy Jones David Carpenter as Needle Nelson James McMurtry as Jimmy Rainey Charlie Haynie as Ben Rainey Sonny Carl Davis as Bert Borum Helena Humann as Peach Johnson O - Lan Jones as Sally Skull Jorge Martínez de Hoyos as Po Campo León Singer as Bolivar Jack Caffrey as Cholo Adam Faraizl as Joe Boot Michael Tylo as Dee Boot Matthew Cowles as Monkey John Margo Martindale as Buffalo Heifer Jordan Lund as Hutto Tony Epper as Dixon Bud Shrake as Sodbuster Production ( edit ) Larry McMurtry 's original novel was based upon a screenplay that he had co-written with Peter Bogdanovich for a movie that was intended to star John Wayne as Call , James Stewart as Gus , and Henry Fonda as Jake Spoon , but the project collapsed when John Ford advised Wayne to reject the script . Most Hollywood studios were at first not interested in the rights to the novel , which ended up being bought by Motown Productions , headed by Suzanne de Passe . Motown made the mini series for CBS with Robert Halmi Productions as deficit financiers . Halmi at that time was being taken over by Qintex whose head of American operations , David Evans , suggested Simon Wincer as director . CBS also suggested him on the basis of The Last Frontier and Bluegrass . Robert Duvall , who had director approval , watched some of Wincer 's films and approved him . Four other actors ( Charles Bronson , Robert Duvall , James Garner , and Jon Voight ) were offered the role of Woodrow Call but declined for various reasons before the role fell to Tommy Lee Jones . Garner said that he was originally set to play one of the lead roles but had to drop out for ill health . Duvall turned down the part of Call on the grounds he had already played that type of character , and asked to play Gus . Bronson agreed to play Blue Duck but he was under contract to Cannon Films who said he was required to make a movie for them instead . The miniseries was partially shot at the Alamo Village , the movie set originally created for John Wayne 's The Alamo . The majority of the miniseries was filmed at the Moody Ranch located seven miles south of Del Rio , Texas . Other locations used for filming were ranches in Texas and New Mexico , and the series was shot over 90 days . Real ranch horses were used for authenticity during the filming of the movie . Tommy Lee Jones and Robert Duvall did their own stunts in the film , except for one brief scene that required Duvall to ride in the center of a herd of bison . ION Television has shown a digitally remastered version of the miniseries starting the weekend of June 30 , 2007 during the `` RHI Movie Weekend '' . ( sonar Entertainment is the current owner of the Lonesome Dove miniseries ) . Reception ( edit ) Lonesome Dove received an overwhelmingly positive reception with critics and audience alike . The New York Times commented that : This six - hour miniseries , based on a Pulitzer Prize - winning novel by Larry McMurtry , revitalized both the miniseries and Western genres , both of which had been considered dead for several years ... Lonesome Dove earned 18 Emmy nominations and inspired a pair of miniseries sequel as well as two attempts at an ongoing television series . Awards ( edit ) Lonesome Dove was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards , winning seven . The series was also deemed Program of the Year by the National Television Critics Association , as well as Outstanding Dramatic Achievement . It received the D.W. Griffith Award for Best Television Miniseries , and CBS was presented with a Peabody Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama . In a 2003 TRIO Network Special , TRIO ranked Lonesome Dove third in a list of ten outstanding miniseries , beginning from the time the format was created 1989 Emmy Awards Category Won Winner Outstanding Achievement in Casting for a Miniseries or a Special Lynn Kressel Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Miniseries or a Special Manlio Rocchetti ( makeup supervisor ) , Carla Palmer ( makeup artist ) , and Jean Ann Black ( makeup artist ) For Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Miniseries or a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) Basil Poledouris ( composer ) For Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Costume Design for a Miniseries or a Special Van Broughton Ramsey For Part 2 ( `` On the Trail '' ) Outstanding Directing in a Miniseries or a Special Simon Wincer ( director ) For Part 1 ( `` Leaving '' ) and Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries or a Special Dave McMoyler ( supervising sound editor ) ; Joseph Melody ( co-supervising editor ) ; Mark Steele , Richard S. Steele , Michael J. Wright , Gary Macheel , Stephen Grubbs , Mark Friedgen , Charles R. Beith Jr. , Scott A. Tinsley , Karla Caldwell , George B. Bell , and G. Michael Graham ( sound editors ) ; Kristi Johns ( supervising adr editor ) ; Tom Villano ( supervising music editor ) ; and Jamie Forester ( supervising music editor ) For Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Special Donald F. Johnson ( sound mixer ) , James L. Aicholtz ( dialogue mixer ) , Michael Herbick ( music mixer ) , and Kevin O'Connell ( sound effects mixer ) For Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Special Philip Leto ( hairstylist ) and Manlio Rocchetti ( hair supervisor ) For Part 2 ( `` On the Trail '' ) Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Special Cary White ( production designer ) and Michael J. Sullivan ( set decorator ) For Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Special Douglas Milsome ( director of photography ) For Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Editing for a Miniseries or a Special - Single Camera Production Corky Ehlers ( editor ) For Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special Robert Duvall For Part 2 ( `` On the Trail '' ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special Tommy Lee Jones For Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special Anjelica Huston For Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special Diane Lane For Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) and Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) Outstanding Miniseries Suzanne de Passe ( executive producer ) , Bill Wittliff ( executive producer ) , Robert Halmi Jr. ( co-executive producer ) , Dyson Lovell ( producer ) , and Michael Weisbarth ( supervising producer ) Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special Danny Glover For Part 1 ( `` Leaving '' ) , Part 2 ( `` On the Trail '' ) , and Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Special Glenne Headly For Part 1 ( `` Leaving '' ) , Part 2 ( `` On the Trail '' ) , and Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) Outstanding Writing in a Miniseries or a Special Bill Wittliff ( teleplay ) For Part 1 ( `` Leaving '' ) and Part 4 ( `` The Return '' ) 1990 Golden Globes Category Won Winner Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Robert Duvall Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Tommy Lee Jones Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Anjelica Huston Other Awards Category Won Winner American Cinema Editors ( 1990 ) Best Edited Episode from a Television Mini-Series Corky Ehlers For Part 3 ( `` The Plains '' ) BMI Film & TV Awards ( 1990 ) Basil Poledouris Casting Society of America ( 1989 ) Best Casting for TV Miniseries Lynn Kressel Directors Guild of America ( 1990 ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Specials Simon Wincer TV Land Awards ( 2007 ) Miniseries You Did n't Miss a Moment Of Television Critics Association Awards ( 1989 ) Outstanding Achievement in Drama Television Critics Association Awards ( 1989 ) Program of the Year Western Heritage Awards ( 1990 ) Television Feature Film William D. Wittliff ( writer / executive producer ) , Suzanne de Passe ( executive producer ) , Robert Duvall ( star ) , Tommy Lee Jones ( star ) , and Anjelica Huston ( star ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1990 ) Adapted Long Form William D. Wittliff For Part 1 ( `` Leaving '' ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The score for Lonesome Dove was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris , his first western and the first of his five scores for director Simon Wincer - Poledouris subsequently scored the director 's next three theatrical films ( Quigley Down Under , Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man and Free Willy ) and 2006 's Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles ) . In 1993 Cabin Fever Music released an album of selections from his score ; Sonic Images issued an expansion in 1998 , with cues premiered on the 1998 album listed below in bold . Theme from `` Lonesome Dove '' 5 : 13 Jake 's Fate 2 : 15 Night Mares ( Deets , Newt ) 3 : 56 Cowboys Down The Street 2 : 16 Statue / Deets Dies 3 : 04 Arkansas Pilgrims ( Clara , July , Lorena ) 4 : 30 Sunny Slopes of Yesterday 1 : 58 The Leaving 3 : 30 On The Trail 6 : 46 Murdering Horse Thieves 1 : 16 Gus & P - Eye - The Search 5 : 27 Gus Dies 2 : 34 Captain Call 's Journey 7 : 18 Farewell Ladies - Finale 5 : 44 Home Media ( edit ) Lonesome Dove was filmed in a soft matte 1.78 : 1 ( 16 : 9 ) aspect ratio , allowing it to be cropped from the 4 : 3 negative . It is available on DVD in the United Kingdom ( distributed by Acorn Media UK ) and the United States . It was then released on Blu - ray Disc on August 5 , 2008 just months before the film 's 20th anniversary . The rights to Lonesome Dove on home video have varied for over two decades . Cabin Fever Entertainment ( 1991 - 1998 ) VHS Hallmark Entertainment / Artisan Home Entertainment ( 1998 - 2003 ) VHS & DVD Genius Products / Vivendi Entertainment ( 2008 - 2014 ) DVD & Blu - ray Mill Creek Entertainment ( 2014 - ) DVD & Blu - ray References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Delugach , Al ( February 23 , 1989 ) . `` Qintex Basks in Success of TV 's ' Lonesome Dove ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Murray , `` Simon Wincer : Trusting His Instincts '' , Cinema Papers , November 1989 p9 - 12 , 78 - 79 Jump up ^ `` James Garner : You Ought to be in Pictures '' . Movieline . May 1 , 1994 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( 26 March 2004 ) . `` The Alamo of the Big Screen Tries to Skirt the Fate of the Original '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave Davies ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Robert Duvall : From ' The Godfather ' To ' Get Low ' '' . Fresh Air . NPR . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Karl . `` Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Listing for Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) '' . Internet Movie Database ( IMDB ) . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Further reading ( edit ) A Book of Photographs from Lonesome Dove , by Bill Wittliff . Foreword by Larry McMurtry . The University of Texas Press , 2007 . 188 pp. , 112 color photos . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71311 - 6 . Publishers info page for the book A Book on the Making of Lonesome Dove , Interviews by John Spong , studio archives photographs by Jeff Wilson , and on - set photographs by Bill Wittliff. 12 x 12 inches , 168 pp. , 137 color and 2 b&w photos . The Wittliff Collections at Texas State University - San Marcos . https://web.archive.org/web/20100706171028/http://uweb.txstate.edu/gao/wittliff/collections/book_0047.html External links ( edit ) Lonesome Dove on IMDb Lonesome Dove online exhibit at TSU - San Marcos Films directed by Simon Wincer Snapshot ( 1979 ) Harlequin ( 1980 ) Phar Lap ( 1983 ) D.A.R.Y.L. ( 1985 ) The Lighthorsemen ( 1987 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Quigley Down Under ( 1990 ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) Free Willy ( 1993 ) Lightning Jack ( 1994 ) Operation Dumbo Drop ( 1995 ) The Phantom ( 1996 ) Flash ( 1997 ) The Echo of Thunder ( 1998 ) Crossfire Trail ( 2001 ) Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles ( 2001 ) Monte Walsh ( 2003 ) The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 ) The Cup ( 2011 ) The Lonesome Dove series by Larry McMurtry Novels Lonesome Dove ( 1985 ) Streets of Laredo ( 1993 ) Dead Man 's Walk ( 1995 ) Comanche Moon ( 1997 ) Television series Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Return to Lonesome Dove ( 1993 ) Streets of Laredo ( 1995 ) Dead Man 's Walk ( 1996 ) Comanche Moon ( 2008 ) Awards for Lonesome Dove Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film The Snow Goose : A Story of Dunkirk ( 1971 ) That Certain Summer ( 1972 ) The Shadow Box ( 1980 ) Bill ( 1981 ) Brideshead Revisited ( 1982 ) The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) Something About Amelia ( 1984 ) The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Promise ( 1986 ) Escape from Sobibor ( 1987 ) War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Decoration Day ( 1990 ) One Against the Wind ( 1991 ) Sinatra ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) The Burning Season ( 1994 ) Indictment : The McMartin Trial ( 1995 ) Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny ( 1996 ) George Wallace ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) RKO 281 ( 1999 ) Dirty Pictures ( 2000 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) The Gathering Storm ( 2002 ) Angels in America ( 2003 ) The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) Empire Falls ( 2005 ) Elizabeth I ( 2006 ) Longford ( 2007 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) Carlos ( 2010 ) Downton Abbey , series 1 ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Fargo , season 1 ( 2014 ) Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) Big Little Lies ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) The Americans , season 6 ( 2018 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) The Americans ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lonesome_Dove_(miniseries)&oldid=848549172 '' Categories : 1989 films 1989 television films American drama television series 1980s American television miniseries 1980s Western ( genre ) films Western ( genre ) television series Films set in Texas Films set in Montana Peabody Award - winning television programs Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners Lonesome Dove series Films scored by Basil Poledouris Films directed by Simon Wincer Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 17 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the movie lonesome dove come out	[ "Lonesome Dove is an American epic Western adventure television miniseries directed by Simon Wincer. It is a four-part adaptation of the 1985 novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry and is the first installment in the Lonesome Dove series. The novel was based upon a screenplay by Peter Bogdanovich and McMurtry, intended to star John Wayne, James Stewart and Henry Fonda, but the film was never made after John Ford advised Wayne against it. The eventual television miniseries stars Robert Duvall and Tommy Lee Jones. The series was originally broadcast by CBS from February 5 to 8, 1989, drawing a huge viewing audience, earning numerous awards, and reviving both the television western and the miniseries.\n" ]	[ "February 5 to 8, 1989" ]
-1783684800609446546	Richard Kiel	Richard Kiel - wikipedia Richard Kiel Richard Kiel Kiel with Jon Provost in Lassie 's Great Adventure , 1965 Richard Dawson Kiel ( 1939 - 09 - 13 ) September 13 , 1939 Detroit , Michigan , U.S. September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) ( aged 74 ) Fresno , California , U.S. Resting place Belmont Memorial Park , Fresno , California , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor , voice artist Years active 1960 -- 2014 Notable credit ( s ) Jaws in the James Bond films Height 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) Spouse ( s ) Faye Daniels ( m . 1960 ; div. 1973 ) Diane Rogers ( m . 1974 ) Children Richard Dawson Kiel ( September 13 , 1939 -- September 10 , 2014 ) was a 7 ft 1 ⁄ in ( 217 cm ) tall American actor and voice artist , best known for his role as Jaws in the James Bond franchise , portraying the character in The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) and Moonraker ( 1979 ) ; he lampooned the role with a tongue - in - cheek cameo in Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) . His next-most recognized role is the tough , but eloquent Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) . Other notable films include The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) , Silver Streak ( 1976 ) , Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , Pale Rider ( 1985 ) and Tangled ( 2010 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Film 3 Personal life 3.1 Health 4 Death 5 Filmography 5.1 Features 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Kiel at the 2004 Collectormania Kiel was born in Detroit , Michigan . His towering height was a result of acromegaly , a hormonal condition . Before becoming an actor , Kiel worked in numerous jobs , including a nightclub bouncer and a cemetery plot salesman . From 1963 to 1965 , Kiel worked as a night school math instructor in Burbank , California . Career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Kiel made his acting debut in the Laramie episode `` Street of Hate '' . This led to him appearing in numerous television shows throughout the 1960s and 1970s such as I Dream of Jeannie , Honey West , Gilligan 's Island , The Monkees , Daniel Boone , Emergency ! , Starsky & Hutch , Land of the Lost , The Fall Guy , and Simon & Simon , and `` Kolchak : The Night Stalker '' . Due to size , Kiel was often cast in villainous roles . He appeared as the towering -- and lethal -- assistant Voltaire to Dr. Miguelito Loveless in first - season episodes of The Wild , Wild West . In the Man from U.N.C.L.E. episode `` The Vulcan Affair '' , Kiel appeared as a guard in Vulcan 's plant and he portrayed Merry in `` The Hong Kong Shilling Affair '' . In 1967 he played a monster in an episode of The Monkees ( `` I was a Teenage Monster '' ) . He later appeared in the episode `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' as Dimas , the outcast son of a wealthy family , banished because of birth defects that distorted his body and apparently affected his mind . This episode is significant because it allowed Kiel the opportunity to really act rather than just look intimidating . In 1977 Kiel and Arnold Schwarzenegger were both considered for playing the Hulk in The Incredible Hulk . After Schwarzenegger was turned down due to his height , Kiel started filming the pilot . However , the producers quickly decided they wanted a more muscular Hulk rather then the towering Kiel so he was dismissed . Kiel later said he did not mind losing the part because as he could only see out of one eye , he reacted badly to the contact lenses he had to wear for the role . He also found the green makeup unpleasant and difficult to remove . His scenes were then reshot with Lou Ferrigno . Film ( edit ) Kiel broke into films in the early 1960s with Eegah ( 1962 ) , which was later featured on Elvira 's Movie Macabre and Mystery Science Theater 3000 , as were The Phantom Planet and The Human Duplicators . He also produced , co-wrote , and starred in The Giant of Thunder Mountain . The James Bond - film producers spotted Kiel in Barbary Coast , and thought he was ideal for the role of Jaws in The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . He was one of the few Bond - villains to appear in two Bond - films , later appearing in Moonraker ( 1979 ) . However , as he suffered from acrophobia ( fear of heights ) , a stunt double was used during the cable car stunt scenes because Kiel refused to be filmed on the top of a cable car more than 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above the ground . He reprised his role of Jaws in the video game called James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing , supplying his voice and likeness . This was his second outing as a metal - toothed villain because he had played Reace in the 1976 comedy - thriller film Silver Streak , a year before being cast in The Spy Who Loved Me . Although earlier roles had offered him little dialogue , his role in Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) was quite the opposite . As Mr. Larson , Happy Gilmore 's former employer , Kiel exchanges several one - liners with both Adam Sandler 's Happy and Christopher McDonald 's Shooter . Kiel took a quieter profile after Happy Gilmore 's release , but left semi-retirement to record a role for Tangled ( 2010 ) . In the acclaimed animated Disney film , he portrayed Vlad , a surprisingly soft - hearted thug who collects ceramic unicorns . Personal life ( edit ) Kiel with professional wrestler Tenille Dashwood in June 2014 Kiel 's first marriage was to Faye Daniels in 1960 . They divorced in the early 1970s . He later married Diane Rogers . They had four children and nine grandchildren . He co-authored a biography of the abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay called Kentucky Lion . Kiel was also a born - again Christian . His website states his religious conversion helped him to overcome alcoholism . Health ( edit ) In 1992 , Kiel suffered a severe head injury in a car accident , which affected his balance . He was subsequently forced to walk with a cane to support himself ( as shown in his appearance in Happy Gilmore , where he is seen leaning on a person or a cane ) . Later , Kiel used a scooter or wheelchair . Death ( edit ) On September 10 , 2014 , three days short of his 75th birthday , Kiel died at St. Agnes Medical Center in Fresno , California , of a heart attack , possibly caused by coronary artery disease . Filmography ( edit ) Kiel as Eegah ( 1962 ) Features ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1960 The D.I. Ugly Marine Uncredited 1961 The Phantom Planet The Solarite 1962 Eegah Eegah 1963 House of the Damned Giant 1963 The Nutty Professor Bodybuilder # 1 Uncredited 1963 Lassie 's Great Adventure Chinook Pete 1963 30 Minutes at Gunsight Tv Short 1964 Roustabout Strong Man Uncredited 1964 The Nasty Rabbit Ranch Foreman Uncredited 1965 Two on a Guillotine Tall Man at Funeral Uncredited 1965 The Human Duplicators Dr. Kolos 1965 Brainstorm Psychiatric Hospital Patient Uncredited 1966 The Las Vegas Hillbillys Moose 1967 A Man Called Dagger Otto 1968 Now You See It , Now You Do n't Nori TV Movie 1968 Skidoo Beany 1970 On a Clear Day You Can See Forever Blacksmith Uncredited 1973 Deadhead Miles Big Dick The Longest Yard Samson Flash and the Firecat Tracker 1976 Gus Large Man 1976 Silver Streak Reace 1977 The Spy Who Loved Me Jaws 1977 The Incredible Hulk The Hulk TV Series , One scene , Uncredited 1978 Wu zi tian shi Steel Hand 1978 Force 10 from Navarone Captain Drazak 1978 They Went That - A-Way & That - A-Way Duke 1979 The Humanoid Golob 1979 Moonraker Jaws Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor 1981 So Fine Eddie Hysterical Captain Howdy Phoenix Steel Hand 1984 Aces Go Places 3 Big G 1984 Cannonball Run II Arnold / Mitsubishi Driver 1985 Pale Rider Club 1985 Qing bao long hu men Laszlo 1989 Think Big Irving 1989 The Princess and the Dwarf Unknown role 1991 The Giant of Thunder Mountain Eli Weaver Happy Gilmore Mr. Larson 1999 Inspector Gadget Jaws 2009 The Awakened Jasper The Corpse of Albert Cradette Albert Cradette Tangled Vladimir Voice Television ( edit ) Kiel as Ali with Barbara Eden and Larry Hagman in I Dream of Jeannie , 1965 Kiel as Voltaire with Michael Dunn in The Wild Wild West , 1966 Year Title Role Notes 1960 Klondike Duff Brannigan Episode : `` Bare Knuckles '' 1961 Laramie Rake - Tolan 's helper ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Run of the Hunted '' 1961 The Phantom Big Mike 1961 Thriller Master Styx Episode : `` Well of Doom '' 1961 The Rifleman Carl Hazlitt Episode : `` The Decision '' 1962 The Twilight Zone Kanamit Episode : `` To Serve Man '' 1964 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Henchman for Mr. Vulcan Episode : `` The Vulcan Affair '' Uncredited 1965 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Merry Episode : `` The Hong Kong Shilling Affair '' 1965 I Dream of Jeannie Ali Episode : `` My Hero '' 1966 Honey West Groalgo Episode : `` King of the Mountain '' 1966 My Mother the Car Cracks Episode : `` A Riddler on the Roof '' 1966 The Wild Wild West Voltaire Episodes : `` The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth '' 1965 : `` The Night That Terror Stalked the Town '' 1965 : `` The Night of the Whirring Death '' 1966 Gilligan 's Island Ghost Episode : Ghost - a-Go - Go '' 1967 The Monkees Monster Episode : `` I Was a Teenage Monster '' 1967 The Monroes Casmir Episode : `` Ghosts of Paradox '' 1968 I Spy Tiny Episode : `` A Few Miles West of Nowhere '' 1968 The Wild Wild West Dimas Episode : `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' 1968 It Takes a Thief Willie Trion Episode : `` The Galloping Skin Game '' 1969 Daniel Boone Le Mouche Episode : `` Benvenuto ... Who ? '' 1970 Disneyland Luke Brown Episode : `` The Boy Who Stole the Elephant : Part 1 & 2 '' Kolchak : The Night Stalker The Diablero Episode : `` Bad Medicine '' Emergency ! Carlo Episode : `` I 'll Fix It '' Kolchak : The Night Stalker Peremalfait Episode : `` The Spanish Moss Murders '' Switch Unknown role Episode : `` Death Heist '' 1976 Starsky & Hutch Iggy Episode : `` Omaha Tiger '' 1975 -- 1976 Barbary Coast Moose Moran 14 episodes , 1975 -- 1976 1977 Land of the Lost Malak Episodes : `` Survival Kit '' `` Flying Dutchman '' 1977 The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries Manager Episode : `` The Mystery of the Haunted House '' 1977 Young Dan'l Boone Unknown role Episode : `` The Game '' 1981 The Fall Guy Animal Episode : `` That 's Right , We 're Bad '' Simon & Simon Mark Horton Episode : `` The Skeleton Who Came Out of the Closet '' Out of This World Norman Episode : `` Go West , Young Mayor '' 1989 Superboy Vlkabok Episode : `` Mr. and Mrs. Superboy '' 2000 Bloodhounds Inc . Mortimer Episode : `` Fangs for the Memories '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes GoldenEye 007 Jaws Likeness only 2000 007 : The World Is Not Enough Jaws Likeness only 2000 007 Racing Jaws Archival footage James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing Jaws Voice work GoldenEye 007 ( 2010 ) Jaws Likeness only 2012 007 Legends Jaws Likeness only See also ( edit ) John Aasen Ted Cassidy William Engesser Neil Fingleton André the Giant The Great Khali Rondo Hatton Henry Hite Lock Martin Carel Struycken References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 11 September 2014 ) . `` Richard Kiel Dies at 74 ; Played bind in Bond Films '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Kiel obituary '' . The Guardian ( UK ) . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Was This Woman Gaining Weight Despite Her Diet ? '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Den of Geek interview : Richard Kiel '' . Den of Geek . January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Richard Kiel taught math at Ogden 's Radio School in ' 63 '' . www.modestoradiomuseum.org . Jump up ^ Kiel , Richard . `` Richard Kiel 's Testimony '' . Official Richard Kiel Fan Club . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bond Villain Died Of Heart Disease '' . TMZ. 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Kiel . Richard Kiel on IMDb Richard Kiel at Find a Grave WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1540923 BNF : cb13895972c ( data ) GND : 130003417 ISNI : 0000 0000 7824 9026 LCCN : no92028731 NKC : xx0202307 NLA : 35599971 SNAC : w6dw4dg8 SUDOC : 159205654 VIAF : 60177704 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kiel&oldid=865960736 '' Categories : 1939 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Christians 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Christians American Christians American comedians American male comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American male writers American people of German descent Disease - related deaths in California Male actors from Detroit People with acromegaly Writers from Detroit Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Estremeñu فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kernowek Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 09 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the big guy in happy gilmore	[ "Richard Dawson Kiel (September 13, 1939 – September 10, 2014) was a 7 ft 1 1⁄2 in (217 cm) tall American actor and voice artist, best known for his role as Jaws in the James Bond franchise, portraying the character in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979); he lampooned the role with a tongue-in-cheek cameo in Inspector Gadget (1999). His next-most recognized role is the tough, but eloquent Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore (1996). Other notable films include The Longest Yard (1974), Silver Streak (1976), Force 10 from Navarone (1978), Pale Rider (1985) and Tangled (2010).\n" ]	[ "Richard Dawson Kiel" ]
-1316649357188329354	We Don't Talk Anymore (Charlie Puth song)	We Do n't Talk Anymore ( Charlie Puth song ) - wikipedia We Do n't Talk Anymore ( Charlie Puth song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Single by Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez from the album Nine Track Mind Released May 24 , 2016 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Pop Length 3 : 37 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Charlie Puth Jacob Kasher Hindlin Selena Gomez Producer ( s ) Charlie Puth Charlie Puth singles chronology `` One Call Away '' ( 2015 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 2016 ) `` Attention '' ( 2017 ) `` One Call Away '' ( 2015 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 2016 ) `` Attention '' ( 2017 ) Selena Gomez singles chronology `` Kill Em with Kindness '' ( 2016 ) Kill Em with Kindness 2016 `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 2016 ) We Do n't Talk Anymore2016 `` Trust Nobody '' ( 2016 ) Trust Nobody 2016 Music video `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' on YouTube `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' is a song produced and performed by American singer Charlie Puth from his debut studio album Nine Track Mind ( 2016 ) . It contains guest vocals from Selena Gomez . Jacob Kasher co-wrote the track with the artists . The song was released on May 24 , 2016 , as the third and final single from the album . Musically , it is a pop song with a tropical - inspired production . The song peaked at number 9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , earning Puth his second top 10 single and Gomez 's sixth . It has also attained the top 10 positions in more than 20 countries , and reached number one in Italy , Lebanon , Serbia and Romania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Puth created the guitar line during a trip in Japan . He produced the beat in the Philippines and recorded his vocals in Los Angeles . Months later Puth played the song for Selena Gomez , whom he had met previously at an after party following the MTV Video Music Awards . He thought that their voices would complement each other well and then asked her to sing the second verse . Gomez 's vocals were recorded in Puth 's closet . Her recording session lasted approximately 15 minutes . On December 10 , 2015 , Puth posted a snippet of the song announcing the collaboration with Gomez . On January 10 , 2016 , Puth posted a second teaser . Composition ( edit ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' is a pop song with a tropical - inspired production . The song is in the key of C ♯ minor and has 100 beats per minute . Bobby Oliver of NJ.com described it as `` a pulsing club jam . '' Lyrically , the song takes perspective from a former couple and their struggle to maintain a normal communication system in the aftermath of their break - up . Puth said the song is about `` relationships where you 're obsessed with that one person , but then you break it up peacefully , but it 's changed . You ca n't talk to them like friends anymore . You can say you want to remain friends , but it 's easier said than done . It 's heartbreaking . ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' is basically the conversation a month after that type of breakup . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Spin , Brennan Carley found the song `` wisely trades verses between the two pop forces , cashing in on the trop - house trend '' and added that it is `` a worthy , breezy slice of pop . '' Bobby Oliver of NJ.com wrote the song is `` wonderfully infectious , and feels destined for hit radio . '' MTV 's Madline Roth praised the singers ' vocals by saying they `` blend so beautifully together . '' Marie Sherman of Fuse said the song is `` freaking catchy '' and that the chorus would be stuck in people 's heads . Lindsey Sullivan of Billboard called the song `` ridiculously catchy '' . Idolator 's Mike Wass opined that the song `` sounds like a smash . '' Dee Lockett of Vulture.com deemed it `` the chillest breakup duet . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video premiered on August 2 , 2016 , on BuzzFeed and was directed by Phil Pinto . It shows Puth and Mirella Cardoso as his love interest . As of April 2018 , the music video has more than 1.7 billion views and 6 million likes on YouTube and is the site 's 31st most - viewed video . It was nominated for Best Collaboration at 2017 MTV Video Music Awards but lost to Zayn and Taylor Swift 's I Do n't Wanna Live Forever . Live performances ( edit ) Puth and Gomez performed together for the first time in Anaheim , California , for Gomez 's Revival Tour . Puth later uploaded an official video of it , which gained over 120 million views as of April 2018 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Charlie Puth -- lead vocals , songwriting , producer Selena Gomez -- featured vocals , songwriting Jacob Kasher Hindlin -- songwriting Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 15 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Belarus ( Unistar Radio Top 20 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 36 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 91 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 13 Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Greece Airplay Chart ( IFPI ) 17 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 10 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 10 Portugal ( AFP ) 5 Romania ( Media Forest ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 9 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Ukraine Airplay ( Tophit ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 41 Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 71 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 86 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 34 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 39 Italy ( FIMI ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 61 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 37 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 62 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 30 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 38 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 20,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States May 24 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Atlantic See also ( edit ) List of most viewed YouTube videos References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Available for Airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Charlie Puth Reveals the Crazy Story Behind His Selena Gomez Collaboration , ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Dishes On New Song With Selena Gomez : We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Puth wrote most of ' Nine Track Mind ' from his lawyer 's house '' . Metro . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Charlie Puth and Selena Gomez 's Hot New Single : ' She Recorded It in My Closet ' '' . People . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` What we know about Selena Gomez and Charlie Puth 's forthcoming collab '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Grabs On To Charlie Puth While Teasing Their New Duet '' . MTV . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carley , Brennan ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Puth and Selena Gomez ( Wisely ) Cash in on the Trop - House Trend With ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' '' . Spin . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manders , Hayden ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Puth And Selena Gomez `` Do n't Talk Anymore '' In New Song `` . Nylon . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , Bobby ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` LISTEN : N.J. pop star Charlie Puth drops addictive tune ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' '' . NJ.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez And Charlie Puth 's Breakup Duet ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' Is Here '' . MTV . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Maria ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` CHARLIE PUTH & SELENA GOMEZ COLLABORATE ON `` WE DON 'T TALK ANYMORE '' : LISTEN `` . Fuse . Fuse LLC . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lindsey ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Puth 's ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' With Selena Gomez Is Here : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Puth And Selena Gomez 's `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Is A Breezy Break - Up Anthem `` . Idolator . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Puth and Selena Gomez Made the Chillest Breakup Duet '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charlie Puth ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) , Charlie Puth -- We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 Jump up ^ Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) , retrieved July 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kendrick Lamar , Katy Perry and The Weeknd lead MTV Video Music Award Nominations , retrieved July 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sonis , Rachel ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Selena Gomez And Charlie Puth Perform `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' For The First Time Ever : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charlie Puth ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) , Charlie Puth & Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore ( Official Live Performance ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 1 al 7 de Agosto , 2016 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' ( in Russian ) . Unistar Radio Top 20 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201639 into search . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201636 into search . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Feat . Selena Gomez : We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 36 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Greek ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 36 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital -- Classifica settimanale WK 36 '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Top 20 General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez / We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 41 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201639 into search . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201636 into search . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Ukraine Top 100 Airplay Chart '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 394 '' . auspOp . November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Music Canada . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . IFPI Denmark . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez ; ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semanales Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Charlie Puth feat . Selena Gomez ; ' We Do n't Talk Anymore ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Enter We Do n't Talk Anymore in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez -- We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Recording Industry Association of America . August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( Audio ) on YouTube Charlie Puth Discography Studio albums Nine Track Mind Voicenotes Extended plays Some Type of Love Singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` One Call Away '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Attention '' `` How Long '' `` Done for Me '' `` Change '' Featured singles `` See You Again '' `` Sober '' Other songs `` Nothing but Trouble '' `` Dangerously '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' Selena Gomez Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Stars Dance Revival Compilation albums For You Singles `` Come & Get It '' `` Slow Down '' `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` Good for You '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` It Ai n't Me '' `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Wolves '' `` Back to You '' Featured singles `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' Promotional singles `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' `` Magic '' `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` Send It On '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' Other charted songs `` One and the Same '' `` Birthday '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Sober '' `` Me & My Girls '' Other songs `` Like a Champion '' `` Forget Forever '' `` Revival '' `` Only You '' Concert tours Stars Dance Tour Revival Tour Related articles Selena Gomez & the Scene Francia Raisa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Don%27t_Talk_Anymore_(Charlie_Puth_song)&oldid=840369020 '' Categories : 2016 songs Atlantic Records singles Charlie Puth songs Selena Gomez songs Vocal duets Songs written by Charlie Puth Songs written by Selena Gomez Songs written by Jacob Kasher 2016 singles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from January 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finnishairplay Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 13 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the girl in the we don't talk anymore video	[ "The music video premiered on August 2, 2016, on BuzzFeed and was directed by Phil Pinto. It shows Puth and Mirella Cardoso as his love interest. As of April 2018, the music video has more than 1.7 billion views and 6 million likes on YouTube[16] and is the site's 31st most-viewed video.[17] It was nominated for Best Collaboration at 2017 MTV Video Music Awards but lost to Zayn and Taylor Swift's I Don’t Wanna Live Forever.[18]" ]	[ "Mirella Cardoso" ]
-4032482243804579992	King of Prussia Mall	King of Prussia mall - wikipedia King of Prussia mall Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King of Prussia Mall Entrance to King of Prussia Mall between Neiman Marcus and Macy 's , in the expansion corridor that opened in 2016 Location King of Prussia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 5 ′ 18 '' N 75 ° 23 ′ 25 '' W / 40.08833 ° N 75.39028 ° W / 40.08833 ; - 75.39028 Coordinates : 40 ° 5 ′ 18 '' N 75 ° 23 ′ 25 '' W / 40.08833 ° N 75.39028 ° W / 40.08833 ; - 75.39028 Address 160 North Gulph Road King of Prussia , PA 19406 Opening date 1963 Developer The Kravco Co . Management Simon Property Group Owner King of Prussia Associates , Simon Property Group ( 97 % ) No. of stores and services 400 + No. of anchor tenants 8 ( 7 open , 1 vacant ) Total retail floor area 2,900,000 square feet ( 270,000 m ) No. of floors 2 ( 3 in Nordstrom , Neiman Marcus , Macy 's , Bloomingdale 's , and Pavilion , 3rd floor storage space in former JCPenney ) Parking 5 parking lots , 3 parking garages , valet parking with 13,376 + spaces Public transit access SEPTA bus : 92 , 99 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 139 at the King of Prussia Transit Center Website www.kingofprussiamall.com The King of Prussia Mall is the largest shopping mall in the United States . It is a mall with numerous retailers , anchored by Lord & Taylor , Dick 's Sporting Goods , Primark , Neiman Marcus , Nordstrom , Macy 's and Bloomingdale 's . The mall is located in King of Prussia , a census - designated place within Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County in southeastern Pennsylvania , just outside Philadelphia . The mall , which opened in 1963 , consisted of two distinct buildings known as The Plaza and The Court until August 2016 , when a major expansion was completed and the two buildings were finally connected to create one massive shopping mall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Description 3 History 3.1 2011 -- 2016 expansion 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Location ( edit ) Aerial view of King of Prussia Mall before the 2016 expansion that connected the two malls The King of Prussia Mall is located in the community of King of Prussia in Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Philadelphia . The mall is near the convergence of four major highways : the Schuylkill Expressway ( Interstate 76 ) , the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( Interstate 76 / Interstate 276 ) , U.S. Route 202 , and U.S. Route 422 . The mall is located northeast of the Schuylkill Expressway and south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike on the north side of US 202 between Gulph Road to the southwest and Allendale Road to the northeast , with Mall Boulevard providing access to and running through the mall grounds between Gulph Road and US 202 . Mall Boulevard passes under a portion of the shopping mall . Ramps to and from the westbound direction of the Schuylkill Expressway connect to Mall Boulevard . Six SEPTA Suburban Division bus routes serve the King of Prussia Mall at the King of Prussia Transit Center . These bus routes provide service to West Chester , the Exton Transportation Center at the Exton Square Mall , the Norristown Transportation Center , Phoenixville , the 69th Street Transportation Center , Center City Philadelphia , Chesterbrook , Valley Forge , and Limerick . The Pavilion The mall has several outparcels , and several luxury and affordable hotels are nearby . Among the outparcels is the Overlook at King of Prussia shopping center , which consists of a United Artists Theatres , Saks Off 5th , Best Buy , and an iFLY indoor skydiving center . Lockheed Martin also has a campus overlooking the mall area . Also located nearby is the King of Prussia Town Center , a lifestyle center that consists of Wegmans , multiple other big - box retailers , and a downtown area with dining , retail , and service establishments and a Town Square . The town center is part of the Village at Valley Forge , a 122 - acre mixed - use development under construction that consists of retail , apartments , townhouses , condominiums , office space , and the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia 's Specialty Care and Surgery Center . Description ( edit ) The expansion corridor of the King of Prussia Mall , which opened in August 2016 connecting The Court and The Plaza King of Prussia Mall is anchored by Nordstrom , Macy 's , Neiman Marcus , Bloomingdale 's , Lord & Taylor , Dick 's Sporting Goods , and Primark and a diverse merchant mix of over 400 stores , including a collection of luxury retailers . The mall is managed by Simon Property Group of Indianapolis , who owns 97 % . It is also the sole outpost in Philadelphia for a number of high - end stores . The mall has annual sales of $1.1 billion . A selection of international dining options are available at four food courts and in over 40 casual and fine dining establishments . The mall is a prominent tourist destination in the Philadelphia area , with an estimated 20 % of visitors as tourists . The King of Prussia Mall attracts 22 million visitors annually . Several nearby hotels offer mall tourist packages , which typically include mall gift cards . The mall employs over 7,000 people . Due to the mall 's size , several retailers rent more than one space . A covered outdoor walkway , which features an array of plants , benches , and speakers playing jazz music , connects Macy 's & Neiman Marcus . The Eastern portion of the mall ( originally known as the Court ) has two anchor stores , Macy 's and Bloomingdale 's . It originally had a third anchor , Abraham & Straus , which sold its store in 1988 to Strawbridge and Clothier , which subsequently relocated to the former Wanamaker location at The Plaza in 1996 upon its acquisition by May Department Stores Co . Its spot was redeveloped as the shopping complex 's newest section , the Pavilion at King of Prussia . Stores in this section include a double - level Urban Outfitters , Old Navy , and The Cheesecake Factory . One of the complex 's four food courts is also located on the lower level just past Bloomingdales History ( edit ) King of Prussia Mall The mall was originally developed by the Kravco company . The Plaza at King of Prussia , the oldest portion of the complex , opened in 1963 as a modest open - air shopping mall anchored by JCPenney , discount department store E.J. Korvette , and an Acme `` A-Frame '' style supermarket . The Plaza prospered and by the late 1970s had become a partially enclosed super-regional mall anchored by department stores JCPenney , Gimbels , and Wanamaker 's . The Wanamaker 's store opened in 1965 in what had been an amphitheater . By the late 1970s , The Plaza consisted of a small , fully enclosed section ( connecting the three department stores ) and a sprawling outdoor mall ( featuring Woolworth 's and Acme Markets ) . It was around this time Kravco noticed a demand for more upscale shopping in the northwest Philadelphia market . The company embarked on a second mall , The Court at King of Prussia , to be constructed across the street from The Plaza . The Court opened in 1981 as a fully enclosed mall anchored by department stores Bamberger 's ( later in 1986 to become Macy 's ) , Bloomingdale 's , and Abraham & Straus ( A&S ) . In addition , Sears was added to The Plaza , relocating from Norristown . Sears was built as a `` store of the future '' and was completed along with an expansion of the multi-level portion of the Plaza . The Garden Food Court was part of this expansion . Shoppers also said goodbye to inclement weather as the outdoor portion of The Plaza was enclosed . For the first time , King of Prussia visitors were inside all the time . Through the 1980s , The Plaza sported such stores as Woolworth 's , Herman 's World of Sporting Goods , and a Lionel `` Kiddie City '' toy store . The Woolworth 's store closed in 1993 . The Plaza also featured two 1980s style video arcades , each named Spaceport , and the RKO Stanley Warner ( later Sam Eric , and then United Artists Plaza ) movie theater which , in an era before multiplexes , had only one extra large 7m screen . This theatre was later split in half to add a second screen . The walkway ( now demolished ) connecting Macy 's and Neiman Marcus , before 2016 renovation By the early 1990s , demand for luxury goods had grown across the nation and many upscale retailers were in a growth mode . Lord & Taylor , Neiman Marcus , and Nordstrom were all looking for new locations in the area , and Kravco did n't want any of them to land at a competing mall . The company 's dilemma , though , was that The Court was on a small piece of land and could n't expand , while The Plaza was too downscale for these stores . Kravco decided to embark on an ambitious campaign to almost completely rebuild The Plaza to make it just as attractive to upscale retailers as The Court and to begin marketing the two malls as a single entity ( a pedestrian bridge and walkway connecting the malls was constructed around this time , though there have always been informal passageways from one to the other ) . The former Acme Markets location was demolished during this project ; beforehand it moved a bit down the road into a new building , with a strip mall including a Tower Records shop ( since closed ) . The new Plaza is fully enclosed and has two levels throughout . Lord & Taylor opened in the fall of 1995 , while Neiman Marcus and Nordstrom opened in the spring of 1996 . Upscale stores at The Plaza are clustered in the southern end of the mall near Lord & Taylor , Neiman Marcus , and Nordstrom , while middle - market stores remain clustered in the northern end of the mall near the former JCPenney and Sears anchor stores . The Court now contains a mix of upscale stores and middle - market stores . The anchor lineup at both malls changed during the 1990s as the industry consolidated . Stern 's , which had replaced Gimbels , left and JCPenney moved into its old space . John Wanamaker was acquired by May Department Stores , which rebranded all Wanamaker 's as Hecht 's , their Baltimore - Washington regional nameplate . Abraham & Straus was consolidated with Macy 's and Strawbridge & Clothier briefly took its place at The Court . Soon after , May acquired Strawbridge & Clothier , rebranded it as simply Strawbridge 's , and merged it with Hecht 's Philadelphia operations . The Hecht 's ( former John Wanamaker ) at The Plaza became a Strawbridge 's and the Strawbridge 's ( former Abraham & Straus ) at The Court closed . The mall even featured an outlet of the popular New York City toy company FAO Schwarz , complete with a giant teddy bear , before hard financial times forced it to close in 2004 . King of Prussia Mall near Bloomingdale 's The growth of large - format specialty retailers in the 1990s led to the early 2000s conversion of the former Strawbridge 's store at The Court into The Pavilion at King of Prussia , which might be considered the `` third mall '' at King of Prussia . The Pavilion connects directly to The Court ( though not originally owned by Kravco , it was later acquired and is considered by many as an expansion of the Court ) . The mall served as the home of the Philadelphia Freedoms tennis team of World TeamTennis in 2008 and 2009 . Whenever a tennis event was to occur , a temporary tennis stadium that seated 3,000 was constructed in the parking lot of the Bloomingdale 's anchor store . Eventually , the Freedoms left for The Pavilion at Villanova University in 2010 . In 2011 , Simon increased its ownership of the King of Prussia Mall from 12.4 percent to 96 percent , buying Lend Lease 's 50 percent ownership of the mall . Lend Lease had bought its stake in the mall in 1996 , with Kravco , Simon , and three family trusts owning the remaining 50 percent at the time . In January 2014 , it was announced that Sears would sublease some of its space to Dick 's Sporting Goods . Sears would be closing this location in early December 2014 . It was announced that Irish retailer Primark would be on the first level of its space while Dick 's Sporting Goods would take parts of the second level . The Primark store opened on November 25 , 2015 . On March 17 , 2017 , JCPenney announced that its store would be closing as part of a plan to close 138 stores nationwide ; the store closed on July 31 , 2017 . 2011 -- 2016 expansion ( edit ) Expansion connecting The Court and The Plaza at the King of Prussia Mall under construction in January 2016 The sixth anchor store in the Plaza ( the former Wanamaker 's / Strawbridge 's / Macy 's building ) , was demolished during the fall of 2011 . Over 100,000 sq ft. of retail space adjacent to the former department store has been since been redeveloped . A new loading dock was added during the redevelopment. and some of the stores within the redevelopment have already opened , including a relocated , 2 - level Forever 21 and an Athleta . H&M has relocated to a 2 - level store as well , and they opened right next to the new Forever 21 . A second H&M opened November 21 , 2012 . On November 29 , 2011 , Simon Property Group announced plans to create a 140,000 sq ft. expansion to connect The Court and The Plaza . This new retail connector would feature 50 stores , dining choices from some of Philadelphia 's well - known celebrity chefs , an upscale dining pavilion , and a customer lounge . Upon completion , this project would make King of Prussia Mall the largest official shopping mall in the United States ( larger than Mall of America in overall square footage ) , and it would be under one roof for the first time . The 155,000 - square - foot expansion also included a new parking garage `` with speed ramps , space location technology and valet service . '' Construction on this expansion was estimated to cost $150 million . Several outparcels are also proposed for this expansion . On November 18 , 2014 , construction began on the expansion to connect The Court and The Plaza . The expansion opened August 18 , 2016 , with two ribbons joined from The Court and The Plaza . Simon Property Group COO Rick Sokolov and U.S. Representative Brendan Boyle were present for the ribbon tying ceremony . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal List of largest shopping malls in the world List of largest shopping malls in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` King of Prussia Mall Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Simon Property Group . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` King of Prussia Mall '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Mall in the United States '' worldatlas.com . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After 53 years , King of Prussia is finally one mall '' . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery County , Pennsylvania Highway Map ( PDF ) ( Map ) . PennDOT. 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` King of Prussia Dining Directory '' ( PDF ) . King of Prussia Mall . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Google ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` overview of King of Prussia Mall '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SEPTA Official Transit & Street Map Suburban ( PDF ) ( Map ) . SEPTA . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overlook at King of Prussia '' . DDR Corp . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huber , Robert ( March 2017 ) . `` The Promised Land ? '' . Philadelphia Magazine . p. 76 - 79 , 128 - 134 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . King of Prussia Town Center . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The Village at Valley Forge . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King of Prussia Mall directory '' . King of Prussia Mall . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Puleo , Gary ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` King of Prussia Sears to sublet second level to Dick 's Sporting Goods '' . King of Prussia Courier . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George , John ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Philadelphia Freedoms of World Team Tennis moving home court to Villanova '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kostelni , Natalie ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Simon Property takes control at King of Prussia Mall '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Panaritis , Maria ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sears to sublease some King of Prussia space to Dick 's Sporting Goods '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiStefano , Joseph M. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` PhillyDeals : Expansion planned at King of Prussia Plaza and Court '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kostelini , Natalie ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ahead of Black Friday , Primark opens store at King of Prussia Mall '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.C. Penney closing local stores ; includes King of Prussia '' . Philadelphia , PA : WPVI - TV . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kostelni , Natalie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Wanamaker 's building at mall to be razed for new retail , parking '' . Jump up ^ Van Allen , Peter ( August 14 , 2012 ) , `` What 's new at the King of Prussia Mall ? '' , Philadelphia Business Journal , bizjournals.com , retrieved September 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shoemaker Debree , Crissa ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` King of Prussia announces new expansion '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kostelni , Natalie ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` King of Prussia Mall expansion starting soon '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.simon.com/mall/king-of-prussia-mall/stream/coming-soon--chipotle-1021611 Jump up ^ Udo , Justin ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Major Expansion Project Begins At King Of Prussia Mall '' . KYW - TV . Philadelphia . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parmley , Suzette ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` It 's official : King of Prussia becomes one vast mall with 50 new retailers and restaurants '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Puleo , Gary ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top stories of 2016 : Expansion of King of Prussia Mall completed '' . The Times Herald . Norristown , PA . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to King of Prussia Mall . King of Prussia Mall Leasing Brochure Simon Property Group Simon Property Group malls in the western United States Alaska Anchorage 5th Avenue Mall Arizona Arizona Mills California Brea Mall Coddingtown Mall Del Amo Fashion Center Fashion Valley Mall Great Mall of the Bay Area Ontario Mills The Outlets at Orange Santa Rosa Plaza The Shops at Mission Viejo The Shops at Montebello Stanford Shopping Center Stoneridge Shopping Center Colorado Colorado Mills Nevada The Forum Shops at Caesars Meadowood Mall New Mexico ABQ Uptown Washington Columbia Center Mall Northgate Mall Tacoma Mall Simon Property Group malls in the midwestern United States Illinois Gurnee Mills Orland Square Mall White Oaks Mall Woodfield Mall Indiana Castleton Square Circle Centre College Mall Fashion Mall at Keystone Greenwood Park Mall Hamilton Town Center Tippecanoe Mall University Park Mall Kansas Towne East Square Michigan Briarwood Mall Minnesota Miller Hill Mall Southdale Center Missouri Battlefield Mall Independence Center Ohio The Mall at Tuttle Crossing Summit Mall South Dakota Empire Mall Wisconsin Bay Park Square Southridge Mall Simon Property Group malls in the northeastern United States Connecticut Crystal Mall Maine Bangor Mall Massachusetts Auburn Mall Burlington Mall Cape Cod Mall Copley Place Emerald Square Greendale Mall Liberty Tree Mall The Mall at Chestnut Hill Northshore Mall Solomon Pond Mall South Shore Plaza Square One Mall New Hampshire The Mall at Fox Run Mall at Rockingham Park Mall of New Hampshire Pheasant Lane Mall New Jersey Livingston Mall Menlo Park Mall Newport Centre Ocean County Mall Quaker Bridge Mall Rockaway Townsquare The Shops at Riverside The Mills at Jersey Gardens New York The Galleria at White Plains Roosevelt Field Smith Haven Mall Walt Whitman Shops The Shops at Nanuet The Westchester Pennsylvania King of Prussia Mall Lehigh Valley Mall ( majority - owned by Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust , managed by Simon ) Montgomery Mall Oxford Valley Mall Philadelphia Mills Ross Park Mall South Hills Village Springfield Mall ( co-owned with PREIT , managed by PREIT ) Simon Property Group malls in the southern United States Arkansas McCain Mall Delaware Dover Mall Florida Aventura Mall The Avenues Coconut Point Coral Square Cordova Mall Dadeland Mall The Falls The Florida Mall Miami International Mall Pier Park Sawgrass Mills St. Johns Town Center Town Center at Boca Raton Treasure Coast Square Tyrone Square Mall Georgia Lenox Square Mall of Georgia Phipps Plaza Sugarloaf Mills Town Center at Cobb Louisiana The Esplanade Prien Lake Mall Maryland Arundel Mills St. Charles Towne Center Mississippi Northpark Mall Oklahoma Penn Square Mall Woodland Hills Mall North Carolina Concord Mills Southpark Mall South Carolina Haywood Mall Tennessee Opry Mills West Town Mall Wolfchase Galleria Texas Barton Creek Square Broadway Square Mall Cielo Vista Mall The Domain Firewheel Town Center Grapevine Mills The Galleria Galleria Dallas ( managed with no ownership interest , owned by UBS AG ) Ingram Park Mall Katy Mills Lakeline Mall North East Mall La Plaza Mall Midland Park Mall Virginia Apple Blossom Mall The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City Potomac Mills Premium Outlets and Factory Stores outlet centers in the eastern United States All malls are suffixed with Premium Outlets unless noted otherwise . Florida Orlando International Premium Outlets Maryland Hagerstown Massachusetts Wrentham Village Michigan Birch Run New Hampshire Merrimack New York Woodbury Common Pennsylvania Grove City Philadelphia Virginia Norfolk Williamsburg Premium Outlets and Factory Stores outlet centers in the western United States All malls are suffixed with Premium Outlets unless noted otherwise . Southern California Las Americas Minnesota Albertville Nevada Las Vegas North Oregon Woodburn Texas Round Rock Premium Outlets and Factory Stores outlet centers in Canada Ontario Toronto Premium Outlets Quebec Premium Outlets Montreal David Simon Herbert Simon Melvin Simon Simon Property Group Headquarters Shopping malls in the metro Philadelphia area Pennsylvania Berkshire Mall Cheltenham Square Mall Coventry Mall Exton Square Mall Fairgrounds Square Mall The Gallery at Market East Granite Run Mall King of Prussia Mall King of Prussia Town Center Main Street at Exton Montgomery Mall Neshaminy Mall Oxford Valley Mall Philadelphia Mills Philadelphia Premium Outlets Providence Town Center Plymouth Meeting Mall Roosevelt Mall The Shops at Liberty Place Springfield Mall Suburban Square Whitman Plaza Willow Grove Park Mall New Jersey Burlington Center Mall Cherry Hill Mall Cumberland Mall Deptford Mall Hamilton Mall Harbor Square Moorestown Mall Playground Pier The Promenade at Sagemore Quaker Bridge Mall The Quarter at Tropicana Tanger Outlets The Walk Voorhees Town Center Delaware Christiana Mall Concord Mall Dover Mall Tri-State Mall King of Prussia area in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania Neighborhoods Bridgeport Swedeland Upper Merion Attractions King of Prussia Mall King of Prussia Town Center King of Prussia Inn King of Prussia Volunteer Fire Company 9 / 11 Memorial Valley Forge Casino Resort Education Upper Merion Area School District Upper Merion Area High School Industry Radial , Inc . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Prussia_Mall&oldid=807374917 '' Categories : Simon Property Group Shopping malls in Pennsylvania Shopping malls established in 1963 Tourist attractions in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania Buildings and structures in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania 1963 establishments in Pennsylvania Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 15 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many stores does king of prussia have	[ "King of Prussia Mall is anchored by Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Primark and a diverse merchant mix of over 400 stores, including a collection of luxury retailers. The mall is managed by Simon Property Group of Indianapolis, who owns 97%. It is also the sole outpost in Philadelphia for a number of high-end stores. The mall has annual sales of $1.1 billion.[1] A selection of international dining options are available at four food courts and in over 40 casual and fine dining establishments.[6] The mall is a prominent tourist destination in the Philadelphia area, with an estimated 20% of visitors as tourists.[2] The King of Prussia Mall attracts 22 million visitors annually.[1] Several nearby hotels offer mall tourist packages, which typically include mall gift cards. The mall employs over 7,000 people.[citation needed] Due to the mall's size, several retailers rent more than one space.[13]" ]	[ "over 400" ]
-8003588512950664954	Sei whale	Sei whale - wikipedia Sei whale Large species of baleen whale Sei whale Sei whale mother and calf Size compared to an average human Conservation status Endangered ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Infraorder : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : B. borealis Binomial name Balaenoptera borealis Lesson , 1828 Subspecies B.b. borealis B.b. schlegellli Sei whale range Synonyms Balaena rostrata Rudolphi , 1822 Balaenoptera laticeps Gray , 1846 Sibbaldius laticeps Flower , 1864 Physalus laticeps Flower , 1864 Rudolphius laticeps Gray , 1868 The sei whale ( / ˈseɪ / or / ˈsaɪ / ) ( Balaenoptera borealis ) is a baleen whale , the third - largest rorqual after the blue whale and the fin whale . It inhabits most oceans and adjoining seas , and prefers deep offshore waters . It avoids polar and tropical waters and semienclosed bodies of water . The sei whale migrates annually from cool and subpolar waters in summer to winter in temperate and subtropical waters , with a lifespan of 70 years . Reaching 19.5 m ( 64 ft ) long and weighing as much as 28 t ( 28 long tons ; 31 short tons ) , the sei whale consumes an average of 900 kg ( 2,000 lb ) of food every day ; its diet consists primarily of copepods , krill , and other zooplankton . It is among the fastest of all cetaceans , and can reach speeds of up to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) ( 27 knots ) over short distances . The whale 's name comes from the Norwegian word for pollock , a fish that appears off the coast of Norway at the same time of the year as the sei whale . Following large - scale commercial whaling during the late 19th and 20th centuries , when over 255,000 whales were taken , the sei whale is now internationally protected , although limited hunting occurs under a controversial research program conducted by Japan . As of 2008 , its worldwide population was about 80,000 , nearly a third of its prewhaling population . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 3 Description 4 Anatomy 5 Life history 5.1 Surface behaviors 5.2 Feeding 5.3 Reproduction 5.4 Vocalizations 6 Range and migration 6.1 Migration 7 Whaling 7.1 North Atlantic 7.2 North Pacific 7.3 Southern Hemisphere 7.4 Post-protection whaling 8 Conservation status 9 Population estimates 10 Mass deaths 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) Sei is the Norwegian word for pollock , also referred to as coalfish , a close relative of codfish . Sei whales appeared off the coast of Norway at the same time as the pollock , both coming to feed on the abundant plankton . The specific name is the Latin word borealis , meaning northern . In the Pacific , the whale has been called the Japan finner ; `` finner '' was a common term used to refer to rorquals . In Japanese , the whale was called iwashi kujira , or sardine whale , a name originally applied to Bryde 's whales by early Japanese whalers . Later , as modern whaling shifted to Sanriku -- where both species occur -- it was confused for the sei whale . Now the term only applies to the latter species . It has also been referred to as the lesser fin whale because it somewhat resembles the fin whale . The American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews compared the sei whale to the cheetah , because it can swim at great speeds `` for a few hundred yards '' , but it `` soon tires if the chase is long '' and `` does not have the strength and staying power of its larger relatives '' . Taxonomy ( edit ) On 21 February 1819 , a 32 - ft whale stranded near Grömitz , in Schleswig - Holstein . The Swedish - born German naturalist Karl Rudolphi initially identified it as Balaena rostrata ( = Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) . In 1823 , the French naturalist Georges Cuvier described and figured Rudolphi 's specimen under the name `` rorqual du Nord '' . In 1828 , Rene Lesson translated this term into Balaenoptera borealis , basing his designation partly on Cuvier 's description of Rudolphi 's specimen and partly on a 54 - ft female that had stranded on the coast of France the previous year ( this was later identified as a juvenile fin whale , Balaenoptera physalus ) . In 1846 , the English zoologist John Edward Gray , ignoring Lesson 's designation , named Rudolphi 's specimen Balaenoptera laticeps , which others followed . In 1865 , the British zoologist William Henry Flower named a 45 - ft specimen that had been obtained from Pekalongan , on the north coast of Java , Sibbaldius ( = Balaenoptera ) schlegelii -- in 1946 the Russian scientist A.G. Tomilin synonymized S. schlegelii and B. borealis , creating the subspecies B. b . schlegelii and B. b . borealis . In 1884 -- 85 , the Norwegian scientist G.A. Guldberg first identified the `` sejhval '' of Finnmark with B. borealis . Sei whales are rorquals ( family Balaenopteridae ) , baleen whales that include the humpback whale , the blue whale , Bryde 's whale , the fin whale , and the minke whale . Rorquals take their name from the Norwegian word røyrkval , meaning `` furrow whale '' , because family members have a series of longitudinal pleats or grooves on the anterior half of their ventral surface . Balaenopterids diverged from the other families of suborder Mysticeti , also called the whalebone whales or great whales , as long ago as the middle Miocene . Little is known about when members of the various families in the Mysticeti , including the Balaenopteridae , diverged from each other . Two subspecies have been identified -- the northern sei whale ( B. b . borealis ) and southern sei whale ( B. b . schlegelii ) . Their ranges do not overlap . Description ( edit ) Painting of a sei whale . The sei whale is the fourth - largest balaenopterid , after the blue whale ( up to 180 tonnes , 200 tons ) and the fin whale ( up to 70 tonnes , 77 tons ) and the humpback whale ( up to 40 tonnes , 44.5 tons ) . In the North Pacific , adult males average 13.7 m ( 45 ft ) and adult females 15 m ( 49 ft ) , weighing 15 and 18.5 tonnes ( 16.5 and 20.5 tons ) , while in the North Atlantic adult males average 14 m ( 46 ft ) and adult females 14.5 m ( 48 ft ) , weighing 15.5 and 17 tonnes ( 17 and 18.5 tons ) In the Southern Hemisphere , they average 14.5 ( 47.5 ft ) and 15 m ( 49 ft ) , respectively , weighing 17 and 18.5 tonnes ( 18.5 and 20.5 tons ) . ( In the Northern Hemisphere , males reach up to 17.1 m ( 56 ft ) and females up to 18.6 m ( 61 ft ) , while in the Southern Hemisphere males reach 18.6 m ( 61 ft ) and females 19.5 m ( 64 ft ) -- the authenticity of an alleged 22 m ( 72 ft ) female caught 50 miles northwest of St. Kilda in July 1911 is doubted . The largest specimens taken off Iceland were a 16.15 m ( 53.0 ft ) female and a 14.6 m ( 48 ft ) male , while the longest off Nova Scotia were two 15.8 m ( 52 ft ) females and a 15.2 m ( 50 ft ) male . The longest measured during JARPN II cruises in the North Pacific were a 16.32 m ( 53.5 ft ) female and a 15 m ( 49 ft ) male . The longest measured by Discovery Committee staff were an adult male of 16.15 m ( 53.0 ft ) and an adult female of 17.1 m ( 56 ft ) , both caught off South Georgia . Adults usually weigh between 15 and 20 metric tons -- a 16.4 m ( 54 ft ) pregnant female caught off Natal in 1966 weighed 37.75 tonnes ( 41.6 tons ) , not including 6 % for loss of fluids during flensing . Females are considerably larger than males . At birth , a calf typically measures 4.4 -- 4.5 m ( 14 -- 15 ft ) in length . Anatomy ( edit ) See also : Whale anatomy A sei whale showing distinctive upright dorsal fin The whale 's body is typically a dark steel grey with irregular light grey to white markings on the ventral surface , or towards the front of the lower body . The whale has a relatively short series of 32 -- 60 pleats or grooves along its ventral surface that extend halfway between the pectoral fins and umbilicus ( in other species it usually extends to or past the umbilicus ) , restricting the expansion of the buccal cavity during feeding compared to other species . The rostrum is pointed and the pectoral fins are relatively short , only 9 % -- 10 % of body length , and pointed at the tips . It has a single ridge extending from the tip of the rostrum to the paired blowholes that are a distinctive characteristic of baleen whales . The whale 's skin is often marked by pits or wounds , which after healing become white scars . These are now known to be caused by `` cookie - cutter '' sharks ( Isistius brasiliensis ) . It has a tall , sickle - shaped dorsal fin that ranges in height from 38 -- 90 cm ( 15 -- 35 in ) and averages 53 -- 56 cm ( 21 -- 22 in ) , about two - thirds of the way back from the tip of the rostrum . Dorsal fin shape , pigmentation pattern , and scarring have been used to a limited extent in photo - identification studies . The tail is thick and the fluke , or lobe , is relatively small in relation to the size of the whale 's body . Close - up view of baleen plates , used to strain food from the water Adults have 300 -- 380 ashy - black baleen plates on each side of the mouth , up to 80 cm ( 31 in ) long . Each plate is made of fingernail - like keratin , which is bordered by a fringe of very fine , short , curly , wool - like white bristles . The sei 's very fine baleen bristles , about 0.1 mm ( 0.004 in ) are the most reliable characteristic that distinguishes it from other rorquals . The sei whale looks similar to other large baleen whales . The best way to distinguish between it and Bryde 's whale , apart from differences in baleen plates , is by the presence of lateral ridges on the dorsal surface of the Bryde 's whale 's rostrum . Large individuals can be confused with fin whales , unless the fin whale 's asymmetrical head coloration is clearly seen . The fin whale 's lower jaw 's right side is white , and the left side is grey . When viewed from the side , the rostrum appears slightly arched ( accentuated at the tip ) , while fin and Bryde 's whales have relatively flat rostrums . Life history ( edit ) Surface behaviors ( edit ) Sei whales usually travel alone or in pods of up to six individuals . Larger groups may assemble at particularly abundant feeding grounds . Very little is known about their social structure . During the southern Gulf of Maine influx in mid-1986 , groups of at least three sei whales were observed `` milling '' on four occasions -- i.e. moving in random directions , rolling , and remaining at the surface for over 10 minutes . One whale would always leave the group during or immediately after such socializing bouts . The sei whale is among the fastest cetaceans . It can reach speeds of up to 50 km / h ( 27 kn ) over short distances . However , it is not a remarkable diver , reaching relatively shallow depths for 5 to 15 minutes . Between dives , the whale surfaces for a few minutes , remaining visible in clear , calm waters , with blows occurring at intervals of about 60 seconds ( range : 45 -- 90 sec . ) . Unlike the fin whale , the sei whale tends not to rise high out of the water as it dives , usually just sinking below the surface . The blowholes and dorsal fin are often exposed above the water surface almost simultaneously . The whale almost never lifts its flukes above the surface , and are generally less active on water surfaces than closely related Bryde 's whales ; it rarely breaches . Feeding ( edit ) Feeding at the surface Krill , shrimp - like marine invertebrate animals , are one of the sei whale 's primary foods . This rorqual is a filter feeder , using its baleen plates to obtain its food by opening its mouth , engulfing or skimming large amounts of the water containing the food , then straining the water out through the baleen , trapping any food items inside its mouth . The sei whale feeds near the surface of the ocean , swimming on its side through swarms of prey to obtain its average of about 900 kg ( 2,000 lb ) of food each day . For an animal of its size , for the most part , its preferred foods lie unusually relatively low in the food chain , including zooplankton and small fish . The whale 's diet preferences has been determined from stomach analyses , direct observation of feeding behavior , and analyzing fecal matter collected near them , which appears as a dilute brown cloud . The feces are collected in nets and DNA is separated , individually identified , and matched with known species . The whale competes for food against clupeid fish ( herring and its relatives ) , basking sharks , and right whales . In the North Atlantic , it feeds primarily on calanoid copepods , specifically Calanus finmarchicus , with a secondary preference for euphausiids , in particular Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa inermis . In the North Pacific , it feeds on similar zooplankton , including the copepod species Neocalanus cristatus , N. plumchrus , and Calanus pacificus , and euphausiid species Euphausia pacifica , E. similis , Thysanoessa inermis , T. longipes , T. gregaria and T. spinifera . In addition , it eats larger organisms , such as the Japanese flying squid , Todarodes pacificus pacificus , and small fish , including anchovies ( Engraulis japonicus and E. mordax ) , sardines ( Sardinops sagax ) , Pacific saury ( Cololabis saira ) , mackerel ( Scomber japonicus and S. australasicus ) , jack mackerel ( Trachurus symmetricus ) and juvenile rockfish ( Sebastes jordani ) . Some of these fish are commercially important . Off central California , they mainly feed on anchovies between June and August , and on krill ( Euphausia pacifica ) during September and October . In the Southern Hemisphere , prey species include the copepods Neocalanus tonsus , Calanus simillimus , and Drepanopus pectinatus , as well as the euphausiids Euphausia superba and Euphausia vallentini and the pelagic amphipod Themisto gaudichaudii . Reproduction ( edit ) See also : Whale reproduction Mating occurs in temperate , subtropical seas during the winter . Gestation is estimated to vary around 10 ⁄ months , 11 ⁄ months , or one year , depending which model of foetal growth is used . The different estimates result from scientists ' inability to observe an entire pregnancy ; most reproductive data for baleen whales were obtained from animals caught by commercial whalers , which offer only single snapshots of fetal growth . Researchers attempt to extrapolate conception dates by comparing fetus size and characteristics with newborns . A newborn is weaned from its mother at 6 -- 9 months of age , when it is 8 -- 9 m ( 26 -- 30 ft ) long , so weaning takes place at the summer or autumn feeding grounds . Females reproduce every 2 -- 3 years , usually to a single calf . In the Northern Hemisphere , males are usually 12.8 -- 12.9 m ( 42 -- 42 ft ) and females 13.3 -- 13.4 m ( 44 -- 44 ft ) at sexual maturity , while in the Southern Hemisphere , males average 13.6 m ( 45 ft ) and females 14 m ( 46 ft ) . The average age of sexual maturity of both sexes is 8 -- 10 years . The whales can reach ages up to 65 years . Vocalizations ( edit ) See also : Whale sound The sei whale makes long , loud , low - frequency sounds . Relatively little is known about specific calls , but in 2003 , observers noted sei whale calls in addition to sounds that could be described as `` growls '' or `` whooshes '' off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . Many calls consisted of multiple parts at different frequencies . This combination distinguishes their calls from those of other whales . Most calls lasted about a half second , and occurred in the 240 -- 625 hertz range , well within the range of human hearing . The maximum volume of the vocal sequences is reported as 156 decibels relative to 1 micropascal ( μPa ) at a reference distance of one metre . An observer situated one metre from a vocalizing whale would perceive a volume roughly equivalent to the volume of a jackhammer operating two metres away . In November 2002 , scientists recorded calls in the presence of sei whales off Maui . All the calls were downswept tonal calls , all but two ranging from a mean high frequency of 39.1 Hz down to 21 Hz of 1.3 second duration -- the two higher frequency downswept calls ranged from an average of 100.3 Hz to 44.6 Hz over 1 second of duration . These calls closely resembled and coincided with a peak in `` 20 - to 35 - Hz irregular repetition interval '' downswept pulses described from seafloor recordings off Oahu , which had previously been attributed to fin whales . Between 2005 and 2007 , low frequency downswept vocalizations were recorded in the Great South Channel , east of Cape Cod , Massachusetts , which were only significantly associated with the presence of sei whales . These calls averaged 82.3 Hz down to 34 Hz over about 1.4 seconds in duration . This call has also been reported from recordings in the Gulf of Maine , New England shelf waters , the mid-Atlantic Bight , and in Davis Strait . It likely functions as a contact call . BBC News quoted Roddy Morrison , a former whaler active in South Georgia , as saying , `` When we killed the sei whales , they used to make a noise , like a crying noise . They seemed so friendly , and they 'd come round and they 'd make a noise , and when you hit them , they cried really . I did n't think it was really nice to do that . Everybody talked about it at the time I suppose , but it was money . At the end of the day that 's what counted at the time . That 's what we were there for . '' Range and migration ( edit ) Drawing of a sei whale on a Faroese stamp , issued 17 September 2001 Sei whales live in all oceans , although rarely in polar or tropical waters . The difficulty of distinguishing them at sea from their close relatives , Bryde 's whales and in some cases from fin whales , creates confusion about their range and population , especially in warmer waters where Bryde 's whales are most common . In the North Atlantic , its range extends from southern Europe or northwestern Africa to Norway , and from the southern United States to Greenland . The southernmost confirmed records are strandings along the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the Greater Antilles . Throughout its range , the whale tends not to frequent semienclosed bodies of water , such as the Gulf of Mexico , the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , Hudson Bay , the North Sea , and the Mediterranean Sea . It occurs predominantly in deep water , occurring most commonly over the continental slope , in basins situated between banks , or submarine canyon areas . In the North Pacific , it ranges from 20 ° N to 23 ° N latitude in the winter , and from 35 ° N to 50 ° N latitude in the summer . Approximately 75 % of the North Pacific population lives east of the International Date Line , but there is little information regarding the North Pacific distribution . Two whales tagged in deep waters off California were later recaptured off Washington and British Columbia , revealing a possible link between these areas , but the lack of other tag recovery data makes these two cases inconclusive . Occurrences within the Gulf of California have been fewer . In Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk , whales are not common , although whales were more commonly seen than today in southern part of Sea of Japan from Korean Peninsula to the southern Primorsky Krai in the past , and there had been a sighting in Golden Horn Bay , and whales were much more abundant in the triangle area around Kunashir Island in whaling days , making the area well known as sei -- ground , and there had been a sighting of a cow calf pair off the Sea of Japan coast of mid-Honshu during cetacean survey . Sei whales have been recorded from northern Indian Ocean as well such as around Sri Lanka and Indian coasts . In the Southern Hemisphere , summer distribution based upon historic catch data is between 40 ° S and 50 ° S latitude in the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans and 45 ° S and 60 ° S in the South Pacific , while winter distribution is poorly known , with former winter whaling grounds being located off northeastern Brazil ( 7 ° S ) and Peru ( 6 ° S ) . The majority of the `` sei '' whales caught off Angola and Congo , as well as other nearby areas in equatorial West Africa , are thought to have been predominantly misidentified Bryde 's whales . For example , Ruud ( 1952 ) found that 42 of the `` sei whale '' catch off Gabon in 1952 were actually Bryde 's whales , based on examination of their baleen plates . The only confirmed historical record is the capture of a 14 m ( 46 ft ) female , which was brought to the Cap Lopez whaling station in Gabon in September 1950 . During cetacean sighting surveys off Angola between 2003 and 2006 , only a single confirmed sighting of two individuals was made in August 2004 , compared to 19 sightings of Bryde 's whales . Sei whales are commonly distributed along west to southern Latin America including along entire Chilean coasts , within Beagle Channel to Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego , and possibly feed in the Aysen region . Migration ( edit ) In general , the sei whale migrates annually from cool and subpolar waters in summer to temperate and subtropical waters for winter , where food is more abundant . In the northwest Atlantic , sightings and catch records suggest the whales move north along the shelf edge to arrive in the areas of Georges Bank , Northeast Channel , and Browns Bank by mid - to late June . They are present off the south coast of Newfoundland in August and September , and a southbound migration begins moving west and south along the Nova Scotian shelf from mid-September to mid-November . Whales in the Labrador Sea as early as the first week of June may move farther northward to waters southwest of Greenland later in the summer . In the northeast Atlantic , the sei whale winters as far south as West Africa such as off Bay of Arguin , off coastal Western Sahara and follows the continental slope northward in spring . Large females lead the northward migration and reach the Denmark Strait earlier and more reliably than other sexes and classes , arriving in mid-July and remaining through mid-September . In some years , males and younger females remain at lower latitudes during the summer . Despite knowing some general migration patterns , exact routes are incompletely known and scientists can not readily predict exactly where groups will appear from one year to the next . F.O. Kapel noted a correlation between appearances west of Greenland and the incursion of relatively warm waters from the Irminger Current into that area . Some evidence from tagging data indicates individuals return off the coast of Iceland on an annual basis . An individual satellite - tagged off Faial , in the Azores , traveled more than 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) to the Labrador Sea via the Charlie - Gibbs Fracture Zone ( CGFZ ) between April and June 2005 . It appeared to `` hitch a ride '' on prevailing currents , with erratic movements indicative of feeding behavior in five areas , in particular the CGFZ , an area of known high sei whale abundance as well as high copepod concentrations . Seven whales tagged off Faial and Pico from May to June in 2008 and 2009 made their way to the Labrador Sea , while an eighth individual tagged in September 2009 headed southeast -- its signal was lost between Madeira and the Canary Islands . Whaling ( edit ) Main articles : Whaling and History of whaling The development of explosive harpoons and steam - powered whaling ships in the late nineteenth century brought previously unobtainable large whales within reach of commercial whalers . Initially their speed and elusiveness , and later the comparatively small yield of oil and meat partially protected them . Once stocks of more profitable right whales , blue whales , fin whales , and humpback whales became depleted , sei whales were hunted in earnest , particularly from 1950 to 1980 . North Atlantic ( edit ) A sei whale ( foreground ) caught off Finnmark . In the North Atlantic between 1885 and 1984 , 14,295 sei whales were taken . They were hunted in large numbers off the coasts of Norway and Scotland beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and in 1885 alone , more than 700 were caught off Finnmark . Their meat was a popular Norwegian food . The meat 's value made the hunting of this difficult - to - catch species profitable in the early twentieth century . In Iceland , a total of 2,574 whales were taken from the Hvalfjörður whaling station between 1948 and 1985 . Since the late 1960s to early 1970s , the sei whale has been second only to the fin whale as the preferred target of Icelandic whalers , with meat in greater demand than whale oil , the prior target . Small numbers were taken off the Iberian Peninsula , beginning in the 1920s by Spanish whalers , off the Nova Scotian shelf in the late 1960s and early 1970s by Canadian whalers , and off the coast of West Greenland from the 1920s to the 1950s by Norwegian and Danish whalers . North Pacific ( edit ) A sei whale being harpooned off Japan . In the North Pacific , the total reported catch by commercial whalers was 72,215 between 1910 and 1975 ; the majority were taken after 1947 . Shore stations in Japan and Korea processed 300 -- 600 each year between 1911 and 1955 . In 1959 , the Japanese catch peaked at 1,340 . Heavy exploitation in the North Pacific began in the early 1960s , with catches averaging 3,643 per year from 1963 to 1974 ( total 43,719 ; annual range 1,280 -- 6,053 ) . In 1971 , after a decade of high catches , it became scarce in Japanese waters , ending commercial whaling in 1975 . Off the coast of North America , sei whales were hunted off British Columbia from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s , when the number of whales captured dropped to around 14 per year . More than 2,000 were caught in British Columbian waters between 1962 and 1967 . Between 1957 and 1971 , California shore stations processed 386 whales . Commercial Sei whaling ended in the eastern North Pacific in 1971 . Southern Hemisphere ( edit ) A total of 152,233 were taken in the Southern Hemisphere between 1910 and 1979 . Whaling in southern oceans originally targeted humpback whales . By 1913 , this species became rare , and the catch of fin and blue whales began to increase . As these species likewise became scarce , sei whale catches increased rapidly in the late 1950s and early 1960s . The catch peaked in 1964 -- 65 at over 20,000 sei whales , but by 1976 , this number had dropped to below 2,000 and commercial whaling for the species ended in 1977 . Post-protection whaling ( edit ) Since the moratorium on commercial whaling , some sei whales have been taken by Icelandic and Japanese whalers under the IWC 's scientific research programme . Iceland carried out four years of scientific whaling between 1986 and 1989 , killing up to 40 sei whales a year . Japanese scientists catch about 50 sei whales each year for this purpose . The research is conducted by the Institute of Cetacean Research ( ICR ) in Tokyo , a privately funded , nonprofit institution . The main focus of the research is to examine what they eat and to assess the competition between whales and fisheries . Dr. Seiji Ohsumi , Director General of the ICR , said , `` It is estimated that whales consume 3 to 5 times the amount of marine resources as are caught for human consumption , so our whale research is providing valuable information required for improving the management of all our marine resources . '' He later added , `` Sei whales are the second-most abundant species of whale in the western North Pacific , with an estimated population of over 28,000 animals . ( It is ) clearly not endangered . '' Conservation groups , such as the World Wildlife Fund , dispute the value of this research , claiming that sei whales feed primarily on squid and plankton which are not hunted by humans , and only rarely on fish . They say that the program is `` nothing more than a plan designed to keep the whaling fleet in business , and the need to use whales as the scapegoat for overfishing by humans . '' At the 2001 meeting of the IWC Scientific Committee , 32 scientists submitted a document expressing their belief that the Japanese program lacked scientific rigor and would not meet minimum standards of academic review . In 2010 , a Los Angeles restaurant confirmed to be serving sei whale meat was closed by its owners after prosecution by authorities for handling a protected species . Conservation status ( edit ) Member states of the International Whaling Commission ( in blue ) The sei whale did not have meaningful international protection until 1970 , when the International Whaling Commission first set catch quotas for the North Pacific for individual species . Before quotas , there were no legal limits . Complete protection from commercial whaling in the North Pacific came in 1976 . Quotas on sei whales in the North Atlantic began in 1977 . Southern Hemisphere stocks were protected in 1979 . Facing mounting evidence that several whale species were threatened with extinction , the IWC established a complete moratorium on commercial whaling beginning in 1986 . In the late 1970s , some `` pirate '' whaling took place in the eastern North Atlantic . There is no direct evidence of illegal whaling in the North Pacific , although the acknowledged misreporting of whaling data by the Soviet Union means that catch data are not entirely reliable . The species remained listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2000 , categorized as `` endangered '' . Northern Hemisphere populations are listed as CITES Appendix II , indicating they are not immediately threatened with extinction , but may become so if they are not listed . Populations in the Southern Hemisphere are listed as CITES Appendix I , indicating they are threatened with extinction if trade is not halted . The sei whale is listed on both Appendix I and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) . It is listed on Appendix I as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals , conserving or restoring the places where they live , mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them and also on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements . Sei whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region ( Pacific Cetaceans MOU ) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic , North East Atlantic , Irish and North Seas ( ACCOBAMS ) . The species is listed as endangered by the U.S. government National Marine Fisheries Service under the U.S. Endangered Species Act . Population estimates ( edit ) The current population is estimated at 80,000 , nearly a third of the prewhaling population . A 1991 study in the North Atlantic estimated only 4,000 . Sei whales were said to have been scarce in the 1960s and early 1970s off northern Norway . One possible explanation for this disappearance is that the whales were overexploited . The drastic reduction in northeastern Atlantic copepod stocks during the late 1960s may be another culprit . Surveys in the Denmark Strait found 1,290 whales in 1987 , and 1,590 whales in 1989 . Nova Scotia 's population estimates are between 1,393 and 2,248 , with a minimum of 870 . A 1977 study estimated Pacific Ocean totals of 9,110 , based upon catch and CPUE data . Japanese interests claim this figure is outdated , and in 2002 claimed the western North Pacific population was over 28,000 , a figure not accepted by the scientific community . In California waters , there was only one confirmed and five possible sightings by 1991 to 1993 aerial and ship surveys , and there were no confirmed sightings off Oregon coasts such as Maumee Bay and Washington . Prior to commercial whaling , the North Pacific hosted an estimated 42,000 . By the end of whaling , the population was down to between 7,260 and 12,620 . In the Southern Hemisphere , population estimates range between 9,800 and 12,000 , based upon catch history and CPUE . The IWC estimated 9,718 whales based upon survey data between 1978 and 1988 . Prior to commercial whaling , there were an estimated 65,000 . Mass deaths ( edit ) Mass death events for sei whales have been recorded for many years and evidence suggests endemic poisoning ( `` marea roja '' ) causes may have caused mass deaths in prehistoric times . In June 2015 , scientists flying over southern Chile counted 337 dead sei whales , in what is regarded as the largest mass beaching ever documented . The cause is not yet known ; however , toxic algae blooms caused by unprecedented warming in the Pacific Ocean , known as the Blob , may be implicated . See also ( edit ) Cetaceans portal Marine life portal List of whale and dolphin species Marine biology Pacific Islands Cetaceans Memorandum of Understanding HMS Daedalus ( 1826 ) Footnotes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mead , J.G. ; Brownell , R.L. Jr. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Cetacea '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 723 -- 743 . 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Bisson -- SEI Whale at Beagle canal , Ushuaia , Argentina Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Seplak -- Minke Whale ( Sei Whale ? ) Jump up ^ OceanSounds e.V. - Sei whale ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , E. ; D.G. Chapman ( 1977 ) . `` Preliminary assessment of stocks of northwest Atlantic sei whales ( Balaenoptera borealis ) '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn . Spec . Iss. 1 : 117 -- 120 . ^ Jump up to : Jonsgård , Å. ; K. Darling ( 1977 ) . `` On the biology of the eastern North Atlantic sei whale , Balaenoptera borealis Lesson '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn . Spec . Iss. 1 : 124 -- 129 . ^ Jump up to : Kapel , F.O. ( 1985 ) . `` On the occurrence of sei whales ( Balenoptera borealis ) in West Greenland waters '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 35 : 349 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Sigurjónsson , J. ( 1983 ) . `` The cruise of the Ljósfari in the Denmark Strait ( June -- July 1981 ) and recent marking and sightings off Iceland '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 33 : 667 -- 682 . Jump up ^ Olsen , E. ; Budgell , P. ; Head , E. ; Kleivane , L. ; Nøttestad , L. ; Prieto , R. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` First satellite - tracked long - distance movement of a sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis ) in the North Atlantic '' . Aquatic Mammals. 35 : 313 -- 318 . doi : 10.1578 / am. 35.3. 2009.313 . Jump up ^ Prieto , Rui , Monica A. Silva , Martine Berube , Per J. Palsbøll ( 2012 ) . `` Migratory destinations and sex composition of sei whales ( Balaenoptera borealis ) transiting through the Azores '' . SC / 64 / RMP6 , pp. 1 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sigurjónsson , J. ( 1988 ) . `` Operational factors of the Icelandic large whale fishery '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 38 : 327 -- 333 . Jump up ^ Andrews , R.C. ( 1916 ) . `` The sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis Lesson ) '' . Mem . Am. Mus . Nat . Hist . New Ser. 1 ( 6 ) : 291 -- 388 . Jump up ^ Ingebrigtsen , A. ( 1929 ) . `` Whales caught in the North Atlantic and other seas '' . Rapports et Procès - verbaux des réunions , Cons . Perm . Int . L'Explor . Mer , Vol . LVI . Copenhagen : Høst & Fils . Jump up ^ Aguilar , A. ; S. Lens ( 1981 ) . `` Preliminary report on Spanish whaling operations '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 31 : 639 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Barlow , J. ; K.A. Forney ; P.S. Hill ; R.L. Brownell Jr. ; J.V. Carretta ; D.P. DeMaster ; F. Julian ; M.S. Lowry ; T. Ragen & R.R. Reeves ( 1997 ) . `` U.S. Pacific marine mammal stock assessments : 1996 '' ( PDF ) . NOAA Tech . Mem . NMFS - SWFSC - 248 . ^ Jump up to : Tillman , M.F. ( 1977 ) . `` Estimates of population size for the North Pacific sei whale '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn . Spec . Iss. 1 : 98 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Committee for Whaling Statistics ( 1942 ) . International whaling statistics . Oslo : Committee for Whaling Statistics . Jump up ^ Pike , G.C ; I.B. MacAskie ( 1969 ) . `` Marine mammals of British Columbia '' . Fish . Res . Bd . Canada Bull . 171 . Jump up ^ `` WWF condemns Iceland 's announcement to resume whaling '' ( Press release ) . WWF - International . 7 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Japan not catching endangered whales '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . The Institute of Cetacean Research , Tokyo , Japan . 1 March 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2006 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's senior whale scientist responds to New York Times advertisement '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . The Institute of Cetacean Research , Tokyo , Japan . 20 May 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Clapham , P. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Relevance of JARPN II to management , and a note on scientific standards . Report of the IWC Scientific Committee , Annex Q1 '' . Journal of Cetacean Research and Management . 4 ( supplement ) : 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. eatery charged with serving whale meat closes '' . Reuters. 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , K.R. ( 1980 ) . Conservation and Management of Whales . Seattle , WA : Univ. of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 95706 - 9 . Jump up ^ Best , P.B. ( 1992 ) . `` Catches of fin whales in the North Atlantic by the M.V. Sierra ( and associated vessels ) '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 42 : 697 -- 700 . Jump up ^ Yablokov , A.V. ( 1994 ) . `` Validity of whaling data '' . Nature . 367 ( 6459 ) : 108 . doi : 10.1038 / 367108a0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix I and Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) . As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 1994 , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2005 and 2008 . Effective : 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Braham , H. ( 1992 ) . `` Endangered whales : Status update '' . Alaska Fisheries Science Center , Seattle , WA . Jump up ^ Blaylock , R.A. ; J.W. Haim ; L.J. Hansen ; D.L. Palka & G.T. Waring ( 1995 ) . `` U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico stock assessments '' . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , NOAA Tech . Memo NMFS - SEFSC - 363 . ^ Jump up to : Jonsgård , Å. ( 1974 ) . `` On whale exploitation in the eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean '' . In W.E. Schevill . The whale problem . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 97 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Cattanach , K.L. ; J. Sigurjonsson ; S.T. Buckland ; Th . Gunnlaugsson ( 1993 ) . `` Sei whale abundance in the North Atlantic , estimated from NASS - 87 and NASS - 89 data '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 43 : 315 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Hill , P.S. & J. Barlow ( 1992 ) . `` Report of a marine mammal survey of the California coast aboard the research vessel `` MacArthur '' July 28 -- 5 November 1991 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept . Commerce , NOAA Technical Memo NMFS - SWFSC - 169 . ^ Jump up to : Carretta , J.V. & K.A. Forney ( 1993 ) . `` Report of two aerial surveys for marine mammals in California coastal waters utilizing a NOAA DeHavilland Twin Otter aircraft : March 9 -- 7 April 1991 , and February 8 -- 6 April 1992 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept . Commerce , NOAA Technical Memo NMFS - SWFSC - 185 . Jump up ^ Mangels , K.F. & T. Gerrodette ( 1994 ) . `` Report of cetacean sightings during a marine mammal survey in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California aboard the NOAA ships `` MacArthur '' and `` David Starr Jordan '' July 28 -- 6 November 1993 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept . Commerce , NOAA Technical Memo NMFS - SWFSC - 211 . Jump up ^ IWC ( 1996 ) . `` Report of the sub-committee on Southern Hemisphere baleen whales , Annex E '' . Rep. Int . Whal . Commn. 46 : 117 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Howard , Brian Clark ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` 337 Whales Beached in Largest Stranding Ever '' . National Geographic . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ On the Coast ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Dead whales in Pacific could be fault of the Blob '' . CBC . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World , Reeves , Stewart , Clapham and Powell , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 375 - 41141 - 0 Eds. C. Michael Hogan and C.J. Cleveland . Sei whale . Enclyclopedia of Earth , National Council for Science and Environment ; ccontent partner Encyclopedia of Life Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans , Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto . ISBN 1 - 84037 - 043 - 2 Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals , editors Perrin , Wursig and Thewissen , ISBN 0 - 12 - 551340 - 2 Whales , Dolphins and Porpoises , Carwardine ( 1995 , reprinted 2000 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2781 - 6 Oudejans , M.G. ; Visser , F. ( 2010 ) . `` First confirmed record of a living sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis ( Lesson , 1828 ) ) in Irish coastal waters '' . Ir Nat. J. 31 : 46 -- 48 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balaenoptera borealis . Wikispecies has information related to Balaenoptera borealis US National Marine Fisheries Service Sei Whale web page ARKive -- images and movies of the sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis ) IUCN Redlist entry World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) -- species profile for the Sei Whale Official website of the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea , Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area Voices in the Sea -- Sounds of the Sei Whale Extant Cetacea species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Cetartiodactyla Suborder Whippomorpha hide Parvorder Mysticeti ( Baleen whales ) Balaenidae Balaena Bowhead whale ( B. mysticetus ) Eubalaena ( Right whales ) Southern right whale ( E. australis ) North Atlantic right whale ( E. glacialis ) North Pacific right whale ( E. japonica ) Balaenopteridae ( Rorquals ) Balaenoptera Common minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ) Antarctic minke whale ( B. bonaerensis ) Sei whale ( B. borealis ) Bryde 's whale ( B. brydei ) Pygmy Bryde 's whale ( B. edeni ) Blue whale ( B. musculus ) Omura 's whale ( B. omurai ) Fin whale ( B. physalus ) Megaptera Humpback whale ( M. novaeangliae ) Eschrichtiidae Eschrichtius Gray whale ( E. robustus ) Neobalaenidae Caperea Pygmy right whale ( C. marginata ) Parvorder Odontoceti ( Toothed whales ) ( cont . below ) Delphinidae ( Oceanic dolphins ) Cephalorhynchus Commerson 's dolphin ( C. commersonii ) Chilean dolphin ( C. eutropia ) Heaviside 's dolphin ( C. heavisidii ) Hector 's dolphin ( C. hectori ) Delphinus Long - beaked common dolphin ( D. capensis ) Short - beaked common dolphin ( D. delphis ) Feresa Pygmy killer whale ( F. attenuata ) Globicephala ( Pilot whales ) Short - finned pilot whale ( G. macrorhynchus ) Long - finned pilot whale ( G. melas ) Grampus Risso 's dolphin ( G. griseus ) Lagenodelphis Fraser 's dolphin ( L. hosei ) Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin ( L. acutus ) White - beaked dolphin ( L. albirostris ) Peale 's dolphin ( L. australis ) Hourglass dolphin ( L. cruciger ) Pacific white - sided dolphin ( L. obliquidens ) Dusky dolphin ( L. obscurus ) Lissodelphis ( Right whale dolphins ) Northern right whale dolphin ( L. borealis ) Southern right whale dolphin ( L. peronii ) Orcaella Irrawaddy dolphin ( O. brevirostris ) Australian snubfin dolphin ( O. heinsohni ) Orcinus Killer whale ( O. orca ) Peponocephala Melon - headed whale ( P. electra ) Pseudorca False killer whale ( P. crassidens ) Sotalia Tucuxi ( S. fluviatilis ) Guiana dolphin ( S. guianensis ) Sousa Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin ( S. chinensis ) Atlantic humpback dolphin ( S. teuszii ) Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin ( S. attenuata ) Clymene dolphin ( S. clymene ) Striped dolphin ( S. coeruleoalba ) Atlantic spotted dolphin ( S. frontalis ) Spinner dolphin ( S. longirostris ) Steno Rough - toothed dolphin ( S. bredanensis ) Tursiops Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( T. aduncus ) Burrunan dolphin ( T. australis ) Common bottlenose dolphin ( T. truncatus ) Monodontidae Delphinapterus Beluga ( D. leucas ) Monodon Narwhal ( M. monoceros ) Phocoenidae Neophocaena Finless porpoise ( N. phocaeniodes ) Narrow - ridged finless porpoise ( N. asiaorientalis ) Phocoena Spectacled porpoise ( P. dioptrica ) Harbor porpoise ( P. phocoena ) Vaquita ( P. sinus ) Burmeister 's porpoise ( P. spinipinnis ) Phocoenoides Dall 's porpoise ( P. dalli ) Physeteridae Physeter Sperm whale ( P. macrocephalus ) Kogiidae Kogia Pygmy sperm whale ( K. breviceps ) Dwarf sperm whale ( K. simus ) Iniidae Inia Amazon river dolphin ( I. geoffrensis ) Lipotidae Lipotes Baiji ( L. vexillifer ) Platanistidae Platanista Ganges and Indus River dolphin ( P. gangetica ) Pontoporiidae Pontoporia La Plata dolphin ( P. blainvillei ) Ziphiidae ( Beaked whales ) Berardius Arnoux 's beaked whale ( B. arnuxii ) Baird 's beaked whale ( B. bairdii ) Hyperoodon Northern bottlenose whale ( H. ampullatus ) Southern bottlenose whale ( H. planifrons ) Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale ( I. pacificus ) Mesoplodon ( Mesoplodont whales ) Sowerby 's beaked whale ( M. bidens ) Andrews ' beaked whale ( M. bowdoini ) Hubbs ' beaked whale ( M. carlhubbsi ) Blainville 's beaked whale ( M. densirostris ) Gervais ' beaked whale ( M. europaeus ) Ginkgo - toothed beaked whale ( M. ginkgodens ) Gray 's beaked whale ( M. grayi ) Hector 's beaked whale ( M. hectori ) Strap - toothed whale ( M. layardii ) True 's beaked whale ( M. mirus ) Perrin 's beaked whale ( M. perrini ) Pygmy beaked whale ( M. peruvianus ) Stejneger 's beaked whale ( M. stejnegeri ) Spade - toothed whale ( M. traversii ) Tasmacetus Shepherd 's beaked whale ( T. sheperdi ) Ziphius Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Z. cavirostris ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q185097 Wikispecies : Balaenoptera borealis ADW : Balaenoptera_borealis ARKive : balaenoptera - borealis EoL : 328572 Fossilworks : 70692 GBIF : 2440709 iNaturalist : 41559 IRMNG : 11340060 ITIS : 180526 IUCN : 2475 MSW : 14300014 NBN : NBNSYS0000005162 NCBI : 9768 NZOR : 1259e961 - 6d2a - 4b68 - 9be6 - fd49b7e1bbd3 Species+ : 3975 SPRAT : 34 WoRMS : 137088 NDL : 01003354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sei_whale&oldid=846812712 '' Categories : IUCN Red List endangered species Arctic cetaceans Baleen whales Mammals of Japan Cetaceans of the Indian Ocean Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean Mammals described in 1828 ESA endangered species Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2014 Featured articles Use British English from June 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 01 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the population of the sei whale	[ "Following large-scale commercial whaling during the late 19th and 20th centuries, when over 255,000 whales were taken,[8][9] the sei whale is now internationally protected,[2] although limited hunting occurs under a controversial research program conducted by Japan.[10] As of 2008[update], its worldwide population was about 80,000, nearly a third of its prewhaling population.[11][12]\n" ]	[ "about 80,000" ]
-1945659492638815587	I Will Always Love You	I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . `` I Will Always Love You '' Artwork for 1982 rerelease Single by Dolly Parton from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) ; `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) Heartbreak Express 1982 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) I Will Always Love You1982 `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) Hard Candy Christmas 1982 The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter , Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Beyoncé 2.12. 2 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Soul , R&B , pop , jazz Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as an soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) ― 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) ― 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 5,166,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Jessica Sanchez ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak ( edit ) During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Highest position and charting weeks of ' I Will Always Love You ' by Whitney Houston '' . oricon.co.jp . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Search results of the Japanese Oricon Weekly Singles Chart -- 1st week of February 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hits of the World : Spanish Singles Chart . Billboard . March 13 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Whitney Houston . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . 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Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` > > IRMA < < Irish Charts -- Singles , Albums & Compilations > > '' . Irma.ie. 2014 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz. 2012 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Classifiche '' . Fimi.it . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- March 3 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 02 - 25 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2012 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Whitney Houston tracks on course to re-enter Official Singles Chart '' . UK Single Chart . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ' Part of Me ' Debuts Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 54 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Year - end Singles Chart of 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1993 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts of 1993 : Singles '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 : Year - End USA Charts ( Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ( archived by Top40-Charts.com ) Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Adult Contemporary Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード協会調べ 1 月度有料音楽配信認定 < 略称 : 1 月度認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography RCA Records MCA Records Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=808303981 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i will always love you first dolly parton or whitney houston	[ "The song, \"I Will Always Love You\" was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton. [3] Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career.[4][3]" ]	[ "Dolly Parton" ]
-842731874933554628	List of Little House on the Prairie episodes	List of Little house on the Prairie episodes - wikipedia List of Little house on the Prairie episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of episodes for the television show Little House on the Prairie , an American Western drama about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove , Minnesota from the 1870s to the 1890s . The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's series of Little House books . The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series began on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and ended on May 10 , 1982 . The majority of the episodes run approximately 50 minutes ( not counting commercials , they have since been edited for syndication to accommodate more commercial time ) . Expanded episodes ( 90 minutes to 2 hours ) have been indicated as such ; many of these may not currently be shown in determined areas due to their length . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Pilot movie 3 Episode List 3.1 Season 1 ( 1974 -- 1975 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 1975 -- 1976 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 1977 -- 1978 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 1978 -- 1979 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 1979 -- 1980 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 1981 -- 1982 ) 3.9 Season 9 : A New Beginning ( 1982 -- 1983 ) 4 Post-series movie specials ( 1983 -- 1984 ) 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 September 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 11 ) May 7 , 1975 ( 1975 - 05 - 07 ) 22 September 10 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 10 ) March 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 31 ) 22 September 27 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 27 ) April 4 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 04 ) 22 September 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 12 ) March 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 13 ) 5 24 September 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 11 ) March 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 19 ) 6 24 September 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 17 ) May 12 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 12 ) 7 22 September 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 11 ) 8 22 October 5 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 05 ) May 10 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 10 ) 9 22 September 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 27 ) March 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 21 ) Movies December 12 , 1983 ( 1983 - 12 - 12 ) February 6 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 06 ) Pilot movie ( edit ) Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code Little House on the Prairie Michael Landon Blanche Hanalis March 30 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 30 ) n / a Charles and Caroline Ingalls ( Michael Landon and Karen Grassle ) move with their three young daughters , Mary , Laura , and Carrie ( Melissa Sue Anderson , Melissa Gilbert , and Lindsay Greenbush ) from the big woods of Wisconsin to the open prairies of Kansas . Their closest neighbor , Isaiah Edwards ( Victor French ) , helps them settle on the prairie as they encounter fierce storms , destructive fires , and hostile Native American tribes . Ultimately , the government forces the family off the land in Kansas . Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1974 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) Caroline ( Karen Grassle ) , Laura ( Melissa Gilbert ) , and Mary ( Melissa Sue Anderson ) appear in all 24 episodes Charles ( Michael Landon ) appears in 23 episodes Carrie ( Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush ) appears in 18 episodes No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code `` A Harvest of Friends '' Michael Landon Story by : John Hawkins Teleplay by : John Hawkins & William Putman September 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 11 ) 1002 The Ingalls family moves to the banks of Plum Creek , near Walnut Grove , Minnesota , and Charles gets a job at Hanson 's mill for the lumber to build the ' Little House ' . Then , needing a plough and wheat seeds to make a crop , he has a disappointing first encounter with the Olesons , and makes a tough deal with the feed and seed merchant , O'Neil . Despite the tough long hours of arduous work on top of his own farm work . Charles copes with his problems until a family picnic in the meadow leads to a serious setback with Charles getting injured after falling out of a tree while attempting to grab their toy kite that got stuck in a branch . When O'Neil wants to strictly enforce the terms of their deal , threatening the Ingalls ' prospects , the businessmen of Walnut Grove , who have seen Charles ' willingness to work , come to his aid . At the end , Laura reminisces about her father claiming to have reaped a harvest he did not expect : a harvest of friends . `` Country Girls '' William F. Claxton Juanita Bartlett September 18 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 18 ) 1001 Mary and Laura begin their first day of school at Walnut Grove and meet their school teacher , Miss Beadle ( Charlotte Stewart ) . While Caroline has to learn how to deal with Harriet Oleson ( Katherine MacGregor ) , the rich part - owner of Oleson 's Mercantile , Laura learns how to deal with the Olesons ' spoiled daughter , Nellie ( Alison Arngrim ) . Then Laura encounters an even greater problem , when all the children have to write an essay for Parents ' Day , but when the day comes , she creatively rises to the occasion . Note : There is a similar story in `` On the Banks of Plum Creek '' . In fact , neither version is exactly true to life , as Mary and Laura began going to the Barry Corner School before they left the Big Woods of Wisconsin for Minnesota in 1874 . `` 100 Mile Walk '' William F. Claxton Ward Hawkins September 25 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 25 ) 1003 Anticipating a bumper return from his wheat crop , Charles is devastated when a hail - storm flattens all the crops in the area . So he has to travel away from home to find work and make some money , and meets up with Jack ( Don Knight ) and Jacob . Jack has a job as a powder monkey in a quarry , and enables Charles and Jacob to get work there too , where the hard and dangerous work is well paid . Meanwhile , with the men away , Caroline organizes the local wives and children to salvage what they can of the wheat , using only their manual labour . Note : This is a reference to the 100 - mile walk in the book `` On the Banks of Plum Creek '' . In the books , however , it was locusts that ruined a crop and it led to them moving on , unlike the television series where the Ingalls and the Wilder families stay in Walnut Grove through most of the series . `` Mr. Edwards ' Homecoming '' Michael Landon Joel Murcott October 2 , 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 02 ) 1004 While in Mankato , Charles encounters a drunken Mr. Edwards in the midst of a bar fight and takes him back to Walnut Grove . To encourage him to stay , Charles gets him a job at Hanson 's Mill , while Caroline quietly sets him up with widow Grace Snider . Their relationship appears to be blooming , until they have a serious difference of opinion . Note : This is the first appearance of Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider . 5 5 `` The Love of Johnny Johnson '' William F. Claxton Gerry Day October 9 , 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 09 ) 1005 Laura begins to has a crush on a new boy in school named Johnny Johnson , an older student in her class ( Mitch Vogel ) but Johnny only wants to be her friend , while he is romantically attracted to Mary who has no interest in him . Laura 's jealousy leads to her accusing Mary of deliberately encouraging Johnny and they fall out . Caroline and Charles both have quiet talks with Laura to restore harmony in the family . Note : In `` On the Banks of Plum Creek , '' Johnny Johnson is the name of the Norwegian , barefoot cattle - herder who works near their first home in Plum Creek . 6 6 `` If I Should Wake Before I Die '' Victor French Harold Swanton October 23 , 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 23 ) 1006 After the sudden death of her dear friend , 80 - year old `` Miss Amy '' Hearn ( Josephine Hutchinson ) feels lonely for her children and grandchildren who never come visit her . At the funeral , Laura declares that it is not fair for loved ones to ignore a birthday but show up for a funeral , so Miss Amy decides to have her funeral wake before she dies , and she enlists the help of Doctor Hiram Baker ( Kevin Hagen ) and Charles and Caroline to secretly plan the event . She attends the reception incognito at first with a veil hiding her face , before surprising the others present , including a young priest from Mankato , and a son who she had not known was still alive . 7 7 `` Town Party , Country Party '' Alf Kjellin Juanita Bartlett October 30 , 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 30 ) 1007 While at Nellie Oleson 's birthday party , Nellie pushes Laura and hurts her ankle . This leads to Laura becoming friends with Olga Nordstrom ( Kim Richards ) , a quiet friendly girl from her school who was born with a birth defect causing her left leg to be shorter than the other . Charles has an idea for a way to help Olga , despite her embittered father Jon 's - ( Jan Merlin ) lack of support ; who does n't want his daughter to go anywhere in her condition . Then , when the Ingalls girls have their own party with their friends from school , Laura exacts her revenge on Nellie . Meanwhile when Jon finds out that Charles was fitting Olga with specially adaptive shoes , he goes to the Ingalls house to confront him , and the two of them begin to physically attack each other ; suddenly the fight abruptly comes to a stop when Jon tearfully sees his daughter happily playing with the other children . Note : In `` On the Banks of Plum Creek '' , a chapter by the same name has a similar story . 8 8 `` Ma 's Holiday '' Leo Penn Dale Eunson November 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 06 ) 1010 Charles decides to surprise Caroline with a romantic holiday in Mankato for just the two of them . When Grace Snider falls ill , Laura and Mary persuade Mr. Edwards to stay and look after the girls , but he discovers that they , and especially Carrie , can sometimes be hard work . Meanwhile , despite Charles ' best efforts , Caroline can not stop thinking about the children . 9 9 `` School Mom '' William F. Claxton Story by : Jean Rouverol Teleplay by : Ward Hawkins November 13 , 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 13 ) 1011 When Miss Beadle is injured and ordered to rest by Doc Baker , Caroline is invited by the school board to take over as substitute teacher of the Walnut Grove School . One of the older students , Abel McKay ( Dirk Blocker ) , is teased by the other children because he is still illiterate , and when Caroline 's attempts to help him are undermined by Mrs. Oleson 's meddling , he runs out . Caroline then also leaves and vows not to return to the school until she can convince Abel to try again . 10 10 `` The Raccoon '' William F. Claxton Joseph Bonaduce November 20 , 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 20 ) 1013 When Laura accidentally breaks her toy doll while playing catch with Mary , Mary finds an orphaned baby raccoon and takes it home , where Laura decides to take care of it . Initially against it , Charles is persuaded by the girls and Caroline to let them keep it and Laura names him Jasper . However , its wild instincts surface and Jasper bites Laura and Jack , and runs away . The girls keep it a secret , but when Charles has to deal with a racoon raiding the chickens and everyone assumes that it was Jasper , it gives rise to a frightening possibility for Laura and Jack . The family are overjoyed when Jasper later returns . 11 11 `` The Voice of Tinker Jones '' Leo Penn Tony Kayden & Michael Russnow December 4 , 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 04 ) 1012 When Reverend Alden ( Dabbs Greer ) asks for donations for a bell for the church building , Mrs. Oleson announces that she and her husband will donate a large bell , along with a plaque with their names on . This divides opinions in the town , with strong feelings on both sides , causing Reverend Alden to feel he is to blame and so he decides he should leave . The situation is saved by a popular mute coppersmith , ' Tinker ' Jones ( Chuck McCann ) , who enlists the help of the local children in making their own bell . Note : Sean Penn appears as an extra ( his father , Leo Penn , directed the episode ) . 12 12 `` The Award '' William F. Claxton Michael Landon December 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 11 ) 1014 While Charles and Mr. Edwards are away for three weeks on a delivery trip for Mr. Hanson , Mary is enthralled by the prize to be awarded for the best score in an extra-credit examination , a Webster 's Dictionary . However , her late - night studying causes a fire in the barn , resulting in Caroline forbidding her to take the examination , but Mary decides to take the test anyway . When Caroline finds out the truth , she prepares for a showdown with Mary , but there is another surprise in the offing for her , and mother and daughter are reconciled . Note : Michael Landon does not appear in this episode . 13 / 14 13 / 14 `` The Lord is My Shepherd '' Michael Landon Michael Landon December 18 , 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 18 ) 1008 / 1009 The Ingalls family is delighted by the birth of a baby boy , Charles Frederick Ingalls , but Laura becomes jealous about the attention he receives from Charles and refuses to pray for her new brother 's good health . When the baby dies soon afterwards , Laura is crushed with guilt , and Reverend Alden advises that she needs to get closer to God . So Laura runs away from home and climbs a mountain , where she prays to God that she should take the place in Heaven of her baby brother so that the baby may come back to life . As Charles and Mr. Edwards search for Laura , she is looked after by Johnathan , a heaven - sent stranger ( Ernest Borgnine ) who helps her realize how much she really means to her father . Note : Originally aired as a 93 - minute episode ( excluding commercials ) , in syndication , it is shown in two parts . 15 15 `` Christmas at Plum Creek '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann December 25 , 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 25 ) 1015 When Christmas comes around , all the Ingalls are caught up in the secrecy and excitement . Charles and Mary take jobs to obtain gifts for their loved ones , but Laura can not think of what to give or how to raise money , until she realizes she has something of value in her horse , Bunny , which Nels Oleson ( Richard Bull ) wants to buy for Nellie . Christmas Day brings some surprises , and Carrie learns the meaning of Christmas . Note : This is the first episode involving the horse named Bunny , which will figure in a story arc in season three . 16 16 `` Family Quarrel '' William F. Claxton Ward Hawkins January 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 08 ) 1016 Nels and Harriet Oleson both go a bit too far in what they say during one of their squabbles , and they decide to separate , with Harriet taking the children back east . The Ingalls and other townspeople make various attempts to get them to settle their differences . 17 17 `` Doctor 's Lady '' Lewis Allen Story by : Arthur Heinemann and Ann Beckett Teleplay by : Arthur Heinemann January 15 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 15 ) 1017 When Harriet Oleson 's niece , Kate ( Anne Archer ) , comes to visit , she and Doc Baker fall in love , but Kate has to give him lots of encouragement to court her . Influenced by the opinions of townspeople , Doc gives a lot of thought to the age difference between them , and wavers between his love for Kate and his concern for what is best for her . When Kate accompanies him on a visit to deliver a baby to a woman whose own birth he had attended , it brings their situation into sharp focus for both of them and leads to the Doc making a difficult decision . 18 18 `` Plague '' William F. Claxton Story by : William Keys and Michael Landon Teleplay by : Michael Landon January 29 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 29 ) 1018 A typhus outbreak hits Walnut Grove , so Doc Baker advises everyone to stay in isolation in their homes . While out hunting , Charles finds some more victims , so , having been exposed , he joins Doc Baker and Reverend Alden , quarantined in the church , which is set up as a makeshift hospital . Later , Charles is devastated to see his dear friend Mr. Edwards sick with the typhus , but something Edwards says helps Charles and the Doc find the source of the disease . Note : Leslie Landon , Michael Landon 's daughter , makes her first appearance of the series , playing a typhus victim . ( She also appears in season three 's `` The Election '' , as a school girl , season six 's `` The Third Miracle '' , playing the other woman in the stagecoach , season eight 's `` A Wiser Heart '' , as a dishwasher , and in season nine ( `` A New Beginning '' ) , she joins the cast as schoolteacher Miss Etta Plum . ) 19 19 `` Circus Man '' Victor French Story by : Preston Wood and Ward Hawkins Teleplay by : Ward Hawkins February 5 , 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 05 ) 1019 A travelling circus man , O'Hara ( Red Buttons ) , with the gift of blarney and sleight of hand skills , persuades Charles to allow him to stay at the farm , where he charms Laura and Mary with his tricks and his animals . But when some of the townspeople prefer his ' miracle powders ' to Doc Baker 's medical treatment , the Doc gets Charles to send O'Hara on his way . Then their dog , Jack , is injured , and Laura is convinced that only O'Hara can heal him , so Charles fetches him back to tell Laura the truth . 20 20 `` Child of Pain '' Victor French John Meston February 12 , 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 12 ) 1020 Miss Beadle and Doc Baker discover that a boy in school named Graham Stewart gets beatings from his alcoholic father John ( Harris Yulin ) , but only when Charles angrily confronts him does the father admit he has a problem and ask for help . The boy stays with the Ingalls family , while Charles undertakes to help rehabilitate his father and break him from his dangerous habit . 21 21 `` Money Crop '' Leo Penn Story by : John Meston Teleplay by : Ward Hawkins February 19 , 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 19 ) 1021 A university - educated farmer named Joseph Coulter ( Alan Fudge ) convinces the farmers of Walnut Grove to invest in planting a new kind of corn , instead of wheat . During his return trip from Minneapolis with the corn - seed , Coulter 's wagon runs off the road and crashes down a steep bank . When he is late returning , the farmers become anxious , and some of them cause trouble in town . Charles goes out to look for Coulter , and later the other farmers make amends for their behaviour . 22 22 `` Survival '' William F. Claxton Story by : John Hawkins and Preston Wood Teleplay by : John Hawkins February 26 , 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 26 ) 1022 While returning from a spring family trip to Mankato , the Ingalls receive a twofold warning from a Federal Marshal ( Jack Ging ) : a blizzard is coming , and a dangerous Indian fugitive is on the loose . When they are caught in the blizzard , the family take shelter in an abandoned cabin . Charles nearly freezes to death while out hunting for food , but he is rescued by the Indian fugitive , Jack Lame Horse ( Robert Tessier ) . Meanwhile , the same Marshal has taken shelter with Caroline and the girls , and Charles has the chance to return the favour by saving the fugitive 's life . 23 23 `` To See the World '' Michael Landon Gerry Day March 5 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 05 ) 1023 After Johnny Johnson has an argument with his father , he decides to leave `` to see the world '' , having been influenced by Mr. Edwards ' tall tales . He gets a ride with Mr. Edwards on a delivery trip to Mankato , and gets involved with a poker game and a dance hall girl . Edwards , feeling responsible , uses his own money to finance various schemes to persuade the teenage boy to return home . 24 24 `` Founder 's Day '' William F. Claxton Story by : Byron Twiggs and Ward Hawkins Teleplay by : Ward Hawkins and John Hawkins May 7 , 1975 ( 1975 - 05 - 07 ) 1024 Walnut Grove celebrates Founder 's Day , and in the competitions Caroline , Laura and Mary find themselves up against the Olesons . Charles just wants to be a spectator and tells his girls that it is the taking part that is important , not the winning . But when Charles is annoyed by the attitude of an aging lumberjack ( Forrest Tucker ) he is working with , who wants to prove that he is still the `` Bull of the Woods '' , he enters the logging contest determined to win - until he is asked to throw the match to save the old man 's pride . Season 2 ( 1975 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 25 `` The Richest Man in Walnut Grove '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 10 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 10 ) A major customer goes bankrupt , so Hanson closes the mill and can not pay Charles two months ' back pay , which means Charles can not pay off their large tab at the Mercantile . The whole family pitches in to help : Mary sews to earn money while Laura does her chores as well as her own , Caroline helps with the farm work , and Charles toils at two jobs . When Charles pays off the tab , Mr. Oleson wonders which of them is richer . 26 `` Four Eyes '' William F. Claxton B.W. Sandefur September 17 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 17 ) 2002 Miss Beadle and the Ingalls become concerned about Mary 's faltering performance in school , until Charles realizes that she has a problem with her eyesight . Mary is excited when she gets a pair of glasses from a doctor in Mankato , but her excitement fades when Nellie and Willie cruelly tease her , even though Miss Beadle also wears glasses . Mary decides to ' lose ' her glasses , until she sees Miss Beadle 's handsome boyfriend . 27 `` Ebenezer Sprague '' Victor French Story by : Ray Goldrup Teleplay by : Ray Goldrup & John Hawkins & B.W. Sandefur September 24 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 24 ) 2003 Laura befriends a stranger while out fishing , and is stunned to later discover he is none other than Walnut Grove 's new banker . However , she is even more surprised when the man accuses her of being kind to him to secure a loan Pa wants to make . 28 `` In The Big Inning '' William F. Claxton B.W. Sandefur October 1 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 01 ) 2008 It is Walnut Grove vs. Sleepy Eye in the annual baseball game . Accustomed to heavy defeats , Walnut Grove believe they now have a star pitcher in mild - mannered Jebediah Mumfort ( Karl Lukas ) , but his domineering wife threatens to disrupt things , until Caroline comes up with a plan . A hard - fought game , which includes foul play and underhand tactics by Sleepy Eye , comes to a dramatic climax . 29 5 `` Haunted House '' William F. Claxton Story by : Joseph Bonaduce Teleplay by : Gerry Day October 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 08 ) 2006 Although many in Walnut Grove think he 's a homicidal maniac who lives in a haunted house , brave Laura Ingalls befriends mysterious hermit , Amos Pike , and soon discovers the truth behind both the rumors and the old man 's reclusive life . 30 6 `` The Spring Dance '' William F. Claxton Gerry Day October 29 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 29 ) Laura and Grace Snider both need dates for the annual Spring Dance , but those they have their eyes on seem not to be interested . Caroline shares with them a ' womanly wile ' she used on Charles to get his attention , but when Laura and Grace try it the consequences are not what they had hoped for . Then Charles reminds Caroline of what actually happened when she tried it on him , and she changes her advice to Laura and Grace , with a happier outcome . 31 7 `` Remember Me ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon November 5 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 05 ) 2009 A widowed mother named Julia Sanderson ( Patricia Neal ) learns she has a terminal illness and , with no close relatives to care for her three children , John Jr. , Carl and Alicia , she gets Charles to promise to find the children a new home after she dies . Meanwhile , Laura and Mary rescue some abandoned puppies , and the relationship between Mr. Edwards and Grace Snider begins to blossom . 32 8 `` Remember Me ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon November 12 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 12 ) After Julia Sanderson 's death , her three children stay with Grace , with help from Mr. Edwards . When Charles is unable to find someone to adopt all three children , he has to make the difficult decision to place them in separate homes . At the very last minute , Mr. Edwards makes a monumental decision : he marries Grace - and they take on all three children . 33 9 `` The Campout '' Gerry Day William F. Claxton November 19 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 19 ) 2006 The Olesons get themselves invited onto the Ingalls family campout , after Nellie complains that it will give Laura and Mary an advantage for the school holiday project of leaf - collecting . The two men bond while fishing and their wives try to improve their relationship , but the children continue to clash . However , when Nellie falls into a river , her later false account of what happened brings out the same Mrs. Oleson . Back at the school . the result of the leaves project gives some satisfaction to Laura and Mary 34 10 `` At The End of the Rainbow '' Michael Landon Arthur Heinemann December 10 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 10 ) 2005 While Laura is fishing with her new friend Jonah , they think they have discovered gold . They resolve to keep it a secret , especially from Nellie and Willie , and the two friends spend all their spare time digging it out . Laura fantasizes about her family being very , very rich - and the Olesons being dirt - poor . When the friends finally take it to the bank for safe keeping , Mr. Sprague delivers some very unwelcome news . 35 11 `` The Gift '' William F. Claxton Rocci Chatfield December 17 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 17 ) 2013 The children of Walnut Grove pool their money to buy Reverend Alden a birthday gift and entrust Mary with the cash . Laura persuades Mary to use the money to try to make more money , and thus enable them to buy a better gift . After a lot of effort for no returns , they have to face the music and tell Reverend Alden what they have done . In church on his birthday , the Reverend finds a silver lining to the cloud over Mary 's head . 36 12 `` His Father 's Son '' Michael Landon Michael Landon January 7 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 07 ) 2015 Mr. Edwards wants to bond with his adopted son , John Jr. , and buys him a rifle for his birthday so that he can pass on to him his skills in hunting . In fact , John Jr. does n't want to kill animals and prefers reading and writing poetry , but Mr. Edwards is reluctant to accept that and insists they go on a hunting trip . During the trip , things do not go as planned , but a frightening encounter eventually leads to Mr. Edwards and John Jr. becoming closer . 37 13 `` The Talking Machine '' Victor French Harold Swanton January 14 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 14 ) 2012 Laura and Nellie vie for the affections of a new schoolboy named Jason ( Eric Shea ) , who has a keen interest in science . When Jason chooses to spend time with Laura rather than Nellie , even with the advantage of her new `` talking machine '' , Nellie uses the machine to get back at Laura . When Charles tells Nels what Nellie did , he takes drastic action . Later , at school , there is a happy ending for Laura and Jason . 38 14 `` The Pride of Walnut Grove '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann January 28 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 28 ) 2014 Mary wins a place in a statewide math competition , but when Charles can not afford the cost of the trip to Minnesota for her and Caroline , Laura is pleased to play a role in getting the town council to foot the bill . However , this causes Mary to worry she will let down the whole town if she fails to win , but her return to Walnut Grove dispels her fears . With her Ma away , Laura keeps the home fires burning ! 39 15 `` A Matter of Faith '' William F. Claxton B.W. Sandefur February 4 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 04 ) 2011 Charles and the girls go on a camping trip , with Caroline planning to join them later . Previously , Caroline had scratched her leg on a piece of baling wire , and the minor scratch turns into a serious infection . Unable to summon help , she is about to succumb to her illness , but she is inspired by a passage in her Bible to perform a painful procedure , which later impresses even Doc Baker . Note : The Bonanza episode , `` A Matter Of Circumstance '' , uses a similar theme to this episode . 40 16 `` The Runaway Caboose '' William F. Claxton Story by : Ernie Durham Teleplay by : John Hawkins and Ernie Durham February 11 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 11 ) 2016 Inspired by learning about the railroads at school , Mary , Laura , and Carl resort to underhand tactics to join their fathers on a haulage trip to Springfield , so that they can see real trains . At the train station , the children 's curiosity takes them too far and they find themselves in a runaway caboose . Charles and Mr. Edwards set off on a race against time to prevent a head - on collision with another train . 41 17 `` Troublemaker '' Victor French John Hawkins February 25 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 25 ) 2019 Miss Beadle is relieved of her duties as schoolmistress when the town council decide she can not control the older students . In her place , they appoint Hannibal Applewood ( Richard Basehart ) , a strict disciplinarian . Influenced by Mrs. Oleson 's gossip , Mr. Applewood treats Laura unfairly as the class troublemaker . When the other students fight back and feelings run high , Charles convinces the rest of the town council to think twice . 42 18 `` The Long Road Home '' Michael Landon John Hawkins March 3 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 03 ) 2017 When a bumper harvest causes a huge fall in the price of their wheat , Charles and Mr. Edwards take very well - paid jobs freighting highly explosive blasting oil for railroad construction . Travelling with them are a black man ( Louis Gossett , Jr . ) , who has done the job many times before , and a white man with a colour prejudice ( Richard Jaeckel ) . Rough roads and bandits are just some of the problems the four men have to deal with . 43 19 `` For My Lady '' William F. Claxton B.W. Sandefur March 10 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 10 ) 2020 To buy Caroline a new set of china , Charles secretly takes a woodworking job for an attractive young widow ( Mariette Hartley ) . However , Mrs. Oleson 's gossip plants a suggestion in Caroline 's mind that there is more going on than woodworking behind closed doors . Laura and Mary have their own suspicions and decide they need to try to `` win Pa back '' with plans of their own . 44 20 `` Centennial '' William F. Claxton John Hawkins March 17 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 17 ) 2018 It is 1876 and Walnut Grove prepares to celebrate the nation 's centennial , for which Laura and Mary are making a flag . However , the party is threatened when the state taxes are increased to pay for a road construction scheme . Meanwhile , a Russian immigrant , Yuli Pyatakov , receives an unexpected large bill for back - taxes on his new farm . An impassioned speech about the freedoms they enjoy inspires the town to go ahead with the celebrations . Guest stars : Theodore Bikel as Yuli Pyatakov , William Schallert as Snell 45 21 `` Soldier 's Return '' William F. Claxton B.W. Sandefur March 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 24 ) 2022 Mrs. Whipple 's son , Granville ( Richard Mulligan ) , returns to Walnut Grove from Philadelphia where he was an orchestral musician . He sets up as a music teacher and soon has many pupils , including Nellie and Mary . However , an encounter with the son of a man with whom he served in the Civil War brings back painful memories of that time , leading him to relapse into a dangerous addiction . Note : Mrs. Whipple states that her son `` won this fine medal '' and Mary later states that he won a medal at the Battle of Shiloh . As the only medal available during the war was the Medal of Honor which resembled the five - pointed inverted star in the episode , it is reasonable that Sgt . Granville Whipple is to be considered a recipient of the Medal of Honor within the fictional aspect of the show . 46 22 `` Going Home '' Michael Landon Michael Landon March 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 31 ) 2021 When a tornado hits , Charles loses his wheat crop and the house and farm buildings are badly damaged . A despondent Charles decides to move the family back to Wisconsin , and he agrees a sale to an elderly couple who had owned the property previously . A crushed Laura prays with the Reverend for Charles to find the strength for them to somehow stay in Walnut Grove . Meanwhile , Mary and John are discovering they have feelings for each other . Guest stars : E.J. André as Matthew Simms , Lurene Tuttle as Anna Simms Season 3 ( 1976 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 47 `` The Collection '' Michael Landon Arthur Heinemann September 27 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 27 ) 3008 Reverend Alden gets badly hurt while on his way to collect donations for a struggling town in another part of his parish . Caleb Hodgekiss , an ex-convict , finds him and takes him to his house where his wife takes care of him . Hodgekiss volunteers to get the donations from Walnut Grove , but plans to take the donations for himself . However , his experiences with the people of Walnut Grove , especially Mary , bring about a change of heart . Guest stars : Johnny Cash , June Carter Cash 48 `` Bunny '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 4 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 04 ) 3001 Nellie has been mis - treating Bunny , who was Laura 's horse until she sold it to Mr. Oleson ( in `` Christmas at Plum Creek '' ) . When Nellie falls off the horse and appears to be seriously injured , Mrs. Oleson blames Laura and wants Bunny to be destroyed , so Laura takes Bunny and hides him . Nellie exploits Laura 's guilty feelings , but then Laura makes a discovery which leads to a comeuppance for Nellie , and Bunny becomes Laura 's horse again . Guest star : Eric Shea 49 `` The Race '' William F. Claxton John V. Hanrahan October 11 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 11 ) 3005 In the Hero Township horse race , Laura and her horse Bunny go head - to - head with Nellie and her new thoroughbred , which Mrs. Oleson has bought for her , against the wishes of Nels . Laura has to battle all kinds of adversity and needs a pep - talk from her Pa when she begins to feel sorry for herself . However , Nellie does not properly prepare for the race , so the stage is set for a close finish . Note : On the original Lionsgate / NBC DVD set , this episode is placed before `` Bunny '' . However , this results in the changes in ownership of Bunny not following their correct sequence . This sequencing error was corrected on the `` Deluxe Remastered Edition '' which bears a 2014 copyright date . 50 `` Little Girl Lost '' Michael Landon Paul W. Cooper October 18 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 18 ) 3006 Carrie goes along with Laura and Mary when they go out collecting insects for a school project , but Carrie wanders off and falls into an abandoned mine shaft . As the townspeople battle to find a way to rescue her , Lars Hanson clashes with the man he blames for the death of the woman he loved . Guest star : John Ireland 51 5 `` The Monster of Walnut Grove '' William F. Claxton John Hawkins November 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 01 ) 3007 Laura 's imagination runs wild on Halloween when she sees Nels apparently cutting off Mrs. Oleson 's head , but only Carl will believe her . Laura makes the mistake of telling Nellie and Willie , and they have some fun at Laura 's expense . 52 6 `` Journey in the Spring ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon November 15 , 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 15 ) 3011 When Charles ' mother passes away , he travels to Wisconsin and persuades his father , Lansford Ingalls ( Arthur Hill ) , to go back with him to Walnut Grove . While staying with Charles and his family , Lansford begins to form a special relationship with Laura , and this is strengthened when he tells Laura that she was named after her grandmother , Lansford 's wife . Note : This is the first appearance of Matthew Laborteaux and Hersha Parady . In flashback scenes , Laborteaux plays young Charles Ingalls , and Parady plays Eliza Anne Ingalls , Charles ' sister - in - law . Both actors later joined the cast playing other characters , Parady in season four as Alice Garvey and Matthew Laborteaux in season five as Albert Quinn Ingalls , the Ingalls ' adopted son . 53 7 `` Journey in the Spring ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon November 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 22 ) 3012 Laura continues to remind her grandfather , Lansford , of his deceased wife , and their relationship continues to grow . However , it falls into jeopardy when Bunny , Laura 's horse , is badly injured and has to be put down . Laura 's grief becomes anger against Lansford , which makes him go away without warning , but that brings about a change of heart in a repentant Laura . Note : It is mentioned in `` The Little House Years '' special during Season 6 that Lansford Ingalls died . 54 8 `` Fred '' William F. Claxton Robert Vincent Wright November 29 , 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 29 ) 3002 Laura is tricked into adopting a `` unique '' billy goat , named Fred , but he quickly becomes unpopular when he helps himself to the Ingalls family 's crops and exhibits a particularly unpopular behaviour . Laura is instructed to get rid of her new pet , but that proves to be difficult . 55 9 `` The Bully Boys '' Victor French B.W. Sandefur December 6 , 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 06 ) 3009 The Galender brothers settle in Walnut Grove , causing trouble for the entire community by intimidating and terrorizing the inhabitants . When Caroline becomes one of their victims , Charles decides to take action . Guest stars : Geoffrey Lewis , Roy Jenson 56 10 `` The Hunters '' Michael Landon Harold Swanton December 20 , 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 20 ) 3003 Charles is seriously injured while on a hunting trip with Laura . The only person she can find to help her is Sam ( Burl Ives ) , who is almost blind , but still able to find his way in the forest . Together , they manage to get Charles to Sam 's cabin and then they go out to find medical help . Note : Originally shown as a 90 - minute episode , in syndication , it is shown in two parts . 57 11 `` Blizzard '' William F. Claxton Paul W. Cooper December 27 , 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 27 ) 3013 When a serious snowstorm threatens to strand the children in the schoolhouse on the last day before Christmas vacation , Miss Beadle dismisses the children early . Unfortunately , many are unable to get home and the men of Walnut Grove must organize a search party . But for one particular family , it will not be a merry Christmas . 58 12 `` I 'll Ride the Wind '' William F. Claxton Paul W. Cooper January 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 01 - 10 ) 3010 John is offered a scholarship in Chicago that will allow him to live his dream of becoming a writer . This causes Mary and John much heartache , as they must decide whether to remain together or risk a separation for the sake of John 's career . 59 13 `` Quarantine '' Victor French John Hawkins January 17 , 1977 ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) 3015 Mr. Edwards and Doc Baker provide help to a nearby town during a mountain fever epidemic . When Mr. Edwards returns , Walnut Grove is placed under quarantine and Alicia , Mr. Edward 's adopted daughter , becomes ill with the disease . Laura , unaware of the danger , visits the Edwards ' home and helps nurse her friend back to health . 60 14 `` Little Women '' William F. Claxton Dale Eunson January 24 , 1977 ( 1977 - 01 - 24 ) 3014 While Laura and Mary prepare a play for school with Ginny Clark , they learn that Ginny wants her mother , who is a single parent , to date again . Ginny decides to use the play to help her mom gain the confidence necessary to meet new people . 61 15 `` Injun Kid '' Victor French Arthur Heinemann January 31 , 1977 ( 1977 - 01 - 31 ) 3004 After the death of his father , Joseph Strokes , the half - breed son of a Sioux Indian and a white woman , moves to Walnut Grove . Joseph and his mother move in with her father , Jeremy . However , the old man rejects Joseph because he feels angry and ashamed that his daughter married an Indian . After Joseph gets attacked by bullies , his grandfather has a change of heart and shows up at school to reveal Joseph 's father . Guest star : Willie Aames 62 16 `` To Live with Fear ( Part 1 ) '' William F. Claxton B.W. Sandefur February 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 02 - 14 ) 3016 Mary is severely injured when a horse kicks her in the stomach while she is putting him away in the barn . When her condition deteriorates , it becomes clear she needs an expensive surgery to save her life . Charles and Mr. Edwards are forced to take dynamiting jobs for the railroad to fund the surgery . Guest star : James B. Sikking 63 17 `` To Live with Fear ( Part 2 ) '' William F. Claxton John Hawkins February 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 02 - 21 ) 3017 Mary needs more surgery , something that weighs heavily on Charles ' mind as he feverishly works to earn enough money for his daughter 's surgery . Eventually , a fatigued Charles causes an accident that traps him and a co-worker inside . Mr. Edwards leads a harried but courageous effort to save the two men 's lives . 64 18 `` The Wisdom of Solomon '' William F. Claxton Scott Swanton March 7 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 07 ) 3019 Solomon Henry ( Todd Bridges ) , an 11 - year - old black boy , runs away from his family because he is tired of being treated differently . He lives with the Ingalls family for a while and during his stay is pleased to be able to attend school . 65 19 `` The Music Box '' Michael Landon Robert Janes March 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 14 ) 3020 Nellie discovers that Laura has `` borrowed '' a music box from her room and decides to blackmail her . In order to stay quiet about Laura 's crime , Nellie demands that Laura abandon her new friend Anna ( Katy Kurtzman ) , who has a stutter , and join her new club . Eventually , Charles discovers what happens and teaches Laura a lesson about lying . In the end , Nellie gets her comeuppance , as well . Note : Katy Kurtzman also plays the young Caroline Holbrook in season 4 ep. 16 `` I remember , I remember '' 66 20 `` The Election '' Victor French B.W. Sandefur March 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 21 ) 3018 The school holds an election for school president . Mary , Nellie and Elmer , an unpopular boy amongst the children , are in the running . Mary drops out of the race when she realizes Elmer is the best person for the job . Notes : This is Leslie Landon 's second appearance in the series . In this episode , she plays Kate , a student who votes for Nellie Oleson . ( She also appears in season one 's `` Plague '' , season six 's `` The Third Miracle '' , and joins the cast in season nine , as Etta Plum . ) Landon 's real - life son Michael Landon , Jr. also appears , as student `` Jim '' , the blonde boy who votes for Mary Ingalls . 67 / 68 21 / 22 `` Gold Country '' Michael Landon John Hawkins & B.W. Sandefur April 4 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 04 ) 3021 / 3022 When heavy rains make it impossible to plant their crops , the Ingalls and Edwards families head west to pan for gold . The promise of becoming rich is realized by only a lucky few , which leads to ill - feeling , lawlessness and even deaths . Laura and Carl come across an ex-miner who has seen the ill - effects of the search for gold and lives like a hermit . Eventually , seeing the bad effect it is having on others , Charles and Mr. Edwards realize that they have riches enough , in the shape of their loving families , and they decide to go home . Notes : Originally aired as a two - hour episode , in syndication , it is shown in two parts . This is the last appearance of Victor French until he makes a guest appearance in season six . This is the final appearance of Brian Part as Carl Edwards ; the character returns for `` A Promise to Keep '' in season eight , but is played by a different actor . Season 4 ( 1977 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 69 `` Castoffs '' Michael Landon Tony Kayden September 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 12 ) 4003 Caroline orders Laura to care for her dog , Jack , before going to town to greet a newcomer , Kezia Horn ( Hermione Baddeley ) , who lives in the ruins of a house . Laura becomes frustrated with Jack and gives up trying to take the foxtails out of his ears . Mary , Laura , Nellie , and Willie visit Kezia and find out what a unique yet kind person she is . When Laura arrives home , she finds old Jack dead in the barn . Charles assumes Jack knew his time was coming and decided to spare everyone the sadness of watching him die , but Laura feels guilty about neglecting him . In tears , she and her family bury him in the meadow . Later , Charles brings home a stray dog ( Bandit ) that followed him home from Mankato after sniffing out his food stock , but Laura refuses to bond with the dog , still grieving the loss of Jack . Kezia speaks to Laura about how the dog only wants to love her , and how she also wants to love others but has n't been accepted . Guilt - ridden Laura runs to find Bandit and bonds with him . Reverend Alden speaks with Kezia , who decides to leave Walnut Grove because no one is accepting of her , and it is up to Laura to get everyone to change their minds before it is too late . In the end , Kezia stays , as well as Bandit . Notes : This is the first appearance of Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey , and of Bandit . Even though Jack is now gone , he still appears in the opening credits . 70 `` Times of Change '' William F. Claxton Carole & Michael Raschella September 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 19 ) 4002 Charles takes Mary to Chicago , where he is attending the Grange Convention . There , Mary meets up with John Jr. , who has started a job as a cub reporter for a newspaper . Former lovebirds John and Mary soon find their lives headed in separate directions , especially for John Jr. , who has a new girlfriend . Meanwhile Charles has problems with the corruption he witnesses at the Grange meetings . Note : Mike Lookinland ( of The Brady Bunch ) appears on the train at the end of the episode . He states that he will be going to school in Walnut Grove , but is not seen after this episode . ( Melissa Sue Anderson also appeared on The Brady Bunch as Bobby Brady 's friend Millicent during the last season of that show . ) 71 `` My Ellen '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 26 ) 4007 When Laura and Mary go skinny - dipping with their friend , Ellen Taylor - ( Mia Bendixsen ) , however some perverted boys come by to get a glimpse . The girls all hide underwater until they go away . Laura and Mary come back up , but Ellen becomes trapped under the surface ; she drowns and dies as a result . After the funeral , Ellen 's grief - stricken mother blames Laura for the tragedy and rebuffs the efforts of several people to cheer her up . When Laura pays a visit to Mrs. Taylor , she tricks Laura and traps her in the basement , because in her grief she imagines that Laura is her daughter Ellen . Laura 's things are found outside the house of Busby , a mentally challenged and disfigured man whom Charles had warned his daughters to stay away from , and suspicion falls on him . While the hunt is on for Busby , Laura must rely on her wits to escape Mrs. Taylor 's clutches and help her come to terms with Ellen 's death , which she is finally able to accomplish along with help and support from her husband . The men realize that they were wrong about Busby , and Laura later gives Busby a picture book . Note : Corinne Michaels , who plays Mrs. Taylor , appears in season eight 's `` A Promise to Keep '' as Grace Snider Edwards , replacing Bonnie Bartlett . 72 `` The Handyman '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann October 3 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 03 ) 4004 After Caroline complains about the small size of her kitchen , Charles decides to build an addition onto the house , but after starting the work he has to leave to take a rush delivery to Mankato . Caroline hires a handsome young handyman named Chris Nelson ( Gil Gerard ) to complete the job . Chris stays with the Ingalls family and unwittingly becomes head of the household in Charles ' absence , prompting Carrie to mistakenly call the man `` Uncle Chris . '' Mary soon becomes convinced that her Ma and Chris are becoming romantically involved , and she freely expresses her opinions . Nellie and Mrs. Oleson do n't help matters when they share Mary 's suspicions . Eventually , Mary confronts Chris with her suspicions and tells him he must leave , only to find out later it was a misunderstanding . Charles later returns and finishes the new kitchen . Special Appearance by : Hermione Baddeley as Kezia 73 5 `` The Wolves '' Michael Landon Lawrence M. Konner October 17 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 17 ) 4005 Laura and her new friend , Andy Garvey , find an injured mother wolf trying to tend to her pack of pups . Andy takes the wolf and her babies home to care for them . He decides to move them to the Ingalls family barn when he learns Larabee wants to shoot them , believing that they are the ones responsible for killing several of his sheep . Things turn deadly when a pack of feral dogs advance on the barn , trapping Andy , Laura , Mary , Carrie , and Bandit inside , leaving them to rely on Jonathan , and even more so , Bandit and the mother wolf , to save them from being mauled . Note : This is the first appearance of Patrick Laborteaux as Andy Garvey . 74 6 `` The Creeper of Walnut Grove '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan October 24 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 24 ) 4006 Laura and Andy become detectives to solve a series of burglaries in Walnut Grove . After an incident at the Olesons ' , Charles becomes very angry with Laura . Things get worse when Laura sets some traps to catch the culprit , but winds up catching Charles instead ( at one point , causing him to be doused with green paint ) . Eventually , it is discovered that a boy named Timothy Ferrel was the burglar all along , stealing to support himself and his ill father . 75 7 `` To Run and Hide '' Michael Landon John T. Dugan October 31 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 31 ) 4001 When Dr. Baker is unable to save a patient , he feels it was due to his incompetence and resigns as Walnut Grove 's doctor . While he tries his hand at farming , a new physician , Dr. Logan , accepts a call to replace him . However , Dr. Logan proves to be ill - tempered and has no compassion for his patients , prompting Charles to go all out to convince Dr. Baker that he really is a good doctor and that the people of Hero Township need him . Notes : Melissa Gilbert does not appear in this episode . This is the final appearance of Queenie Smith as Mrs. Amanda ' May ' Whipple . 76 8 `` The Aftermath '' William F. Claxton Don Balluck November 7 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 07 ) 4008 Outlaws Frank and Jesse James bring their trail of treachery to Walnut Grove . They stake out the town and assume aliases while trying to blend into the background , even hiring Mary to do their work . Their cover is soon blown when a posse arrives to arrest the James brothers , causing them to take Mary hostage . 77 9 `` The High Cost of Being Right '' Michael Landon Don Balluck November 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 14 ) 4009 When the Garveys ' barn burns down and they lose their entire harvest , Alice wants to take a job at the post office to bring in some money , but Jonathan believes that it is a man 's role to support his family and forbids it . Their disagreement grows to the point where they intend to divorce . However , as they appear before the judge , Charles helps them realize that their love for each other is more important than their differences , and they are reconciled . 78 10 `` The Fighter '' Michael Landon Lawrence Konner November 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 21 ) 4011 When boxer Joe Kagan 's career seems to be going nowhere , he chooses to continue boxing rather than keep his family with him . Unable to compete in the professional circuit , he travels to small towns and takes challengers for money . While he is stricken with medical problems , a fight with Charles Ingalls ends his career . After being nursed back to health by Charles , Joe decides to stay in Walnut Grove and make a new living as a farmer . He then finds that his own estranged son is now trying to become a boxer . Now , Joe 's biggest challenge is to figure out how to keep his son from making the same mistake he did . Notes : Originally a 90 - minute episode , in syndication it is shown in two parts . Moses Gunn plays the title role of Joe Kagan . Ketty Lester appears as Joe 's wife in an introductory flashback ; she will later join the cast as Hester Sue in season five 's `` Blind Journey '' ( part 2 ) . 79 11 `` Meet Me at the Fair '' William F. Claxton Bradley Berwick , Ray Berwick & Arthur Heinemann November 28 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 28 ) 4012 The Oleson and Ingalls families travel to a fair , where Mary hopes to spend time with a boy , Patrick . Instead , she falls for the flattery of Cass , a balloonist and Patrick 's wordly employer . Elsewhere , Caroline and Mrs Oleson find they are rivals , Nels and Charles join forces to enter a donkey - riding contest , and Laura quickly loses all her spending money and then has trouble trying to stay with both Carrie and Bandit . Carrie wanders off , falls asleep inside a hot - air balloon basket and wakes up to find herself flying . Patrick helps to rescue her , and Mary finally chooses him over Cass . 80 12 `` Here Come the Brides '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan & Robert F. Metzler December 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 05 ) 4010 When Adam Simms ( Joshua Bryant ) and his shoeless son Luke move to town , Adam instantly takes a liking to Miss Eva Beadle , while Luke and Nellie fall in love . After Nellie talks with Miss Beadle , she and Luke run away to have a very short - lived marriage ( about 10 minutes ) . In the end , Adam and Eva get married themselves , not only uniting them through their symbolic names , but causing now - Mrs. Eva Simms to become a stepmother , though annoying the officiator and his wife to no end at the ungodly hour they were woken up . ( This episode features one of the first looks at the softer side of Nellie 's personality . This is also the first time Mrs. Beadle - Simms 's first name is used in the series . ) Note : Michael Landon and Karen Grassle do not appear in this episode . 81 13 `` Freedom Flight '' Michael Landon Ron Chiniquy , Richalene Kelsay December 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 12 ) 4013 An Indian tribe comes to Walnut Grove asking for medical help for their sick chief . Doc Baker agrees to help and Charles goes with him , but they are opposed by a group of citizens who have memories of relatives and neighbors who were killed by Indians and want to take revenge and attack them . However , the tribe moves on , except that Charles hides the tribe leader at his farm while he recovers . When their secret is discovered , Charles and the Doc help the chief and his family rejoin their tribe and make good their escape . 82 14 `` The Rivals '' William F. Claxton Hindi Brooks January 9 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 09 ) 4014 Charles and Jonathan compete against another team to win a freighting contract . Laura feels the first stirrings of attraction to a boy named Jimmy Hill ( Chris Petersen ) with whom she has previously enjoyed playing baseball and going fishing , but he does not respond in the same way . When a new girl arrives in school who looks like a rival , Laura decides she must compete for him by giving up her ' tom - boy ' behaviour and becoming more like Nellie . Charles and Jonathan unexpectedly win the freighting contract , but , as they celebrate and make big plans , they realize that it would involve them not seeing their families for long stretches of time , so they refuse the contract . When Laura 's new strategy does not work , her Ma persuades her that she should be true to her real self . Eventually , Jimmy does notice her as a girl , and Laura has her first kiss with a boy . Note : Michael Landon appears with a pronounced limp and a dressing on his left foot . Charles refers to his `` busted foot '' but there is no explanation of how it happened . 83 15 `` Whisper Country '' Michael Landon John Hawkins January 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 16 ) 4015 Mary gets her first teaching job in the backwoods community of Willow Prairie , but she is met with stern opposition from Miss Peel , an elderly woman who has thwarted a previous attempt to establish a school and justifies her actions with a flawed understanding of the Bible . The husband in the family that gives Mary accommodation has the same harsh beliefs and is also hostile towards Mary . After one of Mary 's students tries to kiss her and she hits him to stop him , Miss Peel accuses Mary of being a ' Jezebel ' , and , feeling outnumbered , Mary retreats home . However , after a talk with her father , she goes back with Charles , and at a church meeting Mary takes on her opponents , and it emerges that Miss Peel can not read , which is why she misquotes the Bible . As they all sing a hymn , Miss Peel accepts the hand of friendship that Mary offers to her . Note : Melissa Gilbert does not appear in this episode . 84 16 `` I Remember , I Remember '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann January 23 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 23 ) 4016 On Charles ' and Caroline 's anniversary , Charles is stuck on the road in the rain with a broken wagon wheel , making him late home for their celebration meal . While they are waiting , Caroline tells the children the story of how she and Charles met , eventually revealing that she learned that he always has a good reason for keeping her waiting . In flashback : the day they met , Charles ' troubles in school , and their first dance . Notes : This is Matthew Laborteaux 's second appearance playing young Charles Ingalls . Laborteaux joins the cast in season five , playing Albert . Sorrell Booke ( Boss Hogg on The Dukes Of Hazzard ) appears as Mr. Watson , the teacher . 85 17 `` Be My Friend '' Michael Landon Michael Landon January 30 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 30 ) 4017 While out fishing , Laura finds a bottle in the creek with a note inside that reads `` Be my friend . '' She eventually persuades Charles to help her look for the writer of the note , but instead they find an abandoned baby . Laura looks after the baby , who she names Grace , while Charles tries to find the parents . Charles first locates the young father , Bobbie , and together they find the mother who is his beloved , Anna . They had wanted to marry but she was taken away by her strictly religious father who is deeply embittered because his wife went off with another man . Fearing his reaction , Anna had managed to keep secret that she was pregnant and even that she had given birth , but then realized that she could not keep the baby while staying with her father . Bobbie takes Anna back with him , while her father chooses to stay alone in the woods . Anna is reunited with her baby , telling Laura she will keep the name Grace . Note : Originally a 90 - minute episode , in syndication , it is shown in two parts . 86 18 `` The Inheritance '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann February 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 06 ) 4018 A lawyer visits to tell Charles that he is the heir to the extensive estate of his late Uncle Ned , who owned a business -- Ingalls Carriage Company -- and a large house in St Louis . Mrs. Oleson is suddenly keen to socialize with them , and other people treat them differently as well . Charles and Caroline uncharacteristically ( and somewhat unwillingly ) run up a large debt at the Oleson Mercantile . When the lawyer returns after winding up the estate , he explains to Charles that , because of Uncle Ned 's eccentric and profligate lifestyle , his whole estate was eaten up by debts and legal costs , and all that is left is a box containing worthless Confederate banknotes . Mrs. Oleson immediately forecloses on the Ingalls farm , but their friends in town come up with a plan to help them keep it . Meanwhile , Laura and Andy use the Confederate money to decorate the inside walls of their new clubhouse . 87 19 `` The Stranger '' Michael Landon Arthur Heinemann February 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 13 ) 4019 Nels ' cousin sends his 12 - year - old son , Peter , to Walnut Grove after the boy 's behavior grows unmanageable . Mrs. Oleson babies the boy , prompting a frustrated Nels to turn to Charles for assistance in rehabilitating Peter , which leads to a reconciliation between Peter and his father . 88 20 `` A Most Precious Gift '' Michael Landon Carole Raschella and Michael Raschella February 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 27 ) 4020 Charles has always wanted a son , and has another chance to get one when Caroline announces she 's pregnant . But Caroline fears how Charles will react if the baby is a girl , especially after Mrs. Beadle - Simms has a boy herself . Eventually , it 's all for naught , as Charles loves his baby Grace just the same . 89 21 `` I 'll Be Waving as You Drive Away ( Part 1 ) '' William F. Claxton Carole Raschella and Michael Raschella March 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 06 ) 4021 Just as Mary falls in love with newcomer Seth Barton , her nearsightedness begins to worsen . Charles takes her to an optometrist and she initially appears to need a stronger lens but the vision still worsens a few days later . She returns to the eye doctor , who discovers she had scarlet fever a few years back . The resulting nerve damage means Mary 's vision can not be saved , and she will soon go blind . In denial , Charles does not tell his daughter until a few days before she wakes up and finds , to her horror , she is completely blind . Mary becomes bitter over her predicament and having to rely on others for basic needs . Her parents decide to send her off to a blind school in Iowa . Meanwhile , Charles , Jonathan Garvey , and the rest of the town of Walnut Grove have another problem as the whole township is threatened by an escalation of a dispute between The Grange and the railroads . This prevents crops and other items from being sold and traded , and disables the bank , causing financial problems for the entire town . The outlook for the town is bleak . At the end of the episode , Charles drives Mary to the blind school where she will spend the next few months . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode ( along with part two ) # 97 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . In 2009 , it moved to # 71 . 90 22 `` I 'll Be Waving as You Drive Away ( Part 2 ) '' William F. Claxton Carole Raschella and Michael Raschella March 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 13 ) 4022 Mary , who has recently gone blind , is sent to a blind school in Iowa , where she meets Adam Kendall . Mary refuses to accept Adam 's help at first , but he eventually helps her learn to deal with her blindness and a relationship blossoms between the two . Adam reveals to Mary that he is also blind . He is soon leaving this large blind school to accept a better teaching position at a smaller school in Winoka . He invites Mary to come with him and teach there as well . She returns to Walnut Grove temporarily in order to say goodbye . Meanwhile , the whole of the township of Walnut Grove is threatened by an escalation of the dispute between The Grange and the railroads . When the school closes for the summer with no plans to reopen next fall , the teacher , Mrs. Beadle - Simms , and her husband make the decision to leave Walnut Grove . Charles and Caroline decide to also move to Winoka in order to be near Mary . They vacate their home and farm without even putting it up for sale , since no one would buy it anyway considering the shape Walnut Grove is in . The Garveys follow suit . The Olesons prepare to move also and close the mercantile . At the last church service , Mary shares her testimony with the congregation . She has accepted her condition and is ready to go on with her new life with Adam in Winoka . Notes : This marks the first appearance of Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall , and the final appearance of Charlotte Stewart as Mrs. Beadle - Simms . Ebenezer Sprague , the banker , is also said to leave Walnut Grove in the wake of the town going bankrupt . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode ( along with part one ) # 97 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . In 2009 , it moved to # 71 . Season 5 ( 1978 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 91 `` As Long as We 're Together ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 11 ) 5001 Picking up where the previous season left off , the Ingalls family moves to Winoka , where Mary teaches at a new blind school established by Adam Kendall . Charles takes a maintenance job at a hotel owned by a despotic local businessman , Miles Standish ( Leon Charles ) . Caroline takes a job as a cook and waitress at the hotel restaurant . The family moves into the hotel . Charles is disgusted by the noisy saloon and its foul - mouthed patrons . The Garveys arrive and move in right behind the Ingalls family , though Jonathan initially can not find a job . The Olesons surprise the Ingalls and Garvey families when they move to Winoka as well . Nels takes a job at the saloon and they move into the rooming house next door , all of which are also owned by Standish . Note : This is the introduction of Matthew Laborteaux as Albert . 92 `` As Long as We 're Together ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 18 ) 5002 The former Walnut Grove residents continue to adapt to life in Winoka . Charles and Caroline manage The Dakota Hotel ; Nels and Jonathan Garvey are working in the saloon ; and Alice Garvey starts a school in a livery stable since the public school burned down and the only other school in town is an expensive private academy . Mrs. Oleson refuses to send her children to school in a barn . She enrolls them at the Winoka Prep School , much to Mr. Oleson 's dismay . He insists that Harriet pay for it herself by getting a job , which she does - as a barmaid at Standish 's bar . A homeless orphan named Albert , whom Laura encountered in the previous episode , continues a life of panhandling , shoe shining , and stealing . Charles and Caroline discuss buying an expensive hat for Mary 's 16th birthday . Laura writes Mary a card in braille . When Standish refuses to give Charles a pay advance , he sells his fiddle to get enough money for the hat without telling Caroline . Caroline sees it in the store window on her way to the hat shop . At Mary 's surprise birthday party , she reveals that her `` gift '' from Charles and Caroline is not the hat , but her Pa 's fiddle , and Mary says that the best birthday present she could have is hearing Pa play . Mary expresses her feelings for Laura when she reads the braille card . When it 's time to make a wish and blow out the candles , everyone is brought to tears when Mary says , `` I have nothing to wish for ! I have everything in the world right here in this room ! '' Albert appears and is welcomed at Mary 's party . 93 `` The Winoka Warriors '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan September 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 25 ) 5003 Charles convinces Albert to attend the livery school . With Jonathan as coach , Albert and the livery school 's football team challenge the private academy 's undefeated football team . Both sides attempt to unbalance the game in their own favor . When it seems all is lost for the livery school , help comes from an unexpected place in the form of one of Adam 's blind students . Note : Andy Garvey 's statement about his father , `` My pa does n't know anything about football , '' is an inside joke on Merlin Olsen ( Jonathan Garvey ) who played in the NFL for 15 years with the Los Angeles Rams . 94 `` The Man Inside '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 2 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 02 ) 5004 Laura makes friends with a shy classmate , but winds up jeopardizing the friendship when she makes fun of an obese man , not knowing he is the girl 's father . Overhearing that his daughter is ashamed of him , the man tells his family that he got a job out of town , but instead sleeps in a storeroom in the blind school , where he works . The man 's ruse is exposed once he is seriously injured at the school . 95 5 `` There 's No Place Like Home ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 9 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 09 ) 5007 Laura is unfairly blamed in a conflict with Miles Standish 's son , which only serves to increase Charles ' dislike of Winoka . Charles and Caroline discuss moving back to Walnut Grove , but Charles does not want to leave Mary . After Laura argues with Mr. Standish , he threatens Charles ' job if Laura does one more thing against him or his son . A happy - go - lucky man , Toby Noe ( Ray Bolger ) , is exploited by Standish and gambles away all his lottery winnings . His final losing bet is for crates of fireworks he had ordered for an Independence Day celebration in defiance of Standish 's wishes . Jonathan Garvey loses his job for trying ( unsuccessfully ) to stop Toby from gambling away his windfall . Mary encourages the family to move back to Walnut Grove , explaining that she is an adult now and must seek her own path in life . The decision is made . The Olesons and the Garveys decide to move home as well . Standish 's son accidentally sets off the fireworks that Standish intends to return after canceling Toby 's fireworks show . The saloon burns to the ground . 96 6 `` There 's No Place Like Home ( Part 2 ) '' William F. Claxton Michael Landon October 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 16 ) 5008 The Ingalls , Oleson , and Garvey families are all set to return home . Charles talks Albert into joining them . The families return home to Walnut Grove , only to find the town in disrepair and a dispirited and disabled Lars Hanson declining after a stroke . It is up to the townspeople to rebuild Walnut Grove and rekindle the spirit of both the town and Mr. Hanson . People clean and repair their homes as well as town buildings . The school , church , mill , and mercantile all reopen . Alice Garvey continues as teacher . Lars Hanson summons his final strength and appears before the townspeople to thank them for revitalizing the town he founded . Everyone enters the church singing . Laura explains that Mr. Hanson died peacefully a few months later , happy in the knowledge that the town he loved would live on . Notes : A 90 - minute episode , which marks the final appearance of Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson . ( Swenson died a short time after this episode was filmed . His character also died , as explained in an epilogue by Laura . ) 97 7 `` Fagin '' Michael Landon Carole Raschella & Michael Raschella October 23 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 23 ) 5010 Charles buys Albert a calf for the upcoming county fair , which Albert names Fagin . Laura grows jealous when Charles starts giving more attention to Albert . When Nellie teases Laura about having Albert as a brother , Laura socks Nellie in the eye . After Albert overhears Charles and Caroline talking about Laura 's jealousy , Albert runs away , leaving Laura to take care of Fagin for the fair . When Fagin wins , Laura gets the ribbon , but then says that she wants to give it to `` my brother Albert , '' which brings him to tears . Albert is unofficially adopted in this episode . 98 8 `` Harriet 's Happenings '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan October 30 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 30 ) 5009 Mrs. Oleson 's distant cousin , Sterling Murdoch , comes to Walnut Grove to start the town 's first newspaper , `` The Pen and the Plow . '' Mrs. Oleson finagles a job writing a column for the fledgling newspaper , and soon pens scandalous stories about the residents of Hero Township . When she learns that a German student , Erich Schiller , beat Nellie in the school spelling bee , Mrs. Oleson claims that the lad 's German immigrant parents are illiterate . Charles confronts Murdoch about his newspaper , but his complaints fall on deaf ears . Laura and Albert temporarily get back at Mrs. Oleson , but she responds by writing a story suggesting Charles fathered Albert outside his marriage . Charles has had enough and exposes the work of Murdoch and Mrs. Oleson in church on Sunday , clearing up the lie about the Schiller family ( they could read German ) , then chastises the rest of the town for reading the newspaper . Guest Stars : Ike Eisenmann , John Hillerman , King Moody 99 9 `` The Wedding '' Michael Landon Arthur Heinemann November 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 06 ) 5013 Adam proposes to Mary , and she accepts . Charles and Caroline travel to Joannaville for the wedding ( without the children because it would be too much to pay for the train tickets ) . Mary starts to have doubts after hearing how hard it was for Charles and Caroline to take care of her when she was younger and considering how difficult it would be for her and Adam to care for a baby as blind parents . When one of the students is caught in a sandstorm , Mary winds up saving her and finds out that she may be a good mother . In the end , the wedding goes on . 100 10 `` Men Will Be Boys '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann November 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 13 ) 5005 When Albert and Andy boast they can become self - sufficient , Charles and Jonathan decide to take them on a camping trip to put that claim to rest . But Albert and Andy prove their worth , hiking for miles through woods to find a comfortable bed and meal in Sleepy Eye during a downpour . Their fathers , who are secretly following them , wind up having to shovel manure in order to sleep in a barn , and then fall off a log bridge . 101 11 `` The Cheaters '' William F. Claxton Don Balluck November 20 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 20 ) 5014 The Walnut Grove school children take a series of routine tests to prepare them for the next grade , but after Andy Garvey shows barely passing grades , his mother , who is the teacher Mrs. Garvey , enlists Nellie Oleson , who volunteered to help him days before with his studies to do so . Nellie does not help him learn to study but instead shows him an even `` better '' way to succeed by cheating , which she has also been doing . Meanwhile , Charles gives Albert a different lesson in cheating ... cheating within the heart , as he is trying to barely pass or make just fair / satisfactory grades in school to be more popular . Andy , though does improve his grades abruptly by cheating but Laura sees him doing so during a test . Soon after , Laura walks into Andy 's house and catches him red handed stealing his mom 's test while the parents are away at Sleepy Eye to shop . Laura keeps the secret from his parents but tells her dad Charles who takes Andy fishing and in a friendly manner talks him into owning up to what he did . Andy confesses in front of the entire class and Mrs Olesen ( who walked in on the class and is on the school board and insists on offering an award to the best student she presumes will be her daughter Nellie ) . Class is dismissed and everyone but Andy and his mom leave , but a moment later , Laura walks back in and speaks up about what Nellie had done to Andy . The next day for the final exams , Mrs. Garvey forces Nellie to remove her jacket she uses to hide cheat sheets . Nellie passes but not with the excellent grades she and her mom are used to her having . Andy also does pretty well on the final on his own with a higher grade than Nellie . Mrs Olesen meanwhile was awarding a blue ribbon to the best student that she expected to be her daughter Nellie but Albert wins it instead . Mrs. Olesen is upset and Mrs. Garvey reveals why Nellie 's final exam was so much lower than her other work . When Mrs. Olesen finds out Nellie had been cheating a funny ending happens as she chases Nellie out of the schoolhouse with the other kids as well as Mrs. Garvey getting the last laugh . 102 12 `` Blind Journey ( Part 1 ) '' William F. Claxton Teleplay by : John T. Dugan ; Story by Carole & Michael Raschella & John T. Dugan November 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 27 ) 5011 The church council in Walnut Grove finally vote to accept black man Joe Kagan as a member , against Mrs. Oleson 's and Mr. Larabee 's wishes . Mrs. Olesen 's husband votes to let Kagan in the church against his wife 's wishes . Meanwhile , the late Mr. Hanson had willed his large house to the church in Walnut Grove . Meanwhile , back in Winoka , the school for the blind 's building was sold from under them to Mr. Standish who planned to move the destroyed saloon and hotel there . The blind school either has to find a new location or has to close . The congregation in Walnut Grove agree to the Reverend 's suggestion that the house become a new school for the blind . The school was to merge with another blind school in Kansas which would not bring their small staff but would still retain their matron , a woman by the name of Mrs. Terhune . The Winoka Blind School would retain Mary and Adam while its administrator would retire . When Mrs. Oleson makes a large cash donation , they also agree to name the new school after her . Charles and Joe travel to Winoka to help with the move , and they are astonished when Mrs. Oleson arrives at Winoka to accompany them and thereby meet and impress Mrs. Terhune , whom she thinks is a wealthy socialite from St. Louis and France . Leon Charles reprises his role as Miles Standish . 103 13 `` Blind Journey ( Part 2 ) '' William F. Claxton Teleplay by : John T. Dugan ; Written by Carole & Michael Raschella December 4 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 04 ) 5012 Mrs. Oleson is disappointed when she discovers that Mrs. Terhune is not an elite society lady from St. Louis , as she had thought , but rather Hester Sue Terhune ( Ketty Lester ) , the African - American caretaker of the blind school that has merged with the one run by the Kendalls . During the journey back to Walnut Grove , after some funny scenes where Mrs. Oleson gets dirty , falls in the lake , and damages her good clothes , she begins to question her racist behavior and appears to `` reform '' . Adam , meanwhile , must overcome his fear of water . He tearfully reveals to Mary that he lost his sight when he slipped and fell in a creek and smashed his head on a rock , causing a concussion that impaired his eyesight , and Mary tells him it is alright for him to be afraid after what happened and helps him power through his fear . When they arrive in Walnut Grove , Nels is pleasantly surprised to see the change in his wife ... for now . 104 14 `` The Godsister '' Michael Landon Don Balluck December 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 18 ) 5006 Carrie becomes heartsick for her Pa when Charles and Jonathan take jobs on a telephone crew and must be away for weeks . When nobody has time for her , Carrie creates an imaginary friend named Alyssa , and the two have wonderful adventures together . Notes : Originally a 90 - minute episode , in syndication it is shown in two parts . Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush appear on - screen together in the roles of Carrie Ingalls and her imaginary friend , Alyssa . 105 15 `` The Craftsman '' Michael Landon Paul Wolff January 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 08 ) 5018 Albert takes a job as apprentice for a Jewish coffin maker , who is the target of deep prejudice in the community , particularly Harriet Oleson and Judd Larrabee and his sons . 106 16 `` Blind Man 's Bluff '' William F. Claxton Arthur Heinemann January 15 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 15 ) 5016 Laura 's schoolmate and friend , Jordan ( Ronnie Scribner ) , has dreams of one day working in a circus , but is troubled by his quarreling parents , who announce that they are planning to divorce . After an accident causes temporary blindness and brings his parents close again in their concern for him , Jordan says nothing when his sight returns . Laura finds out and struggles with whether she should tell everyone . Then Jordan has another fall and the outcome leaves Laura wondering . 107 17 `` Dance with Me '' Michael Landon Paul Wolff January 22 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 22 ) 5015 Ray Bolger returns as the happy - go - lucky - who - turned - bankrupt Toby Noe . He is staying with the Ingalls family , eating them out of house and home , when the spirited spinster Amanda Cooper catches his eye . Toby sets out to win her heart , but she is determined to keep him at arm 's length . Meanwhile , Laura has a crush on schoolmate Jason and , with Albert 's counsel , tries to get him to notice her . Guest stars : Ray Bolger ( The Wizard of Oz ) , Eileen Heckart Note : Originally a 90 - minute episode , in syndication it is shown in two parts . 108 18 `` The Sound of Children '' William F. Claxton Carole & Michael Raschella February 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 05 ) 5019 Mary and Adam discover they are having a baby . Adam 's father visits Walnut Grove upon learning the news , and convinces Adam and Mary to move to New York City so that Adam can attend law school and eventually become a partner in his father 's law firm . After Mary suffers a miscarriage , Adam decides to stay in Walnut Grove with Mary . When Mary hears this , she says that it is what she wanted all along . 109 19 `` The Lake Kezia Monster '' Michael Landon John T. Dugan February 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 12 ) 5020 Mrs. Oleson attempts to evict Kezia ( Hermione Baddeley ) from her house by the lake . She , Willie , and Nellie move in and force Kezia to serve as their maid , but Laura , Albert , and Andy Garvey hatch a plan to drive the Olesons away : they get Kezia to concoct a story about a monster that inhabits the lake and then dress up as the monster . The plan works , the Olesons run away screaming , and Kezia keeps her house . 110 20 `` Barn Burner '' Michael Landon Don Balluck February 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 19 ) 5021 After agreeing to join all the other farmers in insisting on what they believe is a fair price from the mill - owners for their wheat , Judd Larabee breaks his promise and makes a separate deal at a lower price , partly because of his racist antagonism against black farmer Joe Kagan . Outraged by his betrayal , Jonathan Garvey confronts Larabee in front of his family . A vengeful Larabee goes to the Garveys house with a shotgun , but Andy is the only one home and Larabee lashes out at him , accidentally injuring him . When Larabee leaves , Andy gets a lamp and begins looking for his mom and dad . He leaves the lamp by the barn which catches on fire . When the Garveys return home , they find their barn in flames , and Larabee is fingered as the likely culprit . At his trial , there are several surprising developments , including Andy 's confession about leaving the lamp by the barn on a windy night , which prompts the judge to throw out the barn burning charge . He still finds Larabee guilty of assault and instead of any additional jail time he orders Larabee to recompense Jonathan for the value of his lost wheat crop . Larabee 's wife , as a result of his hatred of many people , takes their sons and leaves him . Notes : This is Don `` Red '' Barry 's sixth and final appearance as Judd Larrabee . Larabee is later said to have died a bitter , broken man , a final insult to his despised presence . 111 21 `` The Enchanted Cottage '' William F. Claxton Don Balluck February 26 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 26 ) 5022 Mary suddenly thinks she is able to see light , and everybody has hopes that she might soon recover her sight . She and Charles travel to visit the eye doctor for tests , while Adam struggles with the possibility of Mary regaining her vision and what that might mean for their future . An excited Laura recruits Albert to help her fix up Mr. Edward 's old shack for Mary and Adam to live in . However , the eye doctor discovers that Mary is only experiencing a rare condition in which her senses perceive the heat in sunlight as light ( now known as synesthesia ) . Charles helps Mary come to terms with the shattering of her hopes , and when they are back in Walnut Grove Mary bravely does the same for a despondent Laura . 112 22 `` Someone Please Love Me '' William F. Claxton Michael Landon March 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 05 ) 5017 During a horse - buying trip to Sleepy Eye , Charles meets up with Brett Harper , one of the state 's best horse breeders . Harper 's alcoholism has taken a deep toll on the family , which is coming apart because of the lack of a strong head of the household . Charles temporarily takes the role as the family man while he tries to sober Harper up , but his touch may have worked too well : Harper 's wife and children like Charles better than drunken Brett ( who had become that way after his son had died ) . Charles manages to convince his family that Brett is a good person , but needs to be sober to be so . Notes : An episode of Bonanza , titled `` A Dream to Dream '' , had a story with a similar theme to this episode , and is a near - duplication of the former story down to the spoken dialogue . Both episodes were written by Michael Landon . Michael Landon is the only member of the regular cast to appear . This episode also reveals that Lansford Ingalls , Charles ' father , has now died . 113 23 `` Mortal Mission '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan March 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 12 ) 5023 When many Walnut Grove townsfolk , including Laura , Albert and Adam , become seriously ill after eating anthrax - infected mutton , the Blind School is turned into a makeshift hospital and morgue . Charles and Jonathan , among the few who have not fallen sick , rush to get Dr. Baker 's urgently needed medical supplies from the railhead at Springfield , but after collecting them they are held up at gunpoint and robbed . As their families and friends in Walnut Grove become increasingly anxious , they set out to track down the thief and recover the vital medicines . 114 24 `` The Odyssey '' Michael Landon Carole & Michael Raschella March 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 19 ) 5024 Laura and Albert 's friend from school Dylan - ( Steve Shaw ) has a dream : to one day see the ocean , which he loves to paint pictures of . When Dylan discovers he has a terminal illness - ( revealed to be leukemia ) , he sets out in pursuit of his dream , and Laura and Albert join him . The trio begin the journey west by jumping a ride on a train , but their problems are only just beginning . Charles manages to catch up with them , but the children persuade him to help Dylan realize his dream of seeing the ocean before he dies . In San Francisco , William Randolph Hearst , the famous American newspaper magnate , helps them get to the coast , and to get home . Season 6 ( 1979 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) 24 episodes , including a special ( # 123 ) format from three episodes No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 115 `` Back to School ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 17 ) 6001 A new school year in Walnut Grove begins with a new teacher , Miss Eliza Jane Wilder as Alice Garvey stepped down from being the teacher at the end of the school year . With Nellie graduating , Laura ( now 15 ) also meets Eliza 's brother Almanzo ( in his late 20s ) , who has a remarkable effect upon her , and she is overjoyed when Almanzo tells her they should have nicknames just for each other : `` Manly '' and `` Beth '' . Nellie and her mother also have eyes on the handsome young farmer and hope that Nellie 's new restaurant and hotel will attract his attention . Charles is badly injured in an accident at the mill and has to take time off work while he recovers , so Caroline takes the post of cook at Nellie 's restaurant , where Nellie has refused to do the cooking . Later , Almanzo reluctantly has dinner with Nellie , who serves his favourite cinnamon chicken , but stand - in cook Laura has maliciously laced it with lots of cayenne pepper . Note : The Wilders make their first appearances in this episode , with Dean Butler as Almanzo , and Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane . 116 `` Back to School ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 24 ) 6002 Caroline makes Laura apologize to Nellie and Almanzo . Deciding she wants to speed up becoming an adult , Laura tells her Pa to stop calling her ' Half - Pint ' , and asks to take her graduation exam early . Nellie gives Laura some bad advice and she fails the exam miserably . When Laura and Nellie end up fighting in a muddy pond , Almanzo takes Laura back to his place to clean up but he leaves Nellie in the mud , much to her annoyance . Nellie tells everyone in the kitchen at the restaurant that she caught Almanzo kissing Laura , and Charles hurries to Almanzo 's house to `` beat Almanzo Wilder within an inch of his life '' . This leads to Charles punching Almanzo and Laura running off , before Charles finds out what really happened . After Laura talks with Caroline , who understands that she is in love with Almanzo , Laura makes up with her Pa and tells him he can still call her `` Half - Pint '' . 117 `` The Family Tree '' William F. Claxton Vince Gutierrez October 1 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 01 ) 6006 The school 's latest project is to create a `` family tree '' documenting the history of the pupils ' families , which causes Albert to remember his own dark past . He has become so attached to the Ingalls family that he asks Charles to adopt him . But first , they must face Albert 's real father , Jeremy Quinn , who wants a son who can help him on his farm . When they attend the court offices , Albert meets Mr. Quinn alone and feigns blindness in front of him . This causes Quinn to tell him he can stay with the Ingalls , which confirms to Albert that his father does not love him as Charles does . Albert is officially adopted in this episode . 118 `` The Third Miracle '' Michael Landon Kenneth Hunter October 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 08 ) 6005 Laura and Albert work hard to harvest honey from a beehive after making a deal with Mr. Oleson , who said he would buy it at 30 cents a pound . Meanwhile , Adam wins a teaching award and must travel to Minneapolis to receive it , but they do not have enough money for the trip . Laura and Albert offer to sacrifice their earnings from selling the honey to cover most of the cost . Mr. Oleson is out of town on a buying trip , and Mrs. Oleson attempts to swindle the children by only offering them 15 cents a pound . Albert cleverly offers Mrs. Oleson their main beehive for the full amount promised , and she accepts . En route to Minneapolis , Mary , Adam and another woman are involved in a serious stagecoach accident due to a faulty wagon wheel . Mary is the only one who is able to seek help , since Adam is injured and the other lady in the stagecoach is pregnant and about to go into labor . While she is climbing up a hillside , her old glasses fall out of her pocket and the lenses magnify the sunlight and soon start a fire , which acts as a signal for Charles and Jonathan , who are searching for them . Meanwhile , Laura and Albert get Mrs. Oleson and Nellie to come pick up the hive ( just a small nearby log full of bees ) , not telling them they 're actually doing it during the time the bees are the most active and mean , causing them to get attacked on the way home . Note : Leslie Landon appears in this episode as the other woman in the stagecoach . ( She also appears in season one 's `` Plague '' , season three 's `` The Election '' , season eight 's `` A Wiser Heart '' , and joins the cast in season nine , as Etta Plum ) . 119 5 `` Annabelle '' William F. Claxton Del Reisman October 15 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 15 ) 6003 When the circus comes to town , Nels discovers that his estranged obese sister , Annabelle , whom he was always ashamed of when they were kids , is the Fat Lady , and seeks to avoid anyone knowing this . When Annabelle visits the Blind School , Nels ' shame is still apparent . Meanwhile , Laura becomes depressed when she goes to ask Almanzo to the circus , only to find out that he is already taking a rude , snobby and snooty young woman named Christie , for whom she has been mending a dress . When she delivers the dress five minutes late , Christie refuses to pay her the full amount . Laura has a heart to heart with the sad clown about Almanzo and discovers the clown is the circus manager ! He keeps her secret and allows her to be an unrecognizable clown at the circus . Laura seeks revenge on Christie when she becomes a guest clown for the circus , dumping water on her and , after she runs off , kissing Almanzo . Later at the circus , Nels announces ( as the ring master ) to all in attendance that Annabelle is his sister and how proud he is of her . Guest star : Billy Barty , Ken Berry 120 6 `` The Preacher Takes A Wife '' Maury Dexter Story by : John T. Dugan Teleplay by : Blanche Hanalis October 22 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 22 ) 6007 Rev. Alden falls in love with a member of his congregation and marries her , but almost comes at a cost when Mrs. Oleson attempts to tear their relationship apart , distressing the Reverend to illness . Mrs. Oleson reports Rev. Alden to church leadership , but the tables turn when the minister representative ( William Schallert ) turns out to be her former fiancé , who broke their engagement when unable to commit to serving `` both God and marriage '' . Note : This would be the only episode showing Alden 's married life as his wife would not appear in another series episode , leaving that plot hole ambiguous . She is mentioned in a later story ( `` The Faith Healer '' ) . 121 7 `` The Halloween Dream '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 29 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 29 ) 6011 Before going to a Halloween party at Nellie 's dressed up as Indians , Albert and Laura take a nap because they will be staying up late . Albert has a dream in which they are mistaken for real Indians and taken to the camp of a tribe which believes Albert is the son of an Indian chief . 122 8 `` The Return of Mr. Edwards '' Michael Landon Arthur Heinemann November 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 05 ) 6004 Mr. Edwards has become prosperous owning a logging business . After Alicia brings him lunch , she is endangered by a falling tree , and although Edwards saves her , he is hit by the tree , badly injuring one of his legs . Having to use a crutch and fearing he is crippled for life and will be a burden to his family , he falls into severe depression . Grace writes to the Ingalls asking for their help . Charles and Laura travel to visit , and after Laura seems to revive Edwards ' old spirit , he suggests a hunting trip for the three . However , it soon transpires that Edwards has other plans , and twice Charles has to stop Edwards from trying to commit suicide . In desperation , Charles pretends to have been injured in a gun accident , and Edwards has to walk out for help , shocking him back to his old , irascible self . Notes : This is Victor French 's first appearance on the show in two years ( due to his commitment to his previous series , Carter Country ) . He will not appear on the show again until season eight . This is also Bonnie Bartlett 's final appearance as Grace Snider Edwards . The character appears in season eight 's `` A Promise to Keep '' , but is played by Corinne Michaels . 123 9 `` The King Is Dead '' Michael Landon Michael Landon November 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 12 ) 6010 Milo Stavropoulis is a former Greek champion wrestler forced to become a jobber in order to pay for his ailing wife Anna 's continued medical treatment . His boss , an unscrupulous professional wrestling promoter persuades Jonathan to compete for a large money prize in his shady wrestling competition in Mankato , duping him into facing the current champion Hans . After Jonathan wins a rigged preliminary bout , many of the residents of Walnut Grove bet on Jonathan to win the final , including Mrs. Oleson who risks the money entrusted to her as treasurer for the church . Milo receives word that Anna has chosen to discontinue her treatments for the sake of her husband 's pride , because hanging on to life is causing him pain ; she has passed away , leaving him with the words , `` Life is a temporary condition - love is forever . '' . Milo , no longer constrained to throw fights , decides to show Jonathan what he 's really getting into and takes his place in the championship bout to prevent his boss from raking in easy money , ironically causing Harriet to more than double the church fund , much to Nels 's dumbfounding . However , this final match strains elderly Milo 's heart , and he dies after the match concludes with his victory and his pride restored . Touchingly , the spirit of Anna appears to carry him away into the afterlife , and Milo echoes her statement , `` Love is forever . '' Note : Melissa Gilbert does not appear in this episode . -- Special # 1 `` The Little House Years '' TBA TBA November 15 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 15 ) 6680 In this three - hour special , the Ingalls family spends Thanksgiving reminiscing their past years in Walnut Grove ( via clips from previous episodes ) . Notes : Originally shown as a three - hour TV movie , depicting memorable episodes from the series , in syndication it is shown in three parts . This episode is not numbered as it was originally shown independently from the series . In the flashforward , Michael Landon 's daughter Shawna Landon is the little girl running into the public library to read Laura Ingalls Wilder 's third book , Little House on the Prairie . 124 10 `` The Faith Healer '' Maury Dexter Don Balluck November 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 19 ) 6009 A traveling minister , Jacob Danforth , comes to Walnut Grove on a ' healing ' crusade and attracts a large attendance at his meetings where some people make miraculous recoveries . Despite the death of a young local boy whom he had treated , Danforth is asked to replace Reverend Alden who prepares to leave . Then , on a business trip to Sleepy Eye , Charles discovers the truth about Danforth 's methods : he performs a schlemiel from town to town with the same three performers in the audience pretending to be disabled , and Reverend Alden is persuaded to stay on . 125 11 `` Author ! Author ! '' William F. Claxton Carole and Michael Raschella November 26 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 26 ) 6013 Caroline hears that her mother and father are coming for a visit , but her mother passes away during the train journey . Caroline 's father , Frederick , is inconsolably distraught , until the family -- enjoying his tales of when Caroline was young -- persuade him to write his autobiography . Then Charles has the idea of trying to get it published . Meanwhile , Mary is heavily pregnant , and soon gives birth to Charles ' and Caroline 's first grandson , Adam Charles Holbrook Kendall . Note : Laura 's voice - over during the final scene relates that `` Grandpa Holbrook '' passed on two years later . This episode also has a similar premise to `` Journey in the Spring '' , in which it was Charles who lost his mother , while his father was left to grieve -- and was also said to die several years later . 126 12 `` Crossed Connections '' Michael Landon Don Balluck December 10 , 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 10 ) 6008 The telephone comes to Walnut Grove when Harriet Oleson buys the local franchise , and , as the switchboard operator , Harriet listens in on all the phone conversations . Jonathan Garvey has recently inherited some money and has a phone installed as a surprise for his wife . However , Harriet overhears a secret from Alice Garvey 's past regarding a hidden divorce and broadcasts it , which causes problems for the Garveys and sends Jonathan on a quest to Minneapolis to find Alice 's ex-husband , a failed gambler who was in prison for a failed bank robbery . Albert and Laura get the help of the bank manager , Mr. Anderson , in teaching Harriet an expensive lesson , which includes Harriet giving her share of Oleson 's Mercantile to Nels , making him the sole owner . 127 13 `` The Angry Heart '' William F. Claxton Del Reisman December 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 17 ) 6012 A long time ago , a drunken father abuses his wife and son , before finally storming out of his house and getting into a fight with someone who shoots and kills him in self - defense . Now a teenage boy , his son Tod Dortmunder , bitter and hateful over this past , comes to Walnut Grove from Chicago to live with his grandparents when his mother can no longer tolerate his ill - tempered behavior . After he steals Charles ' pocket watch and strikes his grandfather , Charles offers to help reform Tod by having him work on his farm . When Tod has repaid his debt and prepares to leave for San Francisco , Charles gives him a gift for his hard work : a blue shirt ; but it triggers his horrible memories of abuse from his father and he angrily rips it up . Charles helps Tod face and then let go of his past , and he comes to realize the importance of needing someone in his life and he makes peace with his grandparents . 128 14 `` The Werewolf of Walnut Grove '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan January 7 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 07 ) 6014 A new pupil , Bart , bullies Miss Wilder , the schoolteacher , and the other children , especially Albert . Albert and Bart get into a fight and Almanzo steps in after coming out of Oleson 's and seeing what is happening . When the school board fails to back her , Miss Wilder fears she will have to leave , and Almanzo tells Laura he will be leaving with his sister . So Laura helps the resourceful Albert in an attempt to bring down the bully by creating a papier - mâché werewolf costume , and it nearly succeeds until Carrie unwittingly exposes their prank . Now desperate to prevent Almanzo leaving , Laura rallies all the children to act together to gang up on Bart and fight back when he next picks on one of them . Bruised , Bart apologizes to Miss Wilder and promises to change his ways . Laura is happy that Almanzo will also be staying . 129 15 `` What Ever Happened to The Class of ' 56 ? '' Michael Landon John T. Dugan January 14 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 14 ) 6015 Charles is elected to represent the farmers of Hero Township at a Grange convention in Milwaukee to consider a proposal that farming machinery should be bought directly from manufacturers , saving money for the farmers . At the same time , Caroline gets an invitation to the 25th anniversary reunion party of her school class of 1856 in the same city , so Charles and Caroline travel there together . They find that some of their old classmates have become financially prosperous , and are on the other side of the proposal by the Grange . However , they are saddened by the state of some of the marriages of their old friends . When they return home , they agree that they are the ones who are really successful and prosperous -- with the love of their family . Note : Caroline 's former classmates refer to her as `` Caroline Quiner '' , as they knew her at school . Frederick Holbrook , who was seen in the episode ' Author ! Author ! ' and referred to as her father , was actually her stepfather , after her father died when she was five . 130 16 `` Darkness Is My Friend '' Michael Landon Vince R. Gutierrez January 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 21 ) 6016 Adam travels with Hester - Sue , Caroline and Harriet to Redwood Falls to apply for state funding for the blind school . As they will be away overnight , Laura goes to stay with Mary . During the night , Laura and Mary are taken hostage by a trio of escaped convicts , one of whom has a gunshot wound sustained during their escape . When Laura is sent to get a doctor , she goes home and tells her Pa what has happened . Charles goes to the school and poses as Doc Baker , and he manages to overcome the villains . When Adam returns , saying they were refused the funding , Charles finds a good use for the reward money he has received for the recapture of the convicts . 131 17 `` Silent Promises '' Maury Dexter Carole and Michael Raschella January 28 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 28 ) 6017 Laura offers to teach sign language to a deaf boy , Daniel , and his widowed father . Daniel makes good progress , and then he suddenly tells Laura he loves her and tries to kiss her . She does not feel the same but , when she sees Almanzo with yet another lady - friend , she considers seeking consolation with Daniel . A talk with her Pa helps her to decide that honesty will be best for both her and Daniel . Meanwhile , Albert builds a doghouse for Bandit , who seems not to understand its purpose . 132 / 133 18 / 19 `` May We Make Them Proud '' Michael Landon Michael Landon February 4 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 04 ) 6018 / 6019 The 1st Annual Charity Picnic is held at The Harriet Oleson Institute for the Advancement of Blind Children to raise funds to extend the building . Albert and a friend named Clay experiment with smoking a pipe in the basement and accidentally start a fire , which destroys the building and claims the lives of Alice Garvey and Adam Jr . Afterwards , Mary is in deep shock and denial that her baby has gone , so Adam goes to New York City to find specialist help for her and to look for a new teaching post . Albert struggles with feelings of guilt , while Jonathan Garvey starts to drink alcohol , blaming God for his wife 's death . Later , a gift from Albert to Mary awakens her memory of the fire and the loss of her baby , and her screams frighten Albert into running away . Albert eventually seeks out his estranged father Jeremy , only to stumble upon a freshly - dug grave at his homestead and realize Jeremy has just died , and he has nowhere else to go now . Charles and Jonathan set out to discover the truth about the fire and to track down Albert , and it is Jonathan who convinces Albert that it was n't his fault that the two had died . Adam returns from New York City to announce that his father has offered to finance the rebuilding of the school , and has insisted that it be named `` The Alice Garvey and Adam Kendall Jr . School for The Blind '' . As they unveil the plaque , Adam says `` May we make them proud . '' Notes : Originally shown as a two - hour episode , in syndication , it is shown over two episodes . This is the final appearance of Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey . 134 20 `` Wilder and Wilder '' Maury Dexter John T. Dugan February 11 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 11 ) 6020 Almanzo 's wandering younger brother , Perley Day , comes to stay , and Charles hopes Laura 's feelings will shift to him , until it emerges that he is a troublemaker who does n't care about injuring a horse , only winning bets . But Laura 's dreams are still firmly focused on Almanzo , whom Charles begins to see in a new light , after Almanzo forfeits an arm wrestling match in order to save his horse from Perley Day . Meanwhile , Albert falls for a new girl in town , but she only has eyes for Andy . 135 21 `` Second Spring '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan February 18 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 18 ) 6021 Charles is in trouble with Caroline after forgetting their wedding anniversary . Nels decides he has had enough of his henpecked family life and begins selling Mercantile wares on the road . Along the way , he takes lodgings in Tracy and meets a beautiful Irish woman named Molly . The two begin a wonderful friendship , and they learn they have real feelings for each other . Nels finds himself fighting temptation and infidelity , complicated by Charles accidentally catching him kissing a woman who is not his wife . Eventually , Nels tells Molly he is married and that they can not see each other anymore . Nels goes home where he and Harriet make up . 136 22 `` Sweet Sixteen '' Michael Landon John T. Dugan February 25 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 25 ) 6022 The school district 's superintendent comes to Walnut Grove , looking for someone who can replace a teacher who has fallen and broken her leg . Eliza Jane recommends Laura , despite her being two weeks short of the minimum age of 16 , and she passes her teacher 's exam and is given her teacher 's certificate and the position . Almanzo drives her to the town where she will teach and stay with the injured teacher . When Almanzo sees her after her first week , he begins to think he may have romantic feelings for Laura , which confuses him . So he invites Laura to a church social and is taken aback when she says she 'll think about it . Later he comes in while one of her students is showing her how flexible the rib cage is , and thinks that the student is kissing Laura . Almanzo punches the student out of jealousy then thinks he has no chance of Laura falling in love with him . Charles explains to Laura that Almanzo acted out of jealousy , which means that he is now returning her feelings for him . So Laura seeks him out at the church social , and they share their first kiss on her 16th birthday . 137 23 `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon May 5 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 05 ) 6023 Almanzo proposes to Laura , who accepts , but Charles insists that they should not marry until Laura is eighteen . Almanzo refuses to accept this , and tells Laura he plans to leave Walnut Grove and asks her to defy her father and go with him , but she refuses . The Olesons hire Percival Dalton to improve the operation of Nellie 's failing restaurant and hotel but , even when it is temporarily renamed `` Caroline 's Restaurant and Hotel '' , Nellie stubbornly refuses to learn . Only when Percival tells her she is pretty does she soften and start to cooperate . As construction of the new school for the blind is progressing , Adam gets the news that his father has died , and when he and Laura go to New York they learn that his father 's entire estate has been wiped out by his heavy debts and can not now finance the new school building . However , as they return through Sleepy Eye , Laura spots an old courthouse building available for rent . Having learned that Almanzo is working in Sleepy Eye , Caroline suggests Laura go there to help set up the new blind school , but she runs into opposition from the grouchy caretaker who holes himself up in the building and the irascible rent collector . Note : This is the first appearance of Percival Dalton ( Steve Tracy ) and Houston Lamb ( Dub Taylor ) . This is also the last time that Laura wears pigtails , putting her hair up like Isaiah Edwards suggested . Laura also dons an outfit from the Oleson 's mercantile that Harriet personally favored and also wore in the past . 138 24 `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon May 12 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 12 ) 6024 Laura goes to Sleepy Eye to help Mary and Adam get the new blind school ready . Almanzo visits her , but their talk turns into another argument . However , Almanzo takes a second job so that he can secretly pay the shortfall of rent for the blind school , persuading Houston the caretaker to tell Laura that the landlord has reduced the rent . Then Laura sees Almanzo in town with a saloon girl and thinks he has found a new girlfriend . Later , through working two jobs , Almanzo becomes gravely ill with pneumonia . Charles finds out the whole story and tells Laura . She goes to care for Almanzo and , with the matter of the ' other woman ' cleared up , they make up . After Almanzo 's recovery , Charles tells him and Laura they must wait one year ( rather than two ) before they get married . Meanwhile , under Percival 's tutelage , Nellie learns to cook and be pleasant to her customers , and when he is about to leave she tells Percival she loves him . After her earlier insults , it is what Percival has been waiting for , and they get married the next day . Note : In a humorous subversion of the `` To Be Continued '' end card , a little boy is seen stealing a kiss from 3 - year old Grace , but Charles stops her and tells her she 'll really have to wait until she 's 18 to get married . The boy declares that he loves her , as Charles carries Grace away . `` To Be Continued '' then appear on the screen , followed by `` In Fifteen Years '' . Season 7 ( 1980 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 139 `` Laura Ingalls Wilder ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 22 ) 7052 Six months before their planned wedding , Almanzo buys land for free from a Mr. Gray for a farm for him and Laura , but he agrees to a harsh deal that he must pay off the mortgage by a deadline or lose the title . When there is a drought , Gray , who owns the neighbouring farm , dams the stream which also waters Almanzo 's land , thereby threatening Almanzo 's crop and his ability to meet the deal . Eliza Jane falls in love with Harve Miller ( James Cromwell ) , a friend of Almanzo 's who has come to live in Walnut Grove . Laura begins teaching at the Walnut Grove school , but Almanzo strongly objects to the idea of her teaching after they are married , insisting that he will provide for them and will not want her to go out to work . Nellie finds out that she is pregnant , which comes as a shock to her mother . Notes : `` Steve Tracy as Percival Dalton '' now appears in the opening credits , but they still show `` Nellie Oleson '' despite her marriage which made her Mrs. Percival Dalton . The Victrola record player seen in the Wilders ' house was actually not marketed until 1906 , over twenty years after Laura was married . Carrie has also inherited Laura 's pigtail hairstyle in light of Laura no longer wearing them , showcasing that she has matured to about the same age as Laura at the start of the series . 140 `` Laura Ingalls Wilder ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon September 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 29 ) 7053 When the drought continues , Almanzo loses his crop and the land . Laura suggests she take the teaching position in Radnor to help them earn money for a new farm , but Almanzo still objects and postpones the wedding . After another argument , Laura breaks their engagement . The relationship of Eliza Jane and Harve seems to blossom , but when she tells him she loves him , he reveals he is in love with someone else . The loss of her dream incites Eliza Jane to strike out for a new life elsewhere and to bring Laura and Almanzo back together by allowing Laura to take the teaching job in Walnut Grove , along with the house which goes with it . Almanzo agrees , and he and Laura are married at the Blind School in Sleepy Eye . Note : In real life , Laura and Almanzo were married August 25 , 1885 in DeSmet , South Dakota when she was 18 and he was 28 . Grace was then 8 years old , but is only 3 here , and Carrie was 15 , but is only about 10 here . The real Laura 's teaching career ended when she married . 141 `` A New Beginning '' William F. Claxton John T. Dugan October 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 06 ) 7054 Trying to start a new life after Alice 's death , Jonathan moves to Sleepy Eye and buys a freight business . Jonathan helps Andy resolve his feeling that Mary and Adam are to blame for his mother 's death . The fledgling business quickly becomes the target of robbers , and Jonathan becomes a deputy to support the sheriff in dealing with the villains . With help from Charles , Jonathan catches the ringleaders , but then Andy is beaten up by the gang , and the repercussions lead to a violent and tragic outcome . Note : Melissa Gilbert and Karen Grassle do not appear . 142 `` Fight Team Fight ! '' Michael Landon Don Balluck October 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 13 ) 7056 Former college football star Pete Ellerbee comes to Walnut Grove to coach the town 's football team and to be really silly and encourage his son in being a footballer . Albert joins the team and is inspired by Ellerbee 's stirring pep talks about teamwork , responsibility and doing your best . Ellerbee 's real goal is just to win , which for him proves manhood and pride , but his demands upon the boys ' time leads him to a confrontation with Laura as their teacher . Soon , Albert and the others find football is not so much fun , and when Ellerbee 's single - mindedness endangers Albert 's well - being , Charles has to step in . Albert then decides that his priority is his studies and that for him football should be for fun . Pete begrudgingly resigns to making football practice less severe , after nearly destroying his marriage and family life . 143 5 `` The Silent Cry '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 20 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 20 ) 7051 Houston , the cantankerous caretaker at the Blind School , tries to help two orphaned boys . The younger one , Josh ( David Faustino ) , has not spoken since his arrival at the orphanage in Sleepy Eye , making him unappealing to a potential adoptive couple , but his older brother , Michael , refuses to be separated from him , so they run away , and Jonathan , as deputy , spends much time searching for them . Houston hides the boys , and they become attached to him and he wants to adopt them , but is told that would not be possible for him . However , his impassioned intervention on behalf of the boys produces a change in Josh which changes the minds of the couple previously wanting to adopt only Michael , and they agree to take Josh too . Notes : An episode of Bonanza , titled `` The Sound of Sadness '' , had a story with a similar theme to this episode . Both episodes were written by Michael Landon . Melissa Gilbert and Karen Grassle do not appear . 144 6 `` Portrait of Love '' William F. Claxton Michael Landon October 27 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 27 ) 7055 A young , talented painter named Annie Crane ( Madeleine Stowe ) is the talk of the town for her talent , despite having lost her sight in early childhood . An art exhibitor is impressed by Annie 's work and arranges for her pictures to be publicized . Annie 's birth mother realizes who she is and tries to arrange a meeting , but Annie refuses , embittered by memories of being abandoned by her as a child . Caroline intervenes to bring about a reconciliation . Meanwhile , with Nellie 's permission , Percival confronts his mother - in - law over her interference in their lives by her over-protectiveness of Nellie . Annie 's mother , married to her second husband , tells him not to reveal the fact that she is also blind , but the truth comes out when she is reunited with her child , who reveals that she suffered a bout of scarlet fever , and Annie 's biological father passed away ( possibly due to contracting the fever as ) . The aftereffects caused her to go blind , and she was carrying Annie at the time of the sickness , who contracted them as well . Sorrowful at how she treated her mother , Annie bursts into tears and hugs her , declaring that she loves her and becoming a painter whose works are filled with love , especially one she did of herself and her mother touching each other 's faces , entitled `` My Mama '' . Note : Melissa Gilbert appears briefly but has no speaking part . However , she does provide a closing narration for the episode . 145 7 `` Divorce , Walnut Grove Style '' Michael Landon Don Balluck November 10 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 10 ) 7057 Laura and Almanzo clash again over their different aspirations for their marriage , and this is aggravated when Laura comes to believe that Almanzo is having an affair with one of his former girlfriends , Brenda Sue . Laura returns to her family , saying she wants to leave Almanzo , and even picks a fight with Brenda Sue . Mrs. Oleson seems to enjoy spreading the bad news , but Charles and Caroline help to bring Laura and Almanzo back together . Meanwhile , Charles has his own problems with Laura as he tries to fit a new picture window in the house . Note : The episode title is a play on the 1970s series Love , American Style . 146 8 `` Dearest Albert , I 'll Miss You '' Michael Landon Michael Landon November 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 17 ) 7059 As part of a school project , Albert becomes pen pals with a girl in Minneapolis named Leslie ( Suzy Gilstrap ) . Both of them fabricate stories about themselves to appear more attractive to the other : Albert postures as a tall athlete , while Leslie portrays herself as a ballerina and hides her paraplegia which confines her to a wheelchair . When Albert falls in love with her , he determines to see her by accompanying Charles when he travels to a Grange meeting in Minneapolis but , when his father refuses , Albert resorts to desperate measures . Note : Suzy Gilstrap ( age 14 at the time of filming ) is a real - life paraplegic as a result of a tree branch falling on her and breaking her back at the age of 11 as she was crouched down feeding some ducks . 147 9 `` The In - laws '' William F. Claxton Don Balluck November 24 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 24 ) 7058 At the suggestion of Jonathan Garvey , who has more business than he can cope with , Charles and Almanzo agree to start their own freight business from Walnut Grove to Sleepy Eye , and they decide to call it ' Ingalls and Wilder ' . However , they disagree when Almanzo suggests that there might be a shortcut to get to Sleepy Eye more quickly than the usual route , so the two decide to have a race to see who is right . Almanzo makes a mistake in carrying too much uphill and is forced to unload , then finds his goods absconded by a desperately poor family , while Charles gets the hare - brained idea of leaving the beaten path and driving his horses into a creek and private property , picking up a hitchhiker who berates him for his foolishness . 148 10 `` To See the Light ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon December 1 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 01 ) 7060 After being caught in an explosion at Jonathan Garvey 's freight warehouse , Adam regains his sight after suffering a second concussion that undoes the blinding effects of the first , and revives his ambition to be a lawyer like his father . When he gets the opportunity to take the entrance test for law school , Adam studies with such commitment that he neglects his teaching duties , and is unaware of Mary 's misgivings . This worries Mary , who starts to believe Adam will not want to stay with a blind wife now that he has rejoined the world of the sighted . Meanwhile , Nels and Percival are both concerned about their wives ' eating habits . Note : Nellie is later revealed to have been carrying two babies instead of one , explaining why she is eating much more than Dr. Baker prescribed , who misdiagnosed her as carrying just one child when the second one was too small to detect in her womb . 149 11 `` To See the Light ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon December 8 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 08 ) 7061 Adam eventually travels to Minneapolis to take the entrance examinations for law school , but late one night he is assaulted and robbed by hoodlums . Although he recovers temporarily , he then falls seriously ill , causing him to miss the final examinations . Fortunately , a friend he has made allows him to stay at his house and be attended by his doctor . When they hear , Mary and Charles travel to see Adam , and Mary , trying to make up for her previous lack of support for Adam 's ambition , persuades the college professor to allow him to complete his examinations , and Adam wins a scholarship to study law . Historical note : The west - coast feed of this episode was interrupted near its end by an NBC news bulletin which announced John Lennon had been shot . 150 12 `` Oleson Versus Oleson '' William F. Claxton Chris Abbott January 5 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 05 ) 7062 A female campaigner for the equal rights of married women comes to Walnut Grove , looking for signatures on a petition to be submitted to the state legislature . The men are all reluctant to sign , including Nels , who is in the middle of another big disagreement with Harriet . Charles and Almanzo also oppose it , even though they believe in equality and joint ownership in their own marriages . So Caroline moves out of the house and organizes other wives in a mass ' walk out ' from their matrimonial duties . Eventually , the husbands , led by Charles , decide that they can support the petition , and marital peace and harmony is restored . Notes : The opening credits , which have previously continued to describe the now - married Mrs. Nellie Dalton as `` Nellie Oleson '' , now simply refer to her as `` Nellie '' . The campaigner is called Elizabeth Smith , which was also the name of a real - life advocate and financial supporter of the women 's rights movement in the nineteenth century . Also in reality , the state of Minnesota passed a law to allow married women to own property in their own name in 1869 , and after 1874 they could own a trade license . 151 13 `` Come , Let Us Reason Together '' Michael Landon Carole & Michael Raschella January 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 12 ) 7063 When Percival 's parents visit Walnut Grove for the birth of Nellie 's baby , Percival reveals that his real name is Isaac Cohen , much to Harriet 's consternation . Percival 's father , Benjamin , is passionately and devoutly Jewish , which brings him into conflict with Harriet and her Christian beliefs , especially over the question of which religion the new baby will be raised in . Nels brokers a truce between Benjamin and Harriet with the suggestion that a boy should be raised in the Jewish faith and a girl should be raised as a Christian . When Nellie gives birth , she unexpectedly has twins , a girl and a boy , so Nellie and Percival agree to raise their son Benjamin as Jewish and their daughter Jennifer as a Christian . Notes : The episode title comes from Isaiah 1 : 18 of the Bible . Michael Landon and Melissa Gilbert do not appear in this episode . 152 14 `` The Nephews '' William F. Claxton Chris Abbott January 19 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 19 ) 7064 Almanzo 's elder brother Royal ( Woody Eney ) and his wife Millie visit Walnut Grove , and they leave their two young sons in the care of Almanzo and Laura , while Royal and his wife go away on a vacation . Royal 's wife believes a parent should never say ' No ' to a child , and their boys ' constant mischief tries the patience of Almanzo and Laura , who are determined to adopt a different parenting style with their own children . Notes : This is the first appearance of Royal Wilder . His wife announces that she is pregnant , and the child , Jenny , appears in season nine ( `` ... A New Beginning '' ) . Karen Grassle only appears briefly in the church scene , and has no speaking lines . 153 15 `` Make a Joyful Noise '' William F. Claxton Kathleen McGhee - Anderson January 26 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 26 ) 7065 Joe Kagen gives up his farm and moves to Sleepy Eye to work with Jonathan Garvey in his freight business and hoping to persuade Hester - Sue to marry him . However , although she has feelings for Joe , he reminds her of her shiftless and unfaithful ex-husband , and she has plans to marry a successful local businessman . Joe starts doing odd jobs at the blind school , and he befriends and helps a blind boy called Timothy ( Keith Mitchell ) who has failed to respond to Hester - Sue . When she sees the change in Timothy , she calls off her wedding , and tells Joe there might be a chance for them yet . Notes : The episode title comes from Psalm 66 of the Bible . Melissa Gilbert and Karen Grassle do not appear in this episode . 154 16 `` Goodbye , Mrs. Wilder '' William F. Claxton Don Balluck February 2 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 02 ) 7066 An official from the Board of Education visits to assess the Walnut Grove school for state funding and he suggests that the curriculum should be extended . At a subsequent town meeting , Laura clashes with Mrs. Oleson over what changes should be made and , when Mr. Oleson abstains and the meeting votes against her , Laura resigns and challenges Mrs. Oleson to take over the teaching , a task she gleefully accepts . She introduces lessons in French and art appreciation , and also a dress code , to the consternation of most pupils and many parents . Albert organizes a class rebellion against the innovations , but Laura admonishes them and surprises Mrs. Oleson by speaking up in her favor . However , when the state official returns , he says the funding will only be provided if the new curriculum subjects are those Laura wanted , so Mrs. Oleson steps down and Laura is reinstated as the teacher . 155 17 `` Sylvia ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon February 9 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 09 ) 7067 A new girl in town , petite but buxom Sylvia Webb ( Olivia Barash ) , gets some unwelcome attention from the older boys at school , but her father and Mrs. Oleson both accuse her of leading the boys on . Her father in particular is quite enraged , claiming that her late mother had a devil in her which killed her upon Sylvia 's birth , and it lives on through her . Albert spends lots of time with her and they fall in love . Then Sylvia is sexually assaulted in the woods by a masked assailant , but Mr. Webb , fearful of the townspeople 's reaction , insists she keep it a secret . Later , Sylvia collapses at school , and Albert and Laura take her to Doc Baker who discovers that she is pregnant . When Sylvia and her father refuse to explain , Albert comes under suspicion . 156 18 `` Sylvia ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon February 16 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 16 ) 7068 Sylvia 's father decides that they must leave Walnut Grove . Mrs. Oleson spreads the news around the town , suggesting that Albert is the father . Sylvia and Albert meet secretly and make plans to run away and get married . To raise money , Albert gets a job with the town 's blacksmith ( Richard Jaeckel ) . When Mr. Webb finds out that Sylvia is still seeing Albert , he grabs his shotgun and goes to the Ingalls ' house . They manage to convince him that Albert did not make Sylvia pregnant , but Sylvia has run off . As they search for her , Mr. Webb shoots and kills the mystery rapist when he attacks Albert , but Sylvia suffers a bad fall , and she later dies in the arms of a distraught , heartbroken Albert . Sylvia 's father also suffers the punishment of losing his daughter for all his abuse , now alone in the world . 157 19 `` Blind Justice '' Maury Dexter Carole & Michael Raschella February 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 23 ) 7069 Adam returns to Sleepy Eye , having completed his studies and become a lawyer , but a promised job at a local law firm falls through . Adam and Mary decide to leave the blind school in the care of Hester - Sue , and they return to Walnut Grove , where Adam opens a law firm of his own . He takes on as his first client a man accused of fraud , after the failure of a land investment deal resulted in many of the citizens of Walnut Grove losing their money . The initially angry and violent reaction from the townsfolk changes when the full story emerges at his trial . Note : Adam passed his entrance examination for law school in `` To See the Light ( Part 2 ) '' . 158 20 `` I Do , Again '' William F. Claxton Don Balluck March 2 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 02 ) 7070 When Laura announces that she is expecting a baby , Caroline says that she is also . Later , she finds out from Doc Baker that she is not expecting but is experiencing an early menopause and can not have any more children . This devastates Caroline , who has tried to birth a surviving true male heir for Charles and fears she is worthless to him now because this is now impossible . She falls into depression , so Charles , himself heartbroken upon learning that he will never have the chance of another natural son , takes Caroline on a trip to Wisconsin for the wedding of the son of an old friend , and there they decide to renew their own wedding vows . Note : Laura and Almanzo now have a telephone in their house . 159 21 `` The Lost Ones ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Don Balluck May 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 04 ) 7071 Charles and Albert go on a delivery run for Jonathan Garvey , and they travel with the Cooper family ( parents Alvin and Sarah , 11 - year - old James and 8 - year - old Cassandra ) who are on their way to join Alvin 's Uncle Jed on a gold claim . Encountering a steep hill , Charles and Albert ( with James and Cassandra in the back of their wagon ) descend safely , but Alvin loses control of his wagon which overturns , killing him and Sarah instantly . When the children 's Uncle Jed ( E.J. Andre ) tells Charles he is too old to take care of them , Charles feels he has a responsibility to find a new home for them . After exploring various possibilities , Charles is persuaded by Albert to take the children back to Walnut Grove to search for a foster family there . Notes : Jason Bateman and Missy Francis join the cast as James and Cassandra Cooper . This is the final appearance of Jonathan Garvey ( Merlin Olsen ) and Andy Garvey ( Patrick Laborteaux ) . Melissa Gilbert and Karen Grassle do not appear in this episode . 160 22 `` The Lost Ones ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Don Balluck May 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 11 ) 7072 James and Cassandra settle in happily with the Ingalls family . Then Rev. Alden finds a family who agree to take in the orphans , but the husband , Isaiah Tompkins , is a harsh man who works the children to exhaustion , resulting in Laura warning them that they are failing at school . Also , the Tompkins ' own son bitterly resents their arrival and sets up James for an unjust whipping . Eventually , James and Cassandra run away , and after Mr. Tompkins declines to help in searching for them , Charles sets off with Almanzo and Adam . When he finds James and Cassandra , he tells them that they will be going home with him , and they joyfully agree . Notes : The film Love 's Unending Legacy -- co-executive produced by Michael Landon , Jr. -- uses a similar theme from this episode . This is the final appearance for Steve Tracy as Percival Dalton . Alison Arngrim as Nellie does not appear again until `` The Return of Nellie '' in season nine . Season 8 ( 1981 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) This is Michael Landon and Karen Grassle 's final season , and also Victor French 's return season . No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 161 `` The Reincarnation of Nellie ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 5 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 05 ) 8402 Nellie and Percival move to New York City to run Percival 's family 's store after the death of his father . Then Adam and Mary also move there when Adam takes a position at his late father 's law firm . The blind school in Sleepy Eye has been taken under the control of the state , so Hester Sue moves to Walnut Grove to help Caroline run the restaurant and hotel . Harriet becomes very depressed , and Doc Baker suggests she and Nels adopt , but it takes a visit from Cassandra to revive Harriet 's spirits . At the orphanage in Sleepy Eye , Harriet 's wish is realized when she finds a young girl named Nancy who reminds her of Nellie and of Harriet herself as a child . Nancy quickly causes trouble at the school in Walnut Grove , but Laura has already worked out that Nancy is another Nellie . Notes : This is the first appearance of Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson . Melissa Sue Anderson and the scenes of Mary running alongside her younger sisters are also removed from the opening credits , as she stops being a regular character following this story . 162 `` The Reincarnation of Nellie ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon October 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 12 ) 8403 Nancy tricks her new brother Willie into locking a classroom rival in the ice - house all night . She convinces Doc Baker and the Olesons that she was not responsible , but Albert and Willie work out the truth and foil her plot . Later , the adults learn that Nancy 's account that she had been recently abandoned by her mother was untrue , and that her mother actually died while giving birth to Nancy , and she had since been moved from orphanage to orphanage because of her incorrigible behavior . Eventually , Laura and the other school children scheme together to play a trick on Nancy at the school 's charity bazaar and seem to succeed in teaching her a lesson . 163 `` Growin ' Pains '' Maury Dexter Larry Bischof October 19 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 19 ) 8401 Charles and Caroline are finding life stressful trying to bring up five children in their crowded house , and Albert is not enjoying being an older brother to James who is having problems trying to fit into the family . After James is caught out in a lie and having stolen from the Mercantile , he runs away from home . Albert goes after him and , using some reverse psychology , tells him that he is running away too . During a severe thunderstorm , the two take refuge in an old house where they receive an unexpected welcome , and they settle their differences and return home . 164 `` Dark Sage '' Maury Dexter Vince Gutierrez October 26 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 26 ) 8405 Doc Baker hires a highly qualified doctor named Caleb Ledoux , but is disconcerted to discover that he is black . Despite a friendly welcome from the Ingalls , other citizens are diffident or openly hostile , while Doc Baker gives his new assistant only menial tasks . Eventually , when Doc Baker is unavailable for a call , Charles has to resort to desperate measures to enable Dr. Ledoux to attend to a pregnant mother experiencing complications during childbirth . Ledoux safely delivers the baby , but angrily decides he will never be accepted in the town and plans to leave . When Doc Baker makes an impassioned plea at the next church service and is supported by the congregation , Dr. Ledoux decides to stay . Note : Melissa Gilbert appears briefly but has no speaking role . 165 5 `` A Wiser Heart '' Michael Landon Chris Abbott November 2 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 02 ) 8404 Laura is invited by Eliza Jane to attend a college class on ' Great American Writers ' in Arizona , and on the train she meets a man , Mort , who is going to the same class and who takes a liking to Eliza Jane . However , she only has eyes for their class professor , but he causes problems between the two women when he propositions Laura . To pay her way , Laura has to work long hours as a dishwasher . Later , Eliza Jane is dismayed when she finds out the truth about the professor , but when Mort stands up for Laura against the professor , Eliza Jane says she will support Mort 's application for a vacant teaching post at her school in Minneapolis , and they leave together on the train . Guest star : Leslie Landon as Pam , the other dishwasher . Note : Michael Landon and Karen Grassle do not appear . 166 6 `` Gambini the Great '' Michael Landon Jeri Taylor November 9 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 09 ) 8406 Most of the people of Walnut Grove , including Harriet Oleson , are excited by the arrival of Gambini the Great ( Jack Kruschen ) , an aging circus daredevil , but when Albert and Willie try to replicate some of his stunts , Charles and Nels are not impressed . Albert starts to spend all his spare time training with Gambini , but is brought down to earth when one of the daredevil 's most dangerous stunts goes wrong . 167 7 `` The Legend of Black Jake '' Michael Landon Chris Abbott November 16 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 16 ) 8407 This is a comedy episode , in which Nels is kidnapped by a pair of bumbling criminals who demand a $100 ransom , which Harriet refuses to pay . Nels then plots his own escape and his revenge upon Harriet , which gets out of hand when it leads to several other members of the community also being kidnapped . 168 8 `` Chicago '' Michael Landon John Hawkins & B.W. Sandefur November 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 23 ) 8411 Charles visits grief - stricken Mr. Edwards in Chicago after his adopted son John Jr. dies in an apparent street accident . Working with Callahan ( M. Emmet Walsh ) , deputy editor of the newspaper John Jr. was working for , their enquiries rouse their suspicions over the circumstances of his death , and lead them to uncover political and business corruption which John Jr. was investigating . It becomes clear that John Jr. was murdered , and Charles and Edwards and Callahan bring the villains to justice . Guest star : Ernie Hudson as a ditch worker 169 9 `` For the Love of Nancy '' Maury Dexter Chris Abbott November 30 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 30 ) 8408 When Mrs. Oleson leaves town for a week on a buying trip for the Mercantile , Nancy again feels that everybody hates her so she gets in being nasty first , including fighting with Cassandra ( which has been a counterpart to the past fights between Laura and Nellie ) . Then an obesely overweight boy , Elmer , joins the school and is teased by his classmates , but he is a bright student and Nancy exploits his attraction to her . Albert and Willie see what she is doing and get her into trouble with Laura , but Nancy blames Elmer who decides to quit school , so the boys have to put things right . Note : Michael Landon and Karen Grassle do not appear in this episode . 170 10 `` Wave of the Future '' Maury Dexter Jeri Taylor December 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 07 ) 8409 With Caroline and Hester Sue run off their feet at the restaurant , Harriet signs up with a franchise which promises greater efficiency and more profit , and the restaurant is renamed `` Mrs. Sullivan 's Kitchen '' . Unfortunately , Harriet has not read the small print in the contract , and the onerous conditions result in everyone 's life becoming even more busy . When Charles reluctantly has to take over the cooking at home , he gets together with Nels to work on a plan to release Harriet from her contract and get things back to normal . Note : The character in a white suit and hat in the final scene ( credited as `` Bearded Man '' ) making a `` business proposition '' to Harriet is clearly a humorous allusion to Harlan `` Colonel '' Sanders of Kentucky Fried Chicken fame . While clearly meant as a joke , technically this is an anachronism as Colonel Sanders was not born until 1890 , and Kentucky Fried Chicken would not be founded until midway through the next century . 171 11 `` A Christmas They Never Forgot '' Michael Landon Don Balluck December 21 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 21 ) 8410 Adam and Mary make a surprise visit to Walnut Grove for Christmas . They arrive with Hester Sue and join the family with Laura and Almanzo . Soon after , a fierce blizzard snows them in , and they all have to stay the night . Caroline , Almanzo , Laura and Hester Sue recall Christmas memories from when they were children . Note : Melissa Sue Anderson and Linwood Boomer make their final appearances . Victor French 's `` special guest '' appearance is an excerpt from the original 1974 pilot film . 172 12 `` No Beast So Fierce '' Michael Landon Carole and Michael Raschella January 4 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 04 ) 8412 James makes friends with Gideon ( Peter Billingsley ) , a new young boy in school who stutters , but then Gideon catches James joining in the laughter at Willie 's pretend stutter , and a distraught Gideon runs away from home . While the townspeople search for him , Charles takes James along on a shipping trip to Minneapolis . A feral wolfdog takes a liking to James and tags along throughout their journey . Caroline finds Gideon and persuades him to go home , and the wolfdog plays a key role in resolving the rift between James and Gideon . 173 13 `` Stone Soup '' Maury Dexter Peter Dixon January 18 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 18 ) 8413 Laura and Almanzo have invested all their money in trees for an orchard . Then Almanzo joins Charles in a well - paid job hauling mining equipment to Arizona which takes them away for two months . Laura has a serious talk to Willie about responsibility , which he takes seriously , particularly after Laura ( now five months pregnant ) collapses from heat stroke trying to save the orchard during a heatwave . When Caroline tells the story of `` Stone Soup '' at school , Willie and Albert enlist their classmates to help the local farmers deal with the drought , starting with Laura and Almanzo 's orchard . 174 14 `` The Legacy '' Michael Landon Vince R. Gutierrez January 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 25 ) 8414 Charles and a friend , Jack Prescott , deliver some tables , hand - made by Charles , to a store in Minneapolis , for which Charles makes a few `` as a hobby '' . After Jack dies suddenly of a heart attack on the return trip , and after which his farm is sold and his nameplate casually tossed into the kindling by the new owner , Charles decides he wants to do something to be remembered for . He agrees to move to the city to work full - time on producing the tables for a trial period before selling the farm and moving the entire family and things go well at first , until a big furniture manufacturer copies the table and under - prices them . Sales dry up and Charles decides that his greatest legacy will be his children . But later , one of his tables with his ' CI ' mark is bought as a prized antique at an auction in 1982 . Note : Melissa Gilbert , Scottie MacGregor and Dean Butler do not appear . 175 15 `` Uncle Jed '' Maury Dexter Don Balluck February 1 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 01 ) 8415 James and Cassandra 's grand - uncle Jed comes to Walnut Grove to visit them . He is now wealthy , having finally hit a big gold strike , and a donation to pay for a new roof for the church makes him popular in town . He also gets along well with James and Cassandra , so he decides that he can now offer them a home with him in Minneapolis . When the children choose to stay with the Ingalls , Jed reluctantly resorts to the law to gain custody . But then he finds out that his health is failing , so he tells the children he will let them stay with the Ingalls . 176 16 `` Second Chance '' Maury Dexter Don Balluck February 8 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 08 ) 8416 Hester Sue 's ex-husband , Sam Terhune , comes to Walnut Grove claiming he has reformed himself from his drinking and gambling and asking for a second chance with her . Although she is initially suspicious and cautious , Hester Sue eventually gives in to her feeling that she still loves him , and it is not long before they plan to re-marry . However , on the wedding day , some surprise visitors show up , and Hester Sue sadly realizes that , despite his good intentions , Sam has not changed . But Hester Sue now has , and she forgives him . Note : Melissa Gilbert and Dean Butler appear briefly but have no speaking roles . 177 17 `` Days of Sunshine , Days of Shadow ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Don Balluck February 15 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 15 ) 8417 Almanzo falls ill with diphtheria , and with Laura heavily pregnant , Charles goes to great lengths to help them . While Almanzo is recovering , there is a hailstorm which threatens their crop , and he rushes out into the storm in a panic and suffers a stroke . In the aftermath , he bitterly resigns himself to life as a ' cripple ' , and Laura welcomes the arrival of Eliza Jane . But they have different ideas about what will be best for Almanzo . 178 18 `` Days of Sunshine , Days of Shadow ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Chris Abbott February 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 22 ) 8418 Almanzo grows more and more depressed after his stroke and refuses to perform his therapy , and even the birth of his daughter , Rose , does n't help . Laura continues to clash with Eliza Jane , who wants them all to move to Minneapolis . Then Laura is injured when a tornado strikes , and she becomes angry when she discovers the calamitous effect upon their house . Seeing her anger , Almanzo is inspired to pitch in and help rebuild the house . Note : This story was originally aired in two parts , of 80 - minutes and 40 - minutes ( excluding commercials ) , but when offered in syndication , it may be shown in three parts , two parts or in its entirety . This is the final appearance of Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane . 179 19 `` A Promise to Keep '' Michael Landon Vince R. Gutierrez March 1 , 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 01 ) 8419 Laura and Almanzo 's new house is completed and he has fully recovered his health . Then Mr. Edwards returns to Walnut Grove , but he hides that his marriage to Grace has failed because of his relapse into alcoholism . When he drunkenly causes an accident that nearly kills Albert , Charles angrily tells his old friend to leave town . However , Laura persuades him to stay , and he works on the farm with Almanzo and sobers up . But after more bad news , Mr. Edwards ends up in church where he prays and talks to Rev. Alden , who brings about a reconciliation with Charles . Laura and Almanzo 's daughter Rose is baptized and Mr. Edwards becomes her godfather . Notes : Corinne Michaels appears as Grace Snider Edwards , replacing Bonnie Bartlett . ( Michaels also appears in season four 's `` My Ellen '' , playing Eloise Taylor . ) Although the real - life Almanzo lived to be 92 , he never fully recovered his strength and had to walk with a cane . 180 20 `` A Faraway Cry '' Maury Dexter Teleplay by : Don Balluck ; Story by Pamela Balluck and Don Balluck March 8 , 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 08 ) 8420 Caroline responds to a plea for help from a childhood friend , Louisa , by travelling with Doc Baker to a mining camp where there is an outbreak of influenza . Louisa is pregnant and desperately ill , with a cruel husband , so Caroline nurses her , while Doc Baker organizes the residents of the camp to treat the sick . When Louisa gives birth to a baby boy but then dies , Caroline and Doc Baker are faced with a moral dilemma . Notes : Melissa Gilbert does not appear . Katherine MacGregor ( as Mrs. Oleson ) appears briefly , but is not listed in the credits . Observant viewers will notice that the mining camp set as well as the church / school tent is the same as for the gold camp at `` Newton '' from Season 3 's finale Gold Country as well as Season 7 's The Lost Ones . 181 21 `` He Was Only Twelve ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Landon Paul W. Cooper May 3 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 03 ) 8421 Charles , Albert , James and Mr. Edwards travel to Sleepy Eye on business . James , wanting to open a savings account with his birthday check from Uncle Jed , walks into the bank as it is being robbed . James is shot and critically wounded , and the doctor tells Charles that the injuries are potentially fatal . Charles and Mr. Edwards , and later Albert , against Charles ' orders , set out to track down the villains . Guest star : Georg Olden as Danny Notes : An episode of Bonanza , titled `` He Was Only Seven '' ( written by Michael Landon ) had a story with a similar theme to this episode . Melissa Gilbert does not appear in this episode . 182 22 `` He Was Only Twelve ( Part 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon May 10 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 10 ) 8422 James remains comatose after a successful operation to remove the bullet . Charles refuses to accept Doc Baker 's prognosis that James will not recover , because he believes God has told him James will be healed . When his family and friends question if he is losing his grip on reality , Charles takes James away into the woods , and builds a shelter and a stone altar . Refusing to leave until James recovers , Charles prays to God for a miracle . Notes : This episode features the final appearances of Caroline ( until Little House : The Last Farewell ) , Carrie , Grace , Cassandra , and James . Melissa Gilbert does not appear , although she does narrate the opening of the episode . Season 9 : a new Beginning ( 1982 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) When Michael Landon decided to leave the show , it was renamed , the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo , and more recurring characters were added . Landon did , however , stay on as executive producer , and wrote and directed occasional episodes as well . No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code 183 `` Times Are Changing ( Part 1 ) '' Maury Dexter Michael Landon September 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 27 ) 8451 In the spring of 1887 , Charles , having suffered a hard winter and wanting to pursue a promising life , has moved the Ingalls family to Burr Oak , Iowa . He completes the sale of their homestead to the Carter family from New York , and is given a farewell party by his friends . John Carter is the new town blacksmith and his wife Sarah starts a newspaper , the Walnut Grove Gazette . Four months later , Laura announces her resignation from Walnut Grove School to raise Rose at home and introduces the kids to their new teacher , Etta Plum . Almanzo 's brother , Royal , arrives with his daughter , Jenny , and with a devastating secret : he is terminally ill and the true reason he is visiting Walnut Grove is to give Jenny a chance to get to know Laura and Almanzo , who will become her adoptive parents . Notes : This marks the first appearance of Jenny Wilder ( played by Shannen Doherty ) . In real life , the Ingalls moved to Iowa in 1876 . 184 `` Times Are Changing ( Part 2 ) '' Maury Dexter Michael Landon October 4 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 04 ) 8452 The Carters , including their sons Jeb and Jason , adjust to life in Walnut Grove , but Jenny has a hard time doing so after her father dies . She blames herself and Laura for her father 's death , saying that she should have been told that he was ill . After Reverend Alden assures her that she will see her parents again in heaven , Jenny tries to drown herself to join them , but Jeb conquers his fear of water and dives in and saves her . Then Laura teaches Jenny a ' tough love ' lesson on the importance of life , like Charles had done for her . 185 `` Welcome to Olesonville '' Maury Dexter Paul W. Cooper October 11 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 11 ) 8454 Mrs. Oleson finds an old Walnut Grove Bearer Bond and , claiming that she is owed over $14,000 in unpaid interest , uses it to have the town renamed Olesonville . However , when she wants her compliant husband elected as mayor , she encounters unexpected opposition from some of the town 's oldest inhabitants . Guest stars : Charles Lane , Lew Ayres 186 `` Rage '' Maury Dexter B.W. Sandefur October 18 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 18 ) 8456 A farmer named Mr. Stark is denied a loan at the bank and soon goes bankrupt . He flies into a terrible rage and shoots his wife and daughter , and takes off . The citizens of Walnut Grove organize a posse to track him down , but , as they are searching for him , he chances upon the Wilders ' house , and Laura and Jenny must rely on their wits to escape from a dangerous situation . Guest stars : Robert Loggia , Tammy Lauren , Ronnie Scribner 187 5 `` Little Lou '' Victor French Michael Landon October 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 25 ) 8453 A widowed circus man and young father named Little Lou ( Billy Barty ) makes a promise to his wife to quit the circus and move to Walnut Grove to try to make a living after his wife dies during childbirth . He interviews for a job at the bank , but a prejudiced Mrs. Oleson refuses to do business as long as he is employed there . Jobless , Little Lou begins stealing from the Mercantile to support his baby daughter . Just before he is set to go on trial for theft , Nancy falls down a well , and Little Lou is the only one who can reach inside to save her . Mrs. Oleson realizes how wrong she was and gets the charges dropped against Lou , who gets the job at the bank . Note : An episode of Bonanza , titled `` It 's a Small World '' , had a story with a similar theme to this episode . Both episodes were written by Michael Landon . 188 6 `` The Wild Boy ( Part 1 ) '' Victor French Vince R. Gutierrez November 1 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 01 ) 8457 Dr. McQueen ( Anthony Zerbe ) , an unscrupulous traveling medicine man , visits Walnut Grove to sell his elixir and promote his sideshow attraction , the `` Wild Boy '' , a wild - looking boy in a cage who goes mad when McQueen beats him with a stick for the entertainment of his customers . When the Walnut Grove children sneak into the tent and Nancy pokes the boy with a stick , Jenny defends him . Later , the boy escapes and takes refuge in the Wilders ' barn . Jenny finds him there and befriends him , and she discovers he is not really wild , only mute and tortured , and that his name is Matthew Rogers ( Jonathan Hall Kovacs ) . Then Almanzo and Laura discover Matthew is regularly beaten by McQueen and given morphine elixir . While they try to keep Matthew safe with Mr. Edwards , McQueen posts a reward for the boy 's return , which Nancy hopes to claim . 189 7 `` The Wild Boy ( Part 2 ) '' Victor French Vince R. Gutierrez November 8 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 08 ) 8458 Laura has taught Matthew , Jenny and Mr. Edwards sign language and Matthew has become accepted by many of the adults and children of the town . However , Nancy , whose mind is focused on the large reward , leads McQueen to Mr. Edwards . This initiates a custody battle between McQueen and Mr. Edwards . The judge initially decides to have Matthew placed in a mental hospital for his protection , but after a heartfelt and tearful speech by Mr. Edwards , he allows Matthew to stay with him in Walnut Grove as long as he keeps it quiet . 190 8 `` The Return of Nellie '' Maury Dexter Don Balluck November 15 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 15 ) 8459 Nellie returns to Walnut Grove , and most of her family try to make it the best visit ever . But what will happen if Nancy does not get the attention she normally gets ? Note : This is the final appearance of Alison Arngrim as Nellie . 191 9 `` The Empire Builders '' Joseph Pevney Larry Jensen November 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 22 ) 8460 The railroad is coming to Walnut Grove , and with it the promise of jobs and economic growth . But that joy turns sour when the townspeople learn the side effects : the railroad needs property easements , forcing many farmers from their homes , and plenty of ill repute to boot . 192 10 `` Love '' Victor Lobl Paul W. Cooper November 29 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 29 ) 8462 Jane ( Jill Schoelen ) , a childhood friend of Laura 's who attended the blind school , visits Walnut Grove and falls in love with Mr. Edwards . He encourages Jane to have a new surgical treatment which restores her sight , and her feelings for him do not change when she sees he is much older than her . Mr. Edwards also loves Jane , but he faces hostile opinion in town , and when Laura is reluctant to offer her unqualified support for their love match , he rejects Jane and she leaves town . 193 11 `` Alden 's Dilemma '' Maury Dexter Don Balluck December 6 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 06 ) 8461 A traveling minister is planning a surprise for Rev. Alden ; he is arranging a house for him in Walnut Grove . But this truth does not come to light until Rev. Alden concludes his congregation is planning to leave him . 194 12 `` Marvin 's Garden '' Michael Rhodes Michael Landon January 3 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 03 ) 8463 An aging doctor ( Ralph Bellamy ) is losing his sight and knows he will soon have to retire . Meanwhile , Jenny nearly drowns while looking for her locket in the lake . Her brain is partly damaged and she is unable to walk , talk and use her hands . Dr. Marvin convinces Laura to let Jenny help him with his garden to rehabilitate . She turns out to be his last patient . Note : The main theme to this episode 's original score would later serve as the theme music to Michael Landon 's next series , Highway To Heaven . 195 13 `` Sins of the Fathers '' Victor French E.F. Wallengren January 10 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 10 ) 8464 Sarah Carter 's imposing father visits Walnut Grove , demanding they move back to New York City . Sarah will not listen and she is finally allowed to stay with her family in Walnut Grove . Note : Victor French and Dean Butler do not appear . 196 14 `` The Older Brothers '' Victor French Michael Landon January 17 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 17 ) 8455 Mr. Edwards , and later , Almanzo and John , become mixed up with the criminal activities of a bumbling gang of outlaws . Notes : An episode of Bonanza , titled `` The Younger Brothers ' Younger Brother '' , had a story with a similar theme to this episode . Both episodes were written by Michael Landon . Guest stars : Geoffrey Lewis , Robert Donner , Timothy Scott 197 15 `` Once Upon a Time '' Maury Dexter Don Balluck January 24 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 24 ) 8465 At Almanzo 's urging , Laura enters a writing contest and produces a novel about the Ingalls family which Almanzo and Jenny love . After travelling with Jenny to Minneapolis , Laura learns that she has won the contest and she is offered the opportunity to have her novel published . She reluctantly agrees to changes which the publishers want to make , but Jenny convinces Laura that the new version is not as good as her original and should not be published . Note : As the episode ends , Michael Landon narrates a flashforward ( taken from `` The Little House Years '' ) , in which his daughter Shawna Landon is the little girl running into the public library to read Laura Ingalls Wilder 's third book , Little House on the Prairie . In real life , Laura did not start writing the ' Little House ' books until she was in her fifties , encouraged to do so by her daughter Rose , who was by then herself a successful journalist and author . 198 / 199 16 / 17 `` Home Again ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' Michael Landon Michael Landon February 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) 8467 / 033210 Charles and Albert return to Walnut Grove after Albert has repeated run - ins with the law for curfew violations and theft . It is soon discovered that Albert is hooked on morphine , which increasingly causes his behavior to be violent and eventually leads Charles to take drastic measures to help his son withdraw from the drug . Notes : Originally aired as a two - hour episode . In both syndication and the Lionsgate / NBC DVD , it is shown as a two - part episode . Final series appearances of Michael Landon and Matthew Laborteaux , who both return in the post-series movies . 200 18 `` A Child with No Name '' Victor French Don Balluck February 14 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 14 ) 8466 `` In the late summer of 1889 '' , Almanzo and Laura 's newborn son dies overnight from no obvious cause at only a week old . Without any real reason , Laura blames Doc Baker for the baby 's death and his reputation and business is badly damaged , so he decides to leave Walnut Grove . Then Rose becomes sick with smallpox and , against Laura 's wishes , Almanzo calls in Doc Baker , who has to stay with them in quarantine . After Rose recovers , Laura acknowledges that she had been wrong and that Doc Baker is a good doctor , and she persuades him to stay . Note : This is the final appearance of Ketty Lester as Hester - Sue Terhune . 201 19 `` The Last Summer '' Maury Dexter Duke Sandefur February 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 21 ) 8469 Jason begins doing odd jobs for an aging woman , Ruthy Leland ( Vera Miles ) . Sarah becomes jealous over the blossoming friendship , until Ruthy reveals her that she is dying . Jason makes plenty of happy memories with his friend before her death . Note : Victor French and Dean Butler do not appear . 202 20 `` For the Love of Blanche '' Michael Landon Michael Landon March 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 07 ) 8470 Mr. Edwards promises to care for a dying traveler 's `` baby , '' only to discover it to be an orangutan named Blanche , which makes quick friends with everyone except Nancy , who tries to swat the animal , only for it to fight back . Mrs. Oleson wants Blanche killed , but Mr. Edwards devises a plan to trick them into thinking Blanche is dead . Mr. Edwards decides that Blanche needs to live in a zoo . Later , Blanche saves Rose from a potentially deadly house fire that Jenny puts out , and when Jenny tells the story at school , Nancy finds out that Blanche is still alive . Mrs. Oleson demands that the sheriff make sure Blanche is dead this time , but the ape hides in a tree until the arrival of the zookeeper , who convinces the sheriff and Mrs. Oleson to let Blanche live . 203 21 `` May I Have This Dance ? '' Victor French Chris Abbott March 14 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 14 ) 8471 Willie graduates and his mother expects him to go on to college , but Willie has fallen in love with his girlfriend Rachel Brown , and wants to get married and take over the running of the family 's restaurant . Mrs. Oleson opposes his plans and cruelly insults Rachel , and when Willie stands up to his mother and defends Rachel against her , she vows not to show up at the wedding . In the event , she does go , but theatrically dressed in black funeral clothes . Nels later reminds Harriet that his mother similarly opposed their marriage , and he says he has never regretted it . Meanwhile , Mrs. Flannery , a childless elderly friend of Laura 's , passes away after gifting her big house to Laura and Almanzo , who set about turning it into a boardinghouse , and Willie and Rachel move in as their first boarders . Note : This is the first appearance of Rachel Brown - Oleson ( Sherri Stoner ) , who also appears in the series finale and the three subsequent TV movies . 204 22 `` Hello and Goodbye '' Michael Landon Don Balluck March 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 21 ) 8472 Matthew 's natural father arrives in Walnut Grove , wanting to reclaim custody after years of searching for him . Initially , Matthew is angry that his parents abandoned him as a baby , but , after learning why they did it and receiving a gift of his late mother 's bible , Mr. Edwards helps him to decide to leave town to live with his father . A devastated Mr. Edwards decides he will move into Laura 's new boarding house , where a multi-talented English writer named Sherwood Montague has also taken up residence . Note : At the conclusion of the 1982 - 83 season , Michael Landon and NBC jointly decided to end the series . Despite still ranking in the top 30 programs , Little House had two consecutive years of declining ratings , and Landon had not imagined the series lasting long enough for Laura to become an independent , married woman . To wrap up the storylines , three TV movies were aired in the following television season . This is the last appearance of Harriet Oleson ( Katherine MacGregor ) , who does not appear in the post-series movies . Also this is the first appearance of Sherwood Montague , who appears in the three post movies . Post-series movie specials ( 1983 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) The first special ( not counting the pilot movie ) was a three - hour reminiscent look - back in season six called The Little House Years . No. in series Title Director Writer ( s ) Air date Production code Special # 2 Little House on the Prairie : Look Back to Yesterday Victor French Vince R. Gutierrez December 12 , 1983 ( 1983 - 12 - 12 ) 8486 In Burr Oak , Iowa , Charles gets a promotion as a Purchasing Agent , and he takes Albert with him on a buying trip to Minnesota . En route , they stop at the University of Minnesota where Albert plans on pursuing his medical endeavours , then they reunite with family and old friends in Walnut Grove . Albert finds romance with a girl called Michele Pierson , and Charles encourages the local farmers to start a cooperative to enable them to compete with the big farms . However , Albert starts suffering from serious nosebleeds and exhaustion and is diagnosed with leukemia . Ultimately , he chooses to go back to Walnut Grove , where he spends his time making special memories and receives the offer of a four - year scholarship from the university he had planned on attending . Finally , Albert , Laura and Michele join Miss Plum and the local school children in their annual climb to ' the keepsake tree ' at the top of Harper 's Bluff , where they join hands and raise them in a celebratory salute . Notes : This is the final appearance of Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert . Originally aired as a 95 - minute movie ( excluding commercials ) , when offered in syndication , it may be shown either in two parts or in its entirety . Special # 3 Little House : Bless All the Dear Children Victor French Chris Abbott - Fish December 17 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 17 ) 0407 Just before Christmas in 1896 , Laura and Almanzo and Mr. Edwards are shopping for gifts in Mankato when Rose is kidnapped by a grief - stricken mother , prompting a desperate search . A young orphan boy , Sam , stows away in their wagon and becomes a key player in the search and its happy outcome . Meanwhile , in Walnut Grove , Nels tries to get Nancy to contribute to the Olesons ' Christmas but later regrets it ; Jason tries to earn money for gifts with a Christmas tree delivery service which nobody wants ; and Mr. Montague tries to avoid all the seasonal customs but ends up saving the Carters ' Christmas . Notes : Originally aired as a 95 - minute movie ( excluding commercials ) , when offered in syndication , it is shown either in two parts or in its entirety . The movie was originally intended to air in December 1983 but was not aired until December 1984 , 10 months after the official `` finale '' , Little House : The Last Farewell . In its original NBC telecast , Bless All the Dear Children ranked 18th of 65 programs in the weekly Nielsen ratings , with an 18.2 rating and 27 % share of the audience . Special # 4 Little House : The Last Farewell Michael Landon Michael Landon February 10 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 10 ) 0400 Charles and Caroline visit Walnut Grove and are pleased to be able to stay in the ' Little House ' when John and Sarah Carter go out of town . Then the townspeople learn that a land development tycoon , Nathan Lassiter ( James Karen ) , has acquired title to all the land in Hero Township , which they had believed to be homesteading land . Having failed to defeat his claim on legal grounds and even with guns against an army cavalry unit , the townspeople are inspired by Laura to vent their anger at what they see as an injustice , and they decide upon a drastic plan of action . When Lassiter arrives to claim the town , he finds all the town buildings dynamited , and the townsfolk leave to start new lives elsewhere , as many of them have done before . He is forced to relent , however , when he is told that the leaders and businessmen of other nearby towns , having heard what happened in Walnut Grove , announce they will do the same thing . As Lassiter walks off in defeat , Reverend Alden loudly proclaims that Walnut Grove did not die in vain , prompting a huge celebration . Note : Originally aired as a 95 - minute movie ( excluding commercials ) . When offered in syndication , it is shown either in two parts or in its entirety . In its original NBC telecast , The Last Farewell finished 9th of 59 programs in the weekly Nielsen ratings with a 22.0 rating and 32 % share of the audience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/06/arts/prairie-set-is-dynamited-for-finale.html Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/84-OCR/BC-1984-12-31-OCR-Page-0110.pdf#search=%22paper%20dolls%22 Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/84-OCR/BC-1984-02-20-OCR-Page-0082.pdf#search=%22little%20house%20last%20farewell%22 External links ( edit ) Little House on the Prairie on IMDb Little House on the Prairie at TV.com Little House on the Prairie at epguides.com ( hide ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_House_on_the_Prairie_episodes&oldid=834227221 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American Western television series episodes Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	little house on the prairie christmas blizzard episode	[ "\n\nNo. in series\nNo. in season\nTitle\nDirector\nWriter(s)\nAir date\nProduction code\n\n\n47\n1\n\"The Collection\"\nMichael Landon\nArthur Heinemann\nSeptember 27, 1976 (1976-09-27)\n3008\n\n\n\nReverend Alden gets badly hurt while on his way to collect donations for a struggling town in another part of his parish. Caleb Hodgekiss, an ex-convict, finds him and takes him to his house where his wife takes care of him. Hodgekiss volunteers to get the donations from Walnut Grove, but plans to take the donations for himself. However, his experiences with the people of Walnut Grove, especially Mary, bring about a change of heart.\nGuest stars: Johnny Cash, June Carter Cash\n\n\n48\n2\n\"Bunny\"\nMichael Landon\nMichael Landon\nOctober 4, 1976 (1976-10-04)\n3001\n\n\n\nNellie has been mis-treating Bunny, who was Laura's horse until she sold it to Mr. Oleson (in \"Christmas at Plum Creek\"). When Nellie falls off the horse and appears to be seriously injured, Mrs. Oleson blames Laura and wants Bunny to be destroyed, so Laura takes Bunny and hides him. Nellie exploits Laura's guilty feelings, but then Laura makes a discovery which leads to a comeuppance for Nellie, and Bunny becomes Laura's horse again.\nGuest star: Eric Shea\n\n\n49\n3\n\"The Race\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nJohn V. Hanrahan\nOctober 11, 1976 (1976-10-11)\n3005\n\n\n\nIn the Hero Township horse race, Laura and her horse Bunny go head-to-head with Nellie and her new thoroughbred, which Mrs. Oleson has bought for her, against the wishes of Nels. Laura has to battle all kinds of adversity and needs a pep-talk from her Pa when she begins to feel sorry for herself. However, Nellie does not properly prepare for the race, so the stage is set for a close finish.\nNote: On the original Lionsgate/NBC DVD set, this episode is placed before \"Bunny\". However, this results in the changes in ownership of Bunny not following their correct sequence. This sequencing error was corrected on the \"Deluxe Remastered Edition\" which bears a 2014 copyright date.\n\n\n50\n4\n\"Little Girl Lost\"\nMichael Landon\nPaul W. Cooper\nOctober 18, 1976 (1976-10-18)\n3006\n\n\n\nCarrie goes along with Laura and Mary when they go out collecting insects for a school project, but Carrie wanders off and falls into an abandoned mine shaft. As the townspeople battle to find a way to rescue her, Lars Hanson clashes with the man he blames for the death of the woman he loved.\nGuest star: John Ireland\n\n\n51\n5\n\"The Monster of Walnut Grove\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nJohn Hawkins\nNovember 1, 1976 (1976-11-01)\n3007\n\n\nLaura's imagination runs wild on Halloween when she sees Nels apparently cutting off Mrs. Oleson's head, but only Carl will believe her. Laura makes the mistake of telling Nellie and Willie, and they have some fun at Laura's expense.\n\n\n52\n6\n\"Journey in the Spring (Part 1)\"\nMichael Landon\nMichael Landon\nNovember 15, 1976 (1976-11-15)\n3011\n\n\n\nWhen Charles' mother passes away, he travels to Wisconsin and persuades his father, Lansford Ingalls (Arthur Hill), to go back with him to Walnut Grove. While staying with Charles and his family, Lansford begins to form a special relationship with Laura, and this is strengthened when he tells Laura that she was named after her grandmother, Lansford's wife.\nNote: This is the first appearance of Matthew Laborteaux and Hersha Parady. In flashback scenes, Laborteaux plays young Charles Ingalls, and Parady plays Eliza Anne Ingalls, Charles' sister-in-law. Both actors later joined the cast playing other characters, Parady in season four as Alice Garvey and Matthew Laborteaux in season five as Albert Quinn Ingalls, the Ingalls' adopted son.\n\n\n53\n7\n\"Journey in the Spring (Part 2)\"\nMichael Landon\nMichael Landon\nNovember 22, 1976 (1976-11-22)\n3012\n\n\n\nLaura continues to remind her grandfather, Lansford, of his deceased wife, and their relationship continues to grow. However, it falls into jeopardy when Bunny, Laura's horse, is badly injured and has to be put down. Laura's grief becomes anger against Lansford, which makes him go away without warning, but that brings about a change of heart in a repentant Laura.\nNote: It is mentioned in \"The Little House Years\" special during Season 6 that Lansford Ingalls died.\n\n\n54\n8\n\"Fred\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nRobert Vincent Wright\nNovember 29, 1976 (1976-11-29)\n3002\n\n\nLaura is tricked into adopting a \"unique\" billy goat, named Fred, but he quickly becomes unpopular when he helps himself to the Ingalls family's crops and exhibits a particularly unpopular behaviour. Laura is instructed to get rid of her new pet, but that proves to be difficult.\n\n\n55\n9\n\"The Bully Boys\"\nVictor French\nB.W. Sandefur\nDecember 6, 1976 (1976-12-06)\n3009\n\n\n\nThe Galender brothers settle in Walnut Grove, causing trouble for the entire community by intimidating and terrorizing the inhabitants. When Caroline becomes one of their victims, Charles decides to take action.\nGuest stars: Geoffrey Lewis, Roy Jenson\n\n\n56\n10\n\"The Hunters\"\nMichael Landon\nHarold Swanton\nDecember 20, 1976 (1976-12-20)\n3003\n\n\n\nCharles is seriously injured while on a hunting trip with Laura. The only person she can find to help her is Sam (Burl Ives), who is almost blind, but still able to find his way in the forest. Together, they manage to get Charles to Sam's cabin and then they go out to find medical help.\nNote: Originally shown as a 90-minute episode, in syndication, it is shown in two parts.\n\n\n57\n11\n\"Blizzard\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nPaul W. Cooper\nDecember 27, 1976 (1976-12-27)\n3013\n\n\nWhen a serious snowstorm threatens to strand the children in the schoolhouse on the last day before Christmas vacation, Miss Beadle dismisses the children early. Unfortunately, many are unable to get home and the men of Walnut Grove must organize a search party. But for one particular family, it will not be a merry Christmas.\n\n\n58\n12\n\"I'll Ride the Wind\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nPaul W. Cooper\nJanuary 10, 1977 (1977-01-10)\n3010\n\n\nJohn is offered a scholarship in Chicago that will allow him to live his dream of becoming a writer. This causes Mary and John much heartache, as they must decide whether to remain together or risk a separation for the sake of John's career.\n\n\n59\n13\n\"Quarantine\"\nVictor French\nJohn Hawkins\nJanuary 17, 1977 (1977-01-17)\n3015\n\n\nMr. Edwards and Doc Baker provide help to a nearby town during a mountain fever epidemic. When Mr. Edwards returns, Walnut Grove is placed under quarantine and Alicia, Mr. Edward's adopted daughter, becomes ill with the disease. Laura, unaware of the danger, visits the Edwards' home and helps nurse her friend back to health.\n\n\n60\n14\n\"Little Women\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nDale Eunson\nJanuary 24, 1977 (1977-01-24)\n3014\n\n\nWhile Laura and Mary prepare a play for school with Ginny Clark, they learn that Ginny wants her mother, who is a single parent, to date again. Ginny decides to use the play to help her mom gain the confidence necessary to meet new people.\n\n\n61\n15\n\"Injun Kid\"\nVictor French\nArthur Heinemann\nJanuary 31, 1977 (1977-01-31)\n3004\n\n\n\nAfter the death of his father, Joseph Strokes, the half-breed son of a Sioux Indian and a white woman, moves to Walnut Grove. Joseph and his mother move in with her father, Jeremy. However, the old man rejects Joseph because he feels angry and ashamed that his daughter married an Indian. After Joseph gets attacked by bullies, his grandfather has a change of heart and shows up at school to reveal Joseph's father.\nGuest star: Willie Aames\n\n\n62\n16\n\"To Live with Fear (Part 1)\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nB.W. Sandefur\nFebruary 14, 1977 (1977-02-14)\n3016\n\n\n\nMary is severely injured when a horse kicks her in the stomach while she is putting him away in the barn. When her condition deteriorates, it becomes clear she needs an expensive surgery to save her life. Charles and Mr. Edwards are forced to take dynamiting jobs for the railroad to fund the surgery.\nGuest star: James B. Sikking\n\n\n63\n17\n\"To Live with Fear (Part 2)\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nJohn Hawkins\nFebruary 21, 1977 (1977-02-21)\n3017\n\n\nMary needs more surgery, something that weighs heavily on Charles' mind as he feverishly works to earn enough money for his daughter's surgery. Eventually, a fatigued Charles causes an accident that traps him and a co-worker inside. Mr. Edwards leads a harried but courageous effort to save the two men's lives.\n\n\n64\n18\n\"The Wisdom of Solomon\"\nWilliam F. Claxton\nScott Swanton\nMarch 7, 1977 (1977-03-07)\n3019\n\n\nSolomon Henry (Todd Bridges), an 11-year-old black boy, runs away from his family because he is tired of being treated differently. He lives with the Ingalls family for a while and during his stay is pleased to be able to attend school.\n\n\n65\n19\n\"The Music Box\"\nMichael Landon\nRobert Janes\nMarch 14, 1977 (1977-03-14)\n3020\n\n\n\nNellie discovers that Laura has \"borrowed\" a music box from her room and decides to blackmail her. In order to stay quiet about Laura's crime, Nellie demands that Laura abandon her new friend Anna (Katy Kurtzman), who has a stutter, and join her new club. Eventually, Charles discovers what happens and teaches Laura a lesson about lying. In the end, Nellie gets her comeuppance, as well.\nNote: Katy Kurtzman also plays the young Caroline Holbrook in season 4 ep. 16 \"I remember, I remember\"\n\n\n66\n20\n\"The Election\"\nVictor French\nB.W. Sandefur\nMarch 21, 1977 (1977-03-21)\n3018\n\n\n\nThe school holds an election for school president. Mary, Nellie and Elmer, an unpopular boy amongst the children, are in the running. Mary drops out of the race when she realizes Elmer is the best person for the job.\nNotes: This is Leslie Landon's second appearance in the series. In this episode, she plays Kate, a student who votes for Nellie Oleson. (She also appears in season one's \"Plague\", season six's \"The Third Miracle\", and joins the cast in season nine, as Etta Plum.) Landon's real-life son Michael Landon, Jr. also appears, as student \"Jim\", the blonde boy who votes for Mary Ingalls.\n\n\n67/68\n21/22\n\"Gold Country\"\nMichael Landon\nJohn Hawkins & B.W. Sandefur\nApril 4, 1977 (1977-04-04)\n3021/3022\n\n\n\nWhen heavy rains make it impossible to plant their crops, the Ingalls and Edwards families head west to pan for gold. The promise of becoming rich is realized by only a lucky few, which leads to ill-feeling, lawlessness and even deaths. Laura and Carl come across an ex-miner who has seen the ill-effects of the search for gold and lives like a hermit. Eventually, seeing the bad effect it is having on others, Charles and Mr. Edwards realize that they have riches enough, in the shape of their loving families, and they decide to go home.\nNotes: Originally aired as a two-hour episode, in syndication, it is shown in two parts. This is the last appearance of Victor French until he makes a guest appearance in season six. This is the final appearance of Brian Part as Carl Edwards; the character returns for \"A Promise to Keep\" in season eight, but is played by a different actor.\n\n" ]	[ "\"Blizzard\"" ]
212405390052543341	And Then There Were None	And then there were None - wikipedia And then there were None This article is about the book . For other uses , see And Then There Were None ( disambiguation ) . And Then There Were None Cover of first UK 1939 edition by Stephen Bellman with original title Author Agatha Christie Original title Ten Little Niggers Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Mystery , crime , psychological thriller Horror Publisher Collins Crime Club Publication date 6 November 1939 Pages 272 Preceded by Murder Is Easy Followed by Sad Cypress Website And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie , her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write . It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 , as Ten Little Niggers , after the British blackface song , which serves as a major plot point . The US edition was released in January 1940 with the title And Then There Were None . All successive American reprints and adaptations use that title , which is taken from the last five words of the song . It is Christie 's best - selling novel , with more than 100 million copies sold ; it is also the world 's best - selling mystery and one of the best - selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best - selling title . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Literary significance and reception 4 Current published version of the rhyme 4.1 19th Century original verses 5 The title 6 Publication history 7 Possible inspirations 8 Adaptations 8.1 Film 8.2 Radio 8.3 Stage 8.4 Television 8.5 Other media 8.6 Timeline of adaptations 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) On a hot 8th of August in the late 1930s , eight people arrive on a small , isolated island off the Devon coast of England . Each has an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances , such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday . They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers , the butler and cook - housekeeper , who state that their hosts , Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen , whom they have not yet met in person , have not arrived , but left instructions , which strikes all the guests as odd . A framed copy of a nursery rhyme , `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( called `` Ten Little Indians '' or `` Ten Little Soldiers '' in later editions ) , hangs in every guest 's room , and ten figurines sit on the dining room table . After supper , a gramophone ( or `` phonograph '' ) record is played ; the recording describes each visitor in turn , accuses each of having committed murder but escaping justice , and then asks if any of `` the accused '' wishes to offer a defence . All but Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard deny the charges , and Miss Brent refuses to discuss the matter . They discover that none of them actually knows the Owens , and Justice Wargrave concludes that the name `` U.N. Owen '' is shorthand for `` Unknown '' . After the recording , Marston finishes his drink and immediately dies from cyanide poisoning . The remaining guests notice that one of the ten figurines is now broken , and the nursery rhyme appears to reflect the manner of death ( `` One choked his little self and then there were nine '' ) . The next morning , Mrs Rogers ' corpse is found in her bed ; she had died in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate . By lunchtime , General MacArthur is found dead , from a heavy blow to his head . Two more figurines are found to be broken , and again the deaths parallel the rhyme . Miss Brent relates the account of the gramophone charge against her to Vera Claythorne , who later tells the others . A search for Mr Owen shows that nobody else is on the island except the remaining seven . The island is a `` bare rock '' with no hiding places , and no one could have arrived or left ; thus , they conclude that any one of the seven remaining persons is the killer . Wargrave leads the group in determining that so far , none of them can definitively be ruled out as the murderer . The next morning , Rogers is found dead while chopping wood , and after breakfast , Miss Brent is found dead in the kitchen , where she had been left alone after complaining of feeling unwell ; she had been injected with potassium cyanide via a hypodermic needle . Wargrave then suggests searching all the rooms , and any potentially dangerous items they can think of are locked up . Lombard 's gun is missing from his room . When Vera goes upstairs to take a bath , she is shocked by the touch and smell of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams ; the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room . Wargrave , however , is still downstairs . The others find him seated , immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge . Wargrave is examined briefly by Dr Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead . That night , Lombard appears surprised when he finds his gun returned to his room . Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail . He then discovers Armstrong is absent from his room , and the remaining three guests conclude that Armstrong must be the killer . Vera , Blore , and Lombard decide to stay together at all times . In the morning , they signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight , but receive no reply . Blore then returns to the house for food by himself and is killed by a heavy bear - shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera 's window sill , crushing his skull . Vera and Lombard are now confident that Armstrong is the killer . However , shortly afterwards , the duo come upon Armstrong 's body washed up on the beach . They realize that Armstrong could not have killed Blore . Panicked , each concludes the other must be the killer . Quickly regaining her composure , Vera suggests moving the doctor 's body past the shore , but this is a pretext . She lifts Lombard 's gun . When Lombard lunges at her to get it back , she shoots him dead . She returns to the house in a shaken dreamlike state , relieved to be alive . She finds a noose and chair arranged in her room , and a strong smell of the sea . With visions of her former lover Hugo urging her on , she adjusts the noose and kicks the chair out from under her . Two Scotland Yard officials are puzzled by the identity of UN Owen . Although they can partially reconstruct the deaths from Marston to Wargrave with the help of the victims ' diaries and a coroner 's careful report , they conclude that UN Owen was one of the victims , but are unable to determine which one . The chair on which Vera stood to hang herself had been set back upright , indicating that someone was still alive on the island after her suicide , presumably the killer . Postscript from the Killer In a postscript , a fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets ; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings , which is then sent to Scotland Yard . It is not clear how long after the killings the bottle was discovered . In the confession , Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder . His victims would be of his choosing , as they were not found guilty in a trial . He explains how he tricked Dr Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would help the group identify the killer . He also explains that he replaced the chair in Vera 's room . Finally , he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests ' diaries . Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery , he acknowledges in the missive a `` pitiful human need '' for recognition , hence the confession . He describes how his first victim was Isaac Morris , the sleazy lawyer and drugs trafficker who anonymously purchased the island and arranged the invitations on his behalf , making nine murders and two suicides. Morris was poisoned before Wargrave departed for the island . Wargrave 's intention is to stymie the police as to which person on the island was the murderer . He states that , although there are three clues that could guide the police to the correct killer , he is confident they will be unable to find them and that the mystery will remain unsolved until the confession is read . Characters ( edit ) The following details of the characters are based on the original novel published in England . Anthony James Marston , an amoral and irresponsible young man , killed two young children ( John and Lucy Combes ) while driving recklessly , for which he felt no real remorse and accepted no personal responsibility , complaining only that his driving licence had been suspended as a result . He was the first island victim . Mrs Ethel Rogers , the cook / housekeeper and Thomas Rogers ' wife , described as a pale and ghost - like woman who walks in mortal fear . She was dominated by her bullying husband , who coerced her into agreeing to withhold the medicine of a former employer ( Miss Jennifer Brady , an elderly spinster ) in order that they might collect an inheritance they knew she had left them in her will . Mrs Rogers was the second victim . General John Gordon MacArthur , a retired World War I war hero , who sent his late wife 's lover ( a younger officer , Arthur Richmond ) to his death by assigning him to a mission where it was practically guaranteed he would not survive . Leslie MacArthur had mistakenly put the wrong letters in the envelopes on one occasion when she wrote to both men at the same time . The general tells Vera that no one will leave the island alive . Thomas Rogers , the butler and Ethel Rogers ' husband . He dominated his weak - willed wife , and they killed their former elderly employer by withholding her medicine , causing the woman to die from heart failure , thus inheriting the money she bequeathed them in her will . Despite his wife 's death , Rogers was still serving the others . Emily Caroline Brent , an elderly , religiously rigid , socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints . Years earlier , she had dismissed her teenage maid , Beatrice Taylor , for becoming pregnant out of wedlock . Beatrice , who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason , drowned herself , which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin . The murderer put a bee into the room , in addition to murder by poison . ( `` A bumblebee stung one ... '' ) Dr Edward George Armstrong , a Harley Street doctor , responsible for the death of a patient , Louisa Mary Clees , after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier . William Henry Blore , a former police inspector and now a private investigator , was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang , which resulted in an innocent man , James Landor , being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment . Landor , who had a wife and young child , died shortly afterwards in prison . He arrived under the alias `` Davis '' from South Africa , on the island for `` security work '' . His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording . He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording , but later admits the truth to Lombard . Philip Lombard , a soldier of fortune . Literally down to his last square meal , he comes to the island with a loaded revolver , as suggested by his invitation letter . Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen , after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths . Neither he nor Marston feels any remorse . He is the only one to theorize that UN Owen might be Wargrave , but the others reject this . He and Vera are the only victims not killed by Justice Wargrave . Vera Elizabeth Claythorne , a cool , efficient , resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third - rate girls ' school . Her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge , Cyril Hamilton . Claythorne let the boy drown so his uncle Hugo Hamilton could inherit the family estate and marry her . Hugo rejected her when he somehow realized what she had done . Justice Lawrence John Wargrave , a retired judge , known as a `` hanging judge '' for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases . Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton , a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman , and sentencing him to death unfairly . As the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard , new evidence after Seton 's execution proved Seton 's guilt . He admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to kill , but only the guilty . Finding himself terminally ill , he devises and carries out this plot . Isaac Morris is an unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island ( under the name UN Owen ) , arrange the gramophone recording , and make arrangements on his behalf , including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard , to whom he gave some money to get by and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island . Morris 's is the first death , as he died before the guests arrived on the island . Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities . The victim was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave . He accepts Wargrave 's lethal cocktail of pills , as something that would help him . Fred Narracott , the boatman who delivered the guests to the island . After doing so , he does not appear again in the story , although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who , sensing something seriously amiss , returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed , before he was scheduled to do , and found the bodies . Maine speculates that it was the normalcy and ordinariness of the guests that convinced Narracott to do so and ignore his orders to dismiss any signals requesting help . Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine , two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in the epilogue . They reason out the events of the case , but are stymied as to which was the murderer until the confession comes to light . Literary significance and reception ( edit ) Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939 , Maurice Percy Ashley stated , `` If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders ... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full - length novel . Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer '' , he continued . `` It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly . '' For The New York Times Book Review ( 25 February 1940 ) , Isaac Anderson has arrived to the point where `` the voice '' accuses the ten `` guests '' of their past crimes , which have all resulted in the deaths of human , and then said , `` When you read what happens after that you will not believe it , but you will keep on reading , and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading . The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating . It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written , and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory . We are referring , of course , to mysteries that have logical explanations , as this one has . It is a tall story , to be sure , but it could have happened . '' Many compared the book to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) . For instance , an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said , `` Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie , but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending . With And Then There Were None ... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising ... is , indeed , considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level . '' Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings . Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observer 's issue of 5 November 1939 which began , `` No wonder Agatha Christie 's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance . We will refrain , however , from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best , most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written . We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly , as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody , and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure . '' After stating the set - up of the plot , Richardson concluded , `` Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie 's baleful form . Her plot may be highly artificial , but it is neat , brilliantly cunning , soundly constructed , and free from any of those red - herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work . '' Robert Barnard , a recent critic , concurred with the reviews , describing the book as `` Suspenseful and menacing detective - story - cum - thriller . The closed setting with the succession of deaths is here taken to its logical conclusion , and the dangers of ludicrousness and sheer reader - disbelief are skillfully avoided . Probably the best - known Christie , and justifiably among the most popular . '' The original title of the mystery ( Ten Little Niggers ) has been changed because it was offensive in English - speaking countries and some others . Few critics have opined that Christie 's original title and the setting on `` Nigger Island '' ( later changed to `` Indian Island '' and `` Soldier Island '' , variously ) may be integral to the work . These aspects of the novel , argues Alison Light , `` could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling ' otherness ' , a place where revelations about the ' dark side ' of the English would be appropriate . '' Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness , `` Christie 's location is both more domesticated and privatized , taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery . If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears , it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment . '' In the `` Binge ! '' article of Entertainment Weekly Issue # 1343 - 44 ( 26 December 2014 -- 3 January 2015 ) , the writers picked And Then There Were None as an `` EW favorite '' on the list of the `` Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Current published version of the rhyme ( edit ) Main article : Ten Little Injuns Ten little Soldier Boys went out to dine ; One choked his little self and then there were nine . Nine little Soldier Boys sat up very late ; One overslept himself and then there were eight . Eight little Soldier Boys travelling in Devon ; One said he 'd stay there and then there were seven . Seven little Soldier Boys chopping up sticks ; One chopped himself in halves and then there were six . Six little Soldier Boys playing with a hive ; A bumblebee stung one and then there were five . Five little Soldier Boys going in for law ; One got in Chancery and then there were four . Four little Soldier Boys going out to sea ; A red herring swallowed one and then there were three . Three little Soldier Boys walking in the zoo ; A big bear hugged one and then there were two . Two little Soldier Boys sitting in the sun ; One got frizzled up and then there was one . One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went out and hanged himself and then there were none . 19th century original verses ( edit ) This children 's rhyme was originally written as songs in the 19th century , one in Britain in 1869 and one in the US in 1868 . 1869 & 1868 verses Ten Little Niggers ( Frank Green ) Ten Little Indians ( Septimus Winner ) Ten little nigger boys went out to dine One choked his little self , and then there were nine . Nine little nigger boys sat up very late One overslept himself , and then there were eight . Eight little nigger boys traveling in Devon One said he 'd stay there , and then there were seven . Seven little nigger boys chopping up sticks One chopped himself in half , and then there were six . Six little nigger boys playing with a hive A bumble - bee stung one , and then there were five . Five little nigger boys going in for law One got in chancery , and then there were four . Four little nigger boys going out to sea A red herring swallowed one , and then there were three . Three little nigger boys walking in the zoo A big bear hugged one , and then there were two . Two little nigger boys sitting in the sun One got frizzled up , and then there was one . One little nigger boys living all alone He went and hanged himself and then there were none . Ten little Injuns standin ' in a line , One toddled home and then there were nine ; Nine little Injuns swingin ' on a gate , One tumbled off and then there were eight . Refrain : One little , two little , three little , four little , five little Injuns boys , Six little , seven little , eight little , nine little , ten little Injuns boys . Eight little Injuns gayest under heav'n , One went to sleep and then there were seven ; Seven little Injuns cutting up their tricks , One broke his neck and then there were six . Six little Injuns kickin ' all alive , One kick 'd the bucket and then there were five ; Five little Injuns on a cellar door , One tumbled in and then there were four . Four little Injuns up on a spree , One he got fuddled and then there were three ; Three little Injuns out in a canoe , One tumbled overboard and then there were two . Two little Injuns foolin ' with a gun , One shot t'other and then there was one ; One little Injuns livin ' all alone , He got married and then there were none . The title ( edit ) Cover of first US 1940 edition with current title for all English - language versions . The novel was originally published in late 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously , in the United Kingdom and the United States . In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers , in book and newspaper serialized formats . The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939 . All of the instalments carried an illustration by `` Prescott '' with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story . The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions . The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence . In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None , again in both book and serial formats . Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK , due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture , where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture , rather than a fairly innocent rhyme for children to use when selecting one child for a game . The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May ( Volume 211 , Number 47 ) to 1 July 1939 ( Volume 212 , Number 1 ) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh , and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd , Mead and Company for $2 . In the original UK novel all references to `` Indians '' or `` Soldiers '' were originally `` Nigger '' , including the island 's name , the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors , and the ten figurines . ( In Chapter 7 , Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of `` our black brothers '' , which is understandable only in the context of the original name . ) UK editions changed to the current definitive title in 1985 . The word `` nigger '' was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century , and therefore the book 's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book , as did the 1945 motion picture . Publication history ( edit ) This is the best selling crime novel of all time , and what makes Agatha Christie the best selling novelist . It is Christie 's best - selling novel , with more than 100 million copies sold ; it is also the world 's best - selling mystery and one of the best - selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best - selling title . The book and its adaptations have been released under various new names since the original publication , including Ten Little Indians ( 1946 play , Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book ) , Ten Little Soldiers and official title per the Agatha Christie Limited website , And Then There Were None . UK editions continued to use the work 's original title until the 1980s ; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback . Christie , Agatha ( November 1939 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Collins Crime Club . OCLC 152375426 . Hardback , 256 pp. ( First edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( January 1940 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 1824276 . Hardback , 264 pp. ( First US edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Pocket Books ( Pocket number 261 ) . Paperback , 173 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1947 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Pan Books ( Pan number 4 ) . Paperback , 190 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1958 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Penguin Books ( Penguin number 1256 ) . Paperback , 201 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1963 ) . And Then There Were None . London : Fontana . OCLC 12503435 . Paperback , 190 pp . ( The 1985 reprint was the first UK publication of the novel under the title And Then There Were None . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . OCLC 29462459 . ( First publication of novel as Ten Little Indians . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Washington Square Press . Paperback , teacher 's edition . Christie , Agatha ( 1977 ) . Ten Little Niggers ( Greenway ed . ) . London : Collins Crime Club . ISBN 0 - 00 - 231835 - 0 . Collected works , Hardback , 252 pp. ( Except for reprints of the 1963 Fontana paperback , this was one of the last English - language publications of the novel under the title Ten Little Niggers . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1980 ) . The Mysterious Affair at Styles ; Ten Little Niggers ; Dumb Witness . Sydney : Lansdowne Press . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1453 - 5 . ( Late use of the original title in an Australian edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1986 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 55222 - 8 . ( Last publication of novel under the title Ten Little Indians . ) Foreign language editions The sensitivity of the original British title varies across nations , depending on their culture and which words are used to describe people by skin color . In the US , the British title was considered offensive at first publication , and changed to the last line of the rhyme instead of its title . As the estate of Agatha Christie now offers it under one title only in English , And Then There Were None , it is likely that new foreign language editions will match that title in their language . The original title ( Ten Little Niggers ) still survives in a few foreign - language versions of the novel , such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета , and was used in other languages for a time , for example in Dutch until the 1994 release of the 18th edition . The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign - language versions , for example in Spanish , Greek , Serbian , Romanian , French and Hungarian , as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят ( Desyat Negrityat ) . In 1999 , the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik ( And Then There Were None ) mid-run . Possible inspirations ( edit ) The 1930 novel The Invisible Host by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning has a plot that strongly matches that of Christie 's later novel , including a recorded voice announcing to the guests that their sins will be visited upon them by death . The Invisible Host was adapted as the 1930 Broadway The Ninth Guest by Owen Davis , which itself was adapted as the 1934 film The Ninth Guest . The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film A Study in Scarlet follows a strikingly similar plot ; it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint : `` Six little Indians ... bee stung one and then there were five '' . In this case , the rhyme refers to `` Ten Little Fat Boys '' . ( The film 's plot bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle 's original story of the same name . ) The author of the movie 's screenplay , Robert Florey , `` doubted that ( Christie ) had seen A Study in Scarlet , but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her '' . Adaptations ( edit ) And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie . It is the isolated location where all the players on scene are murdered , never knowing who their murderer is , that is the idea . `` It was an idea which is now the basis for many Hollywood horror films and has become a cliché to modern audiences , but it was Agatha Christie who was the first to do it and so successfully that the story has become her most adapted piece . '' She changed the bleak ending to a more palatable one for theatre audiences when she adapted the novel for the stage in 1943 . Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story , such as using Christie 's alternative ending from her stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island . With a plot line so well - known , parodies and references to the novel or the play are frequent . Many television programs use the essence of the plot , a group of characters cut off from the outside world with a murderer in their midst , but with innocent victims in place of guilty victims , and give no credit to Agatha Christie for the many differences in plot and motivation . Film ( edit ) There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel , some comedic . Examples include : And Then There Were None ( 1945 film ) , René Clair 's cinema adaptation , was a successful US production Ten Little Indians ( 1965 film ) , is George Pollock 's cinema adaptation Gumnaam ( 1965 , translation : Unknown or Anonymous ) is an Indian suspense thriller film adaptation . Five Dolls for an August Moon ( 1970 ) is a loose Italian giallo adaptation directed by Mario Bava . Nadu Iravil ( 1970 , translation : In the middle of the night ) , a Tamil adaptation directed by Sundaram Balachander And Then There Were None ( 1974 film ) , the first English - language colour version , directed by Peter Collinson Desyat ' Negrityat ( 1987 , Десять негритят , Eng : `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Stanislav Govorukhin 's Russian adaptation keeps intact Christie 's grim storyline and ending . Ten Little Indians , a 1989 American version directed by Alan Birkinshaw Aduthathu ( 2012 ) is a Tamil adaptation Aatagara ( 2015 ) is a Kannada film adaptation Radio ( edit ) The BBC broadcast `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( 1947 ) , adapted by Ayton Whitaker , first aired as a Monday Matinee on the BBC Home Service on 27 December 1947 and as Saturday Night Theatre on the BBC Light Programme on 29 December . On 13 November 2010 , as part of its Saturday Play series , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 90 - minute adaptation written by Joy Wilkinson . The production was directed by Mary Peate and featured , among others , Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave , Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne , Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard , John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong , and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent . In this production , which is extremely faithful to the novel , the rhyme is `` Ten Little Soldier Boys '' . Stage ( edit ) And Then There Were None ( 1943 play ) is Christie 's adaptation of the story for the stage . She and the producers agreed that audiences might not flock to a tale with such a grim ending as the novel , nor would it work well dramatically as there would be no one left to tell the story . Thus , she reworked the ending for Lombard and Vera to be innocent of the crimes of which they were accused , survive , and fall in love with each other . Some of the names were also changed , e.g. , General Macarthur became General McKenzie in both the New York and London productions . By 1943 , General Douglas MacArthur was playing a prominent role in the Pacific Theatre of World War II , which may explain the change of the character 's name . Regardless of the reason , it was changed . Ten little niggers ( 1944 play ) , Dundee Repertory Theatre Company was given special permission to restore the original ending of the novel . The company first performed a stage adaptation of the novel in August 1944 under the UK title of the novel , with Agatha Christie credited as the dramatist . It was the first performance in repertory theatre . It was staged again in 1965 . There was an article in the Dundee Evening Register in August 1944 And Then There Were None ( 2005 play ) , On 14 October 2005 , a new version of the play , written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Steven Pimlott , opened at the Gielgud Theatre in London . For this version , Elyot returned to the original story in the novel , restoring the nihilism of the original . Television ( edit ) Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television , three of which were British adaptations . The first of these , in 1949 , was produced by the BBC . The second was produced in 1959 , by ITV . Both of those productions aired with Christie 's original title . The third and most recent British adaptation aired as And Then There Were None on BBC One in December 2015 , as a mini-series produced in cooperation with Acorn Media and Agatha Christie Productions . The 2015 production adhered more closely to the original plot , though there were several differences , and was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the novel . On 25 and 26 March 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして誰もいなくなった ( Soshite daremo inakunatta ) , a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei ( 長坂秀佳 ) of the original story set in modern times . Other Media ( edit ) The novel has been the inspiration for several video games . For the Apple II , Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980 . On the PC , The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None in 2005 , the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels . In February 2008 , it was ported to the Wii console . The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book . The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott ( brother of Fred Naracott , who is involved in a newly created subplot ) , who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled . This allows for alternate , more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne . All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different . And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009 , adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq . Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book , created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría , and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado . Timeline of adaptations ( edit ) type Title Year Notes Film And Then There Were None 1945 American film and first cinema adaptation . Produced & directed by René Clair . TV Ten Little Niggers 1949 BBC television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Niggers 1959 ITV television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Indians 1959 NBC television production ( IMDb ) Film Ten Little Indians 1965 British film and second cinema adaptation . Directed by George Pollock and produced by Harry Alan Towers ; Pollock had previously handled four Miss Marple films starring Margaret Rutherford . Set in a mountain retreat in Austria . Film Gumnaam 1965 Loose , uncredited Hindi film adaptation , which adds the characteristic `` Bollywood '' elements of comedy , music and dance to Christie 's plot . TV Zehn kleine Negerlein 1969 West German television production ( IMDb ) Film 5 bambole per la luna d'agosto ( `` Five Dolls for an August Moon '' ) 1970 Loose , uncredited Italian giallo film adaptation written by Mario di Nardo and directed by Mario Bava . Film And Then There Were None English language film by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers . First English - language color film version of the novel , based on a screenplay by Towers ( writing as `` Peter Welbeck '' ) , who co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film . Set at a grand hotel in the Iranian desert . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) Télé Liban TV series directed by Jean Fayyad , TV Adaptation by Latifeh Moultaka . ( Facebook Page ) Film Desyat ' negrityat Десять негритят ( `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Russian film version produced / directed by Stanislav Govorukhin , notable for being the first cinema adaptation to keep the novel 's original plot and grim ending . Film Ten Little Indians British film , produced by Harry Alan Towers and directed by Alan Birkinshaw , set on safari in the African savannah . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) 2014 MTV Lebanon television production ( MTV ) TV And Then There Were None 2015 BBC One miniseries broadcast on three consecutive nights , directed by Craig Viveiros and adapted by Sarah Phelps . Similar to book , although not identical , with changes to backstories and actual murders on the island . TV Soshite Daremo Inakunatta 2017 Japanese TV Asahi miniseries broadcast on two consecutive nights , directed by Seiji Izumi and adapted by Hideka Nagasaka . ( TV Asahi ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British Library Item details '' . primocat.bl.uk . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` And Then There Were None '' . Agatha Christie Limited . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Ten Little Indian Boys '' . The Observer. 5 November 1939 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peers , Chris ; Spurrier , Ralph ; Sturgeon , Jamie ( 1999 ) . Collins Crime Club : a checklist of the first editions ( 2nd ed . ) . London , UK : Dragonby Press . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 871122 - 13 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pendergast , Bruce ( 2004 ) . Everyman 's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie . Victoria , BC : Trafford Publishing . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 2304 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Tribute to Agatha Christie -- The Classic Years : 1940 -- 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Helen ; Dorfman , Marjorie ; Fons , Mary ; Hawkins , Deborah ; Hintz , Martin ; Lundgren , Linnea ; Priess , David ; Clark Robinson , Julia ; Seaburn , Paul ; Stevens , Heidi ; Theunissen , Steve ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` 21 Best - Selling Books of All Time '' . Editors of Publications International , Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : The Crime Club . pp. 31 -- 32 . Original nursery rhyme Jump up ^ Ashley , Maurice Percy Ashley ( November 11 , 1939 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 658 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Isaac ( February 25 , 1940 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The New York Times Book Review . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . Toronto Daily Star . March 16 , 1940 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Robert ( 1990 ) . A Talent to Deceive -- an appreciation of Agatha Christie ( Revised ed . ) . Fontana Books . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 637474 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Light , Alison ( 1991 ) . Forever England : Femininity , Literature , and Conservatism Between the Wars . Routledge . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01661 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Binge ! Agatha Christie : Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1343 - 44 ) : 32 -- 33 . 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None : A Mystery Play in Three Acts . Samuel French . This line is sometimes replaced by One got left behind and then there were seven . Jump up ^ Note : In some versions the ninth verse reads Two little Soldier boys playing with a gun / One shot the other and then there was One . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( March 2008 ) . And Then There Were None . Harper - Collins . p. 276 . ASIN B000FC1RCI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074683 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ten Little Niggers , song written in 1869 by Frank Green , for music by Mark Mason , for the singer GW `` Pony '' Moore . Agatha Christie , for the purposes of her novel , changed the story of the last little boy `` One little nigger boy left all alone / He went out and hanged himself and then there were none '' . ^ Jump up to : Ten Little Indians , song by Septimus Winner , American lyricist residing in Philadelphia , published in July 1868 in London . Jump up ^ Holdings at the British Library ( Newspapers -- Colindale ) ; Shelfmark NPL LON LD3 / NPL LON MLD3 . ^ Jump up to : British National Bibliography for 1985 . British Library ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7123 - 1035 - 5 Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Cumulative Book List for 1977 . J Whitaker and Sons . 1978 . ISBN 0 - 85021 - 105 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` '' Zece negri mititei '' si `` Crima din Orient Express '' , azi cu `` Adevarul '' '' ( in Romanian ) . Adevarul.ro. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dix petits nègres , nouvelle édition : Livres : Agatha Christie '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie : Desať malých černoškov ... a napokon nezostal už nik '' . Snd.sk . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Owen . The Ninth Guest : A Mystery Melodrama In Three Acts , Samuel French & Co. , 1932 Jump up ^ Taves , Brian ( 1987 ) . Robert Florey , the French Expressionist . New Jersey : Scarecrow Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taves , Brian ( 1987 ) . Robert Florey , the French Expressionist . New Jersey : Scarecrow Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1929 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Tim ( 2007 ) . Mario Bava : All the Colors of the Dark . Video Watchdog . p. 812 . ISBN 0 - 9633756 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` Author of incredible reach '' . The Hindu . 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie e il cinema : un amore mai sbocciato del tutto '' ( in Italian ) . Comingsoon.it. 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aatagara is not a remake '' . Bangalore Mirror. 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1263 ) . 26 December 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Indians at Two New York City playhouses 1944 - 1945 '' . The Broadway League , including cast and characters . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1993 ) . The Mousetrap and Other Plays . HarperCollins . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 224344 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten little niggers , stage production at Dundee Repertory Theatre '' . Dundee , Scotland : Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details . August 1944 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ten little niggers staged at Dundee Repertory Theatre 1944 and 1965 '' . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None '' . Review . This Is Theatre . 14 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC TV ( 20 August 1949 ) . `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1348 ) . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 , Episode 20 ' Ten Little Niggers ' '' . Play of the Week . ITV . January 13 , 1959 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None to air on BBC1 on Boxing Day 2015 '' . Radio Times . 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None in Japan '' . Agatha Christie . Agatha Christie Limited . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` そして誰もいなくなった '' . TV Asahi ( in Japanese ) . TV Ashi . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peká Editorial website Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed 10 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) And Then There Were None at the official Agatha Christie website Spark Notes for novel E-book at Archive.org And Then There Were None BBC Television show official website Works by Agatha Christie Universe Characters Hercule Poirot Miss Marple Tommy and Tuppence Ariadne Oliver Arthur Hastings Superintendent Battle Chief Inspector Japp Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Colonel Race Lady Eileen `` Bundle '' Brent Sir Henry Clithering Raymond West Miss Felicity Lemon Countess Vera Rossakoff Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M ? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty 's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man 's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram 's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant 's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter 's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot 's Early Cases Miss Marple 's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider 's Web Verdict The Unexpected Guest Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp 's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come , Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography Book Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Five Dolls for an August Moon ( 1970 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Private View '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_None&oldid=854739993 '' Categories : 1939 British novels Novels by Agatha Christie Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the 1930s Novels set in Devon British novels adapted into films Collins Crime Club books Novels set on islands British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into radio programs Hidden categories : Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the killer in the book and then there were none	[ "In the confession, Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder. His victims would be of his choosing, as they were not found guilty in a trial. He explains how he tricked Dr Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would help the group identify the killer. He also explains that he replaced the chair in Vera's room. Finally, he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests' diaries. Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery, he acknowledges in the missive a \"pitiful human need\" for recognition, hence the confession.\n" ]	[ "Justice Wargrave" ]
434817954324410348	Cephalopod ink	Cephalopod ink - wikipedia Cephalopod ink Jump to : navigation , search Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula , showing the location of the ink sac Cephalopod ink is a dark pigment released into water by most species of cephalopod , usually as an escape mechanism . All cephalopods , with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina ( deep - sea octopuses ) , are able to release ink . The ink is released from the ink sacs ( located between the gills ) and is dispersed more widely when its release is accompanied by a jet of water from the siphon . Its dark colour is caused by its main constituent , melanin . Each species of cephalopod produces slightly differently coloured inks ; generally , octopuses produce black ink , squid ink is blue - black , and cuttlefish ink is a shade of brown . A number of other aquatic molluscs have similar responses to attack , including the gastropod clade known as sea hares . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inking behaviours 2 Chemical composition 3 Protective mechanisms 4 Use by humans 5 References 6 External links Inking behaviours ( edit ) I was much interested , on several occasions , by watching the habits of an Octopus or cuttle - fish ... they darted tail first , with the rapidity of an arrow , from one side of the pool to the other , at the same instant discolouring the water with a dark chestnut - brown ink . Charles Darwin , The Voyage of the Beagle Two distinct behaviours have been observed in inking cephalopods . The first is the release of large amounts of ink into the water by the cephalopod in order to create a dark , diffuse cloud ( much like a smoke screen ) that can obscure the predator 's view , allowing the cephalopod to make a rapid retreat by jetting away . The second response to a predator is to release pseudomorphs ( `` false bodies '' ) , smaller clouds of ink with a greater mucus content , which allows them to hold their shape for longer . These are expelled slightly away from the cephalopod in question , which will often release several pseudomorphs and change colour ( blanch ) in conjunction with these releases . The pseudomorphs are roughly the same volume as and look similar to the cephalopod that released them , and many predators have been observed attacking them mistakenly , allowing the cephalopod to escape ( this behaviour is often referred to as the `` blanch - ink - jet manoeuvre '' ) . Furthermore , green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) hatchlings that have been observed mistakenly attacking pseudomorphs released by Octopus bocki have subsequently ignored conspecific octopuses . However , many cephalopod predators ( for instance moray eels ) have advanced chemosensory systems , and some anecdotal evidence suggests that compounds ( such as tyrosinase ) found in cephalopod ink can irritate , numb or even deactivate such apparatus . Unfortunately , few controlled experiments have been conducted to substantiate this . Cephalopod ink is nonetheless generally thought to be more sophisticated than a simple `` smoke screen '' ; the ink of a number of squid and cuttlefish has been shown to function as a conspecific chemical alarm . Octopuses have also been observed squirting ink at snails or crabs approaching their eggs . Chemical Composition ( edit ) Cephalopod ink contains a number of chemicals in a variety of different concentrations , depending on the species . However , its main constituents are melanin and mucus . It can also contain , among other things , tyrosinase , dopamine and L - DOPA , as well as small amounts of free amino acids , including taurine , aspartic acid , glutamic acid , alanine and lysine . Protective mechanisms ( edit ) Cephalopod inking in the sea hare Aplysia californica provides protection from spiny lobsters , a major predator of sea hares , by means of three mechanisms : chemical deterrence , sensory disruption , and phagomimicry . The typical defence response of the sea hare to a predator is the release of chemicals such as free amino acids , ink from the ink gland and opaline from the opaline gland . Chemical deterrence involves the release of toxic chemicals that are noxious to predators and rapidly dissuades them from feeding . Ink creates a dark , diffuse cloud in the water that disrupts the sensory perception of the predator by acting as a smoke screen and as a decoy . The opaline , which affects the senses dealing with feeding , causes the predator to instinctively attack the cloud of chemicals as if it were indeed food . Use by humans ( edit ) Arròs negre owes its dark colour to squid ink Cephalopod ink has , as its name suggests , been used in the past as ink ; indeed , the Greek name for cuttlefish , and the taxonomic name of a cuttlefish genus , Sepia , is associated with the brown colour of cuttlefish ink ( for more information , see sepia ) . Modern use of cephalopod ink is generally limited to cooking , where it is used as a food colouring and flavouring , for example in pasta and sauces . For this purpose it is generally obtainable from fishmongers or gourmet food suppliers . The ink is extracted from the ink sacs during preparation of the dead cephalopod , usually squid , and therefore contains no mucus . Recent studies have shown that cephalopod ink is toxic to some cells , including tumor cells . Book : Cephalopoda References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roger T. Hanlon , John B. Messenger : Cephalopod Behaviour , page 2 . Cambridge University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 64583 - 2 Jump up ^ Roy L. Caldwell ( 2005 ) , `` An Observation of Inking Behavior Protecting Adult Octopus bocki from Predation by Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) Hatchlings '' http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pacific_science/v059/59.1caldwell.pdf Jump up ^ G.E. MacGinitie , N. MacGinitie ( 1968 ) Natural History of Marine Animals , Pages 395 - 397 , 2nd ed . McGraw - Hill , New York . ^ Jump up to : Charles D. Derby ( 2007 ) , `` Escape by Inking and Secreting : Marine Molluscs Avoid Predators Through a Rich Array of Chemicals and Mechanisms '' http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/213/3/274.pdf Jump up ^ http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/Facts/cephalopods/inking.cfm ^ Jump up to : Derby , Charles D. ; Kicklighter , Cynthia E. ; Johnson , P.M. & Xu Zhang ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Chemical Composition of Inks of Diverse Marine Molluscs Suggests Convergent Chemical Defenses '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2007 ( 33 ) : 1105 -- 1113 . doi : 10.1007 / s10886 - 007 - 9279 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Inman , Mason ( 29 March 2005 ) . `` Sea Hares Lose Their Lunch '' . Sciencemag.org . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) An article on harvesting squid ink ( hide ) Cephalopod anatomy Shell Shell types External shells : Ammonoid shell Argonautid eggcase Nautiloid shell Orthocone Internal shells : Belemnoid guard Cirrate shell Cuttlebone Gladius ( pen ) Spirula shell Stylet External features Aperture Apex Callus Lirae Periostracum Sculpture Spire Sutures Umbilicus Internal features Body chamber Camerae Nacre Phragmocone Septa Siphuncle Whorls Mantle External anatomy Funnel Dermal structures Fins ( wings ) Mantle locking - apparatus Internal anatomy Branchial hearts Ctenidia ( gills ) Hepatopancreas ( digestive gland ) Ink sac and ink Needham 's sac Nephridia ( `` kidneys '' ) Nidamental glands Osphradium Pericardial glands Head and limbs Brachial crown Arms Hectocotylus Tentacles Buccal region Aptychus Beak Odontophore Radula Spadix and antispadix Other parts Eyes Statocysts General Chromatophores Photophores Nervous system Squid giant axon Squid giant synapse Developmental stages : Spawn → Paralarva ( Doratopsis stage ) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult Egg fossils Protoconch ( embryonic shell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cephalopod_ink&oldid=793509240 '' Categories : Antipredator adaptations Cephalopods Mollusc products Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the ink from an octopus come from	[ "The ink is released from the ink sacs (located between the gills) and is dispersed more widely when its release is accompanied by a jet of water from the siphon. Its dark colour is caused by its main constituent, melanin. Each species of cephalopod produces slightly differently coloured inks; generally, octopuses produce black ink, squid ink is blue-black, and cuttlefish ink is a shade of brown." ]	[ "ink sacs (located between the gills)" ]
8729144956784901842	Game of Thrones (season 6)	Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 24 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million . The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.4. 1 Fates of key characters 4.5 Promotion 4.6 Music 4.7 After the Thrones 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 6.3 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Seaworth persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Bran and Meera are saved by Benjen , who reveals that he was turned by the White Walkers , but was later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Daenerys mounts Drogon , and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Seaworth confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Fates of key characters ( edit ) After the fifth - season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , the fates of several key characters , such as Sansa Stark , Theon Greyjoy , Stannis Baratheon , Myrcella Baratheon and Jon Snow were left unknown . It was later confirmed at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con that Sophie Turner and Alfie Allen would return for the sixth season , implying that their characters Sansa and Theon / Reek survived the jump from the castle walls of Winterfell . The director of `` Mother 's Mercy '' , David Nutter , said later in an interview that Stannis ' death was intended by the episode 's script . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss also confirmed that Myrcella died after being poisoned by Ellaria Sand . Although Weiss had stated that Jon Snow is indeed dead , photos of Kit Harington , the actor playing Jon Snow , arriving in Belfast surfaced in July 2015 . Since the season 6 script read - throughs were being held in Belfast , these photos fueled speculation that his character might not be dead after all . However , Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance was seen at Belfast the previous year , and his character Tywin Lannister only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season and only as a corpse , although Dance himself confirmed the nature of his role shortly after the announcement . Another photo , showing Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit , was published on September 25 , 2015 . There has been considerable fan speculation regarding how Jon might have survived , including spiritually possessing his direwolf 's body and being brought back to life by Melisandre . In February 2016 , actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau revealed that the opening scene of the sixth season will `` kind of reveal that Jon Snow is ... dead . '' In March 2016 , Harington confirmed in an interview that he did in fact film new scenes for the sixth season as a corpse , and that he knows for how long his character is to remain that way . Promotion ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Game of Thrones Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Pending David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Pending 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Remains in Season 6 Opening Credits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Talk Jon Snow Theories , Rape Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Premiere : ' The Red Woman ' Reveals An Ancient Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Everything We Know About the Season 6 Cast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Davos Defends Dead Jon Snow in New ' Game of Thrones ' Clip '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : Game of Thrones ( Season 6 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Adds Melanie Liburd As The Red Priestess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Freddie Stroma cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly Just Hijacked a Downton Abbey Actor '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Walder Frey is coming back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Of Monsters and Men for cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Young Ned Stark ' cast ' for flashback scene '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Richard E. Grant joins the cast ( confirmed ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Music on TV : Inside Of Monsters and Men 's Cameo on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones director confirms Stannis Baratheon 's fate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on that fatal Jaime twist : Does this mean war in season 6 ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game Of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : Mother 's Mercy '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the `` Jon Snow Lives '' Conspiracy `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Tease Jon Snow and Sansa Stark 's Fates , Emilia Clarke Says Season 6 `` Almost Killed Us '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones , Hamilton among nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did game of thrones season 6 end	[ "The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million." ]	[ "June 26, 2016" ]
-4996493605061688116	The Dark Tower (series)	The Dark Tower ( series ) - wikipedia The Dark Tower ( series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dark Tower ( disambiguation ) . The Dark Tower `` The Dark Tower '' painting by Michael Whelan The Little Sisters of Eluria ( 1998 ) The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) ' Author Stephen King Illustrator Michael Whelan , Phil Hale , Ned Dameron , Dave McKean , Jae Lee , Bernie Wrightson , Darrel Anderson Country United States of America Language English Genre Dark fantasy , science fiction , horror , Western The Dark Tower is a series of eight books written by American author Stephen King that incorporates themes from multiple genres , including dark fantasy , science fantasy , horror , and Western . It describes a `` gunslinger '' and his quest toward a tower , the nature of which is both physical and metaphorical . The series , and its use of the Dark Tower , expands upon Stephen King 's multiverse and in doing so , links together many of his other novels . King has described the series as his magnum opus . In addition to the eight novels of the series proper that comprise 4,250 pages , many of King 's other books relate to the story , introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses . The series was chiefly inspired by the poem `` Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came '' by Robert Browning , whose full text was included in the final volume 's appendix . In the preface to the revised 2003 edition of The Gunslinger , King also identifies The Lord of the Rings , Arthurian Legend , and The Good , the Bad and the Ugly as inspirations . He identifies Clint Eastwood 's `` Man with No Name '' character as one of the major inspirations for the protagonist , Roland Deschain . King 's style of location names in the series , such as Mid-World , and his development of a unique language abstract to our own ( High Speech ) , are also influenced by J.R.R. Tolkien 's work . A film based on The Gunslinger and also serving as a sequel to the events of The Dark Tower due to the nature of said book 's ending was released in August 2017 . Stephen King saw The Dark Tower series as a first draft , initially planning to rewrite it to eliminate continuity errors and possibly remove himself from the later books , but after revising The Gunslinger , `` he is trying to decide how much he can rewrite . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Plot summary 1.2 Characters 1.3 Language 2 Series 2.1 Continuation 2.2 Illustrations 3 Reception 4 Other media 4.1 Tie - in books 4.2 Prequel comic series 4.3 Further comic adaptions 4.4 Discordia 5 Film continuation 5.1 Potential Sequel 6 Audiobooks 7 Connections to King 's other works 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Plot summary ( edit ) In the story , Roland Deschain is the last living member of a knightly order known as gunslingers and the last of the line of `` Arthur Eld '' , his world 's analogue of King Arthur . Politically organized along the lines of a feudal society , it shares technological and social characteristics with the American Old West but is also magical . Many of the magical aspects have vanished from Mid-World , but traces remain as do relics from a technologically advanced society . Roland 's quest is to find the Dark Tower , a fabled building said to be the nexus of all universes . Roland 's world is said to have `` moved on '' , and it appears to be coming apart at the seams . Mighty nations have been torn apart by war , entire cities and regions vanish without a trace and time does not flow in an orderly fashion . Sometimes , even the sun rises in the north and sets in the east . As the series opens , Roland 's motives , goals and age are unclear , though later installments shed light on these mysteries . For a detailed synopsis of the novels , see the relevant article for each book . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Dark Tower characters Along his journey to the Dark Tower , Roland meets a great number of both friends and enemies . For most of the way he is accompanied by a group of people who together with him form the Ka - tet of the Nineteen and Ninety - nine , consisting of Jake Chambers , Eddie Dean , Susannah Dean , and Oy . Among his many enemies on the way are The Man In Black , Mordred and The Crimson King . Language ( edit ) King created a language for his characters , known as the High Speech . Examples of this language include the phrases Thankee , Sai ( `` Thank you , Sir / Ma'am . '' ) and Dan - Tete ( `` Little Savior '' ) . In addition , King uses the term Ka , which is the approximate equivalent of destiny , or fate , in the fictional language High Speech ( and similarly , Ka - tet , a group of people bound together by fate / destiny ) . This term originated in Egyptian mythology and storytelling , and has figured in several other novels and screenplays since 1976 . The term also appears in King 's short story , `` Low Men in Yellow Coats '' , in which Ted describes its meaning to Bobby . Series ( edit ) # Title Pages Words Release Awards The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger 224 55,376 1982 The Dark Tower II : The Drawing of the Three 400 125,948 The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands 512 173,489 1991 The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass 787 254,691 1998 Locus Award nominee 5 The Dark Tower V : Wolves of the Calla 714 242,776 2003 2004 Locus Award nominee 6 The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah 432 118,221 2005 Locus Award nominee 7 The Dark Tower VII : The Dark Tower 845 272,273 2005 British Fantasy Award winner 8 The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole 336 91,857 2012 Total 4,250 1,334,631 Continuation ( edit ) While the series was declared finished with the publication of the seventh volume in 2004 , King described in an interview in March 2009 an idea for a new short story he 'd recently had : `` And then I thought , ' Well , why do n't I find three more like this and do a book that would be almost like modern fairy tales ? ' Then this thing started to add on bits and pieces so I guess it will be a novel . '' According to King , the idea was a new Dark Tower novel . King said , regarding The Dark Tower , `` It 's not really done yet . Those seven books are really sections of one long über - novel . '' Stephen King confirmed this during his TimesTalk event at The Times Center in New York City on November 10 , 2009 , and the next day King 's official site posted that King will begin working on this novel in about eight months , with a tentative title being The Wind Through the Keyhole . King noted that this novel should be set between the fourth and the fifth books of the series . The book , titled The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole , was announced on Stephen King 's official site on March 10 , 2011 , and was published on April 24 , 2012 . In July 2016 , director Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that the Dark Tower film would be a sequel to the novels as well as a direct adaptation , with Roland in the next cycle of his journey to the Tower . Illustrations ( edit ) Each book in the series was originally published in hardcover format with a number of full - color illustrations spread throughout . Each book contained works by a single illustrator only . Subsequent printings of each book in trade paperback format usually preserve the illustrations in full , except for books I and IV . Pocket - sized paperback reprints contain only black - and - white chapter or section header illustrations . The illustrators who worked on each book are : Michael Whelan ; The Dark Tower is among his early notable works . Phil Hale -- the only Dark Tower illustrator who created a second set of illustrations for a later printing of the book he illustrated . Ned Dameron . Dave McKean -- the only Dark Tower illustrator to work in photocollages . Jae Lee -- an illustrator who had previously worked on the Marvel Comics adaptation of the series , illustrated The Wind Through the Keyhole . Bernie Wrightson -- illustrator for 1960s and 1970s horror comics ; he also provided the illustrations for King 's novella `` Cycle of the Werewolf '' ( 1983 ) . Darrel Anderson -- the only Dark Tower illustrator who used digital illustration techniques . Michael Whelan -- returning more than 20 years later as the only recurring Dark Tower illustrator . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2007 ) Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post called the series `` a humane , visionary epic and a true magnum opus '' that stands as an `` imposing example of pure storytelling , '' `` filled with brilliantly rendered set pieces ... cataclysmic encounters and moments of desolating tragedy . '' Erica Noonan of the Boston Globe said , `` There 's a fascinating world to be discovered in the series '' but noted that its epic nature keeps it from being user - friendly . Allen Johnston of The New York Times was disappointed with how the series progressed ; while he marveled at the `` sheer absurdity of ( the books ' ) existence '' and complimented King 's writing style , he said preparation would have improved the series , stating `` King does n't have the writerly finesse for these sorts of games , and the voices let him down . '' Michael Berry of the San Francisco Chronicle , however , called the series ' early installments `` highfalutin hodgepodge '' but the ending `` a valediction '' that `` more than delivers on what has been promised . '' Other Media ( edit ) Tie - in books ( edit ) The series has prompted related non-fiction books by authors besides King . Robin Furth has published the two - volume Stephen King 's The Dark Tower : A Concordance , an encyclopedia - style companion to the series that she originally wrote for King 's personal use . Bev Vincent has published The Road to The Dark Tower : Exploring Stephen King 's Magnum Opus , a book containing back story , summary and analysis and The Dark Tower Companion , which includes interviews and coverage of the Marvel graphic novels . Stephen King has endorsed these books . Charlie the Choo - Choo is a `` children 's book '' by Stephen King released in 2016 , published under the pseudonym Beryl Evans . It is adapted from a section of King 's previous novel The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands . It was illustrated by Ned Dameron . Prequel comic series ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( comics ) A prequel to the Dark Tower series , set around the time of the flashbacks in The Gunslinger and Wizard and Glass , has been released by Marvel Comics . With the project overseen by King , The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger Born is plotted by Robin Furth , scripted by Peter David , and illustrated by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove . The first issue of this first arc was released on February 7 , 2007 . A hardcover volume containing all seven issues was released on November 7 , 2007 . The second arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics . Called The Long Road Home , the first issue was published on March 5 , 2008 . A hardcover volume containing all five issues was released on October 15 , 2008 . The third arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : Treachery . The first issue of the six issue arc was published on September 10 , 2008 . A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues was released on April 21 , 2009 . Following the completion of the third arc a one - shot issue titled The Dark Tower : Sorcerer was released April 8 , 2009 . The story focuses on the history of the villainous wizard Marten Broadcloak . The fourth arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : The Fall of Gilead . The first issue of the six issue arc was published on May 13 , 2009 . A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues , as well as the Sorcerer One - Shot was released on February 2 , 2010 . The fifth arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : Battle of Jericho Hill . The first issue of the five issue arc was published on December 3 , 2009 . A hardcover volume containing all 5 issues was released on August 17 , 2010 . Marvel Comics has also published three supplemental books to date that expand upon characters and locations first introduced in the novels . The Dark Tower : Gunslingers ' Guidebook was released in 2007 , The Dark Tower : End - World Almanac was released in 2008 , and The Dark Tower : Guide to Gilead was released in 2009 . All three books were written by Anthony Flamini , with Furth serving as creative consultant . End - World Almanac and Guide to Gilead feature illustrations by David Yardin . Further comic adaptions ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( comics ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An adaption of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on May 19 , 2010 . The collected hardback edition was released on January 26 , 2011 . An adaption of King 's novella The Little Sisters of Eluria , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on December 8 , 2010 . The collected hardback edition was released on June 8 , 2011 . A second adaption of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on June 1 , 2011 . The collected hardback edition was released on January 25 , 2012 . A third adaption of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Way Station , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on December 14 , 2011 . The collected hardback edition was released on June 27 , 2012 . Discordia ( edit ) December 7 , 2009 saw the release of a spin - off online game titled Discordia , available to play free of charge on the official Stephen King website . The game is a continuation of the original Dark Tower story , following the war between the Tet Corporation and Sombra / NCP in New York , and it has been supervised by both Stephen King and Robin Furth . From the website : `` Exploring the behind - the - scenes conflict between the two companies , Discordia introduces long - time Dark Tower fans to new characters and numerous mechanical / magical items developed by Mid-World's Old Ones . Over the course of our adventure we will visit many locations , both those familiar to Dark Tower fans and others which we only glimpsed in the Dark Tower novels . While we may not see Roland and his ka - tet in this adventure , the development team has remembered the faces of its fathers . We have done our best to honor the original Dark Tower series while simultaneously mapping new and exciting Dark Tower territory . '' Film continuation ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( 2017 film ) Initially , in 2007 , J.J. Abrams was connected to a film adaptation of The Dark Tower series , but later revealed he had removed himself from involvement in the project . On September 8 , 2010 , an official announcement was made that the series would be brought to both the big and the small screens via a trilogy of feature films and two seasons of a television series to bridge gaps between the films . According to a press release from Universal Pictures from October 29 , 2010 , the first Dark Tower film would open on May 17 , 2013 . On July 19 , 2011 , Universal pulled its support from the production of the Dark Tower films and television series . According to reports , the studio was unable to come to terms with producer Ron Howard . Despite this , Stephen King remained confident Howard would see the project through with another studio , and Howard confirmed the adaptation was still on track , noting that HBO would carry the television series portions of the project from then on . On March 13 , 2012 , it was reported that Warner Bros. Pictures was now interested in making at least the first film and that Russell Crowe , tipped to play Roland Deschain , was no longer on board . Reports indicated that filming might have commenced as early as the first quarter of 2013 . However , Warner eventually passed on the film . Later , on April 10 , 2015 , it was reported that Sony Pictures and Media Rights Capital would be going ahead with the first film in the series alongside a television series , using a reworked script by Akiva Goldsman , who worked on the initial 2010 proposal , and Jeff Pinkner . On June 2 , 2015 , Nikolaj Arcel was hired by the studio to direct the film . On March 1 , 2016 , it was announced that Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey had both joined the film , cast respectively as Roland Deschain and Walter O'Dim . On May 3 , 2017 , the first official trailer was released. The film was released on August 4 . 2017 . Critics panned the film with it receiving a score of 18 % on Rotten Tomatoes . The film combines elements from several novels in The Dark Tower series , serving as a canonical sequel to the novel series , which concluded with the revelation that Roland 's quest was a cyclical time loop ; the presence of the Horn of Eld , which Roland carries in the film , indicates that this is the next cycle ; Stephen King has indicated that The Dark Tower film and television series will follow Roland 's `` last time round '' to the titular Dark Tower . Potential sequel ( edit ) In an interview with Collider , Stephen King expressed hope for a sequel film in addition to the upcoming television series , suggesting that it should be R - rated , with Roland wearing a hat , and that it would include the `` lobstrosities '' from The Drawing of the Three . In an interview with ComingSoon.net , Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that The Drawing of the Three would form the basis for the sequel , and that yet - to - be-cast actors who will play Eddie and Susannah Dean would appear alongside Elba , McConaughey , Taylor , and Haley reprising their roles as Roland , Walter , Jake and Sayre respectively . Audiobooks ( edit ) Currently there exist four audio versions of The Dark Tower series -- in English , in German , in French and in Russian . The audio book in English published by Hodder & Stoughton features voices of George Guidall and Frank Muller and has neither music nor sound effects . The audio book in German published by Deutschland Random House Audio introduces Vittorio Alfieri and David Nathan as the narrators . In French audiobooks published by Éditions Gallimard and narrated by Jacques Frantz . In Russian , The Gunslinger , as narrated by Igor Knyazev , does not have any music or sound effects . Play media Trailer to audiobook by Vargtroms Studio `` The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole '' The multi-voiced audio books should necessarily be mentioned . Being created by Roman Volkov and published by Vargtroms Studio , they contain music and sound effects and make extensive use of voices of children , as well as older persons . Over a hundred actors have already been involved in the process of narration . The sound engineer of the project is Victor Pocotiljuk who is well known for his work with the rock band Aria . Thanks to him , this initially amateur project turned out to be a full - size saga with epic music , sound effects and sound - design . The audio books by Vargtroms Studio often include trailers of the upcoming projects , codas and bad takes . Connections to King 's other works ( edit ) The series has become a lynchpin that ties together much of King 's body of work . The worlds of The Dark Tower are in part composed of locations , characters , events and other various elements from many of King 's novels and short stories . Some of the books that are tied to this series , or that this series references are It , The Stand , ' Salem 's Lot , Insomnia , and Hearts In Atlantis . One of the more recent references to the Dark Tower series in a King novel was in the 2006 book Cell . In it , the main characters pass through a fair with one of the main attractions being a Charlie The Choo Choo train set . Charlie The Choo Choo is an antagonist in The Dark Tower series , primarily in The Wastelands and Wizard And Glass . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Ted ' Backer MRC In Talks To Finance Stephen King 's ' The Dark Tower ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Popular Writers : A Stephen King interview '' . neilgaiman.com . Jump up ^ `` AR BookFinder US '' . Renaissance Learning , Inc . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` USA WEEKEND Magazine , part of USA Today Your Life '' . Blogs.usaweekend.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Recent News '' . StephenKing.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Wind Through the Keyhole : A Dark Tower Novel . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 5890 - 7 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Tower : What the film changes ( and keeps ) from Stephen King 's books '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald M. Grant '' . grantbooks.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Bill ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` The Return of the King '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Erica ( 2004 - 01 - 15 ) . `` ' Calla ' worth the read , but caters to ' Tower ' fans '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Agger , Michael ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Pulp Metafiction '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Berry , Michael ( 2004 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Waiting for the end of their worlds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stephenking.com/discordia '' . Stephenking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Stax ( 2007 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Who is Lost in The Dark Tower ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Not Adapting King 's ' Dark Tower ' Series '' . Cinematical. 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower - Film and TV News Tracker '' . Stephenking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Sets Release Dates Through 2013 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dismantles The Dark Tower Movie News Empire '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Tower ' Heading To HBO , Says Brian Grazer '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com. 2011 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Stephen King ' Dark Tower ' Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . `` The Dark Tower film project picked up by Warner Bros '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Passes on Ron Howard 's Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' The Dark Tower ' - / Film '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Dark Tower ' Movie : Sony & MRC Partner For Stephen King Adaptation - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nikolaj Arcel being considered to direct Dark Tower adaptation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Tower rises : Stephen King confirms stars Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey as production nears start '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The first trailer for Stephen King 's The Dark Tower is here '' . The Verge . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Dark Tower , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 Jump up ^ Saavedra , John ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Tower : Stephen King Easter Eggs and Reference Guide '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Yes , The Dark Tower Movie Is A Sequel To The Books '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Tower ' Movie Is Actually a Sequel '' . July 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/stephen-king-interview-the-dark-tower/ Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/876489-director-nikolaj-arcel-talks-dark-tower-ending-and-sequels-spoilers#/slide/1 Jump up ^ `` StephenKing.com - Audiobooks - A to Z '' . stephenking.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bücher von Vittorio Alfieri '' . Verlagsgruppe Random House ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wind '' . Verlagsgruppe Random House ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Tour Sombre - Écoutez lire - GALLIMARD - Site Gallimard '' . www.gallimard.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Кинг Стивен - Стрелок '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vargtroms Studio '' Электронная Библиотека `` Аудиокнига '' `` . audiokniga.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dark Tower ( series ) Official website The Dark Tower series by Stephen King Novels The Gunslinger The Drawing of the Three The Waste Lands Wizard and Glass Wolves of the Calla Song of Susannah The Dark Tower The Wind Through the Keyhole Short stories `` The Gunslinger '' `` The Way Station '' `` The Oracle and the Mountains '' `` The Slow Mutants '' `` The Gunslinger and the Dark Man '' `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' Comics The Gunslinger Born The Long Road Home Treachery The Sorcerer Fall of Gilead Battle of Jericho Hill The Journey Begins The Little Sisters of Eluria Characters Roland Deschain Father Callahan Randall Flagg Crimson King Related books ' Salem 's Lot The Stand The Talisman Skeleton Crew It The Eyes of the Dragon Insomnia Rose Madder Desperation The Regulators Bag of Bones Hearts in Atlantis Black House Everything 's Eventual From a Buick 8 Charlie the Choo - Choo Other All - World Multiverse Film Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; 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About Wikipedia	when did the first dark tower book come out	[ "\n\n#\nTitle\nPages\nWords[3]\nRelease\nAwards\n\n\n1\nThe Dark Tower: The Gunslinger\n224\n55,376\n1982\n\n\n\n2\nThe Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three\n400\n125,948\n1987\n\n\n\n3\nThe Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands\n512\n173,489\n1991\n\n\n\n4\nThe Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass\n787\n254,691\n1997\n1998 Locus Award nominee[4]\n\n\n5\nThe Dark Tower V: Wolves of the Calla\n714\n242,776\n2003\n2004 Locus Award nominee[5]\n\n\n6\nThe Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah\n432\n118,221\n2004\n2005 Locus Award nominee[6]\n\n\n7\nThe Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower\n845\n272,273\n2004\n2005 British Fantasy Award winner[6]\n\n\n8\nThe Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole\n336\n91,857\n2012\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n4,250\n1,334,631\n\n\n" ]	[ "1982" ]
2464930365065372750	Goldilocks and the Three Bears	Goldilocks and the Three bears - wikipedia Goldilocks and the Three bears `` Goldilocks '' and `` The Three Bears '' redirect here . For other uses , see Goldilocks ( disambiguation ) and The Three Bears ( disambiguation ) . `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' Illustration by Arthur Rackham Author Robert Southey Country United Kingdom Genre ( s ) Fairy tale Published in The Doctor Publication type Essay and story collection Publisher Longman , Rees , etc . Media type Print Publication date 1837 `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' ( originally titled `` The Story of the Three Bears '' ) is a 19th - century fairy tale of which three versions exist . The original version of the tale tells of a badly - behaved old woman who enters the forest home of three bachelor bears whilst they are away . She sits in their chairs , eats some of their porridge , and sleeps in one of their beds . When the bears return and discover her , she wakes up , jumps out of the window , and is never seen again . The second version replaced the old woman with a little girl named Goldilocks , and the third and by far most well - known version replaced the original bear trio with Papa Bear , Mama Bear and Baby Bear . What was originally a frightening oral tale became a cozy family story with only a hint of menace . The story has elicited various interpretations and has been adapted to film , opera , and other media . `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' is one of the most popular fairy tales in the English language . Contents 1 Plot 2 Origins 3 Later variations : Goldilocks 4 Interpretations 5 Literary elements 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In Southey 's tale , three anthropomorphic bears -- `` a little , small , wee bear , a middle - sized bear , and a great , huge bear '' -- live together in a house in the woods . Southey describes them as very good - natured , trusting , harmless , tidy , and hospitable . Each of these `` bachelor '' bears has his own porridge bowl , chair , and bed . One day they make porridge for breakfast , but it 's too hot to eat , so they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools . An old woman approaches the bears ' house . As she has been sent out by her family , she is a disgrace to them . She is impudent , bad , foul - mouthed , ugly , dirty , and a vagrant deserving of a stint in the House of Correction . She looks through a window , peeps through the keyhole , and lifts the latch . Assured that no one is home , she walks in . The old woman eats the Wee Bear 's porridge , then settles into his chair and breaks it . Prowling about , she finds the bears ' beds and falls asleep in Wee Bear 's bed . The dark end of the tale is reached when the bears return . Wee Bear finds his empty bowl , his broken chair , and the old woman in his bed and cries , `` Somebody has been lying in my bed , and here she is ! '' The old woman wakes , jumps out the window and is never seen again . Origins ( edit ) Robert Southey The story was first recorded in narrative form by British writer and poet Robert Southey , and first published anonymously as `` The Story of the Three Bears '' in 1837 in a volume of his writings called The Doctor . The same year Southey 's tale was published , the story was versified by George Nicol , who acknowledged the anonymous author of The Doctor as `` the great , original concocter '' of the tale . Southey was delighted with Nicol 's effort to bring more exposure to the tale , concerned children might overlook it in The Doctor . Nicol 's version was illustrated with engravings by B. Hart ( after `` C.J. '' ) , and was reissued in 1848 with Southey identified as the story 's author . The story of the three bears was in circulation before the publication of Southey 's tale . In 1813 , for example , Southey was telling the story to friends , and in 1831 Eleanor Mure fashioned a handmade booklet about the three bears and the old woman for her nephew Horace Broke 's birthday . Southey and Mure differ in details . Southey 's bears have porridge , but Mure 's have milk ; Southey 's old woman has no motive for entering the house , but Mure 's old woman is piqued when her courtesy visit is rebuffed ; Southey 's old woman runs away when discovered , but Mure 's old woman is impaled on the steeple of St Paul 's Cathedral . Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie point out in The Classic Fairy Tales ( 1999 ) that the tale has a `` partial analogue '' in `` Snow White '' : the lost princess enters the dwarfs ' house , tastes their food , and falls asleep in one of their beds . In a manner similar to the three bears , the dwarfs cry , `` Someone 's been sitting in my chair ! '' , `` Someone 's been eating off my plate ! '' , and `` Someone 's been sleeping in my bed ! '' The Opies also point to similarities in a Norwegian tale about a princess who takes refuge in a cave inhabited by three Russian princes dressed in bearskins . She eats their food and hides under a bed . In 1865 , Charles Dickens referenced a similar tale in Our Mutual Friend , but in that story the house belongs to hobgoblins rather than bears . Dickens ' reference however suggests a yet - to - be-discovered analogue or source . Hunting rituals and ceremonies have been suggested and dismissed as possible origins . In 1894 , `` Scrapefoot '' , a tale with a fox as antagonist that bears striking similarities to Southey 's story , was uncovered by the folklorist Joseph Jacobs and may predate Southey 's version in the oral tradition . Some sources state that it was illustrator John D. Batten who in 1894 reported a variant of the tale at least 40 years old . In this version , the three bears live in a castle in the woods and are visited by a fox called Scrapefoot who drinks their milk , sits in their chairs , and rests in their beds . This version belongs to the early Fox and Bear tale - cycle . Southey possibly heard `` Scrapefoot '' , and confused its `` vixen '' with a synonym for an unpleasant malicious old woman . Some maintain however that the story as well as the old woman originated with Southey . Southey most likely learned the tale as a child from his uncle William Tyler . Uncle Tyler may have told a version with a vixen ( female fox ) as the intruder , and then Southey may have later confused `` vixen '' with another common meaning of `` a crafty old woman '' . P.M. Zall writes in `` The Gothic Voice of Father Bear '' ( 1974 ) that `` it was no trick for Southey , a consummate technician , to recreate the improvisational tone of an Uncle William through rhythmical reiteration , artful alliteration ( ' they walked into the woods , while ' ) , even bardic interpolation ( ' She could not have been a good , honest Old Woman ' ) '' . Ultimately , it is uncertain where Southey or his uncle learned the tale . `` Scrapefoot '' illustration by John D. Batten Later variations : Goldilocks ( edit ) Twelve years after the publication of Southey 's tale , Joseph Cundall transformed the antagonist from an ugly old woman to a pretty little girl in his Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children . He explained his reasons for doing so in a dedicatory letter to his children , dated November 1849 , which was inserted at the beginning of the book : The `` Story of the Three Bears '' is a very old Nursery Tale , but it was never so well told as by the great poet Southey , whose version I have ( with permission ) given you , only I have made the intruder a little girl instead of an old woman . This I did because I found that the tale is better known with Silver - Hair , and because there are so many other stories of old women . Once the little girl entered the tale , she remained -- suggesting children prefer an attractive child in the story rather than an ugly old woman . The juvenile antagonist saw a succession of names : Silver Hair in the pantomime Harlequin and The Three Bears ; or , Little Silver Hair and the Fairies by J.B. Buckstone ( 1853 ) ; Silver - Locks in Aunt Mavor 's Nursery Tales ( 1858 ) ; Silverhair in George MacDonald 's `` The Golden Key '' ( 1867 ) ; Golden Hair in Aunt Friendly 's Nursery Book ( ca . 1868 ) ; Silver - Hair and Goldenlocks at various times ; Little Golden - Hair ( 1889 ) ; and finally Goldilocks in Old Nursery Stories and Rhymes ( 1904 ) . Tatar credits Flora Annie Steel with naming the child ( 1918 ) . Goldilocks caught in Baby Bear 's bed -- by Leonard Leslie Brooke Goldilocks 's fate varies in the many retellings : in some versions , she runs into the forest , in some she is almost eaten by the bears but her mother rescues her , in some she vows to be a good child , and in some she returns home . Whatever her fate , Goldilocks fares better than Southey 's vagrant old woman who , in his opinion , deserved a stint in the House of Correction , and far better than Miss Mure 's old woman who is impaled upon a steeple in St Paul 's church - yard . Southey 's all - male ursine trio has not been left untouched over the years . The group was re-cast as Papa , Mama , and Baby Bear , but the date of this change is disputed . Tatar indicates it occurred by 1852 , while Katherine Briggs suggests the event occurred in 1878 with Mother Goose 's Fairy Tales published by Routledge . With the publication of the tale by `` Aunt Fanny '' in 1852 , the bears became a family in the illustrations to the tale but remained three bachelor bears in the text . In Dulcken 's version of 1858 , the two larger bears are brother and sister , and friends to the little bear . This arrangement represents the evolution of the ursine trio from the traditional three male bears to a family of father , mother , and child . In a publication ca . 1860 , the bears have become a family at last in both text and illustrations : `` the old papa bear , the mama bear , and the little boy bear '' . In a Routledge publication c 1867 , Papa Bear is called Rough Bruin , Mama Bear is Mammy Muff , and Baby Bear is called Tiny . Inexplicably , the illustrations depict the three as male bears . In publications subsequent to Aunt Fanny 's of 1852 , Victorian nicety required editors to routinely and silently alter Southey 's `` ( T ) here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out , and down came her 's , plump upon the ground '' to read `` and down she came '' , omitting any reference to the human bottom . The cumulative effect of the several changes to the tale since its original publication was to transform a fearsome oral tale into a cozy family story with an unrealised hint of menace . Interpretations ( edit ) Maria Tatar , in The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales ( 2002 ) , notes that Southey 's tale is sometimes viewed as a cautionary tale that imparts a lesson about the hazards of wandering off and exploring unknown territory . Like `` The Tale of the Three Little Pigs '' , the story uses repetitive formulas to engage the child 's attention and to reinforce the point about safety and shelter . Tatar points out that the tale is typically framed today as a discovery of what is `` just right '' , but for earlier generations , it was a tale about an intruder who could not control herself when encountering the possessions of others . Illustration by John Batten , 1890 In The Uses of Enchantment ( 1976 ) , the child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim describes Goldilocks as `` poor , beautiful , and charming '' , and notes that the story does not describe her positively except for her hair . Bettelheim mainly discussed the tale in terms of Goldilocks ' struggle to move past Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems . In Bettelheim 's view , the tale fails to encourage children `` to pursue the hard labor of solving , one at a time , the problems which growing up presents '' , and does not end as fairy tales should with the `` promise of future happiness awaiting those who have mastered their Oedipal situation as a child '' . He believes the tale is an escapist one that thwarts the child reading it from gaining emotional maturity . Tatar criticises Bettelheim 's views : `` ( His ) reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales , that is , in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child . While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes `` Cinderella '' does , it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just ' trying out ' things that do not belong to you . '' Elms suggests Bettelheim may have missed the anal aspect of the tale that would make it helpful to the child 's personality development . In Handbook of Psychobiography Elms describes Southey 's tale not as one of Bettelheimian post-Oedipal ego development but as one of Freudian pre-Oedipal anality . He believes the story appeals chiefly to preschoolers who are engaged in `` cleanliness training , maintaining environmental and behavioral order , and distress about disruption of order '' . His own experience and his observation of others lead him to believe children align themselves with the tidy , organised ursine protagonists rather than the unruly , delinquent human antagonist . In Elms 's view , the anality of `` The Story of the Three Bears '' can be traced directly to Robert Southey 's fastidious , dirt - obsessed aunt who raised him and passed her obsession to him in a milder form . Literary elements ( edit ) The story makes extensive use of the literary rule of three , featuring three chairs , three bowls of porridge , three beds , and the three title characters who live in the house . There are also three sequences of the bears discovering in turn that someone has been eating from their porridge , sitting in their chairs , and finally , lying in their beds , at which point is the climax of Goldilocks being discovered . This follows three earlier sequences of Goldilocks trying the bowls of porridge , chairs , and beds successively , each time finding the third `` just right '' . Author Christopher Booker characterises this as the `` dialectical three '' , where `` the first is wrong in one way , the second in another or opposite way , and only the third , in the middle , is just right '' . Booker continues : `` This idea that the way forward lies in finding an exact middle path between opposites is of extraordinary importance in storytelling '' . This concept has spread across many other disciplines , particularly developmental psychology , biology , economics and engineering where it is called the `` Goldilocks principle '' . In planetary astronomy , a planet orbiting its sun at just the right distance for liquid water to exist on its surface , neither too hot nor too cold , is referred to as being in the ' Goldilocks Zone ' . Adaptations ( edit ) Songwriter Bobby Troup 's hipster interpretation titled `` The Three Bears '' , first recorded by Page Cavanaugh in 1946 , is often erroneously credited to `` anonymous '' and re-titled `` Three Bears Rap '' , `` Three Bears with a Beat '' , etc . Kurt Schwertsik 's 35 - minute opera Roald Dahl 's Goldilocks premiered in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall . The opera 's setting is the Forest Assizes where Baby Bear stands accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks . The tables are turned when the defence limns the trauma suffered by the bears at the hands of that `` brazen little crook '' , Goldilocks . In Rooster Teeth Productions RWBY , Yang Xiao Long is a carefree , reckless yellow - haired girl . She is a `` rule - breaker '' who likes teddy bears . She is an allusion to Goldilocks which is reflected in her name , translated from Chinese as `` sun '' , referring to the colour yellow . Also , in her trailer , Yang confronts Hei `` Junior '' Xiong , whose name is Chinese for `` black bear . '' Combining this with his nickname , he alludes to the Baby Bear . The TV show Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child featured an adaption of `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' in a Jamaican setting which featured the voices of Raven - Symoné as Goldilocks , Tone Loc as Desmond Bear , Alfre Woodard as Winsone Bear , and David Alan Grier as Dudley Bear . In an episode of Sesame Street , a reversed version of the story titled Baby Bear and the Three Goldilocks was told ( and written ) by Telly and Elmo . The television show Hello Kitty 's Furry Tale Theater Kittylocks and the Three Bears is an adaptation of the story . `` Goldilocks Eats Grits '' has the bears living in a cave in Georgia in the United States . A commercial for the 2005 Hummer portrayed the Three Bears returning from a family trip to their very upscale home to discover all the elements of the traditional story . They race to their garage to check on the status of the family Hummers . Mama Bear and Papa Bear are relieved that both vehicles are still in place , but Baby Bear is distraught to find his missing as the camera cuts away to Goldilocks ( in this version portrayed by a very attractive young woman ) rakishly smiling as she makes her getaway in Baby Bear 's Hummer down a scenic mountain road . In 2016 , professional wrestler Bray Wyatt read a dark version to Edge and Christian . Disney Junior 's Goldie & Bear premiered in 2016 . The tale is set after the events of the story where Goldilocks ( voiced by Natalie Lander ) and Jack Bear ( voiced by Georgie Kidder ) eventually became best friends . See also ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elms 1977 , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Tatar 2002 , p. 245 ^ Jump up to : Opie 1992 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Curry 1921 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Dorson 2001 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , pp. 2 , 10 Jump up ^ Opie 1992 , pp. 199 -- 200 ^ Jump up to : Opie 1992 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. xii Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. x Jump up ^ Elms 1977 , p. 259 ^ Jump up to : Briggs 2002 , pp. 128 -- 129 Jump up ^ Quoted in : Ober 1981 , p. ix ^ Jump up to : Seal 2001 , p. 91 ^ Jump up to : Tatar 2002 , p. 246 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Ober 1981 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Tatar 2002 , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Elms 1977 , p. 264 ^ Jump up to : Schultz 2005 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Booker 2005 , pp. 229 -- 32 Jump up ^ Roald Dahl 's Goldilocks Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( 1 June 2013 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Rooster Teeth 's ' RWBY ' Yellow Trailer '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Rush , Amanda ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` FEATURE : Inside Rooster Teeth 's `` RWBY '' `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Amy ; Johnson , Meredith ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` Goldilocks Eats Grits '' . Universal Uclick . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bray Wyatt tells a twisted fairy tale on the Edge & Christian Show , only on WWE Network '' . 2 May 2016 . Bray Wyatt puts a diabolical spin on ' Goldilocks and the Three Bears ' on The Edge & Christian Show Sources ( edit ) The Seven Basic Plots . Booker , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` The Rule of Three '' . The Seven Basic Plots : Why We Tell Stories . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5209 - 4 . Briggs , Katherine Mary ( 2002 ) ( 1977 ) . British Folk Tales and Legends . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28602 - 6 . `` Coronet : Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Curry , Charles Madison ( 1921 ) . Children 's Literature . Rand McNally & Company . `` Disney : Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' . The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Dorson , Richard Mercer ( 2001 ) ( 1968 ) . The British Folklorists . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20426 - 7 . Elms , Alan C. ( July -- September 1977 ) . `` '' The Three Bears `` : Four Interpretations '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 90 ( 357 ) . JSTOR 539519 . `` MGM : Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Ober , Warren U. ( 1981 ) . The Story of the Three Bears . Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints . ISBN 0 - 8201 - 1362 - X . Opie , Iona ; Opie , Peter ( 1992 ) ( 1974 ) . The Classic Fairy Tales . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211559 - 6 . `` Roald Dahl 's Goldilocks ( 1997 ) '' . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Schultz , William Todd ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Psychobiography . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516827 - 5 . Seal , Graham ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 216 - 9 . Tatar , Maria ( 2002 ) . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 . External links ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Wikisource has original text related to this article : Goldilocks and the Three Bears Wikisource has original text related to this article : Scrapefoot Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Three Bears . `` The Three Bears '' by Robert Southey -- later version with `` Silver - hair '' , a `` little girl '' `` The Story of the Three Bears '' , versified by George Nicol , 2nd edition , 1839 `` Goldilocks Three Bears and its Writer Robert Southey '' Robert Southey Poems `` After Blenheim '' `` The Inchcape Rock '' `` Cataract of Lodore '' Epic poems Curse of Kehama Joan of Arc Madoc Roderick the Last of the Goths Thalaba the Destroyer Plays The Fall of Robespierre Children 's literature `` The Story of the Three Bears '' `` What Are Little Boys Made Of ? '' Topics Lake Poets Pantisocracy People Samuel Taylor Coleridge Charles Lamb Walter Savage Landor Caroline Anne Southey ( second wife ) Henry Herbert Southey ( brother ) William Wordsworth Goldilocks and the Three Bears by Robert Southey Animation Goldilocks and the Jivin ' Bears ( 1944 ) Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears ( 1944 ) Goldimouse and the Three Cats ( 1960 ) `` Goldilocks '' ( 1970 ) Goldie & Bear ( 2015 ) Television `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' Story within a story Goldilocks The Fourth Bear Now Hare This Deadtime Stories `` Bart 's New Friend '' Related The Bear family ( Sesame Street ) Goldilocks ( album ) The Three Bears ( comic strip ) Baby Bear and the Big , Bad Wolf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldilocks_and_the_Three_Bears&oldid=861656960 '' Categories : 1837 short stories Animal tales 19th - century British children 's literature 1830s children 's books English fairy tales British fairy tales English folklore Fairy tales Fictional bears Robert Southey Female characters in fairy tales Fictional characters introduced in 1837 Short stories adapted into plays Short stories adapted into films Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 01 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	goldilocks ate this dish in the house of three bears	[ "\"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\" (originally titled \"The Story of the Three Bears\") is a 19th-century fairy tale of which three versions exist. The original version of the tale tells of a badly-behaved old woman who enters the forest home of three bachelor bears whilst they are away. She sits in their chairs, eats some of their porridge, and sleeps in one of their beds. When the bears return and discover her, she wakes up, jumps out of the window, and is never seen again. The second version replaced the old woman with a little girl named Goldilocks, and the third and by far most well-known version replaced the original bear trio with Papa Bear, Mama Bear and Baby Bear.\n" ]	[ "porridge" ]
-6819392223921670505	I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love	I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love - Wikipedia I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love Jump to : navigation , search `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' Single by Chicago from the album Chicago 19 B - side `` I Stand Up '' Released May 20 , 1988 Format 7 '' Recorded Length 3 : 55 Label Full Moon / Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren , Albert Hammond Producer ( s ) Ron Nevison Chicago singles chronology `` Niagara Falls '' ( 1987 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' ( 1988 ) `` Look Away '' ( 1988 ) `` Niagara Falls '' ( 1987 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' ( 1988 ) `` Look Away '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' is a hit song written by Diane Warren and Albert Hammond for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago 19 ( 1988 ) , with Bill Champlin singing lead vocals . The first single released from that album , it reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . The B - side of the single was `` I Stand Up '' written by Robert Lamm and Gerard McMahon . The song was featured in the Netflix original movie Death Note , which is based on the anime of the same name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love - Chicago '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Chicago Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Keith Howland Ray Hermann Lou Pardini Daniel De Los Reyes Walfredo Reyes Jr . Brett Simons Neil Donell Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Laudir de Oliveira Donnie Dacus Chris Pinnick Bill Champlin Jason Scheff Dawayne Bailey Tris Imboden Bruce Gaitsch Drew Hester Jeff Coffey Studio albums Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Chicago III Chicago V Chicago VI Chicago VII Chicago VIII Chicago X Chicago XI Hot Streets Chicago 13 Chicago XIV Chicago 16 Chicago 17 Chicago 18 Chicago 19 Twenty 1 Night & Day : Big Band Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album Chicago XXX Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions Chicago XXXVI : Now Live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall Live in Japan Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 Compilations Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume II If You Leave Me Now Take Me Back to Chicago Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 Group Portrait The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1997 The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1998 Volume II The Very Best of Chicago : Only the Beginning The Box Love Songs The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition Singles `` Questions 67 and 68 '' `` Beginnings '' `` Make Me Smile '' `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' `` Free '' `` Lowdown '' `` Saturday in the Park '' `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' `` Just You ' n ' Me '' `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' `` Call on Me '' `` Wishing You Were Here '' `` Harry Truman '' `` Old Days '' `` Brand New Love Affair '' `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' `` You Are on My Mind '' `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' `` Alive Again '' `` No Tell Lover '' `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Love Me Tomorrow '' `` Stay the Night '' `` Hard Habit to Break '' `` You 're the Inspiration '' `` Along Comes a Woman '' `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' `` Niagara Falls '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` Look Away '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We Can Last Forever '' `` What Kind of Man Would I Be ? '' `` Chasin ' the Wind '' Related articles Discography Albert Hammond Studio albums It Never Rains in Southern California The Free Electric Band Albert Hammond Other albums It Never Rains in Southern California Singles `` Down by the River '' `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' `` The Free Electric Band '' `` I 'm a Train '' `` 99 Miles From L.A. '' `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Your World and My World '' Songwriting `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Gimme Dat Ding '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` Little Arrows '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Love Thing '' `` Make Me an Island '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` Room in Your Heart '' `` Tall , Dark Handsome Stranger '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' `` Way of the World '' `` When I Need You '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Where Were You '' `` You 're Such a Good Looking Woman '' Languages `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Sensualité '' `` Y Tú También Llorarás '' Related articles Albert Hammond , Jr . John Bettis Mike Hazlewood Holly Knight Carole Bayer Sager The Family Dogg Diane Warren This 1980s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Wanna_Live_Without_Your_Love&oldid=832628074 '' Categories : 1988 singles Chicago ( band ) songs Songs written by Diane Warren Songs written by Albert Hammond 1988 songs Song recordings produced by Ron Nevison Full Moon Records singles 1980s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Languages Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i don't want to live without your love	[ "\"I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love\" is a hit song written by Diane Warren and Albert Hammond for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago 19 (1988), with Bill Champlin singing lead vocals. The first single released from that album, it reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.[1] The B-side of the single was \"I Stand Up\" written by Robert Lamm and Gerard McMahon. The song was featured in the Netflix original movie Death Note, which is based on the anime of the same name." ]	[ "Chicago" ]
-3483273899886994202	Mar-a-Lago	Mar - a-Lago - Wikipedia Mar - a-Lago Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the house and resort . For Swiss village , see Miralago . Mar - a-Lago National Historic Landmark U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Mar - a-Lago , Marjorie Merriweather Post 's estate on Palm Beach Island Location 1100 S. Ocean Blvd. , Palm Beach , Florida , United States Coordinates 26 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 02 ′ 13 '' W / 26.67694 ° N 80.03694 ° W / 26.67694 ; - 80.03694 Coordinates : 26 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 02 ′ 13 '' W / 26.67694 ° N 80.03694 ° W / 26.67694 ; - 80.03694 Area 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) Built 1924 -- 1927 Architect Marion Sims Wyeth ( exterior ) Joseph Urban ( interior ) NRHP reference # 80000961 Significant dates Added to NRHP December 23 , 1980 Designated NHL December 23 , 1980 Mar - a-Lago ( / ˌmɑːr. ə. ˈlɑː. ɡoʊ / ) is a resort and National Historic Landmark in Palm Beach , Florida , built from 1924 to 1927 by cereal - company heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post . The 126 - room , 62,500 - square - foot house contains the Mar - a-Lago Club , a members - only club with guest rooms , a spa , and other hotel - style amenities . It is located on the Palm Beach barrier island , with the Atlantic Ocean to the east and Florida 's Intracoastal Waterway to the west . At the time of her death in 1973 , Post bequeathed the property to the National Park Service , hoping it could be used for state visits or as a Winter White House . However , because the costs of maintaining the property exceeded the funds provided by Post , and it was difficult to secure the facility ( as it is located in the flight path of Palm Beach Airport ) , the property was returned to the Post Foundation by an Act of Congress in 1981 . In 1985 , Mar - a-Lago was purchased by businessman Donald Trump and his then - wife Ivana Trump was put in charge of running the property . Trump retained Mar - a-Lago through his two divorces , and his family maintains private quarters in a separate , closed - off area of the house and grounds . Since becoming President , Trump has frequently stayed there , referring to it as the Winter White House and his `` Southern White House '' . It is the 20th largest mansion in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Trump presidency 3.1 Notable presidential visits 3.2 Security zone 4 The Mar - a-Lago Club 5 Lawsuits 5.1 Flag litigation 5.2 Discrimination 5.3 Aviation litigation 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The company identifies the name Mar - a-Lago as Spanish for `` Sea - to - Lake . '' History ( edit ) Living room of Mar - a-Lago , 1967 Entrance to Mar - a-Lago owner 's suite , April 1967 Entrance gate in 2014 Marjorie Merriweather Post , heiress to the Post Cereals business , built the house with her husband Edward F. Hutton . She hired Marion Sims Wyeth to design it , and Joseph Urban to create interior design and exterior decorations . Post spent $7 million ( $90 million today ) and it was finished in 1927 . Post , who died in 1973 , had willed the 17 - acre ( 6.9 ha ) estate to the United States government as a Winter White House for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . Richard Nixon preferred the Florida White House in Key Biscayne , however , and Jimmy Carter was not interested . The federal government soon realized the immense cost of maintenance , and the difficulty maintaining security for diplomats , and returned it to the Post Foundation in 1981 , which listed it for sale for $20 million . Dina Merrill and Post 's two other daughters did not maintain the property , expecting to sell it , but there was so little interest that the city approved its demolition to build smaller homes . Mar - a-Lago was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 . Donald Trump learned about the estate after unsuccessfully trying to purchase and combine two apartments in Palm Beach for his family . According to Trump , he offered the Post family $25 million for it , but they rejected it . Trump then bid $2 million to purchase the land between Mar - a-Lago and the ocean , stating he intended to build a home that would block Mar - a-Lago's beach view . The threat caused interest in the property to decline , and Trump ended up getting the property for $7 million in 1985 . He renovated the estate , adding a 20,000 - square - foot ( 1,900 m ) ballroom to the 58 bedrooms , 33 bathrooms , a 29 - foot - long ( 8.8 m ) pietra dura marble top dining table , 12 fireplaces , and three bomb shelters . The club also has five clay tennis courts and a waterfront pool . In the early 1990s , Trump faced financial difficulties . While negotiating with his bankers , he promised to divide Mar - a-Lago into smaller properties , alarming Palm Beach residents ; the city council rejected his plan to do so . Trump instead turned the estate into a private club that -- unlike other Palm Beach old money resorts like the Bath and Tennis Club and Everglades Club -- accepted as members Jews , blacks , and , as one Everglades member said , `` people who try to call attention to themselves '' . The new club hosted concerts by Céline Dion and Billy Joel , had beauty - pageant contestants as guests , and violated local noise ordinances . Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley spent their honeymoon at Mar - a-Lago . On April 18 , 2012 , the American Institute of Architects ' Florida Chapter ranked Mar - a-Lago fifth on its list of Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places . Mar - a-Lago has frequently hosted the International Red Cross Ball , an annual `` white tie , tails , and tiara '' ball . Founded by Post , it has a history of attracting wealthy socialites and ambassadors from across the world in support of the mission of the American Red Cross . Trump presidency ( edit ) President Trump has referred to Mar - a-Lago as his `` Winter White House '' and alternately the `` Southern White House '' . It has a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility ( SCIF ) for communications with the White House Situation Room and Pentagon . Notable presidential visits ( edit ) Trump 's first visit to Mar - a-Lago as President of the United States took place on the weekend of February 3 -- 6 , 2017 . On Saturday , he hosted the Diamond Red Cross Ball at Mar - a-Lago Club , while on Sunday , he watched Super Bowl LI at Trump International Golf Club ( West Palm Beach ) . The estimated cost ( over US $3 million ) of the weekend garnered some scrutiny as Trump , before being elected , had regularly criticized President Obama for taking allegedly expensive taxpayer - funded vacations . Trump and Shinzō Abe at Mar - a-Lago On the weekend of February 10 -- 12 , 2017 , President Trump and his wife Melania hosted Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and his wife . This was the first use of Mar - a-Lago to entertain an international leader , and the occasion for one of his first international security crises , that of a North Korean missile launch . Trump and Abe conferred in full view of the other diners . During the third consecutive weekend visit to Mar - a-Lago on February 17 -- 20 , Trump conducted a campaign rally at the Orlando Melbourne International Airport . He also conducted interviews for a replacement National Security Advisor and named General H.R. McMaster as Flynn 's successor on February 20 , 2017 . After President Trump 's fourth weekend visit on March 3 -- 5 , questions were raised about the access his paying club members have to him and his entourage . A number of Democratic senators asked the President to release visitor logs of Mar - a-Lago and as well as a list of the members of the private club . Subsequently , the `` Mar - a-Lago Act '' was introduced , legislation requiring publication of logs of visitors at the White House and other places where the president conducts business . A lawsuit filed by a National Security Archive analyst , Kate Doyle , in conjunction with the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University and CREW requested the visitor logs from Mar - a-Lago be released to the public . In July 2017 a judge ordered that these logs be released in September . Trump 's fifth presidential visit took place on March 17 -- 18 . Guests included Melania 's parents , Viktor and Amalija Knavs . The Trumps hosting Xi Jinping and his wife at Mar - a-Lago During his next visit April 6 -- 9 , President Trump hosted the Chinese leader Xi Jinping for the first two days . At Mar - a-Lago the decision to strike a Syrian airfield was made . The following Easter weekend was also spent with family members at Mar - a-Lago . On April 4 , 2017 , prior to President Xi 's visit , ShareAmerica , a Web site run by the U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs , published a blog post describing Mar - a-Lago's history . On April 5 , 2017 , the U.S. Embassy in the United Kingdom 's website shared snippets of the original blog post on its own blog , and the U.S. Embassy in Albania 's Facebook page shared the original post . On April 24 , 2017 , Democrats Senator Ron Wyden , House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , and ethics observers like former Ambassador Norman Eisen , questioned the use of official government resources promoting a private property owned by Trump . By April 25 , 2017 ShareAmerica and both U.S. Embassies in the United Kingdom and Albania removed their respective posts . ShareAmerica , replaced their post with the following statement , `` The intention of the article was to inform the public about where the president has been hosting world leaders . We regret any misperception and have removed the post . '' With the seasonal closing of Mar - a-Lago by May 14 ahead of the Atlantic hurricane season , President Trump uses Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster , New Jersey as his preferred retreat location during the Summer months ( calling it his `` Summer White House '' ) Security zone ( edit ) When the President is in residence the Palm Beach region becomes a zone of temporary flight restrictions affecting flights and air operations severely within a 30 nautical mile ( 55.56 km ) radius . Coast Guard and Secret Service secure the two waterway approaches , ocean and lake , and Secret Service cordons off streets to Mar - a-Lago during the President 's visits . By the third weekend in February 2017 , nearby Palm Beach County Park Airport ( Lantana Airport ) had been shut down for three consecutive weekends , accumulating significant financial losses for multiple businesses . The Mar - a-Lago club ( edit ) The primary business occupying the estate is the Mar - a-Lago Club , which operates as resort and hotel for dues - paying members , and rents out estate venues for private events . Membership at the Mar - a-Lago Club required a $200,000 initiation fee up until 2012 when it was lowered to $100,000 . Sources close to the resort indicated the cut was in response to reduced demand following the Bernie Madoff scandal which affected many affluent Palm Beach residents . The fee was returned to $200,000 in January 2017 following the election of Donald Trump as president with $14,000 annual dues . Overnight guests pay up to $2,000 a night . According to financial disclosure forms filed by Donald Trump , the Mar - a-Lago Club realized $29.7 million in gross revenues in the period June 2015 to May 2016 . The club has nearly 500 paying members ( with a cap of 500 ) and admits twenty to forty new members a year . Members include oil executive Bill Koch , financier Thomas Peterffy , New Jersey Democratic Party leader George Norcross , lobbyist Kenneth Duberstein , real estate developers Bruce E. Toll and Richard LeFrak , media executive Christopher Ruddy , talk show host Howie Carr , talk show host Michael Savage / s wife , and NFL coach Bill Belichick . The club holds an annual New Year 's Eve party , described in Daily Mail by journalist and author Ronald Kessler , who has known Donald Trump for two decades : `` The New Year 's Eve party was held in that ballroom ( described in Kessler 's book The Season : Inside Palm Beach and America 's Richest Society ) , with almost 700 guests who paid $1,000 per couple . First came hors d'oeuvres and champagne on the terrace overlooking the pool , always heated to 78 degrees , like the second pool right on the ocean . Cocktail shrimp , stone crab claws , cold lobster , oysters on the half shell , sushi , and caviar dished onto blini were among the offerings . After that , the guests swanned over to the ballroom for dinner and dancing . Dinner included truffle and ricotta ravioli and filet mignon and scallops . The bubbly : from Trump 's own Charlottesville , Virginia vineyard . '' A second article by Kessler in Daily Mail in February 2016 predicted that Trump would operate as president the way he runs Mar - a-Lago . In `` A Roadmap to Trump 's Washington '' , Kessler described the carrot - and - stick approach Trump used to get his Mar - a-Lago estate approved as a club by Palm Beach Town Council members and predicted he would operate in the same manner as president to win over support for his agenda . In `` The Anatomy of a Trump Decision '' , Kessler depicted how Trump makes decisions by focusing on his decision to turn his Mar - a-Lago estate in Palm Beach into a private club . As of February 2017 , President Trump is considering at least three club members for ambassadorships . In protest of Trump 's remarks on the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , six nonprofit organizations canceled scheduled gala events at the club . The charities canceling included the American Red Cross and the American Cancer Society . Lawsuits ( edit ) Flag litigation ( edit ) On October 3 , 2006 , Trump raised a 20 - by - 30 - foot ( 6.1 by 9.1 m ) American flag on an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) flagpole at Mar - a-Lago . Town zoning officials asked Trump to adhere to town zoning codes that limit flagpoles to a height of 42 feet ( 13 m ) . This dispute led the town council of Palm Beach to charge Trump $1,250 for every day that the flag stayed up . Trump filed a lawsuit against the Town of Palm Beach . Trump eventually dropped his lawsuit over the flag , and in exchange the town waived its fines . As part of a court - ordered mediation , Trump was allowed to file for a permit and keep a pole that was both 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) shorter than the original pole and located on a different spot on his lawn . The agreement also required him to donate $100,000 to veterans ' charities , as well as resulted in a change to town ordinances allowing out - of - town enrollees in club membership . Discrimination ( edit ) In December 1997 , Trump filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida . In his suit Trump accused the town of discriminating against Mar - a-Lago for allowing black and Jewish members , groups not typically welcome in the area 's other clubs . According to Vanity Fair , `` Trump and his attorney had already implied that he and his club had been discriminated against because many of its members were Jewish , and , worse , that the council members who had placed the conditions on him had not placed those restrictions on their own clubs . '' Aviation litigation ( edit ) Trump has repeatedly filed lawsuits against Palm Beach County over aircraft going to and from Palm Beach International Airport ( PBI ) allegedly affecting Mar - a-Lago . Trump first filed such a lawsuit in 1995 ; that action was settled in 1996 , with the county agreeing to collaborate with the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) and to change flight patterns so the noisiest jet aircraft flew over a wider area . As part of the settlement , Trump leased 215 acres from the county , on which he built the 18 - hole Trump International Golf Club . In July 2010 , Trump filed another lawsuit aiming to stop the airport from constructing a second commercial runway . That suit was dismissed . Trump filed a third suit against the county in January 2015 , seeking $100 million in damages for `` creating an unreasonable amount of noise , emissions and pollutants at Mar - a-Lago '' . Trump claims that officials pressured the FAA to direct air traffic to PBI over Mar - a-Lago in a `` deliberate and malicious '' act . In November 2015 , a Florida Circuit Court judge ruled against most of Trump 's arguments , dismissing four of the six claims and allowing the others to proceed . Trump dropped the lawsuit after winning the presidency , as the estate will likely have a no - fly zone imposed by the FAA . In January 2017 , Palm Beach exempted Mar - a-Lago from a ban on landing helicopters on residential properties while Trump is president , including his own fleet and Marine One . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mar - A-Lago , the Trump Winter White House '' . The Huffington Post . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Mar - A-Lago '' . National Historic Landmarks Program . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Honored for Preservation of Mar - a-Lago '' . Miami Herald . March 2003 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Kerry ( July 16 , 1981 ) . `` Post Home For Sale For $20 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Draper , Robert ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Mr. Trump 's Wild Ride '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shnayerson , Michael ( July 16 , 1988 ) . `` Inside Ivana 's Role in Donald Trump 's Empire '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Erik . `` A Look Inside Donald Trump 's Lavish , $200 Million ' Palace ' '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See Inside the ' Winter White House ' at Mar - a-Lago '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . The Mar - a-Lago Club . Trump Golf 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mar - a-Lago HABS No . FLA - 195 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The History and Memories Behind Mar - a-Lago '' . Palm Beach Post . December 17 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Luongo , Michael ( November 2017 ) . `` The Ironic History of Mar - a-Lago '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Time , August 1 , 1980 Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( 1999 ) . The Season : Inside Palm Beach and America 's Richest Society ( 1 . ed . ) . New York , NY : HarperCollinsPublishers . p. 181 . ISBN 0060193913 . ^ Jump up to : Seal , Mark ( February 2017 ) . `` How Donald Trump Beat Palm Beach Society and Won the Fight for Mar - a-Lago '' . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ian ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) . `` A look inside Palm Beach , where wealthy Canadians are one degree of separation from Donald Trump '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ McKithan , Cecil N. ( August 31 , 1981 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Mar - a-Lago '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . and Accompanying 4 photos , exterior , from 1967 . ( 942 KB ) Jump up ^ `` AssetDetail '' . focus.nps.gov . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Fights Property Taxes '' . Associated Press . March 29 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Mazzei , Patricia ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Haughty Palm Beach learns to love Trump , once a scorned outsider '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ `` Current Standings '' . 2015 People 's Choice Award ( Florida Architecture ) . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Marc . `` Trump dubs Mar - a-Lago the new ' Winter White House ' '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Boyer , Dave ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Trump dubs his Mar - a-Lago resort ' The Southern White House ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunez , Elissa ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) . `` What this photo of Trump 's war room tells us '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Trump in Palm Beach : Another golf course visit today '' . The Palm Beach Post . February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Matthew ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's Mar - a-Lago getaway could cost taxpayers more than $3 million '' . Politico . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rascoe , Ayesha ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` Trump and Japan 's Abe take a swing at golf diplomacy '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Kevin ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` At Mar - a-Lago , Trump tackles crisis diplomacy at close range '' . Jump up ^ Boyer , Dave ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Trump dubs his Mar - a-Lago resort ' The Southern White House ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason J , Zengerle P ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Outspoken general named Trump 's top security adviser '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb , Kristina ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` New : Senators call for release of visitor logs from Trump 's Mar - a-Lago '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Estepa , Jessica ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats introduce the ' Mar - a-Lago Act ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Orders Sep. 8 Deadline for Mar - a-Lago Visitor Records Release National Security Archive '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Spargo , Chris ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` The family 's all here ! Trump plays golf for the 10th time since becoming president as Melania 's parents join them at Mar - a-Lago '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Said and unsaid : the hits and misses of Xi - Trump talks in Mar - a-Lago '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Wong , Alan ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) . `` When Xi Jinping Visits Trump at Mar - a-Lago , ' Nothing Involving Golf Clubs ' '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , George ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Trump in Palm Beach : Syria strike OK 'd at Mar - a-Lago '' . Plam Beach Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruce Golding ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Trump attends Easter service with family near Mar - a-Lago '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mar - a-Lago : The winter White House ShareAmerica '' . 2017 - 04 - 24 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mar - a-Lago : The winter White House '' . U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom . 2017 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Embassy - Tirana '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Wyden on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` US embassy site triggers outrage by calling Mar - a-Lago ' winter White House ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Why is a U.S. embassy promoting a story about Mar - a-Lago ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ ShareAmerica ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Mar - a-Lago : The winter White House ShareAmerica '' . ShareAmerica . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Darren Samuelsohn , Kenneth P. Vogel ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Goodbye , Mar - a-Lago . Hello , Bedminster '' . Politico . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Narnowitz , Dan ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` AOPA Seeks FAA Meeting on Mar - a-Lago TFRs '' . AOPA . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TFR List 7 / 4956 ( Palm Beach , FL ) '' . FAA . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liberman , S ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Mar - a-Lago resort -- Donald Trump 's winter white house -- serves the elite in Palm Beach '' . My San Antonio . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Terry ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Small airport businesses to Trump : Your Florida visits hurt '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Robert ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mar - a-Lago membership fee doubles to $200,000 '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . The initiation fee for Mar - a-Lago had been $100,000 since 2012 , when it was cut from $200,000 . People close to the resort said the fee was reduced following a decline in memberships after the Bernie Madoff scandal , which claimed many wealthy Palm Beach victims . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary . `` Inside Trump 's Palm Beach castle and his 30 - year fight to win over the locals '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump Personal Financial Disclosure Form 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Disis , Jill ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Trump - owned Mar - a-Lago hikes prices as membership nears cap '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Confessore ; Maggie Haberman ; Eric Lipton ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Trump 's ' Winter White House ' : A Peek at the Exclusive Members ' List at Mar - a-Lago '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Truffle and Ricotta Ravioli '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Take a Look at How Donald Trump Operates Mar - a-Lago '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` A Roadmap to Trump 's Washington '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Anatomy of a Trump Decision '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Charities cancel events at Trump 's Mar - a-Lago club '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Town cites Trump , but big banner still waves www.palmbeachpost.com '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City to Trump : You 're Fined ! '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's war with Palm Beach '' . Politico . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Andy ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Trump 's Airport Lawsuit Lingers as Presidential Bid Heats Up '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Jump up ^ Playford , Adam ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Trump Sues to Prevent Runway Expansion '' . Palm Beach Post . Jump up ^ Sedensky , Matt ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Trump Sues for $100 M , Says Air Traffic Targets Him '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mar - a-Lago no - fly zone renders Trump lawsuit moot '' . Jump up ^ `` President Elect Trump Given Permission to Land Helicopter at Mar - A-Lago Estate '' . Heliweb . January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Florida . DK Eyewitness Travel Guides. 2004 . p. 117 . Blair , Gwenda ( 2000 ) . The Trumps . p. 364 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mar - a-Lago . Official website Donald Trump 's house ( Mar - a-Lago ) Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . FL - 195 , `` Mar - a-Lago , 1100 South Ocean Boulevard , Palm Beach , Palm Beach County , FL '' , 108 photos , 37 data pages , supplemental material Nylander , Justin A. ( 2010 ) . Casas to Castles : Florida 's Historic Mediterranean Revival Architecture . Atglen , Pa. : Schiffer Publishing . ISBN 0764334352 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many members does mar a lago have	[ "The club has nearly 500 paying members (with a cap of 500) and admits twenty to forty new members a year.[56][57] Members include oil executive Bill Koch, financier Thomas Peterffy, New Jersey Democratic Party leader George Norcross, lobbyist Kenneth Duberstein, real estate developers Bruce E. Toll and Richard LeFrak, media executive Christopher Ruddy, talk show host Howie Carr, talk show host Michael Savage/s wife, and NFL coach Bill Belichick.[57]" ]	[ "500" ]
2437989312777046205	Paid in Full (2002 film)	Paid in Full ( 2002 film ) - wikipedia Paid in Full ( 2002 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Paid in Full Theatrical release poster Directed by Charles Stone III Produced by Damon Dash Shawn `` JAY - Z '' Carter Brett Ratner Azie Faison Steve Rifkind Written by Matthew Cirulnick Thulani Davis Starring Wood Harris Regina Hall Kevin Carroll Esai Morales Elise Neal Cynthia Martells Remo Green Ron Cephas Jones Cam'ron Chi McBride Mekhi Phifer Narrated by Wood Harris Music by Vernon Reid and Frank Fitzpatrick Cinematography Paul Sarossy Edited by Bill Pankow , A.C.E , Patricia Bowers Production company Roc - A-Fella Films Loud Films Rat Entertainment Dimension Films Distributed by Miramax Films Release date October 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 25 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $3,090,862 Paid in Full is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Charles Stone III . It takes place in Harlem in the 1980s . The title of the film is taken from the 1987 album and 1987 song by Eric B. & Rakim . `` Paid in Full '' is based on three friends Azie `` AZ '' Faison , Rich Porter , and Alpo Martinez and their professional criminal exploits . The characters Ace ( Wood Harris ) , Mitch ( Mekhi Phifer ) , and Rico ( Cam'ron ) , respectively , are based on these three drug dealers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Ace ( Wood Harris ) is a young man from Harlem stuck in a dead end job at a dry cleaning shop . His sister 's boyfriend , Calvin ( Kevin Carroll ) , is a local cocaine dealer who tries to lure Ace into the drug trade with promises of fast money and women . Ace resists Calvin 's temptations , not caring for his unsophisticated ways . Likewise , Ace 's close friend Mitch ( Mekhi Phifer ) is a flashy , popular drug dealer who exposes Ace to drug dealing lifestyle . When Calvin gets arrested on drug charges , Ace ends up filling his position on the street . This happens after Ace starts getting cocaine from Lulu , one of the customers at the dry cleaners shop . Lulu has a top - quality supply of cocaine which Ace sells on the street at a cheap price , quickly luring away customers from other drug dealers . Ace operates on the mantra that there is plenty of money to go around and that everyone can `` live and maintain . '' While Ace is building up his drug operation , Mitch is arrested for killing a stickup man who robbed one of his workers . When a fight breaks out between Mitch and another inmate , Mitch is aided by East Harlem inmate Rico ( Cam'ron ) who impresses Mitch by his ferocity and show of solidarity . Mitch is able to beat his murder charge and both him and Rico join Ace 's drug empire . The trio become extremely wealthy , buying foreign cars , jewelery and expensive champagne . Ace continues to more or less stay behind the scenes , while Mitch returns to his flamboyant lifestyle as a popular hustler . Rico is a ruthless enforcer who worries Ace with his overzealous behavior and high - profile lifestyle . When Calvin is released from prison , he tries to regain his position of power on the streets . Ace gives him a job overseeing his old drug spot , but Calvin feels dissatisfied with his menial position . When Ace refuses to let Calvin run his old block , Calvin attempts to rob Ace . Calvin grows increasingly anxious and kills two of Ace 's relatives while Ace survives his shooting despite being shot in the head . Feeling physically and physiologically defeated , Ace decides to quit the drug trade . Rico , who kills Calvin in retaliation , strongly disagrees with this decision . Mitch understands Ace 's perspective that the drug game does not reciprocate any love or generosity . Mitch decides to stay in the drug game because he loves the hustle , comparing himself to professional basketball players that continue to chase glory despite having enough money to retire . While Ace is recovering , Mitch 's kid brother Sonny is kidnapped for ransom . Mitch tries to quickly raise cash to pay the ransom by selling as much cocaine as Ace can get his hands on . When Mitch reaches out to Rico for help with his campaign , Rico murders Mitch and steals the drugs that Mitch intended to sell to save Sonny . Rico lies to Ace about his whereabouts that night , not knowing that Mitch had told Ace they were going to meet up the night of his death . Ace settles the issue by giving him the contact to a pair of undercover FBI agents Ace had spoken to and avoided previously . Rico is arrested and is last seen in custody giving up information on his out - of - town drug connections in Washington D.C. in order to avoid a 25 - to - life sentence . He refuses to inform on anyone in Harlem , intending on reclaiming his position when he is eventually released from prison . Sonny 's kidnapping and subsequent murder were orchestrated by his own uncle who resented Mitch for not providing him with money and for kicking him out of his family 's apartment . Ace manages to retreat from the criminal underworld and makes a new life for himself and his family using diamonds that he had previously found in Lulu 's apartment after his death . Cast ( edit ) Wood Harris - Ace Mekhi Phifer - Mitch Kevin Carroll - Calvin Esai Morales - Lulu Chi McBride - Pip Cam'ron - Rico Remo Green - Sonny Cynthia Martells - Dora Elise Neal - June Regina Hall - Keisha Karen Andrew - Cakes Jonas Chernick - Detective / Surgeon Wes Williams - Mitch 's Friend Rufus Crawford - Tommy Jason Burke - Street Runner K.C. Collins - Kid # 1 Arnold Pinnock - Wiry Man Noreaga - Runner Doug E. Fresh - Himself Critical reception ( edit ) The film received generally mixed reviews from critics , but it gained a cult following The movie gained 51 % ( rotten ) on Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews . On metacritic the film gathered a score of 49 % based on 16 reviews . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Paid in Full ( soundtrack ) The Paid in Full ( soundtrack ) , containing hip hop and R&B music , was released on November 26 , 2002 by Roc - A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings . It peaked at 53 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Paid in Full ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paid in Full '' . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paid in Full '' . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Paid in Full on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Charles Stone III Drumline ( 2002 ) Paid in Full ( 2002 ) Mr. 3000 ( 2004 ) CrazySexyCool : The TLC Story ( 2013 ) Lila & Eve ( 2015 ) Step Sisters ( 2018 ) Uncle Drew ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paid_in_Full_(2002_film)&oldid=833334591 '' Categories : English - language films Films based on actual events American films 2002 films True crime films Hip hop films Hood films Films about African - American organized crime Films directed by Charles Stone III Dimension Films films African - American films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the real characters of paid in full	[ "Paid in Full is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Charles Stone III. It takes place in Harlem in the 1980s. The title of the film is taken from the 1987 album and 1987 song by Eric B. & Rakim. \"Paid in Full\" is based on three friends Azie \"AZ\" Faison, Rich Porter, and Alpo Martinez and their professional criminal exploits. The characters Ace (Wood Harris), Mitch (Mekhi Phifer), and Rico (Cam'ron), respectively, are based on these three drug dealers.", "Paid in Full is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Charles Stone III. It takes place in Harlem in the 1980s. The title of the film is taken from the 1987 album and 1987 song by Eric B. & Rakim. \"Paid in Full\" is based on three friends Azie \"AZ\" Faison, Rich Porter, and Alpo Martinez and their professional criminal exploits. The characters Ace (Wood Harris), Mitch (Mekhi Phifer), and Rico (Cam'ron), respectively, are based on these three drug dealers.", "Paid in Full is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Charles Stone III. It takes place in Harlem in the 1980s. The title of the film is taken from the 1987 album and 1987 song by Eric B. & Rakim. \"Paid in Full\" is based on three friends Azie \"AZ\" Faison, Rich Porter, and Alpo Martinez and their professional criminal exploits. The characters Ace (Wood Harris), Mitch (Mekhi Phifer), and Rico (Cam'ron), respectively, are based on these three drug dealers." ]	[ "Azie \"AZ\" Faison", "Rich Porter", "Alpo Martinez" ]
8753213844294763604	Big Five personality traits	Big Five personality traits - wikipedia Big Five personality traits The big five personality traits The Big Five personality traits , also known as the five factor model ( FFM ) , is a taxonomy for personality traits . It is based on common language descriptors . When factor analysis ( a statistical technique ) is applied to personality survey data , some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person . For example , someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as `` always prepared '' rather than `` messy '' . This theory is based therefore on the association between words but not on neuropsychological experiments . This theory uses descriptors of common language and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human personality and psyche . The five factors have been defined as openness to experience , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism , often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE . Beneath each proposed global factor , there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors . For example , extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness , assertiveness , excitement seeking , warmth , activity , and positive emotions . That these underlying factors can be found is consistent with the lexical hypothesis : personality characteristics that are most important in people 's lives will eventually become a part of their language and , secondly , that more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word . The five factors are : Openness to experience ( inventive / curious vs. consistent / cautious ) . Appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , curiosity , and variety of experience . Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity , creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person has . It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine . High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus , and more likely to engage in risky behaviour or drug taking . Also , individuals that have high openness tend to lean , in occupation and hobby , towards the arts , being , typically , creative and appreciative of the significance of intellectual and artistic pursuits . Moreover , individuals with high openness are said to pursue self - actualization specifically by seeking out intense , euphoric experiences . Conversely , those with low openness seek to gain fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized as pragmatic and data - driven -- sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed - minded . Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor . Conscientiousness ( efficient / organized vs. easy - going / careless ) . Tendency to be organized and dependable , show self - discipline , act dutifully , aim for achievement , and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior . High conscientiousness is often perceived as stubbornness and obsession . Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity , but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability . Extraversion ( outgoing / energetic vs. solitary / reserved ) . Energy , positive emotions , surgency , assertiveness , sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others , and talkativeness . High extraversion is often perceived as attention - seeking and domineering . Low extraversion causes a reserved , reflective personality , which can be perceived as aloof or self - absorbed . Extroverted people tend to be more dominant in social settings , as opposed to introverted people who may act more shy and reserved in this setting . Agreeableness ( friendly / compassionate vs. challenging / detached ) . Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others . It is also a measure of one 's trusting and helpful nature , and whether a person is generally well - tempered or not . High agreeableness is often seen as naive or submissive . Low agreeableness personalities are often competitive or challenging people , which can be seen as argumentative or untrustworthy . Neuroticism ( sensitive / nervous vs. secure / confident ) . Tendency to be prone to psychological stress . The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily , such as anger , anxiety , depression , and vulnerability . Neuroticism also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control and is sometimes referred to by its low pole , `` emotional stability '' . High stability manifests itself as a stable and calm personality , but can be seen as uninspiring and unconcerned . Low stability manifests as the reactive and excitable personality often found in dynamic individuals , but can be perceived as unstable or insecure . Also , individuals with higher levels of neuroticism tend to have worse psychological well being . People who do not exhibit a clear predisposition to a single factor in each dimension above are considered adaptable , moderate and reasonable , yet they can also be perceived as unprincipled , inscrutable and calculating . Contents 1 Overview 2 Descriptions of the particular personality traits 2.1 Openness to experience 2.1. 1 Sample items 2.2 Conscientiousness 2.2. 1 Sample items 2.3 Extraversion 2.3. 1 Sample items 2.4 Agreeableness 2.4. 1 Sample items 2.5 Neuroticism 2.5. 1 Sample items 3 History 3.1 Early trait research 3.2 Hiatus in research 3.3 Renewed attention 4 Biological and developmental factors 4.1 Temperament vs. personality 4.2 Heritability 4.3 Non-humans 4.4 Development during childhood and adolescence 4.4. 1 Extraversion / positive emotionality 4.5 Development throughout adulthood 5 Group differences 5.1 Gender differences 5.2 Birth - order differences 6 Cultural differences 7 Relationships 7.1 Personality disorders 7.2 Common mental disorders 7.2. 1 The personality - psychopathology models 7.3 Health 7.4 Education 7.4. 1 Academic achievement 7.4. 2 Learning styles 7.5 Work success 7.6 Romantic relationships 7.7 Limitation of the predictive power of personality traits 8 Measurements 9 Critique 9.1 Limited scope 9.2 Methodological issues 9.3 Theoretical status 9.4 Evidence for six factors rather than five 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) The Big Five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors . This model was defined by several independent sets of researchers who used factor analysis of verbal descriptors of human behavior . These researchers began by studying relationships between a large number of verbal descriptors related to personality traits . They reduced the lists of these descriptors ( arbitrarily ) by 5 -- 10 fold and then used factor analysis to group the remaining traits ( using data mostly based upon people 's estimations , in self - report questionnaire and peer ratings ) in order to find the underlying factors of personality . The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961 , but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s . In 1990 , J.M. Digman advanced his five - factor model of personality , which Lewis Goldberg extended to the highest level of organization . These five overarching domains have been found to contain and subsume most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits . At least four sets of researchers have worked independently within lexical hypothesis in personality theory for decades on this problem and have identified generally the same five factors : Tupes and Christal were first , followed by Goldberg at the Oregon Research Institute , Cattell at the University of Illinois , and Costa and McCrae at the National Institutes of Health . These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits , and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different names and definitions . However , all have been found to be highly inter-correlated and factor - analytically aligned . Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behavior as are the more numerous facets or primary traits . The FFM - associated test was used by Cambridge Analytica , including the scandalous case associated with interference with president election in the USA Each of the Big Five personality traits contains two separate , but correlated , aspects reflecting a level of personality below the broad domains but above the many facet scales that are also part of the Big Five . The aspects are labeled as follows : Volatility and Withdrawal for Neuroticism ; Enthusiasm and Assertiveness for Extraversion ; Intellect and Openness for Openness to Experience ; Industriousness and Orderliness for Conscientiousness ; and Compassion and Politeness for Agreeableness . Descriptions of the particular personality traits ( edit ) Openness to experience ( edit ) Openness is a general appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , imagination , curiosity , and variety of experience . People who are open to experience are intellectually curious , open to emotion , sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things . They tend to be , when compared to closed people , more creative and more aware of their feelings . They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs . Sample items ( edit ) I have excellent ideas . I am quick to understand things . I use difficult words . I am full of ideas . I am not interested in abstractions . ( reversed ) I do not have a good imagination . ( reversed ) I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas . ( reversed ) Conscientiousness ( edit ) Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self - discipline , act dutifully , and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations . It is related to the way in which people control , regulate , and direct their impulses . High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior . The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults . Sample items ( edit ) I always am prepared . I pay attention to details . I get chores done right away . I like order . I follow a schedule . I am exacting in my work . I leave my belongings around . ( reversed ) I make a mess of things . ( reversed ) I often forget to put things back in their proper place . ( reversed ) I shirk my duties . ( reversed ) Extraversion ( edit ) Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities ( as opposed to depth ) , surgency from external activity / situations , and energy creation from external means . The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world . Extraverts enjoy interacting with people , and are often perceived as full of energy . They tend to be enthusiastic , action - oriented individuals . They possess high group visibility , like to talk , and assert themselves . Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts . They tend to seem quiet , low - key , deliberate , and less involved in the social world . Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression ; instead they are more independent of their social world than extraverts . Introverts need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone . This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial ; rather , they are reserved in social situations . Generally , people are a combination of extraversion and introversion , with personality psychologist Eysenck suggesting that these traits are connected somehow to our central nervous system Sample items ( edit ) I am the life of the party . I do n't mind being the center of attention . I feel comfortable around people . I start conversations . I talk to a lot of different people at parties . I do n't talk a lot . ( reversed ) I think a lot before I speak or act . ( reversed ) I do n't like to draw attention to myself . ( reversed ) I am quiet around strangers . ( reversed ) I have no intention of talking in large crowds . ( reversed ) Agreeableness ( edit ) The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony . Agreeable individuals value getting along with others . They are generally considerate , kind , generous , trusting and trustworthy , helpful , and willing to compromise their interests with others . Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature . Disagreeable individuals place self - interest above getting along with others . They are generally unconcerned with others ' well - being , and are less likely to extend themselves for other people . Sometimes their skepticism about others ' motives causes them to be suspicious , unfriendly , and uncooperative . Because agreeableness is a social trait , research has shown that one 's agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one 's team members . Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills . In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions , individuals were asked to take a personality test and have two evaluations completed by directly supervised subordinates . Leaders with high levels of agreeableness were more likely to be considered transformational rather than transactional . Although the relationship was not strong , ( r = 0.32 , β = 0.28 , p < 0.01 ) it was the strongest of the Big Five traits . However , the same study showed no predictive power of leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader 's direct supervisor . Agreeableness , however , has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military . A study of Asian military units showed leaders with a high level of agreeableness to be more likely to receive a low rating for transformational leadership skills . Therefore , with further research , organizations may be able to determine an individual 's potential for performance based on their personality traits . Sample items ( edit ) I am interested in people . I sympathize with others ' feelings . I have a soft heart . I take time out for others . I feel others ' emotions . I make people feel at ease . I am not really interested in others . ( reversed ) I insult people . ( reversed ) I am not interested in other people 's problems . ( reversed ) I feel little concern for others . ( reversed ) Neuroticism ( edit ) Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions , such as anger , anxiety , or depression . It is sometimes called emotional instability , or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability . According to Eysenck 's ( 1967 ) theory of personality , neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli . Neuroticism is a classic temperament trait that has been studied in temperament research for decades , before it was adapted by the FFM . Since main properties of temperament traits are stability in life time and its neurophysiological basis , the FFM researchers used these properties of Neuroticism to support their model . Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress , they also tend to be flippant in the way they express emotion . They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening , and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult . Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time , which means they are often in a bad mood . For instance , neuroticism is connected to a pessimistic approach toward work , confidence that work impedes personal relationships , and apparent anxiety linked with work . Furthermore , those who score high on neuroticism may display more skin - conductance reactivity than those who score low on neuroticism . These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly , make decisions , and cope effectively with stress . Lacking contentment in one 's life achievements can correlate with high neuroticism scores and increase one 's likelihood of falling into clinical depression . Moreover , individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more negative life events , but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences . At the other end of the scale , individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive . They tend to be calm , emotionally stable , and free from persistent negative feelings . Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low - scorers experience a lot of positive feelings . Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense ( i.e. , neurosis . ) Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test . Sample items ( edit ) I get irritated easily . I get stressed out easily . I get upset easily . I have frequent mood swings . I worry about things . I am much more anxious than most people . I am relaxed most of the time . ( reversed ) I seldom feel blue . ( reversed ) History ( edit ) Early trait research ( edit ) In 1884 , Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language : the lexical hypothesis . In 1936 , Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton 's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time . In 1940 , Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives , and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171 . He constructed a self - report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives , which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire . Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered , Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled : `` surgency '' , `` agreeableness '' , `` dependability '' , `` emotional stability '' , and `` culture '' . Warren Norman subsequently relabeled `` dependability '' as `` conscientiousness '' . Hiatus in research ( edit ) For the next two decades , the changing zeitgeist made publication of personality research difficult . In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment , Walter Mischel asserted that personality instruments could not predict behavior with a correlation of more than 0.3 . Social psychologists like Mischel argued that attitudes and behavior were not stable , but varied with the situation . Predicting behavior from personality instruments was claimed to be impossible . However , it has subsequently been demonstrated empirically that the magnitude of the predictive correlations with real - life criteria can increase significantly under stressful emotional conditions ( as opposed to the typical administration of personality measures under neutral emotional conditions ) , thereby accounting for a significantly greater proportion of the predictive variance . In addition , emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s . Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior , which was unreliable , researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations . As a result , correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially , and it was clear that `` personality '' did in fact exist . Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior . Trait theories became justified , and there was a resurgence of interest in this area . In the 1980s , Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project , emphasizing five broad factors once again . He later coined the term `` Big Five '' as a label for the factors . Renewed attention ( edit ) In a 1980 symposium in Honolulu , four prominent researchers , Lewis Goldberg , Naomi Takemoto - Chock , Andrew Comrey , and John M. Digman , reviewed the available personality instruments of the day . This event was followed by widespread acceptance of the five - factor model among personality researchers during the 1980s . Peter Saville and his team included the five - factor `` Pentagon '' model with the original OPQ in 1984 . Pentagon was closely followed by the NEO five - factor personality inventory , published by Costa and McCrae in 1985 . However , the methodology employed in constructing the NEO instrument has been subjected to critical scrutiny ( see section below ) . Biological and developmental factors ( edit ) Temperament vs. personality ( edit ) There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically - based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality . The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals ( such as animals or young infants ) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio - cultural concept . For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality . Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age - specific manifestations of virtually the same latent qualities . Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals ' basic genetic characteristics actively , reactively , and passively interact with their changing environments . Researchers of adult temperament point out that , similarly to sex , age and mental illness , temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialization of an individual possessing these four types of features . Temperament interacts with social - cultural factors , but still can not be controlled or easily changed by these factors . Therefore , it is suggested that temperament should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality . Moreover , temperament refers to dynamical features of behaviour ( energetic , tempo , sensitivity and emotionality - related ) , whereas personality is to be considered a psycho - social construct comprising the content characteristics of human behavior ( such as values , attitudes , habits , preferences , personal history , self - image ) . Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to extant temperament research by the developers of the Big Five model lead to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier . For example , neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality , extraversion the temperament dimension of `` energy '' or `` activity '' , and openness to experience the temperament dimension of sensation - seeking . Heritability ( edit ) Personality research conducted on twin subjects suggests that both heritable and environmental factors contribute to the Big Five personality traits . Genetically informative research , including twin studies , suggest that heritability and environmental factors both influence all five factors to the same degree . Among four recent twin studies , the mean percentage for heritability was calculated for each personality and it was concluded that heritability influenced the five factors broadly . The self - report measures were as follows : openness to experience was estimated to have a 57 % genetic influence , extraversion 54 % , conscientiousness 49 % , neuroticism 48 % , and agreeableness 42 % . Non-humans ( edit ) The Big 5 personality traits can be seen in chimpanzees . The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable . In one series of studies , human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire , revealed factors of extraversion , conscientiousness and agreeableness -- as well as an additional factor of dominance -- across hundreds of chimpanzees in zoological parks , a large naturalistic sanctuary , and a research laboratory . Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample , but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings ( perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ ) . A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion , neuroticism , and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species , followed by openness ; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior . Development during childhood and adolescence ( edit ) Research on the Big Five , and personality in general , has focused primarily on individual differences in adulthood , rather than in childhood and adolescence , and often include temperament traits . Recently , there has been growing recognition of the need to study child and adolescent personality trait development in order to understand how traits develop and change throughout the lifespan . Recent studies have begun to explore the developmental origins and trajectories of the Big Five among children and adolescents , especially those that relate to temperament . Many researchers have sought to distinguish between personality and temperament . Temperament often refers to early behavioral and affective characteristics that are thought to be driven primarily by genes . Models of temperament often include four trait dimensions : surgency / sociability , negative emotionality , persistence / effortful control , and activity level . Some of these differences in temperament are evident at , if not before , birth . For example , both parents and researchers recognize that some newborn infants are peaceful and easily soothed while others are comparatively fussy and hard to calm . Unlike temperament , however , many researchers view the development of personality as gradually occurring throughout childhood . Contrary to some researchers who question whether children have stable personality traits , Big Five or otherwise , most researchers contend that there are significant psychological differences between children that are associated with relatively stable , distinct , and salient behavior patterns . The structure , manifestations , and development of the Big Five in childhood and adolescence has been studied using a variety of methods , including parent - and teacher - ratings , preadolescent and adolescent self - and peer - ratings , and observations of parent - child interactions . Results from these studies support the relative stability of personality traits across the human lifespan , at least from preschool age through adulthood . More specifically , research suggests that four of the Big Five -- namely Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - reliably describe personality differences in childhood , adolescence , and adulthood . However , some evidence suggests that Openness may not be a fundamental , stable part of childhood personality . Although some researchers have found that Openness in children and adolescents relates to attributes such as creativity , curiosity , imagination , and intellect , many researchers have failed to find distinct individual differences in Openness in childhood and early adolescence . Potentially , Openness may ( a ) manifest in unique , currently unknown ways in childhood or ( b ) may only manifest as children develop socially and cognitively . Other studies have found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child - specific traits : Irritability and Activity . Despite these specific differences , the majority of findings suggest that personality traits -- particularly Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - are evident in childhood and adolescence and are associated with distinct social - emotional patterns of behavior that are largely consistent with adult manifestations of those same personality traits . Some researchers have proposed the youth personality trait is best described by six trait dimensions : neuroticism , extroversion , openness to experience , agreeableness , conscientiousness , and activity . Despite some preliminary evidence for this `` Little Six '' model , research in this area has been delayed by a lack of available measures . Previous research has found evidence that most adults become more agreeable , conscientious , and less neurotic as they age . This has been referred to as the maturation effect . Many researchers have sought to investigate how trends in adult personality development compare to trends in youth personality development . Two main population - level indices have been important in this area of research : rank - order consistency and mean - level consistency . Rank - order consistency indicates the relative placement of individuals within a group . Mean - level consistency indicates whether groups increase or decrease on certain traits throughout the lifetime . Findings from these studies indicate that , consistent with adult personality trends , youth personality becomes increasingly more stable in terms of rank - order throughout childhood . Unlike adult personality research , which indicates that people become agreeable , conscientious , and emotionally stable with age , some findings in youth personality research have indicated that mean - levels of agreeableness , conscientiousness , and openness to experience decline from late childhood to late adolescence . The disruption hypothesis , which proposes that biological , social , and psychological changes experienced during youth result in temporary dips in maturity , has been proposed to explain these findings . Extraversion / positive emotionality ( edit ) In Big Five studies , extraversion has been associated with surgency . Children with high Extraversion are energetic , talkative , social , and dominant with children and adults ; whereas , children with low Extraversion tend to be quiet , calm , inhibited , and submissive to other children and adults . Individual differences in Extraversion first manifest in infancy as varying levels of positive emotionality . These differences in turn predict social and physical activity during later childhood and may represent , or be associated with , the behavioral activation system . In children , Extraversion / Positive Emotionality includes four sub-traits : three traits that are similar to the previously described traits of temperament -- activity , sociability , shyness , and the trait of dominance . Activity : Similarly to findings in temperament research , children with high activity tend to have high energy levels and more intense and frequent motor activity compared to their peers . Salient differences in activity reliably manifest in infancy , persist through adolescence , and fade as motor activity decreases in adulthood or potentially develops into talkativeness . Dominance : Children with high dominance tend to influence the behavior of others , particularly their peers , to obtain desirable rewards or outcomes . Such children are generally skilled at organizing activities and games and deceiving others by controlling their nonverbal behavior . Shyness : Children with high shyness are generally socially withdrawn , nervous , and inhibited around strangers . In time , such children may become fearful even around `` known others '' , especially if their peers reject them . Similar pattern was described in temperament longitudinal studies of shyness Sociability : Children with high sociability generally prefer to be with others rather than alone . During middle childhood , the distinction between low sociability and high shyness becomes more pronounced , particularly as children gain greater control over how and where they spend their time . Development throughout adulthood ( edit ) Many studies of longitudinal data , which correlate people 's test scores over time , and cross-sectional data , which compare personality levels across different age groups , show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood , especially Neuroticism trait that is often regarded as a temperament trait similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits . It is shown that the personality stabilizes for working - age individuals within about four years after starting working . There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals . More recent research and meta - analyses of previous studies , however , indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan . The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect . On average , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time , whereas extraversion , neuroticism , and openness tend to decrease . Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual 's current stage of development . For example , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood . In addition to these group effects , there are individual differences : different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life . In addition , some research ( Fleeson , 2001 ) suggests that the Big Five should not be conceived of as dichotomies ( such as extraversion vs. introversion ) but as continua . Each individual has the capacity to move along each dimension as circumstances ( social or temporal ) change . He is or she is therefore not simply on one end of each trait dichotomy but is a blend of both , exhibiting some characteristics more often than others : Research regarding personality with growing age has suggested that as individuals enter their elder years ( 79 -- 86 ) , those with lower IQ see a raise in extraversion , but a decline in conscientiousness and physical well being . Research by Cobb - Clark and Schurer indicates that personality traits are generally stable among adult workers . The research done on personality also mirrors previous results on locus of control . Group differences ( edit ) Gender differences ( edit ) Cross-cultural research has shown some patterns of gender differences on responses to the NEO-PI - R and the Big Five Inventory . For example , women consistently report higher Neuroticism , Agreeableness , warmth ( an extraversion facet ) and openness to feelings , and men often report higher assertiveness ( a facet of extraversion ) and openness to ideas as assessed by the NEO-PI - R . A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism , extraversion , agreeableness , and conscientiousness . The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent , with significant differences found in 49 of the 55 nations surveyed . Gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous , healthy , and more gender - egalitarian cultures . A plausible explanation for this is that acts by women in individualistic , egalitarian countries are more likely to be attributed to their personality , rather than being attributed to ascribed gender roles within collectivist , traditional countries . Differences in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were due to differences between men , not women , in these respective regions . That is , men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic , extraverted , conscientious and agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions . Women , on the other hand tended not to differ in personality traits across regions . The most simple explanation for this gender data is that women remain relatively resource - poor , regardless of the circumstances of males within a first - world country . However , the authors of this study speculated that resource - poor environments ( that is , countries with low levels of development ) may inhibit the development of gender differences , whereas resource - rich environments facilitate them . This may be because males require more resources than females in order to reach their full developmental potential . The authors also argued that due to different evolutionary pressures , men may have evolved to be more risk taking and socially dominant , whereas women evolved to be more cautious and nurturing . Ancient hunter - gatherer societies may have been more egalitarian than later agriculturally oriented societies . Hence , the development of gender inequalities may have acted to constrain the development of gender differences in personality that originally evolved in hunter - gatherer societies . As modern societies have become more egalitarian , again , it may be that innate sex differences are no longer constrained and hence manifest more fully than in less - developed cultures . Currently , this hypothesis remains untested , as gender differences in modern societies have not been compared with those in hunter - gatherer societies . Birth - order differences ( edit ) Main article : Birth order Frank Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious , more socially dominant , less agreeable , and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns . Large - scale studies using random samples and self - report personality tests , however , have found milder effects than Sulloway claimed , or no significant effects of birth order on personality . In 2002 , the journal of psychology posted a Big Five Personality Trait Difference ; Researchers explored relationship between the five factor model and the Universal - Diverse Orientation ( UDO ) in councillor trainees. ( Thompson , R. , Brossart , D. , and Mivielle , A. , 2002 ) UDO is known as one social attitude that produces a strong awareness and / or acceptance towards the similarities and differences amongst individuals . ( Miville , M. , Romas , J. , Johnson , J. , and Lon , R. 2002 ) The study has shown the councillor trainees that are more open to the idea of creative expression amongst individuals are more likely to work with a diverse group of clients , and feel comfortable in their role . ( Thompson , R. et al. 2002 ) Cultural differences ( edit ) Main article : Big Five personality traits and culture The Big Five have been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures , such as German , Chinese , Indian , etc . For example , Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five structure across several cultures using an international English language scale . Cheung , van de Vijver , and Leong ( 2011 ) suggest , however , that the Openness factor is particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified . Recent work has found relationships between Geert Hofstede 's cultural factors , Individualism , Power Distance , Masculinity , and Uncertainty Avoidance , with the average Big Five scores in a country . For instance , the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average extraversion , whereas people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on conscientiousness . Personality differences around the world might even have contributed to the emergence of different political systems . A recent study has found that countries ' average personality trait levels are correlated with their political systems : countries with higher average trait Openness tended to have more democratic institutions , an association that held even after factoring out other relevant influences such as economic development . Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have succeeded in some countries but not in others . Apparently , for instance , Hungarians do not appear to have a single agreeableness factor . Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors . It is important to recognize that individual differences in traits are relevant in a specific cultural context , and that the traits do not have their effects outside of that context Relationships ( edit ) Personality disorders ( edit ) Main article : Personality disorders As of 2002 , there were over fifty published studies relating the FFM to personality disorders . Since that time , quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains . In her review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007 , Lee Anna Clark asserted that `` the five - factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher - order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits '' . However , other researches disagree that this model is widely accepted ( see the section Critique below ) and suggest that it simply replicates early temperament research . Noticeably , FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and mental disorders ( especially personality disorders ) are thought to be based on the same neurotransmitter imbalances , just to varying degrees . The five - factor model was claimed to significantly predict all ten personality disorder symptoms and outperform the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) in the prediction of borderline , avoidant , and dependent personality disorder symptoms . However , most predictions related to an increase in Neuroticism and a decrease in Agreeableness , and therefore did not differentiate between the disorders very well . Common mental disorders ( edit ) Average deviation of five factor personality profile of heroin users from the population mean . N stands for Neuroticism , E for Extraversion , O for Openness to experience , A for Agreeableness and C for Conscientiousness . Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population : Depressive disorders ( e.g. , major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , dysthymic disorder ) , anxiety disorders ( e.g. , generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , panic disorder , agoraphobia , specific phobia , and social phobia ) , and substance use disorders ( SUDs ) . These common mental disorders ( CMDs ) have been empirically linked to the Big Five personality traits , neuroticism in particular . Numerous studies have found that having high scores of neuroticism significantly increases one 's risk for developing a CMD . A large - scale meta - analysis ( n > 75,000 ) examining the relationship between all of the Big Five personality traits and CMDs found that low conscientiousness yielded consistently strong effects for each CMD examined ( i.e. , MDD , dysthymic disorder , GAD , PTSD , panic disorder , agoraphobia , social phobia , specific phobia , and SUD ) . This finding parallels research on physical health , which has established that conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictor of mortality and is highly correlated with making poor health choices . In regards to the other personality domains , the meta - analysis found that all CMDs examined were defined by high neuroticism , most exhibited low extraversion , only SUD was linked to agreeableness ( negatively ) , and no disorders were associated with Openness . A meta - analysis of 59 longitudinal studies showed that high neuroticism predicted the development of anxiety , depression , substance abuse , psychosis , schizophrenia , and non-specific mental distress , also after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history . The personality - psychopathology models ( edit ) Five major models have been posed to explain the nature of the relationship between personality and mental illness . There is currently no single `` best model '' , as each of them has received at least some empirical support . It is also important to note that these models are not mutually exclusive -- more than one may be operating for a particular individual and various mental disorders may be explained by different models . The Vulnerability / Risk Model : According to this model , personality contributes to the onset or etiology of various common mental disorders . In other words , pre-existing personality traits either cause the development of CMDs directly or enhance the impact of causal risk factors . There is strong support for neuroticism being a robust vulnerability factor . The Pathoplasty Model : This model proposes that premorbid personality traits impact the expression , course , severity , and / or treatment response of a mental disorder . An example of this relationship would be a heightened likelihood of committing suicide for a depressed individual who also has low levels of constraint . The Common Cause Model : According to the common cause model , personality traits are predictive of CMDs because personality and psychopathology have shared genetic and environmental determinants which result in non-causal associations between the two constructs . The Spectrum Model : This model proposes that associations between personality and psychopathology are found because these two constructs both occupy a single domain or spectrum and psychopathology is simply a display of the extremes of normal personality function . Support for this model is provided by an issue of criterion overlap . For instance , two of the primary facet scales of neuroticism in the NEO-PI - R are `` depression '' and `` anxiety '' . Thus the fact that diagnostic criteria for depression , anxiety , and neuroticism assess the same content increases the correlations between these domains . The Scar Model : According to the scar model , episodes of a mental disorder ' scar ' an individual 's personality , changing it in significant ways from premorbid functioning . An example of a scar effect would be a decrease in openness to experience following an episode of PTSD . Health ( edit ) Being highly conscientious may add as much as five years to one 's life . The Big Five personality traits also predict positive health outcomes . In an elderly Japanese sample , conscientiousness , extraversion , and openness were related to lower risk of mortality . Education ( edit ) Academic achievement ( edit ) Personality plays an important role that affects academic achievement . A study conducted with 308 undergraduates who completed the Five Factor Inventory Processes and offered their GPA suggested that conscientiousness and agreeableness have a positive relationship with all types of learning styles ( synthesis analysis , methodical study , fact retention , and elaborative processing ) , whereas neuroticism has an inverse relationship with them all . Moreover , extraversion and openness were proportional to elaborative processing . The Big Five personality traits accounted for 14 % of the variance in GPA , suggesting that personality traits make some contributions to academic performance . Furthermore , reflective learning styles ( synthesis - analysis and elaborative processing ) were able to mediate the relationship between openness and GPA . These results indicate that intellectual curiousness has significant enhancement in academic performance if students can combine their scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing . Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal A recent study of Israeli high - school students found that those in the gifted program systematically scored higher on openness and lower on neuroticism than those not in the gifted program . While not a measure of the Big Five , gifted students also reported less state anxiety than students not in the gifted program . Specific Big Five personality traits predict learning styles in addition to academic success . GPA and exam performance are both predicted by conscientiousness neuroticism is negatively related to academic success openness predicts utilizing synthesis - analysis and elaborative - processing learning styles neuroticism negatively correlates with learning styles in general openness and extraversion both predict all four learning styles . Studies conducted on college students have concluded that hope , which is linked to agreeableness , has a positive effect on psychological well being . Individuals high in neurotic tendencies are less likely to display hopeful tendencies and are negatively associated with well - being . Personality can sometimes be flexible and measuring the big five personality for individuals as they enter certain stages of life may predict their educational identity . Recent studies have suggested the likelihood of an individual 's personality affecting their educational identity . Learning styles ( edit ) Learning styles have been described as `` enduring ways of thinking and processing information '' . Although there is no evidence that personality determines thinking styles , they may be intertwined in ways that link thinking styles to the Big Five personality traits . There is no general consensus on the number or specifications of particular learning styles , but there have been many different proposals . Smeck , Ribicj , and Ramanaih ( 1997 ) defined four types of learning styles : synthesis analysis methodical study fact retention elaborative processing When all four facets are implicated within the classroom , they will each likely improve academic achievement . This model asserts that students develop either agentic / shallow processing or reflective / deep processing . Deep processors are more often than not found to be more conscientious , intellectually open , and extraverted when compared to shallow processors . Deep processing is associated with appropriate study methods ( methodical study ) and a stronger ability to analyze information ( synthesis analysis ) , whereas shallow processors prefer structured fact retention learning styles and are better suited for elaborative processing . The main functions of these four specific learning styles are as follows : Name Function Synthesis analysis : processing information , forming categories , and organizing them into hierarchies . This is the only one of the learning styles that has explained a significant impact on academic performance . Methodical study : methodical behavior while completing academic assignments Fact retention : focusing on the actual result instead of understanding the logic behind something Elaborative processing : connecting and applying new ideas to existing knowledge Openness has been linked to learning styles that often lead to academic success and higher grades like synthesis analysis and methodical study . Because conscientiousness and openness have been shown to predict all four learning styles , it suggests that individuals who possess characteristics like discipline , determination , and curiosity are more likely to engage in all of the above learning styles . According to the research carried out by Komarraju , Karau , Schmeck & Avdic ( 2011 ) , conscientiousness and agreeableness are positively related with all four learning styles , whereas neuroticism was negatively related with those four . Furthermore , extraversion and openness were only positively related to elaborative processing , and openness itself correlated with higher academic achievement . Besides openness , all Big Five personality traits helped predict the educational identity of students . Based on these findings , scientists are beginning to see that there might be a large influence of the Big Five traits on academic motivation that then leads to predicting a student 's academic performance . Some authors suggested that Big Five personality traits combined with learning styles can help predict some variations in the academic performance and the academic motivation of an individual which can then influence their academic achievements . This may be seen because individual differences in personality represent stable approaches to information processing . For instance , conscientiousness has consistently emerged as a stable predictor of success in exam performance , largely because conscientious students experience fewer study delays . The reason conscientiousness shows a positive association with the four learning styles is because students with high levels of conscientiousness develop focused learning strategies and appear to be more disciplined and achievement - oriented . The Association for Psychological Science ( APS ) , however , recently commissioned a report whose conclusion indicates that no significant evidence exists to make the conclusion that learning - style assessments should be included in the education system . The APS also suggested in their report that all existing learning styles have not been exhausted and that there could exist learning styles that have the potential to be worthy of being included in educational practices . Thus it is premature , at best , to conclude that the evidence linking the Big Five to `` learning styles '' , or `` learning styles '' to learning itself , is valid . Work success ( edit ) Controversy exists as to whether or not the Big 5 personality traits are correlated with success in the workplace . Within organizational communication , personality is taken into account of how a person carries themselves in the workplace . The five factor personality theory encompasses five different personalities which are as follows : openness , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism . Openness is being original and having imagination . Conscientiousness is being goal oriented with a willingness to achieve . Extraversion is being sociable and being an emotionally positive person . Agreeableness is being able to adapt and as a leader make necessary accommodations . The last personality trait was neuroticism which is usually when a leader tends to be negative emotionally and having a need for stability . It is believed that the Big Five traits are predictors of future performance outcomes . Job outcome measures include job and training proficiency and personnel data . However , research demonstrating such prediction has been criticized , in part because of the apparently low correlation coefficients characterizing the relationship between personality and job performance . In a 2007 article co-authored by six current or former editors of psychological journals , Dr. Kevin Murphy , Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University and Editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology ( 1996 -- 2002 ) , states : The problem with personality tests is ... that the validity of personality measures as predictors of job performance is often disappointingly low . The argument for using personality tests to predict performance does not strike me as convincing in the first place . Such criticisms were put forward by Walter Mischel , whose publication caused a two - decades ' long crisis in personality psychometrics . However , later work demonstrated ( 1 ) that the correlations obtained by psychometric personality researchers were actually very respectable by comparative standards , and ( 2 ) that the economic value of even incremental increases in prediction accuracy was exceptionally large , given the vast difference in performance by those who occupy complex job positions . There have been studies that link national innovation to openness to experience and conscientiousness . Those who express these traits have showed leadership and beneficial ideas towards the country of origin . Some businesses , organizations , and interviewers assess individuals based on the Big Five personality traits . Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits , maintain higher levels of openness ( envisioning success ) , balanced levels of conscientiousness ( well - organized ) , and balanced levels of extraversion ( outgoing , but not excessive ) . Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism , and extraversion to enduring positive work experience . When it comes to making money , research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness ( especially men ) are not as successful in accumulating income . Some research suggests that vocational outcomes are correlated to Big Five personality traits . Conscientiousness predicts job performance in general . In addition , research has demonstrated that Agreeableness is negatively related to salary . Those high in Agreeableness make less , on average , than those low in the same trait . Neuroticism is also negatively related to salary while Conscientiousness and Extraversion are positive predictors of salary . Occupational self - efficacy has also been shown to be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with neuroticism . Significant predictors of career - advancement goals are : extraversion , conscientiousness , and agreeableness . Research designed to investigate the individual effects of Big Five personality traits on work performance via worker completed surveys and supervisor ratings of work performance has implicated individual traits in several different work roles performances . A `` work role '' is defined as the responsibilities an individual has while they are working . Nine work roles have been identified , which can be classified in three broader categories : proficiency ( the ability of a worker to effectively perform their work duties ) , adaptivity ( a workers ability to change working strategies in response to changing work environments ) , and proactivity ( extent to which a worker will spontaneously put forth effort to change the work environment ) . These three categories of behavior can then be directed towards three different levels : either the individual , team , or organizational level leading to the nine different work role performance possibilities . Openness is positively related to proactivity at the individual and the organizational levels and is negatively related to team and organizational proficiency . These effects were found to be completely independent of one another . Agreeableness is negatively related to individual task proactivity . Extraversion is negatively related to individual task proficiency . Conscientiousness is positively related to all forms of work role performance . Neuroticism is negatively related to all forms of work role performance . Two theories have been integrated in an attempt to account for these differences in work role performance . Trait activation theory posits that within a person trait levels predict future behavior , that trait levels differ between people , and that work - related cues activate traits which leads to work relevant behaviors . Role theory suggests that role senders provide cues to elicit desired behaviors . In this context , role senders ( i.e. : supervisors , managers , et cetera ) provide workers with cues for expected behaviors , which in turn activates personality traits and work relevant behaviors . In essence , expectations of the role sender lead to different behavioral outcomes depending on the trait levels of individual workers and because people differ in trait levels , responses to these cues will not be universal . Romantic relationships ( edit ) The Big Five model of personality was used for attempts to predict satisfaction in romantic relationships , relationship quality in dating , engaged , and married couples . Dating couples Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to partner - reported neuroticism and positively related to both self and partner - reported conscientiousness Engaged couples Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in partner - reported openness , agreeableness and conscientiousness . Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in self - reported extraversion and agreeableness . Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to both self and partner - reported neuroticism Observers rated the relationship quality higher if the participating partner 's self - reported extraversion was high Married couples High self - reported neuroticism , extraversion , and agreeableness are related to high levels of self - reported relationship quality Partner - reported agreeableness is related to observed relationship quality . These reports are , however , rare and not conclusive . Limitation of the predictive power of personality traits ( edit ) The predictive effects of the Big Five personality traits relate mostly to social functioning and rules - driven behavior and are not very specific for prediction of particular aspects of behavior . For example , it was noted that high neuroticism precedes the development of all common mental disorders. , and this trait does not even always attributed to personality by temperament researchers . Further evidence is required to fully uncover the nature and differences between personality traits , temperament and life outcomes . Social and contextual parameters also play a role in outcomes and the interaction between the two is not yet fully understood . Measurements ( edit ) Several measures of the Big Five exist : International Personality Item Pool ( IPIP ) NEO-PI - R The Ten - Item Personality Inventory ( TIPI ) and the Five Item Personality Inventory ( FIPI ) are very abbreviated rating forms of the Big Five personality traits . Self - descriptive sentence questionnaires Lexical questionnaires Self - report questionnaires Relative - scored Big 5 measure The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self - descriptive sentences or , in the case of lexical measures , items that are single adjectives . Due to the length of sentence - based and some lexical measures , short forms have been developed and validated for use in applied research settings where questionnaire space and respondent time are limited , such as the 40 - item balanced International English Big - Five Mini-Markers or a very brief ( 10 item ) measure of the Big Five domains . Research has suggested that some methodologies in administering personality tests are inadequate in length and provide insufficient detail to truly evaluate personality . Usually , longer , more detailed questions will give a more accurate portrayal of personality . The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports . However , many of the substantive findings rely on self - reports . Much of the evidence on the measures of the Big 5 relies on self - report questionnaires , which makes self - report bias and falsification of responses difficult to deal with and account for . It has been argued that the Big Five tests do not create an accurate personality profile because the responses given on these tests are not true in all cases . For example , questionnaires are answered by potential employees who might choose answers that paint them in the best light . Research suggests that a relative - scored Big Five measure in which respondents had to make repeated choices between equally desirable personality descriptors may be a potential alternative to traditional Big Five measures in accurately assessing personality traits , especially when lying or biased responding is present . When compared with a traditional Big Five measure for its ability to predict GPA and creative achievement under both normal and `` fake good '' - bias response conditions , the relative - scored measure significantly and consistently predicted these outcomes under both conditions ; however , the Likert questionnaire lost its predictive ability in the faking condition . Thus , the relative - scored measure proved to be less affected by biased responding than the Likert measure of the Big Five . Andrew H. Schwartz analyzed 700 million words , phrases , and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers , who also took standard personality tests , and found striking variations in language with personality , gender , and age . Critique ( edit ) The proposed Big Five model has been subjected to considerable critical scrutiny and defense for the model . Subsequent critical replies by Jack Block at the University of California Berkeley followed . It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory . It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56 % of the normal personality trait sphere alone ( not even considering the abnormal personality trait sphere ) . Also , the static Big Five is not theory - driven , it is merely a statistically - driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less than optimal factor analytic procedures . Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews , self - descriptions and observations , and this static five - factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures . However , while genotypic temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures , the phenotypic expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio - cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings . Moreover , the fact that the Big Five model was based on lexical hypothesis , ( i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences ) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model , especially related to its main factors , Extraversion and Neuroticism . First , there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people 's verbal evaluations . After all , language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization , the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity . This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behaviour : there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior . The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into a largest factor in any language , and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up . Second , there is also a negativity bias in emotionality ( i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity ) , and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions . Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language . Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality , grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions . This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed . Limited scope ( edit ) One common criticism is that the Big Five does not explain all of human personality . Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality , such as religiosity , manipulativeness / machiavellianism , honesty , sexiness / seductiveness , thriftiness , conservativeness , masculinity / femininity , snobbishness / egotism , sense of humour , and risk - taking / thrill - seeking . Dan P. McAdams has called the Big Five a `` psychology of the stranger '' , because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger ; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context - dependent are excluded from the Big Five . In many studies , the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another ; that is , the five factors are not independent . Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions . This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few variables as possible . Methodological issues ( edit ) Factor analysis , the statistical method used to identify the dimensional structure of observed variables , lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors . A five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst . A larger number of factors may underlie these five factors . This has led to disputes about the `` true '' number of factors . Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single dataset , only the five factor structure consistently replicates across different studies . Moreover , the factor analysis that this model is based on is a linear method incapable of capturing nonlinear , feedback and contingent relationships between core systems of individual differences . Theoretical status ( edit ) A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying theory ; it is merely an empirical finding that certain descriptors cluster together under factor analysis . Although this does not mean that these five factors do not exist , the underlying causes behind them are unknown . Jack Block 's final published work before his death in January 2010 drew together his lifetime perspective on the five - factor model . He summarized his critique of the model in terms of : the atheoretical nature of the five - factors . their `` cloudy '' measurement . the model 's inappropriateness for studying early childhood . the use of factor analysis as the exclusive paradigm for conceptualizing personality . the continuing non-consensual understandings of the five - factors . the existence of unrecognized but successful efforts to specify aspects of character not subsumed by the five - factors . He went on to suggest that repeatedly observed higher order factors hierarchically above the proclaimed Big Five personality traits may promise deeper biological understanding of the origins and implications of these superfactors . Evidence for six factors rather than Five ( edit ) It has been noted that even though early lexical studies in the English language indicated five large groups of personality traits , more recent , and more comprehensive , cross-language studies have provided evidence for six large groups rather than five . These six groups forms the basis of the HEXACO model of personality structure . Based on these findings it has been suggested that the Big Five system should be replaced by HEXACO , or revised to better align with lexical evidence . See also ( edit ) Big Five personality traits and culture Core self - evaluations DISC assessment Facet Goal orientation HEXACO model of personality structure Moral foundations theory Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator Personality psychology Szondi test Trait theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://jwalkonline.org/docs/Grad%20Classes/Fall%2007/Org%20Psy/big%205%20and%20job%20perf.pdf Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1993 ) . `` The structure of phenotypic personality traits '' . American Psychologist. 48 : 26 -- 34 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 48.1. 26 . PMID 8427480 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ Matthews , Gerald ; Deary , Ian J. ; Whiteman , Martha C. ( 2003 ) . Personality Traits ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83107 - 9 . 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Journal of Research in Personality . 42 ( 5 ) : 1323 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2008.04. 006 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Samuel D ; Rentfrow , Peter J ; Swann , William B ( 2003 ) . `` A very brief measure of the Big - Five personality domains '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 37 ( 6 ) : 504 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 6566 ( 03 ) 00046 - 1 . Jump up ^ Harms , P. ( 2012 ) . `` An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 102 : 874 -- 888 . doi : 10.1037 / a0027403 . PMID 22352328 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1990 ) . `` An alternative `` description of personality '' : The big - five factor structure `` . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 59 ( 6 ) : 1216 -- 1229 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.59. 6.1216 . PMID 2283588 . Jump up ^ `` Big Five Personality Tests , traits and background '' . Personality and Aptitude Career Tests . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , H. Andrew ; Eichstaedt , Johannes C. ; Kern , Margaret L. ; Dziurzynski , Lukasz ; Ramones , Stephanie M. ; Agrawal , Megha ; Shah , Achal ; Kosinski , Michal ; Stillwell , David ; Seligman , Martin E.P. ; Ungar , Lyle H. ( 2013 ) . `` Personality , gender , and age in the language of social media : the open - vocabulary approach '' . PLOS ONE . 8 ( 9 ) : e73791 . Bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 873791S . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0073791 . PMC 3783449 . PMID 24086296 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 1995a ) . `` A contrarian view of the five - factor approach to personality description '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 215 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.187 . PMID 7724687 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Dimensions of personality : 16 , 5 , 3 ? '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 12 : 773 -- 790 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 91 ) 90144 - z . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are not basic '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 : 667 -- 673 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90237 - j . Jump up ^ Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere . The Psychologist , May , 207 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Trofimova , IN ( 2014 ) . `` Observer bias : an interaction of temperament traits with biases in the semantic perception of lexical material '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : e85677 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 985677T . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0085677 . PMC 3903487 . PMID 24475048 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. ; Jackson , D.N. ( 2000 ) . `` What is beyond the Big Five ? Plenty ! '' . Journal of Personality . 68 ( 5 ) : 821 -- 835 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.00117 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( Chapter 20 , pp. 417 -- 446 ) . New York : Plenum . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , G.J. ( 2008 ) . Critique of Five - Factor Model ( FFM ) . In G.J. Boyle , G. Matthews , & D.H. Saklofske . ( Eds . ) , The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment : Vol. 1 -- Personality theories and models . Los Angeles , CA : SAGE . ISBN 9 - 781412 - 946513 Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. ; McCrae , R.R. ( 1995 ) . `` Solid ground in the wetlands of personality : A reply to Block '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 220 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.216 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 1995b ) . `` Going beyond the five factors given : Rejoinder to Costa and McCrae and Goldberg and Saucier '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 : 226 -- 229 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.226 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 2001 ) . `` Millennial contrarianism '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 35 : 98 -- 107 . doi : 10.1006 / jrpe. 2000.2293 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 2010 ) . `` The Five - Factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Cattell , R.B. ; Boyle , G.J. ; Chant , D. ( 2002 ) . `` The enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus '' . Psychological Review . 109 : 202 -- 205 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 109.1. 202 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( pp. 431 -- 433 ) . Jump up ^ Schacter , Gilbert , Wegner ( 2011 ) . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Worth . pp. 474 -- 475 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Piekkola , B ( 2011 ) . `` Traits across cultures : A neo-Allportian perspective '' . Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology . 31 : 2 -- 24 . doi : 10.1037 / a0022478 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , Sampo V ; Jackson , Douglas N ( 2000 ) . `` What Is Beyond the Big Five ? Plenty ! '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality . 68 ( October 2000 ) : 821 -- 835 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.00117 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. ; Haddock , G. ; Forsterling , F. ; Keinonen , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Broad versus Narrow Personality Measures and the Prediction of Behaviour Across Cultures '' . European Journal of Personality . 17 : 413 -- 433 . doi : 10.1002 / per. 496 . Jump up ^ McAdams , D.P. ( 1995 ) . `` What do we know when we know a person ? '' . Journal of Personality . 63 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 396 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1995. tb00500. x . Jump up ^ Musek , Janet ( 2007 ) . `` A general factor of personality : Evidence for the Big One in the five - factor model '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 41 : 1213 -- 1233 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2007.02. 003 . Jump up ^ van der Linden , Dimitri ; te Nijenhuis , J. ; Bakker , A.B. ( 2010 ) . `` The General Factor of Personality : A meta - analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion - related validity study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research in Personality . 44 : 315 -- 327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2010.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Hans J. Eysenck ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are not basic '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 667 -- 673 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90237 - j . Jump up ^ Paul T. Costa ; Robert R. McRae ( 1992 ) . `` Reply to Eysenck '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 861 -- 865 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90002 - 7 . Jump up ^ Block , Jack ( 2010 ) . `` The five - factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 2004 ) . `` A Hierarchical Analysis of 1,710 English Personality - Descriptive Adjectives '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 87 : 707 -- 721 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.87. 5.707 . PMID 15535781 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; de Vries , R.E. ( 2014 ) . `` The HEXACO Honesty - Humility , Agreeableness , and Emotionality Factors : A Review of Research and Theory '' . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 18 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 152 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088868314523838 . External links ( edit ) International Personality Item Pool , public domain list of items keyed to the big five personality traits . Selection from the `` Handbook of personality : Theory and research '' for researchers Rentfrow , Peter J ; Jokela , Markus ; Lamb , Michael E ( 2015 ) . `` Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0122245 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022245R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122245 . PMC 4372610 . PMID 25803819 . Northern American Geography of Personality The Big Five Personality Model on YouTube World map of the Big 5 Personality Traits on YouTube Big Five personality traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Other personality models Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Five_personality_traits&oldid=854667742 '' Categories : Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the big 5 personality test created	[ "In addition, emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s. Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior, which was unreliable, researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations.[64] As a result, correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially, and it was clear that \"personality\" did in fact exist.[65] Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior.[66] Trait theories became justified, and there was a resurgence of interest in this area.[67] In the 1980s, Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project, emphasizing five broad factors once again.[68] He later coined the term \"Big Five\" as a label for the factors.\n" ]	[ "In the 1980s" ]
4243216784867002653	European Economic Community	European Economic Community - wikipedia European Economic Community This article is about one of the three European Communities that existed from 1958 until 2009 . It is not to be confused with the present - day European Union which incorporated the European Communities in 1993 . `` European Common Market '' , `` Common Market '' , and `` EEC '' redirect here . For the EU 's internal market , see European Single Market . For the type of trade bloc , see Single market . For other uses , see Common market ( disambiguation ) and EEC ( disambiguation ) . European Economic Community ( show ) Danish : Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab Dutch : Europese Economische Gemeenschap French : Communauté Économique Européenne German : Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft Greek : Ευρωπαϊκή Οικονομική Κοινότητα Italian : Comunità Economica Europea Portuguese : Comunidade Económica Europeia Spanish : Comunidad Económica Europea European Community 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 Emblem ( 1986 ) Anthem : `` Ode to Joy '' ( orchestral ) EEC in 1993 Status Economic union Capital Brussels Luxembourg Strasbourg 2 Common languages 9 ( 1993 ) ( show ) Danish Dutch English French German Greek Italian Portuguese Spanish Commission President 1958 -- 1967 Walter Hallstein 1967 -- 1970 Jean Rey 1973 -- 1977 François - Xavier Ortoli 1977 -- 1981 Roy Jenkins 1981 -- 1985 Gaston Thorn 1985 -- 1993 Jacques Delors Legislature Council of Ministers European Parliament Historical era Cold War Treaty signed 25 March 1957 Established 1 January 1958 European Communities 1 July 1967 Single market 1 January 1993 Communities become a pillar of the EU 1 November 1993 Pillar abolished 1 December 2009 Currency 13 currencies ( show ) EUA / ECU ( accounting ) Belgian franc Danish krone French franc German mark Greek drachma Irish pound Italian lira Luxembourgish franc Dutch guilder Portuguese escudo Spanish peseta Pound sterling Succeeded by European Union Today part of European Union 1 The information in this infobox covers the EEC 's time as an independent organisation . It does not give details of post-1993 operation within the EU as that is explained in greater length in the European Union and European Communities articles . 2 De facto only , these cities hosted the main institutions but were not titled as capitals . Part of a series on the History of the European Union Timeline ( show ) Pre-1945 ideas 1945 -- 1957 1958 -- 1972 1973 -- 1993 1993 -- 2004 2004 -- present Organisation ( show ) European Communities ( 1958 -- 2009 ) European Coal and Steel Community ( 1952 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 ) European Atomic Energy Community ( 1958 -- present ) European Community ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2003 ) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( 2003 -- 2009 ) Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Western European Union ( 1954 -- 2011 ) Western Union ( 1948 -- 1954 ) Treaties ( show ) Treaty of Paris 1951 Treaty of Rome 1957 Merger Treaty 1965 Single European Act 1986 Maastricht Treaty 1992 Amsterdam Treaty 1997 Treaty of Nice 2001 Treaty of Lisbon 2007 Commissions ( show ) Hallstein Commission 1958 Rey Commission 1967 Malfatti Commission 1970 Mansholt Commission 1972 Ortoli Commission 1973 Jenkins Commission 1977 Thorn Commission 1981 Delors Commission 1985 Santer Commission Prodi Commission 1999 Barroso Commission Juncker Commission 2014 Topics ( show ) History of Europe History of the euro History of defence integration History of enlargement List of presidents List of founders European Union portal The European Economic Community ( EEC ) was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states . It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957 . Upon the formation of the European Union ( EU ) in 1993 , the EEC was incorporated and renamed as the European Community ( EC ) . In 2009 the EC 's institutions were absorbed into the EU 's wider framework and the community ceased to exist . The Community 's initial aim was to bring about economic integration , including a common market and customs union , among its six founding members : Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany . It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty ( Treaty of Brussels ) . In 1993 , a complete single market was achieved , known as the internal market , which allowed for the free movement of goods , capital , services , and people within the EEC . In 1994 , the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement . This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association , forming the European Economic Area covering 15 countries . Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy . This was also when the three European Communities , including the EC , were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union , which the treaty also founded . The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon , which incorporated the EC 's institutions into the EU 's wider framework and provided that the EU would `` replace and succeed the European Community '' . The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English - speaking countries and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Creation and early years 1.3 Enlargement and elections 1.4 Toward Maastricht 1.5 European Community 2 Aims and achievements 3 Members 4 Institutions 4.1 Background 4.2 Council 4.3 Commission 4.4 Parliament 4.5 Court 4.6 Auditors 5 Policy areas 6 See also 7 EU evolution timeline 8 Notes and references 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the European Union Background ( edit ) In 1951 , the Treaty of Paris was signed , creating the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) . This was an international community based on supranationalism and international law , designed to help the economy of Europe and prevent future war by integrating its members . In the aim of creating a federal Europe two further communities were proposed : a European Defence Community and a European Political Community . While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by the Common Assembly , the ECSC parliamentary chamber , the proposed defense community was rejected by the French Parliament . ECSC President Jean Monnet , a leading figure behind the communities , resigned from the High Authority in protest and began work on alternative communities , based on economic integration rather than political integration . After the Messina Conference in 1955 , Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a customs union . The so - called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse conference centre in 1956 . Together with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome . In 1956 , Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse conference centre , which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957 . The conference led to the signature , on 25 March 1957 , of the Treaty of Rome establishing a European Economic Community . Creation and early years ( edit ) The resulting communities were the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM or sometimes EAEC ) . These were markedly less supranational than the previous communities , due to protests from some countries that their sovereignty was being infringed ( however there would still be concerns with the behaviour of the Hallstein Commission ) . The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission was held on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val - Duchesse . The EEC ( direct ancestor of the modern Community ) was to create a customs union while Euratom would promote co-operation in the nuclear power sphere . The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its activities . One of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment ( 1962 ) of common price levels for agricultural products . In 1968 , internal tariffs ( tariffs on trade between member nations ) were removed on certain products . Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy , which came into force in 1962 . The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end , and majority - voting in the Council had taken effect . Then - French President Charles de Gaulle 's opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members challenging the CAP led to an `` empty chair policy '' whereby French representatives were withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated . Eventually , a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen 's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest . On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation , combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC , they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts . Collectively they were known as the European Communities . The Communities still had independent personalities although were increasingly integrated . Future treaties granted the community new powers beyond simple economic matters which had achieved a high level of integration . As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe , what Mikhail Gorbachev described as a Common European Home . Enlargement and elections ( edit ) French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership , held back the development of Parliament 's powers and was at the centre of the ' empty chair crisis ' of 1965 The 1960s saw the first attempts at enlargement . In 1961 , Denmark , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom applied to join the three Communities . However , President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership as a Trojan horse for U.S. influence and vetoed membership , and the applications of all four countries were suspended . Greece became the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member , however its membership was suspended in 1967 after the Colonels coup d'état . A year later , in February 1962 , Spain attempted to join the European Communities . However , because Francoist Spain was not a democracy , all members rejected the request in 1964 . The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969 , the veto was lifted . Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European government of Edward Heath , who had to deal with disagreements relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK 's relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations . Nevertheless , two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark , Ireland and the UK joined the Community effective 1 January 1973 . The Norwegian people had finally rejected membership in a referendum on 25 September 1972 . The Treaties of Rome had stated that the European Parliament must be directly elected , however this required the Council to agree on a common voting system first . The Council procrastinated on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed , French President Charles de Gaulle was particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament , with it only being granted Budgetary powers following his resignation . Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election , deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day . During the tenure of President Jenkins , in June 1979 , the elections were held in all the then - members ( see European Parliament election , 1979 ) . The new Parliament , galvanised by direct election and new powers , started working full - time and became more active than the previous assemblies . Shortly after its election , the Parliament proposed that the Community adopt the flag of Europe design used by the Council of Europe . The European Council in 1984 appointed an ad hoc committee for this purpose . The European Council in 1985 largely followed the Committee 's recommendations , but as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood , was controversial , the `` flag of Europe '' design was adopted only with the status of a `` logo '' or `` emblem '' . The European Council , or European summit , had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state . It had originated from then - French President Charles de Gaulle 's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions ( e.g. the Commission ) over the integration process . It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the Single European Act ( see below ) . Enlargement , 1957 to 2013 Community enlargement Since 1995 Toward Maastricht ( edit ) Greece re-applied to join the community on 12 June 1975 , following the restoration of democracy , and joined on 1 January 1981 . Following on from Greece , and after their own democratic restoration , Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1 January 1986 . In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country . With the prospect of further enlargement , and a desire to increase areas of co-operation , the Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on the 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and the Hague respectively . In a single document it dealt with reform of institutions , extension of powers , foreign policy cooperation and the single market . It came into force on 1 July 1987 . The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty , which was agreed on 10 December 1991 , signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union , and paving the way for the European Monetary Union . European Community ( edit ) The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its three pillars . The EEC 's areas of activities were enlarged and were renamed the European Community , continuing to follow the supranational structure of the EEC . The EEC institutions became those of the EU , however the Court , Parliament and Commission had only limited input in the new pillars , as they worked on a more intergovernmental system than the European Communities . This was reflected in the names of the institutions , the Council was formally the `` Council of the European Union '' while the Commission was formally the `` Commission of the European Communities '' . However , after the Treaty of Maastricht , Parliament gained a much bigger role . Maastricht brought in the codecision procedure , which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on Community matters . Hence , with the greater powers of the supranational institutions and the operation of Qualified Majority Voting in the Council , the Community pillar could be described as a far more federal method of decision making . The Treaty of Amsterdam transferred responsibility for free movement of persons ( e.g. , visas , illegal immigration , asylum ) from the Justice and Home Affairs ( JHA ) pillar to the European Community ( JHA was renamed Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( PJCC ) as a result ) . Both Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice also extended codecision procedure to nearly all policy areas , giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community . In 2002 , the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC expired , having reached its 50 - year limit ( as the first treaty , it was the only one with a limit ) . No attempt was made to renew its mandate ; instead , the Treaty of Nice transferred certain of its elements to the Treaty of Rome and hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community 's remit . After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist . The European Community , together with its legal personality , was absorbed into the newly consolidated European Union which merged in the other two pillars ( however Euratom remained distinct ) . This was originally proposed under the European Constitution but that treaty failed ratification in 2005 . Aims and achievements ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2007 ) The main aim of the EEC , as stated in its preamble , was to `` preserve peace and liberty and to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe '' . Calling for balanced economic growth , this was to be accomplished through : The establishment of a customs union with a common external tariff Common policies for agriculture , transport and trade , including standardization ( for example , the CE marking designates standards compliance ) Enlargement of the EEC to the rest of Europe For the customs union , the treaty provided for a 10 % reduction in custom duties and up to 20 % of global import quotas . Progress on the customs union proceeded much faster than the twelve years planned . However , France faced some setbacks due to their war with Algeria . Members ( edit ) Further information : Member state of the European Union and Enlargement of the European Union The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the `` inner six '' ( the `` outer seven '' were those countries who formed the European Free Trade Association ) . The six were France , West Germany , Italy and the three Benelux countries : Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . The first enlargement was in 1973 , with the accession of Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom . Greece , Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s . The former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990 . Following the creation of the EU in 1993 , it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013 . Founding members of EEC Later members of EEC Flag State Accession Language ( s ) Currency Population ( 1990 ) Belgium 25 March 1957 Dutch , French and German Belgian franc 7007100160000000000 ♠ 10,016,000 France 25 March 1957 French French franc 7007567180000000000 ♠ 56,718,000 West Germany / Germany 25 March 1957 German German mark 7007632540000000000 ♠ 63,254,000 Italy 25 March 1957 Italian Italian lira 7007567627000000000 ♠ 56,762,700 Luxembourg 25 March 1957 French , German and Luxembourgish Luxembourgish franc 7005384400000000000 ♠ 384,400 Netherlands 25 March 1957 Dutch and Frisian Dutch guilder 7007148923000000000 ♠ 14,892,300 Denmark 1 January 1973 Danish Danish krone 7006514650000000000 ♠ 5,146,500 Ireland 1 January 1973 Irish and English Irish pound 7006352100000000000 ♠ 3,521,000 United Kingdom 1 January 1973 English Pound sterling 7007576810000000000 ♠ 57,681,000 Greece 1 January 1981 Greek Greek drachma 7007101200000000000 ♠ 10,120,000 Portugal 1 January 1986 Portuguese Portuguese escudo 7006986250000000000 ♠ 9,862,500 Spain 1 January 1986 Spanish Spanish peseta 7007389938000000000 ♠ 38,993,800 Member states are represented in some form in each institution . The Council is also composed of one national minister who represents their national government . Each state also has a right to one European Commissioner each , although in the European Commission they are not supposed to represent their national interest but that of the Community . Prior to 2004 , the larger members ( France , Germany , Italy and the United Kingdom ) have had two Commissioners . In the European Parliament , members are allocated a set number seats related to their population , however these ( since 1979 ) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance , not national origin . Most other institutions , including the European Court of Justice , have some form of national division of its members . Institutions ( edit ) Further information : Institutions of the European Union There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC , plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975 . These institutions ( except for the auditors ) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities . The Council represents governments , the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents the European interest . Essentially , the Council , Parliament or another party place a request for legislation to the Commission . The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Council for approval and the Parliament for an opinion ( in some cases it had a veto , depending upon the legislative procedure in use ) . The Commission 's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with the day - to - day running of the Union and taking others to Court if they fail to comply . After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , these institutions became those of the European Union , though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure . Despite this , Parliament in particular has gained more power over legislation and security of the Commission . The Court was the highest authority in the law , settling legal disputes in the Community , while the Auditors had no power but to investigate . Background ( edit ) The High Authority had more executive powers than the Commission which replaced it The EEC inherited some of the Institutions of the ECSC in that the Common Assembly and Court of Justice of the ECSC had their authority extended to the EEC and Euratom in the same role . However the EEC , and Euratom , had different executive bodies to the ECSC . In place of the ECSC 's Council of Ministers was the Council of the European Economic Community , and in place of the High Authority was the Commission of the European Communities . There was greater difference between these than name : the French government of the day had grown suspicious of the supranational power of the High Authority and sought to curb its powers in favour of the intergovernmental style Council . Hence the Council had a greater executive role in the running of the EEC than was the situation in the ECSC . By virtue of the Merger Treaty in 1967 , the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC , creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities . From here on , the term European Communities were used for the institutions ( for example , from Commission of the European Economic Community to the Commission of the European Communities ) . Council ( edit ) President Jacques Delors the last EEC Commission President . The Council of the European Communities was a body holding legislative and executive powers and was thus the main decision making body of the Community . Its Presidency rotated between the member states every six months and it is related to the European Council , which was an informal gathering of national leaders ( started in 1961 ) on the same basis as the Council . The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state . However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic . For example , if agriculture was being discussed , the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture . They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems . Votes were taken either by majority ( with votes allocated according to population ) or unanimity . In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament . Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of national leaders ; these European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it . Commission ( edit ) The Commission of the European Communities was the executive arm of the community , drafting Community law , dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding the treaties . It was designed to be independent , representing the Community interest , but was composed of national representatives ( two from each of the larger states , one from the smaller states ) . One of its members was the President , appointed by the Council , who chaired the body and represented it . Parliament ( edit ) The European Parliament held its first elections in 1979 , slowly gaining more influence over Community decision making . Under the Community , the European Parliament ( formerly the European Parliamentary Assembly ) had an advisory role to the Council and Commission . There were a number of Community legislative procedures , at first there was only the consultation procedure , which meant Parliament had to be consulted , although it was often ignored . The Single European Act gave Parliament more power , with the assent procedure giving it a right to veto proposals and the cooperation procedure giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous . In 1970 and 1975 , the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget . The Parliament 's members , up - until 1980 were national MPs serving part - time in the Parliament . The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system , but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 ( see European Parliament election , 1979 ) . After that , Parliament was elected every five years . In the following 20 years , it gradually won co-decision powers with the Council over the adoption of legislation , the right to approve or reject the appointment of the Commission President and the Commission as a whole , and the right to approve or reject international agreements entered into by the Community . Court ( edit ) The Court of Justice of the European Communities was the highest court of on matters of Community law and was composed of one judge per state with a president elected from among them . Its role was to ensure that Community law was applied in the same way across all states and to settle legal disputes between institutions or states . It became a powerful institution as Community law overrides national law . Auditors ( edit ) The fifth institution is the European Court of Auditors , which despite its name had no judicial powers like the Court of Justice . Instead , it ensured that taxpayer funds from the Community budget have been correctly spent . The court provided an audit report for each financial year to the Council and Parliament and gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions . It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties , having been set up in 1975 . Policy areas ( edit ) Further information : Three pillars of the European Union At the time of its abolition , the European Community pillar covered the following areas ; Asylum policy Border control Common Agricultural Policy Common Fisheries Policy Competition Consumer protection Customs Union and Single market Economic and monetary union Education and Culture Employment Environmental law EU Citizenship Healthcare Immigration policy Research Schengen treaty Social policy Trade policy Trans - European Networks See also ( edit ) Economy of the European Union Brussels and the European Union Delors Commission European Commission European Customs Information Portal ( ECIP ) European Institutions in Strasbourg History of the European Communities ( 1958 - 1972 ) History of the European Communities ( 1973 - 1993 ) Location of European Union institutions Snake in the tunnel EU evolution timeline ( edit ) Signed : In force : Document : 1947 1947 Dunkirk Treaty 1948 1948 Brussels Treaty 1951 1952 Paris Treaty 1954 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty 1957 1958 Rome Treaty & EURATOM 1965 1967 Merger Treaty 1976 Council Agreement on TREVI 1986 Single European Act 1985 + 90 1995 Schengen Treaty & Convention 1992 Maastricht Treaty ( TEU ) 1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty 2001 2003 Nice Treaty 2007 2009 Lisbon Treaty Content : ( est . alliance ) ( founded WU ) ( founded ECSC ) ( protocol amending WU to become WEU ) ( founded EEC and EURATOM ) ( merging the legislative & administrative bodies of the 3 European communities ) ( founded TREVI ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EEC ) + ( founded EPC ) ( founded Schengen ) ( implemented Schengen ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , and EEC to transform it into EC ) + ( founded : JHA + CFSP ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EC to also contain Schengen , and TEU where PJCC replaced JHA ) ( amended with focus on institutional changes : EURATOM , ECSC , EC and TEU ) ( abolished the 3 pillars and WEU by amending : EURATOM , EC = > TFEU , and TEU ) ( founded EU as an overall legal unit with Charter of Fundamental Rights , and reformed governance structures & decision procedures ) Three pillars of the European Union : European Communities ( with a single Commission & Council ) European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) Treaty expired in 2002 European Union ( EU ) European Economic Community ( EEC ) European Community ( EC ) Schengen Rules Terrorism , Radicalism , Extremism and Violence Internationally ( TREVI ) Justice and Home Affairs ( JHA ) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( PJCC ) European Political Cooperation ( EPC ) Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) Franco - British alliance Western Union ( WU ) Western European Union ( WEU ) Treaty terminated in 2011 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ German reunification took place in 1990 Jump up ^ And recognised regional languages : Aranese , Galician , Basque and Catalan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tobias Theiler , Political Symbolism and European Integration , Manchester University Press , 2005 p. 61 -- 65 . The compromise was widely disregarded from the beginning , and the `` European logo '' in spite of the explicit avoidance of giving it the status of a `` flag '' was referred to as `` Community flag '' or even `` European flag '' from the outset . Tobias Theiler , Political Symbolism and European Integration , Manchester University Press , 2005 p. 6 . Jump up ^ Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union , as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty . Jump up ^ Raymond F. Mikesell , The Lessons of Benelux and the European Coal and Steel Community for the European Economic Community , The American Economic Review , Vol. 48 , No. 2 , Papers and Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association ( May 1958 ) , pp. 428 -- 441 Jump up ^ `` Spaak report '' . Jump up ^ Fifty years of fraternal rivalry news.bbc.co.uk 19 / 03 / 07 Jump up ^ `` The ' empty chair ' policy '' . Jump up ^ Deschamps , Etienne ; Lekl , Christian . `` The accession of Greece '' ( PDF ) . CVCE . University of Luxemburg . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/28/newsid_4208000/4208314.stm ^ Jump up to : Hoskyns , Catherine ; Michael Newman ( 2000 ) . Democratizing the European Union : Issues for the twenty - first Century ( Perspectives on Democratization ) . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5666 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament press releases '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Regarding The `` Adonnino Report '' - Report to the European Council by the ad hoc committee `` On a People 's Europe '' , A 10.04 COM 85 , SN / 2536 / 3 / 85 . Under the header of `` strengthening of the Community 's image and identity '' , the Committee suggested the introduction of `` a flag and an emblem '' , recommending a design based on the Council of Europe flag , but with the addition of `` a gold letter E '' in the center of the circle of stars : `` bearing in mind the independence and the different nature of the two organizations , the Committee proposes to the European Concil that the European Community emblem and flag should be a blue rectangle with , in the center , a circle of twelve five - pointed gold stars which do not touch , surrounding a gold letter E , of the design already used by the Commission . '' Adonnino Report , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Stark , Christine . `` Evolution of the European Council : The implications of a permanent seat '' ( PDF ) . Dragoman.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The accession of Greece '' . CVCE. 2016 . Jump up ^ The Accession Treaties with Spain and Portugal on CVCE website Jump up ^ `` The provisions of the Single European Act '' . ^ Jump up to : What are the three pillars of the EU ? , Folketingets EU - Oplysning Jump up ^ `` The achievements of the EEC '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The European Customs Union '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Data from Populstat.info ^ Jump up to : The Belgian and Luxembourgish francs were 1 : 1 and theoretically interchangeable as a single currency . Jump up ^ Including East Germany : 80,274,200 Jump up ^ Williamson , Adrian ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` The case for Brexit : lessons from the 1960s and 1970s '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions : The European Commission '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Merging of the executives '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Council of the European Union '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission '' . CVCE . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions : The Council of the European Union '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Institutions : Court of Auditors '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Acocella , Nicola ( 1992 ) , ' Trade and direct investment within the EC : The impact of strategic considerations ' , in : Cantwell , John ( ed . ) , ' Multinational investment in modern Europe ' , E. Elgar , Cheltenham , ISBN 978 - 1 - 8527 - 8421 - 8 . Balassa , Bela ( 1962 ) . The Theory of Economic Integration Eichengreen , Barry ( 1992 ) . `` European Economic Community '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Hallstein , Walter ( 1962 ) . A New Path to Peaceful Union Milward , Alan S. ( 1992 ) . The European Rescue of the Nation - State Monnet , Jean ( 1959 ) . Prospect for a New Europe Moravcsik , Andrew ( 1998 ) . The Choice for Europe . Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht ( 1 ) Ludlow , N. Piers ( 2006 ) . The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s . Negotiating the Gaullist Challenge ( 2 ) Spaak , Paul - Henri ( 1971 ) . The Continuing Battle : Memories of a European Warlouzet , Laurent ( 2018 ) . Governing Europe in a Globalizing World . Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis ( 3 ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` European Economic Community '' dated 2012 - 03 - 26 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Economic Community . European Union website Documents of the European Economic Community are consultable at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence Treaty establishing the European Economic Community on CVCE website History of the Rome Treaties on CVCE website Papers of J. Robert Schaetzel , ambassador to European Economic Community , 1966 -- 1972 , Dwight D. 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-7065789779493723211	Grey's Anatomy (season 14)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , and once they break up , Carina starts seeing a newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season by ABC on February 10 , 2017 . It will premiere on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she will be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she will return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is ... a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 TBA TBA TBA January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.4 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal & How to Get Away With Murder - ABC Announces TGIT Return Dates '' . SpoilerTV . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=811926494 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does new season of greys anatomy start 2017	[ "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere.[1] The season will consist of 24 episodes,[2][3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes." ]	[ "September 28, 2017" ]
3523035098058858344	Bank of England £1 note	Bank of England £ 1 note - wikipedia Bank of England £ 1 note Jump to : navigation , search One pound ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 1 Width 135 mm Height 67 mm Paper type Cotton Years of printing 1797 -- 1984 Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Design date 9 February 1978 Reverse Design Isaac Newton Design date 9 February 1978 The Bank of England £ 1 note was a banknote of the pound sterling . After the ten shilling note was withdrawn in 1970 it became the smallest denomination note issued by the Bank of England . The one pound note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 and continued to be printed until 1984 . The note was withdrawn in 1988 in favour of the one pound coin . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Designs 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) £ 1 note , issued from London in 1805 One pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 , following gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars . The earliest notes were handwritten , and were issued as needed to individuals . These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee , the date , and the signature of the issuing cashier . Between 1797 and 1821 the lack of bullion meant that banks would not exchange banknotes for gold , but after the end of the Napoleonic Wars the shortage was alleviated such that notes could be exchanged for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank . One pound notes ceased to be issued in 1821 and were replaced by gold sovereigns . During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of gold and so banks were ordered to again stop exchanging any and all denominations of banknotes for gold . Gold sovereigns were replaced by one pound notes issued by the Treasury . These notes were nicknamed `` Bradburys '' because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury , Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes . Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925 , although the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 troy ounces ( 12,000 g ) ( the typical size of a `` Good Delivery bar '' ) or more . The responsibility for the printing of one pound notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928 , and the ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard . The Emergency wartime issue of 1940 -- 48 The Bank of England 's first post-World War I one pound notes were two - sided green notes which were printed -- not handwritten . The name of the payee was replaced by the declaration `` I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of one pound '' . This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day . This signature of the issuing cashier was replaced by the printed signature of the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England . In 1940 , following the outbreak of the Second World War , one pound notes were issued in a new blue - orange colour scheme to deter counterfeiters , although the design remained the same . At the same time , metal thread running the paper was introduced as a security feature . After the war one pound notes were issued in their original green colour . The earliest post-World War II notes did not have the metallic thread security feature , but those issued from September 1948 onward did . A new design for one pound notes was introduced in 1960 , with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962 . These new series C notes were slightly narrower , and were the first one - pound notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front . The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England . Series C notes were replaced by the series D notes from 1978 onward . These slightly smaller notes featured an entirely new design with Queen Elizabeth II on the front and scientist Isaac Newton on the back . The note was redesigned slightly in 1981 to feature brighter background colours . Following a consultation with retailers and other groups it was announced on 31 July 1981 that the one pound note would be replaced by a one pound coin . Part of the reason for this change was that notes , on average , lasted only nine months in general circulation , while coins could last forty years or more . The government also believed that the growing vending industry would benefit from the introduction of a one - pound coin . The new cupro - nickel coin was introduced on 21 April 1983 and the one pound note ceased to be legal tender on 11 March 1988 . Designs ( edit ) Note First issued Last issued Ceased to be legal tender Colour Size Design / Picture Additional information White 2 March 1797 1821 / 1825 -- 6 Unknown Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 200mm x 113mm ( may vary ) 1st Series Treasury Issue 7 August 1914 Unknown 12 June 1920 Black on White ( printed on one side only ) 127mm x 64mm Designed at Royal Mint from sketches by Frederick Atterbury . Signed by Sir John Bradbury 2nd Series Treasury Issue 23 October 1914 Unknown 12 June 1920 Black on White ( printed one side only ) 149mm x 83mm George Eve . Printed by LA Rue & Co on banknote paper . 3rd Series Treasury Issue 22 January 1917 Unknown 1 August 1933 Brown & Green 151mm x 84mm Front : Britannia ; Back : Bank of England Reissue of unthreaded pre-war notes Series A ( 1st issue ) 22 November 1928 Unknown 28 May 1962 Green 151mm x 85mm Front : Britannia ; Back : Saint George and the Dragon Emergency wartime issue 29 March 1940 Unknown 28 May 1962 Pale blue and orange 151mm x 85mm Front : Britannia ; Back : Saint George and the Dragon Incorporated metal thread for the first time ; same design as series A Series A ( 2nd issue ) 17 June 1948 Unknown 28 May 1962 Green 151mm x 85mm Front : Britannia ; Back : Saint George and the Dragon Reissue of unthreaded pre-war notes Series A ( 3rd issue ) 13 September 1948 Unknown 28 May 1962 Green 151mm x 85mm Front : Britannia ; Back : Saint George and the Dragon Metal thread introduced permanently Series C 17 March 1960 1978 31 May 1979 Green 151mm x 72mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Bank of England logo First £ 1 note to carry portrait of monarch Series D 9 February 1978 31 December 1984 11 March 1988 Predominantly green 135mm x 67mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Isaac Newton Those issued from 20 March 1981 onward featured additional background colours . Information taken from Bank of England website . See also ( edit ) Bank of England note issues References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Pound Coin Designs and Specifications '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Bank of England website ( hide ) Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 5 £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_ £ 1_note&oldid = 830547561 '' Categories : Banknotes of England One - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 14 : 31 . About Wikipedia	when did the old pound notes go out of circulation	[ "The Bank of England £1 note was a banknote of the pound sterling. After the ten shilling note was withdrawn in 1970 it became the smallest denomination note issued by the Bank of England. The one pound note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 and continued to be printed until 1984. The note was withdrawn in 1988 in favour of the one pound coin." ]	[ "1988" ]
4713996650211168819	Chicago White Sox	Chicago White Sox - Wikipedia Chicago White Sox Jump to : navigation , search `` White Sox '' redirects here . For other uses , see White Sox ( disambiguation ) . Chicago White Sox 2018 Chicago White Sox season Established in 1888 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 9 11 14 16 19 35 56 72 42 Colors Black , silver , white Name Chicago White Sox ( 1904 -- present ) Chicago White Stockings ( 1901 -- 1903 ) White Stockings ( 1900 ) Saint Paul Saints ( 1895 -- 1899 ) Sioux City Cornhuskers ( 1888 -- 1894 ) Other nicknames The Sox , the Chi Sox , the South Siders , the Pale Hose Ballpark Guaranteed Rate Field ( 1991 -- present ) Comiskey Park ( 1910 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( select games , 1968 -- 1969 ) South Side Park ( III ) ( 1900 -- 1910 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 AL Pennants ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Central Division titles ( 3 ) 2000 2005 2008 West Division titles ( 2 ) 1993 Front office Owner ( s ) Jerry Reinsdorf Manager Rick Renteria General Manager Rick Hahn President of Baseball Operations Kenny Williams The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago . The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Home games are held at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side , and the team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs , who are a member of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense - oriented team dubbed `` the Hitless Wonders '' , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A.J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ballparks 2.1 Previous ballparks 2.2 Spring training ballparks 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Culture 4.1 Nicknames 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Fight and theme songs 4.4 Rivalries 4.4. 1 Crosstown Classic 4.4. 2 Divisional 4.4. 3 Historical 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Radio 5.2 Television 6 Personnel 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Front office and key personnel 7 Awards and accolades 7.1 World Series championships 7.2 American League championships 7.3 Award winners 7.4 Team captains 7.5 Retired numbers 7.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 7.6 Baseball Hall of Famers 7.7 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 8 Minor league affiliates 9 Silver Chalice subsidiary 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Chicago White Sox 1906 White Sox , with club founder Charles Comiskey The White Sox originated as the Sioux City Cornhuskers of the Western League , a minor league under the parameters of the National Agreement with the National League . In 1894 , Charles Comiskey bought the Cornhuskers and moved them to St. Paul , Minnesota , where they became the St. Paul Saints . In 1900 , with the approval of Western League president Ban Johnson , Charles Comiskey moved the Saints into his hometown neighborhood of Armour Square , Chicago , where they became known as the White Stockings , the former name of Chicago 's National League team , the Orphans ( now the Chicago Cubs ) . In 1901 , the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League . The very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship . However , that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903 . The franchise , now known as the Chicago White Sox , made its first World Series appearance in 1906 , beating the crosstown Cubs in six games . The White Sox would win a third pennant and second World Series in 1917 , beating the New York Giants in six games with help from stars Eddie Cicotte and `` Shoeless '' Joe Jackson . The Sox were heavily favored in the 1919 World Series , but lost to the Cincinnati Reds in 8 games . Huge bets on the Reds fueled speculation that the series had been fixed . A criminal investigation went on in the 1920 season , and though all players were acquitted , commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned eight of the White Sox players for life , in what was known as the Black Sox Scandal . This set the franchise back , as they did not win another pennant for 40 years . The White Sox did not finish in the upper half of the American League again until after club founder Charles Comiskey died and passed ownership of the club to his son , J. Louis Comiskey . They finished in the upper half most years between 1936 -- 1946 under the leadership of manager Jimmy Dykes , with star shortstop Luke Appling , known as Ol ' Aches and Pains , and pitcher Ted Lyons . Appling and Lyons have their numbers 4 and 16 retired . After J. Louis Comiskey died in 1939 , ownership of the club was passed down to his widow , Grace Comiskey . The club was later passed down to Grace 's children Dorothy and Chuck in 1956 , with Dorothy selling a majority share to a group led by Bill Veeck after the 1958 season . Veeck was notorious for his promotional stunts , attracting fans to Comiskey Park with the new `` exploding scoreboard '' and outfield shower . In 1961 , Arthur Allyn , Jr. briefly owned the club before selling to his brother John Allyn . Al López , manager of the Go - Go White Sox From 1951 to 1967 , the White Sox had their longest period of sustained success , scoring a winning record for 17 straight seasons . Known as the `` Go - Go White Sox '' for their tendency to focus on speed and getting on base versus power hitting , they featured stars such as Minnie Miñoso , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio , Billy Pierce , and Sherm Lollar . From 1957 to 1965 , the Sox were managed by Al López . The Sox finished in the upper half of the American League in eight of his nine seasons , including six years in the top two of the league . In 1959 , the White Sox ended the New York Yankees dominance over the American League , and won their first pennant since the ill - fated 1919 campaign . Despite winning game one of the 1959 World Series 11 - 0 , they fell to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games . The late 1960s and 70s were a tumultuous time for the Sox , as they struggled to win games and attract fans . Allyn and Bud Selig agreed to a handshake deal that would give Selig control of the club and move them to Milwaukee ; however , this was blocked by the American League . Selig instead bought the Seattle Pilots and moved them to Milwaukee , putting enormous pressure on the American League to place a team in Seattle . A plan was in place for the Sox to move to Seattle and for Charlie Finley to move his Oakland A 's to Chicago . However , Chicago had a renewed interest in the Sox after the 1972 season , and the American League instead added the expansion Seattle Mariners . The 1972 White Sox were one of the lone successful season of this era , as Dick Allen wound up winning the American League MVP award . Some have said that Dick Allen is responsible for saving the White Sox in Chicago . Bill Veeck returned as owner of the Sox in 1975 , and despite not having much money , they managed to win 90 games in 1977 , a team known as the South Side Hitmen . However , the team 's fortunes plummeted after the 1977 season , plagued by 90 - loss teams and scarred by the notorious Disco Demolition Night promotion in 1979 . Bill Veeck was forced to sell the team . He rejected offers from ownership groups intent on moving the club to Denver , eventually agreeing to sell the club to Ed DeBartolo , who was the only prospective owner who promised to keep the Sox in Chicago . However , DeBartolo was rejected by the owners , and the club was then sold to a group headed by Jerry Reinsdorf and Eddie Einhorn . The Reinsdorf era started off well , as the Sox won their first division title in 1983 , led by manager Tony La Russa and stars Carlton Fisk , Tom Paciorek , Ron Kittle , Harold Baines , and LaMarr Hoyt . During the 1986 season , La Russa was fired by announcer - turned - GM Ken Harrelson . La Russa went on to manage in six World Series ( winning 3 ) with the Oakland A 's and St. Louis Cardinals , ending up in the Hall of Fame as the third - winningest manager of all time . Frank Thomas in 1997 The White Sox struggled for the rest of the 1980s , as Chicago fought to keep the Sox in town . Reinsdorf wanted to replace the aging Comiskey Park , and sought public funds to do so . When talks stalled , there was a strong offer to move the team to the Tampa , Florida area . Funding for a new ballpark was approved in an 11th hour deal by the Illinois State Legislature on June 30 , 1988 , with the stipulation that new park had to be built on the corner of 35th and Shields , across the street from the old ballpark , as opposed to the suburban ballpark the owners had designed . Architects offered to redesign the ballpark to a more `` retro '' feel that would fit in the city blocks around Comiskey Park ; however , the ownership group was set on a 1991 open date , and so they kept the old design . In 1991 , the new Comiskey Park opened . However , it would be rendered obsolete a year later with the opening of the retro - inspired Oriole Park at Camden Yards . The park , now known as Guaranteed Rate Field , underwent many renovations in the early 2000s to give it a more retro feel . The White Sox were fairly successful in the 1990s and early 2000s , with 12 winning seasons between 1990 -- 2005 . First Baseman Frank Thomas became the face of the franchise , ending his career as the White Sox ' all - time leader in runs , doubles , home runs , total bases and walks . Other major players included Robin Ventura , Ozzie Guillén , Jack McDowell , and Bobby Thigpen . The Sox would win the West division in 1993 , and were in first place in 1994 when the season was cancelled due to the 1994 MLB Strike . In 2004 , Ozzie Guillén was hired as manager of his former team . After finishing second in 2004 , the Sox won 99 games and the Central Division title in 2005 behind the work of stars Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , A.J. Pierzynski , Joe Crede , and Orlando Hernández . They started the playoffs by sweeping the defending champion Boston Red Sox in the ALDS , and then beat the Angels in 5 games to win their first pennant in 46 years , thanks to 4 complete games by the White Sox rotation . The White Sox went on to sweep the Houston Astros in the 2005 World Series , giving the Sox their first World Championship in 88 years . Guillen had marginal success during the rest of his tenure , with the Sox winning the Central Division title in 2008 after a one game playoff with the Minnesota Twins . However , Guillen left the White Sox after the 2011 season , and was replaced by former teammate Robin Ventura . The White Sox finished the 2015 season , their 115th in Chicago , with a 76 - 86 record , a 3 - game improvement over 2014 . The White Sox recorded their 9000th win in franchise history against the home team Detroit by the score of 3 - 2 on Monday , September 21 , 2015 . Ventura returned in 2016 , with a young core featuring Jose Abreu , Adam Eaton , José Quintana , and Chris Sale . Ventura resigned after the 2016 season in which the White Sox finished 78 - 84 . Rick Renteria , the 2016 White Sox bench coach , was promoted to the role of manager . Prior to the start of the 2017 season , the White Sox traded Chris Sale to the Boston Red Sox and Adam Eaton to the Washington Nationals for prospects including Yoan Moncada , Lucas Giolito , and Michael Kopech , signaling the beginning of a rebuilding period . Ballparks ( edit ) Main article : Guaranteed Rate Field In the late 1980s , the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay ( as did the San Francisco Giants ) , but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval ( by one vote ) of public funding for a new stadium . Designed primarily as a baseball stadium ( as opposed to a `` multipurpose '' stadium ) New Comiskey Park ( redubbed U.S. Cellular Field in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016 ) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium . It opened in 1991 to positive reviews ; many praised its wide open concourses , excellent sight lines , and natural grass ( unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto ) . The park 's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans -- at the time , an all - time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team . View from the upper deck of U.S. Cellular Field in 2006 In recent years , money accrued from the sale of naming rights to U.S. Cellular has been allocated for renovations to make the park more aesthetically appealing and fan friendly . Notable renovations of early phases included : re-orientation of the bullpens parallel to the field of play ( thus decreasing slightly the formerly symmetrical dimensions of the outfield ) ; filling seats in up to and shortening the outfield wall ; ballooning foul - line seat sections out toward the field of play ; creating a new multi-tiered batter 's eye , allowing fans to see out through one - way screens from the center - field vantage point , and complete with concession stand and bar - style seating on its ' fan deck ' ; renovating all concourse areas with brick , historic murals , and new concession stand ornaments to establish a more friendly feel . The stadium 's steel and concrete was repainted dark gray and black . The scoreboard Jumbotron was also replaced with a new Mitsubishi Diamondvision HDTV giant screen . More recently , the top quarter of the upper deck was removed in 2004 and a black wrought metal roof was placed over it , covering all but the first eight rows of seats . This decreased seating capacity from 47,098 to 40,615. 2005 also saw the introduction of the Scout Seats , redesignating ( and re-upholstering ) 200 lower deck seats behind home plate as an exclusive area , with seat - side waitstaff and a complete restaurant located underneath the concourse . The most significant structural addition besides the new roof was 2005 's FUNdamentals Deck , a multi-tiered structure on the left field concourse containing batting cages , a small Tee Ball field , speed pitch , and several other child - themed activities intended to entertain and educate young fans with the help of coaching staff from the Chicago Bulls / Sox Training Academy . This structure was used during the 2005 playoffs by ESPN and Fox Broadcasting Company as a broadcasting platform . Designed as a 7 - phase plan , the renovations were completed before the 2007 season with the 7th and final phase . The most visible renovation in this final phase was replacing the original blue seats with green seats . The upper deck already had new green seats , put in before the beginning of the 2006 season . Beginning with the 2007 season a new luxury seating section was added in the former press box . This section has amenities similar to those of the Scout Seats section . After the 2007 season the ballpark continued renovation projects despite that the 7 - phase plan was complete . Previous Ballparks ( edit ) Batting practice at Comiskey Park in 1986 The St. Paul Saints first played their games at Lexington Park . When they moved to Chicago 's Armour Square neighborhood , they began play at the South Side Park . Previously a cricket ground , the park was located on the north side of 39th Street ( now called Pershing Road ) between South Wentworth and South Princeton Avenues . Its massive dimensions yielded few home runs , which was to the advantage of the White Sox ' Hitless Wonders teams of the early 20th century . After the 1909 season , the Sox moved 5 blocks to the north to play in the new Comiskey Park , while the 39th Street grounds became the home of the Chicago American Giants of the Negro Leagues . Billed as the Baseball Palace of the World , it originally held 28,000 seats and eventually grew to hold over 50,000 . It became known for its many odd features , such as the outdoor shower and the exploding scoreboard . When it closed after the 1990 season , it was the oldest ballpark still in Major League Baseball . Spring Training Ballparks ( edit ) The White Sox have held spring training in : Excelsior Springs , Missouri ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Mobile , Alabama ( 1903 ) ; Marlin Springs , Texas ( 1904 ) New Orleans ( 1905 -- 1906 ) Mexico City , Mexico ( 1907 ) Los Angeles ( 1908 ) San Francisco ( Recreation Park , 1909 -- 1910 ) Mineral Wells , Texas ( 1911 , 1916 -- 1919 ) Waco , Texas ( 1912 , 1920 ) ; Paso Robles , California ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Waxahachie , Texas ( 1921 ) Seguin , Texas ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Winter Haven , Florida . ( 1924 ) Shreveport , Louisiana ( 1925 -- 1928 ) Dallas ( 1929 ) San Antonio ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Pasadena , California ( 1933 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1950 ) French Lick , Indiana ( 1943 -- 1944 ) Terre Haute , Indiana ( 1945 ) Palm Springs , California ( Palm Springs Stadium , 1951 ) El Centro , California ( 1952 -- 1953 ) ; Tampa , Florida ( 1954 -- 1959 , Plant Field , 1954 , Al Lopez Field 1955 -- 1959 ) Sarasota , Florida ( 1960 -- 1997 ; Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium 1989 -- 97 ) . Tucson , Arizona ( Tucson Electric Park , 1998 -- 2008 , Cactus League , shared with Arizona Diamondbacks ) Phoenix , Arizona ( Camelback Ranch , 2009 -- present ) On November 19 , 2007 , the cities of Glendale , Arizona and Phoenix , Arizona broke ground on the Cactus League 's newest Spring Training facility . Camelback Ranch , the $76 million two - team facility is the new home of both the White Sox and the Los Angeles Dodgers for their Spring Training programs . Aside from state - of - the - art baseball facilities at the 10,000 - seat stadium the location includes residential , restaurant and retail development , a 4 - star hotel and 18 - hole golf course . Other amenities include 118,000 sq ft ( 11,000 m ) of Major and minor league clubhouses for the two teams , four Major League practice fields and eight minor league practice fields , two practice infields and parking to accommodate 5,000 vehicles . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball uniforms Over the years the White Sox have become noted for many of their uniform innovations and changes . In 1960 , the White Sox became the first team in the major sports to put players ' last names on jerseys . 1912 -- 1917 , 1919 -- 1929 , 1931 , and 1936 -- 1938 Chicago White Sox logo In 1912 the White Sox debuted a large `` S '' in a Roman - style font , with a small `` O '' inside the top loop of the `` S '' and a small `` X '' inside the bottom loop . This is the logo associated with the 1917 World Series championship team and the 1919 Black Sox . With a couple of brief interruptions , the dark - blue logo with the large `` S '' lasted through 1938 ( but continued in a modified block style into the 1940s ) . Through the 1940s , the White Sox team colors were primarily navy blue trimmed with red . The White Sox logo in the 1950s and 1960s ( actually beginning in the 1949 season ) was the word `` SOX '' in an Old English font , diagonally arranged , with the `` S '' larger than the other two letters . From 1949 through 1963 , the primary color was black ( trimmed with red after 1951 ) . The Old English `` SOX '' in black lettering is the logo associated with the Go - Go Sox era . In 1964 , the primary color went back to navy blue , and the road uniforms changed from gray to pale blue . In 1971 , the team 's primary color changed from royal blue to red , with the color of their pinstripes and caps changing to red . The 1971 -- 1975 uniform included red socks . Chicago White Sox logo ( 1976 -- 1987 ) In 1976 the team 's uniforms changed again . The team 's primary color changed back from red to navy . The team based their uniforms on a style worn in the early days of the franchise , with white jerseys worn at home , blue on the road . The team brought back white socks for the last time in team history . The socks featured a different stripe pattern every year . The team also had the option to wear blue or white pants with either jersey . Additionally the teams `` SOX '' logo was changed to a modern - looking `` SOX '' in a bold font , with ' CHICAGO ' written across the jersey . Finally , the team 's logo featured a silhouette of a batter over the words `` SOX '' . The new uniforms also featured collars and were designed to be worn untucked -- both unprecedented . Yet by far the most unusual wrinkle was the option to wear shorts , which the White Sox did for the first game of a doubleheader against the Kansas City Royals in 1976 . The Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League had previously tried the same concept , it was also poorly received . Apart from aesthetic issues , as a practical matter shorts are not conducive to sliding , due to the likelihood of significant abrasions . Upon taking over the team in 1980 new owners Eddie Einhorn and Jerry Reinsdorf announced a contest where fans were invited to create new uniforms for the White Sox . The winning entry was submitted by a fan where the word `` SOX '' was written across the front of the jersey , in the same font as a cap , inside of a large blue stripe trimmed with red . The red and blue stripes were also on the sleeves , and the road jerseys were gray to the home whites . In those jerseys the White Sox won 99 games and the AL West championship in 1983 , the best record in the majors . Alternate logo , on road uniforms ( 1991 -- 2010 ) After five years those uniforms were retired and replaced with a more basic uniform which had `` White Sox '' written across the front in script , with `` Chicago '' on the front of the road jersey . The cap logo was also changed to a cursive `` C '' , although the batter logo was retained for several years . For a mid-season 1990 game at Comiskey Park the White Sox appeared once in a uniform based on that of the 1917 White Sox . The White Sox then switched their regular uniform style once more . In September , for the final series at Old Comiskey Park , the old English `` SOX '' logo ( a slightly simplified version of the 1949 -- 63 logo ) was restored , and the new uniform also had the black pinstripes restored . The team 's primary color changed back to black , this time with silver trim . The team also introduced a new sock logo -- a white silhouette of a sock centered inside a white outline of a baseball diamond -- which appeared as a sleeve patch on the away and alternate uniforms until 2011 when the patch was switched with the primary logo on the away uniform . With minor modifications ( i.e. , occasionally wearing vests , black game jerseys ) the White Sox have used this style ever since . During the 2012 and 2013 seasons , the White Sox wore their throwback uniforms at home every Sunday , starting with the 1972 red - pinstriped throwback jerseys worn during the 2012 season , followed by the 1981 -- 86 uniforms the next season . In the 2014 season , the `` Winning Ugly '' throwbacks were promoted to full - time alternate status , and is now worn at home on select dates . In one game during the 2014 season , the White Sox paired their throwbacks with a cap featuring the batter logo instead of the wordmark `` SOX '' ; this is currently their batting practice cap prior to games in the throwback uniforms . Culture ( edit ) Nicknames ( edit ) The White Sox were originally known as the White Stockings , a reference to the original name of the Chicago Cubs . To fit the name in headlines , local newspapers such as the Chicago Tribune abbreviated the name alternatively to Stox and Sox . Charles Comiskey would officially adopt the White Sox nickname in the club 's first years , making them the first team to officially use the `` Sox '' name . The Chicago White Sox are most prominently nicknamed `` the South Siders '' , based on their particular district within Chicago . Other nicknames include the synonymous `` Pale Hose '' ; `` the ChiSox '' , a combination of `` Chicago '' and `` Sox '' , used mostly by the national media to differentiate them between the Boston Red Sox ( BoSox ) ; and `` the Good Guys '' , a reference to the team 's one - time motto `` Good guys wear black '' , coined by broadcaster Ken Harrelson . Most fans and Chicago media refer to the team as simply `` the Sox '' . The Spanish language media sometimes refer to the team as Medias Blancas for `` White Socks . '' Several White Sox teams have received nicknames over the years : The 1906 team were known as the Hitless Wonders , due to their . 230 batting average , worst in the American League . Despite their hitting woes , the Sox would beat the crosstown Cubs for their first world title . The 1919 White Sox are known as the Black Sox , after 8 players were banned from baseball for fixing the 1919 World Series . The 1959 White Sox were referred to as the Go - Go White Sox due to their speed - based offense . The period from 1950 to 1964 , in which the White Sox had 15 consecutive winning seasons , is sometimes referred to as the Go - Go Era . The 1977 team were known as the South Side Hitmen as they contended for the division title after finishing last the year before . The 1983 White Sox became known as the Winning Ugly White Sox in response to Texas Rangers manager Doug Rader 's derisive comments that the White Sox `` ... were n't playing well . They 're winning ugly . '' The Sox went on to win the 1983 American League West division . Mascots ( edit ) Southpaw See also : List of Major League Baseball mascots From 1961 until 1991 , lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot `` Andy the Clown '' for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park . Known for his elongated `` Come on you White Sox '' battle cry , Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960 , where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section . That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets , he decided to wear his costume to all games . Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky . Starting in 1981 , the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome , called Ribbie and Roobarb , as the official team mascots , and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level . Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular , as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown . In 1988 , the Sox got rid of Ribbie and Roobarb , and Andy The Clown was not permitted to perform in new Comiskey Park when it opened in 1991 . In the early 1990s the White Sox had a cartoon mascot named , ' Waldo The White Sox Wolf ' that advertised the ' Silver and Black Pack ' , the team kid 's club at the time . The team 's current mascot , SouthPaw , was introduced in 2004 to attract young fans . Fight and Theme songs ( edit ) Nancy Faust became the White Sox organist in 1970 , a position she would hold for 40 years . She was one of the first ballpark organists to play pop music , and became known for her songs playing on the names of opposing players ( such as Iron Butterfly 's `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida '' for Pete Incaviglia ) . Her many years with the White Sox established her as one of the last great stadium organists . Since 2011 , Lori Moreland has served as the White Sox organist . Similar to the Boston Red Sox with `` Sweet Caroline '' ( and two songs named `` Tessie '' ) , and the New York Yankees with `` Theme from New York , New York '' , several songs have become associated with the White Sox over the years . They include : `` Let 's Go Go Go White Sox '' by Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers -- A tribute to the `` Go - Go White Sox '' of the late 1950s , this song serves as the unofficial fight song of the White Sox . In 2005 , scoreboard operator Jeff Szynal found a record of the song and played it for a `` Turn Back the Clock '' game against the Los Angeles Dodgers , whom the Sox played in the 1959 World Series . After catcher A.J. Pierzynski hit a walk - off home run , they kept the song around as the White Sox went on to win the 2005 World Series . `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' by Steam -- Organist Nancy Faust played this song during the 1977 pennant race when a Kansas City Royals pitcher was pulled , and it became an immediate hit with White Sox fans . Faust is credited with making the song a stadium anthem and saving it from obscurity . To this day the song remains closely associated with the White Sox , who play it when the team forces a pitching change , and occasionally on Sox home runs and victories . `` Sweet Home Chicago '' -- The Blues Brothers version of this Robert Johnson blues standard is played after White Sox victories . Rivalries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crosstown classic ( edit ) Fielder Jones of the White Sox hits the ball against Cubs at West Side Grounds , 1905 Main article : Cubs -- White Sox rivalry The Chicago Cubs are the crosstown rivals of the White Sox , a rivalry that some made fun of prior to the White Sox 's 2005 title because both of them had extremely long championship droughts . The nature of the rivalry is unique ; with the exception of the 1906 World Series , in which the White Sox upset the favored Cubs , the teams never met in an official game until 1997 , when interleague play was introduced . In the intervening time , the two teams sometimes met for exhibition games . The White Sox currently lead the regular season series 48 -- 39 , winning the last 4 seasons in a row . The BP Crosstown Cup was introduced in 2010 and the White Sox won the first three seasons ( 2010 - 2012 ) until the Cubs first won the Cup in 2013 by sweeping the season series . The White Sox won the Cup the next season and retained the Cup the following two years ( series was a tie - Cup remains with defending team in the event of a tie ) . The Cubs took back the Cup in 2017 . There have been two series sweeps since interleague play began both by the Cubs : 1998 and 2013 ... An example of this volatile rivalry is the game played between the White Sox and the Chicago Cubs at U.S. Cellular Field on May 20 , 2006 . White Sox catcher A.J. Pierzynski was running home on a sacrifice fly by center fielder Brian Anderson and smashed into Cubs catcher Michael Barrett , who was blocking home plate . Pierzynski lost his helmet in the collision , and slapped the plate as he rose . Barrett stopped him and , after exchanging a few words , punched Pierzynski in the face , causing a melee to ensue . Brian Anderson and Cubs first baseman John Mabry got involved in a separate confrontation , although it was later determined that Mabry was attempting to be a peacemaker . After 10 minutes of conferring following the fight , the umpires ejected Pierzynski , Barrett , Anderson , and Mabry . As Pierzynski entered his dugout , he pumped his arms , causing the soldout crowd at U.S. Cellular Field to erupt in cheers . When play resumed , White Sox second baseman Tadahito Iguchi blasted a grand slam to put the White Sox up 5 -- 0 on their way to a 7 -- 0 win over their crosstown rivals . While there are other major league cities and metropolitan areas in which two teams co-exist , all of the others feature at least one team which began playing there in 1961 or later , whereas the White Sox and Cubs have been competing for their city 's fans since 1901 . Divisional ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball rivalries § Chicago White Sox vs. Detroit Tigers The White Sox enjoy healthy divisional rivalries . The Detroit Tigers are one of Chicago 's primary rivals , and the cities of Chicago and Detroit share rivalries in other sports as well , such as the Bulls -- Pistons rivalry , Blackhawks -- Red Wings rivalry and the Bears -- Lions rivalry . The rivalry has had its fair share of fights as well . The two teams are separated by a small under 5 hour drive . Main article : Major League Baseball rivalries § Chicago White Sox vs. Minnesota Twins The Minnesota Twins are high - profile rivals as well , with fans of both teams showing up to US Cellular Field and Target Field in healthy numbers . The White Sox and Twins also played in a one - game playoff in 2008 , the White Sox would win the game 1 -- 0 and the division . Main article : Major League Baseball rivalries § Chicago White Sox vs. Cleveland Indians Chicago has another rivalry with the Cleveland Indians . The rivalry first started upon the creation of the AL Central in 1994 . On July 15 , 1994 an umpire confiscated Albert Belle 's bat , presuming that it was corked . They put it in the umpire 's room at Comiskey Park . However , Indians pitcher Jason Grimsley climbed through the ceiling from the visitor 's clubhouse and stole the bat . The theft was discovered and Belle was suspended ; Grimsley later owned up to the theft . Belle further inflamed matters by spurning the Indians and signing a large free agent contract with the White Sox in 1997 . Historical ( edit ) A historical regional rival was the St. Louis Browns . Through the 1953 season , the two teams were located fairly close to each other ( including the 1901 season when the Browns were the Milwaukee Brewers ) , and could have been seen as the American League equivalent of the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry , being that Chicago and St. Louis have for years been connected by the same highway ( U.S. Route 66 and now Interstate 55 ) . The rivalry has been somewhat revived at times in the past , involving the Browns ' current identity , the Baltimore Orioles , most notably in 1983 . The current Milwaukee Brewers franchise was also a primary White Sox rival , due to the proximity of the two cities , and with the teams competing in the same division for the 1970 and 1971 seasons , and then again from 1994 to 1997 . The rivalry died down however , when the Brewers moved to the National League in 1998 . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of Chicago White Sox broadcasters Radio ( edit ) Elson in the 1940s . The White Sox did not sell exclusive rights for radio broadcasts from radio 's inception until 1944 , instead having local stations share rights for games . The White Sox first granted exclusive rights in 1944 , and would bounce between stations until 1952 , when the White Sox started having all games broadcast on 1000 AM WCFL . Throughout this period of instability , one thing remained constant : the White Sox play - by - play announcer , Bob Elson . Known as the `` Commander '' , Elson was the voice of the Sox from 1929 until his departure from the club in 1970 . In 1979 , he was the recipient of the Ford Frick Award , and his profile is permanently on display in the National Baseball Hall of Fame . After the 1966 season , radio rights shifted from 1000 AM to 670 AM , WMAQ . An NBC owned & operated station , it was the home of the Sox until the 1996 season ( with the exception of brief stints on 1300 AM WTAQ and 780 AM WBBM ) . After Elson 's retirement in 1970 , Harry Caray began his tenure as the voice of the White Sox , on radio as well as on television . Although best remembered as a broadcaster for the rival Cubs , Caray was very popular with White Sox fans , pining for a `` cold one '' during broadcasts . Caray would often broadcast from the stands , sitting at a table set up amidst the bleachers . It became a badge of honor among Sox fans to `` Buy Harry a beer ... '' By game 's end you 'd see a large stack of empty beer cups beside his microphone . This only endeared him to fans that much more . In fact , it was with the Sox that he started his tradition of leading the fans in the singing of Take Me Out To The Ballgame . Caray , alongside color analyst Jimmy Piersall , was never afraid to criticize the Sox , which angered numerous Sox managers and players , notably Bill Melton and Chuck Tanner . He left to succeed Jack Brickhouse as the voice of the Cubs in 1981 , where he became a national icon . The White Sox shifted through several announcers in the 1980s , before hiring John Rooney as play - by - play announcer in 1989 . In 1992 , he was paired with color announcer Ed Farmer . In 14 seasons together , the duo became a highly celebrated announcing team , even being ranked by USA Today as the top broadcasting team in the American League . Starting with Rooney and Farmer 's fifth season together , Sox games returned to the 1000 AM frequency for the first time in 30 years ( now the ESPN owned & operated station WMVP ) . The last game on WMVP was Game 4 of the 2005 World Series , with the White Sox clinching their first World Series title in 88 years . That also was Rooney 's last game with the Sox , as he left to join the radio broadcast team of the St. Louis Cardinals . In 2006 , radio broadcasts returned to 670 AM , now the CBS - Owned all - sports station WSCR , branded as 670 the Score . Ed Farmer became the play - by - play man after Rooney left , joined in the booth by Chris Singleton from 2006 to 2007 and then Steve Stone in 2008 . In 2009 , Darrin Jackson became the color announcer for White Sox radio , where he remains today . Farmer and Jackson are joined by Chris Rogney , who hosts pregame and postgame shows on WSCR . The Chicago White Sox Radio Network currently has 18 affiliates in 3 states , and the White Sox are on contract with 670 the Score through the 2015 season . As of recently , White Sox games are also broadcast in Spanish with play - by - play announcer Hector Molina joined in the booth by Billy Russo . Formerly broadcasting on ESPN Deportes Radio via WNUA , games will begin to be broadcast on 1200 AM WRTO during the 2015 season . Beginning with the 2016 season , the White Sox radio broadcasts will shift to 890 WLS AM . Television ( edit ) White Sox games appeared sporadically on television throughout the first half of the 20th century , most commonly announced by Jack Brickhouse on Channel 9 , WGN - TV . Starting in 1968 , Jack Drees took play - by - play duties as the Sox were broadcast on channel 32 , WFLD . After 1972 , Harry Caray ( joined by Jimmy Piersall in 1977 ) began double duty as a TV and Radio announcer for the Sox , as broadcasts were moved to channel 44 , WSNS - TV , from 1972 to 1980 , followed by one year on WGN - TV . Don Drysdale became the play - by - play announcer in 1982 , as the White Sox began splitting their broadcasts between WFLD and the new Pay - TV channel , Sportsvision . Ahead of its time , Sportsvision had a chance to gain huge profits for the Sox . However , few people would subscribe to the channel after being used to free - to - air broadcasts for many years , resulting in the franchise losing around $300,000 a month . While this was going on , every Cubs game was on WGN , with Harry Caray becoming the national icon he never was with the White Sox . The relatively easy access to Cubs games versus Sox games in this era , combined with the popularity of Caray and the Cubs being owned by the Tribune Company , is said by some to be the main cause of the Cubs advantage in popularity over the Sox . Harrelson in the broadcast booth in 2007 Three major changes to White Sox broadcasting happened each year from 1989 to 1991 : in 1989 , Sportsvision was replaced by the cable TV channel SportsChannel Chicago . In 1990 , over-the - air broadcasts shifted back to WGN . And in 1991 , Ken Harrelson became the play by play announcer of the White Sox . One of the most polarizing figures in baseball , `` Hawk '' has been both adored and scorned for his emotive announcing style . His history of calling out umpires has earned him reprimands from the Commissioner 's office , and he has been said to be the most biased announcer in baseball . However , Harrelson has said that he is proud of being `` the biggest homer in baseball '' , saying that he is a White Sox fan like his viewers . Currently , White Sox local television broadcasts are split between two channels : the majority of games are broadcast on cable by the regional sports network NBC Sports Chicago ( which the club has a 20 % stake in ) , and remaining games are produced by WGN Sports and are broadcast locally on WGN - TV . WGN games are also occasionally picked up by local stations in Illinois , Iowa , and Indiana . In the past , WGN games were broadcast nationally on the WGN America superstation , but those broadcasts ended after the 2014 season as WGN America began its transition to a standard cable station . WGN Sports - produced White Sox games not carried by WGN - TV were carried by WCIU - TV until the 2015 season , when they moved to MyNetworkTV station WPWR - TV . That arrangement ended on September 1 , 2016 when WGN became an independent station . Prior to 2016 , the announcers were the same no matter where the games were broadcast : Harrelson provided play - by - play , and Steve Stone provided color analysis since 2009 . Games that are broadcast on NBC Sports Chicago feature pregame and postgame shows , hosted by Chuck Garfein with analysis from Bill Melton and occasionally Frank Thomas . In 2016 , the team announced an official split of the play - by - play duties , with Harrelson calling road games and the Crosstown Series and Jason Benetti calling home games . In 2017 , the team announced that the 2018 season will be Harrelson 's final in the booth . He will call 20 games over the course of the season , after which Benetti will take over full - time play - by - play duties . Personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Chicago White Sox 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Luis Avilán 70 Aaron Bummer -- Ian Clarkin 68 Dylan Covey 43 Danny Farquhar 71 Jace Fry 51 Carson Fulmer 27 Lucas Giolito -- Miguel Gonzalez 63 Gregory Infante 65 Nate Jones 40 Reynaldo López 37 Juan Minaya 55 Carlos Rodon -- Jose Ruiz 33 James Shields -- Joakim Soria -- Thyago Vieira Catchers -- Welington Castillo 38 Omar Narváez 36 Kevan Smith Infielders 79 José Abreu 7 Tim Anderson 24 Matt Davidson -- Casey Gillaspie 10 Yoan Moncada 20 Tyler Saladino 5 Yolmer Sánchez Outfielders -- Micker Adolfo -- Luis Alexander Basabe -- Ryan Cordell 30 Nicky Delmonico 41 Adam Engel 26 Avisail García 28 Leury García 61 Willy García -- Eloy Jiménez -- Daniel Palka 22 Charlie Tilson Manager 17 Rick Renteria Coaches 8 Daryl Boston ( first base ) 12 Nick Capra ( third base ) 99 Don Cooper ( pitching ) 29 Curt Hasler ( bullpen ) 47 Joe McEwing ( bench / infield ) 59 Mark Salas ( bullpen catcher / catching ) 46 Greg Sparks ( assistant hitting ) 31 Todd Steverson ( hitting ) 39 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated January 11 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Front office and key personnel ( edit ) Chicago White Sox key personnel Chairman Jerry Reinsdorf Senior Executive Vice President Howard Pizer Executive Vice President Ken Williams General Manager Rick Hahn Assistant General Manager Buddy Bell Senior Vice President , Administration Tim Buzard Senior Vice President , Stadium Operations Terry Savarise Senior Vice President , Communications Scott Reifert Senior Vice President , Sales and Marketing Brooks Boyer Head Groundskeeper Roger Bossard Public Address Announcer Gene Honda Organist Lori Moreland Source : Awards and accolades ( edit ) World Series championships ( edit ) Season Manager Regular season record World Series opponent World Series record Ref 1906 Fielder Jones 93 -- 58 Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 1917 Pants Rowland 100 -- 54 New York Giants 4 -- 2 2005 Ozzie Guillén 99 -- 63 Houston Astros 4 -- 0 3 World Championships American League championships ( edit ) Note : American League Championship Series began in 1969 Season Manager Regular season record AL Runner - Up / ALCS opponent Games ahead / ALCS record Ref 1901 Clark Griffith 83 -- 53 Boston Americans 4.0 1906 Fielder Jones 93 -- 58 New York Highlanders 3.0 1917 Pants Rowland 100 -- 54 Boston Red Sox 9.0 1919 Kid Gleason 88 -- 52 Cleveland Indians 3.5 1959 Al López 94 -- 60 Cleveland Indians 5.0 2005 Ozzie Guillén 99 -- 63 Los Angeles Angels 4 -- 1 6 American League Championships Award winners ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago White Sox award winners and league leaders Most Valuable Player 1959 : Nellie Fox 1972 : Dick Allen 1993 : Frank Thomas 1994 : Frank Thomas Cy Young Award 1959 : Early Wynn 1983 : LaMarr Hoyt 1993 : Jack McDowell Manager of the Year 1983 : Tony La Russa 1990 : Jeff Torborg 1993 : Gene Lamont 2000 : Jerry Manuel 2005 : Ozzie Guillén Rookie of the Year 1956 -- Luis Aparicio 1963 -- Gary Peters 1966 -- Tommie Agee 1983 -- Ron Kittle 1985 -- Ozzie Guillén 2014 -- José Abreu Team captains ( edit ) Luke Appling 1930 -- 1950 Ozzie Guillén 1990 -- 1997 Carlton Fisk 1990 -- 1993 Paul Konerko 2006 -- 2014 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The White Sox have retired a total of 12 jersey numbers : 11 worn by former White Sox and number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson . Nellie Fox 2B Retired May 1 , 1976 Harold Baines RF , DH Coach Retired August 20 , 1989 Luke Appling SS Coach Retired June 7 , 1975 Minnie Miñoso LF Coach Retired May 8 , 1983 Luis Aparicio SS Retired August 14 , 1984 Paul Konerko 1B Retired May 23 , 2015 Ted Lyons Manager Retired July 25 , 1987 Billy Pierce Retired July 25 , 1987 Frank Thomas 1B , DH Retired August 29 , 2010 Mark Buehrle Retired June 24 , 2017 Carlton Fisk Retired September 14 , 1997 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired By all of MLB 1997 Luis Aparicio 's number 11 was issued at his request for the 2010 and 2011 seasons for 11 time Gold Glove winner shortstop Omar Vizquel ( because number 13 was used by manager Ozzie Guillén ; Vizquel , like Aparicio and Guillen , play ( ed ) shortstop and all share a common Venezuelan heritage ) . Also , Harold Baines had his number 3 retired in 1989 ; it has since been ' unretired ' 3 times in each of his subsequent returns . Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 6 : Since Charley Lau 's death in 1984 , no White Sox player or coach ( except Lau disciple Walt Hriniak , the Chicago White Sox ' hitting coach from 1989 to 1995 ) has worn his number 6 jersey , although it has not been officially retired . 13 : Since Ozzie Guillén left as manager of the White Sox , no Sox player or coach has worn his number 13 jersey , although it is not officially retired . Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Chicago White Sox Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Chicago White Sox Roberto Alomar Luis Aparicio Luke Appling Chief Bender Steve Carlton Eddie Collins * Charles Comiskey ( Exec . ) * * George Davis Larry Doby Hugh Duffy ( Mgr . ) Johnny Evers Red Faber Carlton Fisk Nellie Fox Goose Gossage Ken Griffey , Jr . Clark Griffith Harry Hooper George Kell Tony La Russa ( Mgr . ) Bob Lemon ( Mgr . ) Al López ( Mgr . ) Ted Lyons Tim Raines Edd Roush Red Ruffing Ron Santo Ray Schalk * Tom Seaver Al Simmons Frank Thomas Bill Veeck ( Exec . ) * * Ed Walsh * Hoyt Wilhelm Early Wynn Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a White Sox cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Wears no cap , but the White Sox are considered their primary team Ford C Frick Award recipients ( edit ) Chicago White Sox Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jack Brickhouse Harry Caray Bob Elson Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the White Sox . Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Charlotte Knights International League Charlotte , North Carolina AA Birmingham Barons Southern League Birmingham , Alabama Advanced A Winston - Salem Dash Carolina League Winston - Salem , North Carolina Kannapolis Intimidators South Atlantic League Kannapolis , North Carolina Rookie Great Falls Voyagers Pioneer League Great Falls , Montana DSL White Sox Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic AZL White Sox Arizona League Glendale , Arizona Silver Chalice subsidiary ( edit ) Silver Chalice is a digital and media investment subsidiary of the White Sox with Brooks Boyers as CEO . Silver Chalice was co-founded by Jerry Reinsdorf , White Sox executive Brooks Boyer , Jason Coyle and John Burris in 2009 . Chalice has since partnered with IMG on Campus Insiders , a college sports digital channel . The company also invested in 120 Sports , a digital sports channel , that launched in June 2016 . These efforts have since been merged with Sinclair Broadcasting Group 's American Sports Network into the new multi-platform network Stadium as of September 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bova , George . `` Sox Fans ' Guide to Sox Uniforms '' . FlyingSock.Com . White Sox Interactive . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 , after having won in the minor league American League in 1900 . American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stezano , Martin ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` 6 Things You May Not Know About the World Series '' . History . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 World Series '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 World Series '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . 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Jump up ^ Austen , Jake ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` An organist transplant for the White Sox '' . Chicago Reader . Sun - Times Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Theiser , Kelly ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Go - Go song revival a hit with fans '' . White Sox official website . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Goodbye , Paul Leka : Writer of sports anthem ' Na Na Hey Hey ' dies '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Broadcasters '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Right on Q : A brief history of the White Sox on the radio '' . South Side Sox . SB Nation . May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Ford Frick Award Winner Bob Elson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Ford Frick Award Winner Harry Caray '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Matt . `` Harry Caray '' . SABR.org . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Steve ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Rooney , Farmer give White Sox AL 's top radio team '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasters '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Afiliates '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Announce new Spanish radio broadcasters '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Broadcast Schedule '' . Official Site of the Chicago White Sox . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Broadcasters - Television '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox History : The story of SportsVision '' . South Side Sox . SB Nation . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edelman , Alexander . `` Ken Harrelson '' . SABR.org . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selig reprimands Harrelson for rant against umpire '' . Chicago Tribune . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` How Biased Is Your Announcer ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America comes home to Chicago '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Ed ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` White Sox add WPWR - Ch. 50 to station rotation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ralph . `` Steve Stone '' . SABR.org . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Schouwen , Daryl ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` White Sox adding Jason Benetti to play - by - play team '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kane , Colleen ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ken ' Hawk ' Harrelson to retire in 2018 after ' greatest ride of my life ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox Front Office '' . Official Site of the Chicago White Sox . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1906 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1917 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Award winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Year Winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - time winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers '' . Chicago White Sox . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Un-Retire Aparicio 's Number , Vizquel to Wear No. 11 During 2010 Season '' . Press release . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Ed ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Executive Profile : Brooks Boyer '' . Chicago Tribune . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Channick , Robert ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` All - digital 120 Sports kicking off streaming network '' . Chicago Tribune . Tronc . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marszalek , Diana ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stadium Sports Network Rolls Out on Broadcast TV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago White Sox . Chicago portal Baseball portal Chicago White Sox official website Chicago White Sox at Chicago Tribune Chicago White Sox Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first - round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No - hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field Spring training : * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture and lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game Andy the Clown Armour Square / Bridgeport Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers Disco Demolition Night `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Gene Honda The Hitless Wonders `` Let 's Go , Go - Go White Sox '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber Ribbie and Roobarb The Sodfather Southpaw South Side Hitmen Sox -- 35th The Stratton Story `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Turn Back the Clock Winning Ugly White Flag Trade Rivalries Chicago Cubs Key personnel Chairman : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice Chairman : Eddie Einhorn Executive Vice President : Ken Williams General Manager : Rick Hahn Special Assistant to the GM : Jim Thome Manager : Rick Renteria World Series championships ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 American League championships ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships ( 5 ) West : 1983 1993 Central : 2000 2005 2008 Minor league affiliates Charlotte Knights ( AAA ) Birmingham Barons ( AA ) Winston - Salem Dash ( A Adv . ) Kannapolis Intimidators ( A ) Great Falls Voyagers ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL White Sox ( Rookie ) DSL White Sox ( Rookie ) Media NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN9 / CW50 ) 89 WLS ESPN Deportes 1220 AM White Sox Radio Network Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by New York Giants 1905 World Series champions Chicago White Sox 1906 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1907 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1916 World Series champions Chicago White Sox 1917 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1918 Preceded by Boston Red Sox World Series champions Chicago White Sox 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by First American League champions American League champions Chicago White Sox 1900 and 1901 Succeeded by Philadelphia Athletics 1902 Preceded by Philadelphia Athletics 1905 American League champions Chicago White Sox 1906 Succeeded by Detroit Tigers 1907 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1916 American League champions Chicago White Sox 1917 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1918 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1918 American League champions Chicago White Sox 1919 Succeeded by Cleveland Indians 1920 Preceded by New York Yankees 1958 American League champions Chicago White Sox 1959 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1960 Preceded by Boston Red Sox American League champions Chicago White Sox 2005 Succeeded by Detroit Tigers 2006 ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by California Angels 1982 American League West champions Chicago White Sox Succeeded by Kansas City Royals 1984 Preceded by Oakland Athletics 1992 American League West champions Chicago White Sox 1993 Succeeded by Seattle Mariners 1995 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 1999 American League Central champions Chicago White Sox 2000 Succeeded by Cleveland Indians 2001 Preceded by Minnesota Twins American League Central champions Chicago White Sox 2005 Succeeded by Minnesota Twins 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2007 American League Central champions Chicago White Sox 2008 Succeeded by Minnesota Twins 2009 Chicago White Sox managers Clark Griffith ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Nixey Callahan ( 1903 -- 1904 ) Fielder Jones ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Billy Sullivan ( 1909 ) Hugh Duffy ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Nixey Callahan ( 1912 -- 1914 ) Pants Rowland ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Kid Gleason ( 1919 -- 1923 ) Johnny Evers ( 1924 ) Ed Walsh ( 1924 ) Eddie Collins ( 1924 ) Johnny Evers ( 1924 ) Eddie Collins ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Ray Schalk ( 1927 -- 1928 ) Lena Blackburne ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Donie Bush ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Lew Fonseca ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Jimmy Dykes ( 1934 -- 1946 ) Ted Lyons ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Jack Onslow ( 1949 -- 1950 ) Red Corriden ( 1950 ) Paul Richards ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Marty Marion ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Al López ( 1957 -- 1965 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Les Moss ( 1968 ) Al López ( 1968 ) Les Moss ( 1968 ) Al López ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Don Gutteridge ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Bill Adair ( 1970 ) Chuck Tanner ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Paul Richards ( 1976 ) Bob Lemon ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Larry Doby ( 1978 ) Don Kessinger ( 1979 ) Tony La Russa ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Doug Rader ( 1986 ) Jim Fregosi ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Jeff Torborg ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Gene Lamont ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Terry Bevington ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Jerry Manuel ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Ozzie Guillén ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Don Cooper ( 2011 ) Robin Ventura ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Rick Renteria ( 2017 -- ) Chicago White Sox retired numbers 2 Nellie Fox 3 Harold Baines 4 Luke Appling 9 Minnie Miñoso 11 Luis Aparicio 14 Paul Konerko 16 Ted Lyons 19 Billy Pierce 35 Frank Thomas 56 Mark Buehrle 72 Carlton Fisk Championship navigation boxes Chicago White Stockings 1901 American League Champion Inaugural Roster Jimmy Burke Nixey Callahan Clark Griffith Fred Hartman Zaza Harvey Dummy Hoy Frank Isbell Fielder Jones Jack Katoll Herm McFarland Sam Mertes Wiley Piatt Roy Patterson Frank Shugart John Skopec Joe Sugden Billy Sullivan Manager Clark Griffith Regular season Chicago White Sox 1906 World Series champions Nick Altrock George Davis Jiggs Donahue Patsy Dougherty Ed Hahn Frank Isbell Fielder Jones Ed McFarland Bill O'Neill Frank Owen George Rohe Billy Sullivan Lee Tannehill Babe Towne Ed Walsh Doc White Manager Fielder Jones Regular season Windy City Showdown Chicago White Sox 1917 World Series champions Eddie Cicotte Eddie Collins Shano Collins Dave Danforth Red Faber Happy Felsch Chick Gandil Joe Jackson Nemo Leibold Byrd Lynn Fred McMullin Swede Risberg Reb Russell Ray Schalk Jim Scott Buck Weaver Lefty Williams Manager Pants Rowland Regular season Chicago White Sox 2005 World Series champions 1 Willie Harris 5 Juan Uribe 7 Timo Pérez 8 Carl Everett 12 A.J. Pierzynski 14 Paul Konerko ( ALCS MVP ) 15 Tadahito Iguchi 18 Cliff Politte 20 Jon Garland 22 Scott Podsednik 23 Jermaine Dye ( World Series MVP ) 24 Joe Crede 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Geoff Blum 32 Dustin Hermanson 33 Aaron Rowand 34 Freddy García 36 Chris Widger 38 Pablo Ozuna 43 Dámaso Marte 45 Bobby Jenks 46 Neal Cotts 51 Luis Vizcaíno 52 José Contreras 56 Mark Buehrle Manager 13 Ozzie Guillén Bench Coach 3 Harold Baines First Base Coach 30 Tim Raines Third Base Coach 28 Joey Cora Pitching Coach 21 Don Cooper Hitting Coach 29 Greg Walker Bullpen Coach 53 Art Kusnyer Bullpen Catcher 59 Man - soo Lee General Manager Kenny Williams Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - 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Blues Inline hockey MLRH Chicago Carnage Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby McLean County MissFits Rockford Rage Southern Illinois Roller Girls Twin City Derby Girls Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC MRFU Rowdies Rugby Football Club Springfield Celts Rugby Club Soccer MLS Chicago Fire PDL Chicago Fire U-23 NPSL Quad City Eagles PLA Aurora Borealis SC RWB Adria NWSL Chicago Red Stars WPSL Chicago Red Stars Reserves Indoor soccer MASL Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Ultimate AUDL Chicago Wildfire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Bradley Braves Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Eastern Illinois Panthers Illinois Fighting Illini Illinois State Redbirds Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats SIU Edwardsville Cougars Southern Illinois Salukis UIC Flames Western Illinois Leathernecks College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers McKendree Bearcats Quincy Hawks UIS Prairie Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_White_Sox&oldid=821749540 '' Categories : Chicago White Sox Baseball teams in Chicago Cactus League Major League Baseball teams Professional baseball teams in Illinois Sports clubs established in 1894 1900 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from August 2008 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time chicago white sox won the world series	[ "The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed \"the Hitless Wonders\", and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte, Eddie Collins, and Shoeless Joe Jackson. The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal, in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games. In response, Major League Baseball's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life. In 1959, led by Early Wynn, Nellie Fox, Luis Aparicio and manager Al López, the White Sox won the American League pennant. They won the AL pennant in 2005, and went on to win the World Series, led by Paul Konerko, Mark Buehrle, catcher A. J. Pierzynski, and the first Latino manager to win the World Series, Ozzie Guillén." ]	[ "2005" ]
-784016355923707911	Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs	Forbes ' list of The Most Valuable football clubs - wikipedia Forbes ' list of The Most Valuable football clubs Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the richest football clubs in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine on their worth in United States dollar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current ranking 2 Historical rankings 2.1 2016 rankings 2.2 2015 rankings 2.3 2014 rankings 2.4 2013 rankings 2.5 2012 rankings 2.6 2011 rankings 2.7 2010 rankings 2.8 2009 rankings 2.9 2008 rankings 2.10 2007 rankings 3 See also 4 References Current ranking As of 1 June 2017 Rank Team Country Value In millions Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Manchester United England 3,690 6 11 850 Barcelona Spain 3,635 6 688 Real Madrid Spain 3,580 - 2 688 Bayern Munich Germany 2,713 0 657 5 Manchester City England 2,083 5 8 650 6 Arsenal England 1,932 16 - 4 572 7 Chelsea England 1,845 0 11 583 8 Liverpool England 1,492 7 - 4 523 9 Juventus Italy 1,258 7 - 3 379 10 Tottenham Hotspur England 1,058 17 377 11 Paris Saint - Germain France 841 0 578 12 Borussia Dortmund Germany 808 0 - 3 315 13 A.C. Milan Italy 802 73 - 3 238 14 Atlético Madrid Spain 732 9 16 234 15 West Ham United England 634 11 17 213 16 Schalke 04 Germany 629 7 - 4 249 17 Roma Italy 569 - 2 242 18 Inter Milan Italy 537 37 - 4 199 19 Leicester City England 413 0 - 191 20 Napoli Italy 379 0 - 4 158 Historical rankings 2016 rankings As of 1 May 2016 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,645 12 694 Barcelona Spain 3,549 12 675 Manchester United England 3,317 20 7 625 Bayern Munich Germany 2,678 0 14 570 5 Arsenal England 2,017 17 54 524 6 Manchester City England 1,921 0 40 558 7 Chelsea England 1,661 0 21 505 8 Liverpool England 1,548 5 58 471 9 Juventus Italy 1,299 55 390 10 Tottenham Hotspur England 1,017 69 310 11 Borussia Dortmund Germany 836 0 19 338 12 A.C. Milan Italy 825 32 6 240 13 Paris Saint - Germain France 814 0 28 578 14 Schalke 04 Germany 655 21 15 264 15 Atlético Madrid Spain 633 22 45 225 16 Inter Milan Italy 559 43 27 198 17 West Ham United England 542 6 76 194 18 Roma Italy 508 36 N / A 217 19 Napoli Italy 396 0 12 151 20 Newcastle United England 383 0 10 104 2015 rankings As of 6 May 2015 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,260 - 5 746 Barcelona Spain 3,160 - 1 657 Manchester United England 3,100 20 10 703 Bayern Munich Germany 2,350 0 27 661 5 Manchester City England 1,380 0 60 562 6 Chelsea England 1,370 0 58 526 7 Arsenal England 1,310 30 - 2 487 8 Liverpool England 982 10 39 415 9 Juventus Italy 837 9 - 2 379 10 A.C. Milan Italy 775 44 - 9 339 11 Borussia Dortmund Germany 700 6 17 355 12 Paris Saint - Germain France 634 0 53 643 13 Tottenham Hotspur England 600 9 17 293 14 Schalke 04 Germany 572 0 - 1 290 15 Inter Milan Italy 439 56 - 9 222 16 Atlético Madrid Spain 436 53 33 231 17 Napoli Italy 353 0 19 224 18 Newcastle United England 349 0 N / A 210 19 West Ham United England 309 12 N / A 186 20 Galatasaray Turkey 294 17 - 15 220 2014 rankings As of 15 July 2014 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,440 675 Barcelona Spain 3,200 23 627 Manchester United England 2,810 - 11 551 Bayern Munich Germany 1,850 41 561 5 Arsenal England 1,331 0 370 6 Chelsea England 868 - 4 394 7 Manchester City England 863 25 411 8 A.C. Milan Italy 856 - 9 343 9 Juventus Italy 850 22 354 10 Liverpool England 704 8 313 11 Borussia Dortmund Germany 599 31 333 12 Schalke 04 Germany 580 16 258 13 Tottenham Hotspur England 514 - 1 224 14 Inter Milan Italy 483 20 219 15 Paris Saint - Germain France 415 N / A 518 16 Galatasaray Turkey 347 N / A 204 17 Atlético Madrid Spain 328 33 156 18 Hamburg Germany 326 9 176 19 Roma Italy 307 19 162 20 Napoli Italy 296 - 10 156 2013 rankings As of 17 April 2013 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,300 76 650 Manchester United England 3,165 61 502 Barcelona Spain 2,600 99 613 Arsenal England 1,326 368 5 Bayern Munich Germany 1,309 6 468 6 A.C. Milan Italy 945 - 4 326 7 Chelsea England 901 18 409 8 Juventus Italy 694 17 248 9 Manchester City England 689 56 362 10 Liverpool England 651 5 296 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 520 - 8 226 12 Schalke 04 Germany 498 - 15 221 13 Borussia Dortmund Germany 436 11 240 14 Inter Milan Italy 401 - 18 236 15 Lyon France 368 - 4 167 16 Corinthians Brazil 358 - 119 17 Napoli Italy 330 17 188 18 Hamburg Germany 300 - 15 154 19 Marseille France 285 - 18 167 20 Newcastle United England 263 9 146 2012 rankings As of 19 April 2012 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Manchester United England 1,965 5 532 Real Madrid Spain 1,877 34 695 Barcelona Spain 1,307 34 653 Arsenal England 1,292 8 364 5 Bayern Munich Germany 1,235 12 466 6 A.C. Milan Italy 989 18 341 7 Chelsea England 761 16 362 8 Liverpool England 619 12 295 9 Juventus Italy 591 - 6 223 10 Schalke 04 Germany 587 56 293 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 564 37 262 12 Inter Milan Italy 490 11 307 13 Manchester City England 443 52 246 14 Borussia Dortmund Germany 394 52 197 15 Lyon France 385 8 193 16 Hamburg Germany 355 187 17 Roma Italy 354 38 208 18 Marseille France 349 26 218 19 Valencia Spain 288 - 186 20 Napoli Italy 283 - 167 2011 rankings As of 20 April 2011 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Manchester United England 1,864 428 Real Madrid Spain 1,400 10 537 Arsenal England 1,200 336 Bayern Munich Germany 1,100 6 396 5 Barcelona Spain 975 - 2 488 6 A.C. Milan Italy 838 5 289 7 Chelsea England 658 313 8 Juventus Italy 628 - 4 251 9 Liverpool England 552 - 33 276 10 Inter Milan Italy 441 7 275 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 412 11 179 12 Schalke Germany 377 - 2 171 13 Lyon France 358 8 179 14 Hamburg Germany 340 179 15 Manchester City England 291 13 153 16 Stuttgart Germany 281 0 141 17 Werder Bremen Germany 279 147 18 Marseille France 277 6 173 19 Atlético Madrid Spain 275 6 153 20 Borussia Dortmund Germany 260 - 1 124 2010 rankings As of April 2010 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,835 46 - 2 459 150 Real Madrid Spain 1,323 54 - 2 563 130 Arsenal England 1,181 41 - 2 369 102 Barcelona Spain 1,000 58 513 113 5 Bayern Munich Germany 990 14 - 11 406 61 6 Liverpool England 822 47 - 19 304 37 7 A.C. Milan Italy 800 0 - 19 276 41 8 Juventus Italy 656 9 285 57 9 Chelsea England 646 8 - 19 340 - 73 10 Inter Milan Italy 413 0 12 276 - 14 11 Schalke Germany 384 50 - 25 175 - 7 12 Tottenham Hotspur England 372 29 - 16 186 35 13 Lyon France 333 10 - 21 196 5 14 Hamburg Germany 329 0 0 206 41 15 Roma Italy 308 0 - 19 205 25 16 Werder Bremen Germany 274 0 - 6 161 24 17 Marseille France 262 0 9 187 19 18 Borussia Dortmund Germany 261 32 - 20 145 8 19 Manchester City England 258 0 - 17 143 - 56 20 Newcastle United England 198 8 - 30 142 - 49 2009 rankings As of April 2009 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,870 54 512 160 Real Madrid Spain 1,353 23 5 576 81 Arsenal England 1,200 107 0 349 80 Bayern Munich Germany 1,110 0 21 465 59 5 Liverpool England 1,010 59 - 4 332 50 6 A.C. Milan Italy 990 0 24 330 58 7 Barcelona Spain 960 43 22 487 108 8 Chelsea England 800 92 5 424 - 13 9 Juventus Italy 600 5 18 264 46 10 Schalke Germany 510 38 9 234 41 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 445 29 12 228 70 12 Lyon France 423 18 245 94 13 Roma Italy 381 9 - 12 276 69 14 Inter Milan Italy 370 77 - 8 272 27 15 Hamburg Germany 330 0 13 202 44 16 Borussia Dortmund Germany 325 33 183 9 17 Manchester City England 310 0 62 164 - 16 18 Werder Bremen Germany 292 0 12 177 27 19 Newcastle United England 285 96 - 5 198 - 13 20 Stuttgart Germany 264 0 not reported 176 18 21 Aston Villa England 240 10 26 150 21 Marseille France 240 0 28 200 20 23 Celtic Scotland 218 14 - 4 145 11 24 Everton England 207 49 5 151 14 25 Rangers Scotland 194 86 not reported 128 15 2008 rankings As of April 2008 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,800 60 24 394 111 Real Madrid Spain 1,285 27 24 474 112 Arsenal England 1,200 43 31 329 77 Liverpool England 1,050 65 131 269 60 5 Bayern Munich Germany 917 0 9 302 72 6 A.C. Milan Italy 798 0 - 3 307 54 7 Barcelona Spain 784 27 47 392 92 8 Chelsea England 764 0 42 382 - 5 9 Juventus Italy 510 5 - 10 196 35 10 Schalke Germany 470 48 0 154 36 11 Roma Italy 434 12 94 213 48 12 Tottenham Hotspur England 414 15 70 207 64 13 Lyon France 408 7 19 190 15 14 Inter Milan Italy 403 0 - 27 207 21 15 Borussia Dortmund Germany 323 57 63 122 31 16 Newcastle United England 300 43 16 175 12 17 Hamburg Germany 293 0 32 163 41 18 Werder Bremen Germany 262 0 n / a 131 11 19 Valencia Spain 254 159 31 145 - 45 20 Celtic Scotland 227 11 23 151 48 21 Everton England 197 30 24 103 - 1 22 West Ham United England 195 23 25 115 - 22 23 Manchester City England 191 63 - 8 114 27 24 Aston Villa England 190 12 36 106 - 40 25 Marseille France 187 0 19 134 13 Manchester United increased from $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion still remaining at top . While Real Madrid remains second due to an increase of $400 million . Arsenal also remain third after an approximate increase of $350 million . 2007 rankings This is the list released in March 2007 . # Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,453 84 6 310 92 Real Madrid Spain 1,036 10 000 83 Arsenal England 915 53 9 246 20 Bayern Munich Germany 838 0 9 262 62 5 A.C. Milan Italy 824 0 - 10 305 46 6 Juventus Italy 567 17 - 18 321 45 7 Inter Milan Italy 555 n / a 10 264 26 8 Chelsea England 537 28 6 283 - 37 9 Barcelona Spain 535 12 22 331 12 10 Schalke Germany 471 53 45 157 37 11 Liverpool England 454 18 28 225 37 12 Lyon France 343 n / a 65 163 10 13 Newcastle United England 260 46 - 14 159 11 14 Tottenham Hotspur England 243 0 27 137 9 15 Roma Italy 224 0 - 15 162 53 16 Hamburg Germany 221 n / a n / a 130 31 17 Manchester City England 208 83 - 6 114 9 18 Borussia Dortmund Germany 199 126 61 114 19 Ajax Netherlands 196 0 13 95 9 20 Celtic Scotland 185 14 18 106 - 8 21 Everton England 165 32 34 107 - 15 22 Marseille France 157 n / a n / a 105 6 23 West Ham United England 156 27 n / a 111 6 24 Rangers Scotland 147 7 32 113 12 25 Aston Villa England 140 16 16 91 - 21 See also Deloitte Football Money League Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams List of professional sports leagues by revenue References Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The business of Soccer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nick DeSantis ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` The 20 Most Valuable Soccer Teams Of 2016 , Visualized '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Estimated by Forbes based on past transactions , market value , debt , and stadium . Jump up ^ `` The business of Soccer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops Ranking Of The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The business of Soccer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Soccer 's Most Valuable Teams : At $3.3 Billion , Real Madrid Knocks Manchester United From Top Spot '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan Bigman ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Bigman ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Business Of Soccer '' . Forbes.com. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes.com. 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Includes stadium debt ^ Jump up to : Revenue before interest , taxes , depreciation , and amortization . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes.com. 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_the_most_valuable_football_clubs&oldid=842405428 '' Categories : Lists of association football clubs Association football rankings Forbes lists Association football teams Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 07 : 12 . About Wikipedia	richest football club in the world by forbes	[ "\n\nRank\nTeam\nCountry\nValue\nIn millions\n\nDebt as\n% of value[2]\n% change\non year\nRevenue ($M)\n\n\n1\nManchester United\n England\n3,690\n6\n11\n850\n\n\n2\nBarcelona\n Spain\n3,635\n6\n2\n688\n\n\n3\nReal Madrid\n Spain\n3,580\n3\n-2\n688\n\n\n4\nBayern Munich\n Germany\n2,713\n0\n1\n657\n\n\n5\nManchester City\n England\n2,083\n5\n8\n650\n\n\n6\nArsenal\n England\n1,932\n16\n-4\n572\n\n\n7\nChelsea\n England\n1,845\n0\n11\n583\n\n\n8\nLiverpool\n England\n1,492\n7\n-4\n523\n\n\n9\nJuventus\n Italy\n1,258\n7\n-3\n379\n\n\n10\nTottenham Hotspur\n England\n1,058\n17\n4\n377\n\n\n11\nParis Saint-Germain\n France\n841\n0\n3\n578\n\n\n12\nBorussia Dortmund\n Germany\n808\n0\n-3\n315\n\n\n13\nA.C. Milan\n Italy\n802\n73\n-3\n238\n\n\n14\nAtlético Madrid\n Spain\n732\n9\n16\n234\n\n\n15\nWest Ham United\n England\n634\n11\n17\n213\n\n\n16\nSchalke 04\n Germany\n629\n7\n-4\n249\n\n\n17\nRoma\n Italy\n569\n3\n-2\n242\n\n\n18\nInter Milan\n Italy\n537\n37\n-4\n199\n\n\n19\nLeicester City\n England\n413\n0\n-\n191\n\n\n20\nNapoli\n Italy\n379\n0\n-4\n158\n\n" ]	[ "Manchester United" ]
2910617011893486771	Indo-Pakistani War of 1971	Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Part of the Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Standing immediately behind from Left to Right : Indian Navy Vice Admiral Krishnan , Indian Air Force Air Marshal Dewan , Indian Army Lt Gen Sagat Singh , Maj Gen JFR Jacob ( with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder ) . Veteran newscaster , Surojit Sen of All India Radio , is seen holding a microphone on the right . Date 3 -- 16 December 1971 ( 13 days ) Location Eastern Front : India -- East Pakistan border Bay of Bengal Pasha enclaves Western Front : India -- Pakistan border Line of Control Arabian Sea Result Decisive Indian victory . Eastern front : Surrender of East Pakistan military command . Western front : Unilateral Ceasefire . Territorial changes Eastern Front : Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front : Indian forces captured around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill . Belligerents India Provisional Bangladesh Pakistan East Pakistan Commanders and leaders V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Jagjivan Ram ( Defence Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen G.G. Bewoor ( GOC - in - C , Southern Command ) Lt. Gen K.P. Candeth ( GOC - in - C , Western Command ) Lt. Gen Manohar Lal ( GOC - in - C , Northern Command ) Lt. Gen Premindra Bhagat ( GOC - in - C , Central Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C , IV Corps ) Lt. Gen T.N. Raina ( GOC - in - C , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sartaj Singh ( GOC - in - C , XV Corps ) Lt. Gen Karan Singh ( GOC - in - C , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Depinder Singh ( GOC - in - C , XII Corps ) MajGen Farj R. Jacob ( COS , Eastern Command ) MajGen Om Malhotra ( COS , IV Corps ) MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir , Military Operations ) Adm S.M. Nanda ( Chief of Naval Staff ) VAdm S.N. Kohli ( Cdr . Western Naval Command ) ACM Pratap C. Lal ( Chief of Air Staff ) Rameshwar Kao ( Director of RAW ) Tajuddin Ahmad ( PM Provisional Government ) Col. M.A.G. Osmani ( Commander , Mukti Bahini ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff , Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Gul Hassan Khan ( Chief of General Staff ) Lt. Gen Abdul Ali Malik ( Commander , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Tikka Khan ( Commander , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sher Khan ( Commander , IV Corps ) MGen Iftikhar Janjua † ( GOC , 23rd Infantry Division ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) VAdm Muzaffar Hassan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Navy ) RAdm Rashid Ahmed ( COS , Navy NHQ ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi ( Cdr , Western Naval Command ) RAdm Leslie Norman ( Commander , Pakistan Marines ) AM Abdul Rahim Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Air Force ) AVM P.D. Callaghan ( Chief Ins , Pakistan Air Force ) Air Cdre Inamul Haq ( Cdr Eastern Air Command ) Gp. Capt . Z.A. Khan ( COS , Air AHQ Dhaka ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) Strength Indian Armed Forces : 500,000 Mukti Bahini : 175,000 Total : 675,000 Pakistan Armed Forces : 365,000 Casualties and losses 2,500 -- 3,843 killed . 1 Naval aircraft Damage to western Indian airfields . Pakistani claims 130 IAF Aircraft Indian claims 45 IAF Aircraft Neutral claims 45 IAF Aircraft 9,000 killed 25,000 wounded 97,368 captured 2 Destroyers 1 Minesweeper 1 Submarine 3 Patrol vessels 7 Gunboats Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged / fuel tanks destroyed Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered Pakistani claims 42 PAF Aircraft Indian claims 94 PAF Aircraft Neutral claims 75 PAF Aircraft Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Garibpur Gazipur Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Naval War Simla Agreement Bangladesh Liberation War Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War . ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh . Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka ) on 16 December 1971 . The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations that led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces . Lasting just 13 days , it is one of the shortest wars in history . During the war , Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western front and ended the war after the Eastern Command of Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka , marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh . Officially , East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971 . Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army , which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces , including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan . The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians , either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh . As a result of the conflict , a further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek refuge in India . During the 1971 Bangladesh war for independence , members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias from Jamaat e Islami raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan 3.1 Objective 3.2 Naval hostilities 3.3 Air operations 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan 3.5 Ground operations 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan 4 Foreign reaction and involvement 4.1 United States and Soviet Union 4.2 China and Iran 5 Aftermath 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 5.3 Bangladesh 6 Impact 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal 7 Long - term consequences 8 Timeline 9 Military awards 9.1 Battle honours 9.2 Gallantry awards 10 Civilian awards 11 Dramatization 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background ( edit ) Main articles : Cable 1971 , Admiral Ahsan Mission , Bangladesh Liberation War , Mukti Bahini , 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War , and 1971 Bangladesh genocide The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 , the popular language movement in 1950 , mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 , and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan , who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government . The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast , as East Pakistan was over 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away , which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan . To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad , the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan , but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis . This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings . In 1969 , President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces , as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947 . In addition , there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis , as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis . The general elections , held in 1970 , resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly , and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly , while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party . The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern . The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism . To resolve the crisis , the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations , and its findings were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League , the Pakistan Peoples Party , and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from President Yahya Khan . Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory . However , the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed . After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party , endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the Awami League called for general strikes in the country . President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan . In reaction , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for general strikes that eventually shutdown the government , and dissidents in the East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan . In early March 1971 , approximately 300 Biharis were slaughtered in riots by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone . The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March , when it initiated its military crackdown . President Yahya Khan then called on the military - which was overwhelmingly led by West Pakistanis - to suppress dissent in the East , after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military . Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement , the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971 . The Awami League was outlawed by the government , and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India . Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan . The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal , in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east . On 26 March 1971 , Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . In April , the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur . The East Pakistan Rifles and Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army , navy , and marines , defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India . The Bangladesh Force , namely the Mukti Bahini , consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) , was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war ( edit ) Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide , Terrorism in Pakistan , and Anti-Pakistan sentiment After the resignations of Admiral S.M. Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the media correspondents began airing reports of the Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens , that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population , which led to approximately 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighbouring states of Eastern India . The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter , with state governments of West Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Meghalaya and Tripura establishing refugee camps alongside the border . The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy . After the war , the Pakistan Army 's generals in the East held each other responsible for the atrocities committed , but most of the burden was laid on Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan , who earned notoriety from his actions as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility . Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force , Tikka was a `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences . Confessing at the hearings of the War Enquiry Commission , Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly commented on Tikka 's actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971 , ( General ) Tikka struck . Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing , crying and burning . ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy , not dealing with his own misguided and misled people . The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan ... ( General ) Tikka ... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy . His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land , not the people ... '' . '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red . It was painted red by Bengali blood . '' However , Major - General Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment , and laid all responsibility on Tikka , while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 . The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failed to elicit any response , despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan , and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in the East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative , and high - profile assassinations of a number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan , became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in the East is a somewhat `` forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacting violently in order to restore the writ of the government . The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East , though the reactions from Pakistan 's news media pundits were mixed . By the end of September 1971 , an organised propaganda campaign , possibly orchestrated by elements within the Government of Pakistan , resulted in stickers proclaiming Crush India becoming a standard feature on the rear windows of vehicles in Rawalpindi , Islamabad and Lahore ; this soon spread to the rest of West Pakistan . By October , other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor , in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . By the first week of December , the conservative print media outlets in the country had published jihad related materials to boost the recruitment in the military . India 's official engagement with Pakistan ( edit ) Objective ( edit ) Illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war . By the end of April 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian Army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan . According to Manekshaw 's own personal account , he refused , citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan and also the fact that the army tanks were in the process of being refitted . He offered his resignation , which Gandhi declined . He then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms , and set a date for it ; Gandhi accepted his conditions . In reality , Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action , but she needed to get the military 's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion , which were critical of India 's restraint . By November 1971 , the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union reportedly warned Pakistan against the war , which they termed as `` suicidal course for Pakistan 's unity . '' Throughout November 1971 , there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan , calling for Pakistan to Crush India . India responded by starting a massive buildup of the Indian Army on the western borders ; the army waited until December , when the drier ground would have made for easier operations and the Himalayan passes would have been closed by snow , preventing any Chinese intervention . On 23 November , President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war . On the evening of 3 December , at about 5 : 40 pm , the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north - western India , including Agra , which was 300 miles ( 480 km ) from the border . At the time of this attack the Taj Mahal was camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap , because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight . This preemptive strikes , known as Operation Chengiz Khan , were inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab -- Israeli Six - Day War , but unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967 which involved a large number of Israeli planes , Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India . In an address to the nation on radio that same evening , Prime Minister Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) responded with initial air strikes that very night . These air strikes were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning . This marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 ; Prime Minister Gandhi ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched a full - scale invasion of Pakistan . This involved Indian forces in massive coordinated air , sea and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts . The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca , and on the Western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil . There was no Indian intention of conducting any major offensive into Pakistan to dismember it into different states . Naval hostilities ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India , making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent . Unlike the 1965 war , the Pakistan Navy was ill - prepared for the naval conflict with India and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that the Navy was ill - prepared for the war . The Pakistan Navy was in no condition of fighting an offensive war in deep sea against the Indian Navy , and neither was it in a condition to mount serious defence against Indian Navy 's seaborne encroachment . In the western theatre of the war , the Indian Navy 's Western Naval Command under Vice Admiral S.N. Kohli , successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4 / 5 December 1971 under the codename Trident . The naval attack involving the Soviet - built Osa missile boats sank the Pakistan Navy 's destroyer PNS Khyber and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz while PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged . In retaliation , the Pakistan Navy submarines , Hangor , Mangro , and Shushuk , began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships . Pakistani naval sources reported that about 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded , and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships , thus crippling the Pakistan Navy 's further involvement in the conflict . On 9 December 1971 , Hangor reportedly sank INS Khukri , inflicting 194 Indian casualties , and this attack was the first submarine kill since World War II . The sinking of INS Khukri was followed by another attack on Karachi port on the night of 8 / 9 December 1971 under the codename Python . A squadron of Indian Navy 's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched a series of Soviet - acquired Styx missiles , that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships , as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi . The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships , and confusion remained the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International , acting as reconnaissance war pilots , misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship , inflicting major damages and killing several officers on board . In the eastern theatre of the war , the Indian Eastern Naval Command , under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan , completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal , trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports . From 4 December onwards , the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed , and its Sea Hawk fighter - bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan , including Chittagong and Cox 's Bazar . Pakistan countered the threat by sending the submarine PNS Ghazi , which sank en route under mysterious circumstances off Visakhapatnam 's coast . Due to high number of defections , the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines - led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin - where they had to conduct riverine operations against the Indian Army , but they too had to suffer major losses , mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan . Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats , 1 minesweeper , 1 submarine , 2 destroyers , 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard , 18 cargo , supply and communication vessels ; and large - scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi . Three merchant navy ships -- Anwar Baksh , Pasni and Madhumathi -- and ten smaller vessels were captured . Around 1900 personnel were lost , while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dacca . According to one Pakistani scholar , Tariq Ali , Pakistan lost half its navy in the war . Air operations ( edit ) Main article : East Pakistan Air Operations , 1971 After the sneak attack , the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation . As the war progressed , the IAF continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones but the number of sorties flown by the PAF decreased day -- by -- day . The IAF flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation , partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel . This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF 's Air AHQ to cut its losses , as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East . The PAF avoided making contacts with the Indian Navy after the latter raided the port of Karachi twice , but the PAF did retaliate by bombing Okha harbour , destroying the fuel tanks used by the boats that had attacked . In the East , No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi , who was taken as POW , was destroyed , putting the Dhaka air defence out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East . At the end of the war , PAF pilots made successful daring escapes from East Pakistan to neighboring Burma ; many PAF personnel had already left the East for Burma on their own luck before Dacca was overrun by the Indian military in December 1971 . Indian attacks on Pakistan ( edit ) As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan , the Indian Air Force continued with its pressing attacks against Pakistan as the campaign developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield , anti-radar , and close - support attacks by fighter jets , with night attacks against airfields and strategic targets by B - 57s and C - 130 of Pakistan and Canberras and An - 12s of India . The PAF deployed the F - 6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol missions over their own bases , but without the preferential air superiority , the PAF was unable to conduct effective offensive operations and its attacks were largely ineffective . The IAF 's raids damaged one USAF and one UN aircraft in Dacca , while the RCAF 's DHC - 4 Caribou was also destroyed in Islamabad , along with the USAF 's Beech U-8 owned by the US military 's liaison chief Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager . Sporadic raids by the IAF continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war , and interdiction and close - support operations were maintained . One of the most successful air raids by India into West Pakistan happened on 8 December 1971 , when Indian Hunter aircraft from Pathankot - based 20 Squadron , attacked the Pakistani base in Murid and destroyed 5 F - 86 aircraft on the ground . This was confirmed by Pakistan 's military historian , Air Commodore M Kaiser Tufail , in his book ' In The Ring and On Its Feet - Pakistan Air Force in the 1971 Indo - Pak War ' . The PAF played a more limited part in the operations and were reinforced by F - 104s from Jordan , Mirages from an unidentified Middle Eastern ally ( remains unknown ) and by F - 86s from Saudi Arabia . Their arrival helped camouflage the extent of PAF losses , and the Libyan F - 5s were reportedly deployed to Sargodha AFB , perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F - 5s from Saudi Arabia . The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions -- troop support ; air combat ; deep penetration strikes ; para-dropping behind enemy lines ; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target ; bombing and reconnaissance . The PAF , which was solely focused on air combat , was blown out of the subcontinent 's skies within the first week of the war . Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers , refusing to offer a fight . India flew 1,978 sorties in the East and about 4,000 in Pakistan , while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840 at the respective fronts . More than 80 percent of IAF sorties were close - support and interdiction and about 45 IAF aircraft were lost . Pakistan lost 75 aircraft , not including any F - 6s , Mirage IIIs , or the six Jordanian F - 104s which failed to return to their donors . The imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF 's considerably higher sortie rate and its emphasis on ground - attack missions . Ground operations ( edit ) Indian T - 55 tanks on their way to Dhaka . Before the start of the war , the Indian Army was extremely well organized on both fronts and had enjoyed significant numerical superiority over the Pakistan Army . The Indian Army 's extraordinary war performance at both fronts brought up the prestige , confidence , and dignity that it had lost during the war with China in 1962 . When the conflict started , the war immediately took a decisive turn in favour of India and their Bengali rebel allies militarily and diplomatically . On both fronts , Pakistan launched several ground offensives , but the Indian Army held its ground and initiated well - coordinated ground operations on both fronts . Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army , together with the Pakistan Marines in the south border , but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into Pakistani soil . It eventually made some quick and initial gains , including the capture of around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistani territory ; this land gained by India in Azad Kashmir , Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill . Casualties inflicted to Pakistan Army 's I Corps and II Corps were very high , and many soldiers perished due to lack of operational planning and lack of coordination within the army 's formations against Indian Army 's Southern and Western Commands . By the time the war came to end , Pakistan army soldiers and marines were highly demoralized - both emotionally and psychologically - on the western front and had no will to put up a defensive fight against the approaching Indian Army soldiers . The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army , the arms and training of soldiers and officers were needed at every level , and every level of command . On 23 November 1971 , the Indian Army conventionally penetrated to the eastern fronts and crossed East Pakistan 's borders to join their Bengali nationalist allies . Contrary to the 1965 war , which had emphasised set - piece battles and slow advances , this time the strategy adopted was a swift , three - pronged assault of nine infantry divisions with attached armoured units and close air support that rapidly converged on Dacca , the capital of East Pakistan . Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of the India Army 's Eastern Command , led the Indian full thrust into East Pakistan . As the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command , the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dacca airfield out of commission . In the meantime , the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan . The Indian campaign employed `` blitzkrieg '' techniques , exploiting weaknesses in the enemy 's positions and bypassing opposition , and this resulted in a swift victory . Faced with insurmountable losses , the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight and psychological panic spread in the Eastern Command 's military leadership . Subsequently , the Indian Army encircled Dacca and issued an ultimatum to surrender in `` 30 - minutes '' time window on 16 December 1971 . Upon hearing the ultimatum , the Pakistan Eastern Command , led by its commander Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , surrendered without putting up a fight or offering any resistance . On 16 December 1971 , Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its combined military to the Indian Army -- hence ending the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . On the ground , Pakistan suffered the most with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded , while India only had 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded . The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan . Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Instrument of Surrender ( 1971 ) and East Pakistan Military Command Officially , the Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command stationed in East Pakistan , was signed between the Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of Indian Eastern Command and Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the Commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command , at the Ramna Race Course in Dacca at 16 : 31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971 . As the surrender was accepted by Lieutenant - General Aurora without a word , the surrounding crowds on the race course started shouting anti-Pakistan slogans , and there were reports of abuses aimed at the surrendering commanders of Pakistani military . Hostilities officially ended at 14 : 30 GMT on 17 December , after the fall of Dacca on 15 December , and India claimed large gains of territory in Pakistan ( although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war ) , and the independence of Pakistan 's East Wing as Bangladesh was confirmed . Following the surrender , the Indian Army took approximately 90,000 Pakistani servicemen and their Bengali supporters as POWs , making it the largest surrender since World War II . Initial counts recorded that approximately 79,676 war prisoners were uniformed personnel , and the overwhelming majority of the war prisoners were officers - most of them were in the Army and Navy , while relatively small numbers were from the Air Force and Marines ; others in larger number were serving in the paramilitary . The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as given in the table below . Apart from soldiers , it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war . Inter-Service Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs Officer Commanding Pakistan Army 54,154 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi Pakistan Navy / Pakistan Marines 1,381 Rear - Admiral Mohammad Shariff Pakistan Air Force 833 Air Commodore Inamul Haq Paramilitary / East Pakistan Rifles / Police 22,000 Major - General Rao Farman Ali Civil government personnel 12,000 Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik Total : 90,368 ~ Foreign reaction and involvement ( edit ) United States and Soviet Union ( edit ) The Blood Telegram The Soviet Union sympathised with the East Pakistanis , and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini 's incursion against Pakistan during the war , in a broader view of recognising that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China . The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed , it would take counter-measures . This assurance was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971 . However , the Indo - Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position , even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position during the conflict , according to author Robert Jackson . The Soviet Union continued its sympathetic gesture to Pakistan until mid-October 1971 , when it stressed Pakistan to come up with a political settlement and affirmed its continuation of industrial aid to Pakistan . By November 1971 , the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan Alexei Rodionov directed a secretive message ( Rodionov message ) that ultimately warned Pakistan that `` it will be embarking on a suicidal course if it escalates tensions in the subcontinent . The United States stood with Pakistan by supporting it morally , politically , economically , and materially when U.S. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger refused to use rhetoric in a hopeless attempt to intervene in a large civil war . The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence in South Asia in an informal alliance with India . During the Cold War , Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People 's Republic of China , with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972 . Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region , and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America 's new tactical ally , China . Nixon encouraged Jordan and Iran to send military supplies to Pakistan , while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan , but all supplies were very limited . The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the `` genocidal '' activities of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan , most notably the Blood telegram , and this prompted widespread criticism and condemnation - both by the United States Congress and in the international press . Then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations , George Bush , Sr , introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease - fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan . However , it was vetoed by the Soviet Union , and the following days witnessed the use of great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon - Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw , but to no avail . When Pakistan 's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain , Nixon deployed Task Force 74 led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal . Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971 . According to a Russian documentary , the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay , on her final deployment . On 6 and 13 December , the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers from Vladivostok ; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972 . The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean . As the war progressed , it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks , therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December , where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted : `` in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which ... you ( Brezhnev ) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility . '' After the war , the United States accepted the new balance of power and realised India to be a dominant player in South Asia ; the US immediately engaged in strengthening bilateral relations between the two countries in the successive years . The Soviet Union , while being sympathetic to Pakistan 's loss , decided to engage with Pakistan after sending an invitation through Rodionov to ZA Bhutto , who paid a state visit to the Soviet Union in 1972 to strengthen bilateral relations that continued over the years . China and Iran ( edit ) During the course of the war , China harshly criticised India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crises , and accused India of having , imperialistic designs in South Asia . Before the war started , Chinese leaders and officials had long been philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders , as China feared that India was secretly supporting , infiltrating , and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government . China was also critical of the Government of East Pakistan , led by its Governor Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan - which used ruthless measures to deal with the Bengali opposition - and did not endorse the Pakistani position on that issue . When the war started , China reproached India for its direct involvement and infiltration in East Pakistan . China disagreed with Pakistani President Yahya Khan 's consideration of military options , and criticised East Pakistan Awami League politicians ' ties with India . When the war started , China reacted with great alarm when the prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integration of Pakistan - administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir , became imminent . US President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage the Indian assault , but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army 's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control , and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army 's X Corps in the Line of Control . China did not welcome the break - up of Pakistan 's unity by the East Pakistani politicians , and effectively vetoed the membership of Bangladesh when it applied to the United Nations in 1972 . China objected to admitting Bangladesh on the grounds that two UN resolutions concerning Bangladesh , requiring the repatriation of Pakistani POWs and civilians , had not yet been implemented . Furthermore , China was also among the last countries to recognise the independence of Bangladesh , refusing to do so until 31 August 1975 . To this date , China 's relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor . During the course of the conflict , Iran also stood with Pakistan politically and diplomatically . It was concerned with the imminent break - up of Pakistan which , it feared , would have caused the state to fractionalize into small pieces , ultimately resulting in Iran 's encirclement by rivals . After the war , however , Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation . At the beginning of the conflict , Iran had helped Pakistan by sheltering PAF 's fighter jets and providing it with free fuel to take part in the conflict , in an attempt to keep Pakistan 's regional integrity united . When Pakistan called for unilateral ceasefire and the surrender was announced , the Shah of Iran hastily responded by preparing the Iranian military to come up with contingency plans to forcefully invade Pakistan and annex its Balochistan province into its side of Balochistan , by any means necessary , before anybody else did it . Aftermath ( edit ) India ( edit ) The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population , and with nearly one - third of its army in captivity , clearly established India 's military and political dominance of the subcontinent . India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skillfully manipulate Pakistan 's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan . In addition , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States , and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations . There was also a meeting between Prime Minister Gandhi and President Nixon in November 1971 , where she rejected the US advice against intervening in the conflict . The victory also defined India 's much broader role in foreign politics , as many countries in the world had come to realise - including the United States - that the balance of power had shifted to India as a major player in the region . In the wake of changing geopolitical realities , India sought to establish closer relations with regional countries such as Iran , which was a traditional ally of Pakistan . The United States itself accepted a new balance of power , and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974 , the US notified India that it had no `` interest in actions designed to achieve new balance of power . '' In spite of the magnitude of the victory , India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction . Mostly , Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goals -- the establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war . In announcing the Pakistani surrender , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared in the Indian Parliament : Dacca is now the free capital of a free country . We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph . All nations who value the human spirit will recognize it as a significant milestone in man 's quest for liberty . Colonel John Gill of National Defense University , US , remarks that , while India achieved a military victory , it was not able to reap the political fruits it might have hoped for in Bangladesh . After a brief ' honeymoon ' phase between India and Bangladesh , their relationship began to sour . India 's relations with Bangladesh have remained frequently problematic and tense . Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during Awami League tenures , relations deteriorate when the BNP is in power in Bangladesh . A 2014 Pew Research Center opinion poll in Bangladesh found that India was perceived as the greatest threat to Bangladesh . This was the top choice ( 27 % ) of Bangladeshis . However , 70 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India : while 50 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan . Pakistan ( edit ) For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat , a psychological setback that came from a defeat at the hands of rival India . Pakistan lost half its population and a significant portion of its economy , and suffered setbacks to its geopolitical role in South Asia . In the post-war era , Pakistan struggled to absorb the lessons learned from the military interventions in the democratic system and the impact of the Pakistani military 's failure was grave and long - lasting . From the geopolitical point of view , the war ended in the breaking - up of the unity of Pakistan from being the largest Muslim country in the world to its politico - economic and military collapse that resulted from a direct foreign intervention in 1971 . The Pakistani policy - making institutions further feared that the historicity of the Two - nation theory was disproved by the war , that Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis part of Pakistan . The Pakistani government had to engage an investigation commission when the Pakistani military suffered further humiliation : Their approximately 90,000 prisoners of war were to be released by India only after the negotiation and signing of the agreement that was signed in Simla on 2 July 1972 . In addition to repatriation of prisoners of war and transfer of population , the agreement established an ongoing structure for the negotiated resolution of future conflicts between India and Pakistan . In signing the agreement , Pakistan also , by implication , had to recognise the former East Pakistan as the now independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh . The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude of this kind of defeat , as the state electronic media had been projecting imaginary victories ; however , the privately - owned electronic news media coverage in East Pakistan had reported the complexity of the situation . When the ceasefire that came from the surrender of East Pakistan was finally announced , the people could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat ; spontaneous demonstrations and massive protests erupted on the streets of major metropolitan cities in Pakistan . According to Pakistani historians , the trauma was extremely severe , and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary terms and in human resources was very high . Demoralized and finding unable to control the situation , the Yahya administration fell when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto , who was sworn in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military . The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military . Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force , and a third of its army . The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan 's declared strategic doctrine that the `` defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan '' . Hussain Haqqani , in his book Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military notes , Moreover , the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man . The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle . In West Pakistan 1,200 military deaths had accompanied lackluster military performance . In his book The 1971 Indo - Pak War : A Soldier 's Narrative , Pakistan Army 's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi , a veteran of this conflict , noted : We must accept the fact that , as a people , we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country . It was not a Niazi , or a Yahya , even a Mujib , or a Bhutto , or their key assistants , who alone were the cause of our break - up , but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years . At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour . It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us . The Indian Army Chief in 1971 , Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army , and he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the war with enough vigour and zeal . In a BBC interview , he said : The Pakistan Army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . I had eight or nine months to make my preparations . I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1 ... However , independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1 . The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager , the World War II veteran and US flying ace who witnessed the war in 1971 , is of the view that Pakistan did not lose the war , as India did not annex it . Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many insightful recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission 's Report . To address the economic disparity , the NFC system was established to equally distribute the taxation revenue among the four provinces , the large - scale nationalization of industries and nationwide census were carried out in 1972 . The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected this equal balance and a compromise between Islamism and Humanism , and provided guaranteed equal human rights to all . The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganised , with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service , contrary to C - in - Cs , and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services . Major investments were directed towards modernising the navy . The military 's chain of command was centralized in JS HQ led by an appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee to coordinate the combined and well - integrated military efforts to safeguard the nation 's defence and unity . In addition , Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy , as Pakistani geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war , with the US displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most . On January 20 , 1972 , Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons in a view of `` never to allow another foreign invasion of Pakistan . '' This crash program reached parity in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : 1971 East Pakistan genocide As a result of the war , East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country , Bangladesh , as the world 's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971 . Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca . On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh , later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974 . On the brink of defeat in around 14 December 1971 , the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers , the local East Pakistan Police they controlled , razakars and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians , teachers , and other intellectuals , as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals . Young men , especially students , who were seen as possible rebels and recruiters were also targeted by the stationed military , but the extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known , and the issue is itself controversial and contradictory among the authors who wrote books on the pogrom ; the Pakistani government itself denied the charges of its involvement in 2015 . R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from one to three million people killed . Other estimates place the death toll lower , at 300,000 . Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people , raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others . According to the authors Kenton Worcester , Sally Bermanzohn , and Mark Ungar , Bengalis themselves killed about 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East ; however , neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue . Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis . In 2010 , the Awami League 's government decided to set up a tribunal to prosecute the people involved in alleged war crimes and those who collaborated with Pakistan . According to the government , the defendants would be charged with crimes against humanity , genocide , murder , rape and arson . According to John H. Gill , there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war , and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern - day Bangladesh . To this day , the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the foreign relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh . Impact ( edit ) Pakistan : war Enquiry Commission and war prisoners ( edit ) Main articles : War Enquiry Commission and Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation In the aftermath of the war , the Pakistani Government constituted the War Enquiry Commission , to be headed by the Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman , who was an ethnic Bengali , and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . The War Enquiry Commission was mandated with carrying out thorough investigations into the intelligence , strategic , political and military failures that causes the defeat in the war . The War Commission also looked into Pakistan 's political and military involvement in the history of East Pakistan that encompasses 1947 -- 71 . The First War Report was submitted in July 1972 , but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference in national politics . Written in moral and philosophical perspective , the First Report was very lengthy , but provided accounts that were unpalatable to be released to the public . Initially , there were 12 copies that were all destroyed except for the one that was kept and marked as `` Top Secret '' to prevent the backlash effects on the demoralised military . In 1976 , the Supplementary Report was submitted that was the comprehensive report compiled together with the First Report ; this report was also marked as classified . In 2000 , the excerpts of the Supplementary Report were leaked to a political correspondent of Pakistan 's Dawn , which the Dawn published together with India Today . The First Report is still marked as classified , while the Supplementary Report 's excerpts were suppressed by the news correspondents . The War Report 's supplementary section was published by the Pakistan Government , but it did not officially hand over the report to Bangladesh despite its requests . ) The War Report exposed many military failures , from the strategic to the tactical -- intelligence levels , while it confirmed the looting , rapes and the unnecessary killings by the Pakistan military and their local agents . It laid the blame squarely on Pakistan army generals , accusing them of debauchery , smuggling , war crimes and neglect of duty . The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight , but no actions were ever taken against those responsible , except the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army , Pakistan Air Force , Pakistan Navy , and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines . The War Commission , however , rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army , remarking , `` It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful , '' and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that had carried out the termination of `` only a hundred or more pregnancies '' . The Commission also claimed that `` approximately 26,000 persons ( were ) killed during the action by the Pakistan military '' Bina D'Costa states that the War Commission was aware of the military 's brutality in East Pakistan , but `` chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed . '' The second commission was known as Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation , conducted solely by the Pakistani government , that was to determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered , including the number of civilian POWs . The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over . India : Indo - Pakistani summits ( edit ) Main articles : Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations and Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement On 2 July 1972 , the Indo - Pakistani summit was held in Simla , Himachal Pradesh , India where the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognised Bangladesh 's sovereignty , in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs . In mere five months , India systematically released more than 90,000 war prisoners , with Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan . The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that the Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war , though India retained a few strategic areas , including Turtuk , Dhothang , Tyakshi ( earlier called Tiaqsi ) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley , which was more than 804 km2 . The Indian hardliners , however , felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto , who had pleaded for leniency , arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan . As a result , Prime Minister Gandhi was criticized by a section in India for believing Bhutto 's `` sweet talk and false vows '' , while the other section claimed the agreement to be successful , for not letting it to fall into `` Versailles Syndrome '' trap . In 1973 , India and Pakistan reached another compromise when both countries signed a trilateral agreement with Bangladesh that actually brought the war prisoners , non-Bengali and Pakistan - loyal Bengali bureaucrats and civilian servants to Pakistan . The Delhi Agreement witnessed the largest mass population transfer since the Partition of India in 1947 . Bangladesh : International crimes tribunal ( edit ) In 2009 , the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support . The tribunal was formally established in 2010 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al - Badr and Al - Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Long - term consequences ( edit ) Steve Coll , in his book Ghost Wars , argues that the Pakistan military 's experience with India , including Pervez Musharraf 's experience in 1971 , influenced the Pakistani government to support jihadist groups in Afghanistan even after the Soviets left , because the jihadists were a tool to use against India , including bogging down the Indian Army in Kashmir . After the war , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorised the highly secretive and clandestine atomic bomb program , as part of its new deterrence policy , to defend itself and never to allow another armed invasion from India . Many Pakistani scientists , working abroad at the IAEA and European and American nuclear programmes , immediately returned to what remained of Pakistan and participated in making Pakistan a nuclear power . Writing about the war in Foreign Affairs magazine , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stated `` There is no parallel in contemporary history to the cataclysm which engulfed Pakistan in 1971 . A tragic civil war , which rent asunder the people of the two parts of Pakistan , was seized by India as an opportunity for armed intervention . The country was dismembered , its economy shattered and the nation 's self - confidence totally undermined . '' This statement of Bhutto has given rise to the myth of betrayal prevalent in modern Pakistan . This view was contradicted by the post-War Hamoodur Rahman Commission , ordered by Bhutto himself , which in its 1974 report indicted generals of the Pakistan Army for creating conditions which led to the eventual loss of East Pakistan and for inept handling of military operations in the East . Timeline ( edit ) 7 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that , `` The current struggle is a struggle for independence '' , in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka . 25 March 1971 : Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight , a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance . Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka . 26 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration of independence and sent it through a radio message on the night of 25 March ( the morning of 26 March ) . Later Major Ziaur Rahman and other Awami League leaders announced the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat Radio Station , Chittagong . The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations . 27 March 1971 : Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Gono Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) General Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani . 17 April 1971 : Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government . 3 December 1971 : War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistan launches a series of preemptive air strikes on Indian airfields . 6 December 1971 : East Pakistan is recognised as Bangladesh by India . 14 December 1971 : Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started by Pakistani Army and local collaborators . 16 December 1971 : Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East Pakistan , surrenders to the Allied Forces ( Mitro Bahini ) represented by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora of Indian Army at the surrender . India and Bangladesh gain victory . 12 January 1972 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power . Military awards ( edit ) Battle honours ( edit ) After the war , 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army ; notable among them are : East Pakistan 1971 ( theatre honour ) Sindh 1971 ( theatre honour ) Jammu and Kashmir 1971 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1971 ( theatre honour ) Basantar River Bogra Chachro Chhamb Defence of Punch Dera Baba Nanak Gadra City Harar Kalan Hilli Longewala Parbat Ali Poongli Bridge Shehjra Shingo River Valley Sylhet Gallantry awards ( edit ) For bravery , a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries . Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra , Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra : Lance Naik Albert Ekka ( Posthumously ) Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon ( Posthumously ) Major Hoshiar Singh Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal ( Posthumously ) Bangladesh Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho : Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Hamidur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Mostafa Kamal ( Posthumously ) ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin ( Posthumously ) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh ( Posthumously ) Pakistan Recipients of the Nishan - E-Haider : Major Muhammad Akram ( Posthumously ) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas ( Posthumously ) Major Shabbir Sharif ( Posthumously ) Sarwar Muhammad Hussain ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz ( Posthumously ) Civilian awards ( edit ) On 25 July 2011 , Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona , the Bangladesh Freedom Honour , was posthumously conferred on former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . On 28 March 2012 , President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 individuals , six organisations , Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre , Dhaka . This included eight heads of states : former Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav , the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , former Soviet Presidents Leonid IIyich Brezhnev and Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny , former Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin , former Yugoslav President Marshal Josip Broz Tito , former UK Prime Minister Sir Edward Richard George Heath and former Nepalese Prime Minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala . The organisations include the BBC , Akashbani ( All India Radio ) , International Committee of the Red Cross , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti . The list of foreign friends of Bangladesh has since been extended to 568 people . It includes 257 Indians , 88 Americans , 41 Pakistanis , 39 Britons , 9 Russians , 18 Nepalese , 16 French and 18 Japanese . Dramatization ( edit ) Films Border , a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P. Dutta . This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan ( Western Theatre ) during the 1971 Indo - Pak war . Border on IMDb Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand . The aircraft in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan . These include MiG - 21s , Gnats , Hunters and Su - 7s . Some of these aircraft were also flown by war veterans such as Samar Bikram Shah ( 2 kills ) and Manbir Singh . Hindustan Ki Kasam on IMDb Aakraman , 1975 Bollywood film set during this war featuring a romantic love triangle . 1971 -- Prisoners of War , a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers . Set against the backdrop of a prisoners ' camp in Pakistan , follows six Indian prisoners awaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India - Pakistan war . The Ghazi Attack , a 2017 war film directed by Sankalp Reddy . Based on the sinking of PNS Ghazi during the war . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Indian war drama film written and directed by Major Ravi Short Films Mukti - Birth of a Nation , a 2017 short film directed by Manu Chobe depicts the negotiations between Jacob and Niazi over the Instrument of Surrender . Miniseries / Dramas PNS Ghazi , an Urdu ( Pakistani ) drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR See also ( edit ) India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Separatist nationalism in Pakistan South Asian Muslim nationalism Pakistaniat Conservatism in Pakistan Socialism in Pakistan Bangladesh Forces Timeline of the Bangladesh War Radcliffe Line India and state - sponsored terrorism United States -- Pakistan relations before 1990 Soviet Union - Pakistan relations before 1990 Tridev Roy Operation Searchlight \ Barisal Riverine Warfare Protest of 1969 in Pakistan Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan Pakistan news media in Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) Indian Army in East Pakistan Pakistan - Afghanistan relations 1971 Winter POWs / MIA Investigations , Pakistan Pakistan military deployments in other countries Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program General : History of Bangladesh History of Myanmar List of conflicts in Asia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 . India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia Jump up ^ Kemp , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) . The East Moves West India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0388 - 4 . However , India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India Jump up ^ Byman , Daniel ( 2005 ) . Deadly connections : States that Sponsor Terrorism . Cambridge University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83973 - 0 . India 's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Air Force . Squadron 5 , Tuskers '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . 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Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinking of the Ghazi '' . Bharat Rakshak Monitor , 4 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How west was won ... on the waterfront '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Pakistan War , 1971 ; Western Front , Part I '' . acig.com . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` India : Easy Victory , Uneasy Peace '' . Time . 27 December 1971 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes '' . Pravda . 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Orton , Anna ( 2010 ) . India 's Borderland Disputes : China , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Nepal . Epitome Books . p. 117 . ISBN 9789380297156 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( November 2011 ) . `` The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 13 ( 4 ) : 398 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623528.2011. 625750 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaat claims denied by evidence '' . THE DAILY STAR. 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . , Chapter 3 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Burke , Samuel Martin ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies . University of Minnesota Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alston , Margaret ( 2015 ) . Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh . Routledge . p. 40 . ISBN 9781317684862 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel ( 2012 ) . Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 55 . ISBN 9781412847599 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myers , David G. ( 2004 ) . Exploring Social Psychology 4E . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 269 . ISBN 9780070700628 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Senator Edward , `` Crisis in South Asia -- A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement , Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee '' , 1 November 1971 , U.S. Govt . Press , page 66 . Sen. Kennedy wrote , `` Field reports to the U.S. Government , countless eye - witness journalistic accounts , reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal ( East Pakistan ) . Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops , systematically slaughtered , and in some places , painted with yellow patches marked ' H ' . All of this has been officially sanctioned , ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad . '' Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 , Chapter 8 , Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates , Sources , and Calculations : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan ( reported by Aziz , Qutubuddin . Blood and tears Karachi : United Press of Pakistan , 1974 . pp. 74 , 226 ) , some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one ( Johnson , B.L.C. Bangladesh . New York : Barnes & Noble , 1975 . pp. 73 , 75 ) that `` could have been '' 12 million . Jump up ^ Sharlach , Lisa ( 2000 ) . `` Rape as Genocide : Bangladesh , the Former Yugoslavia , and Rwanda '' . New Political Science . 22 ( 1 ) : ( 89 -- 102 ) , 92 -- 93 . doi : 10.1080 / 713687893 . Jump up ^ Sajjad 2012 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Ghadbian 2002 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Mookherjee 2012 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Pranab ( 2010 ) . A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal : The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia . Peter Lang . ISBN 9781433108204 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieven , Anatol ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Pakistan : A Hard Country . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1610391624 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . 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But India was alert , Pakistani pilots were inept , and Yahya 's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust ! '' , p. 34 , Newsweek , 20 December 1971 ^ Jump up to : `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Pakistan intensifies air raids on India '' . BBC News . 3 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . China 's Quest : The History of the Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 026106 - 1 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers . New Delhi : Lancer 's Publications and Distributors . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 02 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers ( PDF ) . New Delhi , India : Sona Printers , India . ISBN 1 897829 02 7 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Jon Lake , `` Air Power Analysis : Indian Airpower '' , World Air Power Journal , Volume 12 Jump up ^ Group Captain M. Kaiser Tufail , `` Great Battles of the Pakistan Airforce '' and `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Heritage '' ( pafcombat ) et al. , Feroze sons , ISBN 969 - 0 - 01892 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani conflict '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Picture Gallery -- Aviation Art by Group Captain Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini '' . PAF Falcons . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan , Sher . `` Last Flight from East Pakistan '' . www.defencejournal.com . Defence Journal , 2001 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Martin ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) . Cold War Jet Combat : Air - to - Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950 -- 1972 . Pen and Sword . ISBN 9781473874633 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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The Crimson Chinar : The Kashmir Conflict : A Politico Military Perspective . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9788170623014 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Harold H. Saunders , `` What Really Happened in Bangladesh '' Foreign Affairs ( 2014 ) 93 # 4 d Jump up ^ Alvandi , Roham . Nixon , Kissinger , and the Shah : The United States and Iran in the Cold War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190610685 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shalom , Stephen R . `` The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo - Pak War of 1971 '' . Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki , Jussi ( 2004 ) . The flawed architect : Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lewis , John P. ( 9 December 1971 ) . `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia '' . The New York Times . The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy ... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India '' . Rediff.com. 26 December 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalan , Rajesh ; Mishra , Atul . Nuclear South Asia : Keywords and Concepts . Routledge . ISBN 9781317324751 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British aircraft carrier ' HMS Eagle ' tried to intervene in 1971 India -- Pakistan war '' . Frontier India . 18 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war games '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of a nation '' . The Indian Express . 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon / Kissinger Saw India as `` Soviet Stooge '' in 1971 South Asia Crisis `` . nsarchive.gwu.edu . George Washington University press . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wetering , Carina . Changing US Foreign Policy toward India . Springer . ISBN 9781137548627 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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The East Moves West : India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0815724071 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , John H. ( 2003 ) . An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh . Washington DC : National Defense University . Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Higham , Robin D.S. ( April 2005 ) , `` An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan war : the creation of Bangladesh ( review ) '' , The Journal of Military History , 69 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : How Asians View Each Other '' . Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's leaders should heed the lesson of Bangladesh '' . The Guardian . 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No lessons learnt in forty years -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1497 - 5 . Field Marshal Manekshaw , Chief of Staff of the Indian Army in 1971 , paid them the ultimate compliment when he stated that : The Pakistan Army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . And I had eight or nine months to make my preparations ( while they were being worn out in a counter insurgency war against the secessionist forces of the Mukti Bahini ) . I had a superiority of almost five - to - one . Jump up ^ Three Indian blunders in the 1971 war , Rediff News , 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American flying ace believes Pakistan won 1971 war '' . Express Tribune . 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burki , Shahid Javed ( 1988 - 11 - 01 ) . Pakistan Under Bhutto , 1971 -- 1977 . Springer . ISBN 9781349195299 . Jump up ^ GoP , Government of Pakistan . `` Population of Pakistan in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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The New York Times . New York , NY , USA . 19 December 1971 . p. 1 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . At least 125 persons , believed to be physicians , professors , writers and teachers , were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca . All the victims ' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted , garroted or shot . These victims were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters . Jump up ^ Murshid , Tazeen M. ( 2 December 1997 ) . `` State , Nation , Identity : The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies . Routledge. 20 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 00856409708723294 . ISSN 1479 - 0270 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Muazzam Hussain ( 2012 ) . `` Killing of Intellectuals '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . 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Al Jazeera English . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Worcester , Kenton ; Bermanzohn , Sally Avery ; Ungar , Mark ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . Violence and Politics : Globalization 's Paradox . Routledge . ISBN 9781136701252 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Salil ( 2016 ) . The Colonel Who Would Not Repent : The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300218183 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hossain , Mokerrom ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) . From Protest to Freedom : A Book for the New Generation : the Birth of Bangladesh . Mokerrom . ISBN 9780615486956 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , Christian ( 2010 ) . Extremely Violent Societies : Mass Violence in the Twentieth - Century World . Cambridge University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 9781139493512 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up 1971 war crimes tribunal '' . BBC News . 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh to Hold Trials for 1971 War Crimes '' . Voice of America . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gill , John H ( 1994 ) . An Atlas of 1971 Indian - Pakistan war - the Creation of Bangladesh . NESA . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Dhaka demonstrators protest Pakistan 's reaction to Molla 's execution '' . Express Tribune . 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , Sarmila ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` Losing the Victims : Problems of Using Women as Weapons in Recounting the Bangladesh War '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly : 3865 . ^ Jump up to : Baig , Muhammad Anwar ; Ebad ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . Pakistan : Time for Change . AuthorHouse . ISBN 9781477250310 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kharal , Rāʼe Asad K̲h̲ān ( 2000 ) . Pākistān kaise ṭūṭā ? ( in Japanese ) . Intelligence Publishers . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shah , Aqil ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) . The Army and Democracy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674419773 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission Report Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan '' . Story Of Pakistan . 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Untold Story of 1971 -- Behind Pakistan 's Defeat '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC News . 30 August 2000 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Dr Arunkumar ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Psychological Warfare and India . Lancer Publishers , Bhatt . ISBN 9788170621331 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 30 August 2000 ) . `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC . BBC Pakistan Bureau . BBC . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Genesis of Defeat -- How many Hindus have you killed ? '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Loss of Character -- `` Lust for wine , greed for houses '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` Bravado And Capitulation -- `` Further resistance is not humanly possible '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) , Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia , Routledge , pp. 76 -- 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56566 - 0 Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rehman Commission ( HRC ) Report of Inquiry into the 1971 War ( Vanguard Books Lahore , 513 ) Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report , chapter 2 , paragraph 33 ^ Jump up to : `` India Pakistan Timeline '' . BBC News , India Pakistan . 1971 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Simla Agreement '' . Bilateral / Multilateral Documents . Ministry of External Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turtuk , a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours '' . Jump up ^ `` An encounter with the ' king ' of Turtuk , a border village near Gilgit - Baltistan '' . Jump up ^ `` A portrait of a village on the border '' . Jump up ^ `` Have you heard about this Indian Hero ? '' . rediff.com. 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Simla Agreement 1972 '' . Story of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the Shimla Accord '' . 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ UN . `` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees '' . UNCHR . UNCHR . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley Walpert ( 1993 ) . Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan : his life and times . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195076615 . Jump up ^ Wierda , Marieke ; Anthony Triolo ( 31 May 2012 ) . Luc Reydams ; Jan Wouters ; Cedric Ryngaert , eds . International Prosecutors . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0199554294 . Jump up ^ Coll , Steve ( 2005 ) . Ghost Wars . The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . pg 221 , 475 . Jump up ^ Kreisler interview with Coll `` Conversations with history '' , 25 March 2005 , UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies Jump up ^ Bhutto , Zulfiqar Ali ( April 1973 ) . `` Pakistan Builds Anew '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 257 -- 278 . ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martyrs '' . National Defense Academy , Pune . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra '' . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider holders of Pakistan Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Habib , Haroon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Friends of freedom honoured '' . The Daily Star . 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` B'desh honours foreign friends '' . The Financial Express . Dhaka. 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Beyond Borders Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : The film puts across the message that fighting wars for `` borders and orders '' robs away so many lives needlessly `` . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mukti - Birth of a Nation in News18 Further reading ( edit ) Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1967 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7 . Cilano , Cara , ed. ( 2010 ) . Pakistaniaat : Special issue on 1971 War . Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ( 2004 ) . The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Niazi , General A.A.K. ( 1999 ) . Betrayal of East Pakistan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579275 - 1 . Palit , DK ( 1972 ) . The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War 1971 . Compton Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900193 - 10 - 1 . Raghavan , Srinath ( 2013 ) . 1971 -- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh ( PDF ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72864 - 6 . Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar ( 2010 ) . O General My General ( Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ) . The Osmany Memorial Trust , Dhaka , Bangladesh . ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 . Saigal , JR ( 2000 ) . Pakistan Splits : The Birth of Bangladesh . Manas Publications . ISBN 9788170491248 . External links ( edit ) Video of General Niazi Surrendering A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War -- US Department of State 's Official archive . Indian Army : Major Operations Pakistan : Partition and Military Succession USA Archives Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper . The Tilt : The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 . 16 December 1971 : any lessons learned ? By Ayaz Amir -- Pakistan 's Dawn India - Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war ( unofficial ) , Centre for Indian Military History Op Cactus Lilly : 19 Infantry Division in 1971 , a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore All for a bottle of Scotch , a personal recall of Major ( later Major General ) CK Karumbaya , SM , the battle for Magura `` The Rediff Interview / Lt Gen AA Khan Niazi '' . Rediff. 2 February 2004 . Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 History Partition of India History of Pakistan Indo - Pakistani Wars War of 1947 War of 1965 Operation Searchlight 1971 Bangladesh genocide Mukti Bahini Research and Analysis Wing Operation Jackpot Indo - Soviet Treaty Razakars Mitro Bahini Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command Simla Agreement Conflict Battle of Dhalai Battle of Atgram Battle of Garibpur Boyra incidence Operation Chengiz Khan Battle of Longewala Battle of Hilli Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Airdrop Battle of Basantar PNS Ghazi Operation Trident Air Operations Naval Operations INS Khukri US Taskforce 74 more Pakistani peace proposals Cable 1971 Six - points Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission Rodionov message War Enquiry Commission Leaders India Indira Gandhi Sam Manekshaw P.C. Lal S.M. Nanda Jagjit Singh Aurora K.P. Candeth Sourendra Nath Kohli Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Anil Tipnis T.N. Raina Sartaj Singh J.F.R. Jacob Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Kulwant Singh Pannu G.M. Hiranandani Pakistan Yahya Khan Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Abdul Hamid Khan A.A.K. Niazi Mohammad Sharif M.A.K. Lodhi Leslie Mungavin Gul Hassan Abdul Ali Malik Rashid Ahmed A. Rahim Khan Tikka Khan Muzaffar Hassan Patrick Callaghan Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tajuddin Ahmed Muhammad Mansur Ali A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman Abu Taher United States Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Archer Blood George Bush , Sr . William Westmoreland Elmo Zumwalt Chuck Yeager J.S. Farland Kenneth Keating Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Alexei Kosygin Alexei Rodionov Nikolai Pegov Yakov Malik Andrei Gromyko Sergey Gorshkov Vasili Kuznetsov Nikolai Podgorny Highest awards Param Vir Chakra L / Nk . Albert Ekka Fl . Off . N.J.S. Sekhon 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal Maj . Hoshiar Singh Nishan - E-Haider Maj . Muhammad Akram Plt . Off . Rashid Minhas Maj . Shabbir Sharif J / Swr . Muhammad Hussain L / Nk . Muhammad Mahfuz Bir Sreshtho Flt . Lt. Matiur Rahman Sepahi Hamidur Rahman Sepahi Mostafa Kamal Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir Lance Naik Noor Mohammad 1971 Bangladesh genocide Perpetrators Organizers Yahya Khan Tikka Khan Rao Farman Ali Executors Abdul Quader Molla Abul Kalam Azad Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Fazlul Quader Chowdhury Ghulam Azam Motiur Rahman Nizami Muhammad Kamaruzzaman Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ashrafuz Zaman Khan Chowdhury Mueen - Uddin Organizations Pakistan Army Jamaat - e-Islami Razakars East Pakistan Central Peace Committee Al Badr Al Shams Massacres Barisal Division Barguna Bhimnali Ketnar Bil Suryamani Chittagong Division Muzaffarabad Pomara Bakhrabad Dhaka Division Bakchar Baria Char Bhadrasan Hasamdia Ishangopalpur Jinjira Madhyapara Ramna Satanikhil Sendia Shankharibazar Sree Angan Sutrapur Khulna Division Chuknagar Dakra Shankharikathi Rajshahi Division Bagbati Demra Karai Kadipur Gopalpur Rangpur Division Akhira Golaghat Jathibhanga Kaliganj Sylhet Division Adityapur Burunga Galimpur Krishnapur Makalkandi Naria Notable victims Altaf Mahmud Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya Anwar Pasha Dhirendranath Datta Govinda Chandra Dev Harinath Dey Jogesh Chandra Ghosh Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta Laxman Das Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury Munier Choudhury Ranada Prasad Saha Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya Selina Parvin Shahidullah Kaiser more Protests Movement demanding trial of war criminals 2013 Shahbag protests Trials Hamoodur Rahman Commission International Crimes Tribunal Related events Bangladesh Liberation War Blood Telegram Concert for Bangladesh Operation Searchlight Persecution of Biharis Persecution of Hindus Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Remembrance Day Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - 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Pakistani wars Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 in Bangladesh 1971 in India 1971 in Pakistan Conflicts in 1971 East Pakistan Anti-Pakistan sentiment Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving India History of Bangladesh Post-independence history of Pakistan Separatism in Pakistan History of the Indian Army Research and Analysis Wing Foreign intervention Dissolutions of countries December 1971 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from July 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2015 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles with dead external links from January 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkmençe Українська اردو 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 20 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the battle of 1971 between india and pakistan	[ "\n\nIndo-Pakistani War of 1971\n\n\nPart of the Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts and Bangladesh Liberation War\n\n\n\nLieutenant-General A. A. K. Niazi, the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command, signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971, in the presence of India's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Standing immediately behind from Left to Right: Indian Navy Vice Admiral Krishnan, Indian Air Force Air Marshal Dewan, Indian Army Lt Gen Sagat Singh, Maj Gen JFR Jacob (with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder). Veteran newscaster, Surojit Sen of All India Radio, is seen holding a microphone on the right.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n3–16 December 1971 (13 days)\n\n\nLocation\nEastern Front:\n\nIndia–East Pakistan border\n\nBay of Bengal\nPasha enclaves\n\n\n\nWestern Front:\n\nIndia–Pakistan border\n\nLine of Control\nArabian Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n\nResult\nDecisive Indian victory.[1][2][3]\nEastern front:\nSurrender of East Pakistan military command.\nWestern front:\nUnilateral Ceasefire.[4]\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\nEastern Front:\n\nIndependence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh\n\nWestern Front:\n\nIndian forces captured around 5,795 square miles (15,010 km2) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill.[5][6][7]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n India\n\n Provisional Bangladesh\n\n Pakistan\n\nEast Pakistan\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n V. V. Giri\n(President of India)\n Indira Gandhi\n(Prime Minister of India)\n Swaran Singh\n(External Minister of India)\n Jagjivan Ram\n(Defence Minister of India)\n Gen Sam Manekshaw\n(Chief of Army Staff)\n Lt.Gen J.S. Arora\n(GOC-in-C, Eastern Command)\n Lt.Gen G.G. Bewoor\n(GOC-in-C, Southern Command)\n Lt.Gen K. P. Candeth\n(GOC-in-C, Western Command)\n Lt.Gen Manohar Lal\n(GOC-in-C, Northern Command)\n Lt.Gen Premindra Bhagat\n(GOC-in-C, Central Command)\n Lt.Gen Sagat Singh\n(GOC-in-C, IV Corps)\n Lt.Gen T. N. Raina\n(GOC-in-C, II Corps)\n Lt.Gen Sartaj Singh\n(GOC-in-C, XV Corps)\n Lt.Gen Karan Singh\n(GOC-in-C, I Corps)\n Lt.Gen Depinder Singh\n(GOC-in-C, XII Corps)\n MajGen Farj R. Jacob\n(COS, Eastern Command)\n MajGen Om Malhotra\n(COS, IV Corps)\n MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill\n(Dir, Military Operations)\n Adm S. M. Nanda\n(Chief of Naval Staff)\n VAdm S. N. Kohli\n(Cdr. Western Naval Command)\n ACM Pratap C. Lal\n(Chief of Air Staff)\n Rameshwar Kao\n(Director of RAW)\n Tajuddin Ahmad\n(PM Provisional Government)\n Col. M.A.G. Osmani\n(Commander, Mukti Bahini)\n Yahya Khan\n(President of Pakistan)\n Nurul Amin\n(Prime Minister of Pakistan)\n Gen. A.H. Khan\n(Chief of Staff, Army GHQ)\n Lt.Gen A.A.K. Niazi \n(Commander, Eastern Command)\n Lt.Gen Gul Hassan Khan\n(Chief of General Staff)\n Lt.Gen Abdul Ali Malik\n(Commander, I Corps)\n Lt.Gen Tikka Khan\n(Commander, II Corps)\n Lt.Gen Sher Khan\n(Commander, IV Corps)\n MGen Iftikhar Janjua †\n(GOC, 23rd Infantry Division)\n MGen Khadim Hussain\n(GOC, 14th Infantry Division)\n VAdm Muzaffar Hassan\n(Cdr-in-Chief, Navy)\n RAdm Rashid Ahmed\n(COS, Navy NHQ)\n RAdm Moh'd Shariff \n(Cdr, Eastern Naval Command)\n RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi\n(Cdr, Western Naval Command)\n RAdm Leslie Norman\n(Commander, Pakistan Marines)\n AM Abdul Rahim Khan\n(Cdr-in-Chief, Air Force)\n AVM P.D. Callaghan\n(Chief Ins, Pakistan Air Force)\n Air Cdre Inamul Haq \n(Cdr Eastern Air Command)\n Gp.Capt. Z.A. Khan \n(COS, Air AHQ Dhaka)\nAbdul Motaleb Malik \n(Governor of East Pakistan)\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nIndian Armed Forces: 500,000\nMukti Bahini: 175,000\nTotal: 675,000\nPakistan Armed Forces: 365,000\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n2,500[8]–3,843 killed.[9]\n\n1 Naval aircraft[10][11]\nDamage to western Indian airfields.[12][13]\n\nPakistani claims\n\n130 IAF Aircraft[14][15]\n\nIndian claims\n\n45 IAF Aircraft[16]\n\nNeutral claims\n\n45 IAF Aircraft[8]\n\n\n\n9,000 killed[17]\n25,000 wounded[18]\n97,368 captured\n2 Destroyers[19]\n1 Minesweeper[19]\n1 Submarine[20]\n3 Patrol vessels\n7 Gunboats\n\nPakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged/fuel tanks destroyed[19][21]\nPakistani airfields damaged and cratered[22]\n\nPakistani claims\n\n42 PAF Aircraft[23]\n\nIndian claims\n\n94 PAF Aircraft[16]\n\nNeutral claims\n\n75 PAF Aircraft[8]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Indian" ]
-2061616974491012247	Ahimsa in Jainism	Ahimsa in Jainism - Wikipedia Ahimsa in Jainism Jump to : navigation , search Painting in a Jain temple with the statement `` ahimsā paramo dharma '' ( non-injury is the highest virtue / religion ) Part of a series on Jainism Jain prayers ( show ) Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Philosophy ( show ) Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacharya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra Ethics ( show ) Ethics of Jainism Sallekhana Major figures ( show ) The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sects ( show ) Digambara Śvētāmbara Texts ( show ) Samayasāra ( Digambara ) Pravachanasara ( Digambara ) Agama ( Shwetambara ) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha ( Digambara ) Kalpa Sūtra ( Shwetambara ) Other ( show ) History Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Schools and Branches Timeline Topics list Festivals ( show ) Diwali Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Samvatsari Pilgrimages ( show ) Tirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Jainism portal Ahimsā ( Ahiṃsā ) in Jainism is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its ethics and doctrine . The term ahimsa means nonviolence , non-injury or absence of desire to harm any life forms . Vegetarianism and other nonviolent practices and rituals of Jains flow from the principle of ahimsa . The Jain concept of ahimsa is very different from the concept of nonviolence found in other philosophies . Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others . But according to the Jain philosophy , violence refers primarily to injuring one 's own self -- behaviour which inhibits the soul 's own ability to attain moksha ( liberation from the cycle of births and deaths ) . At the same time it also means violence to others because it is this tendency to harm others that ultimately harms one 's own soul . Furthermore , the Jains extend the concept of ahimsa not only to humans but to all animals , plants , micro-organisms and all beings having life or life potential . All life is sacred and everything has a right to live fearlessly to its maximum potential . Living beings need not fear those who have taken the vow of ahimsa . According to Jainism , protection of life , also known as abhayadānam , is the supreme charity that a person can make . Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence , but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence . Jains have strongly advocated vegetarianism and nonviolence throughout the ages . Ahimsa being central to the Jain philosophy , Jain Ācāryas have produced , through ages , quite elaborate and detailed doctrinal materials concerning its various aspects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Vow of Ahiṃsā 2.1 Ascetic practices for adherence to Ahimsa 2.2 Householders adherence to the vow 2.3 Transgressions 3 Philosophical overview 3.1 Important constituents 3.1. 1 Carefulness 3.1. 2 Mental states and intention 3.1. 3 Knowledge 3.2 Anekantavada 3.3 Various aspects and consequences of violence 3.4 Dravya hiṃsā and bhāva hiṃsā 3.5 Types of violence 3.6 Ways of committing violence 4 The rationale of nonviolence 5 Ahimsa and vegetarianism 6 Misconceptions 6.1 Animal sacrifices 6.2 Other wrong beliefs 7 Fruits of nonviolence 8 Appreciation 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Sources Overview ( edit ) Jain texts expound that there are ten vitalities or life - principles , these are : the five senses , energy , respiration , life - duration , the organ of speech , and the mind . Living beings are classified on the basis of their sensory organs ( indriya ) and vitalities ( praṇa ) they possess . According to Jain texts : The one - sensed lives possess four vitalities -- sense organ of touch , strength of body or energy , respiration , and life - duration . The two - sensed beings have six , namely the sense of taste and the organ of speech in addition to the former four . The three - sensed beings have seven with the addition of the sense of smell . The four - sensed beings have eight with the addition of the sense of sight . The five - sensed beings without mind have nine life - principles with the addition of the sense of hearing . Those endowed with mind are said to have ten vitalities with the addition of the mind . According to Tattvarthasutra , a major Jain text , `` the severance of vitalities out of passion is injury '' . Therefore , the higher the number of senses and vitalities a being has , the more is its capacity to suffer and feel pain . Hence according to Jainism , violence to higher - sensed beings like man , cow , tiger and those who have five senses and the capacity to think and feel pain attracts more karma than violence to lesser - sensed beings like insects , or single - sensed beings like microbes and plants . Out of the five types of living beings , a householder is forbidden to kill , or destroy , intentionally , all except the lowest ( the one sensed , such as vegetables , herbs , cereals , etc. , which are endowed with only the sense of touch ) . But , the ascetic is required to avoid even injuring the one - sensed form of life to the best of his ability . Hence Jainism enjoins its adherents to completely avoid violence to higher - sensed beings and as far as possible minimise violence to lower - sensed and single - sensed beings . Vow of Ahimsa ( edit ) See also : Ethics of Jainism In Jainism , both ascetics and householders ( śrāvaka ) have to follow five major vows ( vratas ) . Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence . 1 . Ahimsa is formalised into Jain doctrine as the first and foremost vow . The votary must not to hurt any living being by actions , words or thoughts . The Jain text Puruşārthasiddhyupāya deals with the conduct required of the householder ( śrāvaka ) and therefore discusses the fundamental vow of Ahimsa in detail . The text expounds that `` all these subdivisions ( injury , falsehood , stealing , unchastity , and attachment ) are hiṃsā as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul . Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations . '' 2 . Satya ( Truth ) - The underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore , it is said to cause hiṃsā ( injury ) . According to Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi , translates S.A. Jain , `` that which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable , whether it refers to actual facts or not is immaterial '' . 3 . Asteya ( Non-thieving ) - According to Puruşārthasiddhyupāya : Driven by passions , taking anything that has not been given be termed as theft and since theft causes injury , it is hiṃsā -- Puruşārthasiddhyupāya ( 42 ) 4 . Brahmacharya - It means chastity for householders and celibacy in action , words & thoughts for ascetics . Unchastity ( abrahma ) is copulation arising from sexual desire . There is all - round injury to the living in copulation and , therefore , it is hiṃsā . -- Puruşārthasiddhyupāya ( 107 ) Just as a hot rod of iron inserted into a tube filled with sesame seeds burns them up , in the same way , many beings get killed during sexual intercourse -- Puruşārthasiddhyupāya ( 108 ) 5 . Aparigraha ( Non-possession ) - According to Jain texts , attachment to possessions ( parigraha ) is of two kinds : attachment to internal possessions ( ābhyantara parigraha ) , and attachment to external possessions ( bāhya parigraha ) . The fourteen internal possessions are : Wrong belief , the three sex - passions ( male sex - passion , female sex - passion , and neuter sex - passion ) , also the six defects ( laughter , liking , disliking , sorrow , fear , and disgust ) , and four passions ( anger , pride , deceitfulness , and greed ) . According to Jain texts , `` internal possessions are proved to be hiṃsā as these are just another name for himsā '' . External possessions are divided into two subclasses , the non-living , and the living . `` External possessions , due to the passion of attachment in them , result into himsā . '' Ascetic practices for adherence to Ahimsa ( edit ) These five vows are called Mahāvratas ( major vows ) when observed by an ascetic . Ahimsa is the first and foremost of all vows . Jain monks and nuns must rank among the most `` nonviolent '' people in the world . A Jain ascetic is expected to uphold the vow of Ahimsa to the highest standard , even at the cost of his own life . The other four major vows -- truthfulness , non-stealing , non-possession and celibacy -- are in fact extension of the first vow of complete nonviolence . The ascetic practices of total renunciation of worldly affairs and possessions , refusal to stay in a single place for a long time , continuous practice of austerities like fasting etc. are geared towards observance of Ahimsa . The Jain mendicants abide by a rigorous set of rules of conduct , where they must eat , sleep and even walk with full diligence and with an awareness that even walking kills several hundreds of minute beings . Jain ascetics sweep the ground before them to avoid injuring the most minuscule forms of life . They generally brush the ground clear of insects before they tread . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes and eat food only when it is not prepared for themselves . Ascetics of the Śvētāmbara tradition wear a small mask to avoid taking in tiny insects . The observation of three guptis or the controls of mind , speech and body and five samiti are designed to help the monks in observing the vow of Ahimsa faultlessly . A monk is required to cultivate the habit of carefulness ( samti ) , in respect of the following five particulars : - walking , so as not to injure any living being ; speech , so as not to cause pain to any one by offensive , disagreeable language , or by a careless use of words having a tendency to incite others to violent deeds ; eating , so as not to cause injury to any living being ; handling things -- the water gourd , books and the feather whisk , with which there is a great danger of injury to small insects ; and evacuation and disposal of faeces , urine , and the like . The entire day of a Jain monk is spent in ensuring that he observes his vow of ahimsa through mind , body and speech faultlessly . This seemingly extreme behaviour of the monks comes from a sense that every action , no matter however subtle , has a karmic effect which can bind soul and inhibit liberation , especially those that result in hiṃsā ( injury ) . Householders adherence to the vow ( edit ) A Jain layman , on account of his household and occupational compulsions , is unable to adhere to the five major vows of ascetic . Hence he observes aṇuvrata or minor vows which although are similar to the major vows of the ascetics are observed with a lesser severity . It is difficult to avoid some violence by a lay person to single - sensed immobile beings in the process of occupation , cooking , self - defense etc . That is why he vows not to kill without a necessary purpose and determined intention , a moving sentient being , when it is innocent . Tying up , injuring , mutilating , burdening with heavy load and depriving from food and drinks any animal or human being , with one 's mind polluted by anger and other passions are the five aticāra or transgressions of the vow of ahimsa . However , it is to be understood that ultimately , there is limited spiritual progress and no emancipation unless the major vows are adhered to . Jainism is perhaps the only religion in the world that requires all its adherents to follow a strict vegetarian diet . Vegetarian food that also involves more harm to the living beings such as roots , bulbs , multi seeded vegetables etc. are avoided by strict Jains . The importance of ahimsa manifests in many other ways in the daily life of Jains . For a layperson it means participating in business that results in least amount of violence to living beings . No furs , plumes or silk are worn . Use of leather is kept to a minimum and must in any event be from naturally dead animals . Food is usually eaten during the day unless unavoidable , since there is too much danger of injuring insects in cooking at night . The Jain will not use an open light nor leave a container of liquid uncovered lest a stray insect be destroyed ; even with this precaution , liquids are always strained before use . Through the ages Jains have sought to avoid occupations that unavoidably entail injury , and this accounts for the disproportionate number who have entered banking , commerce and other mercantile trades . Transgressions ( edit ) Jain text list down five transgressions of the vow of ahimsa : Tying up animals too tightly , Beating them mercilessly , Cutting their limbs , Overloading them , Neglecting to feed them properly . A king who fights in defending his empire , however , does not violate the vow of ahimsa , for his motive is to protect his subjects . The same is the case with the judge who punishes to maintain law and order . Philosophical overview ( edit ) Important constituents ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While Jainism enjoins observance of total nonviolence by the ascetics , it is often argued that the man is constantly obliged to engage in destructive activities of eating , drinking , breathing and surviving in order to support his body . According to Jainism , life is omnipresent with infinite beings including microorganisms pervading each and every part of the universe . Hence it may still be possible to avoid killing of gross animals , but it is impossible to avoid killing of subtle microorganisms in air and water , plant life and various types of insects that may be crushed by walking . However , the Jain conception of ahimsa is quite different from what is commonly understood by violence . The violence is defined more by the motives and the consequences to the self rather than by the act itself . Furthermore , according to Jain Scriptures , destruction of less developed organism brings about lesser karmas than destruction of developed animals and karmas generated in observance of religious duties faultlessly disappears almost immediately . Hence , it is possible to observe complete nonviolence with right knowledge , even when some outward violence occurs to living beings in the course of performing religious duties by observing carefulness and pure mental disposition without any attachment . Carefulness ( edit ) According to Jainism , a monk who is careless in his activities is guilty of violence irrespective of whether a living being remains alive or dies ; on the other hand , the person who is ever vigilant and careful in observing the samitis experiences no karmic bondage simply because some violence may have taken place in connection with his activities . Carefulness came to be seen as a defence for the monks against violence in Jainism . Tattvārthasūtra defines hiṃsā or violence simply as removal of life by careless activity of mind , body and speech . Thus action in Jainism came to be regarded as truly violent only when accompanied by carelessness . Mental states and intention ( edit ) Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence , but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence . Jains have strongly advocated vegetarianism and nonviolence throughout the ages . Ahimsa being central to the Jain philosophy , Jain Ācāryas have produced , through ages , quite elaborate and detailed doctrinal materials concerning its various aspects . Paul Dundas quotes Ācārya Jinabhadra ( 7th century ) , who shows that the omnipresence of life - forms in the universe need not totally inhibit normal behaviour of the ascetics : It is the intention that ultimately matters . From the real point of view , a man does not become a killer only because he has killed or because the world is crowded with souls , or remain innocent only because he has not killed physically . Even if a person does not actually kill , he becomes a killer if he has the intention to kill ; while a doctor has to cause pain but is still non-violent and innocent because his intention is pure , for it is the intention which is the deciding factor , not the external act which is inconclusive . Thus pure intention along with carefulness was considered necessary to practice Ahimsa as Jains admitted that even if intention may be pure , careless activities often resulted in violence unknowingly . Knowledge ( edit ) The Jains also considered right knowledge as a prerequisite for practising Ahimsa . It is necessary to know what is living and what is non-living to practice Ahimsa faultlessly . A person who is confused between Living and non-living can never observe non-violence . Daśavaikālika Sūtra declared : First knowledge , then compassion . Thus does one remain in full control . How can an ignorant person be compassionate , when he can not distinguish between the good and the evil ? It further declares : Knowledge of living and non-living alone will enable one to become compassionate towards all living creatures . Knowing this all aspirants , proceed from knowledge to eternal virtues . What can an ignorant do ? How does he know what is noble and what is evil ? The knowledge is also considered necessary to destroy Karmas . Samaṇ Suttaṁ declared : The ignorant can not destroy their Karmas by their actions while the wise can do it by their inaction i.e. by controlling their activities because they are free from greed and lustful passions and do not commit any sin as they remain contented -- 165 Anekantavada ( edit ) Main article : Anekantavada Anekantavada is the principle of relativity of truth or the doctrine of multiple aspects . Jains hold that truth is multifaceted and has multiple sides that can not be completely comprehended by anyone . Anekantavada describes the world as a multifaceted , ever - changing reality with an infinity of viewpoints relative to the time , place , nature and state of one who is the viewer and that which is viewed . What is true from one point of view is open to question from another . Absolute truth can not be grasped from any particular viewpoint alone , because absolute truth is the sum total of all different viewpoints that make up the universe . Because it is rooted in these doctrines , Jainism can not exclusively uphold the views of any individual , community , nation , or species . It recognises inherently that other views are valid for other peoples , and for other life - forms . This perception leads to the doctrine of syadvada or sevenfold predication stating the truth from different viewpoints . Anekantvada is the doctrine and Syadvada is its expression . According to Jaina philosophers all important philosophical statements should be expressed in this sevenfold way in order to remove the danger of dogmatism ( ekanta ) in philosophy . The concept of syadvada allows the Jains to accept the truth in other philosophies from their perspectives , thus inculcating a tolerance for other viewpoints . Anekantvada is non-absolutist and stands firmly against all dogmatisms , even including any assertion that only Jainism is the right religious path . Various aspects and consequences of violence ( edit ) Ācārya Amṛtacandra has described as to how the consequences of violence ( karmas attracted ) differ from person to persons for similar and different types of acts . A small violence may bring serious consequences to one person , while to another person grievous violence may bring about lesser consequences . For instance , a person hunting and killing only one small animal suffers severe consequences while a person who is building a temple or hospital suffers milder karmic consequences even though its construction kills many animals . Even when violence is jointly committed by two persons , the same act may result in severe consequence for one person and mild consequence for another person . This may happen in the case where the leader and planner of violence binds severe karmas , while a follower binds much lesser karmas . One who actually does not commit violence may be responsible for hiṃsā while one who actually commits violence is not responsible for hiṃsā . For instance , a burglar who fails in his robbery is still a felon but a diligent surgeon who is trying to save a patient is not responsible for violence even if a patient dies during the surgery . Persons who have not committed violence may become responsible for violence committed by others . This may happen when a violence which is carried out by someone is approved and instigated by someone else . Ahimsa often gives result of himsa to one and himsa may sometimes give result of ahimsa to another . For instance , one person saves another from oppression by use of violence and hence enjoys consequences of ahimsa although resorting to violence , while another does not act to save someone wishing that the other person is not saved and thus suffers the consequences of violence although he may have not actually done anything . Dravya hiṃsā and bhāva hiṃsā ( edit ) Types of violence ( edit ) While the Jain ascetics observe absolute nonviolence , so far as a Jain householder is concerned , the violence is categorised as follows : Sankalpinī hiṃsā or intentional violence -- Intentional violence knowingly done is the worst form of violence and is a transgression of the layperson 's vow of nonviolence . Examples of sankalpinī hiṃsā are killing for hunting , amusement or decoration , or butchering for food or sacrifice or killing or hurting out of enmity , malice or mischief . sankalpinī hiṃsā has to be totally renounced by a householder . Virodhinī hiṃsā or Self - defence -- One is allowed to practice self - defense against a robber , murderer , or any other criminal . This self - defense is necessary when evil attacks . Āṛambhinī ( Graharambhi ) hiṃsā or domestic or household violence -- This violence is unavoidably committed in the course of preparing food , household cleanliness , washing , construction of houses , wells , etc . Udyoginī hiṃsā or Occupational Violence -- This violence is connected to occupational undertakings like agriculture , building and operating industries , etc . While sankalpinī hiṃsā has to be avoided at all costs , the other three types of hiṃsā , although unavoidable in some cases , should not exceed the strict requirements of fulfilling the duties of a householder . Furthermore , they should not be influenced by passions such as anger , greed , pride and deceit or they take the character of sanpalkinī hiṃsā . Ways of committing violence ( edit ) Violence ( Himsa ) gouache on paper , 17th century , Gujarat depicts animals of prey with their victims . The princely couple symbolises love , which is another occasion of violence . It would be wrong , however , to conclude that Ahimsa only prohibits physical violence . An early Jain text says : `` With the three means of punishment -- thoughts , words , deeds -- ye shall not injure living beings . '' In fact , violence can be committed by combination of the following four factors : 1 . The instrumentality of our actions . We can commit violence through a . body i.e. physical action , b . speech i.e. verbal action , or c. mind i.e. mental actions 2 . The process of committing violence . This includes whether a . we only decide or plan to act , b . we make preparations for the act e.g. like collecting necessary materials or weapons , or c. we actually begin the action 3 . The modality of our action , whether a . we ourselves commit violence , b . we instigate others to carry out the violence , or c. we give our silent approval for the violence 4 . The motivation for action . This includes which of the following negative emotions motivate the violence . a . Anger b . Greed c . Pride d . Manipulation or deceit In Jainism , `` non-manifestation of passions like attachment is non-injury ( Ahimsa ) , and manifestation of such passions is injury ( himsa ) . '' This is termed as the essence of the Jaina Scriptures . The rationale of nonviolence ( edit ) Sculpture depicting the statement `` ahimsā paramo dharma '' ( Photo : Ahinsa Sthal , Delhi ) According to Jainism , the purpose of nonviolence is not because it is a commandment of a God or any other supreme being . Its purpose is also not simply because its observance is conducive to general welfare of the state or the community . While it is true that in Jainism , the moral and religious injunctions were laid down as law by Arhats who have achieved perfection through their supreme moral efforts , their adherence is just not to please a God , but the life of the Arhats has demonstrated that such commandments were conductive to Arhat 's own welfare , helping him to reach spiritual victory . Just as Arhats achieved spiritual victory by observing non-violence , so can anyone who follows this path . Another aspect that provides a rationale to the avoidance of hiṃsā is that , any acts of himsā results in himsā to self . Any act of violence though outwardly is seen to harm others , harms the soul of the person indulging in the act . Thus by an act of violence , a soul may or may not injure the material vitalities known as dravya praṇa of someone else , but always causes injury to its own bhāva praṇa or the psychic vitalities by binding the soul with karmas . It would be entirely wrong to see Ahimsa in Jainism in any sentimental light . The Jain doctrine of non-injury is based on rational consciousness , not emotional compassion ; on responsibility to self , not on a social fellow feeling . The motive of Ahimsa is totally self - centered and for the benefit of the individual . And yet , though the emphasis is on personal liberation , the Jain ethics makes that goal attainable only through consideration for others . Furthermore , according to the Jain karmic theory , each and every soul , including self , has reincarnated as an animal , plant or microorganism innumerable number of times besides re-incarnated as humans . The concept of Ahimsa is more meaningful when understood in conjunction with the concept of karmas . As the doctrine of transmigration of souls includes rebirth in animal as well as human form , it creates a humanitarian sentiment of kinship amongst all life forms . The motto of Jainism -- Parasparopagraho jīvānām , translated as : all life is inter-related and it is the duty of souls to assist each other - also provides a rational approach of Jains towards Ahimsa . In conclusion , the insistence of ahimsa is not so much about non-injury to others as it is about non-injury and spiritual welfare of the self . The ultimate rationale of ahimsa is fundamentally about karmic results of the hiṃsā on self rather than the concern about the well being of other beings for its own sake . Ahimsa and vegetarianism ( edit ) Main article : Jain vegetarianism Jain vegetarian diet is practised by the followers of Jain culture and philosophy . It is considered one of the most rigorous forms of a spiritually motivated diet on the Indian subcontinent and beyond . The Jain cuisine is completely vegetarian , and it also excludes potatoes , onions and garlic , like the shojin - ryori cuisine of Japan . According to Amṛtacandra Sūri : `` Those who wish to renounce hiṃsā must , first of all , make effort to give up the consumption of wine , flesh , honey , and the five udumbara fruits ( the five udumbara trees are Gular , Anjeera , Banyan , Peepal , and Pakar , all belonging to the fig class ) . -- Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya ( 61 ) The strictest forms of Jain diet are practised by the monastic ascetics . It also excludes potatoes and other root vegetables . The scrupulous and thorough way of applying nonviolence to everyday activities , and especially to food , shapes their entire lives and is the most significant hallmark of Jain identity . For Jains , lacto - vegetarianism ( generally known simply as vegetarianism in India ) is mandatory . Food which contains even small particles of the bodies of dead animals or eggs is absolutely unacceptable . Some Jain scholars and activists support veganism , as the production of dairy products is perceived to involve violence against cows . Strict Jains do n't eat root vegetables such as potatoes , onions , roots and tubers . This is so because tiny life forms are injured when the plant is pulled up and because the bulb is seen as a living being , as it is able to sprout . Also , consumption of most root vegetables involves uprooting and killing the entire plant , in contrast to consumption of most other terrestrial vegetables , upon which the plant lives on after plucking the vegetables ( or it was seasonally supposed to wither away anyway ) . Mushrooms , fungi and yeasts are forbidden because they are parasites , grow in non-hygienic environments , and may harbour other life forms . Alfalfa is the only known plant that contains vitamin D , which they may use directly or make vitamin D supplements from . Honey is forbidden , as its collection would amount to violence against the bees . Jains are also not supposed to consume food left overnight because of contamination by microbes . Most Jain recipes substitute for potato with plantain . Misconceptions ( edit ) The Jain scriptures discuss various misconceptions that are harboured in case of Ahimsa . They often oppose the Vedic beliefs in sacrifices and other practices that justified violence in various ways . Ācārya Amritacandra 's Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya discuss these wrong beliefs at length to alert the Jain laity to them . These misconceptions are as follows . Animal sacrifices ( edit ) The belief that animals were created for yajna ( sacrifice ) and hence it was not considered a slaughter , as it elevated not only the person making the sacrifice , but also the animals was also denounced by the Jains . Ācārya Amṛtacandra of Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya condemned this practice by stating that it is a misconception to hold that Gods are pleased at sacrifices of living beings and there is no wrong in committing hiṃsā for the sake of religion . Ācārya Amṛtacandra says that animals should not be killed for guests or persons deserving respect as often advocated in certain scriptures . It is also a wrong belief that wild animals that kill many other animals should be killed . This is often justified in the name of hunting of ferocious animals like tigers for sport . Another wrong belief forwarded to justify killing of ferocious animals is that , these kill many lives and accumulate grave sins and hence killing them is an act of mercy . According to Jainism , killing can never be an act of mercy . It is also a misconception to believe that it is advisable to kill those who are suffering so that they may get relief from agony . These sorts of arguments are forwarded to justify killing of those animals that may have become old or injured and hence have become commercially useless . Other wrong beliefs ( edit ) Other wrong beliefs are killing those who are in state of happiness or those who are in meditation under wrong belief that the mental state at the time of death will be perpetuated in future lives . It is also a wrong belief that killing of self and others is justified as the soul that is imprisoned in the body will be permanently released and achieve salvation . Fruits of nonviolence ( edit ) Main article : Karma in Jainism According to Jain texts , the fruits of himsā ( violence ) depends upon the severity of passions at the time of commencement of such an act . One may be responsible for the sinful act of himsā without actually causing injury ; the other , while having caused injury , may not be responsible for the act . Also , when two persons commit the act of himsā jointly , its consequences on fruition ( of karma ) , may be grave for one person and mild for the other . According to Jains , the consequences of karma are inevitable . The consequences may take some time to take effect but the karma is never fruitless . The latent karma becomes active and bears fruit when the supportive conditions arise . A great part of attracted karma bears its consequences with minor fleeting effects , as generally most of our activities are influenced by mild negative emotions . However , those actions that are influenced by intense negative emotions cause an equally strong karmic attachment which usually does not bear fruit immediately . It takes on an inactive state and waits for the supportive conditions -- like proper time , place , and environment -- to arise for it to manifest and produce effects . If the supportive conditions do not arise , the respective karmas will manifest at the end of maximum period for which it can remain bound to the soul . These supportive conditions for activation of latent karmas are determined by the nature of karmas , intensity of emotional engagement at the time of binding karmas and our actual relation to time , place , surroundings . There are certain laws of precedence among the karmas , according to which the fruition of some of the karmas may be deferred but not absolutely barred . Appreciation ( edit ) Ahimsa , an important tenet of all the religions originating in India , is now considered as an article of faith by the adherents of the Indian religions . Mahatma Gandhi was of the view : No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahimsa so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism . As and when the benevolent principle of Ahimsa or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond . Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Lord Mahavira is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa . Bal Gangadhar Tilak has credited Jainism with the cessation of slaughter of animals in the brahamanical religion . Some scholars have traced the origin of Ahimsa to Jains and their precursor , the sramanas . According to Thomas McEvilley , a noted Indologist , certain seals of Indus Valley civilisation depict a meditative figure surrounded by a multitude of wild animals , providing evidence of proto yoga tradition in India akin to Jainism . This particular image might suggest that all the animals depicted are sacred to this particular practitioner . Consequently , these animals would be protected from harm . Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi wrote the Jain slogan , Ahimsa parmo dharma , on Facebook 's Real Wall at its headquarters , when he visited for a town hall question - and - answer session in September 2015 . 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( July 2000 ) , `` Syadvada as the epistemological key to the Jaina middle way metaphysics of Anekantavada '' , Philosophy East and West. , Honolulu , 50 ( 3 ) : 400 -- 408 , ISSN 0031 - 8221 ^ Jump up to : Jain , J.P. 2007 ^ Jump up to : Dr. Bhattacharya , H.S. 1976 Jump up ^ Jain 2012 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Patil , Bal 2006 Jump up ^ Jan E.M. Houben et all 1999 Jump up ^ Jain 2012 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Shah 1998 Jump up ^ Jain 2009 Jump up ^ Laidlaw 1995 , pp. 154 -- 160 Jump up ^ Jindal 1988 , pp. 74 -- 90 Jump up ^ Tähtinen 1976 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Laidlaw 1995 , pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Tähtinen 1974 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Laidlaw 1995 , pp. 156 -- 157 , 167 -- 170 Jump up ^ Sangave 1980 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Laidlaw 1995 , pp. 166 -- 167 Jump up ^ Tähtinen 1974 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Jainism , Jainuniversity.org , archived from the original on 2 October 2013 , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Jain 2012 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Jain 2012 , p. 56 . 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Jain ( 1992 ) , Reality ( Second ed . ) , Jwalamalini Trust , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Tukol , Justice T.K. ( 1976 ) , Sallekhanā is Not Suicide ( 1st ed . ) , Ahmedabad : L.D. Institute of Indology , archived from the original on 2015 Halbfass , Wilhelm ( 1991 ) , Tradition and Reflection : Explorations in Indian Thought , Suny Press Dundas , Paul ( 2002 ) , The Jains , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 26605 - X Goyal , S.R. ( 1987 ) , A History of Indian Buddhism , Meerut Jaini , Padmanabh S. ( 1998 ) , The Jaina Path of Purification Jindal , K.B. ( 1998 ) , An epitome of Jainism , New Delhi , ISBN 81 - 215 - 0058 - 3 Laidlaw , James ( 1995 ) , Riches and Renunciation . Religion , economy , and society among the Jains , Oxford Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 1980 ) , Jaina Community . A Social Survey ( 2nd ed . ) , Bombay Shah , Natubhai ( 1998 ) , Jainism : The World of Conquerors , Volume I and II , Sussex : Sussex Academy Press , ISBN 1 - 898723 - 30 - 3 Tähtinen , Unto ( 1976 ) , Ahimsa . Non-Violence in Indian Tradition , London , ISBN 0 - 09 - 123340 - 2 Walters , Kerry S. ( 2001 ) , Religious Vegetarianism : From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 4972 - 1 Jain , Champat Rai ( 1929 ) , The Practical Dharma , The Indian Press Ltd. , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ( hide ) Jainism topics Gods Tirthankara Ganadhara Arihant Philosophy Ethics Ahimsa Epistemology Kevala Jñāna Jaina logic Anekāntavāda Jain cosmology Siddhashila Naraka Heavenly beings Karma Types Causes Gunasthana Dravya Jīva Ajiva Pudgala Dharma Tattva Asrava Bandha Samvara Nirjara Mokṣa Death Saṃsāra Ratnatraya Kashaya Branches Digambara Mula Sangha Balatkara Gana Kashtha Sangha Taran Panth Bispanthi Terapanth Yapaniya Kanji Panth Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka Gaccha Kharatara Tapa Tristutik Sthānakavāsī Terapanth Practices Sallekhana Meditation Sāmāyika Monasticism Vegetarianism Fasting Rituals Festivals Paryushana Kshamavani Mahamastakabhisheka Upadhan Tapas Pratikramana Literature Agama Shatkhandagama Kasayapahuda Mantra Namokar Mantra Bhaktamara Stotra Tattvartha Sutra Samayasāra Aptamimamsa Kalpa Sūtra Symbols Jain flag Siddhachakra Ashtamangala Shrivatsa Nandavarta Auspicious dreams Swastika Ascetics Digambara monk Aryika Kshullak Pattavali Acharya Scholars Nalini Balbir Colette Caillat Chandabai John E. 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Schwartz Related Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegetarian and vegan symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahimsa_in_Jainism&oldid=817873854 '' Categories : Jain philosophy Jain ethics Hidden categories : Good articles Use Indian English from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी 日本語 தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the most important concept in jainism is non-violence called	[ "Ahimsā (Ahiṃsā) in Jainism is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its ethics and doctrine. The term ahimsa means nonviolence, non-injury or absence of desire to harm any life forms. Vegetarianism and other nonviolent practices and rituals of Jains flow from the principle of ahimsa. The Jain concept of ahimsa is very different from the concept of nonviolence found in other philosophies. Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others. But according to the Jain philosophy, violence refers primarily to injuring one's own self – behaviour which inhibits the soul's own ability to attain moksha (liberation from the cycle of births and deaths).[1] At the same time it also means violence to others because it is this tendency to harm others that ultimately harms one's own soul. Furthermore, the Jains extend the concept of ahimsa not only to humans but to all animals, plants, micro-organisms and all beings having life or life potential. All life is sacred and everything has a right to live fearlessly to its maximum potential. Living beings need not fear those who have taken the vow of ahimsa. According to Jainism, protection of life, also known as abhayadānam, is the supreme charity that a person can make.[2]" ]	[ "Ahimsā" ]
4622366922522607207	Mexican Cession	Mexican Cession - wikipedia Mexican Cession Jump to : navigation , search Area Mexico ceded to the United States in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The Mexican Cession consisted of present - day U.S. states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Mexican Cession of 1848 is a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 . It had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas , though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of Texas . The Mexican Cession ( 529,000 sq. miles ) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history . The largest was the Louisiana Purchase , with some 827,000 sq. miles , followed by the acquisition of Alaska ( about 586,000 sq. miles ) . Most of the area had been the Mexican territory of Alta California , while a southeastern strip on the Rio Grande had been part of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico , most of whose area and population were east of the Rio Grande on land that had been claimed by the Republic of Texas since 1835 , but never controlled or even approached aside from the Texan Santa Fe Expedition . Mexico controlled the territory later known as the Mexican Cession , with considerable local autonomy punctuated by several revolts and few troops sent from central Mexico , in the period from 1821 -- 22 after independence from Spain up through 1846 when U.S. military forces seized control of California and New Mexico on the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War . The northern boundary of the 42nd parallel north was set by the Adams -- Onís Treaty signed by the United States and Spain in 1821 and ratified by Mexico in 1831 . The eastern boundary of the Mexican Cession was the Texas claim at the Rio Grande and extending north from the headwaters of the Jojo Rivera , not corresponding to Mexican territorial boundaries . The southern boundary was set by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which followed the Mexican boundaries between Alta California ( to the north ) and Baja California and Sonora ( to the south ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 War and treaty 2 Subsequent organization and the North - South conflict 3 Gadsden Purchase 4 See also 5 References 6 External links War and Treaty ( edit ) A map of Mexico , 1835 - 1846 with separatist movements highlighted . Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico were captured soon after the start of the war and the last resistance there was subdued in January 1847 , but Mexico would not accept the loss of territory . Therefore , during 1847 , troops from the United States invaded central Mexico and occupied the Mexican capital of Mexico City , but still no Mexican government was willing to ratify transfer of the northern territories to the U.S. It was uncertain whether any treaty could be reached . There was even an All of Mexico Movement proposing complete annexation of Mexico among Eastern Democrats , but opposed by Southerners like John C. Calhoun who wanted additional territory for their crops but not the large population of central Mexico . Eventually Nicholas Trist forced the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , explicitly redefining the border between Mexico and the United States in early 1848 after President Polk had already attempted to recall him from Mexico as a failure . Although Mexico did not overtly cede any land under the treaty , the redefined border had the effect of transferring Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico to the control of the United States . Equally important , the new border also acknowledged Mexico 's loss of Texas , both the core eastern portion and the western claims , neither of which had been formally recognized by Mexico until that time . The U.S. Senate approved the treaty , rejecting amendments from both Jefferson Davis to also annex most of northeastern Mexico and Daniel Webster not to take even Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico . The United States also paid $15,000,000 ( $482 million in 2016 dollars ) for the land , and agreed to assume $3.25 million in debts to US citizens . While technically the territory was purchased by the United States , the $15 million payment was simply credited against Mexico 's debt to the U.S. at that time . The Mexican Cession as ordinarily understood ( i.e. excluding lands claimed by Texas ) amounted to 525,000 square miles ( 1,400,000 km ) , or 14.9 % of the total area of the current United States . If the disputed western Texas claims are also included , that amounts to a total of 750,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km ) . If all of Texas had been seized , since Mexico had not previously acknowledged the loss of any part of Texas , the total area ceded under this treaty comes to 915,000 square miles ( 2,400,000 km ) . Considering the seizures , including all of Texas , Mexico lost 54 % of its pre-1836 territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . For only fifteen years from 1821 ( when Mexican independence was secured ) and the Texan Revolt in 1836 , the Mexican Cession ( excluding Texas ) formed approximately 42 % of the country of Mexico ; prior to that , it had been a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain for some three centuries . Beginning in the early seventeenth century , a chain of Roman Catholic missions and settlements extended into the New Mexico region , mostly following the course of the Rio Grande from the El Paso area to Santa Fe . Subsequent organization and the north - south conflict ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Soon after the war started and long before negotiation of the new US - Mexico border , the question of slavery in the territories to be acquired polarized the Northern and Southern United States in the bitterest sectional conflict up to this time , which lasted for a deadlock of four years during which the Second Party System broke up , Mormon pioneers settled Utah , the California Gold Rush settled California , and New Mexico under a federal military U.S government turned back Texas 's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande . Eventually the Compromise of 1850 preserved the Union , but only for another decade . Proposals included : The Wilmot Proviso , which was created by Republican Party Senator David Wilmot , banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico , not including Texas which had been annexed the previous year . Passed by the United States House of Representatives in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate . Later an effort to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed . Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas extending the Missouri Compromise line ( 36 ° 30 ' parallel north ) west to the Pacific , allowing slavery in most of present - day New Mexico and Arizona , Las Vegas , Nevada , and Southern California , as well as any other territories that might be acquired from Mexico . The line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850 . Popular sovereignty , developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the eventual Democratic Party position , letting each territory decide whether to allow slavery . William L. Yancey 's `` Alabama Platform , '' endorsed by the Alabama and Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia , called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories either by the federal government or by territorial governments before statehood , opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty , and federal legislation overruling Mexican anti-slavery laws . General Zachary Taylor , who became the Whig candidate in 1848 and then President from March 1849 to July 1850 , proposed after becoming President that the entire area become two free states , called California and New Mexico but much larger than the eventual ones . None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory , avoiding the question of slavery in the territories . The Mormons ' proposal for a State of Deseret seizing areas from portions of the Mexican Cession but excluding the largest populations in Northern California and central New Mexico was considered unlikely to succeed in Congress , but nevertheless in 1849 President Taylor sent his agent John Wilson westward with a proposal to combine California and Deseret as a single state , decreasing the number of new free states and the erosion of Southern parity in the Senate , while legitimizing The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850 : Texas 's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and 34th parallel north . Senator John Bell ( with assent of Texas ) in February 1850 : New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north ( including today 's Texas Panhandle ) , and the area to the south ( including the southeastern part of today 's New Mexico ) would be divided at the Colorado River ( Texas ) into two slave states , balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states . First draft of the compromise of 1850 : Texas 's northwestern boundary would be a straight diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of El Paso to the Red River of the South at the 100th meridian west ( the southwestern corner of today 's Oklahoma ) . The Compromise of 1850 , proposed by Henry Clay in January 1850 , guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition , and enacted September 1850 , admitted California as a free state including Southern California and organized Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty . Texas dropped its claim to the disputed northwestern areas in return for debt relief , and the areas were divided between the two new territories and unorganized territory . El Paso where Texas had successfully established county government was left in Texas . No southern territory dominated by Southerners ( like the later short - lived Confederate Territory of Arizona ) was created . Also , the slave trade was abolished in Washington , D.C. ( but not slavery itself ) , and the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened . Gadsden Purchase ( edit ) It quickly became apparent that the Mexican Cession did not include a feasible route for a transcontinental railroad connecting to a southern port . The topography of the New Mexico Territory included mountains that naturally directed any railroad extending from the southern Pacific coast northward , to Kansas City , St. Louis , or Chicago . Southerners , anxious for the business such a railroad would bring ( and hoping to establish a slave - state beachhead on the Pacific coast ) , agitated for the acquisition of railroad - friendly land at the expense of Mexico , thus bringing about the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 . See also ( edit ) The Zimmermann Telegram , which partly offered Imperial German assistance to Mexico in returning a sizable portion of the Mexican Cession 's southern territory , as well as the U.S. state of Texas to Mexico in 1917 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Lockhart Rives . The United States and Mexico , 1821 - 1848 . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Articles XII - XV Jump up ^ Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781 - 1867 Archived September 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ google.com/books Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association , January 1904 Jump up ^ Richards , The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War , p. 126 ( 2007 ) . External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington ( hide ) Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Cession&oldid=797793384 '' Categories : Treaties of the Mexican -- American War 1848 treaties History of United States expansionism Mexican -- American War 1848 in Mexico 1848 in the United States 1848 in California Treaties involving territorial changes Territorial evolution of Mexico Territorial evolution of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latina 日本語 Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 06 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the mexican cession added to the united states	[ "The Mexican Cession of 1848 is a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. It had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of Texas. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana Purchase, with some 827,000 sq. miles, followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about 586,000 sq. miles)." ]	[ "1848" ]
2772629464963451055	H-alpha	H - alpha - wikipedia H - alpha H - alpha Emission : In the simplified Rutherford Bohr model of the hydrogen atom , the Balmer lines result from an electron jump between the second energy level closest to the nucleus , and those levels more distant . The 3 → 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 3 \ rightarrow 2 ) transition depicted here produces an H - alpha photon , and the first line of the Balmer series . For hydrogen ( Z = 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = 1 ) ) this transition results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm ( red ) . H - alpha ( Hα ) is a specific deep - red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air ; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level . H - alpha light is important to astronomers as it is emitted by many emission nebulae and can be used to observe features in the Sun 's atmosphere , including solar prominences and the chromosphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Balmer series 2 Filter 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Balmer series ( edit ) According to the Bohr model of the atom , electrons exist in quantized energy levels surrounding the atom 's nucleus . These energy levels are described by the principal quantum number n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... Electrons may only exist in these states , and may only transit between these states . The set of transitions from n ≥ 3 to n = 2 is called the Balmer series and its members are named sequentially by Greek letters : n = 3 to n = 2 is called Balmer - alpha or H - alpha , n = 4 to n = 2 is called Balmer - beta or H - beta , n = 5 to n = 2 is called Balmer - gamma or H - gamma , etc . For the Lyman series the naming convention is : n = 2 to n = 1 is called Lyman - alpha , n = 3 to n = 1 is called Lyman - beta , etc . H - alpha has a wavelength of 656.281 nm , is visible in the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum , and is the easiest way for astronomers to trace the ionized hydrogen content of gas clouds . Since it takes nearly as much energy to excite the hydrogen atom 's electron from n = 1 to n = 3 ( 12.1 eV , via the Rydberg formula ) as it does to ionize the hydrogen atom ( 13.6 eV ) , ionization is far more probable than excitation to the n = 3 level . After ionization , the electron and proton recombine to form a new hydrogen atom . In the new atom , the electron may begin in any energy level , and subsequently cascades to the ground state ( n = 1 ) , emitting photons with each transition . Approximately half the time , this cascade will include the n = 3 to n = 2 transition and the atom will emit H - alpha light . Therefore , the H - alpha line occurs where hydrogen is being ionized . The H - alpha line saturates ( self - absorbs ) relatively easily because hydrogen is the primary component of nebulae , so while it can indicate the shape and extent of the cloud , it can not be used to accurately determine the cloud 's mass . Instead , molecules such as carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , formaldehyde , ammonia , or acetonitrile are typically used to determine the mass of a cloud . The four visible hydrogen emission spectrum lines in the Balmer series . The red line at far - right is H - alpha Filter ( edit ) The Sun observed through a telescope with an H - alpha filter The electron cloud of hydrogen as it transitions from the third to the second energy level , releasing the 656 nm photon of the H - alpha band , represented by the burst of flashes . Milky Way view by Wisconsin H - Alpha Mapper survey Amateur image of NGC 6888 using H - alpha ( 3nm ) filter . A hydrogen - alpha filter is an optical filter designed to transmit a narrow bandwidth of light generally centred on the H - alpha wavelength . They are characterized by a bandpass width that measures the width of the wavelength band that is transmitted . These filters can be dichroic filters manufactured by multiple ( ~ 50 ) vacuum - deposited layers . These layers are selected to produce interference effects that filter out any wavelengths except at the requisite band . Taken in isolation , H - alpha dichroic filters are useful in astrophotography and for reducing the effects of light pollution . They do not have narrow enough bandwidth for observing the sun 's atmosphere . For observing the sun , a much narrower band filter can be made from three parts : an `` energy rejection filter '' which is usually a piece of red glass that absorbs most of the unwanted wavelengths , a Fabry -- Pérot etalon which transmits several wavelengths including one centred on the H - alpha emission line , and a `` blocking filter '' - a dichroic filter which transmits the H - alpha line while stopping those other wavelengths that passed through the etalon . This combination will pass only a narrow ( < 0.1 nm ) range of wavelengths of light centred on the H - alpha emission line . The physics of the etalon and the dichroic interference filters are essentially the same ( relying on constructive / destructive interference of light reflecting between surfaces ) , but the implementation is different ( a dichroic interference filter relies on the interference of internal reflections while the etalon has a relatively large air gap ) . Due to the high velocities sometimes associated with features visible in H - alpha light ( such as fast moving prominences and ejections ) , solar H - alpha etalons can often be tuned ( by tilting or changing the temperature ) to cope with the associated Doppler effect . Commercially available H - alpha filters for amateur solar observing usually state bandwidths in Angstrom units and are typically 0.7 Å ( 0.07 nm ) . By using a second etalon , this can be reduced to 0.5 Å leading to improved contrast in details observed on the sun 's disc . An even more narrow band filter can be made using a Lyot filter . See also ( edit ) Hydrogen spectral series Rydberg formula Spectrohelioscope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A.N. Cox , editor ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Filters '' . Astro-Tom.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ D.B. Murphy ; K.R. Spring ; M.J. Parry - Hill ; I.D. Johnson ; M.W. Davidson . `` Interference Filters '' . Olympus . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Description of etalon filter by Colin Kaminski The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H-alpha&oldid=841813124 '' Categories : Atomic physics Astronomical spectroscopy Hydrogen physics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Norsk Polski Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 07 : 04 . About Wikipedia	when is h alpha line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained	[ "H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is important to astronomers as it is emitted by many emission nebulae and can be used to observe features in the Sun's atmosphere, including solar prominences and the chromosphere." ]	[ "when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level" ]
-7341512273280333608	I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter	I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter - wikipedia I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' Song by Fats Waller Released 1935 Recorded May 8 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 08 ) Genre popular Label RCA Victor Composer ( s ) Fred E. Ahlert Lyricist ( s ) Joe Young `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' is a 1935 popular song with music by Fred E. Ahlert and lyrics by Joe Young . It has been recorded many times , and has become a standard of the Great American Songbook . It was popularized by Fats Waller , who recorded it in 1935 at the height of his fame . It is one of several songs from the Harlem Renaissance featured in the Broadway musical Ai n't Misbehavin ' . American Public Media 's business - news program , Marketplace , uses a portion of Fats Waller 's version to open its weekly letters - from - listeners segment . Recordings ( edit ) The song had a major revival in 1957 in a Coral recording ( on April 3 ) by Billy Williams with orchestra directed by Dick Jacobs . It reached # 3 on the Billboard magazine charts . A reported million - seller , it was awarded a Gold record . The song was recorded by Frank Sinatra for his 1954 album Swing Easy , by Bing Crosby for his 1957 LP Bing with a Beat and again by Sinatra in 1962 for his collaborative album with Count Basie , Sinatra -- Basie : An Historic Musical First . Among other versions are recordings by The Boswell Sisters , Connee Boswell , Nat `` King '' Cole , Scatman Crothers , Gregory Isaacs , Barry Manilow , Dean Martin , Anne Murray , Willie Nelson , Linda Scott , Shakin ' Stevens and Sarah Vaughan . Charlie Gracie ( mostly known for his 1957 # 1 hit `` Butterfly '' on Cameo Record label # 105 -- 45rpm ) recorded `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( Cadillac Record label # 141 -- 45 rpm ) . The flip side of the record was a song written by Gracie , `` Boogie Woogie Blues '' . Gracie 's version was released in 1953 . Bill Haley & His Comets recorded a rock and roll version of the song in 1957 . Fabian recorded his version of the song in 1960 on Chancellor Records . In 1973 Cleo Laine included the song as her opening song on the album I Am a Song and sang on stage during her subsequent tour . New Jersey entertainer Uncle Floyd ( aka Floyd Vivino ) has covered this song in his live performances as well as recording it . Madeleine Peyroux also covered this song on her debut album Dreamland ( 1996 ) . Tony Danza released a version in 2002 . In 2012 Paul McCartney covered it on his album of standards , Kisses on the Bottom and chose one of its lines as the title . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down And Write Myself A Letter Lyrics '' . MetroLyrics > Paul McCartney Lyrics . MetroLyrics . Archived from the original on 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Songwriters AHLERT , FRED E. / YOUNG , JOE Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 436 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Books . p. 679 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs . London : Barrie and Jenkins . p. 97 . ISBN 0214205126 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Wax : Awards Go to 4 Coral Top Artists '' . Billboard . October 28 , 1957 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . The Boswell Sisters Martha Boswell Connee Boswell Helvetia Boswell Singles `` I Found a Million Dollar Baby '' `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' `` Dinah '' `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` St. Louis Blues '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' Book : The Boswell Sisters Connee Boswell Singles `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Moon Over Miami '' `` Basin Street Blues '' `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' `` You Were Meant for Me '' `` Singin ' the Blues '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' `` If I Give My Heart to You '' Related topics The Boswell Sisters Book : Connee Boswell Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Gonna_Sit_Right_Down_and_Write_Myself_a_Letter&oldid=826780142 '' Categories : 1935 songs 1957 singles Songs with lyrics by Joe Young ( lyricist ) Songs with music by Fred E. Ahlert Bill Haley songs Charlie Gracie songs Willie Nelson songs Linda Scott songs Paul McCartney songs Talk About Wikipedia 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 23 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote i'm going to sit right down and write myself a letter	[ "\n\n\"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter\"\n\n\nSong by Fats Waller\n\n\nReleased\n1935\n\n\nRecorded\nMay 8, 1935 (1935-05-08)\n\n\nGenre\npopular\n\n\nLabel\nRCA Victor\n\n\nComposer(s)\nFred E. Ahlert\n\n\nLyricist(s)\nJoe Young\n\n", "\n\n\"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter\"\n\n\nSong by Fats Waller\n\n\nReleased\n1935\n\n\nRecorded\nMay 8, 1935 (1935-05-08)\n\n\nGenre\npopular\n\n\nLabel\nRCA Victor\n\n\nComposer(s)\nFred E. Ahlert\n\n\nLyricist(s)\nJoe Young\n\n" ]	[ "Fred E. Ahlert", "Joe Young" ]
1110126552841458711	Definitely, Maybe	Definitely , Maybe - wikipedia Definitely , Maybe For other uses , see Definitely Maybe ( disambiguation ) . Definitely , Maybe Theatrical release poster Directed by Adam Brooks Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Written by Adam Brooks Starring Ryan Reynolds Isla Fisher Derek Luke Abigail Breslin Elizabeth Banks Rachel Weisz Music by Clint Mansell Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by Peter Teschner Production companies StudioCanal Working Title Films Distributed by Universal Studios Release date February 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) Running time 111 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $7 million Box office $55.4 million Definitely , Maybe is a 2008 romantic comedy - drama film written and directed by Adam Brooks , and starring Ryan Reynolds , Isla Fisher , Rachel Weisz , Elizabeth Banks , Abigail Breslin , and Kevin Kline . Set in New York City during the 1990s , the film is about a political consultant who tries to help his eleven - year - old daughter understand his impending divorce by telling her the story of his past romantic relationships and how he ended up marrying her mother . The film grossed $55 million worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) 38 - year - old father Will Hayes is in the midst of a divorce . After her first sex - ed class , his 10 - year - old daughter Maya insists on hearing the story of how her parents met . Will reluctantly gives in , but decides to change the names and some of the facts relating to the various love affairs of his youth , thereby creating a love mystery ; Maya is left guessing which of the women will turn out to be her mother . The story he tells Maya is depicted in flashbacks . From time to time the film switches back to the present , where Maya comments ( often critically ) and asks questions . The story begins in 1992 when Will , an idealistic political operative , moves away from Wisconsin and his college sweetheart , Emily , to New York City , where he works on the Clinton campaign . Over the years , Will becomes involved with three women who enter his life , including Summer Hartley , an aspiring journalist , and April , the copy girl for the campaign . Will and April have a chance meeting outside work , where Will reveals he is going to propose to Emily . When Will practices his proposal to Emily on April , she is taken aback by Will 's wholehearted words and replies , `` Definitely , maybe . '' They go back to her apartment , where April has multiple copies of Jane Eyre in her collection , explaining that her father gave her a copy with an inscription in the front shortly before he died , and the book was later lost . She has spent years looking through copies of Jane Eyre at secondhand stores hoping to find the copy her father gave her , but she buys any copy she finds that has an inscription . They kiss , but Will abruptly stops and leaves . Emily comes back to New York where she confesses , just after Will proposes , that she slept with his roommate . She did it on purpose to break up with Will , saying that she is `` letting him go '' because she does not share his passionate ambitions . After Clinton is elected , Will opens a campaigning business with most of his work colleagues , which enjoys a good amount of success . Before Will left Wisconsin , Emily asked Will to deliver a package to her former roommate , Summer Hartley , who is living in New York City . Will first meets Summer when he gives her the package , a diary that she wrote when she was a teenager ( which , among other things , tells of her brief affair with Emily ) . He finds she is going out with a famous writer who is old enough to be her father . The writer breaks up with Summer , and Will starts a relationship with her . April quits her job and leaves to travel around the world . When she returns , she plans to tell Will that she loves him , but discovers that he is planning to propose marriage to Summer . April half - heartedly congratulates him instead . Summer writes an offensive article about one of Will 's clients . Will can not forgive this conflict of interest , and he ends his relationship with Summer . As a result of the article , Will loses his business and his dream of a political career ends , with all of his friends abandoning him . April calls after a long absence and finds that Will has a new job , but is despondent and depressed , feelings further exacerbated when she reveals she has a new boyfriend named Kevin . She throws a birthday party for him , reuniting him with his old colleagues . Will gets drunk and confesses he loves April . When she tells him he should 've told her when he had his life together , he starts an argument with her when he implies that she is wasting her life working in a book store . Some time later , Will passes a used book store and finds the copy of Jane Eyre that April has been seeking with the note from her father . Will goes to April 's apartment to give her the book , but he decides against it when he meets Kevin , who is now living with her . Emily moves to New York City , and she and Will rekindle their relationship after a run - in at a party of Summer 's they both were attending . Maya correctly guesses that `` Emily '' is her mother . Maya states that it is unfortunate that the story has a sad ending , but Will explains that the story has a happy ending : Maya . Will decides to bring the copy of Jane Eyre to April . While catching up , it is revealed that they are now both single among other things . When giving April the book , Will apologizes for waiting so long to do so and a hurt April asks him to leave . Maya is happy to have figured out the story , but she realizes that her father will never love her mother romantically again because he still loves April . She figures this out from the way he talks about her in the story and that while he changes her mother 's name from Sarah to Emily and Natasha 's to Summer , he keeps April 's name the same . Maya makes Will have an epiphany , realizing that he is miserable without April and has loved her all along since the moment he met her . They go to April 's apartment and Will talks to her over the speaker . Just as Will and Maya begin to walk away ( since April stopped responding and did n't let Will in the building ) , April runs out and asks what story Maya was talking about . Will tells April that he kept Jane Eyre because it was the only thing he had left of her ( revealing in doing so that he still loves her ) . April hugs Will as she forgives him and then walks hand - in - hand with Maya into her building to hear the story . As Maya walks upstairs , April embraces Will ( subsequently revealing that she loves him too ) and they kiss . Cast ( edit ) Ryan Reynolds as William Matthew ' Will ' Hayes Isla Fisher as April Hoffman Derek Luke as Russell T. McCormack Abigail Breslin as Maya Hayes Elizabeth Banks as `` Emily Jones '' / Sarah Rachel Weisz as `` Summer Hartley '' / Natasha Kevin Kline as Professor Hampton Roth Adam Ferrara as Gareth Annie Parisse as Anne Liane Balaban as Kelly Nestor Serrano as Arthur Robredo Marc Bonan as Kevin Alexie Gilmore as Olivia Kevin Corrigan as Simon Music ( edit ) The film was scored by English composer Clint Mansell . Lakeshore Records released the score on March 18 , 2008 . All Music Guide reviewer William Ruhlmann praised the album as filled with `` sweet , melodic numbers that often seem to lack only a lyric to turn them into pop songs '' . He also stated that it functioned as `` light accompaniment to an equally light entertainment '' . Release ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film cleared its production budget of $7 million by grossing $9.8 million in 2,204 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 5 at the box office . As of September 28 , 2008 , the film has grossed $55,447,968 worldwide . The film was released on DVD June 24 , 2008 , with a widescreen transfer , deleted scenes , two short featurettes , and a commentary track by Reynolds and director Brooks . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 71 % of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 144 reviews ; the average rating is 6.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` With a clever script and charismatic leads , Definitely , Maybe is a refreshing entry into the romantic comedy genre . '' Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 59 out of 100 based on 30 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definitely , Maybe ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Definitely , Maybe : Movie Details at the-numbers.com Accessed 30 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Clint Mansell Definitely , Maybe ( Original Score ) '' . www.allmusic.com . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) - Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Definitely , Maybe -- Movie Reviews , Trailers , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official site Definitely , Maybe on IMDb Definitely , Maybe at Box Office Mojo Definitely , Maybe at Rotten Tomatoes Definitely , Maybe at Metacritic Films directed by Adam Brooks Almost You ( 1985 ) Red Riding Hood ( 1989 ) The Invisible Circus ( 2001 ) Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) Clint Mansell Soundtracks Pi Requiem for a Dream `` Lux Aeterna '' Sonny Doom The Fountain Smokin ' Aces The Wrestler Black Swan Mass Effect 3 Related Pop Will Eat Itself MIA / NYC Nonstop Film in the United States portal France portal United Kingdom portal Germany portal Comedy portal 2000s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Definitely,_Maybe&oldid=850736016 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s romantic comedy films German films German comedy - drama films German coming - of - age films German romantic comedy films British films British comedy - drama films British coming - of - age films British romantic comedy films American films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American romantic comedy films French films French comedy - drama films French coming - of - age films French romantic comedy films Films about families Films about marriage Films set in New York City Films set in 1992 Films set in 1994 Films set in 1996 Films set in 1997 Films set in 1998 StudioCanal films Working Title Films films Films scored by Clint Mansell Films directed by Adam Brooks Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 18 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does ryan reynolds marry in definitely maybe	[ "Emily moves to New York City, and she and Will rekindle their relationship after a run-in at a party of Summer's they both were attending. Maya correctly guesses that \"Emily\" is her mother. Maya states that it is unfortunate that the story has a sad ending, but Will explains that the story has a happy ending: Maya. \n" ]	[ "Emily" ]
5666621600911861093	Central tendency	Central tendency - wikipedia Central tendency Jump to : navigation , search For the graph / network concept , see Centrality . In statistics , a central tendency ( or measure of central tendency ) is a central or typical value for a probability distribution . It may also be called a center or location of the distribution . Colloquially , measures of central tendency are often called averages . The term central tendency dates from the late 1920s . The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean , the median and the mode . A central tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a theoretical distribution , such as the normal distribution . Occasionally authors use central tendency to denote `` the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value . '' The central tendency of a distribution is typically contrasted with its dispersion or variability ; dispersion and central tendency are the often characterized properties of distributions . Analysts may judge whether data has a strong or a weak central tendency based on its dispersion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measures 2 Solutions to variational problems 2.1 Uniqueness 3 Relationships between the mean , median and mode 4 See also 5 References Measures ( edit ) The following may be applied to one - dimensional data . Depending on the circumstances , it may be appropriate to transform the data before calculating a central tendency . Examples are squaring the values or taking logarithms . Whether a transformation is appropriate and what it should be , depend heavily on the data being analyzed . Arithmetic mean or simply , mean the sum of all measurements divided by the number of observations in the data set . Median the middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set . The median and the mode are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data , in which values are ranked relative to each other but are not measured absolutely . Mode the most frequent value in the data set . This is the only central tendency measure that can be used with nominal data , which have purely qualitative category assignments . Geometric mean the nth root of the product of the data values , where there are n of these . This measure is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale . Harmonic mean the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data values . This measure too is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale . Weighted arithmetic mean an arithmetic mean that incorporates weighting to certain data elements . Truncated mean or trimmed mean the arithmetic mean of data values after a certain number or proportion of the highest and lowest data values have been discarded . Interquartile mean a truncated mean based on data within the interquartile range . Midrange the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum values of a data set . Midhinge the arithmetic mean of the two quartiles . Trimean the weighted arithmetic mean of the median and two quartiles . Winsorized mean an arithmetic mean in which extreme values are replaced by values closer to the median . Any of the above may be applied to each dimension of multi-dimensional data , but the results may not be invariant to rotations of the multi-dimensional space . In addition , there are the Geometric median which minimizes the sum of distances to the data points . This is the same as the median when applied to one - dimensional data , but it is not the same as taking the median of each dimension independently . It is not invariant to different rescaling of the different dimensions . Quadratic mean ( often known as the root mean square ) useful in engineering , but not often used in statistics . This is because it is not a good indicator of the center of the distribution when the distribution includes negative values . Simplicial depth the probability that a randomly chosen simplex with vertices from the given distribution will contain the given center Tukey median a point with the property that every halfspace containing it also contains many sample points Solutions to variational problems ( edit ) Several measures of central tendency can be characterized as solving a variational problem , in the sense of the calculus of variations , namely minimizing variation from the center . That is , given a measure of statistical dispersion , one asks for a measure of central tendency that minimizes variation : such that variation from the center is minimal among all choices of center . In a quip , `` dispersion precedes location '' . This center may or may not be unique . In the sense of L spaces , the correspondence is : L dispersion central tendency variation ratio mode average absolute deviation median standard deviation mean maximum deviation midrange The associated functions are called p - norms : respectively 0 - `` norm '' , 1 - norm , 2 - norm , and ∞ - norm . The function corresponding to the L space is not a norm , and is thus often referred to in quotes : 0 - `` norm '' . In equations , for a given ( finite ) data set X , thought of as a vector x = ( x 1 , ... , x n ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) = ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , x_ ( n ) ) ) , the dispersion about a point c is the `` distance '' from x to the constant vector c = ( c , ... , c ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( c ) = ( c , \ ldots , c ) ) in the p - norm ( normalized by the number of points n ) : f p ( c ) = ‖ x − c ‖ p : = ( 1 n ∑ i = 1 n x i − c p ) 1 / p . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( p ) ( c ) = \ left \ \ mathbf ( x ) - \ mathbf ( c ) \ right \ _ ( p ) : = ( \ bigg ( ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left x_ ( i ) - c \ right ^ ( p ) ( \ bigg ) ) ^ ( 1 / p ) . ) Note that for p = 0 ( \ displaystyle p = 0 ) and p = ∞ ( \ displaystyle p = \ infty ) these functions are defined by taking limits , respectively as p → 0 ( \ displaystyle p \ to 0 ) and p → ∞ ( \ displaystyle p \ to \ infty ) . For p = 0 ( \ displaystyle p = 0 ) the limiting values are 0 0 = 0 ( \ displaystyle 0 ^ ( 0 ) = 0 ) and a 0 = 1 ( \ displaystyle a ^ ( 0 ) = 1 ) for a ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle a \ neq 0 ) , so the difference becomes simply equality , so the 0 - norm counts the number of unequal points . For p = ∞ ( \ displaystyle p = \ infty ) the largest number dominates , and thus the ∞ - norm is the maximum difference . Uniqueness ( edit ) The mean ( L center ) and midrange ( L center ) are unique ( when they exist ) , while the median ( L center ) and mode ( L center ) are not in general unique . This can be understood in terms of convexity of the associated functions ( coercive functions ) . The 2 - norm and ∞ - norm are strictly convex , and thus ( by convex optimization ) the minimizer is unique ( if it exists ) , and exists for bounded distributions . Thus standard deviation about the mean is lower than standard deviation about any other point , and the maximum deviation about the midrange is lower than the maximum deviation about any other point . The 1 - norm is not strictly convex , whereas strict convexity is needed to ensure uniqueness of the minimizer . Correspondingly , the median ( in this sense of minimizing ) is not in general unique , and in fact any point between the two central points of a discrete distribution minimizes average absolute deviation . The 0 - `` norm '' is not convex ( hence not a norm ) . Correspondingly , the mode is not unique -- for example , in a uniform distribution any point is the mode . Relationships between the mean , median and mode ( edit ) Main article : Nonparametric skew § Relationships between the mean , median and mode For unimodal distributions the following bounds are known and are sharp : θ − μ σ ≤ 3 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ theta - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ leq ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) , ) ν − μ σ ≤ 0.6 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ nu - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ leq ( \ sqrt ( 0.6 ) ) , ) θ − ν σ ≤ 3 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ theta - \ nu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ leq ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) , ) where μ is the mean , ν is the median , θ is the mode , and σ is the standard deviation . For every distribution , ν − μ σ ≤ 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ nu - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ leq 1 . ) See also ( edit ) Expected value Location parameter References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weisberg H.F ( 1992 ) Central Tendency and Variability , Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences , ISBN 0 - 8039 - 4007 - 6 p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Upton , G. ; Cook , I. ( 2008 ) Oxford Dictionary of Statistics , OUP ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954145 - 4 ( entry for `` central tendency '' ) Jump up ^ Dodge , Y. ( 2003 ) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP for International Statistical Institute . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 ( entry for `` central tendency '' ) Jump up ^ Johnson NL , Rogers CA ( 1951 ) `` The moment problem for unimodal distributions '' . Annals of Mathematical Statistics , 22 ( 3 ) 433 -- 439 Jump up ^ Hotelling H , Solomons LM ( 1932 ) The limits of a measure of skewness . Annals Math Stat 3 , 141 -- 114 Jump up ^ Garver ( 1932 ) Concerning the limits of a mesuare of skewness . Ann Math Stats 3 ( 4 ) 141 -- 142 ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index ( hide ) Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao -- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z - test ( normal ) Student 's t - test F - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared G - test Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA , anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - series General Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey -- Fuller Johansen Q - statistic ( Ljung -- Box ) Durbin -- Watson Breusch -- Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation ( ACF ) partial ( PACF ) Cross-correlation ( XCF ) ARMA model ARIMA model ( Box -- Jenkins ) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) Vector autoregression ( VAR ) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Wavelet Survival Survival function Kaplan -- Meier estimator ( product limit ) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time ( AFT ) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson -- Aalen estimator Test Log - rank test Applications Biostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_tendency&oldid=826381045 '' Categories : Summary statistics Probability theory Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Basa Sunda Suomi తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	mean mode and median are measures of what	[ "The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median and the mode. A central tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a theoretical distribution, such as the normal distribution. Occasionally authors use central tendency to denote \"the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value.\"[2][3]" ]	[ "central tendency" ]
2087776864332031910	Supreme Court of India	Supreme Court of India - Wikipedia Supreme Court of India Jump to : navigation , search Supreme Court of India Seal of the Supreme Court Established 1 October 1937 ( 80 years ago ) ( 1937 - 10 - 01 ) ( Federal Court of India ) ( former ) 26 January 1950 ( 67 years ago ) ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) ( present ) Country India Location Tilak Marg , New Delhi , India , 110001 Coordinates 28 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 23 '' E / 28.622237 ° N 77.239584 ° E / 28.622237 ; 77.239584 Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 23 '' E / 28.622237 ° N 77.239584 ° E / 28.622237 ; 77.239584 Motto यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ॥ ( Yato dharmas tato jayah ) Whence law ( dharma ) , thence victory . ( Sanskrit ) Composition method Collegium System Authorized by Constitution of India Judge term length 65 years of age No. of positions Sanctioned strength = 31 ( 30 + 1 ) Actual present strength = 25 ( 24 + 1 ) Website www.sci.gov.in Chief Justice of India Currently Justice Dipak Misra The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court , with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 25 sanctioned other judges , it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . As the final court of appeal of the country , it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the High Courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals . It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country . As an advisory court , it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the Constitution by the President of India . It also may take cognisance of matters on its own ( or ' suo moto ' ) , without anyone drawing its attention to them . The law declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding on all courts within India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Court building architecture 2.1 Mother and Child Sculpture 2.2 Seal 3 Constitution of the court 3.1 Registry 3.2 Supreme Court advocates 4 Composition 4.1 Size of the court 4.2 Eligibility 4.3 Court demographics 5 Judicial independence 5.1 Appointments and the Collegium 5.2 Tenure 5.3 Salary 5.4 Removal 5.5 Post-retirement 5.6 Review petition 5.7 Powers to punish for contempt 6 Rules 7 Reporting and citation 8 Facilities on the campus 9 Landmark judgments 9.1 Land reform 9.2 Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 9.3 Post-1980 : an assertive court 9.4 Recent important cases 9.4. 1 2G spectrum scam 9.4. 2 Black money 9.4. 3 Minority reservations 9.4. 4 Online / postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad ( NRIs ) 9.4. 5 Recognition of transgender as ' third gender ' in law 9.5 Relief to over 35,000 public servants 10 Criticism 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) In 1861 the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create High Courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta , Madras and Bombay and also the Sadar Adalats in Presidency towns which had acted as the highest court in their respective regions . These new High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935 . The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the High Courts . The first CJI of India was Shri . H.J. Kania . The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950 . It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system . Supreme Court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950 . The first Chief Justice of India was Sir HJ Kania . In 1958 , the Supreme Court moved to its present premises . Originally , Constitution of India envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and seven Judges ; leaving it to Parliament to increase this number . In formative years , the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days in a month . Court building architecture ( edit ) Central Wing of the Court where the Chief Justice 's courtroom is located The building is shaped to symbolize scales of justice with its centre - beam being the Central Wing of the building comprising the Chief Justice 's court , the largest of the courtrooms , with two court halls on either side . The Right Wing of the structure has the bar -- room , the offices of the Attorney General of India and other law officers and the library of the court . The Left Wing has the offices of the court . In all , there are 15 courtrooms in the various wings of the building . Left side of the Supreme Court building The foundation stone of the supreme court 's building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India . The main block of the building has been built on a triangular plot of 17 acres and has been designed in an Indo - British style by the chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar , the first Indian to head the Central Public Works Department . The Court moved into the building in 1958 . In 1979 , two new wings -- the East Wing and the West Wing -- were added to the complex . 1994 saw the last extension . Mother and child sculpture ( edit ) On 30 february 1980 , a black bronze sculpture of 210 - centimeter height was installed in the lawn of the Supreme Court . It portrays Mother India in the form of the figure of a lady , sheltering the young Republic of India represented by the symbol of a child , who is upholding the laws of land symbolically shown in the form of an open book . On the book , a balance beam is shown , which represents dispensation of equal justice to all . The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar . The sculpture is just behind the idol of Mahatma Gandhi . Seal ( edit ) The design of the Court 's seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Asoka with 24 spokes . The inscription in Sanskrit `` yatodharmastato jayah '' ( यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ) means `` whence law ( dharma ) , thence victory '' . It is also referred to -- as the wheel of righteousness , encompassing truth , goodness and equity . Constitution of the Court ( edit ) Supreme Court building with the sculpture in the foreground Registry ( edit ) The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the Secretary - General who is assisted by 8 registrars , several additional and deputy registrars , etc. , with 1770 employees in all ( 221 gazetted officers , 805 non-gazetted and 744 Class IV employees ) Article 146 of the Constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court registry . Supreme Court advocates ( edit ) Main article : Advocates - on - Record Supreme Court Rules , 2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court , called ' Advocates - on - Record ' to appear , act and plead for a party in the court . Those advocates who are designated as ' Senior Advocates ' by the Supreme Court or any of the High Courts can appear for clients along with an Advocate - on - Record . Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an Advocate - on - Record . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) As originally enacted , the Constitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 7 judges . In the early years , a full bench of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them . As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate , Parliament increased the number of judges from the original 8 in 1950 to 10 in 1956 , 13 in 1960 , 17 in 1977 , 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 ( current strength ) . As the number of the judges has increased , they sit in smaller benches of two or three ( referred to as a division bench ) -- coming together in larger benches of five or more ( referred to as a constitution bench ) when required to settle fundamental questions of law . A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench , should the need arise . Eligibility ( edit ) A citizen of India who has been a judge of one high court or more ( continuously ) , for at least five years , or an advocate there , for at least ten years , or a distinguished jurist , in the opinion of the president , is eligible to be recommended for appointment , a judge of the supreme court . Court demographics ( edit ) I am proud to be an Indian . India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1 , 67,000 , like myself , can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India . These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries . Former Chief Justice of India , S.H. Kapadia In practice , judges of the supreme court have been selected so far , mostly from amongst judges of the high courts . Barely six -- Justices S.M. Sikri , S. Chandra Roy , Kuldip Singh , Santosh Hegde , R.F. Nariman , U.U. Lalit and L. Nageshwara Rao have been appointed to the supreme court directly from the bar ( i.e. who were practising advocates ) . The supreme court saw its first woman judge when Justice M. Fathima Beevi was sworn into office in 1989 . The sixth and the most recent woman judge in the court is Justice R. Banumathi . In 1968 , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah became the first Muslim Chief Justice of India . In 2000 , Justice K.G. Balakrishnan became the first judge from the dalit community . In 2007 he also became the first dalit Chief Justice of India . In 2010 , Justice S.H. Kapadia coming from a Parsi minority community became the Chief Justice of India . In 2017 , Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India . Judicial independence ( edit ) The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges in various ways . Appointments and the collegium ( edit ) As per the Constitution , as held by the court in the Three Judges ' Cases -- ( 1982 , 1993 , 1998 ) , a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President of India on the recommendation of the collegium -- a closed group of the Chief Justice of India , the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee . This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed , for the appointments . Judges used to be appointed by the President on the advice of the Union Cabinet . After 1993 ( the Second Judges ' Case ) , no minister , or even the executive collectively , can suggest any names to the President , who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the collegium of the judiciary . Simultaneously , as held in that judgment , the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name . However , according to some , the executive has not been diligent in using this power to reject the names of bad candidates recommended by the judiciary . The collegium system has come under a fair amount of criticism . In 2015 , the Parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a National Judicial Appointments Commission ( NJAC ) . This was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court , in the Fourth Judges ' Case , as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary . Putting the old system of the collegium back , the court invited suggestions , even from the general public , on how to improve the collegium system , broadly along the lines of -- setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments , a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates , infusing more transparency into the selection process , grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories , like transfer of judges . This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the Memorandum of Procedure incorporating the above . Once , in 2009 , the recommendation for the appointment of a judge of a high court made by the collegium of that court , had come to be challenged in the supreme court . The court held that who could become a judge was a matter of fact , and any person had a right to question it . But who should become a judge was a matter of opinion and could not be questioned . As long as an effective consultation took place within a collegium in arriving at that opinion , the content or material placed before it to form the opinion could not be called for scrutiny in court . Tenure ( edit ) Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 65 . However , there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India . Salary ( edit ) Article 125 of the Indian Constitution leaves it to the Indian Parliament to determine the salary , other allowances , leave of absence , pension , etc. of the Supreme Court judges . However , the Parliament can not alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge 's disadvantage after his / her appointment . A judge gets ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,400 ) per month , the Chief Justice earns an additional ₹ 100,000 ( US $1,600 ) . Removal ( edit ) A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of India , after a notice signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha ( Council of the States ) is passed by a two - third majority in each House of the Parliament . Post-retirement ( edit ) A Person who has retired as a Judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practicing in any court of law or before any other authority in India . Review petition ( edit ) Further information : Review petition Article 137 of the Constitution of India lays down provision for the power of the Supreme Court to review its own judgements . As per this Article , subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under Article 145 , the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it . Under Order XL of the Supreme Court Rules , that have been framed under its powers under Article 145 of the Constitution , the Supreme Court may review its judgment or order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds mentioned in Order XLVII , Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure . Powers to punish for contempt ( edit ) Under Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution the Supreme Court has been vested with power to punish anyone for contempt of any court in India including itself . The Supreme Court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting Minister of the state of Maharashtra , Swaroop Singh Naik , to be jailed for 1 - month on a charge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006 . This was the first time that a serving Minister was ever jailed . Rules ( edit ) The Constitution of India under Article 145 empowers the Supreme Court to frame its own rules for regulating the practice and procedure of the Court as and when required ( with the approval of the President of India ) . Accordingly , `` Supreme Court Rules , 1950 '' were framed . The 1950 Rules were replaced by the Supreme Court Rules , 1966 . In 2014 , Supreme Court notified the Supreme Court Rules , 2013 replacing the 1966 Rules effective from 19 August 2014 . Reporting and citation ( edit ) Supreme Court Reports is the official journal of Reportable Supreme Court Decisions . It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications , Government of India , Delhi . In addition , there are many other reputed private journals that report Supreme Court decisions . Some of these other important journals are : SCR ( The Supreme Court Reports ) , SCC ( Supreme Court Cases ) , AIR ( All India Reporter ) , SCALE , etc . Facilities on the campus ( edit ) Legal - aid , court - fee vendors , first - aid post , dental clinic , physiotherapy unit and pathology lab ; rail - reservation counter , canteen , post office and a branch and 3 ATMs of UCO Bank , Supreme Court Museum can be availed by litigants and visitors . Landmark judgments ( edit ) Land reform ( edit ) After some of the courts overturned state laws for redistributing land from zamindar ( landlord ) estates on the ground that the laws violated the zamindars ' fundamental rights , the Parliament passed the 1st amendment to the Constitution in 1951 , followed by the 4th amendment in 1955 , to uphold its authority to redistribute land . The Supreme Court countered these amendments in 1967 when it ruled in Golaknath v. State of Punjab that the Parliament did not have the power to abrogate fundamental rights , including the provisions on private property . The 25th amendment to the Constitution in 1971 curtailed the right of a citizen to property as a fundamental right and gave authority to the government to infringe private property , which led to a furor amongst the zamindars . Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) The independence of judiciary was severely curtailed during the Indian Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) of Indira Gandhi . The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under Preventive detention laws passed by the parliament . In the case of Shiva Kant Shukla Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla , popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case , a bench of five seniormost judges of Supreme court ruled in favour of state 's right for unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency . Justices A.N. Ray , P.N. Bhagwati , Y.V. Chandrachud , and M.H. Beg , stated in the majority decision : ( under the declaration of emergency ) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art . 226 before a High Court for habeas corpus or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention . The only dissenting opinion was from Justice H.R. Khanna , who stated : detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty ... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law , to the intelligence of a future day , when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting Judge believes the court to have been betrayed . It is believed that before delivering his dissenting opinion , Justice Khanna had mentioned to his sister : `` I have prepared my judgment , which is going to cost me the Chief Justice - ship of India . '' In January 1977 , Justice Khanna was superseded despite being the most senior judge at the time and thereby Government broke the convention of appointing only the senior most judge to the position of Chief Justice of India . Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision . The New York Times , wrote of this opinion : `` The submission of an independent judiciary to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic society ; and the Indian Supreme Court 's decision appears close to utter surrender . '' During the emergency period , the government also passed the 39th amendment , which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the Prime Minister ; only a body constituted by Parliament could review this election . Subsequently , the parliament , with most opposition members in jail during the emergency , passed the 42nd Amendment which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification . A few years after the emergency , however , the Supreme court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in the Minerva Mills case ( 1980 ) . Post-1980 : an assertive Court ( edit ) See also : Judicial Activism In India After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977 , the new government of Morarji Desai , and especially law minister Shanti Bhushan ( who had earlier argued for the detenues in the Habeas Corpus case ) , introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency , and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme Court . It is said that the Basic Structure doctrine , created in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , was strengthened in Indira Gandhi 's case and set in stone in ( Minerva Mills v. Union of India ) . The Supreme Court 's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 ( Life and Personal Liberty ) , primarily after the Emergency period , have given rise to a new jurisprudence of public interest litigation that has vigorously promoted many important economic and social rights ( constitutionally protected but not enforceable ) including , but not restricted to , the rights to free education , livelihood , a clean environment , food and many others . Civil and political rights ( traditionally protected in the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian Constitution ) have also been expanded and more fiercely protected . These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues . Recent important cases ( edit ) Among the important pronouncements of the Supreme Court post 2000 is the Coelho case I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu ( Judgment of 11 January 2007 ) . A unanimous Bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine . It held that a constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which the Court regards as forming part of the basic structure of the Constitution , then the same can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences . The judgment clearly imposes further limitations on the constituent power of Parliament with respect to the principles underlying certain fundamental rights . The judgment in Coelho has in effect restored the decision in Golak Nath regarding non-amendability of the Constitution on account of infraction of fundamental rights , contrary to the judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati case . Another important decision was of the five - judge Bench in Ashoka Kumara Thakur v. Union of India ; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions ( Reservations in Admissions ) Act , 2006 was upheld , subject to the `` creamy layer '' criteria . Importantly , the Court refused to follow the ' strict scrutiny ' standards of review followed by the United States Supreme Court . At the same time , the Court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India ( 2007 ) ( ( 1 ) ) 2G spectrum scam ( edit ) Further information : 2G spectrum scam The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as `` unconstitutional and arbitrary '' and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja ( then minister for communications & IT ) , the main official accused in the 2G scam case . Black money ( edit ) Further information : Indian black money The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT Bank , Liechtenstein , evoking a sharp response from a Bench comprising Justices B Sudershan Reddy and SS Nijjar . The court ordered Special investigation team ( SIT ) to probe the matter . Lack of enthusiasm made the court create a special investigative team ( SIT ) . Minority reservations ( edit ) The Supreme Court refused to stay the Andhra Pradesh High Court judgement quashing 4.5 % sub-quota for minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27 % . Online / postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad ( NRIs ) ( edit ) Three judge bench presided by Honorable Chief Justice Altamas Kabir issued notice to the Centre and the Election Commission of India ( EC ) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online / postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad . Recognition of transgender as ' third gender ' in law ( edit ) Main article : National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India In April 2014 , Justice KS Radhakrishnan declared transgender to be the ' third gender ' in Indian law , in a case brought by the National Legal Services Authority ( Nalsa ) against Union of India and others . The ruling said : Seldom , our society realises or cares to realise the trauma , agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo , nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community , especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex . Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations , bus stands , schools , workplaces , malls , theatres , hospitals , they are sidelined and treated as untouchables , forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society 's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions , a mindset which we have to change . Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law , enabling them to access jobs , healthcare and education . He framed the issue as one of human rights , saying that , `` These TGs , even though insignificant in numbers , are still human beings and therefore they have every right to enjoy their human rights '' , concluding by declaring that : ( 1 ) Hijras , eunuchs , apart from binary gender , be treated as `` third gender '' for the purpose of safeguarding their rights under Part III of our Constitution and the laws made by the Parliament and the State Legislature . ( 2 ) Transgender persons ' right to decide their self - identified gender is also upheld and the Centre and State Governments are directed to grant legal recognition of their gender identity such as male , female or as third gender . Relief to over 35,000 public servants ( edit ) In B. Prabhakara Rao vs. State of A.P. involved sudden reduction in age of superannuation from 58 years to 55 years of over 35,000 public servants of State Government , public sector undertakings , statutory bodies , educational institutions and Tirupathi - Tirumalai Devasthanams ( TTD ) . They lost first round of litigation in the Supreme Court . Realising the mistake , fresh legislation was brought restoring the original age of superannuation of 58 years but providing that the benefit of new legislation would not extend to those whose reduction of age of superannuation had been upheld . In challenge to this law , Subodh Markandeya argued that all that was required was to strike down naughty `` not '' -- which found favour with the Supreme Court bringing relief to over 35,000 public servants . Criticism ( edit ) 2008 saw the Supreme Court embroiled in several controversies , from serious allegations of corruption at the highest level of the judiciary , expensive private holidays at the tax payers expense , refusal to divulge details of judges ' assets to the public , secrecy in the appointments of judges ' , to refusal to make information public under the Right to Information Act . The Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan invited a lot of criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant , but that of a constitutional authority . He later went back on this stand . The judiciary has come in for serious criticisms from former Presidents of India Pratibha Patil and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam for failure in handling its duties . Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , has stated that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary , and suggested that there is an urgent need to eradicate this menace . The Cabinet Secretary of the Indian government introduced the Judges Inquiry ( Amendment ) Bill 2008 in Parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council , headed by the Chief Justice of India , that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and Supreme Court judges . According to Supreme Court newsletter , there are 58,519 cases pending in the Supreme Court , out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year , at the end of 2011 . Excluding connected cases , there are still 33,892 pending cases . As per the latest pendency data made available by the Supreme Court , the total number of pending cases in the Supreme Court as on 1 April 2014 is 64,330 , which includes 34,144 Admission matters ( miscellaneous ) and 30,186 Regular Hearing matters . In May , 2014 , former Chief Justice of India , Justice R.M. Lodha , proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year ( instead of the present system of having long vacations , specially in the higher courts ) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts ; however , as per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year as per their choice ; but , the Bar Council of India rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year . See also ( edit ) Government of India portal Law portal National Judicial Appointments Commission Attorney General of India List of Chief Justices of India List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India Solicitor General of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice & Judges '' . www.sci.gov.in . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Dipak Misra sworn in as Chief Justice of India '' . The Economic Times . India . 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Supreme Court of India '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( History of the Supreme Court of India ) , Supreme Court of India Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Supreme Court of India '' . Supreme Court of India . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ name = `` History PDF '' Jump up ^ `` Constitution '' . Supreme Court of India . 28 January 1950 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Facilities at Supreme Court of India '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Supreme Court '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Organisational Chart of the Registry of the Supreme Court of India '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Rules , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . sci.nic.in . Supreme Court of India . 27 May 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Rishad Ahmed . `` Missing the Wood for the Trees : The Unseen Crisis in the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . NUJS Law Review ( July -- September ) . 2012 ( 3 / 4 ) : 358 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India -- History '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 124 , Constitution of India '' . VakilNo1 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minorities can rise to top jobs only in India : Chief Justice of India '' . The Times of India . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accountability law must not encroach on judicial independence , cautions CJI '' . The Indian Express . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandrachud , Abhinav ( 2011 ) . `` The age factor '' . Frontline . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justices Arun Mishra , Adarsh Goel and lawyer Rohinton Nariman appointed Supreme Court judges '' . Economic Times . PTI. 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India -- Former Judges '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhadra Sinha ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` From trial court to Supreme Court , woman judge may go all the way '' . The Hindustan Times . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ A Subramani ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Justice Banumathi becomes 1st woman SC judge from TN '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justice SH Kapadia sworn in as new Chief Justice of India '' . The Times of India . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Lord Cooke of Thorndon ( 2000 ) . B.N. Kirpal , ed . Supreme But Not Infallible ( Sixth Impression 2010 ed . ) . New Delhi , India : Oxford University Press . pp. 97 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 567226 - 8 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Venu , M.K. ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Government may drop gag clause , wants judges to show restraint '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hegde , Sanjay ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Judging the Judge - Maker '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , V. `` Interview with Justice J.S. Verma , former Chief Justice of India ( The Judiciary : ' Honesty Matters ' ) '' . Frontline ( Volume 25 -- Issue 20 : : Sep. 27 - Oct. 10 , 2008 ) . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Krishna Iyer , V.R. ( 7 August 2001 ) . `` Higher judicial appointments -- II '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , K.T. ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` In defence of the collegium '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Uttam ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` SC Exposes ' Tyranny Of The Elected ' '' . Outlook . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ WP ( C ) No. 13 / 2015 . `` Report filed by Ms. Pinky Anand ASG and Arvind P. Datar on Representation / Suggestions for Improving the Collegium '' ( PDF ) . Department of Justice , Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Writ Petition ( Civil ) No. 13 of 2015 ( 16 December 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Advocates - on - Record Association & Anr . v / s Union of India '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Jump up ^ Transferred Case ( C ) No. 6 of 2009 ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of India & Ors '' . Supreme Court of India . 2009 ( 8 ) SCC 273 : 18 / 59 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chhibber , Maneesh ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` CJIs must have fixed tenures : Sathasivam '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ s : Constitution of India / Part V # Article 125 ( Salaries , etc. , of Judges ) Jump up ^ `` Salaries of SC , HC judges to increase three-fold '' . Times of India . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Motion for removal of Mr. Justice Soumitra Sen , Judge , Calcutta High Court '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha Secretariat , New Delhi , October 2011 . pp. 414 -- 419 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Prashant . `` A historic non-impeachment '' ( PDF ) . Frontline ( 4 June 1993 ) . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Rishad Ahmed . `` Missing the Wood for the Trees : The Unseen Crisis in the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . NUJS Law Review ( July -- September ) . 2012 ( 3 / 4 ) : 367 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Maha minister gets jail for contempt Archived 15 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra Minister gets one - month jail term '' . News . Chennai , India . 11 May 2006 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Maha minister gets jail for contempt '' . News . 11 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules , 1966 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Reports '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Middle Income Group Legal Aid Society '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Types Of Legal Services Provided '' . National Legal Services Authority . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Legal Services Committee '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golaknath vs. State of Punjab '' . Official Supreme Court Judis site . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ VR Krishna Iyer ( 27 June 2000 ) . `` Emergency -- Darkest hour in India 's judicial history '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jos . Peter D ' Souza ( June 2001 ) . `` A.D.M. Jabalpur vs Shukla : When the Supreme Court struck down the Habeas Corpus '' . PUCL Bulletin . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Anil B. Divan ( 15 March 2004 ) . `` Cry Freedom '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha . India after Gandhi : The history of the world 's largest democracy . Macmillan / Picador , 2007 . p. 500 . Jump up ^ `` Personal law should be subject to fundamental rights : Jaitley '' . Jump up ^ Shelton , Dinah ; Kiss , Alexandre ( 2005 ) . Judicial handbook on Environmental Law ( PDF ) . United Nations Environment Programme . p. 8 . ISBN 92 - 807 - 2555 - 6 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ 2G scam : SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja 's tenure , trial court to decide on Chidambaram 's role -- Times Of India . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 2 February 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't let Hasan Ali leave country : SC '' . The Times of India . 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab Mukherjee refuses to spill names of LGT Bank account - holders '' . The Times of India . 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court : the balancing act '' . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court upholds AP court order quashing minority sub-quota '' . The Hindu . 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ NEW DELHI , 22 Feb 2013 DHNS ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` SC notice to Centre , EC on online voting for NRIs '' . Deccanherald.com . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WRIT PETITION ( CIVIL ) NO ( s ) . 80 OF 2013 , NAGENDER CHINDAM & ORS . vs. UNION OF INDIA & ANR '' . Supreme Court of India . 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` India recognises transgender people as third gender '' . The Guardian . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Terrence ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` India now recognizes transgender citizens as ' third gender ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as ' third gender ' '' . Times of India . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : National Legal Services Authority ... Petitioner Versus Union of India and others ... Respondents ( Supreme Court of India 15 April 2014 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` India court recognises transgender people as third gender '' . BBC News . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1066060/ Jump up ^ http://www.manupatrafast.com/articles/PopOpenArticle.aspx?ID=7efb6a9e-c88c-4af1-a8dc-d9742af80478&txtsearch=Subject:%20Constitution Jump up ^ Ex-chief justice under corruption panel scanner , Hindustan Times , New Delhi , 9 June 2008 Archived 2 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Are judges holidaying at public expense ? , May 2008 Jump up ^ Judges ' asset declaration before CJI not for public eye : SC to CIC , The Indian Express , 6 November 2008 Jump up ^ The case of judicial injustice , The Indian Express , 31 March 1999 Jump up ^ RTI Act does not apply to my office : CJI , The Times of India , 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Is the CJI a public servant ? , The Times of India , 22 April 2008 Jump up ^ I am a public servant : CJI , The Times of India , 6 May 2008 Jump up ^ Delayed justice leading to lynching mobs : Pratibha , The Times of India , 24 February 2008 Jump up ^ Manmohan Singh calls for check on corruption in judiciary , Thaindian News , 19 April 2008 Jump up ^ Pass Judges ( Inquiry ) Bill in next session , panel tells Govt. , Zee News , India Edition , 30 September 2008 Jump up ^ Bill for probe panel against errant judges cleared , iGovernment , 10 October 2008 Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Quarterly Newsletter -- Oct -- Dec 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Number of pending matters in Supreme Court as on 1st April 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal to make judiciary work throughout the year '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of India . 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7198746964810989086	Spider-Man: Homecoming	Spider - Man : Homecoming - Wikipedia Spider - Man : Homecoming Jump to : navigation , search Spider - Man : Homecoming Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Watts Produced by Kevin Feige Amy Pascal Screenplay by Jonathan Goldstein John Francis Daley Jon Watts Christopher Ford Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Story by Jonathan Goldstein John Francis Daley Based on Spider - Man by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Starring Tom Holland Michael Keaton Jon Favreau Zendaya Donald Glover Tyne Daly Marisa Tomei Robert Downey Jr . Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Salvatore Totino Edited by Dan Lebental Debbie Berman Production company Columbia Pictures Marvel Studios Pascal Pictures Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $879.1 million Spider - Man : Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man , co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is the second Spider - Man film reboot and the sixteenth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Jon Watts , with a screenplay by the writing teams of Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley , Watts and Christopher Ford , and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers . Tom Holland stars as Spider - Man , alongside Michael Keaton , Jon Favreau , Zendaya , Donald Glover , Tyne Daly , Marisa Tomei and Robert Downey Jr . In Spider - Man : Homecoming , Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being Spider - Man , while facing the Vulture . In February 2015 , Marvel Studios and Sony reached a deal to share the character rights of Spider - Man , integrating the character into the established MCU . The following June , Holland was cast as the title character , while Watts was hired to direct , followed shortly by the casting of Tomei and the hiring of Daley and Goldstein . In April 2016 , the film 's title was revealed , along with additional cast , including Downey . Principal photography began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in Atlanta , Los Angeles and New York City . The additional screenwriters were revealed during filming , which concluded in Berlin in October 2016 . The production team made efforts to differentiate the film from previous Spider - Man incarnations . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered in Hollywood on June 28 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on July 7 , 2017 , in 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . Homecoming has grossed over $879 million worldwide , making it the second most successful Spider - Man film and the fourth highest - grossing film of 2017 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising Holland and the other cast 's performances , the light tone and the action sequences . A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 5 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot Following the Battle of New York , Adrian Toomes and his salvage company are contracted to clean up the city , but their operation is taken over by the Department of Damage Control ( D.O.D.C. ) , a partnership between Tony Stark and the U.S. government . Enraged at being driven out of business , Toomes persuades his employees to keep the Chitauri technology they have already scavenged and use it to create and sell advanced weapons . Eight years later , Peter Parker is drafted into the Avengers by Stark to help with an internal dispute , but resumes his studies at the Midtown School of Science and Technology when Stark tells him he is not yet ready to become a full Avenger . Parker quits his school 's academic decathlon team to spend more time focusing on his crime - fighting activities as Spider - Man . One night , after preventing criminals from robbing an ATM with their advanced weapons from Toomes , Parker returns to his Queens apartment where his best friend Ned discovers his secret identity . On another night , Parker comes across Toomes ' associates Jackson Brice / Shocker and Herman Schultz selling weapons to local criminal Aaron Davis . Parker saves Davis before being caught by Toomes and dropped in a lake , nearly drowning after becoming tangled in a parachute built into his suit . He is rescued by Stark , who is monitoring the Spider - Man suit he gave Parker and warns him against further involvement with the criminals . Toomes accidentally kills Brice with one of their weapons , and Schultz becomes the new Shocker . Parker and Ned study a weapon left behind by Brice , removing its power core . When a tracking device on Schultz leads to Maryland , Parker rejoins the decathlon team and accompanies them to Washington , D.C. for their national tournament . Ned and Parker disable the tracker Stark implanted in the Spider - Man suit , and unlock its advanced features . Parker tries to stop Toomes from stealing weapons from a D.O.D.C. truck , but is trapped inside the truck , causing him to miss the decathlon tournament . When he discovers that the power core is an unstable Chitauri grenade , Parker races to the Washington Monument where the core explodes and traps Ned and their friends in an elevator . Evading local authorities , Parker saves his friends , including his fellow classmate and crush Liz . Returning to New York City , Parker persuades Davis to reveal Toomes ' whereabouts . Aboard the Staten Island Ferry , Parker captures Toomes ' new buyer Mac Gargan , but Toomes escapes and a malfunctioning weapon tears the ferry in half . Stark helps Parker save the passengers before admonishing him for his recklessness and confiscating his suit . Parker returns to his high school life , and eventually asks Liz to go to the homecoming dance with him . On the night of the dance , Parker learns that Liz is Toomes ' daughter . Deducing Parker 's secret identity , Toomes threatens retaliation if he interferes with his plans . During the dance , Parker realizes Toomes is planning to hijack a D.O.D.C. plane transporting weapons from Avengers Tower to the team 's new headquarters . He dons his old homemade Spider - Man suit and races to Toomes ' lair . He is first ambushed by Schultz , but defeats him with the help of Ned . At the lair , Toomes destroys the building 's support beams and leaves Parker to die . Parker escapes the rubble and intercepts the plane , steering it to crash on the beach near Coney Island . He and Toomes continue fighting , ending with Parker saving Toomes ' life after some unstable material explodes , and leaving him for the police along with the plane 's cargo . After her father 's arrest , Liz moves away , and Parker declines an invitation from Stark to join the Avengers full - time . Stark returns Parker 's suit , which he puts on at his apartment just as his Aunt May walks in . In a mid-credits scene , an incarcerated Gargan approaches Toomes in prison . Gargan has heard that Toomes knows Spider - Man 's real identity , but Toomes denies this . Cast ( L : R ) Tom Holland , Laura Harrier , Tony Revolori , Jacob Batalon , Zendaya and director Jon Watts promoting Spider - Man : Homecoming at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International . Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A 15 - year - old who gained spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Producers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal were impressed by Holland 's performances in The Impossible , Wolf Hall , and In the Heart of the Sea , as well as numerous screen tests . Holland took inspiration from previous Spider - Man actors Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield , but also hoped to deliver something `` new and exciting '' with his take on the character , the first to focus on Parker as `` dealing with everyday problems that a 15 - year - old deals with as well as trying to save the city '' . Holland attended The Bronx High School of Science in The Bronx for a few days to prepare for the role , where other students did not believe he was cast as Spider - Man . Holland felt this would carry over well to the film , where other characters do not suspect Parker of being Spider - Man . It took 25 to 45 minutes for Holland to get into costume , depending on if he had to wear a stunt harness underneath the suit . Holland initially signed for six MCU films , including three Spider - Man films . Michael Keaton as Adrian Toomes / Vulture : A salvager turned arms trafficker after his company is forced out of business . He uses a suit with mechanical wings forged from Chitauri technology . Toomes is revealed to be the father of Liz , Parker 's love interest . Director Jon Watts wanted him to be a `` regular guy '' , closer to John C. Reilly 's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey from Guardians of the Galaxy than other MCU villains like Thanos and Ultron , to go with Spider - Man as a `` regular kid who becomes a superhero '' . This helped avoid Toomes drawing the attention of the Avengers , and provided someone that Parker would be able to defeat while still learning to use his abilities . Keaton said Toomes was not completely villainous , as `` there 's parts of him that you go , ' You know what ? I might see his point . ' '' Co-producer Eric Hauserman Carroll likened Toomes to `` the dark Tony Stark '' , a `` businessman with a family . He wants to look out for his kids ... He does n't have these big delusions of grandeur where he wants to take over the world , or replace the government , or even defeat the Avengers or anything . He just wants his shot at the good life '' . '' Keaton was not hesitant to portray another comic book character after playing Batman in Tim Burton 's 1989 film and its 1992 sequel . Jon Favreau as Harold `` Happy '' Hogan : The former head of security for Stark Industries and Tony Stark 's driver and bodyguard . Hogan is `` looking after '' Parker in the film , with Favreau saying that Parker `` needs someone to help him out '' . Favreau previously portrayed Hogan in the Iron Man films , having also directed the first two of those , and described returning as just an actor as fun , allowing him `` to maintain the relationship with the MCU ... Especially when the filmmakers are taking care of you , and taking care of the characters and the story '' . Zendaya as Michelle `` MJ '' Jones : One of Parker 's classmates , Zendaya called her awkward but intellectual , `` she just feels like she does n't need to talk to people '' . She added that it was `` refreshing '' that Michelle was weird and different , feeling that `` a lot of young people -- especially young women -- can relate to that '' . Watts likened the character to Ally Sheedy 's Allison Reynolds from The Breakfast Club or Linda Cardellini 's Lindsay Weir from Freaks and Geeks . The character is not an adaptation of Mary Jane Watson , but was given the initials `` MJ '' to `` remind you of that dynamic '' , with the writers `` plant ( ing ) the seeds in this movie '' for comparisons to Watson , but also making her `` wholly different '' . Feige added that Michelle is `` not obsessed with '' Parker like Watson is at times in the comics , `` she 's just observant '' . Donald Glover as Aaron Davis : A criminal looking to purchase weapons from Toomes . Davis is the uncle of Miles Morales , a version of Spider - Man , in the comics . Glover voiced Morales in the Ultimate Spider - Man television series , and campaigned to portray Spider - Man in a film in 2010 . Watts was aware of the campaign , and as soon as he was hired he asked Feige about casting Glover . The role was designed as `` a surprise treat for fans '' , with Davis mentioning his nephew to set up Morales potentially appearing in a future MCU film . Tyne Daly as Anne Marie Hoag : The head of the U.S. Department of Damage Control . Marisa Tomei as May Parker : Peter 's aunt . First reports of Tomei 's casting caused backlash on social media , with comic book fans opining that the actress was `` too young and attractive to portray the character '' , especially after the character had previously been depicted by older actresses than Tomei . Regarding the casting , Captain America : Civil War co-writer Stephen McFeely said that , for the MCU , they were trying to make Peter `` as naturalistic as possible ... That 's partly why his aunt is n't 80 years old ; if she 's the sister of his dead mother , why does she have to be two generations ahead ? '' Carroll added that the creative team was looking for more of a `` big sister '' or someone closer in age to Peter Parker in the casting process . After researching the character , Tomei did make `` a case to age me up , but no they did n't do it '' . Tomei felt there was a `` blank slate '' from which she could develop the character , and talked to Watts about May being `` a community organizer or invested in the neighborhood '' to indicate where Peter 's values come from . Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : A self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention , who is Parker 's mentor and is the creator of the U.S. Department of Damage Control . Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group chairman Thomas Rothman noted that , beyond the commercial advantage of featuring Downey in the film , the inclusion of Stark was important due to the relationship established between him and Parker in Captain America : Civil War . Watts noted that after Stark 's actions in Civil War , introducing Parker to life as an Avenger , there are `` a lot of repercussions to that . Is it a first step towards Tony as some sort of mentor figure ? Is he comfortable with that ? '' Co-writer Jonathan Goldstein compared Stark to Ethan Hawke 's father character in Boyhood . Additionally , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kerry Condon , and Chris Evans reprise their roles as Pepper Potts , F.R.I.D.A.Y. , and Steve Rogers / Captain America from previous MCU films , respectively . Rogers appears in public service announcements played at Parker 's school . Jacob Batalon portrays Parker 's best friend Ned , a `` complete gamer '' , whom Batalon described as `` the quintessential best guy , the best man , the number two guy , the guy in the chair '' for Parker . Marvel used Ned Leeds as a basis for the character , who does not have a last name in the script or film , but essentially created their own character with him . Carroll said that Ned and other characters in the film are composites of several of their favorites from Spider - Man comics , and while Ned may eventually wind up with the last name `` Leeds '' , it is not a guarantee . Laura Harrier portrays Liz , a senior , Parker 's love interest , and Toomes ' daughter , with a `` type - A '' personality . Tony Revolori plays Eugene `` Flash '' Thompson , Parker 's rival and classmate . It was noted that the character is generally depicted as white in the comics and an important character to the fans , with Revolori `` trying to do him justice '' . Rather than being a physically imposing jock , Thompson was re-imagined as `` a rich , smug kid '' to reflect modern views of bullying , by crafting him more into a social media bully and rival for Parker opposed to a jock ; this depiction was largely informed by Holland 's visit to The Bronx High School of Science . Revolori said that Thompson has to work hard to match Parker 's intelligence , which is `` one of the reasons he does n't like Peter . Everyone else seems to like Peter , so he 's like , why do n't they like me like they like him ? '' Revolori gained 60 lb ( 27 kg ) for the role . Garcelle Beauvais portrays Doris Toomes , Adrian 's wife and Liz 's mother , and Jennifer Connelly provides the voice of Karen , the A.I. in Parker 's suit . Hemky Madera appears as Mr. Delmar , the owner of a local bodega . Bokeem Woodbine and Logan Marshall - Green both play different incarnations of Shocker , Herman Schultz and Jackson Brice respectively ; both are accomplices of Toomes who use modified , vibro - blast shooting versions of Crossbones ' gauntlets . Michael Chernus plays Phineas Mason / Tinkerer , and Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan . Faculty at Parker 's high school include : Kenneth Choi , who previously played Jim Morita in the MCU , as Jim 's descendant Principal Morita ; Hannibal Buress as Coach Wilson , the school 's gym teacher , which he described as `` one of the dumbass characters that do n't realize ( Parker is ) Spider - Man '' ; Martin Starr , who previously had a non-speaking role in The Incredible Hulk identified as Amadeus Cho by the novelization for that film , as Mr. Harrington , a teacher and academic decathlon coach ; Selenis Leyva as Ms. Warren ; Tunde Adebimpe as Mr. Cobbwell ; and John Penick as Mr. Hapgood . Parker 's classmates include : Isabella Amara as Sally ; Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Jason Ionello ; J.J. Totah as Seymour ; Abraham Attah as Abraham ; Tiffany Espensen as Cindy ; Angourie Rice as Betty Brant ; Michael Barbieri as Charles ; and Ethan Dizon as Tiny . Martha Kelly appears in the film as a tour guide , and Kirk Thatcher makes a cameo appearance as a `` punk '' , a homage to his role in Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home . Spider - Man co-creator Stan Lee also has a cameo , as a New York City apartment resident named Gary who witnesses Parker 's confrontation with a neighbor . Jona Xiao was cast in an undisclosed role , but did not appear in the final film . Production Development See also : The Amazing Spider - Man 2 § Cancelled franchise and another reboot `` We want to play with Spider - Man in the high school years because frankly there 've been five Spider - Man films and ... there are so many things from the comics that have n't been done yet . Not just characters or villains or supporting characters , but sides to his character ... I think it was midway through the first film that he graduated high school . At the beginning of the second Marc Webb film , he graduated high school . And some of my favorite Spider - Man arcs and Spider - Man stories , he 's in high school for a lot of it . We want to explore that . That also makes him very , very different from any of our other characters in the MCU ... '' -- Kevin Feige , President of Marvel Studios Following the November 2014 hacking of Sony 's computers , emails between Sony Pictures Entertainment Co-Chairman Amy Pascal and president Doug Belgrad were released , stating that Sony wanted Marvel Studios to produce a new trilogy of Spider - Man films while Sony retained `` creative control , marketing and distribution '' . Discussions between Sony and Marvel broke down , and Sony planned to proceed with its own slate of Spider - Man films . However , in February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that they would release a new Spider - Man film , with Kevin Feige and Pascal producing . The character would first appear in an earlier Marvel Cinematic Universe film , later revealed to be Captain America : Civil War . Marvel Studios would explore opportunities to integrate MCU characters into future Spider - Man films , which Sony Pictures would continue to finance , distribute , and have final creative control . Both studios have the ability to terminate the agreement at any point , and no money was exchanged with the deal . However , a small adjustment was made to a 2011 deal formed between the two studios ( where Marvel gained full control of Spider - Man 's merchandising rights , in exchange for making a one - time payment of $175 million to Sony and paying up to $35 million for each future Spider - Man film , and forgoing receiving their previous 5 % of any Spider - Man film 's revenue ) , with Marvel getting to reduce their $35 million payment to Sony if the co-produced film grossed more than $750 million . Lone Star Funds also co-financed the film with Sony , via its LSC Film Corporation deal , covering 25 % of the $175 million budget . Feige stated that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the Marvel Cinematic Universe since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' It was said that Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach , producers for the Amazing Spider - Man series , would serve as executive producers , and neither director Marc Webb nor actor Andrew Garfield would return for the new film . Sony was reportedly looking for an actor younger than Garfield to play Spider - Man , with Logan Lerman and Dylan O'Brien considered front - runners . In March 2015 , Drew Goddard was being considered to write and direct the film , while O'Brien said he had not been approached for the role . Goddard , who was previously attached to Sony film based on the Sinister Six , later said he declined to work on the new film as he thought he `` did n't really have an idea '' for it , adding `` it 's very hard to say , ' Ok , now write a new movie , ' '' after spending a year working on the Sinister Six film and being in that mindset . The next month , while promoting Avengers : Age of Ultron , Feige said the character of Peter Parker would be around 15 to 16 years old in the film , which would not be an origin story , since `` there have been two retellings of that origin in the last ( thirteen years , so ) we are going to take it for granted that people know that , and the specifics . '' Parker 's Uncle Ben is referenced in the film , but not by name . Later in April , Nat Wolff , Asa Butterfield , Tom Holland , Timothée Chalamet , and Liam James were under consideration by Sony and Marvel to play Spider - Man , with Holland and Butterfield the front - runners . In May 2015 , Jonathan Levine , Ted Melfi , Jason Moore , the writing team of John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein , and Jared Hess were being considered to direct the film . Butterfield , Holland , Judah Lewis , Matthew Lintz , Charlie Plummer , and Charlie Rowe screen tested for the lead role against Robert Downey Jr. , who portrays Tony Stark / Iron Man in the MCU , for `` chemistry '' . The six were chosen out of a search of over 1,500 actors to test in front of Feige , Pascal , and the Russo brothers , the directors of Captain America : Civil War . By early June 2015 , Levine and Melfi had become the favorites to direct the film , with Daley and Goldstein , and Jon Watts also in consideration , while Feige and Pascal narrowed the actors considered to Holland and Rowe , with both screen testing with Downey again . Holland also tested with Chris Evans , who portrays Steve Rogers / Captain America in the MCU , and emerged as the favorite . On June 23 , Marvel and Sony officially announced that Holland would star as Spider - Man , and that Watts would direct the film . The Russos `` were pretty vocal about who ( they ) wanted for the part '' , pushing to cast an actor close to the age of Peter Parker in order to differentiate from the previous portrayals . They also praised Holland for having a dancing and gymnastics background . Watts was able to read the Civil War script , talk with the Russos , and was on set for the filming of Spider - Man 's scenes in that film . He was able to `` see what they were doing with it '' and provide `` ideas about this and that '' , including what Parker 's bedroom and wardrobe looked like `` so that my movie transitions seamlessly with theirs . '' On joining the MCU and directing the film , Watts said , `` I was really excited about that , because the other movies have shown what I described as the Penthouse level of the Marvel world , what it 's like to be Thor , Iron Man , you know , a billionaire playboy and all of that stuff . But what 's great about Spider - Man is that he 's a regular kid and so by showing his story you also get to show what the ground level is like in a world where the Avengers exist '' . Before getting the job of director , Watts created images of Nick Fury as Parker 's mentor in the story in early `` mood reels '' saying , `` I do n't know what the situation would be , but that would be a person he 'd want to get in trouble with . '' Feige said the films of John Hughes would be a major influence and that Parker 's personal growth and development would be just as important as his role as Spider - Man . He noted that `` at that age , in high school , everything feels like life or death . '' He also said that the film hoped to use one of Spider - Man 's rogues that have not been seen in film yet , and that filming would begin in June 2016 . In July 2015 , it was reported that Marisa Tomei had been offered the role of May Parker , Peter 's aunt . It was also revealed that Daley and Goldstein , after missing out on the director role , had begun negotiations to write the screenplay , and were given three days to present Marvel with their pitch ; both confirmed shortly after that they had reached a deal to write the screenplay . The pair had proposed a take on the character that was `` diametrically opposed '' to the previous Spider - Man films , creating a laundry list of all the elements seen in those films and actively trying to avoid re-using them in this film . They chose to focus on the high school aspects of the character and `` what it would be like to be a real kid who gets superpowers '' , rather than the `` drama and weight of the tragedy that leads to the origin of Spider - Man '' . They felt this would differentiate him from the other MCU superheroes as well . Daley called the film `` an origin story of him finding his place in the Marvel ( Cinematic ) Universe '' , with the writing team wanting the film to `` focus on ( Parker ) coming to terms with his new abilities and not yet being good with them , and carrying with him some real human fears and weaknesses , '' such as a fear of heights when he has to scale the Washington Monument . Daley noted , `` Even within the context of this movie , I do n't think you would feel that fear of heights or even the vertigo the audience feels in that scene if you establish him as swinging from skyscrapers at the top of the movie . '' The writers also wanted to avoid the skyscrapers of Manhattan because of how often they were used in the other films , and instead wrote the character into locations such as `` the suburbs , on a golf course , the Staten Island Ferry , Coney Island , and even Washington D.C. '' One of the first sequences they pitched was `` seeing Spider - Man attached to a plane 10,000 feet up in the air , where he had absolutely no safety net . If you have a character that you 're so familiar with , and you 're familiar with the sort of areas he 's been in , why not turn it on its head and make it something different that people have n't seen before ? '' The pair conceded that the film took a more grounded , `` low - stakes '' approach than previous films , in part to Spider - Man existing in a world with the Avengers , since `` if the threat became world - threatening , you would obviously bring in the big guys to handle it . '' Marvel encouraged Daley and Goldstein to express their own sense of humor in the script , with Daley saying , `` When you 're seeing the world through the eyes of a fun , funny kid , you can really embrace that voice , and not give him the cookie - cutter one - liners that you 're so accustomed to hearing from Peter Parker . '' Inspired by their experiences working on sit - coms , the writers also looked to create `` a network of strong characters '' to surround Parker with in the film . In October 2015 , Watts said he was looking to make the film a coming - of - age story to see the growth of Parker , citing Say Anything ... , Almost Famous , and Ca n't Buy Me Love as some of his favorite films in that genre . It was this aspect of the film that had initially got Watts interested in directing it , as he had already been looking to make a coming - of - age story when he heard that the new Spider - Man would be younger than previous incarnations . Watts re-read the original Spider - Man comics in preparation for the film , and `` came to a new realization about why he was so popular originally : He gave a different perspective on this world that they were building . He was introduced in the ' 60s , when they had already built a crazy spectacular Marvel Universe ... to give a regular person 's perspective on it . And that ties in really nicely with what I get to do with this movie , which is '' introduce him to the MCU . Specific comics that Watts noted as potential influences were Ultimate Spider - Man and Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane . In December , Oliver Scholl signed on to be the production designer for the film . Pre-production Watts promoting Spider - Man : Homecoming at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International Watts wanted to heavily pre-visualize the film , especially its action sequences , as he does on all his films . For Homecoming , Watts worked with a team to `` figure out the visual language for the action sequences and just ... you get to try stuff out before you 're actually on - set shooting it '' which helped Watts practice given his lack of experience working on large - scale action films . For the `` web - slinging '' sequences in the film , Watts wanted to avoid the big `` swoopy '' camera moves that had been previously used for such Spider - Man scenes and instead `` keep it all as grounded as possible . So , whether it was shooting with a drone camera or a helicopter or a cable - cam , or even just handheld , up on a roof chasing after him , I wanted it to feel like we were there with him , and everything was something you could actually film . '' In January 2016 , Sony shifted the film 's release date from July 28 to July 7 , 2017 , and said the film would be digitally remastered for IMAX 3D in post-production . J.K. Simmons expressed interest in reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man films . In early March , Zendaya was cast in the film as Michelle , and Tomei was confirmed as May Parker . The following month , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear , and clarified that the deal formed with Sony does not specify which characters can and can not crossover . He noted that the sharing between the studios was done with `` good faith '' in order `` to have more toys to play with as we put together a story '' , and that `` the agreement was that it is very much a Sony Pictures movie ... we are the creative producers . We are the ones hiring the actor , introducing him in ( Civil War ) , and then working right now on the script and soon to be shooting '' . Sony Pictures chairman Thomas Rothman further added that Sony has final greenlight authority , but were deferring creatively to Marvel . At CinemaCon 2016 , Sony announced the title of the film to be Spider - Man : Homecoming , a reference to the common high school tradition homecoming as well as the character `` coming home '' to Marvel and the MCU . Tony Revolori and Laura Harrier joined the cast as classmates of Parker 's , and Downey Jr. was revealed to be in the film as Stark . Watts noted that Stark `` was always a part of '' the films ' story because of his interactions with Parker in Civil War . Also in April , Michael Keaton entered talks to play a villain , but dropped out of discussions shortly thereafter due to scheduling conflicts with The Founder . He soon reentered talks for the role after a change in schedule for that film , and closed the deal in late May . In June , Michael Barbieri was cast as a friend of Parker 's , Kenneth Choi was cast as Parker 's high school principal , and Logan Marshall - Green was cast as another villain alongside Keaton 's character , while Donald Glover and Martin Starr joined the cast in undisclosed roles . Watts said that he wanted the cast to reflect Queens as `` one of ( the ) most diverse places in the world '' , with Feige adding that `` we want everyone to recognize themselves in every portion of our universe . ( With this cast ) especially , it really feels like this is absolutely what has to happen and continue . '' This is also different from the previous films , which Feige described as being `` set in a lily - white Queens '' . Additionally , Marvel made a conscious decision to mostly avoid including or referencing characters who appeared in previous Spider - Man films , outside of major ones like Peter and May Parker , and Flash Thompson . This included The Daily Bugle , with co-producer Eric Hauserman Carroll saying , `` We toyed with it for a while , but again , we did n't want to go down that road right away , and if we do do a Daily Bugle , we want to do it in a way that feels contemporary . '' This also included the character Mary Jane Watson , but Zendaya 's Michelle was eventually given the initials `` MJ '' as a nod to that character . Feige said that the point of this is `` to have fun with ( references ) while at the same time having it be different characters that can provide a different dynamic . '' Spider - Man 's costume in the film has more technical improvements than previous suits , including the logo on the chest being a remote drone , an AI system similar to Stark 's J.A.R.V.I.S. , a holographic interface , a parachute , a tracking device for Stark to track Parker , a heater , an airbag , the ability to light up , and the ability to augment reality with the eye pieces . Stark also builds in a `` training wheels '' protocol , to initially limit Parker 's access to all of its features . Carroll noted Marvel went through the comics and `` pull ( ed ) out all the sort of fun and wacky things the suit did '' to include in the Homecoming suit . Spider - Man 's web shooters have various settings , first teased at the end of Civil War , which Carroll explained , `` he can adjust the spray , and he can even scroll through different web settings , like spinning web , web ball , ricochet web ... you know , all of the stuff we can see him do in the comics ... It 's kind of like a DSLR camera . He can shoot without it , or he can hold that thing a second , get his aiming right , and really choose a web to shoot . '' Filming Principal photography began on June 20 , 2016 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , under the working title Summer of George . Salvatore Totino served as director of photography . Filming also took place in Atlanta , with locations including Grady High School , Downtown Atlanta , the Atlanta Marriott Marquis , Piedmont Park , the Georgia World Congress Center , and the West End neighborhood . Holland said building New York sets in Atlanta was cheaper than actually filming in New York , a location closely associated with the character , though the production may `` end up ( in New York ) for one week or two . '' A replica of the Staten Island Ferry was built in Atlanta , with the ability to open and close in half in 10 to 12 seconds and be flooded with 40,000 gallons of water in 8 seconds . Additional filming also occurred at two magnet schools in the Van Nuys and Reseda neighborhoods of Los Angeles . Casting continued after the start of production , with the inclusion of Isabella Amara , Jorge Lendeborg Jr. , J.J. Totah , Hannibal Buress , Selenis Leyva , Abraham Attah , Michael Mando , Tyne Daly , Garcelle Beauvais , Tiffany Espensen , and Angourie Rice in unspecified roles , with Bokeem Woodbine joining as an additional villain . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , Marvel confirmed the castings of Keaton , Zendaya , Glover , Harrier , Revolori , Daly and Woodbine , while revealing Zendaya , Harrier , and Revolori 's roles as Michelle , Liz Allan and Thompson , respectively , and announcing the casting of Jacob Batalon as Ned . It was also revealed that the Vulture would be the film 's villain , while the writing teams of Watts and Christopher Ford , and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , joined Goldstein and Daley in writing the screenplay , from Goldstein and Daley 's story . Watts praised Goldstein and Daley 's drafts as `` really fun and funny '' , and said that they `` sort of established the broad strokes of the movie '' , with he and Ford , close friends since childhood , then re-writing the script based on specific ideas that Watts had and things that he wanted to film , which he said was a `` pretty substantial structural pass , rearranging things and building it into the sort of story arc we wanted it to be . '' McKenna and Sommers then joined the film to deal with changes to the script during filming , as `` it 's all a little bit flexible when you get to set . You try things out , and you just need someone to be writing while you 're shooting . '' Harrier noted that the young actors in the film `` constantly refer to ourselves as The Breakfast Club . '' Shortly after , Martha Kelly joined the cast in an unspecified role . In August , Michael Chernus was cast as Phineas Mason / Tinkerer , while Jona Xiao joined the cast in an unspecified role , and Buress said he was playing a gym teacher . By September 2016 , Jon Favreau was reprising his role as Happy Hogan from the Iron Man series , and filming concluded in Atlanta and moved to New York City . Locations in the latter included Astoria , Queens , St. George , Staten Island , Manhattan , and Franklin K. Lane High School in Brooklyn . Additionally , UFC fighter Tyron Woodley said he had been considered for a villain role in the film , but had to drop out due to a prior commitment with Fox Sports . Principal photography wrapped on October 2 , 2016 , in New York City , with some additional filming taking place later in the month in Berlin , Germany , near the Brandenburg Gate . Post-production In November 2016 , Feige confirmed that Keaton would play the Vulture , the Adrian Toomes incarnation of the character , while Woodbine was revealed as Herman Schultz / Shocker . In March 2017 , Harrier said the film was undergoing reshoots , and Evans was set to appear as Steve Rogers / Captain America in an instructional fitness video . Watts was inspired by The President 's Fitness Challenge for this , feeling that Captain America would be the obvious version of that for the MCU . He then started brainstorming other public service announcements ( PSA ) starring Captain America , `` about just everything , ( like ) brushing your teeth . Just anything you could think of , we had poor Captain America do it . '' Watts said that many of the additional PSA videos would be featured on the home media of the film . Watts confirmed that the company Stark creates that leads Toomes on his villainous path in the film is Damage Control , which Watts felt `` just fit in with our overall philosophy with the kind of story we wanted to tell '' and created a lot of practical questions Watts wanted to use `` to drive the story '' . The film features multiple post-credit scenes . The first gives the Vulture a chance at redemption , showing him protect Parker from another villain . Watts said this `` was a really interesting thing in the development of the story . You could n't just rely on the tropes of the villain being a murderer and killing a bunch of people . He had to be redeemable in some capacity in the end and that he believes everything he said , especially about his family . '' The second post-credits scene is an additional Captain America PSA , where he talks about the value of patience -- a joke at the expense of the audience , who have just waited through the film 's credits to see the scene . This was a `` last - minute addition '' to the film . Watts completed work on Homecoming at the beginning of June 2017 , approving the final visual effects shots . He stated that he had never been told that he could not do something by Marvel or Sony , saying , `` You assume you 'll have to fight for every little weird thing you wan na do , but I did n't really ever run into that . I got to do kind of everything I wanted to . '' That month , Starr explained that he was playing the academic decathlon coach at Parker 's high school , and Marshall - Green was said to be portraying another Shocker . In July , Feige discussed specific moments in the film , including an homage to The Amazing Spider - Man issue 33 where Parker is trapped underneath rubble , something Feige `` wanted to see in a movie for a long , long time '' . Daley said that they added the scene to the script because of how much Feige wanted it , and explained , `` We have ( Parker ) starting the scene with such self - doubt and helplessness , in a way that you really see the kid . You feel for him . He 's screaming for help , because he does n't think he can do it , and then ... he kind of realizes that that 's been his biggest problem . '' Feige compared the film 's final scene , where Parker accidentally reveals that he is Spider - Man to his Aunt May , to the ending of Iron Man when Stark reveals that he is Iron Man to the world , saying , `` what does that mean for the next movie ? I do n't know , but it will force us to do something unique . '' Goldstein added that it `` diminishes what is often the most trivial part of superhero worlds , which is finding your secret . It takes the emphasis off that ( and ) lets her become part of what 's really his life '' . Feige also talked about the film 's revelation that the Vulture is the father of Parker 's love interest , saying , `` If that did n't work , the movie did n't work . We worked backwards and forwards from that moment . It was like two movies -- it was the movie up until then and the movie after that moment . Because it had to surprise you , but it had to be true , also . You had to believe that we had set it up so that you would buy it ( and it ) does n't seem like something out of left field . That 's a pretty great moment and we did n't know until we showed it to audiences '' that it would work . Watts said the revelation scene and the following interactions between the Vulture and Parker were , `` more than anything else , ( what ) I was looking forward to , and I got to have a lot of fun shooting that stuff . '' Goldstein said the scene after the reveal , where Vulture realizes that Parker is Spider - Man while driving him to the school dance , was the moment he was most proud of in the film , and Daley said that scene 's effect on audiences was the dramatic equivalent of an audience laughing at a joke they had written . He added that the writers were `` giddy when we first came up with ( that twist ) , because it 's taking the obvious tension of meeting the father of the girl that you have a crush on , and multiplying it by 1,000 , when you also realize he 's the guy you 've been trying to stop the whole time . '' Visual effects Trixter used a LIDAR scan of Grand Central Terminal from The Avengers to help create their CGI version ( bottom ) , adding to the elements filmed on set ( top ) . Visual effects for the film were completed by Sony Pictures Imageworks , Method Studios , Luma Pictures , Digital Domain , Cantina Creative , Iloura , Trixter , and Industrial Light & Magic . Executive producer Victoria Alonso initially did not want Imageworks , who worked on all previous Spider - Man films , to work on Homecoming in order to have a different look . She eventually changed her mind after seeing `` phenomenal '' test material from the vendor . Digital Domain worked on the Staten Island Ferry battle , creating the CGI versions of Spider - Man and the first Vulture suit , Iron Man , and Spider - Man 's emblem drone , Dronie . Digital Domain was able to LIDAR an actual Staten Island Ferry , as well as the version created on set , to help with creating their digital version . They also created Iron Man for when he confronts Parker after the battle . Lou Pecora , visual effects supervisor at Digital Domain , called that sequence `` brutal '' because `` the way they were shot , it was lit to be a certain time of day , and afterwards it was decided to change that time of day . '' Sony Pictures Imageworks created much of the third act of the film , when Parker confronts Toomes on the plane and beach in his homemade suit and Toomes is in his upgraded Vulture suit . Some elements from Vulture 's first suit were shared with Imageworks , but the remainder was created by them based off a maquete . For the plane 's cloaking ability , Imageworks based what they created off the real world Adaptiv IR Camouflage tank cloaking system from BAE Systems , which uses a series of titles to cloak against infrared . For their web design , which was based on the one created for Civil War , Digital Domain referenced polar bear hair because of its translucent nature . Imageworks , who also looked to the Civil War webs , referenced the webs they had created for previous Spider - Man films , in which the webs had tiny barbs that aided in hooking on to things , by dialing back the barbs and referencing the other web designs created for the film . Method Studios worked on the Washington Monument sequence . Trixter contributed over 300 shots for the film , working on the opening sequence that retold the events of Civil War from Parker 's perspective , the scene in the opening at Grand Central Terminal , a sequence during when Toomes is bringing Liz and Parker to the dance , the school battle between Parker and Schultz , and the scene around and within the Avengers compound . They also worked on both Spider - Man suits and the spider tracer . Trixter created additional salvage workers to populate the Grand Central scene , whose clothes and proportions were able to be altered to create variation . For the battle between Parker and Schultz , Trixter used an all - digital Spider - Man in his homemade suit , which came from Imageworks , with Trixter applying a rigging , muscle and cloth system to it `` to mimic the appearance of the rather lose training suit '' . They also created the effects for Schultz 's gauntlets and had to change the setting from the Atlanta set to Queens , by using a CGI school and adding 360 degrees of matte paintings for the mid to far distance elements . Trixter received concept art and basic geometry that was used previously for the Avengers compound , but ended up remodeling it for the way it appear in Homecoming and created the environment around it . Models and textures for Spider - Man 's Avengers costume were created by Framestore for use in a future MCU film , which Trixter took to add to the vault they created to house the suit . Trixter VFX supervisor Dominik Zimmerle noted `` The idea was to have a clean , high tech , presentation Vault for the new suit . It should appear distinctively ' Stark ' originated . '' Music Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming ( soundtrack ) While promoting Doctor Strange in early November 2016 , Feige accidentally revealed that Michael Giacchino , who composed the music for that film , would compose the score for Homecoming as well . Giacchino soon confirmed this himself . Recording for the soundtrack began on April 11 , 2017 . The score includes the theme from the 1960s animated series . The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 7 , 2017 . Release The world premiere of Spider - Man Homecoming at TCL Chinese Theatre Spider - Man : Homecoming held its world premiere at the TCL Chinese Theater in Hollywood on June 28 , 2017 , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 . It opened in additional international markets on July 6 , with 23,400 screens ( 277 of which were IMAX ) in 56 markets for its opening weekend . The film was released in the United States on July 7 , in 4,348 theaters ( 392 were IMAX and IMAX 3D , and 601 were premium large - format ) , including 3D screenings . It was originally slated for release on July 28 . Marketing Watts , Holland , Batalon , Harrier , Revolori , and Zendaya appeared at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to show an exclusive clip of the film , which also had a panel at Comic Con Experience 2016 . The first trailer for Homecoming premiered on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on December 8 , 2016 , and was released online alongside an international version which featured some different shots and dialogue . Feige thought there was enough of a difference between the two that `` it would be fun for people to see both . '' The shots of Vulture descending through a hotel atrium and Spider - Man swinging with Iron Man flying beside him were created specifically for the trailer , not the film . Watts explained that the Vulture shot was created for Comic - Con before much of the film had been shot , and `` was never meant to be in the movie '' , but he was able to repurpose the angle for Vulture 's reveal in the film . The Spider - Man and Iron Man shot was created because the marketing team wanted a shot of the two together and existing shots for the film `` just did n't look that great '' then . The shot used in the trailer was made with a background plate taken when filming the subway in Queens . The two trailers were viewed over 266 million times globally within a week . On March 28 , 2017 , a second trailer debuted after screening at CinemaCon 2017 the night before . Shawn Robbins , chief analyst at BoxOffice.com , noted that the new Justice League trailer had received more Twitter mentions in that week but there was `` clearer enthusiasm for Spider - Man . '' The Homecoming trailer was second for the week of March 20 -- 26 in new conversations ( 85,859 ) behind Justice League ( 201,267 ) , according comScore 's PreAct service , which is `` a tracking service utilizing social data to create context of the ever - evolving role of digital communication on feature films '' . An exclusive clip from the film was seen during the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards . On May 24 , 2017 , Sony and Marvel released a third domestic and international trailer . Ethan Anderton of / Film enjoyed both trailers , stating Homecoming `` has the potential to be the best Spider - Man movie yet . Having the webslinger as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe just feels right '' . TechCrunch 's Darrell Etherington agreed , saying , `` You may have feelings about a tech - heavy Spider - Man suit or other aspects of this interpretation of the character , but it 's still shaping up to be better than any Spider - Man depicted in movies in recent memory . '' Ana Dumaraog for ScreenRant said the second trailer `` arguably showed too much of the movie 's overarching narrative '' , but the third `` perfectly shows the right amount of new and old footage '' . She also appreciated the attention to detail that Watts and the writers put into the film , as highlighted by the trailers . Siddhant Adlakha of Birth. Movies. Death also felt the trailers were giving away too many details , but enjoyed them overall , especially the `` vlogging '' aspect . Collider 's Dave Trombore expressed similar sentiments to Adlakha . After the trailers ' release , comScore and its PreAct service noted Homecoming was the top film for new social media conversations , that week and the week of May 29 . Alongside the release of the third trailers were domestic and international release posters . The domestic poster was criticized for its `` floating head '' style , which offers `` a chaotic mess of people looking in different directions , with little sense of what the film will deliver . '' Dan Auty for GameSpot called it a `` star studded hot mess '' , while Vanity Fair 's Katey Rich felt the poster was `` too bogged down by the many different threads of the Marvel universe to highlight anything that 's made Spider - Man : Homecoming seem special so far . '' Adlakha felt the posters released for the film `` have been alright thus far , but these ones probably tell general audiences to expect a very bloated movie . '' Adlakha was more positive of the international poster , which he felt was more `` comicbook - y '' and `` looks like it could be an actual scene from the film . '' Both Rich and Adlakha criticized the fact that Holland , Keaton and Downey appeared twice on the domestic poster , both in and out of costume . Sony partnered with ESPN CreativeWorks to create cross-promotional television ads for Homecoming and the 2017 NBA Finals , which were filmed by Watts . The ads were made to `` weave in a highlight from the game just moments '' after it occurred . The promos see Holland , Downey Jr. , and Favreau reprise their roles from the film , with cameo appearances from Stan Lee , DJ Khaled , Tim Duncan , Magic Johnson , and Cari Champion . Through June and July 2017 , a Homecoming - inspired cafe opened in the Roppongi Hills complex in Tokyo , offering `` arachnid - themed foods and drinks , including a Spider Curry , Spider Sense Latte and a sweet and refreshing Strawberry Spider Squash drink '' , as well as a free , limited - edition sticker with any purchase . For the week ending on June 11 , comScore and its PreAct service noted that new social media conversations for the film were second only to Black Panther and its new trailer ; Homecoming was then the number one film in the next two weeks . That month , Sony released a mobile app allowing users to `` access '' Parker 's phone and `` view his photos , videos , text messages , and hear voicemails from his friends '' . The app also provided an `` AR Suit Explorer '' to learn more about the technology in the Spider - Man suit , and use photo filters , GIFs and stickers of the character . Sony and Dave & Buster 's also announced an arcade game based on the film , playable exclusively at Dave & Buster 's locations . A tie - in comic , Spider - Man : Homecoming Prelude , was released on June 20 , collecting two prelude issues . On June 28 , in partnership with Thinkmodo , a promotional prank was released in which Spider - Man ( stuntman Chris Silcox ) dropped from the ceiling in a coffee shop to scare customers ; the video also featured a cameo appearance from Lee . Sony also partnered with the mobile app Holo to let users add 3D holograms of Spider - Man , with Holland 's voice and lines from the film , to real - world photos and videos . Before the end of June , Spider - Man : Homecoming -- Virtual Reality Experience was released on the PlayStation VR , Oculus Rift and HTC Vive for free , produced by Sony Pictures VR and developed by CreateVR . The virtual reality experience allows users to experience how it feels to be Spider - Man , with the ability to hit targets with his web shooters and face off against the Vulture . It was also available at select Cinemark Theatres in the United States and at the CineEurope trade show in Barcelona . Ahead of the film 's release , for the week ending on July 2 , the film was the top film for the third consecutive week for new social media conversations , according to comScore , which also noted that Spider - Man : Homecoming had produced a total of 2.67 million conversations to date . The film 's marketing campaign also included promotions with Audi and Dell ( both also had product placement within the film ) , Pizza Hut , General Mills , Synchrony Bank , Movietickets.com , Goodwill , Baskin Robbins , Dunkin ' Donuts , Danone Waters , Panasonic Batteries , M&M 's , Mondelez , Asus , Bimbo , Jetstar , KEF , Kellogg 's , Lieferheld , Pepsico , Plus , Roady , Snickers , Sony Mobile , Oppo , Optus , and Doritos . As with the ESPN NBA Finals campaign , Watts directed a commercial for Dell 's marketing efforts , which earned 2.8 million views online . Goodwill hosted a build - your - own Spider - Man suit contest , with the winner attending the film 's premiere and receiving a co-branded Goodwill campaign focused on being a community hero . Overall , the campaign generated over $140 million in media value , greater than those for all previous Spider - Man films and Marvel Studios ' first 2017 release , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . This does not include merchandising for the film , which is controlled by Marvel and Disney and where they benefit the most from the deal to make the film for Sony . Marketing of the film in China for its release in the country included partnering with Momo , iQiyi , Tencent QQ , Baidu , Audi , Doritos , M&Ms , Dell , Mizone , CapitaLand , Xiaomi , HTC Vive and corporate parent Sony . To help target the teenage audience , Holland `` recorded a high school entrance exam greeting '' while The Rap of China contestant PG One recorded a theme song . Home media Spider - Man : Homecoming was released on digital download by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on September 26 , 2017 , and is scheduled to be released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 17 , 2017 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . Reception Box Office As of October 8 , 2017 , Spider - Man : Homecoming has grossed $333.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $546.0 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $879.1 million . The film had the second biggest global IMAX opening for a Sony film with $18 million . In May 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Homecoming was the second-most anticipated summer blockbuster behind Wonder Woman . By September 24 , 2017 , the film had earned $874.4 million worldwide , becoming the highest grossing superhero film of 2017 , and the sixth largest film based on a Marvel character . Spider - Man : Homecoming earned $50.9 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $15.4 million from Thursday night previews ) , and had a total weekend gross of $117 million , the top film for the weekend . It was the second - highest opening for both a Spider - Man film and a Sony film , after Spider - Man 3 's $151.1 million debut in 2007 . Early projections for the film from BoxOffice had it earning $135 million in its opening weekend , which was later adjusted to $125 million , and Deadline.com noting industry projections at anywhere between $90 -- 120 million . In its second weekend , the film fell to second behind War for the Planet of the Apes with $45.2 million , a 61 % decline in earnings , which was similar to the declines The Amazing Spider - Man 2 and Spider - Man 3 had in their second weekends . Additionally , Homecoming 's domestic gross reached $208.3 million , which surpassed the total domestic gross of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( $202.9 million ) . The film fell to third in its third weekend . By July 26 , Homecoming 's domestic gross reached $262.1 million , surpassing the total domestic gross of The Amazing Spider - Man ( $262 million ) , leading to a fifth place finish for its fourth weekend . The next weekend , Homecoming finished sixth , and finished seventh the following five weekends . By September 3 , 2017 , the film had earned $325.1 million , surpassing the $325 million projected amount for its total domestic gross . In its eleventh weekend , Homecoming finished ninth . Outside of the United States and Canada , Spider - Man : Homecoming earned $140.5 million its opening weekend from the 56 markets it opened in , with the film becoming number one in 50 of them . The $140.5 million was the highest opening ever for a Spider - Man film , factoring in the same number of markets and 2017 's exchange rates . South Korea had the highest Wednesday opening day gross , which contributed to a $25.4 million five - day opening in the country , the third highest opening ever for a Hollywood film . Brazil had the largest July opening day of all time , with $2 million , leading to an opening weekend total of $8.9 million . The $7 million earned from IMAX showings was the top opening of all time for a Sony film internationally . In its second weekend , the film opened in France at number one and number two in Germany . It earned an additional $11.9 million in South Korea , to bring its total in the country to $42.2 million . This made Homecoming the highest grossing Spider - Man film and the top grossing Hollywood film of 2017 in the country . Brazil contributed an additional $5.7 million , for a total of $19.4 million from the country , which was also the largest gross from a Spider - Man film . The film 's third weekend saw the Latin America region set a record as the highest - grossing Spider - Man film of all - time , with a region total of $77.4 million . Brazil remained the top grossing market for the region , with $25.7 million . In South Korea , the film became the 10th highest - grossing international release of all time . Homecoming opened at number one in Spain in its fourth weekend . In its sixth weekend , the film opened at number one in Japan , with its $770,000 from IMAX the fourth largest IMAX weekend for a Marvel film in the country . The film opened at number one in China on September 8 , 2017 , grossing $23 million on its opening day , including Thursday previews , making it the third biggest opening day for a Marvel Cinematic Universe film , behind Avengers : Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War , and the largest opening day gross for a Sony film in the country . The $70.8 million Homecoming earned in China for its opening weekend was the third highest opening behind Age of Ultron and Civil War , with $6 million from IMAX , which was the best IMAX opening weekend in September , and the best IMAX opening weekend for a Sony film . As of September 24 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $115.7 million ) , South Korea ( $51.4 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( $34.8 million ) . Critical response Tom Holland garnered widespread acclaim for his performance as Spider - Man . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % rating based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Spider - Man : Homecoming does whatever a second reboot can , delivering a colorful , fun adventure that fits snugly in the sprawling MCU without getting bogged down in franchise - building . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 73 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Owen Gleiberman of Variety said , `` ( T ) he flying action has a casual flip buoyancy , and the movie does get you rooting for Peter . The appeal of this particular Spider - Boy is all too basic : In his lunge for valor , he keeps falling , and he keeps getting up . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the film 's light tone and performances , writing : `` Spider - Man : Homecoming is the best Spider - Man movie to date . That does come with a caveat that Spider - Man : Homecoming and Spider - Man 2 are going for different things and both are great . But , tonally , I just love this incarnation of a Peter Parker who just loves being Spider - Man . '' The New York Times 's Manohla Dargis stated , `` Mr. Holland looks and sounds more like a teen than the actors who 've previously suited up for this series , and he has fine support from a cast that includes Jacob Batalon as Peter 's best friend . Other good company includes Donald Glover , as a wrong - time , wrong - place criminal , and Martin Starr , who plays his teacher role with perfect deadpan timing . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` The best thing about Spider - Man : Homecoming is Spidey is still more of a kid than a man . Even with his budding superpowers , he still has the impatience , the awkwardness , the passion , the uncertainty and sometimes the dangerous ambition of a teenager still trying to figure out this world . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a `` mixed '' review , praising the stunt work and calling Michael Keaton 's performance as the Vulture `` one of the strongest , most sympathetic villains of the entire series , '' but criticizing the direction by Jon Watts as `` unevenly orchestrated '' . Conversely , The Hollywood Reporter 's John DeFore found the film to be `` occasionally exciting but often frustrating , '' and suggested it might have worked better `` had Marvel Studios execs and a half - dozen screenwriters not worked so hard to integrate Peter Parker into their money - minting world . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph said , `` A little of the new Spider - Man went an exhilaratingly long way in Captain America : Civil War last year . But a lot of him goes almost nowhere in this slack and spiritless solo escapade . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle stated , `` The movie breaks no new ground , and action sequences that were intended to be thrilling -- such as an epic battle on the Staten Island Ferry -- just sit there on the screen , incapable of stirring a single pulse , but content in their competence . '' Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star Tom Holland Nominated Zendaya Nominated Choice Summer Movie Spider - Man : Homecoming Won Choice Summer Movie Actor Tom Holland Won Choice Summer Movie Actress Zendaya Won Sequels In June 2016 , Rothman stated that Sony and Marvel were committed to making future Spider - Man films . By October 2016 , discussions had begun for a second film , according to Holland , figuring out `` who the villain is going to be and where we 're going '' in a potential sequel . In December 2016 , after the successful release of the first Homecoming trailer , Sony slated a sequel to the film for July 5 , 2019 . Feige had stated that if additional films were made , an early idea Marvel had for them was to follow the model of the Harry Potter film series , having the plot of each film cover a new school year ; the first sequel is intended to follow Parker 's junior year of high school , with a potential third film being set during his senior year . In June 2017 , Feige and Pascal were both keen on having Watts return to direct the sequel , which is expected to start filming in April or May 2018 . By the next month , Holland was confirmed to return , with Watts entering negotiations to return as director . Tomei has indicated a willingness to play Aunt May in future sequels . By the end of August , Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers were in final negotiations to write the screenplay . 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Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Casts ' Little Men ' Star Michael Barbieri '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Jon ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` What The -- ? ! Michael Barbieri was never playing `` a version of or a character based on / similar to '' Ganke ... Ok , back to work for reals now ! ! ! `` . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Geoff Stults Jumps Into ' Granite Mountain ' ; Martha Kelly Joins ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Has A Crazy Obscure Star Trek IV Easter Egg '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Tyron Woodley on why he wo n't be playing a Spider - Man villain . Fox Sports . September 22 , 2016 . Event occurs at 5 : 27 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Shares Photo From Spider - Man : Homecoming 's Last Day Of Filming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anisiobi , John James ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spider - Man Homecoming actor Tom Holland impresses as he performs his own stunts on a moving double decker bus '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniell , Mark ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige on ' Doctor Strange ' , replacing Downey and the blueprint for the MCU '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Spider - Man : Homecoming Premiere Livestream ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Babbage , Rachel ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming is swinging into UK cinemas earlier than expected '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Trailer : More Action , More Iron Man & Much More Vulture '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Suits Up With $140 M+ Overseas ; ' Despicable 3 ' Nabs China Records -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Looks To Catch Between $190 M - $210 M In Its Worldwide Weekend Web -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sony & Marvel Bringing Spider - Man : Homecoming To Brazil Convention '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Spider - Man Takes Flight In The First , Tiny Glimpse at Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . io9 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peter Parker suits up in new Spider - Man : Homecoming trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiChristopher , Tom ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' trailer trounces latest look at ' Justice League ' on social media '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Clip : `` You 're the Spider - Man from YouTube ! '' `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` New Spider - Man : Homecoming Trailer Swings Onto the Web '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Final Trailers : Webslinging Never Looked So Good '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Watch two very different new Spider - Man : Homecoming trailers '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Final Spider - Man : Homecoming Trailer & Poster Spotlight the Stark Suit '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adlakha , Siddhant ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Gets A Silly Pair Of Posters '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adlakha , Siddhant ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Two New Fun Trailers For Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Trailers Show off Vulture 's Plan and Stark 's Tech '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Swings to Top of Social Media Buzz '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Soars to New Heights on Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Auty , Dan ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` New Spider - Man : Homecoming Poster Is Star Studded Hot Mess '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Katey ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Burning Questions About That Truly Hideous Spider - Man : Homecoming Poster '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming promo : Webslinger concludes his NBA Finals party quest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Cafe Opens in Tokyo Ahead of Film Release '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Climbs to Top of Social Media Chart With First Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Dominates Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Continues to Dominate Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` There 's A Spider - Man : Homecoming App '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Arcade Game Exclusive to Dave & Buster 's '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Planning A Prequel Comic To Lead Fans Into Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man Freaks Out Starbucks Customers in Prank Video ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : New App Lets You Hang Out With Spidey '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Gets A VR Experience : Watch the Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Dominates Social Media for Third Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Elassandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Delivers Franchise 's Biggest Promotional Campaign At $140 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Swings Into China With $21.6 M Opening Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Breaks Genre Records With $62 M Debut , Spider - Man Swings Past $800 M WW -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Go Behind The Scenes Of Tom Holland 's Spidey Stunts In This Spider - Man : Homecoming Exclusive '' . MTV . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Fashions $100 M+ Global Bow ; ' It ' Hits $478 M & Spidey Tops 2017 Superheroes WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' : How Big Box Office Debut Still Trailed Tobey Maguire 's Original '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Shawn ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : Will ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Benefit from the Marvel Bump ? '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Forecast : ' Annabelle : Creation , ' ' The Glass Castle , ' & ' The Nut Job 2 : Nutty By Nature ' '' . BoxOffice . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Takes Warner Bros Past $1 B ; ' Girls Trip ' Record Opening For Malcolm D. Lee ; Reasons Why ' Valerian ' Crashed '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonomolo , Cameron ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Has Passed Both Amazing Spider - Man Movies At Domestic Box Office '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' After Close Battle For No. 1 -- Final Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Dark Tower ' Is Tall Enough For No. 1 With $19.5 M During Sluggish Summer Weekend -- Final Sunday '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Line 's Dollhouse Of Dough : ' Annabelle : Creation ' Opening To $35 M -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Flexes Muscle With $21 M+ During The Lowest - Grossing Weekend Of 2017 To Date -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't Blame Hurricane Harvey & Showtime Fight For Weekend 's Lousy Box Office : Distribs Served Up Lackluster Titles '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Labor Day The Worst Since The Late ' 90s As ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Holds No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $13 M+ -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Crazed Clown Cashes In , Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest - Ever September Release With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Snares $25 M+ Through Thursday -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Marshals $46 M In Bow ; ' Spider - Man ' Rises To $261 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Maps $131 M Offshore ; ' Despicable 3 ' Tops $800 M WW ; ' Wolf Warriors ' Devours China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wolf Warrior 2 ' Devours $680 M+ ; ' Annabelle ' Conjures $35 M ; ' Spider - Man ' Tops $700 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` China ' Wolf ' Howls At $470 M ; ' Apes ' Swings To $148 M Offshore ; ' Dunkirk ' Channels $314 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Is Truly Spectacular '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Spider - Man ( Again ) and All That Sticky Kid Stuff '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Unique ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' explores school as much as skies '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' trips on the teen angst , but Michael Keaton 's Vulture soars '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming review : the web - slinger 's gizmo - heavy John Hughes homage is too cobwebby for comfort '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once more without feeling -- another ' Spider - Man ' movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Leigh ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Pattinson , Sienna Miller Talk ' The Lost City of Z ' '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Feige Says ' Spider - Man ' Sequels Could Follow the ' Harry Potter ' Format '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Filming Dates , Title Details Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Director in Talks to Return for Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Writers Returning for Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spider - Man : Homecoming . 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6691669791660662548	Game of Thrones (season 8)	Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States Release Original network HBO Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 . Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes , the eighth season will have only six episodes . Like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Crew 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 References 5 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Conleth Hill as Varys Carice van Houten as Melisandre Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Supporting cast ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 , and , like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season . The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017 . Miguel Sapochnik , who previously directed `` The Gift '' and `` Hardhome '' on season 5 , as well as `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' on season 6 will return as director . He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter , who had directed two episodes on seasons two , three and five , including `` The Rains of Castamere '' and `` Mother 's Mercy '' . The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss , who have previously directed one episode each . At the show 's South by Southwest panel on March 12 , 2017 , Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill ( episode 1 ) and Bryan Cogman ( episode 2 ) . The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves . Writing ( edit ) Writing for the eighth season started with a 140 - page outline . Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult because `` this would be the last time that we would be doing this '' . Filming ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film , the final season would be `` six one - hour movies '' on television . He continued , `` The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so , than film . What they 're doing is monumental . '' Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating that after season six , they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 - month time frame , as Weiss said , `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed in July 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes , and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason . Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show , saying , `` From the beginning we 've wanted to tell a 70 - hour movie . It will turn out to be a 73 - hour movie , but it 's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning , middle and now we 're coming to the end . It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way , I 'm very happy we 've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to . '' The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Music ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . Winteriscoming.net . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate in Season 8 '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Making Off Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018 '' . SuperHeroHype . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a new tag team in town . 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7 . Thanks for watching and we 'll be back . The wait starts now . 😊 # gameofthrones # GOT '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ChristineDoesCons ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hannah Murray @ COT 2018 '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A '' . YouTube . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid , Ben ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` What News From Westeros ? Everything we know about Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 cast : Who will be in the final series ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he 'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets '' . Metro . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riddell , Rose ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Daniel Portman on ' Game of Thrones ' and his upcoming visit to New Zealand '' . Coup de Main . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Confirms ' Game of Thrones ' Will End With Eighth Season '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 8 : Everything We Know About the Final Season '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017 '' . Making Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd , James Hibberd ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelleher , Kevin ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Final Season Has Finished Filming . Now a Winter of Waiting Begins '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO Boss Narrows Down Final Season Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Reigns : Game of Thrones Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire & Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte The Known World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Portal Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)&oldid=866309504 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Română Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in the final season of game of thrones	[ "The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.\n" ]	[ "six" ]
-6973216752386857496	Tampa Bay Lightning	Tampa Bay Lightning - Wikipedia Tampa Bay Lightning Tampa Bay Lightning 2018 -- 19 Tampa Bay Lightning season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1992 History Tampa Bay Lightning 1992 -- present Home arena Amalie Arena City Tampa , Florida Colors Tampa Bay blue , white Media Fox Sports Sun 970 AM Owner ( s ) Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman ) General manager Steve Yzerman Head coach Jon Cooper Captain Steven Stamkos Minor league affiliates Syracuse Crunch ( AHL ) Orlando Solar Bears ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Conference championships 2 ( 2003 -- 04 , 2014 -- 15 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 3 ( 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2017 -- 18 ) Official website www.nhl.com/lightning The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . It is a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Lightning have one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003 -- 04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Steve Yzerman serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Early years ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 1.1. 1 On - ice and off - ice struggles 1.2 Vincent Lecavalier and Martin St. Louis era ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 1.2. 1 Return to respectability 1.2. 2 Two dream seasons and the Stanley Cup 1.2. 3 Disappointments and rebuilding 1.2. 4 End of the Lecavalier / St. Louis era 1.3 Steven Stamkos era ( 2013 -- ) 1.3. 1 Return to the playoffs 1.3. 2 Second Stanley Cup Finals appearance 1.3. 3 Continuing championship contention 2 Radio and television 3 Team colors and mascot 3.1 Logo and jerseys 3.2 In - game personalities 3.3 ThunderBug 3.4 Lightning Girls 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Team captains 5.4 Honored members 5.5 First - round draft picks 5.6 Franchise scoring leaders 5.7 Franchise playoff scoring leaders 6 NHL awards and trophies 7 Franchise records 7.1 Individual 7.2 Team 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Early years ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Phil Esposito fronted an ownership group that was later awarded an NHL franchise in 1992 . In the late 1980s , the NHL announced it would expand . Two rival groups from the Tampa Bay Area area decided to bid for a franchise : a St. Petersburg - based group fronted by future Hartford Whalers / Carolina Hurricanes owners Peter Karmanos and Jim Rutherford , and a Tampa - based group fronted by two Hall of Famers -- Phil Esposito and his brother Tony . One of Esposito 's key backers , the Pritzker family , backed out a few months before the bid , to be replaced by a consortium of Japanese businesses headed by Kokusai Green , a golf course and resort operator . On paper , it looked like the Karmanos / Rutherford group was the more stable bid , however , the group wanted to pay only $29 million before starting play , while the Esposito group was one of the few groups willing to pay the $50 million expansion fee up front . The Esposito group would win the expansion franchise , and name the team the Lightning , after Tampa Bay 's status as the `` Lightning Capital of North America '' . After being awarded the franchise , Phil Esposito installed himself as president and general manager , while Tony became chief scout . Terry Crisp , who played for the Philadelphia Flyers when they won two Stanley Cups in the mid-1970s and coached the Calgary Flames to a Stanley Cup in 1989 , was tapped as the first head coach . Phil Esposito would also hire former teammates from the Boston Bruins of the 1970s ; he hired former linemate Wayne Cashman as an assistant coach , former Bruin trainer John `` Frosty '' Forristal as the team 's trainer and the inaugural team photo has him flanked by Cashman and player Ken Hodge , Jr. , son of his other Bruins ' linemate . The team turned heads in the pre-season when Manon Rheaume became the first woman to play in an NHL game , which also made her the first woman to play in any of the major professional North American sports leagues ; she played for the Lightning against the St. Louis Blues , and stopped seven of nine shots . The Lightning 's first regular season game took place on October 7 , 1992 , playing in Tampa 's tiny 11,000 - seat Expo Hall at the Florida State Fairgrounds . They shocked the visiting Chicago Blackhawks 7 -- 3 with four goals by little - known Chris Kontos . The Lightning shot to the top of the Campbell Conference 's Norris Division within a month , behind Kontos ' initial torrid scoring pace and a breakout season by forward Brian Bradley . However , they buckled under the strain of some of the longest road trips in the NHL -- their nearest division rival , the Blues , were over 1,000 miles away -- and finished in last place with a record of 23 -- 54 -- 7 for 53 points . This was , at the time , one of the best - ever showings by an NHL expansion team . Bradley 's 42 goals gave Tampa Bay fans optimism for the next season ; it would be a team record until the 2006 -- 07 season . The following season saw the Lightning shift to the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division , as well as move into the Florida Suncoast Dome ( a building originally designed for baseball ) in St. Petersburg , which was reconfigured for hockey and renamed `` the ThunderDome . '' The team acquired goaltender Daren Puppa , left - wing goal scorer Petr Klima and Denis Savard . While Puppa 's play resulted in a significant improvement in goals allowed ( from 332 to 251 ) , Savard was long past his prime and Klima 's scoring was offset by his defensive lapses . The Lightning finished last in the Atlantic Division in 1993 -- 94 with a record of 30 -- 43 -- 11 for 71 points . Another disappointing season followed in the lockout - shortened 1995 season with a record of 17 -- 28 -- 3 for 37 points . On - ice and off - ice struggles ( edit ) In their fourth season , 1995 -- 96 , with Bradley still leading the team in scoring , second - year forward Alexander Selivanov scoring a total of 31 goals , and Roman Hamrlik having an All - Star year on defense , the Lightning finally qualified for the playoffs , nosing out the defending Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils with a record of 38 -- 33 -- 12 with 88 points for the eighth spot in the Eastern Conference by a single win . Due to his stellar play in net , Puppa was named a finalist for the Vezina Trophy ( losing out to Jim Carey of the Washington Capitals ) . Set to play the Stanley Cup contending Philadelphia Flyers , the Lighting would split the opening two games in Philadelphia before taking a 2 - 1 series lead in overtime before a ThunderDome crowd of 28,183 . This was the largest crowd for an NHL game , a record that stood until the 2003 Heritage Classic in Edmonton . An injury to Puppa in that game , however , would see the Lightning lose the next three games and the series . The Lightning acquired goalscorer Dino Ciccarelli from the Detroit Red Wings during the 1996 off - season , and he did not disappoint , scoring 35 goals in the 1996 -- 97 season , with Chris Gratton notching another 30 goals . The team moved into a glittering new arena , the Ice Palace ( now Amalie Arena ) , and appeared destined for another playoff spot . However , the Lightning suffered a devastating rash of injuries . Puppa developed back trouble that kept him out of all but four games during the season ; he would only play a total of 50 games from 1996 until his retirement in 2000 . Bradley also lost time to a series of concussions that would limit him to a total of 49 games from 1996 until his retirement in December 1999 . Center John Cullen developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma , and missed the last 12 games of the 1996 -- 97 season ; he would eventually be forced to retire in 1999 . Decimated by these ailments , the Lightning narrowly missed the playoffs . Most of the Lightning 's early stars were gone by 1998 due to free agency and a series of ill advised trades . Crisp was fired 11 games into the 1997 -- 98 season and replaced by Jacques Demers . Though Demers had presided over the resurgence of the Detroit Red Wings in the 1980s and helmed a Stanley Cup run with the Montreal Canadiens in 1993 , he was unable to change the team 's fortunes and the Lightning ended up losing 55 games . By most accounts , the Lightning 's plunge to the bottom of the NHL was due to inattentive ownership by Kokusai Green . Rumors abounded as early as the team 's second season that the Lightning were on the brink of bankruptcy and that the team was part of a money laundering scheme for the yakuza ( Japanese crime families ) . Its scouting operation consisted of Tony Esposito and several satellite dishes . The Internal Revenue Service investigated the team in 1994 and 1995 , and nearly threatened to put a tax lien on the team for $750,000 in back taxes . The situation led longtime NHL broadcaster and writer Stan Fischler to call the Lightning a `` skating vaudeville show '' . Even in their first playoff season , the team was awash in red ink and Kokusai Green was looking to sell the team , however its asking price of $230 million for the team and the lease with the Ice Palace deterred buyers . A possible sale was further hampered by the team 's murky ownership structure ; even some team officials ( including Crisp ) did not know who really owned the team . Takashi Okubo , the owner of Kokusai Green , had never met with the Espositos or with NHL officials in person prior to being awarded the Lightning franchise , and had never watched his team play or visited the city of Tampa . Nearly all of Kokusai Green 's investment in the team and the Ice Palace came in the form of loans , leaving the team constantly short of cash . At least one prospective buyer pulled out after expressing doubts that Okubo even existed . In fact , the first time anyone connected with the Lightning or the NHL even saw Okubo was in the spring of 1998 . Many of Esposito 's trades came simply to keep the team above water . The team 's financial situation was a considerable concern to NHL officials ; rumors surfaced that the league was seriously considering taking control of the team if Okubo failed to find a buyer by the summer of 1998 . Forbes wrote an article in late 1997 calling the Lightning a financial nightmare , with a debt equal to 236 % of its value , the highest of any major North American sports franchise . Even though the Ice Palace was built for hockey and the Lightning were the only major tenant , Forbes called the team 's deal with the arena a lemon since it would not result in much revenue for 30 years . It was also behind on paying state sales taxes and federal payroll taxes . Finally , in 1998 , Kokusai Green found a buyer . Although Detroit Pistons owner William Davidson was thought to be the frontrunner , the buyer turned out to be insurance tycoon and motivational speaker Art Williams , who previously owned the Birmingham Barracudas of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The team was $102 million in debt at the time the sale closed . Williams knew very little about hockey , but was very visible and outspoken , and immediately pumped an additional $6 million into the team 's payroll . He also cleared most of the debt from the Kokusai Green era . After taking control , Williams publicly assured the Espositos that their jobs were safe , only to fire them two games into the 1998 -- 99 season . He then gave Demers complete control of hockey operations as both coach and general manager . The Lightning drafted Vincent Lecavalier in 1998 , a player who would be a cornerstone of the team for years to come . Williams was widely seen as being in over his head and was an easy target for his NHL colleagues , who called him `` Jed Clampett '' behind his back due to his thick Southern accent and fundamentalist Christian views . Early in the 1998 -- 99 season , the Lightning lost ten games in a row , all but ending any chance of making the playoffs . They ended up losing 54 games that year , more than the expansion Nashville Predators . Vincent Lecavalier and Martin St. Louis era ( 1998 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Return to respectability ( edit ) By the spring of 1999 , Williams had seen enough . He had not attended a game in some time because `` this team broke my heart '' . He lost $20 million in the 1998 -- 99 season alone , as much money in one year as he had estimated he could have reasonably lost in five years . Williams sold the team for $115 million -- $2 million less than he had paid for the team a year earlier -- to Detroit Pistons owner William Davidson , who had almost bought the team a year earlier . Along with the sale , the Lightning acquired a new top minor league affiliate ; Davidson also owned the Detroit Vipers of the now - defunct International Hockey League . Davidson remained in Detroit , but appointed Tom Wilson as team president to handle day - to - day management of the team . Wilson immediately fired Jacques Demers , who despite his best efforts ( and fatherly attitude toward Vincent Lecavalier ) was unable to overcome the damage from the Kokusai Green ownership . Wilson persuaded Ottawa Senators general manager ( and former Vipers GM ) Rick Dudley to take over as the Lightning 's new general manager ; Dudley , in turn , brought Vipers coach Steve Ludzik in as the team 's new head coach . Wilson , Dudley and Ludzik had helped make the Vipers one of the premier minor league hockey franchises , having won a Turner Cup in only their third season in Detroit ( the team had originally been based in Salt Lake City ) . However , as had been the case with Demers , the damage from the last few seasons under Kokusai Green was too much for Ludzik to overcome . Even with a wholesale transfer of talent from Detroit to Tampa ( a move that eventually doomed the Vipers , which folded along with the IHL in 2001 ) , the Lightning lost 54 games in 1999 -- 2000 and 52 in 2000 -- 01 , becoming the first team in NHL history to post four straight 50 - loss seasons . The lone bright spots in those years were the blossoming of Vincent Lecavalier and Brad Richards into NHL stars . Ludzik was replaced in early 2001 by career NHL assistant John Tortorella . The March 5 trade deadline offered another glimmer of hope when the team acquired hold - out goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin from the Phoenix Coyotes for three players and a draft pick . The 2001 -- 02 season , Tortorella 's first full year behind the bench , saw some improvement . Martin St. Louis was having a breakout season when he broke his leg in game number 47 and was lost for the remainder of the season . Khabibulin recorded a shut out at the NHL All - Star Game but was not named its MVP , by all accounts due to the game 's voting protocol . By mid-February , the Lightning were well out of playoff contention and were sinking under a rash of injuries . Dudley , who had guaranteed a playoff berth before the season , was fired and replaced by his assistant , Jay Feaster . Still the Lightning showed some signs of life , earning more than 60 points for the first time since 1997 . Tortorella stripped Lecavalier of the captaincy due to contract negotiations that had made the young center miss the start of the season . Two dream seasons and the Stanley Cup ( edit ) With a young core of players led by Vincent Lecavalier , Brad Richards , Martin St. Louis and Fredrik Modin , the Lightning were thought to be very close to respectability . However , they arrived somewhat earlier than expected in 2002 -- 03 . The young team was led by the goaltending of Nikolai Khabibulin and the scoring efforts of Lecavalier , St. Louis , Modin , Richards and Ruslan Fedotenko , and also boasted a new captain , former prolific scorer Dave Andreychuk . Throughout the season , the Lightning battled the Washington Capitals for first place in the Southeast Division . They finished with a record of 36 -- 25 -- 16 for 93 points , breaking the 90 - point barrier for the first time in team history . They won the division by just one point , giving them home - ice advantage in their first round match - up with the Capitals . At season 's end , coach Tortorella was recognized for his efforts by being named a finalist for the Jack Adams Award , losing out to Jacques Lemaire of the Minnesota Wild . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lightning quickly fell two games behind in the series but followed the two losses with four consecutive wins which advanced them to the Conference Semi-finals for the first time in team history . In the semi-finals , the Lightning won only one game , losing the series to the New Jersey Devils , who went on to win the Stanley Cup . A mural of the Tampa Bay Lightning after winning the 2004 Stanley Cup in downtown Tampa . The Lightning 's dramatic improvement continued through the 2003 -- 04 regular season , finishing with a record of 46 -- 22 -- 8 -- 6 for 106 points , second - best in the NHL after the Western Conference 's Detroit Red Wings -- the first 100 - point season in franchise history . The Lightning went through the season with only 20 - man - games lost to injury . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lightning ousted the Alexei Yashin - led New York Islanders in five games , with solid play from goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin , who posted three shutouts in Games 1 , 3 and 4 . In the second round , the Lightning faced the Montreal Canadiens , captained by Saku Koivu ; Lecavalier , Richards , and Khabibulin led the team to a four - game sweep of Montreal . They next faced Keith Primeau and his Philadelphia Flyers in the Conference Finals . After a tightly - fought seven - game series in which neither team was able to win consecutive games , Fredrik Modin notched the winning goal of the seventh and deciding game , earning the Eastern Conference championship for the Lightning and their first - ever berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . Their opponent in the final round was the Calgary Flames , captained by Jarome Iginla . The final round also went the full seven games , with the deciding game played in the St. Pete Times Forum on June 7 , 2004 . This time , Ruslan Fedotenko was the Game 7 hero , scoring both Lightning goals in a 2 -- 1 victory . Brad Richards , who had 26 points in the post-season , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs ; the Lightning had won all 31 contests in which he had scored a goal since the opening of the season . Tortorella won the Jack Adams Award as the NHL 's Coach of the Year . Only three years after their last of four consecutive seasons of 50 or more losses , and in only their 12th year of existence , the Lightning became the southernmost team ever to win the Stanley Cup . Martin St. Louis led the team and the NHL with 94 points ( his 38 goals were fourth-most after the 41 of tied trio Jarome Iginla , Rick Nash and Ilya Kovalchuk ) , and won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player . St. Louis also won the Lester B. Pearson Award for the NHL 's most outstanding player as voted by the NHL Players ' Association , and tied the Vancouver Canucks ' Marek Malik for the NHL Plus / Minus Award . A season of superlatives was capped with one final accolade , as The Sporting News named GM Jay Feaster as the league 's executive of the year for 2003 -- 04 . The Lightning had to wait a year to defend their title due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , but in 2005 -- 06 , they barely made the playoffs with a record of 43 -- 33 -- 6 for 93 points in a conference where six teams notched 100 or more points . They lost to the Ottawa Senators in five games in the first round of the 2006 playoffs . Disappointments and rebuilding ( edit ) During the 2006 -- 07 season , Vincent Lecavalier broke the then franchise record for most points , and goals in a single season . During the off - season , the Lightning traded Fredrik Modin and Fredrik Norrena to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for goaltender Marc Denis in an effort to replace the departing John Grahame , who had signed with the Carolina Hurricanes . However , free agent Johan Holmqvist would eventually receive the majority of playing time and most of the club 's wins . The first half of 2006 -- 07 was inconsistent for the Lightning , maintaining an 18 -- 19 -- 2 record throughout the first few months . January and February were far better months for the team , going 9 -- 4 -- 0 in January and 9 -- 2 -- 2 in February , driving them back into the playoff race . Fourteen games in March were split even , and on March 16 , 2007 , Vincent Lecavalier broke the franchise record for most points in a season , with 95 ( finishing with 108 ) . The record was previously held by Martin St. Louis , who had set the record in the 2003 -- 04 Stanley Cup - winning year . Lecavalier also broke the franchise 's goal scoring record , finishing with a league - leading 52 goals . The Lightning were busy during the final weeks before the NHL 's trade deadline , acquiring wingers Kyle Wanvig , Stephen Baby and defenseman Shane O'Brien . Former first round pick Nikita Alexeev was traded on deadline day to the Chicago Blackhawks . Other mid-season additions to the team included Filip Kuba , Luke Richardson and Doug Janik . Veteran Andre Roy , who had won the Stanley Cup with the Lightning in 2004 , was claimed off waivers from the Pittsburgh Penguins . Throughout March , the Lightning had been competing with the Atlanta Thrashers for first place in the Southeast Division . With a chance to overtake the Thrashers one final time and once again become division champions for the third time in team history , on April 6 , 2007 , in the final week of the regular season , the Lighting suffered a loss to the Florida Panthers , the night before the season finale in Atlanta . That same night , the Thrashers defeated the Carolina Hurricanes and subsequently clinched the division . For the Lightning , this meant having to settle for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference with a final record of 44 -- 33 -- 5 ( 93 points ) . However , the Lightning were eliminated from playoff competition on April 22 after a 3 -- 2 home loss to the New Jersey Devils in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals . Following their playoff exit , on August 7 , 2007 , Absolute Hockey Enterprises , a group led by Doug MacLean , announced it had signed a purchase agreement for the team and the leasehold on the St. Pete Times Forum . MacLean is the former president and general manager of the Columbus Blue Jackets and former head coach for both the Blue Jackets and the Florida Panthers . The group announced it planned to keep the team in Tampa , but the deal collapsed during the 2007 -- 08 season . The Lightning struggled to maintain success during the 2007 -- 08 campaign . Although the `` Big 3 '' of Vincent Lecavalier , Martin St. Louis and Brad Richards , along with Vaclav Prospal , had performed up to expectations , they had little consistent play from supporting players . At the start of the All - Star Break on January 25 , 2008 , the Lightning had a 20 -- 25 -- 5 record , and with 45 points , were in last place in both the Southeast Division and the Eastern Conference . Only the Los Angeles Kings had a lower point total at this time of the season , with 40 points . On February 13 , 2008 , it was announced that Palace Sports & Entertainment had agreed to sell the Lightning to OK Hockey LLC , a group headed by Oren Koules , a producer of the Saw horror movies , and Len Barrie , a former NHL player and real estate developer . Vaclav Prospal with the Lightning in 2007 . Prior to the 2007 NHL trade deadline , the Lightning traded Prospal to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Alexandre Picard and a conditional draft pick . The Lightning were active during the trade deadline , similar to the previous season . More notable trades included Vaclav Prospal 's trade to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for prospect Alexandre Picard and a conditional draft pick . Additionally , former Conn Smythe Trophy winner Brad Richards and goaltender Johan Holmqvist were traded to the Dallas Stars in exchange for goaltender Mike Smith and forwards Jussi Jokinen and Jeff Halpern , as well as a fourth - round draft pick in 2009 . Jan Hlavac , a regular contributor , was also traded , moving to the Nashville Predators in exchange for a seventh - round pick in 2008 . Defenseman Dan Boyle was re-signed to a six - year contract extension reportedly worth $40 million . However , after the trade deadline , the Lightning fared no better than they had throughout the entire season . After the February 26 trade deadline , the Lightning won only five games . Finishing with a 31 -- 42 -- 9 record , with 71 points , they had the highest chance of winning the top overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft through the draft lottery , which they eventually won on April 7 . They would use their first overall pick to select Steven Stamkos of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) 's Sarnia Sting . The Lightning were the worst team on the road in the NHL , winning only 11 games . Another showing of the team 's poor play was the difference from the previous season 's success in the overtime / shootout periods . In the 2006 -- 07 season , the Lightning had one of the best extra period records , winning 15 games in either overtime or the shootout . However , in the 2007 -- 08 season , they won only three games , losing nine . Vincent Lecavalier suffered a dislocated shoulder as the result of an open - ice hit from Matt Cooke of the Washington Capitals in the game before the season finale in Atlanta . Lecavalier , who planned on having arthroscopic wrist surgery after the season 's ending , would undergo surgery to repair his right shoulder as well . Cooke was fined $2,500 by the NHL for the hit , as Lecavalier did not have possession of the puck at the time . Perhaps the lone bright spot in the season was Lecavalier 's winning both the King Clancy Memorial Trophy and the NHL Foundation Player Award for work through his foundation , including a $3 million pledge to All Children 's Hospital in St. Petersburg , Florida , for what would become the Vincent Lecavalier Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at All Children 's Hospital . Head coach John Tortorella was fired by the Lightning following their worst season since Tortorella was hired . At the time working as an NHL analyst for ESPN , Barry Melrose stated on June 4 during an episode of Pardon the Interruption that he missed coaching and would entertain any NHL coaching offers . He stated , `` I miss not having a dog in the fight . '' On June 23 , ESPN reported Melrose had been chosen to be the head coach of the Lightning , beginning in 2008 -- 09 . The next day , the Lightning officially introduced him as their new head coach . On July 4 , 2008 , Dan Boyle , despite coming off a recent contract extension , was traded ( along with Brad Lukowich ) to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Matt Carle , Ty Wishart , a first - round draft pick in 2009 and a fourth - round pick in 2010 . Boyle was pressured to waive his no - trade clause by Tampa Bay 's ownership , who said they would otherwise place him on waivers , where he would likely be claimed by the Atlanta Thrashers . In the fallout from the trade , Boyle would call Lightning ownership `` liars '' for misrepresenting the aforementioned events to the public , while former coach Tortorella later labeled them as `` cowboys '' and said he had zero respect for them . Frustrated at interference in the team 's hockey operations by Barrie and Koules , seven days later , Jay Feaster resigned as general manager , despite having three years remaining on his contract . The Lightning opened the 2008 -- 09 season in the Czech Republic against the New York Rangers as a part of the NHL 's regular season `` Premiere '' that selects several teams to open the regular season in Europe . Barry Melrose would record his first win as a head coach in over 13 years on October 21 , 2008 , with a 3 -- 2 victory over the Atlanta Thrashers . However , the Lightning did not get off to a great start as hoped , and Melrose was eventually fired by the Lightning with a 5 -- 7 -- 4 record . Rick Tocchet , who had been hired as assistant coach during the previous off - season , was promoted to interim head coach . On March 4 , veterans Mark Recchi and Olaf Kolzig were traded by the Tampa Bay Lightning to the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , respectively . The Lightning acquired top round picks Matt Lashoff and Martins Karsums from the Bruins . After the firing of Melrose , the Lightning went 19 -- 33 -- 14 and would finish the season 24 -- 40 -- 18 with 66 points , their lowest point total since the 2000 -- 01 season . With the second overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , the Lightning selected Swedish defenseman Victor Hedman . Martin St. Louis with the Lightning during the 2009 -- 10 season . He signed a four - year extension with the team in the 2010 off - season . In the 2009 off - season , the Lightning removed the interim status of Rick Tocchet , making him the full - time head coach and signing him to a multi-year contract . The Lightning had an up - and - down beginning to the 2009 -- 10 campaign . Despite an overmatched roster on paper , and a team that struggled in the first two periods of many games , the Lightning remained competitive in the playoff race until March , when they went 5 -- 10 -- 1 for the month and fell eight points out of a playoff spot . Unable to make a final push for the playoffs , they were officially eliminated from contention within the first week of April . The Lightning finished the season 34 -- 36 -- 12 for 80 points , fourth in the Southeast Division and 12th in the Eastern Conference . Steven Stamkos scored 51 goals in just his second NHL season , earning himself a share of the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy by finishing tied for the NHL lead in goals with Pittsburgh Penguins star Sidney Crosby . During the season , the team was sold to Bostonian investment banker Jeffrey Vinik . Following the late - season collapse , Vinik cleaned house , firing both head coach Rick Tocchet and GM Brian Lawton on April 12 , 2010 , one day after the season ended . In May 2010 , Vinik hired Steve Yzerman away from the Detroit Red Wings front office to be the new GM , signing him to a five - year contract . Yzerman then hired Guy Boucher away from the Montreal Canadiens organization to succeed Tocchet as the head coach two weeks later . Yzerman 's first off - season with Tampa Bay began with a splash . With the sixth pick of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft , the Lightning selected forward Brett Connolly despite a history of injuries while playing for the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) 's Prince George Cougars . When asked about Connolly 's injuries being a factor in the decision to draft him , Yzerman boldly declared , `` I think it was a factor that he was available with the 6th pick . Because if he had been healthy all year , based on everything I know , he would not have been available with the 6th pick . '' On July 1 , 2010 , veteran blueliner Andrej Meszaros was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for their second - round pick in 2011 . Later that day , the Lightning signed star winger Martin St. Louis to a four - year , $22.5 million contract extension to come into effect on July 1 , 2011 . On July 19 , in another move with the Flyers organization , the Lightning traded defenseman Matt Walker and Tampa Bay 's fourth - round pick in 2011 for high - scoring winger Simon Gagne . Other off - season acquisitions included the signing of forwards Sean Bergenheim , Dominic Moore and Marc - Antoine Pouliot , along with defensemen Brett Clark , Randy Jones and Pavel Kubina and goaltender Dan Ellis , as well as the re-signing of restricted free agent forward Steve Downie to a two - year , $3.7 million deal . End of the Lecavalier / St. Louis era ( edit ) Dwayne Roloson was acquired during the 2010 -- 11 season in order to further bolster the team 's goaltending . With starting goaltender Mike Smith injured , the Lightning called up Cedrick Desjardins , who played with a . 950 save percentage and a 1.00 goals against average ( GAA ) in two games . The team then acquired veteran Dwayne Roloson from the New York Islanders for further coverage in net . The Lightning compiled a 46 -- 25 -- 11 record with 103 points in the 2010 -- 11 season , matching a franchise record for wins in a season . After holding the first place in the Southeast Division for several months , they fell to second after a poor performance in March . However , their record was solid enough for second in the Southeast Division and fifth in the Eastern Conference , and they returned to the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 -- 07 season . Scoring 31 goals and assisting on 68 , Martin St. Louis finished second in the NHL in points . In the playoffs , Tampa Bay drew the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Conference Quarterfinals . After losing Game 4 at home in the second overtime period , they fell behind in the series one game to three . However , the Lightning went on to win the next three games , including a 1 -- 0 Game 7 win on the road , taking their first playoff series since winning the Stanley Cup in 2004 . In the Conference Semi-finals , the Lightning swept the top - seeded Washington Capitals . Tampa Bay went up against the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference Finals . In Game 4 of the series , the Lightning trailed 3 -- 0 at the end of the first period . When Dwayne Roloson was pulled for Mike Smith , the Bruins failed to score again , and the Lightning tied the game in the second period by scoring three goals in 3 : 58 , going on to win the game 5 -- 3 and tying the series at two games apiece . The series went the full seven games , though the Lightning were eliminated by a single goal , as the game was lost ( 0 -- 1 ) . The Lightning finished the 2011 -- 12 season with a 38 -- 36 -- 8 record . With only 84 points , they fell short of reaching the playoffs , ending the season third in the Southeast Division and tenth in the Eastern Conference . Individually , Steven Stamkos scored a franchise - record 60 goals . He won the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy for the second time in his career , the first time in which he was the unanimous victor . Stamkos was also second in the NHL in points with 97 , and was a finalist for both the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Ted Lindsay Award . As with the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout , the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout resulted in a 48 - game season . Nearing the end of a dismal 18 -- 26 -- 4 season for 40 points , in which the Lightning ended fourth in the Southeast and 14th in the East , GM Steve Yzerman looked to their highly - successful American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Syracuse Crunch . On March 25 , 2013 , head coach Guy Boucher was dismissed for following a 7 -- 16 -- 1 record . The Lightning announced Jon Cooper would become the eighth head coach in franchise history . Martin St. Louis won his second Art Ross Trophy with 60 points in the shortened season , as Stamkos finished runner - up 57 . On June 27 , 2013 , the team announced that they would exercise one of their two `` compliance buyouts '' on captain Vincent Lecavalier , as permitted by the collective agreement . This move would make Lecavalier an unrestricted free agent beginning July 5 , free to sign with any team except the Lightning . The team stated the move was made not because of Lecavalier 's play on the ice , but simply because of how his contract affected the team 's salary cap , which would have been over $7 million per year until its expiration after the 2019 -- 20 season . Steven Stamkos era ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Return to the playoffs ( edit ) After acquiring goaltender Ben Bishop from the Ottawa Senators in a trade the previous season , the Lightning started the 2013 season with an above average performance . On November 11 , 2013 , going into the day tied for most goals during the regular season , Steven Stamkos suffered a broken right tibia after crashing into one of the goalposts during play against the Boston Bruins . He would miss 45 games and was not cleared to play again until March 5 , 2014 . Ryan Callahan during his first month with the Lightning . Callahan was acquired by the team in a trade that sent Martin St. Louis to the New York Rangers . In January , GM Steve Yzerman , who also served as the general manager for Canada 's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics , elected not to name Lightning captain Martin St. Louis to Canada 's roster , instead choosing the still - injured Stamkos . After Stamkos was not medically cleared to play in Sochi in early February , Yzerman ultimately named St. Louis to Team Canada as an injury replacement . In late February , it was reported St. Louis had requested a trade from Yzerman the month prior . St. Louis , who had a no - move clause in his contract with Tampa Bay , reportedly consented to only being traded to the New York Rangers . On March 5 , 2014 , St. Louis was sent to New York along with a conditional 2015 second - round pick in exchange for New York captain Ryan Callahan , a 2015 first - round draft pick , a conditional 2014 second - round pick and a 2015 conditional seventh - round pick . The deal came subsequently after Stamkos had been cleared to return to the Lightning 's active roster . St. Louis cited his decision based on his family and thanked Lightning fans for their support during his tenure with the franchise , but would not specify any further about the reasons leading to his request . On March 6 , 2014 , Steven Stamkos was named Tampa Bay 's tenth captain in franchise history in his first game back after recovering from his tibia injury . On April 7 , 2014 , the team announced it had signed GM Steve Yzerman to a four - year contract extension . Finishing the season with 101 points , the Lightning placed second in the Atlantic Division , qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 2011 . However , Tampa Bay was eliminated in the first round of the Atlantic divisional semi-finals , losing to the Montreal Canadiens in a four - game sweep . On June 25 , 2014 , the Lightning agreed to terms with Ryan Callahan , who was slated to become a free agent in the off - season , signing him to a six - year , $34.8 million contract extension . The same day , the Lightning used its remaining compliance buyout on forward Ryan Malone after his on - ice performance had declined from injuries seasons prior in addition to his off - ice troubles that included a DUI arrest before the end of the season . Second Stanley Cup Finals appearance ( edit ) Finishing the 2014 -- 15 season with 108 points , the Lightning placed second in the Atlantic Division and qualified for the playoffs for the second - straight season , scoring the most goals out of any team in the NHL . Tampa Bay eliminated the Detroit Red Wings in seven games in the first round of the playoffs before facing Montreal in the second round . The Lightning won the first three games of the series and had a chance to sweep the Canadiens , however Montreal responded with wins in Games 4 and 5 to extend the series to a sixth game . Tampa Bay won the sixth game of the series to eliminate the Canadiens and advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2011 , facing the New York Rangers . A viewing party outside Amalie Arena for Game 6 of the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Lightning and the Rangers split the first two games of the series in New York , with the Lightning winning Game 2 of the series thanks to a Tyler Johnson hat - trick . The series then shifted to Tampa , where the Lightning had a come - from - behind overtime victory in Game 3 but lost Game 4 to even the series at two games apiece . During Game 5 in New York , goaltender Ben Bishop recorded his second shutout of the playoffs in a 2 -- 0 victory , but the Rangers responded in Game 6 by scoring seven goals to tie the series at three games apiece . In Game 7 , Bishop recorded his third shutout of the playoffs in another 2 -- 0 victory against the Rangers to lead the Lightning to their first appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals since 2004 . The Lightning not only became the first team to defeat the Rangers in a Game 7 at Madison Square Garden , but they also became the first team to successfully defeat three Original Six teams in the first three rounds of the playoffs . The Lightning would face the Chicago Blackhawks in the Stanley Cup Finals , making it the first time a finalist faced four Original Six teams in the playoffs since the four - round format was introduced in 1980 . After losing Game 1 at home , the Lightning built a two games to one series lead , though the Blackhawks would win the following three games to win the Stanley Cup in six games at the United Center in Chicago . This made Tampa Bay the first team to beat three of the Original Six teams in the playoffs since the Pittsburgh Penguins completed the feat in 1992 . However , they became the first team to lose the Stanley Cup Finals despite beating three Original Six teams . Continuing championship contention ( edit ) Despite finishing with 46 wins and 97 points , the Lightning had a very slow start to the 2015 -- 16 season . The 2015 -- 16 season was filled with controversy for the Lightning , starting off with the contractual questions regarding team captain Steven Stamkos and with the former third overall pick Jonathan Drouin publicly requesting a trade and being suspended from the organization . The Lightning picked up their play at the beginning of the year 2016 and set the franchise record to nine consecutive wins on March 5 , 2016 , when Alex Killorn scored with 42.5 seconds remaining in overtime to propel the Lightning to a 4 -- 3 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes at Amalie Arena . On March 26 , 2016 , the Lightning announced cornerstone defenseman Anton Stralman had suffered a fractured leg in their game against the New York Islanders at home . Tampa 's fortunes would get even worse when Stamkos shockingly was out of the lineup for the team 's game on April 2 against the New Jersey Devils in Tampa . Lightning GM Steve Yzerman announced after the game that the captain would miss one - to - three months due to a blood clot in his arm . Due to unfortunate circumstances , the team had no other option but to bring Drouin back to the team . The Lightning ended up finishing second in the Atlantic Division and would once again face the third - seeded Detroit Red Wings in the first round of the playoffs . The Lightning ended up defeating the Red Wings in five games after winning 1 -- 0 at Amalie Arena . Next up , the Islanders would face the Lightning . In Game 1 , the Islanders defeated the Bolts 5 -- 3 . The Lightning would eventually answer back by winning four consecutive games in the series to defeat the Isles in five games , in large part due to back - to - back road overtime victories with goals scored by Brian Boyle and Jason Garrison . The Lightning were set to play against the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Eastern Conference Finals . In Game 1 at Consol Energy Center , star goaltender Ben Bishop would be added to the list of devastating injuries for the team as he left on a stretcher and did not return for the remainder of the series . Stralman would eventually return in Game 2 . A back - and - forth series would eventually lead to a Game 7 showdown in Pittsburgh . Lightning captain Steven Stamkos surprisingly took warmups and was in the Lightning lineup after a long absence from blood clot surgery . However , it was not enough , as the Lightning would fall 2 -- 1 against the Penguins , who went on to defeat the San Jose Sharks and win the Stanley Cup . With the Lightning under the spotlight in the 2016 off - season , Drouin rescinded his trade request . Steve Yzerman would then announce on June 29 the team re-signed Stamkos to an eight - year , cap - friendly deal . He would then sign star defenseman Victor Hedman to an eight - year contract on July 1 , along with a seven - year deal for Alex Killorn and a three - year deal for former first round pick , goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy . The Lightning narrowly missed the playoffs in the 2016 -- 17 season . Finishing with 94 points , they were beaten to the second wildcard by the Toronto Maple Leafs , with 95 points . The 2016 -- 17 season for the Lightning was a host of injuries , mainly their captain , Steven Stamkos . Stamkos went down in the 17th game , against the Detroit Red Wings . It was revealed he suffered from a torn left meniscus , which put him out for the rest of the season . During the season , they traded goaltender Ben Bishop to the Los Angeles Kings , center Brian Boyle to the Toronto Maple Leafs , and forward Valtteri Filppula to the Philadelphia Flyers . However , there were positive signs as winger Nikita Kucherov emerged with 40 goals and goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy stepped up after Bishop left . The Lightning also showcased their young talent with rookie Brayden Point and promising AHL call - ups Yanni Gourde and Jake Dotchin . The Lightning bounced back with this talent in the last third of the season , but it was not enough as they missed the playoffs by one point . In the off - season , the Lightning made a deal with the Montreal Canadiens to send Jonathan Drouin to their franchise in exchange for defensive prospect Mikhail Sergachev and a second - round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft . They also signed defenseman Dan Girardi for two years and winger Chris Kunitz to a one year deal . In the 2017 -- 18 season , Steven Stamkos returned from injury , scoring 20 points in the first 10 games and assisting on 9 of Nikita Kucherov 's 11 . The Lightning finished the 2017 -- 18 season with a record of 54 -- 23 -- 5 , finishing with 113 points . The Lightning won their first Atlantic Division title and first division title since the 2003 -- 04 season , as well as securing the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs . Andrei Vasilevskiy was nominated for the Vezina Trophy . Nikita Kucherov scored 100 points during the regular season , finishing third overall in the league . Steve Yzerman was once again nominated for the NHL General Manager of the Year Award . During the playoffs , the Lightning eliminated the New Jersey Devils in the first round and the Boston Bruins in the second round , both in five games . However , they were defeated in the Eastern Conference Finals by the eventual - Stanley Cup champions , the Washington Capitals , in seven games . Radio and television ( edit ) The Lightning radio broadcasts are on WFLA ; the play - by - play announcer is Dave Mishkin , known for his energetic style and his tendency to shriek when the Lightning score . Phil Esposito is the color commentator for home games . Matthew Sammon is the pregame and intermission host . The Lightning television broadcasts can be seen on Fox Sports Sun . The television play - by - play announcer is Rick Peckham . The color commentator is Brian Engblom . The studio host is Paul Kennedy . Caley Chelios is the in - arena host and Lightning reporter . Former Lightning player Dave Andreychuk and former color commentator Bobby `` The Chief '' Taylor assist with the television pregame and postgame broadcasts . On December 10 , 2014 , long - time color commentator Bobby `` The Chief '' Taylor announced he would be retiring from the broadcast booth at the end of the 2014 -- 15 season . Taylor had served as the teams color commentator since the 1993 -- 94 season , which was the team 's second year of existence . Taylor cited that he desired to be home with his wife Jan more . Taylor said , `` The road was starting to get a little stale , '' and `` I 've been traveling since I was 15 , and that 's a long time . '' However , Taylor announced that he is not completely stepping away from the team broadcasts . He will continue to serve as a sideline or studio analyst during the games on Fox Sports Sun for both home and away games . Taylor may also see sometime between the benches during broadcasts the following season . The Lightning have begun an immediate search for a replacement for Taylor for the coming season . On August 11 , 2015 , Fox Sports Sun , the regional television home of the Lightning , announced Brian Engblom as Taylor 's replacement on color commentary for the 2015 -- 16 season . Prior to joining Sun Sports , Engblom served as `` Inside the glass '' analyst on both NBC and NBC Sports Network , as well as the network 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . Engblom has served as an analyst on NHL Live , and also served as color analyst for Winnipeg Jets Games on TSN in Canada . Prior to being an announcer , Engblom played at the University of Wisconsin , and was Montreal 's third pick , 22nd overall , in the 1975 NHL Entry Draft . He won three Stanley Cups with the Canadiens ( 1977 -- 1979 ) . Team colors and mascot ( edit ) Since 2010 , the Lightning colors have been blue , black and white . Their logo has been a stylized lightning bolt . This is the origin of one nickname for the team -- the `` Bolts . '' Logo and jerseys ( edit ) Tampa Bay 's original logo , 1992 -- 2007 . The team was named the Lightning in reference to Tampa being the `` lightning capital of North America '' . The original Lightning jerseys featured simple stripes on the sleeves and tail , and contrasting shoulders -- black shoulders over a white jersey , and white shoulders over the black -- with the alternate logo ( a lightning bolt over the outline of the state of Florida ) . The underarm gussets included a feature referred to as `` victory stripes '' -- a group of thin stripes , alternating in the team 's colors ( black - silver - blue on white , or white - blue - silver on black ) . For the 1996 -- 97 season , the Lightning added a third jersey , primarily blue with a sublimated wave and rain design on the front and back , lightning bolts down the sleeves , a silver - gray shoulder yoke , and black gussets . The third jersey was retired after the 1998 -- 99 season . The alternate logo used from 1992 to 2007 . It was also used as a shoulder patch on the white and black jerseys , and on their helmets from the 2001 -- 02 to 2006 -- 07 season . In their first two seasons , the Lightning used a stylized block font for player names , with gaps in the upper loops of letters such as A , B , D , and R . The numbers were standard block numbers with drop shadows . The fonts were vertical in 1992 -- 93 , and italicized in 1993 -- 94 . The following season , the name font changed to a block font , vertically arched , while the number font changed to a painted style resembling the letters `` Tampa Bay '' in the logo . This style was also used on the blue alternate in 1998 -- 99 , replacing an `` electrified '' number font used from 1996 -- 98 . In 2001 -- 02 , the old fonts were replaced with traditional block letters and numbers , which have been used ever since . They also darkened their shades of blue that season from a royal blue to a speed ( Indy ) blue . As with all NHL teams for the 2007 -- 08 season , the Lightning debuted in new Reebok `` Rbk Edge '' jerseys . Also , like several other NHL teams , the Lightning updated their team logo . The Lightning unveiled their new logo on August 25 , 2007 . The logo was similar to the inaugural one , but with a more modern look . The new logo also kept the same theme as the previous one , but with the words `` Tampa Bay '' across the top now appearing with tall capital initials , and the word `` Lightning '' no longer appearing on the bottom of the logo . The second logo for the Lightning was used from 2007 to 2011 . The Edge jerseys use the same template adopted by the Ottawa Senators and Pittsburgh Penguins . Unlike those teams , the Lightning 's elbow panels remain the base color of the jersey , and an additional blue panel is added near the cuff of the sleeve . The Edge uniforms retain the underarm gusset `` victory stripes '' of their predecessors . The Lightning then debuted a new `` alternate '' or `` third '' jersey in the 2008 -- 09 season . The jersey features a dominant `` electric blue '' color , with black and silver accents at the end of the sleeves . The logo is removed , and in its place emblazoned across the front of the jersey descending to the lower left of the jersey is the word `` BOLTS '' ( utilizing a layout similar to that of the Ottawa Senators ' third jersey ) . The numbers are featured on the back and sleeves only , using white lettering . It was reported on January 23 , 2011 , that the Lightning had filed paperwork with the NHL to change their logo and colors , beginning with the 2011 -- 12 season . The new logo , as well as the new home and away jerseys , were unveiled by the team at a press conference at the St. Pete Times Forum on January 31 , 2011 . The Lightning began to integrate the new logo onto center ice , and even distributed free T - shirts with the simplified logo on February 4 , 2011 , while still using the old Lightning logo and uniforms . The current uniforms are made in a traditional hockey sweater design . Initially , the colors that were to be used were simply blue and white , but by popular demand , black was later added as a trim color on the numbers . The victory stripes were also eliminated . Despite the introduction of the new uniforms , the previous third jersey was retained , with the new simplified logo replacing the old logo in the shoulders prior to the 2012 -- 13 season . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the Lightning announced that a new black third sweater will replace the existing `` BOLTS '' sweaters . The new sweaters were unveiled on September 27 , 2014 . It retained the `` BOLTS '' wordmark , while adding white accents in a similar manner as the Los Angeles Kings ' sweaters . The secondary roundel logo also replaced the primary logo on the sleeves , while the city name was enscripted on the collar . The Lightning made some minor tweaks to their current uniform set following the NHL 's move to Adidas as its uniform provider in the 2017 -- 18 season . The most notable change is the removal of the `` TAMPA BAY '' wordmark on the white away sweaters . In - game personalities ( edit ) Former United States Air Force technical sergeant Sonya Bryson - Kirksey sings the American national anthem at home games and she is accompanied by organist Krystof Srebrakowski . Thunderbug ( edit ) The Lightning mascot is a lightning bug named ThunderBug . He performs at games and makes appearances in the community . According to the Lightning website , Thunderbug enjoys birthday parties , street hockey , ice hockey and Lightning fans , while his dislikes include flyswatters and bug zappers . Lightning Girls ( edit ) An official dance team known as the Lightning Girls perform at all home games and community events . The Tampa Bay Lightning Girls are a group of dancers who perform in the stands . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Lightning . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Tampa Bay Lightning seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 46 27 9 101 239 215 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Canadiens ) 2014 -- 15 82 50 24 8 108 262 211 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 31 5 97 227 201 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 42 30 10 94 234 227 5th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 54 23 5 113 296 236 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated July 5 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Andy Andreoff LW / C 27 2018 Pickering , Ontario 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Ryan Callahan ( A ) RW 33 2014 Rochester , New York 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Anthony Cirelli 21 2015 Woodbridge , Ontario 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Braydon Coburn 33 2015 Calgary , Alberta 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Cory Conacher C / LW 28 2016 Burlington , Ontario 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Louis Domingue 26 2017 Mont - Saint - Hilaire , Quebec 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dan Girardi 34 2017 Welland , Ontario 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Yanni Gourde LW 26 2014 Saint - Narcisse , Quebec 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Victor Hedman 27 2009 Örnsköldsvik , Sweden 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tyler Johnson 28 2011 Spokane , Washington 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Alex Killorn 28 2007 Halifax , Nova Scotia 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Nikita Kucherov RW 25 2011 Moscow , Russia 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Ryan McDonagh 29 2018 St. Paul , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 J.T. Miller C / RW 25 2018 East Palestine , Ohio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Ondrej Palat ( A ) LW 27 2011 Frýdek - Místek , Czechoslovakia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Cedric Paquette 25 2012 Gaspe , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Brayden Point 22 2014 Calgary , Alberta 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Mikhail Sergachev 20 2017 Nizhnekamsk , Russia 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Steven Stamkos ( C ) 28 2008 Markham , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Anton Stralman 32 2014 Tibro , Sweden 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Andrei Vasilevskiy 24 2012 Tyumen , Russia Retired numbers ( edit ) Tampa Bay Lightning retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement Vincent Lecavalier 1998 -- 2013 February 10 , 2018 26 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 January 13 , 2017 The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Team captains ( edit ) Named to the position in 2014 , Steven Stamkos is the current captain of the Lightning . Paul Ysebaert , 1995 -- 1997 Mikael Renberg , 1997 -- 1998 Rob Zamuner , 1998 -- 1999 Bill Houlder , 1999 Chris Gratton , 1999 -- 2000 Vincent Lecavalier , 2000 -- 2001 Dave Andreychuk , 2002 -- 2006 Tim Taylor , 2006 -- 2008 Vincent Lecavalier , 2008 -- 2013 Martin St. Louis , 2013 -- 2014 Steven Stamkos , 2014 -- present Honored members ( edit ) See also : List of Tampa Bay Lightning award winners Tampa Bay Lightning Hall of Famers Players Name Position Career Inducted Dave Andreychuk 2001 -- 2006 2017 Dino Ciccarelli RW 1996 -- 1998 Mark Recchi RW 2008 -- 2009 2017 Denis Savard 1993 -- 1995 2000 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 2018 NHL All - Star Team 2003 -- 04 -- First Team : Martin St. Louis 2017 -- 18 -- First Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov 2006 -- 07 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Vincent Lecavalier , Dan Boyle 2009 -- 10 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis 2010 -- 11 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Steven Stamkos 2011 -- 12 -- Second Team : Steven Stamkos 2012 -- 13 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis 2015 -- 16 -- Second Team : Ben Bishop 2016 -- 17 -- Second Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov NHL All - Rookie Team Brad Richards : 2000 -- 01 Tyler Johnson : 2013 -- 14 Ondrej Palat : 2013 -- 14 All - Star Game Ben Bishop , G : 2016 Brian Bradley , C : 1993 , 1994 Dino Ciccarelli RW : 1997 Wendel Clark LW : 1999 Jon Cooper HC : 2018 Roman Hamrlik , D: 1996 Victor Hedman , D: 2017 , 2018 Tyler Johnson , C : 2015 Nikolai Khabibulin , G : 2002 , 2003 Nikita Kucherov , RW : 2017 , 2018 Pavel Kubina , D: 2004 Vincent Lecavalier , C : 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ( captain ) , 2009 Fredrik Modin , LW : 2001 Brayden Point , C : 2018 Martin St. Louis , RW : 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ( alternate captain ) Steven Stamkos , C : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 ( captain ) Petr Svoboda , D: 2000 Andrei Vasilevskiy , G : 2018 NHL YoungStars Game Brad Richards , C : 2002 Alexander Svitov , C : 2003 Paul Ranger , D: 2007 Mike Lundin , D: 2008 Steven Stamkos , C : 2009 NHL All - Star Skills Competition ( Rookie ) Jonathan Drouin , LW : 2015 First - round draft picks ( edit ) 1992 : Roman Hamrlik ( 1st overall ) 1993 : Chris Gratton ( 3rd overall ) 1994 : Jason Wiemer ( 8th overall ) 1995 : Daymond Langkow ( 5th overall ) 1996 : Mario Larocque ( 16th overall ) 1997 : Paul Mara ( 7th overall ) 1998 : Vincent Lecavalier ( 1st overall ) 1999 : None 2000 : Nikita Alexeev ( 8th overall ) 2001 : Alexander Svitov ( 3rd overall ) 2002 : None 2003 : None 2004 : Andy Rogers ( 30th overall ) 2005 : Vladimir Mihalik ( 30th overall ) 2006 : Riku Helenius ( 15th overall ) 2007 : None 2008 : Steven Stamkos ( 1st overall ) 2009 : Victor Hedman ( 2nd overall ) , Carter Ashton ( 29th overall ) 2010 : Brett Connolly ( 6th overall ) 2011 : Vladislav Namestnikov ( 27th overall ) 2012 : Slater Koekkoek ( 10th overall ) , Andrei Vasilevskiy ( 19th overall ) 2013 : Jonathan Drouin ( 3rd overall ) 2014 : Anthony DeAngelo ( 19th overall ) 2015 : None 2016 : Brett Howden ( 27th overall ) 2017 : Cal Foote ( 14th overall ) 2018 : None Franchise scoring Leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Lightning player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Recording 364 points with the Lightning , Victor Hedman is the Lightning 's all - time leading scoring leader amongst defensemen . Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 972 365 588 953 . 98 Vincent Lecavalier 1037 383 491 874 . 84 Steven Stamkos * 664 348 320 668 1.01 Brad Richards 552 150 339 489 . 89 Vaclav Prospal 468 127 244 371 . 79 Victor Hedman * 626 82 282 364 . 58 Nikita Kucherov * RW 365 147 187 334 . 92 Brian Bradley 328 111 189 300 . 91 Fredrik Modin LW 445 145 141 286 . 64 Tyler Johnson * 389 110 151 261 . 67 Goals Player Pos Vincent Lecavalier 383 Martin St. Louis RW 365 Steven Stamkos * 348 Brad Richards 150 Nikita Kucherov * RW 147 Fredrik Modin LW 145 Vaclav Prospal 127 Brian Bradley 111 Tyler Johnson * 110 Chris Gratton 98 Assists Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 588 Vincent Lecavalier 491 Brad Richards 339 Steven Stamkos * 320 Victor Hedman * 282 Vaclav Prospal 244 Brian Bradley 189 Dan Boyle 187 Nikita Kucherov * RW 187 Pavel Kubina 171 Franchise playoff scoring Leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten playoff point - scorers in franchise playoff history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL season . * -- current Lightning player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game ; * = current Lightning player Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 63 33 35 68 1.07 Nikita Kucherov * RW 61 29 30 59 . 96 Vincent Lecavalier 63 24 28 52 . 82 Steven Stamkos * 66 22 29 51 . 78 Tyler Johnson * 64 24 26 50 . 79 Victor Hedman * 82 7 41 48 . 59 Brad Richards 45 18 29 47 1.04 Ondrej Palat * LW 63 20 21 41 . 66 Alex Killorn * 64 20 20 40 . 63 Valtteri Filppula 47 5 17 22 . 46 Goals Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 33 Nikita Kucherov * RW 29 Vincent Lecavalier 24 Tyler Johnson * 24 Steven Stamkos * 22 Alex Killorn * 20 Ondrej Palat * LW 20 Brad Richards 18 Ruslan Fedotenko LW 12 Fredrik Modin LW 10 Assists Player Pos Victor Hedman * 41 Martin St. Louis RW 35 Nikita Kucherov * RW 30 Steven Stamkos * 29 Brad Richards 29 Vincent Lecavalier 28 Tyler Johnson * 26 Ondrej Palat * 21 Alex Killorn * 20 Dan Boyle 19 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Stanley Cup 2003 -- 04 Prince of Wales Trophy 2003 -- 04 2014 -- 15 Art Ross Trophy Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 , 2012 -- 13 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy John Cullen : 1998 -- 99 Conn Smythe Trophy Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04 Hart Memorial Trophy Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 Jack Adams Award John Tortorella : 2003 -- 04 James Norris Memorial Trophy Victor Hedman : 2017 -- 18 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04 Martin St. Louis : 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Lester B. Pearson Award Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy Vincent Lecavalier : 2006 -- 07 Steven Stamkos : 2009 -- 10 ( shared with Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins ) , 2011 -- 12 NHL Foundation Player Award Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08 NHL General Manager of the Year Award Steve Yzerman : 2014 -- 15 NHL Plus / Minus Award Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 ( shared with Marek Malik of the Vancouver Canucks ) Franchise records ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Steven Stamkos , 60 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most assists in a season : Brad Richards ( 2005 -- 06 ) and Martin St. Louis ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 68 Most points in a season : Vincent Lecavalier , 108 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals in a season , defenseman : Dan Boyle , 20 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most assists in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 56 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 72 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Zenon Konopka , 265 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most assists in a season , rookie : Brad Richards , 41 ( 2000 -- 01 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 64 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most wins in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 44 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most shutouts in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Team ( edit ) Largest home playoff attendance : 28,183 ( ThunderDome -- now Tropicana Field ) ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most Points in a season : 113 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Wins in a season : 54 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Home Wins in a season : 32 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most road Wins in a season : 25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Wins in a row : 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tampa Bay Lightning . List of Stanley Cup champions List of National Hockey League awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lightning Unveil New Logo , Jersey Systems Along with Vision and Brand Aspiration '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris . `` Tampa Bay Lightning Jersey History '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Sports And Entertainment LLC Closes on Purchase of Tampa Bay Lightning '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning strike first to win first Cup '' . Jump up ^ Stein , Gil ( 1997 ) . Power Plays : An Inside Look at the Big Business of the National Hockey League . pp. 86 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 : Manon Rhéaume shatters hockey 's gender barrier '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Manon Rheaume '' . Jump up ^ Buckley , Tim ( October 10 , 1993 ) . `` Lightning 's spark ? It was on the bench '' . Tampa Bay Times . p. 6C . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Duhatschek , Eric ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Hockey Chronicles . New York City : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4697 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Fischler , Stan ( 1999 ) . Cracked Ice : An Insider 's Look at the NHL . Lincolnwood , Illinois : Masters Press . ISBN 1 - 57028 - 219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` A Soap Opera on Ice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Highlights '' . Jump up ^ `` LCS Hockey : Team Reports : Tampa Bay Lightning '' . Jump up ^ Blunderful , St. Petersburg Times Jump up ^ `` Lightning winger St. Louis out with broken leg '' . CBC News . January 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Vote deadline may have cost Khabibulin the MVP award '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning -- News : Lightning Acquire Conditional Draft Pick , AHL All - Star Defenseman From Philadelphia -- 25 February 2008 '' . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning -- News : Lightning Acquire Goaltender Mike Smith , Center Jeff Halpern , Left Wing Jussi Jokinen & fourth - Round Pick From Dallas -- 26 February 2008 '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning -- News : Lightning Acquire Seventh - Round Pick In 2008 From Nashville In Exchange For Jan Hlavac -- 26 February 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` Lightning re-sign D Boyle to six - year extension '' . February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bickering Tampa Bay Lightning owners Oren Koules and Len Barrie on track for a messy divorce '' . Jump up ^ `` Tortorella calls new Tampa owners ' cowboys , ' rips old franchise '' . Jump up ^ `` Lightning award Tocchet full - time coaching job '' . May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Stamkos ' empty - net goal gives him 51 and a share of the Rocket Richard Trophy Damian Cristodero '' . St. Petersburg Times . April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Damian Cristodero ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` It 's official : Tampa Bay Lightning fires coach Rick Tocchet and GM Brian Lawton '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( January 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tampa Bay Lightning gets goalie Dwayne Roloson from New York Islanders for minor - league defenseman '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Release Guy Boucher of Coaching Duties '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning name Jon Cooper as head coach '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning To Use Compliance Buyout on Vincent Lecavalier '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Lecavalier Compliance Buyout '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Damian Cristodero ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lightning plans Lecavalier buyout '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cristodero , Damian . `` Lightning 's Stamkos cleared to play Thursday against Sabres '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , NHL ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` St. Louis , Lightning discuss future with team '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tampa Bay , FOX 13 ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Martin St. Louis '' . FOX . myfoxtampabay . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Stamkos back , named captain '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halford , Mike ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Lightning sign GM Yzerman to four - year extension '' . NBC Sports Pro Hockey Talk . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Max Pacioretty lifts Habs to 2nd round in sweep of Lightning '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LeBrun , Pierre ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Callahan signs 6 - year deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stubits , Brian ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lightning use second compliance buyout on Ryan Malone '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning beat up on Original Six to reach Cup finals '' . Reuters . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` The Tampa Bay Lightning 's playoff journey through the Original Six '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tampa Bay Falls Just Short , Loses the Cup in Game 6 Shutout '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Campbell , Ken . `` Stamkos ' transformation into Kucherov 's set - up man has Lightning looking scarier than ever The Hockey News '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Erlendsson , Erik ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Bolts TV analyst Bobby ' The Chief ' Taylor in final season '' . Tampa Tribune . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bolts name ' The Chief 's ' successor : Brian Engblom to take over as color analyst '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Unveil Third Jerseys vs. Devils '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Damian Cristodero ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Tampa Bay Lightning 's new uniforms sound as if they will include a simple , classic design '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Unveil New Logo , Jersey Systems Along with Vision and Brand Aspiration '' . National Hockey League . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A couple of Tampa Bay Lightning records could fall tonight at Times Forum against the Capitals '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ThunderBug '' . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Girls -- Lightning Girls '' . May 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lightning retires Vinny Lecavalier 's No. 4 '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning to retire Martin St. Louis ' No. 26 this season '' . National Hockey League . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Career Leaders -- Hockey-Reference.com '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tampa Bay Lightning . Official website Tampa Bay Lightning Founded in 1992 Based in Tampa , Florida Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman ) General manager Steve Yzerman Head coach Jon Cooper Team captain Steven Stamkos Current roster Arenas Expo Hall Thunderdome Amalie Arena Rivalries Florida Panthers Affiliates AHL Syracuse Crunch ECHL Orlando Solar Bears Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 620 WDAE Culture and lore Manon Rhéaume The Phantom Goal The Ice Sports Forum Links to related articles Preceded by New Jersey Devils Stanley Cup champions 2003 -- 04 Succeeded by Carolina Hurricanes Tampa Bay Lightning seasons 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2018 -- 19 season Tampa Bay Area Topics Tampa Bay Climate History Media Sports Tampa International Airport Hillsborough County Public Schools Pinellas County Schools University of South Florida Central cities Tampa St. Petersburg Clearwater Smaller communities Pinellas Park Temple Terrace Brandon Zephyrhills Plant City Largo Dunedin Tarpon Springs Lutz Sun City Center Counties in MSA Hernando Hillsborough Pasco Pinellas See also : Florida Sports in the Tampa Bay Area Baseball Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area MLB Tampa Bay Rays FSL Clearwater Threshers Dunedin Blue Jays Tampa Tarpons GCL Blue Jays Phillies Yankees Football NFL Tampa Bay Buccaneers WFA Tampa Bay Inferno Hockey NHL Tampa Bay Lightning Roller derby WFTDA Tampa Roller Derby Soccer USL Tampa Bay Rowdies College athletics NCAA Division I South Florida Bulls NCAA Division II Eckerd Tritons Saint Leo Lions Tampa Spartans Major sports venues Current venues Raymond James Stadium Tropicana Field Amalie Arena George M. Steinbrenner Field Spectrum Field Al Lang Stadium Dunedin Stadium Yuengling Center USF Soccer Stadium Bob Martinez Sports Center Jack Russell Memorial Stadium Expo Hall Former venues Tampa Stadium Al Lopez Field Bayfront Center Curtis Hixon Hall Plant Field Phillips Field Sports teams in Florida Baseball MLB Miami Marlins Tampa Bay Rays SL Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp Pensacola Blue Wahoos FSL Bradenton Marauders Charlotte Stone Crabs Clearwater Threshers Daytona Tortugas Dunedin Blue Jays Florida Fire Frogs Fort Myers Miracle Jupiter Hammerheads Lakeland Flying Tigers Palm Beach Cardinals St. Lucie Mets Tampa Tarpons Gulf Coast League Florida Collegiate Summer League Basketball NBA Miami Heat Orlando Magic G League Lakeland Magic ABA Jacksonville Giants Miami Midnites South Florida Gold Football NFL Jacksonville Jaguars Miami Dolphins Tampa Bay Buccaneers NAL Jacksonville Sharks AAL Florida Tarpons WFA Daytona Waveriders Jacksonville Dixie Blues Miami Fury Orlando Anarchy Tampa Bay Inferno Hockey NHL Florida Panthers Tampa Bay Lightning ECHL Florida Everblades Jacksonville Icemen Orlando Solar Bears SPHL Pensacola Ice Flyers Lacrosse MLL Florida Launch Roller derby WFTDA Fort Myers Derby Girls Gainesville Roller Rebels Gold Coast Derby Grrls Jacksonville RollerGirls Tallahassee RollerGirls Tampa Roller Derby MRDA Magic City Misfits Rugby league USARL Central Florida Warriors Jacksonville Axemen Tampa Mayhem Rugby union FRU Bay Area Pelicans Boca Raton RFC Jacksonville RFC Miami Rugby Club Tampa Bay Krewe Soccer MLS Miami ( in 2020 ) Orlando City SC NWSL Orlando Pride NASL Jacksonville Armada FC Miami FC USL Tampa Bay Rowdies USL D3 Orlando City B NPSL Boca Raton FC Jacksonville Armada FC Miami FC 2 Miami United FC Naples United FC Palm Beach United Storm FC PDL IMG Academy Bradenton Lakeland Tropics SC FC Miami City North County United Next Academy Palm Beach SIMA Águilas The Villages SC Weston FC APSL Hurricane FC Inter United AC Jupiter United SC Miami Dade FC Red Force FC South Florida FC Uruguay Kendall Soccer ( indoor ) MASL Florida Tropics SC Softball NPF USSSA Pride Ultimate AUDL Jacksonville Cannons College Sports in Florida Ice hockey portal Florida portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampa_Bay_Lightning&oldid=854778794 '' Categories : Tampa Bay Lightning 1992 establishments in Florida Ice hockey teams in Florida National Hockey League in the Sun Belt National Hockey League in Florida Atlantic Division ( NHL ) Ice hockey clubs established in 1992 Sports in St. Petersburg , Florida Sports teams in Tampa , Florida Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when's the last time the tampa bay lightning won the stanley cup	[ "The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa, Florida. It is a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Lightning have one Stanley Cup championship in their history, in 2003–04.[4] The team is often referred to as the Bolts, and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys. The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa.\n" ]	[ "2003–04" ]
6623558937827628215	When Ali Came to Ireland	When Ali Came to Ireland - Wikipedia When Ali Came to Ireland Jump to : navigation , search When Ali Came to Ireland Muhammad Ali during a 1972 interview in Ireland Directed by Ross Whitaker Produced by Aideen O'Sullivan Starring Muhammad Ali Alvin Lewis Cathal O'Shannon Jimmy Magee Production company True Films Release date 2012 ( 2012 ) Running time 50 minutes Country Ireland Language English When Ali Came to Ireland is a 2012 Irish documentary film directed by Ross Whitaker . It tells the story of how Killorglin - born circus strongman and publican , Michael `` Butty '' Sugrue , put up £ 300,000 and persuaded Muhammad Ali to make his first visit to Ireland to fight against Alvin Lewis in Croke Park on 19 July 1972 . Ali went to Ireland with an entourage on 11 July 1972 to spend time training for the fight . While there , he was interviewed for RTÉ Television by Cathal O'Shannon and was taught the rudiments of hurling by Eddie Keher . Ali won the Lewis fight with a technical knockout in the 11th round , and Sugrue lost a lot of money bankrolling it . The documentary was first broadcast on RTÉ One on 1 January 2013 . Ali returned to Ireland twice in later years . He took part in the opening ceremony of the Special Olympics in Dublin in 2003 , and he visited the birthplace of his great grandfather , Abe Grady , in Ennis in 2009 , where he was made an Honorary Freeman of the town . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Awards 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Butty Sugrue Alvin Lewis Cathal O'Shannon Jimmy Magee Rock Brynner Eddie Keher Dave Hannigan George Kimball Awards ( edit ) When Ali Came to Ireland won the Best Sports Programme award at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` When Ali Came to Ireland '' Internet Movie Database . Retrieved : 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ New year 's treat as Ali 's Dublin date relived on the box Irish Examiner , 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Fight : Muhammad Ali v Al ' Blue ' Lewis '' , Dave Hannigan ( 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 06306 - 7 . Jump up ^ How a circus strongman lured the ringmaster Muhammad Ali to Dublin Irish Independent , 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ End of the long road to get Ali 's visit on film Irish Times , 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ New documentary focuses on `` When Ali Came to Ireland '' - VIDEO Irish Central , 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ When Ali Came to Ireland RTÉ Press Centre , 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Glove story : the day the lord of the ring bewitched Ireland Irish Independent , 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Legend of Ali - Lewis fight in Dublin grows with each year ESPN , 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Special Olympics open in Dublin Daily Mail . Retrieved : 2013 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Ali to attend Olympics '' , Sunday Mirror , 2003 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ennis honours Muhammad Ali RTÉ News , 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Official website When Ali Came to Ireland on IMDb When Ali Came to Ireland at AllMovie Video of the Ali -- Lewis fight on YouTube Photographs of the Ali -- Lewis fight ( hide ) Muhammad Ali Fights Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Clay vs. Hunsaker Clay vs. Siler Clay vs. Esperti Clay vs. Robinson Clay vs. Fleeman Clay vs. Clark Clay vs. Sabedong Clay vs. Johnson Clay vs. Miteff Clay vs. Besmanoff Clay vs. Banks Clay vs. Warner Clay vs. Logan Clay vs. Daniels Clay vs. Lavorante Clay vs. Moore Clay vs. Powell Clay vs. Jones Ali vs. Cooper Liston vs. Ali Ali vs. Patterson Ali vs. Chuvalo Ali vs. London Ali vs. Mildenberger Ali vs. Terrell Ali vs. Williams Ali vs. Folley Ali vs. Quarry Ali vs. Bonavena Fight of the Century ( Ali vs. Frazier I ) Ali vs. Ellis Ali vs. Mathis Ali vs. Blin Ali vs. M. Foster Ali vs. Lewis Ali vs. B. Foster Ali vs. Bugner Ali vs. Norton Ali vs. Lubbers Ali vs. Frazier II The Rumble in the Jungle ( Ali vs. Foreman ) Ali vs. Wepner Ali vs. Lyle Thrilla in Manila ( Ali vs. Frazier III ) Ali vs. Coopman Ali vs. Young Ali vs. Dunn Ali vs. Evangelista Ali vs. Shavers Ali vs. Spinks Spinks vs. Ali II Holmes vs. Ali Drama in Bahama ( Ali vs. Berbick ) Media Requiem for a Heavyweight ( 1962 film ) The Super Fight ( film ) a.k.a. Cassius Clay ( film ) `` Black Superman '' ( song ) I Am the Greatest ( album ) The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay ( album ) I Am the Greatest : The Adventures of Muhammad Ali ( animated series ) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali ( comic book ) The Greatest ( film ) Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing ( video game ) Foes of Ali ( video game ) When We Were Kings ( film ) King of the World ( TV film ) Ali : An American Hero ( TV film ) `` Muhammad Ali '' ( song ) Ali ( film ) `` The World 's Greatest '' ( song ) Facing Ali ( film ) When Ali Came to Ireland ( documentary ) The Trials of Muhammad Ali ( documentary ) Muhammad Ali 's Greatest Fight ( TV film ) I Am Ali ( documentary ) People Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. ( father ) Odessa Grady Clay ( mother ) Rahman Ali ( brother ) Khalilah Ali ( first wife ) Veronica Porché Ali ( second wife ) Laila Ali ( daughter ) Chuck Bodak ( trainer and cutman ) Angelo Dundee ( cornerman ) Drew Bundini Brown ( trainer and cornerman ) Ferdie Pacheco ( personal physician and cornerman ) Joe E. Martin ( first trainer ) Archie Moore ( trainer ) George Dillman ( instructor ) Jabir Herbert Muhammad ( manager ) Luis Sarria ( trainer , cutman , and masseur ) Joe Frazier ( opponent and friend ) Books The Greatest : My Own Story ( 1975 autobiography ) The Fight ( 1975 ) Muhammad Ali : His Life and Times ( 1991 biography ) King of the World ( 1998 biography ) Facing Ali ( 2002 ) Muhammad Ali : The Glory Years ( 2003 biography ) The Soul of a Butterfly ( 2004 autobiography ) Twelve Rounds to Glory ( 2007 biography ) Other Religious views of Muhammad Ali Rope - a-dope Ali Mall Clay v. United States Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki Muhammad Ali Center Muhammad Ali in India Muhammad Ali in China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Ali_Came_to_Ireland&oldid=788663174 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2013 television films Biographical films about sportspeople Documentary films about boxing Documentary films about historical events Films based on actual events Films set in the 1970s Films shot in the Republic of Ireland Irish documentary films Irish films Irish television films Films about Muhammad Ali Sports films based on actual events 2010s documentary films Films set in Dublin ( city ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use Irish English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 July 2017 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did muhammad ali fight in croke park	[ "When Ali Came to Ireland is a 2012 Irish documentary film directed by Ross Whitaker.[1] It tells the story of how Killorglin-born circus strongman and publican, Michael \"Butty\" Sugrue, put up £300,000 and persuaded Muhammad Ali to make his first visit to Ireland to fight against Alvin Lewis in Croke Park on 19 July 1972.[2]" ]	[ "Alvin Lewis" ]
-8725192497245220264	Janet C. Wolfenbarger	Janet C. Wolfenbarger - wikipedia Janet C. Wolfenbarger Jump to : navigation , search Janet Carol Wolfenbarger General Janet Carol Wolfenbarger 1958 ( age 59 -- 60 ) Tampa , Florida , U.S. Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Air Force Years of service 1980 -- 2015 Rank General Commands held Air Force Materiel Command C - 17 Systems Group Awards Air Force Distinguished Service Medal ( 2 ) Legion of Merit ( 2 ) Janet Carol Wolfenbarger ( née Libby ; 1958 ) is a retired United States Air Force four - star general who served as the eighth commander of Air Force Materiel Command from June 5 , 2012 , to June 8 , 2015 . She was the first woman to achieve the rank of four - star general in the Air Force . Wolfenbarger retired from the Air Force after over 35 years of service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Military career 2 Education 3 Assignments 4 Awards and decorations 4.1 Other achievements 5 Effective dates of promotion 6 See also 7 Notes Military career ( edit ) Wolfenbarger was born in Tampa , Florida . She was commissioned in 1980 as a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy , and began her career in acquisition as an engineer at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida . Along with her various duty assignments she furthered her education with a Master of Science degree in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985 and another Master of Science degree in national resource strategy from Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1994 . She is also a graduate of the Air Command and Staff College . Her major awards and decorations include the Legion of Merit and the Meritorious Service Medal . Wolfenbarger was the U.S. Air Force 's highest - ranking woman , a distinction held until January 1 , 2010 , by Lt. Gen. Terry Gabreski , whom Wolfenbarger succeeded at Wright - Patterson . On February 6 , 2012 , President Obama nominated Wolfenbarger to become the first woman four - star general for the Air Force . This was confirmed by the US Senate on March 26 , 2012 , and she assumed her new rank , and became Commander , Air Force Materiel Command , on June 5 , 2012 . Wolfenbarger graduated from Beavercreek High School in Beavercreek , Ohio , in 1976 . She is the daughter of Eldon and Shirley Libby of Paicines , California . She is married to Craig `` Wolf '' Wolfenbarger . Education ( edit ) 1976 Beavercreek High School , Beavercreek , Ohio 1980 Bachelor of Science degree in engineering sciences , U.S. Air Force Academy , Colorado Springs , Colo . 1983 Squadron Officer School , by correspondence 1985 Master of Science degree in aeronautics and astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge 1988 Program Management Course , Defense Systems Management College , Fort Belvoir , Va . 1991 Air Command and Staff College , by correspondence 1994 Master of Science degree in national resource strategy , Industrial College of the Armed Forces , National Defense University , Fort Lesley J. McNair , Washington , D.C. Assignments ( edit ) July 1980 -- August 1981 , technical intelligence analyst , Armament Division , Eglin AFB , Fla . August 1981 -- July 1983 , communication systems development officer , Electronic Security Command , Kelly AFB , Texas July 1983 -- December 1984 , student , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Mass . December 1984 -- October 1987 , Chief , Strategic Offense Weapons Branch , Headquarters Air Force Systems Command , Andrews AFB , Md . October 1987 -- September 1988 , executive officer , Headquarters Air Force Systems Command , Andrews AFB , Md . September 1988 -- July 1993 , Chief , Plans and Strategies Division ; Chief , Air Vehicle Analysis and Integration Team ; and Chief , F - 22 Subsystems Team , F - 22 System Program Office , Aeronautical Systems Center , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio July 1993 -- June 1994 , student , Industrial College of the Armed Forces , National Defense University , Fort Lesley J. McNair , Washington , D.C. June 1994 -- June 1997 , Lead F - 22 Program Element Monitor , Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition , the Pentagon , Washington , D.C. June 1997 -- April 2000 , Chief , B - 2 Air Vehicle Team , B - 2 SPO , ASC , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio April 2000 -- December 2002 , B - 2 System Program Director , B - 2 SPO , ASC , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio December 2002 -- July 2005 , Commander , C - 17 Systems Group , Mobility Systems Wing , ASC , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio August 2005 -- July 2006 , Director , Air Force Acquisition Center of Excellence , Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition , the Pentagon , Washington , D.C. August 2006 -- January 2007 , Special Assistant for Command Transformation to the Commander , Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio January 2007 -- July 2008 , Director , Intelligence and Requirements Directorate , and Special Assistant for Command Transformation to the Commander , Headquarters AFMC , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio July 2008 -- December 2009 , Director , Intelligence and Requirements Directorate , Headquarters AFMC , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio December 2009 -- September 2011 , Vice Commander , Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command , Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio September 2011 -- June 2012 , Military Deputy , Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition , the Pentagon , Washington , D.C. June 2012 -- June 2015 , Air Force Materiel Command Awards and decorations ( edit ) Master Acquisition and Financial Management Badge Headquarters Air Force Badge Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with one bronze oak leaf cluster Legion of Merit with one bronze oak leaf cluster Meritorious Service Medal with three bronze oak leaf clusters Air Force Commendation Medal Air Force Achievement Medal Air Force Organizational Excellence Award with silver and three bronze oak leaf clusters National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Air Force Longevity Service Award with silver and three bronze oak leaf clusters Air Force Training Ribbon Other achievements ( edit ) 1996 Kelly Burke Award , Department of the Air Force 2002 Stewart Award , Aeronautical Systems Center 2004 Stewart Award , Aeronautical Systems Center 2013 United Service Organizations ( USO ) Woman of the Year 2014 James Doolittle Award , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Security Studies Program 2014 Seymour E. and Ruth B. Harris Lecturer , John F. Kennedy School of Government , Harvard University 2015 Air Force Materiel Command Order of the Sword 2015 Retroactively prompted change to General Officer Promotion Laws 2015 Retired from active duty USAF at $17,700 / month + allowances 2015 Hired as Independent Director of AECOM for $249,500 / year ( total salary and benefits - 16 : 84 cash / stock split ) Effective dates of promotion ( edit ) Promotions Insignia Rank Date General June 5 , 2012 Lieutenant General December 3 , 2009 Major General June 26 , 2009 Brigadier General February 1 , 2006 Colonel September 1 , 1998 Lieutenant Colonel June 1 , 1993 Major January 1 , 1990 Captain May 28 , 1984 First Lieutenant May 28 , 1982 Second Lieutenant May 28 , 1980 See also ( edit ) List of female United States military generals and flag officers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Air Force 's first female 4 - star general credits area education www.springfieldnewssun.com '' . springfieldnewssun.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` AF Biography : Gen. Janet C. Wolfenbarger '' . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant General Janet C. Wolfenbarger bio on the USAF official site '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Female general nominated for 3rd star , Air Force Times , 2009 December 4 ( accessed 2009 December 5 ) . Jump up ^ Reuters Editorial . `` Obama nominates Air Force 's first female four - star general '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nominations confirmed ( non-civilian ) , U.S. Senate site , ( accessed 2012 March 27 ) ; Malec , William A. ( May 2012 ) . `` Female firsts '' . Military Officer . Military Officers Association of America . p. 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Dawley ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Gen. Wolfenbarger receives fourth star , assumes leadership of AFMC '' . Air Force Materiel Command Public Affairs . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ John Nolan , AFMC 's vice commander is once again Air Force 's highest - ranking woman . Dayton Daily News , 2009 December 4 ( accessed 2009 December 5 ) . Jump up ^ Janet C. Wolfenbarger , Gilroy Dispatch ( Gilroy , California ) , 2005 May 20 ( accessed 2009 December 10 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/careers/2015/08/28/force-future-report-ash-carter-review/32476549/ Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=ACM&officerId=2638244 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Janet C. Wolfenbarger . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_C._Wolfenbarger&oldid=826012177 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni Logistics personnel of the United States military Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Military personnel from Dayton , Ohio People from Beavercreek , Ohio People from Tampa , Florida Recipients of the Legion of Merit American people of Swiss descent United States Air Force Academy alumni Female generals of the United States Air Force Wright - Patterson Air Force Base Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first female general officer in the air force	[ "Janet Carol Wolfenbarger (née Libby; 1958) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general who served as the eighth commander of Air Force Materiel Command from June 5, 2012, to June 8, 2015. She was the first woman to achieve the rank of four-star general in the Air Force. Wolfenbarger retired from the Air Force after over 35 years of service." ]	[ "Janet Carol Wolfenbarger" ]
-6409358431787500810	You're No Good	You 're No Good - wikipedia You 're No Good Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 're No Good '' Single by Dee Dee Warwick B - side `` Do n't Call Me '' Released 1963 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B Length 2 : 30 Label Jubilee Songwriter ( s ) Clint Ballard , Jr . Producer ( s ) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller `` You 're No Good '' is a song written by Clint Ballard , Jr. , first performed by Dee Dee Warwick for Jubilee Records in 1963 with production by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . It has since been covered by many artists , including charting versions by Betty Everett in 1963 , The Swinging Blue Jeans in 1964 , and Linda Ronstadt in 1975 , whose version was a number 1 hit in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Betty Everett version 2 The Swinging Blue Jeans version 3 Linda Ronstadt version 3.1 Background 3.2 Reception and legacy 3.3 Chart performance 3.3. 1 Weekly charts 3.3. 2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Betty Everett version ( edit ) `` You 're No Good '' Single by Betty Everett B - side `` Chained to Your Love '' Released 1963 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B Length 2 : 18 Label Vee - Jay Songwriter ( s ) Clint Ballard , Jr . Betty Everett singles chronology `` Prince of Players '' ( 1963 ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 1963 ) `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Prince of Players '' ( 1963 ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 1963 ) `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' ( 1964 ) The song first became a hit in November 1963 when recorded by Betty Everett for Vee - Jay Records of Chicago . The single peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and at number 5 on `` Cashbox 's R&B Locations '' chart . Vee - Jay 's head a&r man Calvin Carter found the song while visiting New York City in search of material for his label 's roster and he originally intended to cut `` You 're No Good '' with Dee Clark but , he recalled : `` when I went to rehearsal with the tune , it was so negative , I said , ' Hey , guys do n't talk negative about girls , because girls are the record buyers . No , I better pass on that . ' So I gave the song to Betty Everett . '' During the playback of Everett 's track her label - mates the Dells `` were sitting on the wooden platform where the string players would sit ... just stomping their feet on this wooden platform to the beat of the song as it was playing back ... I told the engineer ' Let 's do it again , and let 's mic those foot sounds , ' cause it really gave it a hell of a beat . ' So we did that , and boom , a hit . '' The Swinging Blue Jeans version ( edit ) `` You 're No Good '' Single by The Swinging Blue Jeans B - side `` Do n't You Worry About Me '' Released May 1964 Genre Beat Label HMV Songwriter ( s ) Clint Ballard , Jr . Producer ( s ) Walter J. Ridley The Swinging Blue Jeans singles chronology `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 1964 ) `` Promise You 'll Tell Her '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' ( 3 / 1964 ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 5 / 1964 ) `` Promise You 'll Tell Her '' ( 8 / 1964 ) In the UK the Swinging Blue Jeans had the hit version of `` You 're No Good '' reaching number 3 in the summer of 1964 . Sue Johnston , then PA to Peter Brown , was dating Swinging Blue Jeans drummer Norman Kuhlke and claims that she brought `` You 're No Good '' to the attention of the Swinging Blue Jeans . Their version also charted in France at number 26 and was successful enough regionally in the US to reach number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Linda Ronstadt version ( edit ) `` You 're No Good '' Single by Linda Ronstadt from the album Heart Like a Wheel B - side `` I Ca n't Help It ( If I 'm Still in Love With You ) '' ( w / Emmylou Harris ) Released November 19 , 1974 Format 7 '' single Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 44 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Clint Ballard , Jr . Producer ( s ) Peter Asher Linda Ronstadt singles chronology `` Love Has No Pride '' ( 1974 ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 1974 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Has No Pride '' ( 1974 ) `` You 're No Good '' ( 1974 ) `` When Will I Be Loved '' ( 1975 ) Background ( edit ) Linda Ronstadt began performing `` You 're No Good '' to close her live shows in early 1973 , after her band member Kenny Edwards suggested it to her . She first included it in her setlist while opening for Neil Young . Ronstadt gave an early televised performance of `` You 're No Good '' on an episode of The Midnight Special which was broadcast December 21 , 1973 . Ronstadt recorded her Heart Like a Wheel album with producer Peter Asher in the summer of 1974 at the Sound Factory ; `` You 're No Good '' was a last - minute choice for recording , and while the song was Ronstadt 's suggestion , Asher recalls : `` It was an odd coincidence . She 'd been doing the song already , and it was always a favorite song of mine ... the version I fell in love with ( being by ) the Swinging Blue Jeans '' . The original backing track intended for Ronstadt 's version of `` You 're No Good '' was recorded July 1 , 1974 . According to Bob Warford , a guitarist in Ronstadt 's touring band who played on the July 1 track , `` They were trying to do an R&B version of the song , which was actually closer to the way we did it live than to the released version . We played it at a faster tempo live , which we did on that recording ( ie. of July 1 ) . '' Ronstadt vetoed the July 1 arrangement ; she recalls : `` It was just the wrong groove for me . I do n't think I knew how to phrase around ( the players ) , certainly no fault of theirs . They were fantastic . '' The final recording of the Ronstadt version of `` You 're No Good '' was made July 5 , 1974 . Ronstadt would recall : `` Ed Black , who played six - string guitar and pedal steel , started to play a rhythm riff on his Les Paul . Kenny Edwards ... the bass player ... echoed the riff in octaves . Andrew Gold added a sparse drum track , giving me a basic track to sing over . We did a few takes , picked one we liked , and then Andrew , who always played guitars and keyboards went to work with Peter ( Asher ) and began to work up layers of guitar , piano and percussion tracks . '' Ronstadt recalls that during a playback after several hours of work , Val Garay , the engineer , accidentally erased Andrew Gold 's guitar solo from the track , necessitating Asher and Gold 's reconstructing that solo from scratch . In late August 1974 a string arrangement - by Gregory Rose - was added to the track at AIR Studios . According to a Classic Tracks article by Mick Hurwitz at MixOnline.com : `` It ends with a strong , long held note , which Asher conceived , executed by Garay with a slow riding of the level on the string faders during the final mix . '' Capitol Records was unsure whether to release `` You 're No Good '' or `` When Will I Be Loved '' as the lead single off Heart Like a Wheel , only deciding to release `` You 're No Good '' a week after the album 's release . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Linda Ronstadt 's version of `` You 're No Good '' became the song 's most successful cover . The track ascended to number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated February 15 , 1975 . `` You 're No Good '' was also an international hit for Ronstadt , reaching number 15 in Australia , number 17 in the Netherlands , and number 24 in New Zealand . The B - side of `` You 're No Good '' , `` I Ca n't Help It ( If I 'm Still in Love With You ) , originally sung by Hank Williams , also charted and was simultaneously a number 2 C&W hit for Ronstadt . `` When Will I Be Loved '' was then issued as the follow - up single . Buoyed in part by the success of `` You 're No Good '' , the album Heart Like a Wheel , which was released in late 1974 , was a major success , and eventually went double platinum . It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . The success of `` You 're No Good '' set a precedent for Ronstadt 's single releases which over the next five years would virtually all be remakes of classic rock and roll songs . In a 1983 interview with the Los Angeles Times , Ronstadt expressed reservations about the recordings she had made during her 1970s heyday , specifically citing `` You 're No Good '' : `` I thought the production on ' You 're No Good ' was very good but ( that ) I did n't sing it very well . As a song it was just an afterthought . It 's not the kind of song I got a lot of satisfaction out of singing . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia 15 Canada Top Singles 7 Canada Adult Contemporary Netherlands 17 New Zealand 24 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 10 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 93 Canada 97 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 50 U.S. Cash Box 69 Preceded by `` Fire '' by Ohio Players Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Linda Ronstadt version ) February 15 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Pick Up the Pieces '' by The Average White Band Other versions ( edit ) Artists who have covered `` You 're No Good '' include : Graham Bonney Alma Cogan ( unreleased ) Elvis Costello Dusty Springfield Ike & Tina Turner Reba McEntire The Muppets Jose Feliciano Lulu Aswad Michael Bolton as Michael Bolotin Ellie Campbell Keith Hampshire Jill Johnson Rosie & The Originals Little Milton Annie Schilder Floortje Smit Van Halen ( on Van Halen II ) Wild Orchid . The 2004 album release California by Wilson Phillips contains a version of `` You 're No Good '' which like the Ronstadt version was produced by Peter Asher but radically reinvents the song . International renderings include Finnish versions , `` Olet Paha '' , a 1964 single release by Eddy and the Boys , and `` Paha Oot '' on the 1975 album Bimbo by Marion Rung . The Plastiscines ' 2009 cover version from their album About Love was featured on season 6 episode 3 of True Blood , `` You 're No Good '' . Genya Ravan has indicated she vainly attempted to interest the producer of her 1974 album Goldie Zelkovitz in the idea of a remake of `` You 're No Good '' . Maria Muldaur , discussing in a 1985 interview how she `` did n't go out of ( her ) way to find followup hits '' to her 1973 - 74 breakthrough `` Midnight at the Oasis '' , cited `` You 're No Good '' when explaining : `` I 've turned down songs that have gone on to be hits for other people because I thought the lyrics were negative or neurotic '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` The Vee - Jay Story , Page 3 '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Sue ( 201 ) . Things I Could n't Tell My Mother ( e-book ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 9781409034698 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Christopher ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` The Secret History of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Classic Track : You 're No Good '' . MixOnline.com . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronstadt , Linda ( 2013 ) . Simple Dreams : a musical memoir ( 1st hardcover ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 6872 - 8 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , 15 November 1974 , p. 32 Jump up ^ `` Ronstadt Marching to a Different Drum '' , The Deseret News , 14 December 1993 p. 4 - SO Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald Tribune 21 October 1985 p. 94 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Linda Ronstadt Stone Poneys albums The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt Evergreen , Volume 2 Linda Ronstadt , Stone Poneys and Friends , Vol . III Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown Silk Purse Linda Ronstadt Do n't Cry Now Heart Like a Wheel Prisoner in Disguise Hasten Down the Wind Simple Dreams Living in the USA Mad Love Get Closer What 's New Lush Life For Sentimental Reasons Canciones de Mi Padre Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Mas Canciones Frenesí Winter Light Feels Like Home Dedicated to the One I Love We Ran A Merry Little Christmas Hummin ' to Myself Collaborations Trio Santiago Trio II Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions Adieu False Heart Compilations Different Drum Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume 2 The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt Mi Jardin Azul : Las Canciones Favoritas Duets Hit singles `` Different Drum '' `` Long , Long Time '' `` You 're No Good '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' `` Tumbling Dice '' `` Back in the U.S.A. '' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' `` Just One Look '' `` Alison '' `` How Do I Make You '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Ca n't Let Go '' `` I Knew You When '' `` What 's New ? '' `` Somewhere Out There `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong With My Baby '' `` Walk On '' Related topics Discography Mr. Plow Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_No_Good&oldid=804146071 '' Categories : 1963 singles 1963 songs 1964 singles 1974 singles Betty Everett songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Capitol Records singles Linda Ronstadt songs Jubilee Records singles Song recordings produced by Peter Asher Songs written by Clint Ballard Jr . Van Halen songs Vee - Jay Records singles His Master 's Voice singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 01 : 45 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song you're no good	[ "\"You're No Good\" is a song written by Clint Ballard, Jr., first performed by Dee Dee Warwick for Jubilee Records in 1963 with production by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It has since been covered by many artists, including charting versions by Betty Everett in 1963, The Swinging Blue Jeans in 1964, and Linda Ronstadt in 1975, whose version was a number 1 hit in the United States." ]	[ "Clint Ballard, Jr." ]
1716560718746909236	1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak	1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak - wikipedia 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Jump to : navigation , search Broadwick Street showing the John Snow memorial and public house . The memorial pump was removed due to new construction in March 2016 . A plaque affixed to the public house reads : The Red Granite kerbstone mark is the site of the historic Broad Street pump associated with Dr John Snow 's discovery in 1854 that cholera is conveyed by water . The Broad Street cholera outbreak ( or Golden Square outbreak ) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street ( now Broadwick Street ) in the Soho district of London , England . This outbreak , which killed 616 people , is best known for the physician John Snow 's study of its causes and his hypothesis that contaminated water , not air , was the source of cholera . This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century . Later , the term `` focus of infection '' would be used to describe sites , such as the Broad Street pump , in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection . John Snow 's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double - blind experiment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Competing theories of cholera 2.1 Miasma theory 2.2 Germ theory 3 Investigation by John Snow 4 Broad Street outbreak 5 Snow 's post-outbreak evaluation 6 Involvement of Henry Whitehead 7 Board of Health 8 Dr Edwin Lankester 's evaluation 9 Broadwick Street Pump in the 21st century 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Background ( edit ) In the mid-19th century , the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services : the London sewer system had not reached Soho . Cowsheds , slaughter houses , and grease - boiling dens lined the streets and contributed animal droppings , rotting fluids and other contaminants to the primitive Soho sewer system . Many cellars had cesspools underneath their floorboards , which formed from the sewers and filth seeping in from the outside . Since the cesspools were overrunning , the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames , contaminating the water supply . London had already suffered from a `` series of debilitating cholera outbreaks '' . These included outbreaks in 1832 and 1849 which killed a total of 14,137 people . Competing theories of cholera ( edit ) Preceding the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak , physicians and scientists held two competing theories on the causes of cholera in the human body . The London medical community debated between miasma theory and germ theory as two possible causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city . The cholera - causing Gram - negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae would not be isolated until 1854 . This finding was not publicized until 1883 by Robert Koch , a German physician and bacteriologist . Miasma theory ( edit ) Miasma theorists concluded that cholera was caused by disease - causing particles in the air , or `` miasmata '' , which arose from decaying organic matter or other dirty organic sources . `` Miasma '' particles were thought to travel through the air and infect individuals , and thus cause cholera . Dr William Farr , the commissioner for the 1851 London census and a member of the General Register 's Office , believed that miasma arose from the soil surrounding the River Thames . It contained decaying organic matter which contained miasmatic particles and were released into the London air . Miasma theorists believed in `` cleansing and scouring , rather than through the purer scientific approach of microbiology '' . Dr William Farr later agreed with Snow 's germ theory following Snow 's publications . Germ theory ( edit ) In contrast , the Germ Theory held that the principal cause of cholera was a germ cell that had not yet been identified . Snow theorized that this unknown germ would be transmitted from person to person by individuals ingesting water . John Simon , a pathologist and the lead medical officer for London labeled Snow 's Germ Theory as `` Peculiar '' . Excerpt from John Simon : `` This doctrine is , that cholera propagates itself by a ' morbid matter ' which , passing from one patient in his evacuations , is accidentally swallowed by other persons as a pollution of food or water ; that an increase of the swallowed germ of the disease takes place in the interior of the stomach and bowels , giving rise to the essential actions of cholera , as at first a local derangement ; and that ' the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind must necessarily have some sort of structure , most likely that of a cell . '' Even though Simon understood Snow 's theory , he questioned its relation to the cause of cholera . Investigation by John Snow ( edit ) Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases ( indicated by stacked rectangles ) in the London epidemic of 1854 . The contaminated pump is located at the intersection of Broad Street and Cambridge Street ( now Lexington Street ) , running into Little Windmill Street . The Broad Street outbreak was an effect rather than a cause of the epidemic . Snow 's conclusions were not predominantly based on the Broad Street outbreak , as he noted that he hesitated to come to a conclusion based on a population that had predominantly fled the neighborhood and redistributed itself . He feared throwing off results of the study . Snow was sceptical of the prevailing miasma theory , which held that diseases such as cholera or the Black Death were caused by pollution or a noxious form of `` bad air '' . The germ theory was not established at this point ( Louis Pasteur would not propose it until 1861 ) . Snow did not understand the mechanism by which disease was transmitted , but the evidence led him to believe that it was not due to breathing foul air . Based on the pattern of illness among residents , Snow hypothesized that cholera was spread by an agent in contaminated water . He first published his theory in 1849 , in an essay titled `` On the Mode of Communication of Cholera '' . In 1855 he published a second edition , including a more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the 1854 Soho outbreak . The cholera epidemic of 1849 - 1854 was also related to the water supplied by companies in London at the time . The main players were the Southwark and Vauxhall Company , and the Lambeth Water Company . Both companies provided water to their customers that was drawn from the Thames River , which was highly contaminated with visible and invisible products and bacteria . Dr Hassall examined the filtered water and found it contained animal hair , among other foul substances . He made the remark that : It will be observed , that the water of the companies of the Surrey Side of London , viz. , the Southwark , Vauxhall , and Lambeth , is by far the worst of all those who take their supply from the Thames Other companies , such as the New River Company and Chelsea Company , were observed to have better filtered water ; few deaths occurred in the neighborhoods which they supplied . Snow concluded that the companies were not to blame for the spread of the epidemic . These two companies not only obtained their water from cleaner sources than the Thames , but they filtered the water and treated it until there were no obvious contaminants . As mentioned above , John Snow is known for his influence on public health , which arose after his studies of the Cholera epidemic . In attempting to figure out who was receiving impure water in each neighborhood , what is now known as a double - blind experiment fell right into his lap . He describes the conditions of the situation in his essays : In many cases a single house has a supply different from that on either side . Each company supplies both rich and poor , both large houses and small ; there is no difference in the condition or occupation of the persons receiving the water of the different companies ... As there is no difference whatever either in the houses or the people receiving the supply of the two Water Companies , or in any of the physical conditions with which they are surrounded , it is obvious that no experiment could have been devised which would more thoroughly test the effect of water supply on the progress of Cholera than this , which circumstances placed ready made before the observer . The experiment too , was on the grandest scale . No fewer than three hundred thousand people of both sexes , of every age and occupation , and of every rank and station , from gentlefolks down to the very poor , were divided into two groups without their choice , and , in most cases , without their knowledge ; one group being supplied water containing the sewage of London , and amongst it , whatever might have come from the cholera patients , the other group having water quite free from such impurity . Snow went on to study the water contents from each home through a test performed on each sample . In this way , it could be deduced from which supplier the home was receiving their water . He concluded that it was indeed impure water on behalf of the big companies that allowed the spread of cholera to progress exponentially . He went on to prove his theory through the observation of prisons in London , finding that Cholera ceased in these places only a few days after switching to cleaner water sources . Broad Street outbreak ( edit ) On 31 August 1854 , after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city , a major outbreak of cholera occurred in Soho . John Snow , the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water , later called it `` the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom . '' Over the next three days , 127 people on or near Broad Street died . During the next week , three quarters of the residents had fled the area . By 10 September , 500 people had died and the mortality rate was 12.8 percent in some parts of the city . By the end of the outbreak , 616 people had died . By talking to local residents ( with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead ) , Snow identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street ( now Broadwick Street ) at Cambridge Street . Although Snow 's chemical and microscope examination of a sample of the water from this Broad Street pump water did not conclusively prove its danger , his facts about the patterns of illness and death among residents in Soho persuaded the St James parish authorities to disable the well pump by removing its handle . Although this action has been popularly reported as ending the outbreak , the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline , as explained by Snow : There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished , as I said before , by the flight of the population , which commenced soon after the outbreak ; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped , that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state , or whether , from some cause , the water had become free from it . Snow later used a dot map to illustrate how cases of cholera occurred around this pump . Snow 's efforts to connect the incidence of cholera with potential geographic sources was based on creating what is now known as a Voronoi diagram . He mapped the locations of individual water pumps and generated cells which represented all the points on his map which were closest to each pump . The section of Snow 's map representing areas in the city where the closest available source of water was the Broad Street pump included the highest incidence of cholera cases . He also used statistics to compare fatalities among the customers of London 's different water suppliers , and to illustrate the connection between the quality of the source of water and the number of cholera cases . Regarding the decline in cases related to the Broad Street pump , Snow said : It will be observed that the deaths either very much diminished , or ceased altogether , at every point where it becomes decidedly nearer to send to another pump than to the one in Broad street . It may also be noticed that the deaths are most numerous near to the pump where the water could be more readily obtained . There was one significant anomaly -- none of the workers in the nearby Broad Street brewery contracted cholera . As they were given a daily allowance of beer , they did not consume water from the nearby well . The water used in the brewing process is boiled during mashing , which killed the cholera bacteria . Snow showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company were taking water from sewage - polluted sections of the Thames and delivering it to homes , resulting in an increased incidence of cholera among its customers . Snow 's study is part of the history of public health and health geography . It is regarded as the founding event of epidemiology . In Snow 's own words : On proceeding to the spot , I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the ( Broad Street ) pump . There were only ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to another street - pump . In five of these cases the families of the deceased persons informed me that they always sent to the pump in Broad Street , as they preferred the water to that of the pumps which were nearer . In three other cases , the deceased were children who went to school near the pump in Broad Street ... With regard to the deaths occurring in the locality belonging to the pump , there were 61 instances in which I was informed that the deceased persons used to drink the pump - water from Broad Street , either constantly or occasionally ... The result of the inquiry then was , that there had been no particular outbreak or prevalence of cholera in this part of London except among the persons who were in the habit of drinking the water of the above - mentioned pump - well . I had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St. James 's parish , on the evening of Thursday , the 7th September , and represented the above circumstances to them . In consequence of what I said , the handle of the pump was removed on the following day . It was discovered later that this public well had been dug 3 feet ( 0.9 m ) from an old cesspit that had begun to leak faecal bacteria . Waste water from washing nappies , used by a baby who had contracted cholera from another source , drained into this cesspit . Its opening was under a nearby house that had been rebuilt further away after a fire and a street widening . At the time there were cesspits under most homes . Most families tried to have their raw sewage collected and dumped in the Thames to prevent their cesspit from filling faster than the sewage could decompose into the soil . At the same time , an investigation of cholera transmission was being conducted in Deptford . Around 90 people died within a few days in that town , where the water was known to be clean , and there had been no previous outbreaks of cholera. Snow was informed that the water had recently turned impure . Residents were forced to let the water run for a while before using it , in order to let the sudsy , sewer - like water run until it was clear . Snow , finding that the water the residents were using was not different from the usual water from their pump , determined that the outbreak must be caused by a leak in the pipes that allowed surrounding sewage and its contaminants to seep in to the water supply . This scenario was similar to that of the Broad Street outbreak . The incoming water was being contaminated by the increasing levels of sewage , coupled with the lack of proper and safe plumbing . After the cholera epidemic had subsided , government officials replaced the Broad Street pump handle . They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population , and afterwards they rejected Snow 's theory . To accept his proposal would have meant indirectly accepting the oral - faecal method of transmission of disease , which was too unpleasant for most of the public to contemplate . Snow 's post-outbreak evaluation ( edit ) Snow 's analysis of cholera and cholera outbreaks extended past the closure of the Broad Street pump . He concluded that cholera was transmitted through and affected the alimentary canal within the human body . Cholera did not affect either the circulatory or the nervous system and there was no `` poison in the blood ... in the consecutive fever ... the blood became poisoned from urea getting into the circulation '' . According to Snow , this `` urea '' would entered the blood through kidney failure . ( Acute renal failure is a complication of cholera . ) Therefore , the fever was caused by kidney failure , not by a poison already present in the subject 's bloodstream . Popular medical practices , such as bloodletting , would not be effective in such a case . Snow also argued that cholera was not a product of Miasma . `` There was nothing in the air to account for the spread of cholera '' . According to Snow , cholera was spread by persons ingesting a substance , not through atmospheric transmittal . Snow cited a case of two sailors , one with cholera and one without . Eventually the second became sick as well from accidentally ingesting bodily fluids of the first . Involvement of Henry Whitehead ( edit ) Rev. Henry Whitehead The Reverend Henry Whitehead was an assistant curate at St. Luke 's church in Soho during the 1854 cholera outbreak . A former believer in the miasma theory of disease , Whitehead worked to disprove false theories . He was influenced by Snow 's idea that cholera spreads by consumption of water contaminated by human waste . Snow 's work , particularly his maps of the Soho area cholera victims , convinced Whitehead that the Broad Street pump was the source of the local infections . Whitehead joined Snow in tracking the contamination to a faulty cesspool and the outbreak 's index case ( the baby with cholera ) . Whitehead 's work with Snow combined demographic study with scientific observation , setting an important precedent for epidemiology . Board of health ( edit ) The Board of Health in London had several committees , of which the Committee for Scientific Inquiries was placed in charge of investigating the cholera outbreak . They were to study the atmospheric environment in London ; however , they were also to examine samples of water from several water companies in London . The committee found that the most contaminated water supply came from the South London water companies , Southwark and Vauxhall . As part of the Committee for Scientific Inquiries , Richard Dundas Thomson and Arthur Hill Hassall examined what Thomson referred to as `` vibriones '' . Thomson examined the occurrence of vibriones in air samples from various cholera wards and Hassall observed vibriones in water samples . Neither identified vibriones as the cause of cholera . As part of their investigation of the cholera epidemic , the Board of Health sent physicians to examine in detail the conditions of the Golden Square neighbourhood and its inhabitants . The Board of Health ultimately attributed the 1854 epidemic to miasma . Dr Edwin Lankester 's evaluation ( edit ) Dr Edwin Lankester was a physician on the local research conglomerate that studied the 1854 Broad Street Cholera Epidemic . In 1866 , Lankester wrote about John Snow 's conclusion that the pump itself was the cause of the Cholera outbreak . He agreed with John Snow at the time ; however , his opinion , like Snow 's , was not publicly supported . Lankester subsequently closed the pump due to Snow 's theory and data on the pattern of infection , and infection rates dropped significantly . Lankester eventually was named the first medical officer of health for the St. James District in London , the same area where the pump was located . Broadwick Street pump in the 21st century ( edit ) A replica pump was installed in 1992 at the site of the 1854 pump . Every year the John Snow Society holds `` Pumphandle Lectures '' on subjects of public health . Until August 2015 , when the pump was removed due to redevelopment , they also held a ceremony here in which they removed and reattached the pump handle to pay tribute to Snow 's historic discovery . The original location of the historic pump is marked by a red granite paver . In addition , plaques on the John Snow pub at the corner describe the significance of Snow 's findings at this site . See also ( edit ) Filippo Pacini Great Stink Joseph Bazalgette William Budd Epidemiology of tuberculosis The Ghost Map References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eyeler , William ( July 2001 ) . `` The changing assessments of John Snow 's and William Farr 's Cholera Studies '' . Sozial - und Präventivmedizin. 46 : 225 -- 32 . PMID 11582849 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01593177 . ^ Jump up to : Paneth , N ; Vinten - Johansen , P ; Brody , H ; Rip , M ( 1998 - 10 - 01 ) . `` A rivalry of foulness : official and unofficial investigations of the London cholera epidemic of 1854 . '' . American Journal of Public Health . 88 ( 10 ) : 1545 -- 1553 . ISSN 0090 - 0036 . PMC 1508470 . PMID 9772861 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 88.10. 1545 . ^ Jump up to : Frerichs , Ralph R. `` Broad Street Pump Outbreak '' . www.ph.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Paneth , Nigel ; Vinten - Johansen , Peter ( October 1998 ) . `` A Rivalry of Foulness : Official and Unofficial Investigations of the London Cholera Epidemic of 1854 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 88 ( 10 ) : 1545 -- 1553 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broad Street Cholera Pump '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Frerichs , Ralph R. `` Competing Theories of Cholera '' . www.ph.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` John Snow British physician '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` John Snow British physician '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Snow , John ( 1855 ) . On the Mode of Communication of Cholera . London : John Churchill . Jump up ^ `` John Snow British physician '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Snow , John ( 1849 ) . On the Mode of Communication of Cholera ( PDF ) . London : John Churchill . ^ Jump up to : Snow 1855 . ^ Jump up to : Snow 1855 , pp. ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Friis . Epidemiology 101 . Jones & Bartlett . p. 13 . Jump up ^ 51 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 12 '' W / 51.51333 ° N 0.13667 ° W / 51.51333 ; - 0.13667 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 12 '' W / 51.51333 ° N 0.13667 ° W / 51.51333 ; - 0.13667 Jump up ^ Snow 1855 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Snow 1855 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steven ( 2006 ) . The Ghost Map : The Story of London 's Most Terrifying Epidemic -- and How it Changed Science , Cities and the Modern World . Riverhead Books . pp. 195 -- 196 . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 925 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snow 1855 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Snow 1855 , pp. 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ Frank Chapelle , Wellsprings , New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press , 2005 , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Frerichs , Ralph R. `` John Snow and the removal of the Broad Street pump handle '' . www.ph.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Knobel , B. ; Rudman , M. ; Smetana , S. ( 1995 - 12 - 15 ) . `` ( Acute renal failure as a complication of cholera ) '' . Harefuah. 129 ( 12 ) : 552 -- 555 , 615 . ISSN 0017 - 7768 . PMID 8682355 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steven ( 2006 ) . The Ghost Map : The Story of London 's Most Terrifying Epidemic -- and How it Changed Science , Cities and the Modern World . Riverhead Books . p. 206 . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 925 - 4 . Jump up ^ Frerichs , Ralph R ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Reverend Henry Whitehead '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Broad Street Cholera Pump '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Sources ( edit ) Snow , John ( 1855 ) . On the Mode of Communication of Cholera ( 2nd ed . ) . London : John Churchill . External links ( edit ) Interactive version of John Snow 's Map ( Ghost Map ) Cholera Cholera Symptoms Treatment Prevention Susceptibility Transmission Diagnosis History Vaccine Timeline Cholera bacteria Vibrio cholerae Strains : El Tor Discovery : 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak John Snow Henry Whitehead Treatment Oral rehydration therapy Antibiotics : Tetracycline cotrimoxazole erythromycin doxycycline chloramphenicol furazolidone Fluoroquinolones : norfloxacin Outbreaks Cholera pandemics : 1817 -- 24 cholera pandemic 1829 -- 51 cholera pandemic 1852 -- 60 cholera pandemic 1863 -- 75 cholera pandemic 1881 -- 96 cholera pandemic 1899 -- 1923 cholera pandemic 1961 -- 75 cholera pandemic Other outbreaks : 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak 2008 Congo cholera outbreak 2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak 2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak 2014 -- 15 African cholera outbreak 2016 -- 17 Yemen cholera outbreak History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Thames Water History John Backhouse Joseph Bazalgette Edmund Colthurst Great Stink London sewerage system London water supply Metropolitan Board of Works Metropolitan Water Board Hugh Myddelton William Chadwell Mylne New River Company New River John Snow ( physician ) 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak William Webster Major projects Abingdon Reservoir Thames Tideway Scheme , including Thames Tideway Tunnel and Lee Tunnel Thames Water Desalination Plant Thames Water Ring Main Categories Thames Water Reservoirs Predecessor companies Soho and Chinatown Streets Berwick Street Brewer Street Broadwick Street Carnaby Street Dean Street Frith Street Ganton Street Great Marlborough Street Great Windmill Street Greek Street Meard Street Old Compton Street St Anne 's Court Walker 's Court Wardour Street Parks and open spaces Golden Square Soho Square St Anne 's Churchyard Theatres Apollo Theatre Gielgud Theatre London Palladium Palace Theatre Prince Edward Theatre Queen 's Theatre Soho Theatre Pubs Admiral Duncan Coach and Horses Comptons De Hems French House Pillars of Hercules Churches French Protestant Church Notre Dame de France St Anne 's Church St Patrick 's Church Industries Media and post-production History Broad Street cholera outbreak Parish of St Anne Parish of St James Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak&oldid=797615339 '' Categories : History of medicine in the United Kingdom 1854 in London 1854 in science Cholera outbreaks Health in London History of the City of Westminster Thames Water 19th - century health disasters Water supply and sanitation in London Medical outbreaks in the United Kingdom Soho , London Health in the City of Westminster 1850s health disasters 1854 disasters Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from August 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 07 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the doctor who identified the cause of the 1854 colera outbreak in england	[ "The Broad Street cholera outbreak (or Golden Square outbreak) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that contaminated water, not air, was the source of cholera.[1][2] This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term \"focus of infection\" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment." ]	[ "John Snow" ]
-4718304563854977233	Brown Sugar (2002 film)	Brown Sugar ( 2002 film ) - wikipedia Brown Sugar ( 2002 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Brown Sugar Theatrical release poster Directed by Rick Famuyiwa Produced by Magic Johnson Peter Heller Written by Michael Elliot ( story and screenplay ) Rick Famuyiwa ( screenplay ) Starring Taye Diggs Sanaa Lathan Mos Def Nicole Ari Parker Boris Kodjoe Queen Latifah Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date October 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 11 ) Running time 109 minutes Language English Budget $8 million Box office $28,316,451 Brown Sugar is a 2002 American romantic comedy film written by Michael Elliott and Rick Famuyiwa , directed by Famuyiwa , and starring Taye Diggs and Sanaa Lathan . The film is a story of a lifelong friends , A&R Andre and Editor - in - Chief Sidney . The two can attribute their friendship and the launch of their careers to a single , seminal childhood moment - the day they discovered hip - hop on a New York street corner . Now some 15 years later , as they lay down the tracks toward their futures , hip - hop is n't the only thing that keeps them coming back to that moment on the corner . The movie was released in the US on October 11 , 2002 and ran for 16 weeks , grossing $27,363,891 domestically and $952,560 in the foreign sector for a worldwide total of $28,316,451 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Brown Sugar is a film that follows the evolving relationship between Sidney ( Sanaa Lathan ) , an attractive young woman who has just been appointed the editor - in - chief of the hip - hop magazine XXL , and Dre ( Taye Diggs ) , an A&R for Millennium Records . They have been bound together since their early childhood . The news that Dre is preparing to be married to Reese ( Nicole Ari Parker ) , a successful entertainment attorney , sends Sidney into a subconscious tizzy . Suddenly , she does n't seem to know how to behave around Dre anymore , and an impulsive kiss on the eve before his wedding sends fissures of doubt cracking in every direction . Dre gets married and begins to settle into his life when a decision to sign an untalented but commercially viable rap group forces Dre to choose between his love for true hip hop and his job . He decides to quit his job and start his own record company , focusing on bringing back the real hip hop that his generation fell in love with . Reese , however , is not understanding and thus not supportive of this venture . Additionally , as Sidney draws closer to Dre due to their partnership in the label , jealousy develops over Dre and Sidney 's friendship . Sidney , who also has begun to live her life with a budding relationship with Kelby ( Boris Kodjoe ) receives a proposal from her boyfriend which she accepts . Turmoil ensues when Dre finds out Reese has been having secret liaisons with a man from the gym ( who texts Reese to confirm a rendezvous ) . Dre brings Sid to bust her in the act . This leads to a night of shared passion between Dre and Sid and opens Sid 's eyes to the fact she is not prepared to get married to Kelby . She calls off the engagement and while searching for Dre sees Reese and Dre in a parting embrace that she misconstrues as more . While at Hot 97 waiting for Cavi 's first single to play on the Angie Martinez show , Dre hears Sid talking about her new book I Used to Love H.I.M. Though based on her love affair with hip hop , it really is a chronicled time line of her love affair with Dre . He recognizes this and rushes over to the station to confront his feelings , as well . Meanwhile in the production booth , Sid 's cousin Francine finally asks Cavi out on a date , which is something he has been trying for since their first meeting . The film ends with Cavi 's song playing in the same park where their love of hip hop began . Cast ( edit ) Taye Diggs -- Andre Romulus ' Dre ' Ellis Marc John Jefferies - Young Dre Ellis Sanaa Lathan -- Sidney ' Sid ' Shaw , Dre 's best friend Aaliyyah Hill - Young Sidney Mos Def -- Christopher Anton ' Cavi ' Vichon , a cabby ( and secret rapper ) who later befriends Dre Nicole Ari Parker -- Reese Marie Wiggam Ellis , a district attorney who later marries Dre Boris Kodjoe -- Kelby Dawson , an NBA star who Sid meets and starts dating Queen Latifah -- Francine , Sid 's cousin Wendell Pierce - Simon , Dre 's boss at Millennium Records Erik Weiner -- Ren , half of The Hip Hop Dalmatians Reggi Wyns - Ten , half of The Hip Hop Dalmatians Venida Evans - Older Woman Liza Lapira - Hot 97 Receptionist etc . cameo appearances Big Daddy Kane - Himself Kool G Rap -- Himself Pete Rock -- Himself De La Soul -- Themselves Tariq Trotter aka Black Thought -- Himself Jermaine Dupri -- Himself Talib Kweli -- Himself Common - Himself Method Man - Himself Slick Rick - Freestyler Dana Dane - Freestyler Doug E. Fresh - Beatboxer Ahmir Thompson aka Questlove - Himself Russell Simmons - Himself Fabolous - Himself Beanie Sigel - Himself Angie Martinez - Herself Kimora Lee - Herself Critical reception ( edit ) In the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert gave Brown Sugar three out of four stars and said it was `` more like a slice of black professional life '' than a rap comedy , a film thoughtful about its characters , who he said were as deep and complex as those in Terry McMillan novels . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2003 NAACP Image Awards ( nominations ) Outstanding Motion Picture Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture -- Taye Diggs Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture -- Sanaa Lathan Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture -- Mos Def Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture -- Boris Kodjoe Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture -- Queen Latifah Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture -- Nicole Ari Parker Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Brown Sugar ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on September 24 , 2002 by MCA Records . It peaked at # 16 on the Billboard 200 and # 2 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=brownsugar.htm Jump up ^ Roger Ebert review External links ( edit ) Brown Sugar on IMDb Brown Sugar at Rotten Tomatoes Brown Sugar at AllMovie Brown Sugar at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films by Rick Famuyiwa Directed The Wood ( 1999 ) Brown Sugar ( 2002 ) Our Family Wedding ( 2010 ) Dope ( 2015 ) Confirmation ( 2016 ) Written Talk to Me ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_Sugar_(2002_film)&oldid=797641062 '' Categories : English - language films 2002 films 2000s drama films Hip hop films African - American films American coming - of - age films American romantic drama films American films Films directed by Rick Famuyiwa Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Português Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the movie brown sugar come out	[ "Brown Sugar is a 2002 American romantic comedy film written by Michael Elliott and Rick Famuyiwa, directed by Famuyiwa, and starring Taye Diggs and Sanaa Lathan. The film is a story of a lifelong friends, A&R Andre and Editor-in-Chief Sidney. The two can attribute their friendship and the launch of their careers to a single, seminal childhood moment - the day they discovered hip-hop on a New York street corner. Now some 15 years later, as they lay down the tracks toward their futures, hip-hop isn't the only thing that keeps them coming back to that moment on the corner." ]	[ "2002" ]
4142149325497803378	State of Emergency in India	State of emergency in India - wikipedia State of emergency in India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about general information on emergencies in India . For the 1975 - 1977 emergency , see The Emergency ( India ) . A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India , when he / she perceives grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis . Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers and using the powers vested in him / her largely by Part XVIII of the Constitution of India , the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution , which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the states which form the federation . In the history of independent India , there were three periods during which a state of emergency was need to have existed . Between 26 October 1962 to 10 January 1968 during the India - China war -- `` the security of India '' having been declared `` threatened by external aggression '' . Between 3 December 1971 to 21 March 1972 originally proclaimed during the Indo Pakistan war , and later extended along with the third proclamation -- `` the security of India '' having been declared `` threatened by external aggression '' . Between 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 under controversial circumstances of political instability under Indira Gandhi 's prime ministership -- `` the security of India '' having been declared `` threatened by internal disturbances '' . The phrase Emergency period used loosely , when referring to the political history of India , often refers to the third and the most controversial of the three occasions . The President can declare three types of emergencies : National emergency State emergency Financial emergency Contents ( hide ) 1 National emergency under article 352 2 State Emergency Under Article 356 3 Financial Emergency Under Article 360 4 References National emergency under Article 352 ( edit ) National emergency can be declared on the basis of external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory . Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 ( China war ) , 1971 ( Pakistan war ) , and 1975 ( declared by Indira Gandhi ) . The President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister . Such a proclamation must be laid before both houses of Parliament , and the state of emergency expires after one month unless approved within that time by both houses sitting and voting separately . However , if the Lok Sabha ( the lower house ) is not in session when the state of emergency is declared , and the Rajya Sabha approves of the state of emergency , the deadline for the Lok Sabha is extended until thirty days after that house convenes . According to Article 352 ( 6 ) , approval by each house requires a special majority : those in favour of the motion must be two thirds of those present and voting , and amount to a majority of the entire membership of that house . A Parliamentary resolution extends the state of emergency for up to six months , and it can be extended indefinitely by further resolutions in six - monthly increments . During a national emergency , many Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended . The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended . By contrast , the Right to Life and Personal Liberty can not be suspended according to the original Constitution . In January 1977 , during the emergency declared controversially by Indira Gandhi , the government decided to suspend even the Right to Life and Personal Liberty by dispensing with Habeas corpus . Justice Hans Raj Khanna defended the Right to Life and asked : `` Life is also mentioned in Article 21 and would Government argument extend to it also ? '' . The Attorney General observed : `` Even if life was taken away illegally , courts are helpless '' . A national emergency modifies the federal system of government to a unitary one by granting Parliament the power to make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List ( which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws ) . Also , all state money bills are referred to the Parliament for its approval . During an emergency , the term of the Lok Sabha can be successively extended by intervals of up to one year , but not beyond six months after the state of emergency has been revoked . State emergency under Article 356 ( edit ) A state emergency is declared on failure of constitutional machinery in a state . Every state in India except two states , Chhattisgarh and Telangana has been under a state of emergency at some point of time or the other . The state of emergency is commonly known as ' President 's Rule ' . If the President is satisfied , based on the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources , that the governance in a state can not be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution , he may declare an emergency in the state . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of two months . It is imposed for an initial period of six months and can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months . The 42nd amendment act of 1976 extended the initial time duration of state emergency from 6 months to 1 year . Subsequently , 44th CAA 1978 restored the 1 - year period back to 6 months . Originally , the maximum period of operation of state emergency was 3 years . This 3 - year period was divided into 1 year of ordinary period and 2 years of extra ordinary period for which certain conditions are to be fulfilled . Therefore , from now on after every 1 year Parliament needs to approve the same . If the emergency has to be extended for more than three years , it can only be done by a constitutional amendment , as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir . During such an emergency , the President can take over the entire work of the executive , and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President . the Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation . The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list ( see National emergency for explanation ) . All money bills have to be referred to the Parliament for approval . In this occasion ministers of state legislature do not perform actions in state . Financial emergency under Article 360 ( edit ) If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened , he or she can declare financial emergency . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months . It has never been declared . Such a situation had arisen but was avoided by putting the gold assets of India as collateral for foreign credit . In case of a financial emergency , the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval . He can direct the state to observe certain principles ( economy measures ) relating to financial matters ; but fundamental rights can not be suspended . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1018568/ Jump up ^ D'Souza , Jos Peter . `` When the Supreme Court Struck Down the Habeas Corpus '' . ADM Jabalpur vs. Shukla . Retrieved June 2001 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) State of Emergency law The Emergency of 1975 -- 77 Personalities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bansi Lal C. Achutha Menon Charan Singh Devakanta Barua Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed George Fernandes Hans Raj Khanna Harcharan Singh Longowal H.N. Bahuguna Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Jagmohan Jagmohanlal Sinha Jayaprakash Narayan Jivatram Kripalani K. Kamaraj K. Karunakaran Lal Krishna Advani M.G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Pranab Mukherjee Raj Narain Sanjay Gandhi Siddhartha Shankar Ray Zail Singh Organisations Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Lok Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Indian National Congress ( R ) Indian National Congress Janata Morcha Janata Party People 's Union for Civil Liberties Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Shiromani Akali Dal Socialist Party of India Swatantra Party Events State of Emergency in India State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 38th Amendment 39th Amendment 42nd Amendment Turkman gate demolition and rioting Baroda dynamite case Shah Commission Maintenance of Internal Security Act Rajan case Indian general election , 1977 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Emergency_in_India&oldid=823146670 '' Categories : Emergency laws in India Constitution of India Law in India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी संस्कृतम् Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was first national emergency declared in india	[ "\nBetween 26 October 1962 to 10 January 1968 during the India-China war — \"the security of India\" having been declared \"threatened by external aggression\".\nBetween 3 December 1971 to 21 March 1972 originally proclaimed during the Indo Pakistan war, and later extended along with the third proclamation — \"the security of India\" having been declared \"threatened by external aggression\".\nBetween 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 under controversial circumstances of political instability under Indira Gandhi's prime ministership — \"the security of India\" having been declared \"threatened by internal disturbances\".\n" ]	[ "1962" ]
-5957352870385545685	Alveolar process	Alveolar process - wikipedia Alveolar process Alveolar process Left maxilla . Outer surface . ( Alveolar process visible at bottom . ) Cartilages of the nose , seen from below . ( Alveolar process of maxilla visible at bottom . Details Identifiers Latin os alveolaris TA A02. 1.12. 035 FMA 52897 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The alveolar process ( / ælˈviːələr / ) also called the ( alveolar bone ) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets ( dental alveoli ) on the jaw bones that hold teeth . In humans , the tooth - bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Features 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Developmental disturbances 2.2 Pathology 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) On the maxilla , the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface , and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface . It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae . The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament ( PDL ) , called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs . It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament . It is uniformly radiopaque ( or lighter ) . Integrity of the lamina dura is important when studying radiographs for pathological lesions . The alveolar process has a supporting bone , both of which have the same components : fibers , cells , intercellular substances , nerves , blood vessels , and lymphatics . The alveolar process is the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus ( plural , alveoli ) . Although the alveolar process is composed of compact bone , it may be called the cribriform plate because it contains numerous holes where Volkmann canals pass from the alveolar bone into the PDL . The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone because Sharpey fibers , a part of the fibers of the PDL , are inserted here . Similar to those of the cemental surface , Sharpey fibers in alveolar bone proper are each inserted at 90 degrees , or at a right angle , but are fewer in number , although thicker in diameter than those present in cementum . As in cellular cementum , Sharpey fibers in bone are generally mineralized only partially at their periphery . The alveolar crest is the most cervical rim of the alveolar bone proper . In a healthy situation , the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the cementoenamel junction ( CEJ ) by approximately 1.5 to 2 mm . The alveolar crests of neighboring teeth are also uniform in height along the jaw in healthy situation . The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical bone and trabecular bone . The cortical bone , or cortical plates , consists of plates of compact bone on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone . These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth , but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth . The trabecular bone consists of cancellous bone that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the plates of cortical bone . The alveolar bone between two neighboring teeth is the interdental septum ( or interdental bone ) . Features ( edit ) The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly calcium hydroxyapatite , which is similar to that found in higher percentages in both enamel and dentin , but is most similar to the levels in cementum ( 50 % ) . Like all bone , mature alveolar bone is by weight 60 % mineralized or inorganic material , 25 % organic material , and 15 % water . The minerals of potassium , manganese , magnesium , silica , iron , zinc , selenium , boron , phosphorus , sulfur , chromium , and others are also present but in smaller amounts . Alveolar bone is more easily remodeled than cementum , thus allowing orthodontic tooth movement . When viewing a stained histological section , the remodeled alveolar bone shows arrest lines and reversal lines , as does all bone tissue . Clinical significance ( edit ) Developmental disturbances ( edit ) The developmental disturbance of anodontia ( or hypodontia , if only one tooth ) , in which tooth germs are congenitally absent , may affect the development of the alveolar processes . This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing . Proper development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area . Pathology ( edit ) After extraction of a tooth , the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone , which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone . However , with the partial or total loss of teeth , the alveolar process undergoes resorption . The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected , however , because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable . The loss of alveolar bone , coupled with attrition of the teeth , causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation . The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions . The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation , as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia . In addition , the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most convenient areas of bony fracture to be used , if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth . During chronic periodontal disease that has affected the periodontium ( periodontitis ) , localized bone tissue is also lost . Additional images ( edit ) This X-ray film reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible . The associated teeth exhibit poor crown - to - root ratios and may be subject to secondary occlusal trauma . Alveolar process Alveolar process of maxilla Alveolar process of mandible References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Entry `` alveolar '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Ten Cate 's Oral Histology , Nanci , Elsevier , 2013 , page 219 ^ Jump up to : Illustrated Dental Embryology , Histology , and Anatomy , Bath - Balogh and Fehrenbach , Elsevier , 2011 , page 176 External links ( edit ) Photo of model at Waynesburg College skeleton / alveolarprocess `` Anatomy diagram : 34256.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Diagram at case.edu Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth ( Periodontology ) Anatomy Periodontium Alveolar bone Biologic width Bundle bone Cementum Free gingival margin Gingiva Gingival fibers Gingival sulcus Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Periodontal ligament Sulcular epithelium Stippling Disease Diagnoses Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Periodontosis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Abscesses of the periodontium Combined periodontic - endodontic lesions Infection A. actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophaga sp . F. nucleatum P. gingivalis P. intermedia T. forsythia T. denticola Red complex Entamoeba gingivalis Trichomonas tenax Other Calculus Clinical attachment loss Edentulism Fremitus Furcation defect Gingival enlargement Gingival pocket Gingival recession Gingivitis Horizontal bony defect Linear gingival erythema Occlusal trauma Periodontal pocket Periodontal disease Periodontitis Plaque Vertical bony defect Treatment and prevention Periodontal examination Ante 's law Brushing Bleeding on probing Chlorhexidine gluconate Flossing Hydrogen peroxide Mouthwash Oral hygiene Tetracycline Triclosan Host modulatory therapy Treatment Conventional therapy Debridement Scaling and root planing Full mouth disinfection Full mouth ultrasonic debridement Surgery Apically positioned flap Bone graft Coronally positioned flap Crown lengthening Open flap debridement Gingival graft Gingivectomy Guided bone regeneration Guided tissue regeneration Enamel matrix derivative Implant placement Lateral pedicle graft Pocket reduction surgery Socket preservation Sinus lift Subepithelial connective tissue graft Tools Curette Membrane Probe Scaler Important personalities Tomas Albrektsson Frank Beube Per - Ingvar Brånemark Robert Gottsegen Gary Greenstein Jan Lindhe Brian Mealey Preston D. Miller Willoughby D. Miller Carl E. Misch John Mankey Riggs Jay Seibert Jørgen Slots Paul Roscoe Stillman Dennis P. Tarnow Hom - Lay Wang James Leon Williams W.J. Younger Other specialties Endodontology Orthodontology Prosthodontology The facial skeleton of the skull Maxilla Surfaces Anterior : fossae ( Incisive fossa , Canine fossa ) Infraorbital foramen Orbital bones Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal : Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital : Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal : Greater palatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process ( Agger nasi , Anterior lacrimal crest ) Alveolar process Palatine process ( Incisive foramen , Incisive canals , Foramina of Scarpa , Incisive bone , Anterior nasal spine ) Other Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process ( Zygomatico - orbital ) Temporal process ( Zygomaticotemporal ) Lateral process ( Zygomaticofacial ) Palatine Fossae Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate ( Posterior nasal spine ) Perpendicular plate ( Greater palatine canal , Sphenopalatine foramen ) Hard palate Processes Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal Mandible Body external surface ( Chin , Mandibular prominence , Mandibular symphysis , Lingual foramen , Mental protuberance , Mental foramen , Mandibular incisive canal ) internal surface ( Mental spine , Mylohyoid line , Sublingual fovea , Submandibular fovea ) Alveolar part Ramus Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea Nose Nasal bone Internasal suture Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha Ethmoidal process Maxillary process Vomer Wing Other Lacrimal Posterior lacrimal crest Lacrimal groove Lacrimal hamulus Prognathism Retromolar space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alveolar_process&oldid=865088953 '' Categories : Bones of the head and neck Dental anatomy Mouth Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Slovenščina 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 17 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what type of bone is the maxillary bone	[ "The alveolar process (/ælˈviːələr/[1]) also called the (alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible.[2]\n" ]	[ "tooth-bearing" ]
6891855743951196432	The Bug	The Bug - wikipedia The Bug For the musical artist of the same name , see The Bug ( musician ) . For the Thoroughbred racehorse , see The Bug ( horse ) . `` The Bug '' Single by Dire Straits from the album On Every Street B - side `` Twisting by the Pool '' ( 7 '' & CD ) `` Expresso Love '' ( CD ) `` Walk of Life '' ( CD ) Released 15 June 1992 Format CD , 7 '' Recorded 1991 Genre Roots rock Length 4 : 16 Label Vertigo Songwriter ( s ) Mark Knopfler Producer ( s ) Mark Knopfler Dire Straits singles chronology `` On Every Street '' ( 1992 ) `` The Bug '' ( 1992 ) `` You and Your Friend '' ( 1992 ) `` On Every Street '' ( 1992 ) `` The Bug '' ( 1992 ) `` You and Your Friend '' ( 1992 ) `` The Bug '' is a song written by Mark Knopfler and originally performed by Dire Straits on the final studio album by the band , On Every Street ( 1991 ) . It was covered by Mary Chapin Carpenter in 1992 and also recorded on the albums Blues Ballads ( 1996 ) by The Alex Bollard Assembly and Keep Your Hands to Yourself ( 2002 ) by Mike Berry & The Outlaws . Contents 1 Dire Straits 1.1 7 '' vinyl single 1.2 5 '' CD single 2 Mary Chapin Carpenter 2.1 Chart positions 3 References Dire Straits ( edit ) The song is the fourth and final UK single from the album On Every Street by English rock band Dire Straits , and it also was to be Dire Straits ' final single release in the UK . Other songs from the album were released as singles in selected countries ( `` You and Your Friend '' in France and Germany or `` Ticket to Heaven '' in Netherlands ) . 7 '' vinyl single ( edit ) `` The Bug '' `` Twisting by the Pool '' 5 '' CD single ( edit ) `` The Bug '' `` Twisting by the Pool '' `` Expresso Love '' `` Walk of Life '' Mary Chapin Carpenter ( edit ) `` The Bug '' Single by Mary Chapin Carpenter from the album Come On Come On B - side `` Rhythm of the Blues '' Released 9 August 1993 Format 7 '' vinyl , CD single Recorded Bias Studios Genre Country Length 3 : 47 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Mark Knopfler Producer ( s ) John Jennings , Mary Chapin Carpenter , Steve Buckingham Mary Chapin Carpenter singles chronology `` The Hard Way '' ( 1993 ) `` The Bug '' ( 1993 ) `` He Thinks He 'll Keep Her '' ( 1993 ) `` The Hard Way '' ( 1993 ) `` The Bug '' ( 1993 ) `` He Thinks He 'll Keep Her '' ( 1993 ) The song was covered by Mary Chapin Carpenter on her 1992 album Come On Come On and was released as a single the next year , peaking at 16 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks . This version of the song is also included on the soundtrack of the 2006 computer animated film Everyone 's Hero . Chart positions ( edit ) `` The Bug '' debuted at number 63 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of 21 August 1993 . Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Artist Chart History Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2275 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 23 October 1993 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Chapin Carpenter Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Dire Straits Mark Knopfler John Illsley Pick Withers David Knopfler Alan Clark Hal Lindes Terry Williams Guy Fletcher Jack Sonni Studio albums Dire Straits Communiqué Making Movies Love over Gold Brothers in Arms On Every Street Live albums Alchemy On the Night Live at the BBC Compilations Money for Nothing Sultans of Swing : The Very Best of Dire Straits Private Investigations : The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler EPs ExtendedancEPlay Encores Singles `` Sultans of Swing '' `` Water of Love '' / `` Down to the Waterline '' `` Lady Writer '' `` Romeo and Juliet '' `` Skateaway '' `` Tunnel of Love '' `` Private Investigations '' `` Industrial Disease '' `` Twisting by the Pool '' `` Love Over Gold '' `` So Far Away '' `` Money for Nothing '' `` Brothers in Arms '' `` Walk of Life '' `` Your Latest Trick '' `` Calling Elvis '' `` Heavy Fuel '' `` On Every Street '' `` The Bug '' `` You and Your Friend '' Tours Dire Straits Tour Communiqué Tour On Location Tour Love over Gold Tour Brothers in Arms Tour On Every Street Tour Related articles Discography Band members Michael Brecker The Notting Hillbillies Chris White Book : Dire Straits Category : Dire Straits Portal : Rock music Mary Chapin Carpenter singles Discography State of the Heart `` How Do '' `` Never Had It So Good '' `` Quittin ' Time '' `` Something of a Dreamer '' Shooting Straight in the Dark `` You Win Again '' `` Right Now '' `` Down at the Twist and Shout '' `` Going Out Tonight '' Come On Come On `` I Feel Lucky '' `` Not Too Much to Ask '' ( with Joe Diffie ) `` Passionate Kisses '' `` The Hard Way '' `` The Bug '' `` He Thinks He 'll Keep Her '' `` I Take My Chances '' Stones in the Road `` Shut Up and Kiss Me '' `` Tender When I Want to Be '' `` House of Cards '' A Place in the World `` Let Me into Your Heart '' Working Class Hero `` Grow Old with Me '' Party Doll and Other Favorites `` Almost Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bug&oldid=827506325 '' Categories : 1992 singles 1993 singles Dire Straits songs Mary Chapin Carpenter songs Songs written by Mark Knopfler Song recordings produced by Steve Buckingham ( record producer ) Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Mark Knopfler 1991 songs Vertigo Records singles Music videos directed by Stephen R. Johnson Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings sometimes you're the windshield sometimes you're the bug	[ "\"The Bug\" is a song written by Mark Knopfler and originally performed by Dire Straits on the final studio album by the band, On Every Street (1991). It was covered by Mary Chapin Carpenter in 1992 and also recorded on the albums Blues Ballads (1996) by The Alex Bollard Assembly and Keep Your Hands to Yourself (2002) by Mike Berry & The Outlaws.\n" ]	[ "Dire Straits" ]
4080381942530615791	Formula One	Formula One - Wikipedia Formula One Jump to : navigation , search `` Formula 1 '' redirects here . For the video game , see Formula 1 ( video game ) . `` F1 '' redirects here . For other uses , see F1 ( disambiguation ) and Formula One ( disambiguation ) . `` FIA World Championship '' redirects here . For other world championships administered by the FIA , see List of FIA events . Formula One Single seater Country International Inaugural season 1950 Drivers 20 Constructors 10 Engine suppliers Ferrari Mercedes Renault Honda Tyre suppliers Pirelli Drivers ' champion Lewis Hamilton ( Mercedes ) Constructors ' champion Mercedes Official website www.formula1.com Current season Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( show ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( show ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association Formula One ( also Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single - seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and owned by the Formula One Group . The FIA Formula One World Championship has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950 . The `` formula '' in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants ' cars must conform . A Formula One season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( French for `` grand prizes '' or `` great prizes '' ) , which are held worldwide on purpose - built circuits and public roads . The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships : one for drivers , the other for constructors . Drivers must hold valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races are required to be held on tracks graded `` 1 '' ( formerly `` A '' ) , the highest grade rating issued by the FIA . Most events are held in rural locations on purpose - built tracks , but there are several events in city centres throughout the world , with the Monaco Grand Prix being the most well - known . Formula One cars are the fastest road course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . The cars underwent major changes in 2017 , allowing wider front and rear wings , and wider tyres , resulting in cornering forces closing in on 8 g and top speeds of up to approximately 375 km / h ( 230 mph ) . The hybrid engines are currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm and the cars are very dependent on electronics -- although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 -- and also on aerodynamics , suspension , and tyres . While Europe is the sport 's traditional base , the championship is truly global , with 11 of the 21 races in the 2018 season taking place outside Europe . With the annual cost of running a mid-tier team -- designing , building , and maintaining cars , pay , transport -- being US $ 120 million , Formula One has a significant economic and job - creation effect , and its financial and political battles are widely reported . Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment , which has resulted in large investments from sponsors and budgets ( in the hundreds of millions for the constructors ) . On 8 September 2016 , it was announced that Liberty Media had agreed to buy Delta Topco , the company that controls Formula One , from private equity firm CVC Capital Partners for $4.4 billion in cash , stock , and convertible debt . On 23 January 2017 , it was confirmed that the acquisition had been completed , for $8 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Return of racing 1.2 British dominance 1.3 Technological developments 1.4 Big business 1.5 Manufacturers ' return 1.6 Manufacturers ' decline and return of the privateers 1.7 Political disputes 1.7. 1 FISA -- FOCA war 1.7. 2 FIA -- FOTA dispute 2 Outside the World Championship 2.1 European non-championship racing 2.2 South African Formula One championship 2.3 British Formula One Championship 3 Racing and strategy 3.1 Tyre rules 3.2 Qualifying 3.3 Race 3.4 Flags 3.5 Points system 4 Constructors 5 Drivers 5.1 Feeder series 5.2 Beyond F1 6 Grands Prix 7 Circuits 8 Cars and technology 9 Revenue and profits 10 Future 11 Media coverage 12 Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Formula One Formula One 's iconic former ' flying one ' logo , used from 1993 to 2017 The Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing ( q.v. for pre-1947 history ) of the 1920s and 1930s . The formula is a set of rules that all participants ' cars must meet . Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946 , with the first non-championship races being held that year . A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a world championship before the war , but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict , the World Drivers ' Championship was not formalised until 1947 . The first world championship race was held at Silverstone , United Kingdom in 1950 . A championship for constructors followed in 1958 . National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s . Non-championship Formula One events were held for many years , but due to the increasing cost of competition , the last of these occurred in 1983 . On 26 November 2017 , Formula One unveiled its new logo following the 2017 season finale in Abu Dhabi during the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix at Yas Marina Circuit . The new logo replaces F1 's iconic ' flying one ' , which has been the sport 's trademark since 1993 . Return of racing ( edit ) Juan Manuel Fangio 's 1951 title - winning Alfa Romeo 159 The first World Championship for Drivers was won by Italian Giuseppe Farina in his Alfa Romeo in 1950 , narrowly defeating his Argentine teammate Juan Manuel Fangio . However , Fangio won the title in 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , and 1957 ( His record of five World Championship titles stood for 45 years until German driver Michael Schumacher took his sixth title in 2003 ) , his streak interrupted ( after an injury ) by two - time champion Alberto Ascari of Ferrari . Although the UK 's Stirling Moss was able to compete regularly , he was never able to win the world championship , and is now widely considered to be the greatest driver never to have won the title . Fangio , however , is remembered for dominating Formula One 's first decade and has long been considered the `` Grand Master '' of Formula One . This period featured teams managed by road car manufacturers Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Mercedes - Benz , and Maserati ; all of whom had competed before the war . The first seasons were run using pre-war cars like Alfa 's 158 . They were front - engined , with narrow tyres and 1.5 - litre supercharged or 4.5 - litre normally aspirated engines . The 1952 and 1953 World Championships were run to Formula Two regulations , for smaller , less powerful cars , due to concerns over the paucity of Formula One cars available . When a new Formula One , for engines limited to 2.5 litres , was reinstated to the world championship for 1954 , Mercedes - Benz introduced the advanced W196 , which featured innovations such as desmodromic valves and fuel injection as well as enclosed streamlined bodywork . Mercedes drivers won the championship for two years , before the team withdrew from all motorsport in the wake of the 1955 Le Mans disaster . British dominance ( edit ) An era of British dominance was ushered in by Mike Hawthorn and Vanwall 's championship wins in 1958 , although Stirling Moss had been at the forefront of the sport without ever securing the world title . Between Hawthorn , Jim Clark , Jackie Stewart , John Surtees and Graham Hill , British drivers won nine Drivers ' Championships and British teams won fourteen Constructors ' Championship titles between 1958 and 1974 . The iconic British Racing Green Lotus , with a revolutionary aluminium - sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditional space - frame design , was the dominant car , and in 1968 the team broke new boundaries when they were the first to carry advertising on their cars . Technological developments ( edit ) Stirling Moss 's Lotus 18 at the Nürburgring during 1961 The first major technological development , Bugatti 's re-introduction of mid-engined cars ( following Ferdinand Porsche 's pioneering Auto Unions of the 1930s ) , occurred with the Type 251 , which was unsuccessful . Australian Jack Brabham , world champion during 1959 , 1960 , and 1966 , soon proved the mid-engined design 's superiority . By 1961 , all regular competitors had switched to mid-engined cars . The Ferguson P99 , a four - wheel drive design , was the last front - engined F1 car to enter a world championship race . It was entered in the 1961 British Grand Prix , the only front - engined car to compete that year . During 1962 , Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium - sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditional space - frame design . This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars . During 1968 , Lotus painted Imperial Tobacco livery on their cars , thus introducing sponsorship to the sport . Aerodynamic downforce slowly gained importance in car design from the appearance of aerofoils during the late 1960s . During the late 1970s , Lotus introduced ground - effect aerodynamics ( previously used on Jim Hall 's Chaparral 2J during 1970 ) that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds . So great were the aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track ( up to five times the car 's weight ) , extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant ride height , leaving the suspension virtually solid , depending entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities of the road surface . Big business ( edit ) Clay Regazzoni driving for Ferrari at the 1976 German Grand Prix Beginning in the 1970s , Bernie Ecclestone rearranged the management of Formula One 's commercial rights ; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the multibillion - dollar business it now is . When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during 1971 he gained a seat on the Formula One Constructors ' Association and during 1978 he became its president . Previously , the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually ; however Ecclestone persuaded the teams to `` hunt as a pack '' through FOCA . He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package , which they could take or leave . In return for the package almost all that was required was to surrender trackside advertising . The formation of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile ( FISA ) during 1979 set off the FISA -- FOCA controversy , during which FISA and its president Jean - Marie Balestre disputed repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations . The Guardian said of FOCA that Ecclestone and Max Mosley `` used it to wage a guerrilla war with a very long - term aim in view '' . FOCA threatened to establish a rival series , boycotted a Grand Prix and FISA withdrew its sanction from races . The result was the 1981 Concorde Agreement , which guaranteed technical stability , as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations . Although FISA asserted its right to the TV revenues , it handed the administration of those rights to FOCA . Stefan Bellof driving for Tyrrell at the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix FISA imposed a ban on ground - effect aerodynamics during 1983 . By then , however , turbocharged engines , which Renault had pioneered in 1977 , were producing over 700 bhp ( 520 kW ) and were essential to be competitive . By 1986 , a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5.5 bar pressure , estimated to be over 1,300 bhp ( 970 kW ) in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix . The next year power in race trim reached around 1,100 bhp ( 820 kW ) , with boost pressure limited to only 4.0 bar . These cars were the most powerful open - wheel circuit racing cars ever . To reduce engine power output and thus speeds , the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in 1984 and boost pressures in 1988 before banning turbocharged engines completely in 1989 . The development of electronic driver aids began during the 1980s . Lotus began to develop a system of active suspension , which first appeared during 1982 on the 91 . By 1987 , this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by Ayrton Senna in the Monaco Grand Prix that year . In the early 1990s other teams followed suit and semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control were a natural progression . The FIA , due to complaints that technology was determining the outcome of races more than driver skill , banned many such aids for 1994 . This resulted in cars that were previously dependent on electronic aids becoming very `` twitchy '' and difficult to drive ( particularly the Williams FW16 ) . Many observers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only as they `` proved difficult to police effectively '' . The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement during 1992 and a third in 1997 , which expired on the last day of 2007 . Stefan Johansson driving for Ferrari at the 1985 European Grand Prix On the track , the McLaren and Williams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s , with Brabham also being competitive during the early part of the 1980s , winning two Drivers ' Championships with Nelson Piquet . Powered by Porsche , Honda , and Mercedes - Benz , McLaren won sixteen championships ( seven constructors ' and nine drivers ' ) in that period , while Williams used engines from Ford , Honda , and Renault to also win sixteen titles ( nine constructors ' and seven drivers ' ) . The rivalry between racers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost became F1 's central focus during 1988 , and continued until Prost retired at the end of 1993 . Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello , having taken over Prost 's lead drive at Williams that year . The FIA worked to improve the sport 's safety standards since that weekend , during which Roland Ratzenberger also lost his life in an accident during Saturday qualifying . No driver had died of injuries sustained on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car for 20 years , until the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix where Jules Bianchi collided with a recovery vehicle after aquaplaning off the circuit . Since 1994 , three track marshals have lost their lives , one at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix , the second at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix and the third at the 2013 Canadian Grand Prix . Since the deaths of Senna and Ratzenberger , the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes that otherwise , under the Concorde Agreement , would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams -- most notably the changes introduced for 1998 . This so - called ' narrow track ' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres , a narrower track overall , and the introduction of grooved tyres to reduce mechanical grip . There were to be four grooves on the front ( three in the first year ) and rear that ran through the entire circumference of the tyre . The objective was to reduce cornering speeds and to produce racing similar to rainy conditions by enforcing a smaller contact patch between tyre and track . This , according to the FIA , was to promote driver skill and provide a better spectacle . Damon Hill driving for Williams at the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix Results have been mixed as the lack of mechanical grip has resulted in the more ingenious designers clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip -- pushing more force onto the tyres through wings and aerodynamic devices , which in turn has resulted in less overtaking as these devices tend to make the wake behind the car ' dirty ' ( turbulent ) , preventing other cars from following closely due to their dependence on ' clean ' air to make the car stick to the track . The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound to be able to hold the grooved tread blocks , which resulted in spectacular accidents in times of aerodynamic grip failure as the harder compound could not grip the track as well . Drivers from McLaren , Williams , Renault ( formerly Benetton ) , and Ferrari , dubbed the `` Big Four '' , won every World Championship from 1984 to 2008 . The teams won every Constructors ' Championship from 1979 to 2008 as well as placing themselves as the top four teams in the Constructors ' Championship in every season between 1989 and 1997 , and winning every race but one ( the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix ) between 1988 and 1997 . Due to the technological advances of the 1990s , the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically . This increased financial burdens , combined with the dominance of four teams ( largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes - Benz ) , caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive , but to stay in business , and forced several teams to withdraw . Since 1990 , twenty - eight teams have withdrawn from Formula One . This has prompted former Jordan owner Eddie Jordan to say that the days of competitive privateers are over . Manufacturers ' return ( edit ) Michael Schumacher won five consecutive titles with Ferrari Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won five consecutive Drivers ' Championships ( 2000 -- 2004 ) and six consecutive Constructors ' Championships ( 1999 -- 2004 ) . Schumacher set many new records , including those for Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , wins in a season ( thirteen of eighteen ) , and most Drivers ' Championships ( seven ) . Schumacher 's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005 when Renault driver Fernando Alonso became Formula One 's youngest champion at that time , until Lewis Hamilton in 2008 . During 2006 , Renault and Alonso won both titles again . Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after sixteen years in Formula One , but came out of retirement for the 2010 season , racing for the newly formed Mercedes works team , following the rebrand of Brawn GP . During this period , the championship rules were changed frequently by the FIA with the intention of improving the on - track action and cutting costs . Team orders , legal since the championship started during 1950 , were banned during 2002 after several incidents in which teams openly manipulated race results , generating negative publicity , most famously by Ferrari at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix . Other changes included the qualifying format , the points scoring system , the technical regulations , and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last . A `` tyre war '' between suppliers Michelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall , although at the 2005 United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis , seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use , leading to Bridgestone becoming the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season . During 2006 , Max Mosley outlined a `` green '' future for Formula One , in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor . Since 1983 , Formula One had been dominated by specialist race teams like Williams , McLaren , and Benetton , using engines supplied by large car manufacturers like Mercedes - Benz , Honda , Renault , and Ford . Starting in 2000 , with Ford 's creation of the largely unsuccessful Jaguar team , new manufacturer - owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of Alfa Romeo and Renault at the end of 1985 . By 2006 , the manufacturer teams -- Renault , BMW , Toyota , Honda , and Ferrari -- dominated the championship , taking five of the first six places in the Constructors ' Championship . The sole exception was McLaren , which at the time was part - owned by Mercedes Benz . Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association ( GPMA ) , they negotiated a larger share of Formula One 's commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport . Manufacturers ' decline and return of the privateers ( edit ) Formula One in 2010 In 2008 and 2009 , Honda , BMW , and Toyota all withdrew from Formula One racing within the space of a year , blaming the economic recession . This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance within the sport . The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP with the notable F1 designer Ross Brawn and Nick Fry running and owning the majority of the organisation . Brawn GP went through a painful size reduction , laying off hundreds of employees , but eventually won the year 's world championships with Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello . BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team , Peter Sauber . The Lotus F1 Team were another , formerly manufacturer - owned team that has reverted to `` privateer '' ownership , together with the buy - out of the Renault team by Genii Capital investors in recent years . A link with their previous owners still survived however , with their car continuing to be powered by a Renault Power Unit until 2014 . McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes Benz ( McLaren 's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLaren Mercedes SLR road car project and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being found guilty of spying on Ferrari ) . Hence , during the 2010 season , Mercedes Benz re-entered the sport as a manufacturer after its purchase of Brawn GP , and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team . This left Mercedes , McLaren , and Ferrari as the only car manufacturers in the sport , although both McLaren and Ferrari began as racing teams rather than manufacturers . The three teams that debuted in 2010 ( HRT , Lotus / Caterham and Virgin / Marussia / Manor ) all disappeared within seven years of their debuts To compensate for the loss of manufacturer teams , four new teams were accepted entry into the 2010 season ahead of a much anticipated ' cost - cap ' ( see below ) . Entrants included a reborn Team Lotus -- which was led by a Malaysian consortium including Tony Fernandes , the boss of Air Asia ; Hispania Racing -- the first Spanish Formula One team ; as well as Virgin Racing -- Richard Branson 's entry into the series following a successful partnership with Brawn the year before . They were also joined by the US F1 Team , which planned to run out of the United States as the only non-European based team in the sport . Financial issues befell the squad before they even made the grid . Despite the entry of these new teams , the proposed cost - cap was repealed and these teams -- who did not have the budgets of the midfield and top - order teams -- ran around at the back of the field until they inevitably collapsed ; HRT in 2012 , Caterham ( formerly Lotus ) in 2014 and Manor ( formerly Virgin then Marussia ) , having survived falling into administration in 2014 , went under at the end of 2016 . A rule shake - up in 2014 meant Mercedes emerged as the dominant force , with Lewis Hamilton winning the championship closely followed by his main rival and teammate , Nico Rosberg , with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season ( all other victories coming from Daniel Ricciardo of Red Bull ) . 2014 also saw a financial crisis which resulted in the backmarker Marussia and Caterham teams being put into administration , alongside the uncertain futures of Force India and Sauber . Marussia returned under the Manor name in 2015 , a season in which Ferrari were the only challengers to Mercedes , with Vettel taking victory in the three Grands Prix Mercedes did not win . The 2016 season began in dominant fashion for Nico Rosberg , winning the first 4 Grands Prix . His charge was halted by Max Verstappen , who took his maiden win in Spain in his debut race for Red Bull . After that , the reigning champion Lewis Hamilton decreased the point gap between him and Rosberg to only one point , before taking the championship lead heading into the summer break . Following the break , the 1 -- 2 positioning remained constant until an engine failure for Hamilton in Malaysia left Rosberg in a commanding lead that he would not relinquish in the 5 remaining races . Having won the title by a mere 5 points , Rosberg retired from Formula One at season 's end . The final team remaining from the 2010 new entries process , Manor Racing , withdrew from the sport following the 2016 season , having lost 10th in the Constructors ' Championship to Sauber with one race remaining , leaving the grid at 20 cars as Liberty Media took control of the series in the off - season . Renault returned to the sport in 2016 ( pictured with Palmer ) In 2016 , Renault came back to the sport after buying back the Lotus F1 team and in 2018 , Aston Martin became Red Bull 's title sponsor , indicating that the manufacturers are starting to come back to the sport . Political disputes ( edit ) FISA -- FOCA war ( edit ) Main article : FISA -- FOCA war The battle for control of Formula One was contested between the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile ( FISA ) , at the time an autonomous subcommittee of the FIA , and FOCA ( the Formula One Constructors ' Association ) . The beginnings of the dispute are numerous , and many of the underlying reasons may be lost in history . The teams ( excepting Ferrari and the other major manufacturers -- Renault and Alfa Romeo in particular ) were of the opinion that their rights and ability to compete against the larger and better funded teams were being negatively affected by a perceived bias on the part of the controlling organisation ( FISA ) toward the major manufacturers . In addition , the battle revolved around the commercial aspects of the sport ( the FOCA teams were unhappy with the disbursement of proceeds from the races ) and the technical regulations which , in FOCA 's opinion , tended to be malleable according to the nature of the transgressor more than the nature of the transgression . The war culminated in a FOCA boycott of the 1982 San Marino Grand Prix months later . In theory , all FOCA teams were supposed to boycott the Grand Prix as a sign of solidarity and complaint at the handling of the regulations and financial compensation ( and extreme opposition to the accession of Balestre to the position of FISA president : both Colin Chapman of Lotus and Frank Williams of Williams stated clearly that they would not continue in Formula One with Balestre as its governor ) . In practice , several of the FOCA teams backed out of the boycott , citing `` sponsor obligations '' . Notable among these were the Tyrrell and Toleman teams . FIA -- FOTA dispute ( edit ) Main article : FIA -- FOTA dispute During the 2009 season of Formula One , the sport was gripped in a governance crisis . The FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost cutting measures for the following season , including an optional budget cap for the teams ; teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom , adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to a rev limiter . The Formula One Teams Association ( FOTA ) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a ' two - tier ' championship , and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA . However , talks broke down and FOTA teams announced , with the exception of Williams and Force India , that ' they had no choice ' but to form a breakaway championship series . Bernie Ecclestone , the former Chief Executive of the Formula One Group On 24 June , an agreement was reached between Formula One 's governing body and the teams to prevent a breakaway series . It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years ; exact figures were not specified , and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for re-election to the FIA presidency in October . Following further disagreements after Max Mosley suggested he would stand for re-election , FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued . On 8 July , FOTA issued a press release stating they had been informed they were not entered for the 2010 season , and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting . On 1 August , it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement , bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport 's future until 2012 . Outside the World Championship ( edit ) The terms `` Formula One race '' and `` World Championship race '' are effectively synonymous ; since 1984 , every Formula One race has counted towards an official FIA World Championship , and every World Championship race has been held to Formula One regulations . In the earlier history of Formula One , many races took place outside the world championship , and local championships run to Formula One regulations also occurred . These events often took place on circuits that were not suitable for the World Championship , and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the Championship . European non-championship racing ( edit ) In the early years of Formula One , before the world championship was established , there were around twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe , although not all of these were considered significant . Most competitive cars came from Italy , particularly Alfa Romeo . After the start of the world championship , these non-championship races continued . In the 1950s and 1960s , there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship ; in 1950 a total of twenty - two Formula One races were held , of which only six counted towards the World Championship . In 1952 and 1953 , when the world championship was run for Formula Two cars , non-championship events were the only Formula One races that took place . Some races , particularly in the UK , including the Race of Champions , Oulton Park International Gold Cup and the International Trophy , were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders . Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship , such as the Syracuse and Danish Grands Prix , although these only attracted a small amount of the championship teams and relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid . These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race ; the 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch , won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams - Cosworth in a close fight with American Danny Sullivan . South African Formula One Championship ( edit ) Main article : South African Formula One Championship South Africa 's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975 . The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines . Frontrunning drivers from the series usually contested their local World Championship Grand Prix , as well as occasional European events , although they had little success at that level . British Formula One Championship ( edit ) Main article : British Formula One Championship The DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One championship possible between 1978 and 1980 . As in South Africa a decade before , second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day , although some , such as the March 781 , were built specifically for the series . In 1980 , the series saw South African Desiré Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3 . Racing and strategy ( edit ) Main articles : Formula One racing , Racing flags , and Formula One regulations Nick Heidfeld and Nico Rosberg on the street circuit of Albert Park in the 2008 Australian Grand Prix A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend . It begins with two free practice sessions on Friday ( except in Monaco , where Friday practices are moved to Thursday ) , and one free practice on Saturday . Additional drivers ( commonly known as third drivers ) are allowed to run on Fridays , but only two cars may be used per team , requiring a race driver to give up his seat . A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session . This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday . Tyre rules ( edit ) The new rule for F1 tyre in 2016 is that the regulations would allow Pirelli to select three different tyres for each race , and each team could choose the tyre from those three depending on the strategies . This concept would continue in 2017 but with Pirelli 's thicker and wider tyres that tested extensively last year . Tyre selections are announced over a month before each event , with rules stating Pirelli must announce compounds nine weeks before a European round and 15 weeks before a long - haul event . Drivers ordinarily select 10 of the 13 sets available for a race weekend , though Pirelli 's new tyres means the Italian company will force each driver to stick to the same allocations for the first five races as it learns about the new tyre . That means for the opening five races , drivers will have seven of the softest compound , four of the middle compound and two of the hardest compound available . Pirelli has backup compounds for introduction later in the season if its initial batch proves to be too conservative in terms of performance or leads to greater levels of degradation than expected . Qualifying ( edit ) A typical pitwall control centre , allowing team managers and strategists to communicate with their drivers and engineers For much of the sport 's history , qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions ; drivers would have one or more sessions in which to set their fastest time , with the grid order determined by each driver 's best single lap , with the fastest on pole position . Grids were generally limited to 26 cars -- if the race had more entries , qualification would also decide which drivers would start the race . During the early 1990s , the number of entries was so high that the worst - performing teams had to enter a pre-qualifying session , with the fastest cars allowed through to the main qualifying session . The qualifying format began to change in the late 1990s , with the FIA experimenting with limiting the number of laps , determining the aggregate time over two sessions , and allowing each driver only one qualifying lap . A Jarno Trulli pit - stop , for Lotus at the 2011 Brazilian Grand Prix The current qualifying system was adopted in the 2006 season . Known as `` knock - out '' qualifying , it is split into three periods , known as Q1 , Q2 , and Q3 . In each period , drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the next period , with the slowest drivers being `` knocked out '' of qualification ( but not necessarily the race ) at the end of the period and their grid positions set within the rearmost five based on their best lap times . Drivers are allowed as many laps as they wish within each period . After each period , all times are reset , and only a driver 's fastest lap in that period ( barring infractions ) counts . Any timed lap started before the end of that period may be completed , and will count toward that driver 's placement . The number of cars eliminated in each period is dependent on the total number of cars entered into the championship . Currently , with 20 cars , Q1 runs for 18 minutes , and eliminates the slowest five drivers . During this period , any driver whose best lap takes longer than 107 % of the fastest time in Q1 will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the stewards . Otherwise , all drivers proceed to the race albeit in the worst starting positions . This rule does not affect drivers in Q2 or Q3 . In Q2 , the 15 remaining drivers have 15 minutes to set one of the ten fastest times and proceed to the next period . Finally , Q3 lasts 12 minutes and sees the remaining ten drivers decide the first ten grid positions . At the beginning of the 2016 Formula 1 season , the FIA introduced a new qualifying format , whereby drivers were knocked out every 90 seconds after a certain amount of time had passed in each session . The aim was to mix up grid positions for the race , but due to unpopularity the FIA reverted to the above qualifying format for the Chinese GP , after running the format for only two races . Each car taking part in Q3 receives an ' extra ' set of the softest available tyre . This set has to be handed in after qualifying , drivers knocked out in Q1 or Q2 can use this set for the race . The first ten drivers , i.e. the drivers through to Q3 must start the race on the tyre which set the fastest time in Q2 , unless the weather requires the use of wet - weather tyres . In which case all of the rules about the tyres wo n't be followed . All of the drivers that did not participate in Q3 have free tyre choice for the start of the race . Any penalties that affect grid position are applied at the end of qualifying . Grid penalties can be applied for driving infractions in the previous or current Grand Prix , or for changing a gearbox or engine component . If a car fails scrutineering , the driver will be excluded from qualifying , but will be allowed to start the race from the back of the grid at the race steward 's discretion . Race ( edit ) The race begins with a warm - up lap , after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified . This lap is often referred to as the formation lap , as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking ( although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground provided he has not fallen to the back of the field ) . The warm - up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car , gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction , and also gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipment from the grid . Jacques Villeneuve qualifying at the 2005 United States Grand Prix in his Sauber C24 Once all the cars have formed on the grid , a light system above the track indicates the start of the race : five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second ; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time ( typically less than 3 seconds ) to signal the start of the race . The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid , signalled by raising his arm . If this happens , the procedure restarts : a new formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid . The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident or dangerous conditions , with the original start voided . The race may be started from behind the Safety Car if officials feel a racing start would be excessively dangerous , such as extremely heavy rainfall . As of the 2017 season there will always be a standing restart . If due to heavy rainfall a start behind the safety car is necessary , then after the track has dried sufficiently , drivers will form up for a standing start . There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car . Under normal circumstances , the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completed a set number of laps . Race officials may end the race early ( putting out a red flag ) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall , and it must finish within two hours , although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather or if the safety car is deployed during the race . In the 1950s , race distances varied from 300 km ( 190 mi ) to 600 km ( 370 mi ) . The maximum race length was reduced to 400 km ( 250 mi ) in 1966 and 325 km ( 202 mi ) in 1971 . The race length was standardised to the current 305 km ( 190 mi ) in 1989 . However , street races like Monaco have shorter distances , to keep under the two - hour limit . Drivers may overtake one another for position over the course of the race and are `` Classified '' in the order they finished 90 % of the race distance . If a leader comes across a back marker ( slower car ) who has completed fewer laps , the back marker is shown a blue flag telling him he is obliged to allow the leader to overtake him . The slower car is said to be `` lapped '' and , once the leader finishes the race , is classified as finishing the race `` one lap down '' . A driver can be lapped numerous times , by any car in front of him . A driver who fails to finish a race , through mechanical problems , accident , or any other reason is said to have retired from the race and is `` Not Classified '' in the results . However , if the driver has completed more than 90 % of the race distance , he will be classified . Mercedes - AMG GT safety car leading the field around the circuit at reduced speed Throughout the race , drivers may make pit stops to change tyres and repair damage ( from 1994 to 2009 inclusive , they could also refuel ) . Different teams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies in order to maximise their car 's potential . Three dry tyre compounds , with different durability and adhesion characteristics , are available to drivers . Over the course of a race , drivers must use two of the three available compounds . The different compounds have different levels of performance , and choosing when to use which compound is a key tactical decision to make . Different tyres have different colours on their sidewalls ; this allows spectators to understand the strategies . Under wet conditions , drivers may switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres with additional grooves ( one `` intermediate '' , for mild wet conditions , such as after recent rain , one `` full wet '' , for racing in or immediately after rain ) . A driver must make at least one stop to use two tyre compounds ; up to three stops are typically made , although further stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditions change . If rain tyres are used , drivers are no longer obliged to use both types of dry tyres . Race director As of 2017 , the race director in Formula One is Charlie Whiting . This role involves him generally managing the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix , inspecting cars in parc fermé before a race , enforcing FIA rules and controlling the lights which start each race . As the head of the race officials , he also plays a large role in sorting disputes amongst teams and drivers . Penalties , such as drive - through penalties ( and stop - and - go penalties ) , demotions on a pre-race start grid , race disqualifications , and fines can all be handed out should parties break regulations . Safety car In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside race marshals , race officials may choose to deploy the safety car . This in effect suspends the race , with drivers following the safety car around the track at its speed in race order , with overtaking not permitted . The safety car circulates until the danger is cleared ; after it comes in , the race restarts with a `` rolling start '' . Pit stops are permitted under the safety car . Mercedes - Benz supplies Mercedes - AMG models to Formula One to use as the safety cars . Since 2000 , the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver Bernd Mayländer . On the lap in which the safety car returns to the pits , the leading car takes over the role of the safety car until the first safety car line , which is usually a white line after the pit lane entrance . After crossing this line , drivers are allowed to start racing for track position once more . Flags ( edit ) Flag Meaning Yellow Indicates a hazard on or near the track ( waved yellows indicate a hazard on the track , frozen yellows indicate a hazard near the track ) . Double waved yellows inform drivers that marshals are working on or near to the track . SC board Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the Safety Car is on track . Full course yellow flag applies . VSC board Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the Virtual Safety Car is in use . During this time , the drivers are given minimum sector times that they must stay above . Full course yellow flag applies . Yellow and Red Striped Slippery track , due to oil , water or loose debris . Can be seen ' rocked ' from side - to - side ( not waved ) to indicate a small animal on track . Green Normal racing conditions apply . This is usually shown following a yellow flag to indicate that the hazard has been passed . A green flag is shown at all stations for the lap following the end of a full - course yellow ( or safety car ) . A green flag is also shown at the start of a session . Blue A blue flag indicates that the driver in front must let faster cars behind pass . White Indicates that a slow moving car is ahead . Often waved at the end of the pit lane when a car is about to leave the pits . Red A red flag means a session has been stopped . Black Driver is disqualified ( usually accompanied by the driver 's number ) . Black with orange circle Car is damaged and must pit immediately . Half black / Half white Warns a driver for unsportsmanlike behaviour . May be followed by a black flag upon further infringement . Accompanied by the driver 's number . Chequered flag End of the session . The format of the race has changed little through Formula One 's history . The main changes have revolved around what is allowed at pit stops . In the early days of Grand Prix racing , a driver would be allowed to continue a race in his teammate 's car should his develop a problem -- in the modern era , cars are so carefully fitted to drivers that this has become impossible . In recent years , the emphasis has been on changing refuelling and tyre change regulations . From the 2010 season , refuelling -- which was reintroduced in 1994 -- has not been allowed , to encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns . The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to be used during the race was introduced in 2007 , again to encourage racing on the track . The safety car is another relatively recent innovation that reduced the need to deploy the red flag , allowing races to be completed on time for a growing international live television audience . Points system ( edit ) Points awarded for finishing Position Points 1st 25 2nd 18 3rd 15 4th 12 5th 10 6th 8 7th 6 8th 9th 10th Main article : List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950 . The current system , in place since 2010 , awards the top ten cars points in the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships , with the winner receiving 25 points . If both cars of a team finish in the points , they both receive Constructors ' Championship points . All points won at each race are added up , and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are crowned World Champions . Regardless of whether a driver stays with the same team throughout the season , or switches teams , all points earned by him count for the Drivers ' Championship . A driver must be classified to receive points . To be classified , a driver need not finish the race , but complete at least 90 % of the winner 's race distance . Therefore , it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race . In the event that less than 75 % of the race laps are completed by the winner , only half of the points listed in the table are awarded to the drivers and constructors . This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship , and it had a notable influence on the final standing of the 1984 season . The last occurrence was at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix when the race was called off after 31 laps due to torrential rain . Constructors ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One constructors and List of Formula One World Constructors ' Champions Ferrari ( pictured with Michael Schumacher ) have competed in every season Since 1981 , Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete , and consequently the terms `` team '' and `` constructor '' became more or less interchangeable . This requirement distinguishes the sport from series such as the IndyCar Series which allows teams to purchase chassis , and `` spec series '' such as GP2 , which require all cars be kept to an identical specification . It also effectively prohibits privateers , which were common even in Formula One well into the 1970s . The sport 's debut season , 1950 , saw eighteen teams compete , but due to high costs many dropped out quickly . In fact , such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids . Ferrari is the oldest Formula One team , the only still - active team which competed in 1950 . McLaren ( pictured with Ayrton Senna ) won all but one race in 1988 with engine partner Honda Renault ( pictured here in 2007 ) has had an active role in Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier since 1977 Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a `` factory team '' or `` works team '' ( that is , one owned and staffed by a major car company ) , such as those of Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , or Renault . After having virtually disappeared by the early 1980s , factory teams made a comeback in the 1990s and 2000s and formed up to half the grid with Ferrari , Jaguar , BMW , Renault , Toyota , and Honda either setting up their own teams or buying out existing ones . Mercedes - Benz owned 40 % of the McLaren team and manufactured the team 's engines . Factory teams make up the top competitive teams ; in 2008 wholly owned factory teams took four of the top five positions in the Constructors ' Championship , and McLaren the other . Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors ' Championships ( sixteen ) . However , by the end of the 2000s factory teams were once again on the decline with only Ferrari , Mercedes - Benz and Renault lodging entries to the 2010 championship . Companies such as Climax , Repco , Cosworth , Hart , Judd and Supertec , which had no direct team affiliation , often sold engines to teams that could not afford to manufacture them . In the early years , independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built their engines , though this became less common with the increased involvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW , Ferrari , Honda , Mercedes - Benz , Renault , and Toyota , whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive . Cosworth was the last independent engine supplier . Beginning in 2007 , the manufacturers ' deep pockets and engineering ability took over , eliminating the last of the independent engine manufacturers . It is estimated the major teams spend between € 100 and € 200 million ( $125 -- $225 million ) per year per manufacturer on engines alone . In the 2007 season , for the first time since the 1981 rule , two teams used chassis built by other teams . Super Aguri started the season using a modified Honda Racing RA106 chassis ( used by Honda the previous year ) , while Scuderia Toro Rosso used the same chassis used by the parent Red Bull Racing team , which was formally designed by a separate subsidiary . The usage of these loopholes was ended for 2010 with the publication of new technical regulations , which require each constructor to own the intellectual property rights to their chassis , which prevents a team using a chassis owned by another Formula One constructor . The regulations continue to allow a team to subcontract the design and construction of the chassis to a third - party , an option used by the HRT team in 2010 . Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets , it is estimated they range from US $66 million to US $400 million each . Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a £ 25 million ( about US $47 million ) up - front payment to the FIA , which is then repaid to the team over the course of the season . As a consequence , constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team : BAR 's purchase of Tyrrell and Midland 's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits the team already had , such as TV revenue . Drivers ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One drivers , List of Formula One World Drivers ' Champions , and List of Formula One driver numbers 2005 Canadian Grand Prix : Kimi Räikkönen leading Michael Schumacher , with Jarno Trulli ( left ) and Takuma Sato fighting for position Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in a Grand Prix weekend , and every team may use up to four drivers in a season . A team may also run two additional drivers in Free Practice sessions , which are often used to test potential new drivers for a career as a Formula One driver or gain experienced drivers to evaluate the car . Most modern drivers are contracted for at least the duration of a season , with driver changes taking place in between seasons , in comparison to early years where drivers often competed at an ad hoc basis from race to race . Each competitor must be in the possession of a FIA Super Licence to compete in a Grand Prix , which is issued to drivers who have met the criteria of success in junior motorsport categories and having achieved 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) of running in a Formula One car . Drivers may also be issued a Super Licence by the World Motor Sport Council if they fail to meet the criteria . Teams also contract test and reserve drivers , to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team 's car ; although with the reduction on testing the reserve drivers ' role mainly takes places on a simulator , such as rFactor Pro , which is used by most of the F1 teams . Although most drivers earn their seat on ability , commercial considerations also come into play with teams having to satisfy sponsors and financial demands . Each driver chooses an unassigned number from 2 to 99 ( excluding 17 ) upon entering Formula One , and keeps that number during his time in the series . The number one is reserved for the reigning Drivers ' Champion , who retains his previous number and may choose to ( but does n't have to ) use it instead of the number one . At the onset of the championship , numbers were allocated by race organisers on an ad - hoc basis from race to race , and competitors did not have a permanent number throughout the season . Permanent numbers were introduced in 1973 to take effect in 1974 , when teams were allocated numbers in ascending order based on the Constructors ' Championship standings at the end of the 1973 season . The teams would hold those numbers from season to season with the exception of the team with the world Drivers ' Champion , which would swap its numbers with the one and two of the previous champion 's team . New entrants were allocated spare numbers , with the exception of the number 13 which had been unused since 1976 . As teams kept their numbers for long periods of time , car numbers became associated with a team , such as Ferrari 's 27 and 28 . A different system was used from 1996 to 2013 : at the start of each season , the current Drivers ' Champion was designated number one , his teammate number two , and the rest of the teams assigned ascending numbers according to previous season 's Constructors ' Championship order . A total of 33 separate drivers have won the world championship , with Michael Schumacher holding the record for most championships with seven , as well as holding the race wins record . Juan Manuel Fangio has won the next most , with five championships won during the 1950s , as well as having won the greatest percentage of wins , with 24 out of 52 entries . Jochen Rindt is the only posthumous World Champion , after his points total was not overhauled despite his fatal accident at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix . Drivers from the United Kingdom have been the most successful in the sport , with 14 championships from 10 drivers , and 214 wins from 19 . Feeder series ( edit ) Formula 2 , the main F1 feeder series since 2017 Most F1 drivers start in kart racing competitions , and then come up through traditional European single seater series like Formula Ford and Formula Renault to Formula 3 , and finally the GP2 Series . GP2 started in 2005 , replacing Formula 3000 , which itself had replaced Formula Two as the last major stepping - stone into F1 . Most champions from this level graduate into F1 , but 2006 GP2 champion Lewis Hamilton became the first F2 , F3000 or GP2 champion to win the Formula One driver 's title in 2008 . Drivers are not required to have competed at this level before entering Formula One . British F3 has supplied many F1 drivers , with champions including Nigel Mansell , Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One . More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level , as was the case with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen , who went straight from Formula Renault to F1 , as well as Max Verstappen , who made his debut following a single season in European F3 . American open - wheel car racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid with mixed results . CART Champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions , while Juan Pablo Montoya won seven races in F1 . Other CART ( also known as ChampCar ) Champions , like Michael Andretti and Alessandro Zanardi won no races in F1 . Other drivers have taken different paths to F1 ; Damon Hill raced motorbikes , and Michael Schumacher raced in sports cars , albeit after climbing through the junior single seater ranks . Former F1 driver Paul di Resta raced in DTM until he was signed with Force India in 2011 . To race , however , the driver must hold an FIA Super Licence -- ensuring that the driver has the requisite skills , and will not therefore be a danger to others . Some drivers have not had the licence when first signed to a F1 team ; Räikkönen received the licence despite having only 23 car races to his credit . Beyond F1 ( edit ) LMP1 cars have become a popular destination for retired F1 drivers , in this example Mark Webber Many Ex-F1 drivers compete regularly in the new Formula E series Most F1 drivers retire in their mid to late 30s . Some F1 drivers have left to race in the United States -- Nigel Mansell and Emerson Fittipaldi duelled for the 1993 CART title , Rubens Barrichello moved to IndyCar in 2012 , while Jacques Villeneuve , Juan Pablo Montoya , Nelson Piquet , Jr. and Scott Speed moved to NASCAR . Some drivers have moved from F1 to racing in disciplines with fewer races during the season . The German touring car championship , the DTM , is a popular category involving ex-drivers such as two - time champion Mika Häkkinen and F1 race winners Jean Alesi , David Coulthard and Ralf Schumacher . In recent years , it has become common for former F1 drivers to take up factory seats driving LMP1 cars in the FIA World Endurance Championship , with notable drivers including Mark Webber , Allan McNish , Anthony Davidson , Alexander Wurz , Kazuki Nakajima , and Sébastien Buemi . A series for former Formula One drivers , called Grand Prix Masters , ran briefly in 2005 and 2006 . Other drivers have moved to Formula E such as Nelson Piquet Jr , Sebastien Buemi , Bruno Senna , Jaime Alguersuari , Nick Heidfeld , Jarno Trulli , Jean - Eric Vergne and more . Some drivers , such as Vitantonio Liuzzi , Narain Karthikeyan and Jos Verstappen went on to race in the A1 Grand Prix series . During its existence from 2008 to 2011 , Superleague Formula attracted ex-Formula One drivers like Sébastien Bourdais , Antônio Pizzonia and Giorgio Pantano . Other former F1 drivers , like Jackie Stewart , Gerhard Berger , Alain Prost and Niki Lauda returned to F1 as team owners while their former competitors have become colour commentators for TV coverage such as James Hunt ( BBC ) , Martin Brundle ( BBC , ITV and Sky ) , David Hobbs ( NBC ) , Alan Jones ( BBC , Nine Network and Ten Network ) David Coulthard ( BBC and Channel 4 ) , Luciano Burti for Globo ( Brazil ) , and Jean Alesi for Italian national network RAI . Others , such as Damon Hill and Jackie Stewart , take active roles in running motorsport in their own countries . Carlos Reutemann became a politician and served as governor of his native state in Argentina . Grands Prix ( edit ) World map showing location of Formula 1 Grands Prix : countries marked in green are on the 2018 race schedule , those in dark grey have hosted a Formula One race in the past See also : List of Formula One Grands Prix The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years . The inaugural 1950 world championship season comprised only seven races , while the 2016 season contained twenty - one races . Although throughout the first decades of the world championship there were no more than eleven Grands Prix a season , a large number of non-championship Formula One events also took place . The number of Grands Prix increased to an average of sixteen / seventeen by the late 1970s ; simultaneously non-championship events ended by 1983 . More Grands Prix began to be held in the 2000s , and recent seasons have seen an average of 19 races . In 2016 the calendar peaked at twenty - one events , the highest number of world championship races in one season . Six of the original seven races took place in Europe ; the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the Indianapolis 500 , which was held to different regulations and later replaced by the United States Grand Prix . The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries . Argentina hosted the first South American Grand Prix in 1953 , and Morocco hosted the first African World Championship race in 1958 . Asia ( Japan in 1976 ) and Oceania ( Australia in 1985 ) followed , and the first race in the Middle East was held in 2004 . The nineteen races of the 2014 season were spread over every populated continent except for Africa , with ten Grands Prix held outside Europe . Cars wind through the infield section of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway at the 2003 United States Grand Prix Some of the Grands Prix , such as the oldest recognised event the French Grand Prix , pre-date the formation of the World Championship and were incorporated into the championship as Formula One races in 1950 . The British and Italian Grands Prix are the only events to have been held every Formula One season ; other long - running races include the Belgian , German and French Grands Prix . The Monaco Grand Prix , first held in 1929 and run continuously since 1955 , is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world . Traditionally each nation has hosted a single Grand Prix , which carries the name of the country . If a single country hosts multiple Grands Prix in a year they receive different names . In European countries the second event has often been titled the European Grand Prix , or named after a neighbouring state without a race . The United States has held six separate Grands Prix , including the Indianapolis 500 , with the additional events named after the host city . Grands Prix are not always held at the same circuit each year , and may switch locations due to the suitability of the track or the financial status of the race organisers . The German Grand Prix currently alternates between the Nürburgring and Hockenheimring circuits , and others such as the American and French races have switched venues throughout their history . All Grands Prix have traditionally been run during the day , until the inaugural Singapore Grand Prix hosted the first Formula One night race , which was followed in 2009 by the day -- night Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and then the Bahrain Grand Prix which converted to a night race in 2014 . Along with holding races at night , other Grands Prix in Asia have had their start times adjusted to benefit the European television audience . Recent additions to the calendar include the Singapore Grand Prix which , in September 2008 , hosted the first night race ever held in Formula One , the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , which hosted the first day - to - night race in November 2009 , the Korean Grand Prix , first held in October 2010 and the Indian Grand Prix , first held in October 2011 . The United States Grand Prix held its first race in Austin , Texas , at the new Circuit of the Americas in 2012 . The first F1 Russian Grand Prix was held in 2014 at the new Sochi circuit , which runs around a venue used for the 2014 Winter Olympics . Circuits ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One circuits Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo hosts the Brazilian Grand Prix The Autodromo Nazionale Monza , home to the Italian Grand Prix , is the oldest purpose built track still in use today Sochi Autodrom , current host venue for the Russian Grand Prix A typical circuit usually features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated . The pit lane , where the drivers stop for tyres , aerodynamic adjustments and minor repairs ( such as changing the car 's nose due to front wing damage ) during the race , retirements from the race , and where the teams work on the cars before the race , is normally located next to the starting grid . The layout of the rest of the circuit varies widely , although in most cases the circuit runs in a clockwise direction . Those few circuits that run anticlockwise ( and therefore have predominantly left - handed corners ) can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forces generated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction to normal . Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed for competition . The current street circuits are Monaco , Melbourne , Montreal , Singapore , Sochi and Baku although races in other urban locations come and go ( Las Vegas and Detroit , for example ) and proposals for such races are often discussed -- most recently New Jersey . Several circuits have been completely laid out on public roads in the past , such as Valencia in Spain , though Monaco is the only one that remains . The glamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons why the circuit is still in use , even though it does not meet the strict safety requirements imposed on other tracks . Three - time World champion Nelson Piquet famously described racing in Monaco as `` like riding a bicycle around your living room '' . Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated , as exemplified by the new Bahrain International Circuit , added in 2004 and designed -- like most of F1 's new circuits -- by Hermann Tilke . Several of the new circuits in F1 , especially those designed by Tilke , have been criticised as lacking the `` flow '' of such classics as Spa - Francorchamps and Imola . His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany for example , while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights , has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuits was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections . These newer circuits , however , are generally agreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones . Old favourites the Österreichring ( today the Red Bull Ring ) and the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez , returned to the calendar in 2014 and 2015 respectively . The Circuit of the Americas in Austin , the Sochi Autodrom in Sochi and the Baku City Circuit in Azerbaijan have all been introduced as brand new tracks since 2012 . A single race requires hotel rooms to accommodate at least 5,000 visitors . Cars and technology ( edit ) Main articles : Formula One car , Formula One engines , and Formula One tyres Top view of the rear of a 2006 McLaren MP4 - 21 Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined , hybrid , open cockpit , open wheel single - seaters . The chassis is made largely of carbon - fibre composites , rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong . The whole car , including engine , fluids and driver , weighs only 691 kg ( 1,523 lb ) -- the minimum weight set by the regulations . If the construction of the car is lighter than the minimum , it can be ballasted up to add the necessary weight . The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis , thereby locating the centre of gravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weight transfer . The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by the aerodynamic downforce that they generate , which pushes the car down onto the track . This is provided by `` wings '' mounted at the front and rear of the vehicle , and by ground effect created by low air pressure under the flat bottom of the car . The aerodynamic design of the cars is very heavily constrained to limit performance and the current generation of cars sport a large number of small winglets , `` barge boards '' , and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of the air over , under , and around the car . The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars is the design of the tyres . From 1998 to 2008 , the tyres in Formula One were not `` slicks '' ( tyres with no tread pattern ) as in most other circuit racing series . Instead , each tyre had four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of the cars . Slick tyres returned to Formula One in the 2009 season . Suspension is double wishbone or multilink front and rear , with pushrod operated springs and dampers on the chassis -- one exception being that of the 2009 specification Red Bull Racing car ( RB5 ) which used pullrod suspension at the rear , the first car to do so since the Minardi PS01 in 2001 . Ferrari used a pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their 2012 car . Both Ferrari ( F138 ) and McLaren ( MP4 - 28 ) of the 2013 season used a pullrod suspension at both the front and the rear . Carbon - carbon disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance . These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element which provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula . Formula One cars must have four uncovered wheels , all made of the same metallic material , which must be one of two magnesium alloys specified by the FIA . Magnesium alloy wheels made by forging are used to achieve maximum unsprung rotating weight reduction . A BMW Sauber P86 V8 engine , which powered their 2006 F1. 06 Starting with the 2014 Formula 1 season the engines have changed from a 2.4 - litre naturally aspirated V8 to turbocharged 1.6 - litre V6 `` power - units '' . These get a significant amount of their power from electric motors . In addition they include a lot of energy recovery technology . Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol . The oil which lubricates and protects the engine from overheating is very similar in viscosity to water . The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000 rpm and produced up to 780 bhp ( 580 kW ) . For 2007 , engines were restricted to 19,000 rpm with limited development areas allowed , following the engine specification freeze from the end of 2006 . For the 2009 Formula One season the engines were further restricted to 18,000 rpm . A wide variety of technologies -- including active suspension and ground effect aerodynamics -- are banned under the current regulations . Despite this the current generation of cars can reach speeds in excess of 350 km / h ( 220 mph ) at some circuits . The highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix was 372.6 km / h ( 231.5 mph ) , set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix . A Honda Formula One car , running with minimum downforce on a runway in the Mojave Desert achieved a top speed of 415 km / h ( 258 mph ) in 2006 . According to Honda , the car fully met the FIA Formula One regulations . Even with the limitations on aerodynamics , at 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) aerodynamically generated downforce is equal to the weight of the car , and the oft - repeated claim that Formula One cars create enough downforce to `` drive on the ceiling '' , while possible in principle , has never been put to the test . Downforce of 2.5 times the car 's weight can be achieved at full speed . The downforce means that the cars can achieve a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity ( 3.5 g ) in cornering . Consequently , the driver 's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to the weight of 20 kg in corners . Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers need supreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to complete the race . A high - performance road car like the Enzo Ferrari only achieves around 1g . As of 2015 , each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time . Each driver may use no more than four engines during a championship season unless he drives for more than one team . If more engines are used , he drops ten places on the starting grid of the event at which an additional engine is used . The only exception is where the engine is provided by a manufacturer or supplier taking part in its first championship season , in which case up to five may be used by a driver . Each driver may use no more than one gearbox for six consecutive events ; every unscheduled gearbox change requires the driver to drop five places on the grid unless he failed to finish the previous race due to reasons beyond the team 's control . As of 2018 , each driver is limited to 3 power units per season , before incurring grid penalties . Revenue and profits ( edit ) Estimated budget split of a Formula One team based on the 2006 season In March 2007 , F1 Racing published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams . The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9 billion US . This was broken down as follows : Toyota $418.5 million , Ferrari $406.5 m , McLaren $402 m , Honda $380.5 m , BMW Sauber $355 m , Renault $324 m , Red Bull $252 m , Williams $195.5 m , Midland F1 / Spyker - MF1 $120 m , Toro Rosso $75 m , and Super Aguri $57 million . Costs vary greatly from team to team . Honda , Toyota , McLaren - Mercedes , and Ferrari were estimated to have spent approximately $200 million on engines in 2006 , Renault spent approximately $125 million and Cosworth 's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million . In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based , the 2007 sporting regulations banned all performance related engine development . Formula One teams pay entry fees of $500,000 , plus $5,000 per point scored the previous year or $6,000 per point for the winner of the Constructors ' Championship . Formula One drivers pay a FIA Super Licence fee , which in 2013 was € 10,000 plus € 1,000 per point . There have been controversies with the way profits are shared amongst the teams . The smaller teams have complained that the profits are unevenly shared , favouring established top teams . In September 2015 , Force India and Sauber officially lodged a complaint with the European Union against Formula One questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful . The cost of building a brand new permanent circuit can be up to hundreds of millions of dollars , while the cost of converting a public road , such as Albert Park , into a temporary circuit is much less . Permanent circuits , however , can generate revenue all year round from leasing the track for private races and other races , such as MotoGP . The Shanghai International Circuit cost over $300 million and the Istanbul Park circuit cost $150 million to build . A number of Formula One drivers earn the highest salary of any drivers in auto racing . The highest paid driver in 2010 was Fernando Alonso , who received $40 million in salary from Ferrari -- a record for any driver . The very top Formula One drivers get paid more than IndyCar or NASCAR drivers , however the earnings immediately fall off after the top three F1 drivers and the majority of NASCAR racers will make more money than their F1 counterparts . Most top IndyCar drivers are paid around a tenth of their Formula One counterparts . Future ( edit ) A sign announcing that the safety car ( SC ) is deployed The expense of Formula One has seen the FIA and the Formula One Commission attempt to create new regulations to lower the costs for a team to compete in the sport . Cost - saving proposals have included allowing customer cars , either by teams purchasing a car from another constructor , or the series supplying a basic chassis and engine to some teams at a low cost . Allowing teams to share more car components such as the monocoque and safety components is also under consideration . The FIA also continually researches new ways to increase safety in the sport , which includes introducing new regulations and accident procedures . In the interest of making the sport truer to its role as a World Championship , Bernie Ecclestone had initiated and organised a number of Grands Prix in new countries . Proposals to hold future races are regularly made by both new locations and countries and circuits that have previously hosted a Formula One Grand Prix . The most recent addition is the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in Baku , Azerbaijan . Following their purchase of the commercial rights to the sport in 2016 , Liberty Media announced their vision for the future of Formula One at the 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix . The proposal identified five key areas , including streamlining the governance of the sport , emphasising cost - effectiveness , maintaining the sport 's relevance to road cars and encouraging new manufacturers to enter the championship whilst enabling them to be competitive . Liberty cited 2021 as their target date as it coincided with the need to renew commercial agreements with the teams and the end of the seven - year cycle of engine development that started in 2014 . Media coverage ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One broadcasters The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Track photographers at the 2007 British Grand Prix Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory around the world and attracts one of the largest global television audiences . The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race . It is a massive television event ; the cumulative television audience was calculated to be 54 billion for the 2001 season , broadcast to 200 territories . During the early 2000s , Formula One Group created a number of trademarks , an official logo , and an official website for the sport in an attempt to give it a corporate identity . Ecclestone experimented with a digital television package ( known colloquially as Bernievision ) which was launched at the 1996 German Grand Prix in co-operation with German digital television service `` DF1 '' , 30 years after the first GP colour TV broadcast , the 1967 German Grand Prix . This service offered the viewer several simultaneous feeds ( such as super signal , on board , top of field , backfield , highlights , pit lane , timing ) which were produced with cameras , technical equipment and staff different from those used for the conventional coverage . It was introduced in many countries over the years , but was shut down after the 2002 season for financial reasons . TV stations all take what is known as the `` World Feed '' , either produced by the FOM ( Formula One Management ) or occasionally , the `` host broadcaster '' . The only station that originally differed from this was `` Premiere '' -- a German channel which offers all sessions live and interactive , with features such as the onboard channel . This service was more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002 , when the cost of a whole different feed for the digital interactive services was thought too much . This was in large part because of the failure of the `` F1 Digital + '' Channel launched through Sky in the United Kingdom . Prices were too high for viewers , considering they could watch both the qualifying and the races themselves free on ITV . However , upon the commencement of its coverage for the 2009 season , the BBC reintroduced complementary features such as the `` red button '' in - car camera angles , multiple soundtracks ( broadcast commentary , CBBC commentary for children , or ambient sound only ) and a rolling highlights package . Different combinations of these features are available across the various digital platforms ( Freeview , Freesat , Sky , Virgin Media cable and the BBC F1 web site ) prior to , during , and after the race weekend . Not all services are available across all the various platforms due to technical constraints . The BBC also broadcasts a post-race programme called `` F1 Forum '' on the digital terrestrial platforms ' `` red button '' interactive services . Sebastian Vettel after securing pole position at the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix An announcement was made on 12 January 2011 , on the official Formula 1 website ( Formula1.com ) , that F1 would adopt the HD format for the 2011 season offering a world feed at a data rate of 42 Megabits / second ( MPEG - 2 ) . The BBC subsequently announced later that day that their 2011 F1 coverage would be broadcast in HD which has been made immediately possible due to SIS LIVE , the provider of the BBC 's F1 outside broadcast coverage , having already upgraded their technical facilities to HD as of the 2010 Belgian Grand Prix . It was announced on 29 July 2011 that Sky Sports and the BBC would team up to show the races in F1 in 2012 . In March 2012 , Sky launched a channel dedicated to F1 , with an HD counterpart . Sky Sports F1 covered all races live without commercial interruption as well as live practice and qualifying sessions , along with F1 programming , including interviews , archive action and magazine shows . The deal secured Formula 1 on Sky up to 2018 . The BBC in 2012 featured live coverage of half of the races in the season : China , Spain , Monaco , Europe , Britain , Belgium , Singapore , Korea , Abu Dhabi , and Brazil . The BBC also showed live coverage of practice and qualifying sessions from those races . For the races that the BBC did not show live , `` extended highlights '' of the race were available a few hours after the live broadcast . BBC ended their joint television contract after the 2015 season , transferring their rights to Channel 4 until the end of the 2018 season , with their coverage being presented by former T4 presenter Steve Jones . Sky Sports F1 coverage will remain unaffected and BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will be extended until the 2021 season . Formula One has an extensive web following , with most major TV companies covering it such as the BBC . The official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) has a live timing JavaScript applet that can be used during the race to keep up with the leaderboard in real time . An official application has been available for iOS in the Apple App Store since 2009 , and for Android on Google Play since 2011 , that shows users a real - time feed of driver positions , timing and commentary . Formula One Management 's in - house production team produces race edits synchronised to music . In March 2018 Formula One Management ( FOM ) announced the launch of an Over-The - Top ( OTT ) streaming platform to be known as F1 TV . Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races ( edit ) Currently the terms `` Formula One race '' and `` World Championship race '' are effectively synonymous ; since 1984 , every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship , and every World Championship race has been to Formula One regulations . But the two terms are not interchangeable . The first Formula One race was held in 1947 , whereas the World Championship did not start until 1950 . In the 1950s and 1960s there were many Formula One races that did not count for the World Championship ( e.g. , in 1950 , a total of twenty - two Formula One races were held , of which only six counted towards the World Championship ) . The number of non-championship Formula One events decreased throughout the 1970s and 1980s , to the point where the last non-championship Formula One race was the 1983 Race of Champions . The World Championship was not always exclusively composed of Formula One events : The World Championship was originally established as the `` World Championship for Drivers '' , i.e. , without the term `` Formula One '' in the title . It only officially became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981 . From 1950 to 1960 , the Indianapolis 500 counted towards the World Championship . This race was run to AAA / USAC regulations , rather than to Formula One regulations . Only one of the World Championship regulars , Alberto Ascari in 1952 , started at Indianapolis during this period . From 1952 to 1953 , all races counting towards the World Championship ( except the Indianapolis 500 ) were run to Formula Two regulations . Formula One was not `` changed to Formula Two '' during this period ; the Formula One regulations remained the same , and numerous non-Championship Formula One races were staged during this time . The distinction is most relevant when considering career summaries and `` all time lists '' . For example , in the List of Formula One drivers , Clemente Biondetti is shown with 1 race against his name . Biondetti actually competed in four Formula One races in 1950 , but only one of these counted for the World Championship . Similarly , several Indianapolis 500 winners technically won their first World Championship race , though most record books choose to ignore this and instead only record regular participants . 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The cumulative figure , which exceeds the total population of the planet by many times , counts all viewers who watch F1 on any programme at any time during the year . Jump up ^ `` Formula One Coverage goes HD for 2011 '' . Formula1.com. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New role for Eddie Jordan as BBC F1 coverage goes HD '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIS LIVE upgrades OB coverage of Formula 1 for BBC Sport '' ( PDF ) . sislive.tv . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mills , Adam ( 13 December 2011 ) . `` Q&A with Sky F1 '' . Badger GP . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports Pack -- Live Football , F1 , Cricket , Rugby & More Sports '' . F1.sky.com . Archived from the original on 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals F1 coverage schedule for 2012 '' . 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Jump up ^ Official Formula One Website , Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 to launch F1 TV , a live Grand Prix subscription service '' . F1 . F1 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline of Formula One '' . ESPN . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Formula One Archives '' . www.silhouet.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Ascari '' . www.historicracing.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Non-World Championship Grands Prix '' . www.silhouet.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Non-World Championship Grands Prix '' . www.silhouet.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clemente Biondetti Formula One race entries '' . ChicaneF1 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Arron , Simon & Hughes , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Complete Book of Formula One . Motorbooks International . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1688 - 0 . Gross , Nigel et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Grand Prix Motor Racing '' . In , 100 Years of Change : Speed and Power ( pp. 55 -- 84 ) . Parragon . Hayhoe , David & Holland , David ( 2006 ) . Grand Prix Data Book ( 4th edition ) . Haynes , Sparkford , UK . ISBN 1 - 84425 - 223 - X . Higham , Peter ( 2003 ) . The international motor racing guide . David Bull , Phoenix , AZ , USA . ISBN 1 - 893618 - 20 - X . `` Inside F1 '' . ( 2011 ) . The Official Formula 1 Website . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jones , Bruce ( 1997 ) . The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One . Hodder & Stoughton . Jones , Bruce ( 1998 ) . Formula One : The Complete Stats and Records of Grand Prix Racing . Parragon . Jones , Bruce ( 2003 ) . The Official ITV Sport Guide : Formula One Grand Prix 2003 . Carlton . Includes foreword by Martin Brundle . ISBN 1 - 84222 - 813 - 7 . Jones , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Guide to 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship : The World 's Bestselling Grand Prix Guide . Carlton . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 508 - 8 . Lang , Mike ( 1981 -- 1992 ) . Grand Prix ! volumes 1 -- 4 . Haynes , Sparkford , UK . Menard , Pierre ( 2006 ) . The Great Encyclopedia of Formula 1 , 5th edition . Chronosport , Switzerland . ISBN 2 - 84707 - 051 - 6 Miltner , Harry ( 2007 ) . Race Travel Guide 2007 . egoth : Vienna , Austria . ISBN 978 - 3 - 902480 - 34 - 7 Small , Steve ( 2000 ) . Grand Prix Who 's Who ( 3rd edition ) . Travel Publishing , UK . ISBN 1 - 902007 - 46 - 8 . Tremayne , David & Hughes , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula One . Parragon Twite , Mike . `` Formula Regulations : Categories for International Racing '' in Northey , Tom , ed . The World Of Automobiles , Volume 6 , pp. 701 -- 3 . London : Phoebus , 1978 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFormula Oneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in English ) ( in French ) ( in Spanish ) Official FIA website `` Grand Prix racing '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Formula One -- championship summary at DriverDB.com History of Grand Prix Motor Racing Teams and drivers competing in the 2018 Formula One World Championship Ferrari Force India - Mercedes Haas - Ferrari McLaren - Renault Mercedes 5 . Sebastian Vettel 7 . Kimi Räikkönen 11 . Sergio Pérez 31 . Esteban Ocon 8 . Romain Grosjean 20 . Kevin Magnussen 2 . Stoffel Vandoorne 14 . Fernando Alonso 44 . Lewis Hamilton 77 . Valtteri Bottas Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Renault Sauber - Ferrari Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda Williams - Mercedes 3 . Daniel Ricciardo 33 . Max Verstappen 27 . Nico Hülkenberg 55 . Carlos Sainz Jr . 9 . Marcus Ericsson 16 . Charles Leclerc 10 . Pierre Gasly 28 . Brendon Hartley 18 . Lance Stroll 35 . Sergey Sirotkin Formula One seasons 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Formula One Grands Prix 2018 season Australian Bahrain Chinese Azerbaijan Spanish Monaco Canadian French Austrian British German Hungarian Belgian Italian Singapore Russian Japanese United States Mexican Brazilian Abu Dhabi Former Argentine Caesars Palace Dallas Detroit Dutch European Indian Indianapolis 500 Korean Luxembourg Malaysian Moroccan Pacific Pescara Portuguese San Marino South African Swedish Swiss Turkish United States West Proposed America Vietnam Miami Formula One circuits 2018 season Austin Bahrain Baku Barcelona Hockenheim Hungaroring Interlagos Marina Bay Melbourne Mexico City Monte Carlo Montreal Monza Paul Ricard Shanghai Silverstone Sochi Spa - Francorchamps Spielberg Suzuka Yas Marina Former Adelaide Aida Ain - Diab Aintree Anderstorp AVUS Brands Hatch Bremgarten Buddh Buenos Aires Caesars Palace Clermont - Ferrand Dallas Detroit Dijon Donington Park East London Estoril Fuji Imola Indianapolis Istanbul Jacarepaguá Jarama Jerez Kyalami Le Mans Long Beach Magny - Cours Monsanto Montjuïc Mont - Tremblant Mosport Park Nivelles - Baulers Nürburgring Oporto Pedralbes Pescara Phoenix Reims Riverside Rouen Sebring Sepang Valencia Watkins Glen Yeongam Zandvoort Zeltweg Zolder Formula One constructors 2018 season Ferrari Force India Haas McLaren Mercedes Red Bull Racing Renault Sauber Scuderia Toro Rosso Williams Former AFM AGS Alfa Romeo Alta Amon Andrea Moda Apollon Arrows Arzani - Volpini Aston - Butterworth Aston Martin ATS ( Italy ) ATS ( Germany ) BAR Behra - Porsche Bellasi Benetton BMW Boro Brabham Brawn BRM BRP Bugatti Caterham Cisitalia Coloni Connaught Connew Cooper Cosworth Dallara De Tomaso Delahaye Derrington - Francis Eagle Eifelland Emeryson EMW ENB Ensign ERA EuroBrun Ferguson FIRST Fittipaldi Fondmetal Footwork Forti Frazer Nash Fry Gilby Gordini Hesketh Hill Honda HRT HWM Jaguar JBW Jordan Kauhsen Klenk Kojima Kurtis Kraft Lancia Larrousse LDS LEC Leyton House Life Ligier Lola Lola ( Haas ) Lotus ( 1958 -- 1994 ) Lotus ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Lotus ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Lyncar Maki March Martini Marussia Maserati Matra MBM McGuire Merzario Midland Milano Minardi Modena MRT Onyx OSCA Osella Pacific Parnelli Penske Porsche Prost RAM Realpha Rebaque Reynard Rial Scarab Scirocco Shadow Shannon Simtek Spirit Spyker Stebro Stewart Super Aguri Surtees Talbot - Lago Tec - Mec Tecno Theodore Token Toleman Toyota Trojan Tyrrell Vanwall Veritas Virgin Williams ( FWRC ) Wolf Zakspeed Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations , constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity . Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed . Formula One drivers by country Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Liechtenstein Malaysia Mexico Monaco Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Poland Portugal Rhodesia Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Formula One World Drivers ' Champions ( 1950 - present ) 1950 G. Farina 1951 J.M. Fangio 1952 A. Ascari 1953 A. Ascari 1954 J.M. Fangio 1955 J.M. Fangio 1956 J.M. Fangio 1957 J.M. Fangio 1958 M. Hawthorn 1959 J. Brabham 1960 J. Brabham 1961 P. Hill 1962 G. Hill 1963 J. Clark 1964 J. Surtees 1965 J. Clark 1966 J. Brabham 1967 D. Hulme 1968 G. Hill 1969 J. Stewart 1970 J. Rindt 1971 J. Stewart 1972 E. Fittipaldi 1973 J. Stewart 1974 E. Fittipaldi 1975 N. Lauda 1976 J. Hunt 1977 N. Lauda 1978 M. Andretti 1979 J. Scheckter 1980 A. Jones 1981 N. Piquet 1982 K. Rosberg 1983 N. Piquet 1984 N. Lauda 1985 A. Prost 1986 A. Prost 1987 N. Piquet 1988 A. Senna 1989 A. Prost 1990 A. Senna 1991 A. Senna 1992 N. Mansell 1993 A. Prost 1994 M. Schumacher 1995 M. Schumacher 1996 D. Hill 1997 J. Villeneuve 1998 M. Häkkinen 1999 M. Häkkinen 2000 M. Schumacher 2001 M. Schumacher 2002 M. Schumacher 2003 M. Schumacher 2004 M. Schumacher 2005 F. Alonso 2006 F. Alonso 2007 K. Räikkönen 2008 L. Hamilton 2009 J. Button 2010 S. Vettel 2011 S. Vettel 2012 S. Vettel 2013 S. Vettel 2014 L. Hamilton 2015 L. Hamilton 2016 N. Rosberg 2017 L. Hamilton Formula One World Constructors ' Champions 1950 not awarded 1951 not awarded 1952 not awarded 1953 not awarded 1954 not awarded 1955 not awarded 1956 not awarded 1957 not awarded 1958 Vanwall 1959 Cooper 1960 Cooper 1961 Ferrari 1962 BRM 1963 Lotus 1964 Ferrari 1965 Lotus 1966 Brabham 1967 Brabham 1968 Lotus 1969 Matra 1970 Lotus 1971 Tyrrell 1972 Lotus 1973 Lotus 1974 McLaren 1975 Ferrari 1976 Ferrari 1977 Ferrari 1978 Lotus 1979 Ferrari 1980 Williams 1981 Williams 1982 Ferrari 1983 Ferrari 1984 McLaren 1985 McLaren 1986 Williams 1987 Williams 1988 McLaren 1989 McLaren 1990 McLaren 1991 McLaren 1992 Williams 1993 Williams 1994 Williams 1995 Benetton 1996 Williams 1997 Williams 1998 McLaren 1999 Ferrari 2000 Ferrari 2001 Ferrari 2002 Ferrari 2003 Ferrari 2004 Ferrari 2005 Renault 2006 Renault 2007 Ferrari 2008 Ferrari 2009 Brawn 2010 Red Bull 2011 Red Bull 2012 Red Bull 2013 Red Bull 2014 Mercedes 2015 Mercedes 2016 Mercedes 2017 Mercedes FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council FIA Hall of Fame Commission Internationale de Karting FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy FIA Contract Recognition Board FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society International Sporting Code FIA World Championships Formula One Formula E World Endurance Championship World Rally Championship WRC - 2 WRC - 3 J - WRC World Touring Car Championship World Rallycross Championship World Karting Championship FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup Formula 2 Championship Formula 3 Championship ( upcoming ) FIA European Championships Formula 3 European Championship Masters Historic Formula One Championship European Rally Championship European Rallycross Championship European Touring Car Championship European Hill Climb Championship European Truck Racing Championship Electric and New Energies Championship European Drag Racing Championship Presidents Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt ( 1904 -- 1931 ) Robert de Vogüé ( 1931 -- 1936 ) Jehan de Rohan - Chabot ( 1936 -- 1958 ) Hadelin de Liedekerke Beaufort ( 1958 -- 1963 ) Filippo Caracciolo di Castagneto ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Wilfred Andrews ( 1965 -- 1971 ) Amaury de Merode ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Paul Alfons von Metternich - Winneburg ( 1975 -- 1985 ) Jean - Marie Balestre ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Max Mosley ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Jean Todt ( 2009 -- present ) FIA Drivers ' Categorisation Platinum Gold Silver Bronze Others List of FIA events List of FIA member organisations FIA Super Licence FIA Global Pathway FIA Heritage Certificate FIA Historic Technical Passport Classes of auto racing Formula racing F1 F2 F3 F4 F500 Formula 1000 Formula Atlantic Formula Car Challenge Formula Continental Formula E Formula Ford FF1600 Formula Libre Formula Vee IndyCar Super Formula Supermodified BOSS GP Monoposto Racing Club V de V Challenge Monoplace Defunct Formula racing F3000 F5000 Formula A ( SCCA ) Formula B ( SCCA ) Formula C ( SCCA ) FCJ Formula Dream Formula Holden Formula Junior Formula Mondial Formula Pacific Formula Super Vee Australian National Formula Grand Prix Masters Tasman Series One - make formulae CFGP Formula Abarth Formula Car Challenge Formula LGB Swift Hyundai Formula Maruti Formula Masters China Formula Mazda Formula Renault Formula Toyota GP3 Indy Lights SRF USF2000 FIA Formula 2 Championship Defunct one - make formulae A1GP ADAC Formel Masters Auto GP Barber Pro FA1 Formula Alfa Formula Asia Formula BMW FC Euro Series Formula König Formula Lightning Formula Nissan Formula Opel / Vauxhall Formula Palmer Audi Formula RUS Formula Rolon Formula SCCA Grand Prix Masters GP2 International Formula Master Superleague Formula World Series Formula V8 3.5 Karting KF1 KF2 KF3 KZ1 KZ2 Superkart Touring car racing DTM WTCR BTCC Group F Group G Group H Super 2000 Diesel 2000 NGTC ( TCN - 1 ) TCR ( TCN - 2 ) Supercars TC2000 Defunct touring car racing Appendix J BTC - T Group 1 Group 2 Group 5 Group A Group C ( Australia ) Group E Group N Group N ( Australia ) Group S Class 1 Super Touring ( Class 2 ) Superstars V8Star WTCC Stock car racing ARCA Allison Legacy Series AUSCAR IMCA Sport Compacts Late model Legends Modifieds NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Xfinity Truck Pinty 's Whelen Euro Series PEAK Mexico Super Stock Street Stock Brasil Turismo Carretera Oval racing BriSCA F1 BriSCA F2 V8 Hotstox Hot Rods Superstocks Sprint car racing Midget car racing Quarter Midget racing Rallying Group R Group R - GT Super 2000 Super 1600 World Rally Car Defunct rallying Group 1 Group 2 Group 4 Group A Group B Group N Group S Sports prototypes Clubmans DP Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group A Sports Cars Group C GC GC - 21 Group CN IMSA GTP LMP LMPC S2000 Grand touring LM GTE ( GT2 ) GT3 GT4 GT500 GT300 Trans - Am Appendix K Group D GT Cars Defunct grand touring Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group B Group D Production Sports Cars GT1 ( 1993 -- 99 ) GT2 ( 1993 -- 99 ) FIA GT1 ( 2000 - 12 ) IMSA AAGT IMSA GTO / GTS IMSA GTU IMSA GTX Drag racing Top Fuel Dragster ( TF / D ) Top Alcohol Dragster ( TA / D ) Top Fuel Funny Car ( TF / FC ) Pro Stock ( PS ) Pro Modified ( Pro Mod ) Pro FWD Super Comp / Quick Rod Top Doorslammer Defunct drag racing Top Gas Modified Altered Competition Super Stock Off - road racing Baja Bug Dune buggy Rallycross Trophy Truck Group T4 Truggy Side by Side ( UTV ) World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Handball men women Field hockey men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track cyclo - 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64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch Motorsport Auto racing Formula One Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 rally raid Rallycross Solar car Sports car Endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Cross-country rally Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecarcross Production Superbike Supersport Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball men women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor under - 19s Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling mountain bike marathon cyclo - 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Vlams 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the average speed of a formula 1 race car	[ "Formula One cars are the fastest road course racing cars in the world, owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce. The cars underwent major changes in 2017,[4] allowing wider front and rear wings, and wider tyres, resulting in cornering forces closing in on 8g and top speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h (230 mph).[5] The hybrid engines are currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm and the cars are very dependent on electronics—although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008—and also on aerodynamics, suspension, and tyres." ]	[ "up to approximately 375 km/h (230 mph)" ]
4136455954810124243	Dane DeHaan	Dane DeHaan - wikipedia Dane DeHaan Jump to : navigation , search Dane DeHaan DeHaan at the London Film Festival premiere of Kill Your Darlings , November 2013 Dane William DeHaan ( 1986 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1986 ( age 32 ) Allentown , Pennsylvania , U.S. Alma mater University of North Carolina School of the Arts Occupation Actor , model Years active 2008 -- present Spouse ( s ) Anna Wood ( m . 2012 ) Children Dane William DeHaan ( / dəˈhɑːn / də - HAHN ; born February 6 , 1986 ) is an American actor . His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle ( 2012 ) , Harry Osborn in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) , Lockhart in Gore Verbinski 's A Cure for Wellness ( 2016 ) , and the title character in Luc Besson 's Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) . He has also appeared in several advertisements for Prada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Appearances in other media 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Film 6.2 Theater 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) DeHaan was born in Allentown , Pennsylvania . His father , Jeff , is a computer programmer , and his mother , Cynthia Boscia , is an executive at Metlife . He has an older sister , Meghann , and had what the New York Times Magazine has described as a `` very normal , super-supportive childhood '' . He attended Emmaus High School in Emmaus , Pennsylvania , for three years and appeared in community theater . He switched to the University of North Carolina School of the Arts for his senior year of high school , where he was `` around artists for the first time . '' He continued at UNCSA for undergraduate studies , graduating in 2008 . Career ( edit ) DeHaan got his start on stage as understudy for Haley Joel Osment in the short - lived Broadway revival of American Buffalo . In 2008 , he made his television debut , guest - appearing on an episode of Law & Order Special Victims Unit , and his 2010 feature film debut in John Sayles ' Amigo . He played Jesse in the third season of In Treatment and played Timbo in the fourth season of True Blood . In 2012 , DeHaan starred in the camcorder drama film Chronicle , and as Cricket in Lawless . In 2013 , he played Lucien Carr , a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac , in Kill Your Darlings , alongside Daniel Radcliffe . It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim . He was the cover star of Hero ( magazine ) issue 10 , shot by Hedi Slimane and published in October 2013 . In 2014 , Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for a Prada clothing `` men 's spring advertising campaign '' . Also that year , he played Harry Osborn , in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth . DeHaan with Cara Delevingne at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con . In 2015 , DeHaan starred as James Dean in the drama Life , opposite Robert Pattinson as photographer Dennis Stock . In September 2015 Dehaan was the cover star of Another Man issue 20 , shot by Willy Vanderperre . DeHaan then played Roman in the 2016 independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear . In 2017 , DeHaan starred in Luc Besson 's science fiction film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets , with Cara Delevingne , based on the French comics series Valérian and Laureline . He also starred in the 17th - century romance Tulip Fever . On July 2017 was announced which Vincent D'Onofrio would be the director of the new western film The Kid , and will be filmed in 2018 and starred by Dane DeHaan in the role of Billy the Kid and Ethan Hawke . Appearances in other media ( edit ) DeHaan played a fictional version of himself in the music video for Imagine Dragons ' song `` I Bet My Life '' . Personal Life ( edit ) DeHaan married actress Anna Wood in a private ceremony on June 30 , 2012 . The two have been together since 2006 and both appeared in Chronicle . They live in Williamsburg , Brooklyn . They have a daughter , Bowie Rose DeHaan , born on April 2 , 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Feature films Year Title Role Notes Amigo Gil At Risk Cal Tradd The Front Cal Tradd 2012 Chronicle Andrew Detmer Jack & Diane Chris Lawless Cricket Pate Place Beyond the Pines , The The Place Beyond the Pines Jason Glanton / Kancam Lincoln Second White Soldier 2013 Kill Your Darlings Lucien Carr Devil 's Knot Chris Morgan Metallica : Through the Never Trip 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Green Goblin / Harry Osborn Life After Beth Zach Orfman 2015 Knight of Cups Paul Life James Dean 2016 Two Lovers and a Bear Roman Ballerina Victor Voice Role 2017 A Cure for Wellness Lockhart Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets Valérian Tulip Fever Jan Van Loos 2018 The Kid Billy the Kid Post-production Television shows Year Title Role Notes 2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Vincent Beckwith Episode : `` Lunacy '' In Treatment Jesse D'Amato 7 episodes 2011 True Blood Timbo 3 episodes Music videos Year Title Artist 2013 Metallica : Through the Never Metallica 2014 I Bet My Life Imagine Dragons Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Organisation Award Work Result 2012 Golden Schmoes Awards Golden Schmoes Awards for Breakthrough Performance of the Year Chronicle Won 2013 Hamptons International Film Festival Breakthrough Performer Kill Your Darlings Won Gotham Awards Breakthrough Award Nominated 2014 BAFTA Awards EE Rising Star Award Nominated Theater ( edit ) Year Organisation Award Work Result Obie Award Obie Award for Performance The Aliens Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dane DeHaan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . hellesbelles : ' RT : Random Question of the Day : What your middle name ? ' Dane DeHaan : ' William . ' Note that this is his official and verified account . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Mark ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Dane Dehaan '' . Interview Magazine . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longsdorf , Amy ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Former Emmaus High student Dane DeHaan : `` I was obsessed with acting '' `` . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dane DeHaan , ' The Place Beyond The Pines ' Star , On ' The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' And Being Older Than You Think He Is '' . HuffPost . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Dane DeHaan 's kiss with Daniel Radcliffe is n't the only reason his career is taking off '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Longsdorf , Amy ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Emmaus native Dane DeHaan , star of ' Lawless , ' is a hot commodity in Hollywood '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tim ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Bigger roles keep coming for UNCSA grad DeHaan '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Jump up ^ Dang , Simon ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Newcomer Dane DeHaan Joins John Hillcoat 's ' The Wettest County In The World ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Actor Dane DeHaan explores Beat Generation origins in ' Kill Your Darlings ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HERO -- HERO 10 : CALIFORNIA FUTURE ( English ) '' . hero-magazine.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prada Taps Annie Leibovitz for Men 's Spring Campaign '' . WWD . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Man S / S15 : All Stars '' . AnOther . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Besson , Luc ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Starring @ danedehaan & @ Caradelevingne . Shooting in December . In theaters 2017 . pic.twitter.com/R3STb1aPsf '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Vincent D'Onofrio Taps ' Valerian 's Dane DeHaan To Play Billy The Kid In Suretone Western '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jescri ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dane DeHaan será Billy el Niño en el western ' The Kid ' '' . El Séptimo Arte ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vuelve el western : Dane DeHaan será Billy el Niño , junto a Ethan Hawke '' . DeCine21 ( in Spanish ) . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 People in Hollywood - Part 3 '' . fadeinonline.com . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Dane DeHaan and Anna Wood Welcome Daughter Bowie Rose '' . People . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/vincent-donofrio-interview-daredevil-season-3-el-camino-christmas/#the-kid Sources ( edit ) `` Dane DeHaan biography '' . danedehaan.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dane DeHaan . Official website Dane DeHaan on Facebook Dane DeHaan on IMDb Dane DeHaan fansite VIAF : 250577710 LCCN : no2012070286 ISNI : 0000 0003 7110 4889 GND : 1025232321 SUDOC : 166524352 BNF : cb166148143 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dane_DeHaan&oldid=824003018 '' Categories : 1986 births American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Emmaus High School alumni University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni Living people Actors from Allentown , Pennsylvania 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays harry in the amazing spiderman 2	[ "Dane William DeHaan (/dəˈhɑːn/ də-HAHN; born February 6, 1986[2][3][4]) is an American actor. His roles include Andrew Detmer in Chronicle (2012), Harry Osborn in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lockhart in Gore Verbinski's A Cure for Wellness (2016), and the title character in Luc Besson's Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017). He has also appeared in several advertisements for Prada." ]	[ "Dane William DeHaan" ]
8805847883946481793	LeBron James	LeBron James - wikipedia LeBron James Jump to : navigation , search `` LeBron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lebron ( disambiguation ) . LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in October 2017 No. 23 -- Cleveland Cavaliers Position Small forward League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron , Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- present Cleveland Cavaliers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002 , 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( / ləˈbrɒn / ; born December 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest NBA players of all time , and many consider him the best . James has won three NBA championships , three NBA Finals MVP Awards , four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards , two Olympic gold medals , and is the all - time NBA playoff scoring leader . James ' other NBA accomplishments include being a 14 - time NBA All - Star , three - time All - Star Game MVP , 12 - time All - NBA first team member , five - time All - Defensive first team member , and winning a NBA scoring title and a NBA Rookie of the Year Award . James played basketball at St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron , Ohio , where he was highly promoted in the national media as a future NBA superstar . After high school , he entered the 2003 NBA draft and was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick . After entering the NBA , James quickly rose to superstar status which was met with lofty championship goals from media and fans alike . In 2010 , he left the Cavaliers as a free agent for the Miami Heat that was announced in an ESPN special titled The Decision . This was one of the most controversial free agent decisions in all of American sports history . James would eventually win his first NBA championship in 2012 and then won another in 2013 . In 2014 , James opted out of his contract after four seasons with the Heat and signed back with the Cavaliers . In 2016 , James and the Cavaliers beat the Golden State Warriors to win Cleveland 's first NBA championship and end the city 's 52 - year professional sports title drought . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 High school career 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Football 3 Professional career 3.1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 ) 3.1. 1 Rookie season ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 3.1. 2 Rise to superstardom ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 3.1. 3 First MVP tenure / Championship expectations ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 3.2 2010 free agency 3.3 Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 3.3. 1 Year of media and fan scrutiny ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 3.3. 2 Back - to - back championships ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 3.3. 3 Final season with Miami ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 3.4 2014 free agency 3.5 Return to the Cavaliers ( 2014 -- present ) 3.5. 1 Quest for Cleveland 's first NBA title ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 3.5. 2 Consecutive NBA Finals streak ( 2017 -- present ) 4 National team career 5 Player profile 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 6 Off the court 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Public image 6.3 Media figure and business interests 6.4 Activism 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life James was born on December 30 , 1984 in Akron , Ohio to a 16 - year - old mother , Gloria Marie James . His father , Anthony McClelland , was reportedly Gloria 's casual boyfriend with an extensive criminal record . Gloria raised the child on her own . When James was growing up , life was often a struggle for the family , as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work . Realizing that her son would be better off in a more stable family environment , Gloria allowed him to move in with the family of Frank Walker , a local youth football coach , who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old . As a youth , James played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars . The team enjoyed success on a local and national level , led by James and his friends Sian Cotton , Dru Joyce III , and Willie McGee . The players were inseparable and dubbed themselves the `` Fab Four '' , promising each other that they would attend high school together . In a move that stirred local controversy , they chose to attend St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School , a predominately white private Catholic school . High school career Basketball As a freshman , James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent - St. Mary varsity basketball team . The Fighting Irish finished the year 27 -- 0 , winning the Division III state title . As a sophomore , James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game . For some home games during the season , St. Vincent - St. Mary played at the University of Akron 's 5,492 - seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni , fans , and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play . The Fighting Irish finished the season 26 -- 1 and repeated as state champions . For his outstanding play , James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , becoming the first sophomore to do either . Prior to the start of his junior year , James appeared in SLAM Magazine and writer Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly `` the best high school basketball player in America right now '' . During the season , he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated , becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so . With averages of 29 points , 8.3 rebounds , 5.7 assists , and 3.3 steals per game , he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , and became the first junior to be named boys ' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year . St. Vincent - St. Mary finished the year with a 23 -- 4 record , ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game . Following the loss , James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA 's draft eligibility rules , which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma , in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft . During this time , he used marijuana , which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving . Throughout his senior year , James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams , including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2 . Time Warner Cable , looking to capitalize on James 's popularity , offered St. Vincent - St. Mary 's games to subscribers on a pay - per - view basis throughout the season . For the year , James averaged 31.6 points , 9.6 rebounds , 4.6 assists , and 3.4 steals per game , was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year , and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year . He participated in three year - end high school basketball all - star games -- the EA Sports Roundball Classic , the Jordan Capital Classic , and the McDonald 's All - American Game -- losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft . Many basketball analysts , scouts , and writers have remarked that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all - time . Also during his senior year , James was the centerpiece of several controversies . For his 18th birthday , he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother , who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron 's future earning power as an NBA superstar . This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance . James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source . Later in the season , James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures , officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility . James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two - game suspension , allowing him to play the remainder of the year . The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins , their only official loss that season . In his first game back after the suspension , James scored a career - high 52 points . Football As an underclassman , James played wide receiver for St. Vincent - St. Mary 's football team and was recruited by some Division I programs , including Notre Dame . In his sophomore year , he was named first team all - state , and as a junior , he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals . After James broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game , he decided not to play football in his senior year . Some sports analysts , football critics , high school coaches , and former and current players have speculated that he could have played in the National Football League . Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Rookie season ( 2003 -- 2004 ) James picks up his dribble against the Washington Wizards in November 2006 . James was selected by his home team , the Cleveland Cavaliers , as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft . In his first regular season game , he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings , setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep - to - pro player in his debut performance . At the conclusion of the season , he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year , finishing with averages of 20.9 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.9 assists per game . He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . The Cavaliers finished the season 35 -- 47 , failing to make the playoffs despite an 18 - game improvement over the previous year . Rise to superstardom ( 2004 -- 2008 ) James earned his first NBA All - Star Game selection in 2004 -- 05 , contributing 13 points , 8 rebounds , and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference . Around the league , teams took note of his rapid development , with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated , `` It 's weird talking about a 20 - year - old kid being a great player , but he is a great player ... He 's the exception to almost every rule . '' On March 20 , James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors , setting Cleveland 's new single - game points record . With final averages of 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , he was named to his first All - NBA Team . Despite a 30 -- 20 record to start the year , the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs , finishing the season 42 -- 40 . At the 2006 All - Star Game , James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Behind final season averages of 31.4 points , 7 rebounds , and 6.6 assists per game , he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash . Under James 's leadership , the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998 . In his postseason debut , James recorded a triple - double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards . In Game 3 of the series , he made the first game - winning shot of his career , making another in Game 5 . Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round . James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air , March 2008 . The routine was mostly ended after 2011 . In 2006 -- 07 , James 's averages declined to 27.3 points , 6.7 rebounds , 6 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection , which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus . The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East 's second seed . In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals , James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists , scoring 29 of Cleveland 's last 30 points , including the game - winning layup with two seconds left , against the Pistons . After the game , play - by - play announcer Marv Albert called the performance `` one of the greatest moments in postseason history '' and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as `` Jordan-esque '' . In 2012 , ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history . The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first - ever Eastern Conference championship , earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals . During the championship round , James struggled , averaging 22 points , 7.0 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting , and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep . In February of the 2007 -- 08 season , James was named All - Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27 - point , 8 - rebound , and 9 - assist performance . On March 21 , he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers ' all - time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors , doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty . His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league , representing his first scoring title . Despite his individual accomplishments , Cleveland 's record fell from the year before to 45 -- 37 . Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual - champion Boston Celtics in the next round . During the decisive seventh game in Boston , James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a `` shootout '' . First MVP tenure / championship Expectations ( 2008 -- 2010 ) James and DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008 . The two had a short feud after Stevenson called James `` overrated '' . At the conclusion of the 2008 -- 09 season , James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and made his first NBA All - Defensive Team , posting 23 chase - down blocks and a career - high 93 total blocks . He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks in a single season . Behind his play and the acquisition of All - Star guard Mo Williams , Cleveland went a franchise record 66 -- 16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history . With final averages of 28.4 points , 7.6 rebounds , 7.2 assists , 1.7 steals , and 1.2 blocks per game , James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award . Reflecting on James 's performance for ESPN , John Hollinger later wrote , `` He 's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history , and it 's time we gave him his due for it . '' In the playoffs , Cleveland swept the Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks to earn a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the series , James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers . In Game 2 , he hit a game - winner to tie the series at 1 -- 1 . Cleveland would lose the series in six games , and following the loss in Game 6 , James immediately left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents , which was an act that many media members viewed as unsportsmanlike . For the series , he averaged 38.5 points , 8.3 rebounds , and 8 assists per game , finishing the postseason with a career playoff - high 35.3 points per game . In February of the 2009 -- 10 season , James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers ' backcourt . Behind his leadership , Cleveland lost no momentum , finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season . Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers ' primary ball handler , James increased his statistical production , averaging 29.7 points , 7.3 rebounds , 8.6 assists , 1.6 steals , and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en route to another MVP Award . To open the playoffs , Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to earn a matchup with the Celtics in the second round . James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series , shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points . The team suffered its worst loss in franchise history , and at the conclusion of the game , James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland 's home crowd . The Cavaliers were officially eliminated from the postseason in Game 6 , with James posting 27 points , 19 rebounds , 10 assists , and nine turnovers in the losing effort . 2010 free agency Main article : The Decision ( TV special ) James with the Cavaliers in November 2009 . He finished his first stint with the Cavs averaging 27.8 points , 7 rebounds , 7 assists , and 1.7 steals per game . James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1 , 2010 . During this time , he was contacted by several teams , including the Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Miami Heat , New York Knicks , New Jersey Nets , and Cavaliers . On July 8 , he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat . The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich , Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity . An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue , which was donated to other charities . The day before the special , fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade had also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their upcoming 2010 free agencies among themselves back in 2006 . James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the offensive load ; he thought that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning an NBA championship than had he stayed in Cleveland . Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade . James would be relieved of the burden of scoring , and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple - double in a season . When James left the Cavaliers , he drew intense criticism from sports analysts , executives , fans , and current and former players . The Decision itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary . Many thought that the prolonged wait for James 's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show . Upon learning that James would not be returning to Cleveland , Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James 's actions . Some angry fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey . Former NBA players , including Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson , were also critical of James , condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as `` the guy '' . James drew further criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision . As a result of his actions during the 2010 free agency period , he quickly gained a reputation as one of America 's most disliked athletes , a radical change from years prior . The phrase `` taking my talents to South Beach '' became a punch line for critics . Immediately following The Decision , James claimed that there was nothing he would change about the handling of his free agency despite all the criticism . During the 2010 -- 11 season , he expressed some regret , admitting , `` ( I ) probably would do it a little bit different ... But I 'm happy with my decision . '' Before the 2011 -- 12 season , he relented , `` ... if the shoe was on the other foot and I was a fan , and I was very passionate about one player , and he decided to leave , I would be upset too about the way he handled it . '' Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Year of media and fan scrutiny ( 2010 -- 2011 ) James goes in for a slam dunk as a member of the Miami Heat in March 2011 . James officially became a member of the Heat on July 10 , 2010 . With the move , he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982 . That evening , the Heat threw a welcome party for their new `` big three '' at the American Airlines Arena , an event that took on a rock concert atmosphere . During the gathering , James predicted a dynasty for the Heat and alluded to multiple championships . Outside of Miami , the spectacle was not well - received , furthering the negative public perception of James . Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , James and the Heat were treated as villains by the media and opposing fanbases . To begin the year , they struggled to adjust to these new circumstances , going only 9 -- 8 after 17 games . James later admitted that the constant negativity surrounding the team made him play with an angrier demeanor than in years past . On December 2 , James faced the Cavaliers in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent . He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball . The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.7 points , 7.5 rebounds , and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting . In the conference semifinals , James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year . In Game 5 , he scored Miami 's last ten points to help seal a series - clinching win . After the final buzzer , he famously knelt on the court in an emotional moment , later telling reporters that it was an extremely personal victory for him and the team . The Heat eventually advanced to the Finals , where they were defeated by the Dallas Mavericks in six games . James received the brunt of the criticism for the loss , averaging only three points in fourth quarters in the series . His Finals scoring average of 17.8 points per game signified an 8.9 - point drop from the regular season , the largest point drop - off in league history . Back - to - back championships ( 2011 -- 2013 ) James was humbled by the Heat 's loss to the Mavericks , and the experience inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing , which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court . He also decided that his post game needed improvement , so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason . By the start of the lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season , James had significantly expanded his skillset , which helped Miami begin the year with a franchise - best 18 -- 6 record . He was eventually named MVP for the third time , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 7.9 rebounds , 6.2 assists , and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting . James stands at midcourt during a dead ball in January 2013 . On that night , he became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points . In the second round of the playoffs , Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and found themselves trailing the Indiana Pacers 2 -- 1 . James responded with a 40 - point , 18 - rebound , and 9 - assist outing in Game 4 to help even the series . Miami eventually defeated the Pacers in six games . Facing elimination in Game 6 of the Conference Finals against the Celtics , James scored 45 points to lead the Heat to victory in what The New York Times called a `` career - defining performance '' . Miami won Game 7 to advance to the Finals , earning them a matchup with the Oklahoma City Thunder and James 's budding rival , Kevin Durant . Late in Game 4 of the series , James hit a three - pointer to give the Heat a lead , helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps . In Game 5 , he registered a triple - double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second - ever championship and James 's first championship . James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points , 10.2 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . His full postseason run , in which he averaged 30.3 points , 9.7 rebounds , and 5.6 assists per game , was ranked the second best in modern NBA history by ESPN . In February of the 2012 -- 13 season , James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records . That same month , the Heat also began a 27 - game winning streak , the third longest in NBA history . James 's performance was described as a `` month for the ages '' by Sports Illustrated . Behind his play , Miami finished the year with a franchise and league best 66 -- 16 record , and James was named MVP for the fourth time , falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the award unanimously . His final season averages were 26.8 points , 8 rebounds , 7.3 assists , and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting . In Game 1 of the Conference Finals , James scored a buzzer - beating layup to give Miami a one - point victory against the Pacers . Throughout the series , his supporting cast struggled significantly , and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his `` Cleveland days '' . Despite these struggles , the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs , signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier . At the beginning of the series , he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2 -- 3 . In Game 6 , he recorded his second triple - double of the series , including 16 fourth quarter points , to lead the Heat to a comeback victory . In Game 7 , he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory , leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points . He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season , averaging 25.3 points , 10.9 rebounds , 7 assists , and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round . Final season with Miami ( 2013 -- 2014 ) On March 3 of the 2013 -- 14 season , James scored a career - high and franchise - record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats . Throughout the year , he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 6.9 rebounds , and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting . In the second round of the playoffs , he tied a career postseason - high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets . In the next round , Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth , becoming one of only four teams in NBA history to do so . In Game 1 of the Finals , James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps , helping the Spurs take an early series lead . In Game 2 , he led the Heat to a series - tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate . San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games , ending Miami 's quest for a three - peat . For the Finals , James averaged 28.2 points , 7.8 rebounds , and 2.0 steals per game . 2014 free agency James throws a pass in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves , December 2014 . Later that season , he reached several passing milestones , including becoming the Cavaliers ' all - time assists leader . On June 25 , 2014 , James opted out of his contract with the Heat and officially became an unrestricted free agent on July 1 . On July 11 , he revealed via a first - person essay in Sports Illustrated that he intended to return to the Cavaliers . In contrast to The Decision , his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received . On July 12 , he officially signed with the team , who had compiled a league - worst 97 -- 215 record in the four seasons following his departure . A month after James 's signing , the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves , forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving . Return to the Cavaliers ( 2014 -- present ) Quest for Cleveland 's first NBA title ( 2014 -- 2016 ) In January of the 2014 -- 15 season , James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back strains , the longest stretch of missed games in his career . In total , he played a career - low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points , 6 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . In the second round of the playoffs , he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2 -- 2 series tie with the Bulls . In the Conference Finals , the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals , making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals . For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors , Irving and Love were sidelined due to injury , giving James more offensive responsibilities . Behind his leadership , the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2 -- 1 lead before being eliminated in six games . Despite the loss , he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award , averaging 35.8 points , 13.3 rebounds , and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round . During the 2015 -- 16 season , James was criticized for his role in several off - court controversies , including the midseason firing of Cavaliers ' coach David Blatt . Despite these distractions , Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East . James 's final averages were 25.3 points , 7.4 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on 52 percent shooting . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers advanced comfortably to the Finals , losing only two games en route to a rematch with the Warriors , who were coming off a record - setting 73 win season . To begin the series , Cleveland fell behind 3 -- 1 , including two blowout losses . James responded by registering back - to - back 41 point games in Games 5 and 6 , leading the Cavaliers to two consecutive wins to stave off elimination . In Game 7 , he posted a triple - double and made a number of key plays , including a memorable chase - down block on Andre Iguodala in the final two minutes , as Cleveland emerged victorious , winning the city 's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit in the Finals . James became just the third player to record a triple - double in an NBA Finals Game 7 , and behind series averages of 29.7 points , 11.3 rebounds , 8.9 assists , 2.3 blocks , and 2.6 steals per game , he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round , culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection . Consecutive NBA Finals streak ( 2017 -- present ) The 2016 -- 17 season was marred by injuries and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers ; James later described it as one of the `` strangest '' years of his career . Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans , he publicly criticized Cleveland 's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too `` top heavy '' , for which he received counter criticism . The Cavaliers finished the season as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds ( 8.6 ) , assists ( 8.7 ) , and turnovers ( 4.1 ) per game . In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason , he registered 41 points , 13 rebounds , and 12 assists against the Pacers , leading Cleveland to a comeback victory after trailing by 25 points at halftime , representing the largest halftime deficit overcome in NBA playoff history . In Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics , James scored 35 points and surpassed Michael Jordan as the league 's all - time postseason scoring leader . The Cavaliers won the game and the series , advancing to their third consecutive Finals against the Warriors . Behind averages of 33.6 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists per game , James became the first player to average a triple - double in the Finals , but Cleveland was defeated in five games . After the Cavaliers traded All - Star point guard Kyrie Irving in the off - season , Cleveland started the 2017 -- 18 season with a 3 -- 5 record . The next game , the Cavaliers defeated the Washington Wizards 130 -- 122 . James scored 57 points in the game to set the second - highest point total of his career , making 23 of 34 field - goal tries and all nine free throws , adding 11 rebounds and seven assists . James reached at least 10 points for the 800th game in a row , joining Michael Jordan ( 866 ) as the only other NBA player with a streak that long . James also became the youngest player to reach 29,000 career points in the NBA . On November 28 , 2017 , James was ejected for the first time in his career during the third quarter of the Cavaliers ' 108 -- 97 win over the Miami Heat . James was in the midst of his 1,082 nd career regular season game , and 1,299 th overall . On December 16 , 2017 , he had his 60th career triple - double in a 109 -- 100 win over the Utah Jazz . James had his fifth triple - double of the season and passed Larry Bird for sixth on the career list . On January 23 , 2018 , in a 114 -- 102 loss to the San Antonio Spurs , James became the seventh player in NBA history to reach 30,000 career points . At 33 years and 24 days , James became the youngest player to score 30,000 -- Kobe Bryant was 34 years and 104 days when he got there . On February 27 , 2018 , he scored 31 points and finished a month averaging a triple - double for the first time in his career , as the Cavaliers defeated the Brooklyn Nets 129 -- 123 . James also had 12 rebounds and 11 assists for his 12th triple - double of the season and 67th of his career . He reached 8,000 assists during the game to become the first player in NBA history to reach 30,000 points , 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists . On March 30 , 2018 , in a 107 -- 102 win over the Pelicans , James scored in double digits in his 867th straight game , breaking Michael Jordan 's long - standing record . During the 2018 NBA Playoffs , James recorded seven 40 - point games , which tied Michael Jordan ( in 1989 ) for second all - time for most in a single post-season behind Jerry West in 1965 ( eight ) . During the playoffs , James was announced as being one of the five players on the 2018 All - NBA First Team which marked an NBA record 12th First Team selection for James . With the Cavaliers defeating the Boston Celtics 87 -- 79 in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals , James reached the NBA Finals for the eighth straight year , which no player had done since members of the early Celtics dynasty did so in the 1960s . National team career James attempts a shot over China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing en route to the gold medal . James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . He spent the Games mostly on the bench , averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games . Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal , becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line - up . James felt his limited playing time was a `` lowlight '' and believed he was not given `` a fair opportunity to play '' . His attitude during the Olympics was described as `` disrespectful '' and `` distasteful '' by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey , respectively . At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan , James took on a greater role for Team USA , averaging 13.9 points , 4.8 rebounds , and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain . The team finished the tournament with an 8 -- 1 record , winning another bronze medal . James 's behavior was again questioned , this time by teammate Bruce Bowen , who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members . Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team , Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude , and he heeded their advice . At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007 , he averaged 18.1 points , 3.6 rebounds , and 4.7 assists per game , including a 31 - point performance against Argentina in the championship game , the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier . Team USA went 10 -- 0 , winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing , China . James credited the team 's attitude and experience for their improvement , saying : `` I do n't think we understood what it meant to put on a USA uniform and all the people that we were representing in 2004 . We definitely know that now . '' At the Olympics , Team USA went unbeaten , winning their first gold medal since 2000 . In the final game , James turned in 14 points , 6 rebounds , and 3 assists against Spain . James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London , England . He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant , who would soon be 34 , stepping back . James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter , called the defensive sets , and provided scoring when needed . During a game against Australia , he recorded the first triple - double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points , 14 rebounds and 12 assists . Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal , again defeating Spain in the final game . James contributed 19 points in the win , becoming the all - time leading scorer in U.S. men 's basketball history . He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award , NBA championship , NBA Finals MVP , and Olympic gold medal in the same year . Afterwards , Krzyzewski said James `` is the best player , he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now . '' Player Profile It 's not just that ( LeBron James ) is really good in his 15th year . He 's the best player . -- Greg Anthony , NBA TV and TNT analyst Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113.4 kg ) , James has started at small forward and power forward , but he can also play the other three positions . His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson , Magic Johnson , and Michael Jordan . James 's career averages are 27.1 points , 7.3 rebounds , 7.0 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Many basketball analysts , coaches , fans , and current and former players consider James to be one of the greatest players of all - time , often ranking him as the best small forward and in the top five overall . Since 2011 , he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated . He has earned All - NBA honors every season since his second year , All - Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014 , and was named Rookie of the Year in his debut season . With four MVP awards , he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times , including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Jordan , Wilt Chamberlain , and Bill Russell ; James and Russell are the only two players who have won four MVP awards in a five - year span . James has never won the Defensive Player of the Year Award , but he has twice finished second in the voting and lists the award as one of his main goals . James has appeared in the Finals eight times and won three championships . Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record , while others have defended him , arguing that James usually performed well , but his team was defeated by superior competition . Offense James drives to the basket in March 2008 . A deft finisher , he led the NBA in scoring and shooting percentage at the rim in 2013 . James entered the NBA as a 19 - year - old rookie and made an immediate offensive impact when he led the Cavaliers in scoring . He holds numerous `` youngest to '' distinctions , including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points . During his first stint in Cleveland , he was primarily used as an on - ball point forward . His shooting tendencies were perimeter - oriented , and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball ; he led the NBA in three - point plays in 2006 . His combination of speed , quickness , and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones . These qualities became more apparent in transition , where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight - quality baskets . Around this time , James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game . Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three - pointers and long two - pointers , a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals , where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games . In Miami , Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James 's role to a more unconventional one . James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three - pointers , attempting a career - low 149 in 2012 . He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots , finishing second in the league in catch - and - shoot field goal percentage in 2013 . He also learned how to work as an off - ball cutter in the Heat 's `` pass - happy '' offense . Behind these improvements , James 's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically - great levels , peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage . During this period , ESPN 's Tom Haberstroh called James 's free - throw shooting his biggest weakness , describing it as `` average '' . Upon returning to the Cavaliers , James began to experience subtle age - related declines in productivity , posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016 . His shooting also temporarily regressed , and he briefly ranked as the worst high - volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA . Despite these changes , he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control , strength , and varying attacking speeds . James 's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills , with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history . He is the only frontcourt player in league history to register over 7,000 career assists . Using his size , vision , and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage , James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists , manufacturing a league leading 2.6 three - pointers per game by way of his passing alone in 2013 . He will often execute passes that would normally be considered unconventional , including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic . His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses , which forces teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters . Early in James 's career , he was criticized by the media for his buck passing play in pressure situations ; specifically , for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games . In a 2011 interview , teammate Chris Bosh stated that he would rather have Dwyane Wade and not James take a last - second shot . Later in James 's career , his clutch play was viewed more favorably ; for example , in 2015 , FiveThirtyEight wrote that he might be `` the most clutch playoff shooter of his generation '' . Defense At the beginning of James 's NBA career , he was considered to be a poor defensive player , but he improved steadily through the years . Near the end of his first tenure in Cleveland , he became proficient at the chase - down block , which involved coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot . In Miami , he developed into a more versatile defensive player , and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions . James was paired with teammates Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade , and Miami used him in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme , with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position . Beginning in 2014 , some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact , stemming from a lack of effort and expected age - related declines . James himself admitted to taking plays off at times , referring to this approach as `` chill mode '' . Writing for ESPN in 2016 , Nate Duncan observed that while James tended to take off more plays than in his younger days , he was able to raise his level in that year 's Finals and temporarily recapture his Miami form . Off the court Personal life James proposed to Savannah Brinson , his high school sweetheart , at a December 31 , 2011 party celebrating New Year 's Eve and his 27th birthday . She accepted , and the two were married on September 14 , 2013 in San Diego , California . Together , they have three children : LeBron James Jr. ( b . 2004 ) , Bryce Maximus James ( b . 2007 ) , and Zhuri James ( b . 2014 ) . During his stint with the Heat , James resided in Coconut Grove , where he bought a $9 million three - story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay . In November 2015 , James bought a 9,350 square - foot East Coast -- style mansion in Brentwood , Los Angeles for about $21 million . Public image James is considered by many people , including his fellow NBA players , to be the `` face of the NBA '' . His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions ; for example , in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All - Star break , and the request was granted the following season . On February 13 , 2015 , James was elected the first Vice President of the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The WWI Destroy This Mad Brute poster and the April 2008 Vogue cover with James and Gisele Bündchen , which critics said referenced the earlier poster . Throughout his career , James has been ranked by Forbes as one of the world 's most influential athletes , and in 2017 , he was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . During his first stint with the Cavaliers , he was adored by local fans , and Sherwin - Williams displayed a giant Nike - produced banner of James on its world headquarters . Despite their affection for James , Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees . Following his actions during the 2010 free agency period and , more specifically , The Decision , he was listed as one of the world 's most disliked athletes . By 2013 , his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career . In 2014 , he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll . He has led the league in jersey sales six times . In March 2008 , James became the first black man -- and third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooney -- to appear on the cover of Vogue , when he posed with Gisele Bündchen . In response , noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and `` memorable for the wrong reasons '' , describing the demeanor of James and his holding Bündchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong , a dark savage capturing his light - skinned love interest . Media figure and business interests James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports . His first agent was Aaron Goodwin , whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose . Rose joined Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) in 2007 , and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas , who represented Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh , to bring James to Miami in 2010 . James left CAA for Paul in 2012 . James , Paul , Maverick Carter , and Randy Mims -- all childhood friends -- formed agent and sports - marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin . LRMR handles James 's marketing , including the marketing of The Decision , for which it was criticized . Throughout his career , James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts , usually opting to sign shorter - term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility ; for example , in 2006 , he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three - year , $60 million contract extension instead of the four - year maximum as it allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season . This move ultimately allowed James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together . During his second stint in Cleveland , he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA 's rising salary cap . In 2016 , he signed with the Cavaliers on a three - year deal , becoming the highest - paid player in the league for the first time in his career . Nike installed a 10 - stories - tall mural of James in downtown Cleveland . James has signed numerous endorsement contracts ; some of the companies that he has done business with are Audemars Piguet , Coca - Cola , Dunkin ' Brands , McDonald 's , Nike , State Farm , Beats by Dre and Samsung . Coming out of high school , he was the target of a three - way bidding war among Nike , Reebok , and Adidas , eventually signing with Nike for approximately $90 million . His signature shoes have performed well for Nike . In 2011 , Fenway Sports Group became the sole global marketer of his rights , and as part of the deal , he was granted a minority stake in the English Premier League football club Liverpool FC , who he has claimed his support for . As a result of James 's endorsement money and NBA salary , he has been listed as one of the world 's highest - paid athletes . In 2013 , he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world , with earnings of $56.5 million . In 2014 , James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple 's acquisition of Beats Electronics ; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones . In 2015 , he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson , and third highest in 2016 ( after Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) . James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future , albeit in a hands - off capacity . James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards . In other comedic pursuits , he hosted the 33rd - season premiere of Saturday Night Live . He has also tried his hand at acting , appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series Entourage . In 2015 , he played himself in the Judd Apatow film Trainwreck , receiving positive reviews for his performance . That same year , James 's digital video company , Uninterrupted , raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports to help expand the company 's efforts to bring athlete - created content to fans . It is hosted on Bleacher Report and is used by several other athletes including New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski and Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman . James and his business partner Maverick Carter own production company SpringHill Entertainment , whose first work was the Lions Gate documentary More Than a Game , which was released in 2009 and chronicled James 's high school years . Series produced by SpringHill include the Disney XD sports documentaries Becoming , Starz sitcom Survivor 's Remorse , and animated web series The LeBrons . In 2016 , CNBC aired an unscripted series hosted by James called Cleveland Hustles , where four up - and - coming Northern Ohio entrepreneurs will be financed on the condition of revitalizing a neighborhood in Cleveland . In the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , a 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect was executive produced by James and Maverick Carter along with rapper Drake and Future the Prince . In February 2018 it was announced that James ' production company will produce a new film in the House Party series with James expected to make a cameo . Activism James , First Lady Michelle Obama , and Dwyane Wade tape a public service announcement with the forbidden fruit , January 2014 . James is an active supporter of non-profit organizations , including After - School All - Stars , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Children 's Defense Fund , and ONEXONE . He also has his own charity foundation , the LeBron James Family Foundation , which is based in Akron . Since 2005 , the foundation has held an annual bike - a-thon to raise money for various causes . In 2015 , James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021 . In 2016 , he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit on Muhammad Ali . In 2017 , he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his `` outstanding service and dedication to the community '' . In November of that same year , the Akron School Board approved the `` I Promise '' Elementary School , a public school created in a partnership with the LeBron James Family Foundation to help struggling elementary school students stay in school . James later reflected that it was his most important professional accomplishment of his life . Throughout his career , James has taken stances on controversial issues . On several occasions , he mentioned a feeling of obligation to effect change using his status . Those include the War in Darfur , the Trayvon Martin case , the now - former NBA owner Donald Sterling 's racist comments in 2014 , the Michael Brown verdict , and the death of Eric Garner . Following a racist incident at his Los Angeles home in 2017 , James stated , `` being black in America is tough . We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America . '' Later on that same year , in the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , James questioned President Donald Trump 's Make America Great Again slogan by stating `` It 's sad what 's going on in Charlottesville . Is this the direction our country is heading ? Make America Great Again huh ? He said that '' and `` Our youth deserve better ! ! '' James also called Trump a `` bum '' after the president rescinded a White House invitation to Steph Curry . On the other end of the spectrum , on February 16 , 2018 , Fox News journalist Laura Ingraham told James to `` Shut up and dribble '' as a response to his political agendas . In June 2008 , James donated $20,000 to a committee to elect Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama . Later that year , James gathered almost 20,000 people at the Quicken Loans Arena for a viewing of Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . The ad was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . In November 2016 , James endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Presidential election . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which James won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Cleveland 79 79 39.5 . 417 . 290 . 754 5.5 5.9 1.6 . 7 20.9 2004 -- 05 Cleveland 80 80 42.4 * . 472 . 351 . 750 7.4 7.2 2.2 . 7 27.2 2005 -- 06 Cleveland 79 79 42.5 . 480 . 335 . 738 7.0 6.6 1.6 . 8 31.4 2006 -- 07 Cleveland 78 78 40.9 . 476 . 319 . 698 6.7 6.0 1.6 . 7 27.3 2007 -- 08 Cleveland 75 74 40.4 . 484 . 315 . 712 7.9 7.2 1.8 1.1 30.0 * 2008 -- 09 Cleveland 81 81 37.7 . 489 . 344 . 780 7.6 7.2 1.7 1.1 28.4 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 76 76 39.0 . 503 . 333 . 767 7.3 8.6 1.6 1.0 29.7 2010 -- 11 Miami 79 79 38.8 . 510 . 330 . 759 7.5 7.0 1.6 . 6 26.7 2011 -- 12 † Miami 62 62 37.5 . 531 . 362 . 771 7.9 6.2 1.9 . 8 27.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 76 76 37.9 . 565 . 406 . 753 8.0 7.3 1.7 . 9 26.8 2013 -- 14 Miami 77 77 37.7 . 567 . 379 . 750 6.9 6.4 1.6 . 3 27.1 2014 -- 15 Cleveland 69 69 36.1 . 488 . 354 . 710 6.0 7.4 1.6 . 7 25.3 2015 -- 16 † Cleveland 76 76 35.6 . 520 . 309 . 731 7.4 6.8 1.4 . 6 25.3 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 74 74 37.8 * . 548 . 363 . 674 8.6 8.7 1.2 . 6 26.4 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 82 82 36.9 * . 542 . 367 . 731 8.6 9.1 1.4 . 9 27.5 Career 1,143 1,142 38.8 . 504 . 344 . 739 7.4 7.2 1.6 . 8 27.2 All - Star 14 14 29.6 . 530 . 357 . 743 6.3 6.0 1.3 . 1 24.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 Cleveland 13 13 46.5 . 476 . 333 . 737 8.1 5.8 1.4 . 7 30.8 2007 Cleveland 20 20 44.7 . 416 . 280 . 755 8.1 8.0 1.7 . 5 25.1 2008 Cleveland 13 13 42.5 . 411 . 257 . 731 7.8 7.6 1.8 1.3 28.2 2009 Cleveland 14 14 41.4 . 510 . 333 . 749 9.1 7.3 1.6 . 9 35.3 Cleveland 11 11 41.8 . 502 . 400 . 733 9.3 7.6 1.7 1.8 29.1 2011 Miami 21 21 43.9 . 466 . 353 . 763 8.4 5.9 1.7 1.2 23.7 2012 † Miami 23 23 42.7 . 500 . 259 . 739 9.7 5.6 1.9 . 7 30.3 2013 † Miami 23 23 41.7 . 491 . 375 . 777 8.4 6.6 1.8 . 8 25.9 2014 Miami 20 20 38.2 . 565 . 407 . 806 7.1 4.8 1.9 . 6 27.4 2015 Cleveland 20 20 42.2 . 417 . 227 . 731 11.3 8.5 1.7 1.1 30.1 2016 † Cleveland 21 21 39.1 . 525 . 340 . 661 9.5 7.6 2.3 1.3 26.3 2017 Cleveland 18 18 41.3 . 565 . 411 . 698 9.1 7.8 1.9 1.3 32.8 Career 217 217 42.1 . 485 . 330 . 742 8.9 6.9 1.8 1.0 28.4 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by LeBron James James ( center ) celebrates during the Heat 's 2012 championship parade . NBA Three - time NBA Champion : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 Three - time NBA Finals MVP : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 Four - time NBA Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 14 - time NBA All - Star : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Three - time NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2006 , 2008 , 2018 11 - time All - NBA First Team : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Two - time All - NBA Second Team : 2005 , 2007 Five - time NBA All - Defensive First Team : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 NBA All - Defensive Second Team : 2014 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year 2004 NBA All - Rookie First Team 2008 NBA Scoring Champion 2017 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award National team Two - time Olympic Gold Medal winner : 2008 , 2012 2004 Olympic Bronze Medal winner 2006 FIBA World Championship Bronze Medal winner 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Gold Medal winner 2012 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year Commemorative banner in Miami 's American Airlines Arena ( for his 2012 gold medal won as a member of the Miami Heat ) High school 2003 National Champion Three - time OHSAA Champion : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Two - time Gatorade National Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 Two - time USA Today High School Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 Three - time Ohio Mr. Basketball : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Three - time USA Today All - USA First Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Two - time PARADE High School Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 2003 Naismith Prep Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's National Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's High School All - American 2003 McDonald 's All - American Game 2003 2003 EA Sports Roundball Classic MVP 2003 Jordan Capital Classic MVP Number 23 retired by St. Vincent - St. Mary St. Vincent - St. Mary Hall of Fame ( class of 2011 ) St. Vincent - St. Mary home basketball court named The LeBron James Arena Other Three - time Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009 , 2016 , 2017 Two - time AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) Two - time Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) 2011 -- 12 EFL Cup Champion ( as part owner of Liverpool FC ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 17 - time ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 13 individually , four as part of a team ) Two - time Hickok Belt winner : 2012 , 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way 10 - story commemorative banner in downtown Cleveland Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All - Star Game records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association season minutes leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball History of the Miami Heat Cleveland Cavaliers draft history Notes Jump up ^ Assists were recorded as an official Olympic statistic starting in 1976 . Jump up ^ ESPN - 3rd ( March 2016 ) , Sports Illustrated - 5th ( March 2016 ) , Fox Sports - 2nd ( December 2016 ) , CBS Sports - 2nd ( February 2017 ) , Slam - 2nd ( February 2018 ) . Jump up ^ ESPN . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ References Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why LeBron James is the best NBA player of all time '' . FoxSports . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron Is the Best Player the NBA Has Ever Seen , Even If He 's Not the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armen - Graham , Bryan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` It 's time to call LeBron James what he is : the NBA 's greatest ever player '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron James Is The Best NBA Player Of All Time And It Is Time To Accept It '' . Odyssey Online . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` America 's most wanted '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Posts An Instagram For His Dad Thanking Him For Nothing '' . newsone.com . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Ryan ( 2003 ) . King James : Believe the Hype . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34992 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James Biography '' . JockBio.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Movie review : Band of brothers in ' More Than a Game ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff Reports ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James , SVSM teammates to enter school 's hall of fame : High school newswatch '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : LeBron James '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James stats , details , videos , and news '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Heading Home to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ryan ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio Player '' . SLAM Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` An N.B.A. Giant and How He Grew '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron 's Book Shows Struggle With Fame '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` The pot thickens : LeBron James admits smoking marijuana as a high school junior in new book '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Bill ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` New LeBron James book tells of a ' shooting star ' always willing to learn lessons '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` James ruled ineligible , plans to appeal decision '' . ESPN . ESPN.com News Services . January 31 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bilas , Jay ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` Did ' LeBron Mania ' go too far ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` James Answers the Hype with Standout Debut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hype over LeBron does n't match Alcindor 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 draft prospects since 2000 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prep star James can continue drive for state title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NCAA Division I Manual '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( February 9 , 2003 ) . `` James Is Too Much for Westchester '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward , Austin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Remember that time Urban Meyer tried to recruit LeBron James ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron James : Two Sports , One Superstar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` LBJ and NFL : A fantasy based in reality '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Theismann : LeBron James is ' talented enough ' to be an NFL QB '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnwell , Bill ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Could LeBron James Really Play in the NFL ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Wallace latest to say LeBron James would dominate NFL '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA Draft '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expectations for James more than met '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 30 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James : Player Info Page '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 20 - 5 - 5 : Tyreke Evans makes rookie history '' . News10 / KXTV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA All - Star Game '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Charles ( February 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Future Is Now '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 2005 Season '' ( PDF ) . NBA . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` LeBron and Pistons lead East to All - Star game win '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs Top Mavs To Clinch Playoff Berth '' . NBA.com . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James ' playoff debut triple - double carries Cavs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The NBA Realist ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant vs. Lebron James : Game Winning Shots '' . Chasing 23 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win Series 4 -- 2 '' . ESPN . May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( Oct 2 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James returns to chalk toss '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James is bringing the chalk toss back after 95 % of Twitter users voted yes '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 499 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` Now playoff - bound , Cavs ' 50th win caps season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bewilders Pistons as Cavaliers inch closer to NBA finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jun 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Standings '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , James duke it out as Celtics close out Cavs in Game 7 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` Stevenson : LeBron beef ' pretty much over ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Jonathan ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` On Defense , James Is Closer Than He Appears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard , Bryant headline 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Defensive First Team '' . NBA.com . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 477 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron sits as Cavs fail to match best home record '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award '' . NBA.com . May 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` PER Diem : March 24 , 2009 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' dramatic buzzer - beater drops Magic , evens series at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron sent a clear message by not shaking hands with Magic '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Not only would it have saved him the smattering of grief he 's been getting from the media and fans the last few days , it just would have also been the right thing to do Jump up ^ Rhoden , William ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Handshake Is Not Too Much to Ask , Even From a King '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . It 's hard for me to congratulate somebody after you just lose to them ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron : Do what 's best for team '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt Boyer , Mary ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James glad point - guard assignment is temporary '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins NBA 's 2009 -- 10 Most Valuable Player Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . May 2 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` LeBron James makes his pick : He 's going to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks , The Plain Dealer ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Decision ' generated $6 million in ad revenue '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wade granted one of his wishes with Bosh coming to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Done deals : LeBron , Bosh and Wade sign six - year contracts '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Inside ' The Decision ' : Miami 's coup was a ' surprise ' built on long - coveted goal of James , Wade and Bosh '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Ian ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Plot Starts Here ... Showtime Starts Here '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biggane , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James admits Pat Riley sold him on being part of a family with Miami Heat '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Inside look at LeBron 's free - agent coup '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ... the issue of James ' immaturity and downright disrespectfulness had become a consuming topic on the march to the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Fans from Cavaliers Majority Owner Dan Gilbert '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . July 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ron , Nurwisah ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Plain Dealer 's final word on LeBron James '' . National Post . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ; Shipp , Catherine ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Criticism Grows as James Arrives in Miami '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jordan would n't have called Magic , Bird '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Barry ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Magic Johnson Says He Would n't Have Joined Bird After LeBron James 's Move '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . From college , I was trying to figure out how to beat Larry Bird . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lambasted LeBron conveniently sees hurtful role of race '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He has catered to corporate America , mostly ignored issues that affect people of color , and then when so many people turned on James , he 's now suddenly seeing the racial light . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Jason ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Point the finger at yourself , LeBron '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . LeBron 's enablers are providing him the racial cocoon of denial . They 're giving LeBron an excuse to avoid dealing with his own bad ( The ) Decision . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Forbes : Vick , Tiger among most ' disliked ' athletes '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Tom ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James expresses regrets about ' The Decision ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron 's decisive backlash tops all stories '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerasotis , Peter ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` For Miami Heat , High Hopes but Lower Volume '' . The New York Times . p . SP8 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moehringer , J.R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Into the Funhouse with King James '' . GQ . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . During that postmortem interview , when Moehringer asked James what he 'd change if he had a do - over , James replied , ' Nothing at all . ' Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` James Faces Jeering , but Little Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ' If I had to go back on it , I probably would do it a little bit different , ' James said before the game . ' But I 'm happy with my decision . ' He declined to be more specific . ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com News Services ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' choice puts Miami back in the game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat throw welcome party for LeBron James , Chris Bosh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . With 13,000 fans chanting `` Yes We Did ! '' amid an atmosphere more suited to a rock concert than a basketball game , the Miami Heat welcomed the NBA 's newest trio of superstars Friday night for a celebration unlike just about any other in team history . Jump up ^ Wade , Dwyane ; Bosh , Chris ; James , LeBron ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` On Stage Interview with Wade , Bosh and James -- July 9 , 2010 '' . NBA.com ( Interview ) . Interview with Eric Reid . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Miami 's upgrade status holds lessons for Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shift in Talent Fortifies Elite Teams '' . The New York Times . p . B -- 12 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . In that moment on July 9 , amid the pyrotechnics , the Miami Heat became a national Rorschach test . Everyone saw something : greatness , arrogance , self - indulgence , boldness , cowardice , pride , friendship , collusion , joy , cynicism , heroes , mercenaries . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Not 2 , not 3 , not 4 , not 5 , not 6 , not 7 ' titles ... None ? : Video '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : No more Mr. Bad Guy '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Magoloff , Scott ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James : A timeline of his Miami Heat career '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James returns to Cleveland '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron shrugs off boos in return to Cleveland to lead Heat to easy win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 11 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` 1 . One Year Later , Sweet Turnaround For James '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's LeBron James closes out Celtics in Game 5 : Video '' . cleveland.com . Associated Press . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Thunder pull away from Heat , win Game 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Charles ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Hot Corner : With NBA title at stake , LeBron James was a big flop '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The Evolution of King James '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwork , David ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Heat top Raptors , tie best start in franchise history '' . Hot Hot Hoops . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins 3rd NBA MVP award '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 20,000 th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Roy Hibbert scores 19 and adds 18 boards as Pacers pound Heat '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James ' box score gem powers Heat '' . ESPN . ESPN Stats & Information . May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Takes Game 6 Personally '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Finals take edge off season 's start '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat overcome Russell Westbrook 's 43 points , take 3 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Heat dominate Thunder to win NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` MVP clear choice '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Best playoff runs : Players 1 - 5 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James sets NBA record in Heat 's win against Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Dime -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki . `` Timeline of the Miami Heat 's Winning Streak '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` LeBron James ' month for the ages '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James wins 4th Kia MVP award in near unanimous vote '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' layup as time expires in OT lifts Heat past Pacers '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James says he went back to his ' Cleveland days ' in Game 5 '' . Vox Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` Heat 's LeBron James eyes Finals rematch with Spurs : ' I 'm a much better player ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` What 's wrong with LeBron James ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen 's late 3 forces OT , Heat edge Spurs to force Game 7 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named Finals MVP '' . ESPN . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' 61 points in win set career , Heat records '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers get top seed in East as short - handed Heat fall to Wizards '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Heat 102 , Nets 96 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Legacy grows for Miami 's Big 3 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Air conditioning goes out in Game 1 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James leads all scorers with 35 points as Heat take Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs shake early deficit to snuff out Heat and win 5th NBA title '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` LeBron breaks Scottie Pippen 's mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron becomes Cavs ' assist leader '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James will opt out of contract '' . SportsCenter . ESPN . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James rejoins Cleveland Cavaliers in free agency '' . Sports Illustrated . USA Today . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Nice Rebound ! '' . Slate . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` God Loves Cleveland '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron deal has eye on future cap '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News . `` LeBron to Cleveland : I 'm coming home '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN News Services . `` Kevin Love traded to Cavaliers '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James out two weeks with multiple injuries '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James hits buzzer beater as Cavaliers edge Bulls '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt . `` The crown is forever heavy : LeBron James and his Finals legacy '' . CBS Sports . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neck and neck : Just how close was Finals MVP voting ? '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` For NBA coaches , is LeBron James really a big professional hazard ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SN Staff ; McMenamin , Dave ; Walks , Matt . `` LeBron not interested in discussing whether he unfollowed Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chase for 73 : Warriors one for the ages now '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Azande , J.A. `` LeBron James ' transcendent performance sets Game 7 stage '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nadkarni , Rohan . `` The Block : An in - depth look at LeBron James 's game - altering play '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herbert , James . `` Kevin Durant on LeBron James ' block : ' He looked like Batman ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` When LeBron swooped in and changed the course of Cavs ' history '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim . `` Cavaliers end over 50 years of Cleveland sports heartbreak with first NBA championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan , Feldman . `` LeBron James becomes first player on record to lead series in points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocks '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` ' Fantasy ' no more : LeBron James gives Cavs ' season a wake - up call '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James posts second straight triple - double , Cavs snap three - game skid 116 - 104 over Magic '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi . `` Cavs should send LeBron on in - season vacation after latest rant '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland to historic comeback win '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James passes Jordan , Cavs back in Finals with 135 - 102 win '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jack . `` Cavaliers set for third straight NBA Finals vs. Warriors after bouncing Celtics '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Becomes 1st Player to Average Triple - Double in NBA Finals History '' . Bleacher Report . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 57 , Cavaliers top Wiz 130 - 122 , end skid '' . ESPN . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James ejected for first time in career '' . NBA.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has 60th triple - double , Cavs beat Jazz 109 - 100 '' . ESPN . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron gets 30,000 , but Spurs beat slumping Cavs 114 - 102 '' . ESPN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James leads Cavaliers past Nets 129 - 123 '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` After Sitting in 2004 , Ready to Stand and Deliver '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Season of LeBron ends with Olympic gold medal '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , Peter ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Get Coach K For Olympic Team '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : usabasketball.com , 2006 USA Men 's World Championship team : Stats Archived May 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ nba.com , Melo joins LeBron James and Dwyane Wade as captains , accessed May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( September 3 , 2007 ) . `` Team USA 's declaration of independence '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Kia MVP Ladder : LeBron James continues to defy Father Time Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` LeBron Makes LeLeap '' . Grantland . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Nate ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Jalen Rose , Warren Sapp scoff at notion of LeBron in NFL '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated 's Fittest 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( April 21 , 2006 ) . `` King James ' next conquest '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` LeBron Is Still Painting His Masterpiece '' . The Ringer . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NBA.com Writers . `` Blogtable : Is LeBron James one of top 5 greatest players ever ? '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob . `` Who 's the GOAT , Michael or LeBron ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - on - 5 : Debating the all - time greats '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Counting down the greatest players ever '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack . `` SI 's 50 greatest players in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew . `` Ranking the 25 greatest players in NBA history '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CBS Sports Staff . `` CBS Sports ' 50 greatest NBA players of all time : Where do LeBron , Curry rank ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 : The Greatest Players of All Time '' . Slam . United States : Page , Dennis S. February 23 , 2018 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` # NBArank ( 2011 ) '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # NBArank ( 2012 ) '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # NBArank ( 2013 ) '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # NBArank ( 2013 II ) '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # NBArank No. 1 : LeBron James '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Top 100 NBA Players -- Nos. 1 - 10 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 players of 2014 : Nos. 10 - 1 '' . The Point Forward . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SI. com 's Top 100 NBA players of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SI. com 's Top 100 NBA players of 2017 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron takes 2013 Kia Most Valuable Player award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Michael ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James wins 4th MVP award '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil . `` Where This Year 's Cavs Rank Among LeBron 's NBA Finals Supporting Casts '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` LeBron 's 2 - 4 Finals record is one of his greatest achievements '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Rematch : An NBA Finals preview '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The 2012 - 13 CourtVision Awards : The Best Shooters '' . Grantland . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` James receives 78 of 118 first - place votes '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 Cleveland Cavaliers Roster and Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Jump up ^ `` James receives 78 of 118 first - place votes '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball : LeBron James Bio '' . usabasketball.com . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron is youngest NBA player to score 25,000 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James becomes youngest to score 28,000 points - NBA.com '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Anil ( 2009 ) . World of Sports Indoor . Delhi : Gyan Publishing . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 765 - 2 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Rob . `` Then And Now : The Evolution Of LeBron James '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` 50 Shades of Westbrook '' . The Ringer . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` With Stars Aplenty , Heat Looks for Leader '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` LeBron James ' 50 times better ' than in 2007 NBA Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Is LeBron James an elite shooter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Miami Juggernaut '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Ian . `` What Drives LeBron James ' Scoring Efficiency ? '' . Hardwood Paroxysm . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Miami Heat : 2013 - 14 roster ( Subscription required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoals , Bethlehem . `` LeBron James Is Underrated and Overlooked '' . GQ . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Engelmann , Jeremias . `` NBA has co-MVPs this season '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Schuhmann ( @ johnschuhmann ) ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` The worst high - volume shooters from outside the paint , a list topped by LeBron James & Kobe Bryant '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James gets 7,000 th career assist in first quarter vs. Hornets '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do n't hate LeBron , enjoy him ; he 's most gifted player in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` The Case For : LeBron James as Most Valuable Player '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James ' unprecedented season of sharing has arrived '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morre , Matt ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` Heat 93 , Pacers 91 : LeBron is clutch , then not clutch , clutch enough ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scoop ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron 's stomach - turning stigma '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chiavetta , Ryan ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Bosh Says Dwyane Wade , Not Lebron James , Should Be Heat Closer '' . New England Sports Network . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pane , Neil . `` LeBron May Be The Most Clutch Playoff Shooter Of His Generation '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron against the all - time greats '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` ' Point center ' LeBron James fourth in DPOY '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Lights , Cameras , Revolution '' . Grantland . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James ' defensive assignment allows versatility for Miami Heat '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Who 's the real plus - minus MVP ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Partnow , Seth . `` Here 's proof LeBron James is exiting the prime of his career '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` LeBron 's ' chill mode ' hurting Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Nate . `` Player profiles : Projecting LeBron , Kyrie , Love and the Cavs '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire Reports ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James and Savannah Brinson are engaged '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LEBRON WEDS GIRLFRIEND IN SAN DIEGO '' . AP . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amato . `` LeBron James ' Kids : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Said . `` LeBron James Kids '' . TheRichest . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN Library . `` LeBron James Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Nicole ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Miami heat : LeBron James buys $9 M mansion in Coconut Grove , Fla '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Snags Brentwood Mansion for $21 Million '' . Variety . November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James is the ' face ' of the NBA , but is Stephen Curry next ? '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James reportedly asked Adam Silver for longer All - Star break , fewer back - to - backs '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollakoff , Brett . `` Report : LeBron James elected Vice President of NBA Players Association '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Call LeBron James ' ' Vogue ' Cover Offensive '' . National Public Radio . March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jemele ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron should be more careful with his image '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . But this cover gave you the double - bonus of having LeBron and Gisele strike poses that others in the blogosphere have noted draw a striking resemblance to the racially charged image of King Kong enveloping his very fair - skinned lady love interest . Jump up ^ `` The Most Influential Athletes '' . Forbes . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Riper , Tom . `` Most Influential Athletes 2013 '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Rita . `` LeBron James : Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cho , Janet . `` Sherwin - Williams replaces LeBron poster with Cleveland skyline '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Briggs , David ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` LeBron spurns Tribe , sports Yanks cap '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ America 's Most Disliked Athletes . Forbes ; February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James NBA 's most popular '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James is finally the most popular male athlete in America '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James tops jersey sale '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chronicle News Services . `` NBA : LeBron becomes third man on Vogue cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhost , Brian ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron chooses Rich Paul as agent '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` On LeBron James ' bold move to leave CAA , and the league - wide implications that could result '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taddeo , Lisa ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James 's Magnum - sized , Ultrashiny , Nike - powered Lawn Mower to the Next Century '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James transitioning from businessman to a business , man '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winderman , , Ira ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Sun Sentinel : LeBron James to join Chris Bosh , Heat 's Dwyane Wade '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron officially signs contract extension with Cavs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Megdal , Howard . `` LeBron James , decisions , and how Carmelo Anthony squandered all his leverage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Opts Out of Contract '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-sign Forward LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` LeBron James gets two - year contract with Cavaliers '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers And LeBron James Sign Multi-Year Contract '' . NBA.com . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Pat . `` NBA Scoreboard Stats Standings Teams Players Odds LeBron James Just Became NBA 's Highest - Paid Player For First Time Ever '' . NESN . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic LeBron James banner getting championship upgrade '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ariel . `` You Can Now Buy The $51,500 LeBron James Limited Edition Watch By Audemars Piguet '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Highkin , Sean . `` Magic Johnson thinks LeBron does n't have enough endorsements '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' aims at China with pork donuts , LeBron James '' . Reuters . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James to endorse for McDonald 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James enters partnership with State Farm '' . USA Today . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre signs UFC star Conor McGregor to endorsement deal as it moves deeper into popular culture '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James Signs New Deal With Nike '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , John . `` Is LeBron James Worth $90 Million ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ben . `` LeBron James reportedly leads all NBA players in U.S. shoe sales '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James in Deal With Fenway Sports '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 famous Liverpool fans from North America '' . Liverpool FC. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ' highest - earning athletes list '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Heat look to target Carmelo Anthony '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes List 2016 '' . Forbes . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : `` My Dream Is To Actually Own An NBA Team '' `` . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron , Kimmel to co-host ESPY Awards '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : LeBron James '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebron James Matt Damon `` Entourage '' Cameo October 4 `` . Pop Crunch . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. `` LeBron James filming ' Trainwreck ' with Amy Schumer and other movie projects '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Movie Performance by an Active Professional Basketball Player '' . The New Yorker . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James 's confessional video web site for athletes gets investment from Turner and Warner Bros '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' SpringHill Entertainment Signs Deal With Warner Bros '' . Hollywood Reporter . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Self - Love and Basketball '' . Slate . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD picks up ' Becoming ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King of Comedy : Trailer for LeBron 's new sitcom released '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBrons : Season 2 Kickoff Party with LeBron James '' . Houston Press . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' reality TV show ' Cleveland Hustles ' to premiere Aug. 24 '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Carter Effect '' Trailer `` . cowbellkingdom.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look : LeBron , business partner dine with Drake '' . theScore.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' production company to remake 1990 hit ' House Party ' '' . ABC.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Just Delivered Nikes He Helped Design for Kids With Disabilities '' . Global Citizen . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Inspiring Videos : Cleveland Cavaliers Star LeBron James Pays Respect To A Fan In The Middle Of A Game '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBron James Family Foundation to Unveil its Brand New Website , LeBronJamesFamilyFoundation.org '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron 's bike event stresses education '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron James , Akron to fund 4 - year scholarships for I Promise students '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James donates $2.5 million to Smithsonian 's Muhammad Ali exhibit '' . ESPN.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins PBWA 's 2016 - 17 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/28/board-oks-plan-for-lebron-james-i-promise-school-in-akron/108092894/ Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/30/lebron-james-opening-school-most-important-professional-accomplishment/909374001/ ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael . `` LeBron : No place for Sterling '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Draws Criticism For Stand on Darfur Issue '' . Yahoo . May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Cavalier Seeks Players ' Support for Darfur '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jonathan . `` On Darfur , LeBron James drops the ball '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron speaking out on Darfur '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Hill , Jemele . `` The Heat 's hoodies as change agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James : Bigger issues at play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron , Irving in ' I Ca n't Breathe ' tees '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Racial slur sprayed on LeBron 's house : ' It 's tough being black in America ' . CNN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` LeBron James Talks Charlottesville Riots , Questions ' Make America Great Again ' '' . Jump up ^ http://time.com/4956223/donald-trump-lebron-james-nfl/ Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/587097707/laura-ingraham-told-lebron-james-to-shutup-and-dribble-he-went-to-the-hoop Jump up ^ `` Lebron donates cash to Obama '' . InsideHoops.com . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . msnbc . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lebron James lets fans know Love , genuine LOVE and FAITH they 'll get through '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins Named Naismith Player of the Year ; Quincy Lewis Named Coach of the Year '' . SLAM Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimala , Michael . `` Shabazz Muhammad is McDonald 's POY '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's High School Basketball All American Teams '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers choose LeBron James with No. 1 pick in 2003 : NBA Draft rewind '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' Number Retired '' . Associated Press via cincinnati.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent - St. Mary High School . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent St. Mary . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists & Past Winners '' . Cleveland Sports Awards . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` LeBron James named 2013 AP Male Athlete of the Year '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Miami Heat 's LeBron James named SI 's Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2012 '' . Sporting News . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA All - Decade Team '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ESPY Awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akron designates downtown street `` King James Way '' `` . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland landmark not going anywhere '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sherwin Williams elects to keep iconic LeBron James banner up '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has honorary locker at OSU '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has football locker at OSU '' . Cavaliers 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Further reading Freedman , Lew ( 2008 ) . LeBron James : A Biography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34361 - 2 . Morgan , David Lee ( 2003 ) . LeBron James : The Rise of a Star . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 886228 - 74 - 4 . Pluto , Terry ; Windhorst , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Franchise : Lebron James and the Remaking of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 59851 - 028 - 2 . External links Find more aboutLeBron Jamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website NBA.com Prospect Profile : LeBron James USA Basketball -- LeBron James 100 Olympic Athletes to Watch : 1 . LeBron James LeBron James ' 61 - point game vs Charlotte Bobcats on YouTube LeBron James on IMDb `` LeBron James collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Cleveland Cavaliers current roster 0 Love 1 Hood 3 Hill 5 Smith 8 Clarkson 9 White 10 Holland ( TW ) 13 Thompson 15 Perrantes ( TW ) 16 Osman 21 Perkins 22 Nance 23 James 26 Korver 32 Green 41 Žižić 81 Calderón Head coach : Lue Assistant coaches : Boylan Drew ( Assoc . HC ) Handy Jones Longabardi Posey Potapenko LeBron James Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games The Decision The Block Films More than a Game Other Big Three ( Miami Heat ) The LeBrons Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Paulus 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Barkley 2009 : Gilbert 2010 : Knight 2011 : Bundy 2012 : Gray 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Towns 2015 : Murray 2016 : Tatum 2017 : Gore Girls 2003 : Felix 2004 : Parker 2005 : Barboza 2006 : Charles 2007 : Moore 2008 : Price 2009 : Diggins 2010 : Ogwumike 2011 : Brian 2012 : Stewart 2013 : Andrews 2014 : Turner 2015 : Hill 2016 : McLaughlin 2017 : McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter 2018 : Barrett McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant Miami Heat 2011 -- 12 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 5 Howard 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 13 Miller 14 Harris 15 Chalmers 21 Turiaf 22 Jones 30 Cole 31 Battier 40 Haslem 45 Pittman 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer De La Grana Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 9 Lewis 11 Andersen 13 Miller 15 Chalmers 22 Jones 24 Varnado 30 Cole 31 Battier 34 Allen 40 Haslem 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer Craig Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve ESPY Awards Cross-cutter Courage Female Athlete Male Athlete Breakthrough Athlete Championship Performance Coach / Manager Female College Athlete Male College Athlete Comeback Athlete Female Athlete with a Disability Male Athlete with a Disability Game Perseverance Upset Moment Play Record - Breaking Performance Team Individual Female Action Male Action Bowler Driver Fighter Female Golfer Male Golfer Jockey MLS MLB NBA NFL NHL Female Tennis Male Tennis WNBA International Athlete Male U.S. Olympian Female U.S. Olympian Discontinued Action Soccer Female Soccer Male Soccer U.S. Olympian Male College Basketball Female College Basketball College Football Disabled Angler Boxer Golfer Female Track Male Track Outdoor Sportsman Movie Undeniable Performance Track and Field Award ceremonies 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve LCCN : n2003099514 MusicBrainz : 7d6308c5 - 7412 - 4afe - 879f - 181c7827744d VIAF : 53530499 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeBron_James&oldid=843599181 '' Categories : LeBron James 1984 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American investors American investors American soccer chairmen and investors Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Ohio Businesspeople from Akron , Ohio Businesspeople from Los Angeles Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks Cleveland Cavaliers players Film producers from California Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Liverpool F.C. chairmen and investors McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Brentwood , Los Angeles Power forwards ( basketball ) Small forwards Sportspeople from Akron , Ohio Sportspeople from Los Angeles United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Yorùbá 粵語中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 05 : 50 . 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About Wikipedia	when did lebron james first go to the finals	[ "In 2006–07, James's averages declined to 27.3 points, 6.7 rebounds, 6 assists, and 1.6 steals per game.[12] Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection, which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus.[52] The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East's second seed.[53][54] In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals, James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists, scoring 29 of Cleveland's last 30 points, including the game-winning layup with two seconds left, against the Pistons.[55] After the game, play-by-play announcer Marv Albert called the performance \"one of the greatest moments in postseason history\" and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as \"Jordan-esque\".[56] In 2012, ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history.[57] The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first-ever Eastern Conference championship,[58] earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals.[59] During the championship round, James struggled, averaging 22 points, 7.0 rebounds, and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting,[60] and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep.[59]" ]	[ "2006–07" ]
2725480316434557991	Exclusionary rule	Exclusionary rule - wikipedia Exclusionary rule Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule Self - incrimination Double jeopardy Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Discharge Guidelines Totality Dangerous offender Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Imprisonment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff Life licence Miscarriage of justice Exoneration Pardon Sex offender registration Sexually violent predator legislation Related areas of law Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Civil procedure Portals Law Criminal justice US courts Not in English / Welsh courts Scottish courts English / Welsh courts Canadian courts UK courts In the United States , the exclusionary rule is a legal rule , based on constitutional law . The rule prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant 's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law . This may be considered an example of a prophylactic rule formulated by the judiciary in order to protect a constitutional right . The exclusionary rule may also , in some circumstances at least , be considered to follow directly from the constitutional language , such as the Fifth Amendment 's command that no person `` shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself '' and that no person `` shall be deprived of life , liberty or property without due process of law '' . `` The exclusionary rule is grounded in the Fourth Amendment and it is intended to protect citizens from illegal searches and seizures . '' The exclusionary rule is also designed to provide a remedy and disincentive , which is short of criminal prosecution in response to prosecutors and police who illegally gather evidence in violation of the Fifth Amendment in the Bill of Rights compelled to self - incrimination . The exclusionary rule also protects against violations of the Sixth Amendment , which guarantees the right to counsel . Most states also have their own exclusionary remedies for illegally obtained evidence under their state constitutions and / or statutes , some of which predate the federal constitutional guarantees against unlawful searches and seizures and compelled self - incrimination . This rule is occasionally referred to as a legal technicality because it allows defendants a defense that does not address whether the crime was actually committed . In this respect , it is similar to the explicit rule in the Fifth Amendment protecting people from double jeopardy . In strict cases , when an illegal action is used by police / prosecution to gain any incriminating result , all evidence whose recovery stemmed from the illegal action -- this evidence is known as `` fruit of the poisonous tree '' -- can be thrown out from a jury ( or be grounds for a mistrial if too much information has been irrevocably revealed ) . The exclusionary rule applies to all persons within the United States regardless of whether they are citizens , immigrants ( legal or illegal ) , or visitors . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the rule 2 Limitations of the rule 2.1 Parallel construction 3 Criticism and defense 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History of the rule ( edit ) Up until the independence of the United States , the courts of England excluded self - incriminating evidence that was provided as a result of official compulsion , regardless of its reliability . In 1769 , Lord Chief Justice Mansfield explained as follows : `` ( I ) n civil causes , the court will force parties to produce evidence which may prove against themselves ; or leave the refusal to do it ( after proper notice ) as a strong presumption , to the jury ... But in a criminal or penal cause , the defendant is never forced to produce any evidence ; though he should hold it in his hands in court . '' Chief Justice Mansfield also explained that `` If any evidence or confession has been extorted from her , it will be of no prejudice to her on the trial . '' Additionally , a defendant could sue to suppress and regain possession of at least some types of illegally seized evidence , in a common law action for replevin . However , in the 1783 case of Ceglinski v. Orr , the English courts declined to suppress evidence obtained by illegal coercion . In the Warickshall case , evidence was gathered as a result of an involuntary confession , and the court held that the evidence ( but not the confession itself ) could be admitted . It is questionable whether the Warickshall rule became known in the United States before 1789 ( when the U.S. Bill of Rights was written ) , and whether it applied to confessions obtained by both governmental and private parties . In any event , no decision by the Supreme Court of the United States has ever endorsed the Warickshall rule as a constitutional matter . Generally speaking , English law before 1789 did not provide as strong an exclusionary rule as the one that later developed under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution , regarding unlawful searches and seizures . The Fourth Amendment , after all , was partly a reaction against English law including the general warrant and the writs of assistance . In the 1886 case of Boyd v. United States , the U.S. Supreme Court addressed compulsory production of business papers , and the Court excluded those papers based on a combination of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments . Boyd was closely limited to its facts , and several years later the Court stated that the Fourth Amendment does not extend to `` excluding testimony '' about wrongful searches and seizures . In 1897 , the U.S. Supreme Court held , in Bram v. United States , that involuntary confessions are inadmissible as evidence . The Court in Bram did not announce a strong version of the exclusionary rule that would apply uniformly to exclude all evidence gathered in violation of the Bill of Rights , but instead announced a weak version that excluded only self - incriminating testimony that was compelled in violation of the Fifth Amendment . The distinction between testimonial versus other self - incriminating evidence is a matter of continuing debate . Before a strong version of the exclusionary rule was addressed and adopted by the federal courts , it had already been adopted by at least one state court , namely the Iowa Supreme Court , as that court would later describe : `` The genesis of Iowa 's exclusionary rule was a civil case , Reifsnyder v. Lee , 44 Iowa 101 ( 1876 ) ... The first application of the exclusionary rule in a criminal context occurred in the Height case , decided in 1902 . Height involved a physical exam of the defendant against his will . 117 Iowa at 652 , 91 N.W. at 935 . This court held that the examination of the defendant violated the due process clause of the Iowa Constitution , as well as article 1 , section 8 's prohibition of unreasonable searches . '' In 1914 , the U.S. Supreme Court announced a strong version of the exclusionary rule , in the case of Weeks v. United States , under the Fourth Amendment prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures . This decision , however , created the rule only on the federal level . The `` Weeks rule , '' which made an exception for cases at the state level , was adopted by numerous states at a time during prohibition . In adopting the rule , actions by states often reflected attitudes towards prohibition , which was enacted by adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment and was enforced through the Volstead Act . Concerns about privacy violations also extended to other instances where criminal sanctions were permitted for `` victimless '' crime , such as illegal gambling or narcotics violations . In 1920 , the U.S. Supreme Court adopted the `` fruit of the poisonous tree '' doctrine in the case of Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States . The Court stated that allowing evidence gathered as an indirect result of an unconstitutional search and seizure `` reduces the Fourth Amendment to a form of words '' . Wolf v. Colorado 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) ruled that states were not required to adopt the exclusionary rule . Despite the ruling , some states adopted the exclusionary rule . In 1955 , the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Cahan that the exclusionary rule applied for cases in the state of California . By 1960 , 22 states had adopted the rule without substantial qualifications : California , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Washington , Texas , West Virginia , Wisconsin , Wyoming . Michigan also had an exclusionary rule , but with limitations for some narcotics and firearms evidence . In Alabama , Maryland , and South Dakota , the exclusionary rule applied in some situations . It was not until Mapp v. Ohio in 1961 that the exclusionary rule was also held to be binding on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment , which guarantees due process . Up until Mapp , the exclusionary rule had been rejected by most states . In 2016 , Utah v. Strieff dealt with the exclusionary rule and outstanding warrants and was viewed to be generally favorable towards police . Limitations of the rule ( edit ) The exclusionary rule does not apply in a civil case , in a grand jury proceeding , or in a parole revocation hearing . Even in a criminal case , the exclusionary rule does not simply bar the introduction of all evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth , Fifth , or Sixth Amendment . In Hudson v. Michigan , Justice Scalia wrote for the U.S. Supreme Court : `` Suppression of evidence , however , has always been our last resort , not our first impulse . The exclusionary rule generates `` substantial social costs , '' United States v. Leon , 468 U.S. 897 , 907 ( 1984 ) , which sometimes include setting the guilty free and the dangerous at large . We have therefore been `` cautious against expanding '' it , Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157 , 166 ( 1986 ) , and `` have repeatedly emphasized that the rule 's ' costly toll ' upon truth - seeking and law enforcement objectives presents a high obstacle for those urging ( its ) application , '' Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole v. Scott , 524 U.S. 357 , 364 -- 365 ( 1998 ) ( citation omitted ) . We have rejected `` indiscriminate application '' of the rule , Leon , supra , at 908 , and have held it to be applicable only `` where its remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously served , '' United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 , 348 ( 1974 ) -- that is , `` where its deterrence benefits outweigh its ' substantial social costs , ' '' Scott , supra , at 363 , ( quoting Leon , supra , at 907 ) . Whether the exclusionary sanction is appropriately imposed in a particular case is an issue separate from the question whether the Fourth Amendment rights of the party seeking to invoke the rule were violated by police conduct . '' Limitations on the exclusionary rule have included the following : Evidence unlawfully obtained from the defendant by a private person is admissible . The exclusionary rule is designed to protect privacy rights , with the Fourth Amendment applying specifically to government officials . Evidence can only be suppressed if the illegal search violated the person 's own ( the person making the court motion ) constitutional rights . The exclusionary rule does not apply to privacy rights of a third party . However , there is a narrow exception to this standing requirement , the jus tertii standing exception . The defendant can not take advantage of the situation ( police breaching rules ) to turn the case to his advantage , in face of other evidence against himself . This falls under the exigent circumstances exception . The Silver Platter doctrine which was ruled unconstitutional in the case of Elkins v. United States in 1960 . State officials that obtained evidence illegally were allowed to turn over evidence to federal officials , and have that evidence be admitted into trial . Nix v. Williams held that if the evidence obtained in the unlawful search would almost definitely have been found eventually even without said search ( inevitable discovery ) , the evidence may be brought forth in court . If police officers acting in good faith ( bona fides ) rely upon a defective search warrant , then the evidence acquired may still be used under the good - faith exception . The exclusionary rule is not applicable to non-U.S. nationals residing outside of U.S. borders . In United States v. Alvarez - Machain , the U.S. Supreme Court decided that property owned by aliens in a foreign country is admissible in court . Certain persons in the U.S. receive limited protections , such as prisoners , probationers , parolees , and persons crossing U.S. borders . Corporations , by virtue of being , also have limited rights under the Fourth Amendment ( see corporate personhood ) . In the case of Florida v. Jimeno it was found that the evidence found to convict Jimeno , although at first was not admissible , later was found to in fact be admissible since it passed the test of reasonable standards . The defendant consented to a search of his car , and when the officer searched a package and found drugs , it was not said to be in violation because a reasonable person would expect illegal narcotics to be kept in a package or container . Parallel construction ( edit ) The Special Operations Division of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration advises DEA agents to follow a process of parallel construction when launching criminal investigations of Americans based on SOD tips that may be based on warrantless surveillance . Criticism and defense ( edit ) The exclusionary rule as it has developed in the United States has been long criticized . Judge Benjamin Cardozo , Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals between 1927 and 1932 , stated that under the rule , `` The criminal is to go free because the constable has blundered . '' The judge noted that many states had rejected the rule , but suggested that the adoption by the federal courts would affect the practice in the sovereign states . In the 1970s , Dallin H. Oaks , Malcolm Wilkey , and others called for the exclusionary rule to be replaced with a comprehensive judicial remedy against all illegal arrests and searches and seizures ( e.g. , tort remedy ) . By the 1980s , the exclusionary rule remained controversial and was strongly opposed by President Ronald Reagan . But , some opponents began seeking to have the rule modified , rather than abolished altogether . The case , Illinois v. Gates , before the Supreme Court brought the exclusionary rule for reconsideration . The Supreme Court also considered allowing exceptions for errors made by police in good faith . The Reagan administration also asked Congress to ease the rule . It has been proposed that the exclusionary rule be replaced with restitution to victims of police misconduct . A major criticism of the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule is that it allegedly defies the original intent of the Constitution . Yale Law Professor Akhil Amar , for example , has argued that `` nothing in the text , history , or structure of the Fourth Amendment '' supports the rule . Critics like Amar , Oaks and Wilkey point to the fact that the text of the Fourth Amendment does not indicate that illegally seized evidence must be excluded . Some legal historians argue that the Constitution 's Framers intended only that victims of unreasonable searches or seizures could file civil lawsuits . In 2009 , Roger Roots presented evidence that the idea of exclusion can be found in the earliest set of law books published in American history . In 2014 , Roots elaborated that certain eighteenth - century British law books and pamphlets which discuss the exclusion of illegally seized evidence circulated widely in the American colonies and were owned by numerous prominent Framing - era lawyers and statesmen . Also in 2014 , Professor Richard Re proposed that the Due Process Clause provides an ample basis for the Exclusionary Rule . See also ( edit ) Bunning v Cross , an Australian case for which the ruling may be formulated as an exclusionary rule Section 24 ( 2 ) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , a constitutional provision explicitly excluding unconstitutionally obtained evidence if its admission would bring the administration of justice into disrepute References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Re , Richard . `` The Due Process Exclusionary Rule : A new textual foundation for a rule in crisis '' , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 127 , p. 1885 ( 2014 ) . See also `` Regarding Re 's Revisionism : Notes on The Due Process Exclusionary Rule '' , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 127 , p. 302 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Berg , p. 29 Jump up ^ Leonetti , Carrie ( Winter 2009 ) . `` Independent and Adequate : Maryland 's State Exclusionary Rule for Illegally Obtained Evidence '' . University of Baltimore Law Review . 38 : 231 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Thomas . `` Farther and Farther from the Original Fifth Amendment : The Recharacterization of the Right Against Self - Incrimination as a ' Trial Right ' in Chavez V. Martinez '' , Tennessee Law Review , Volume 70 , pages 987 -- 1045 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Roe v. Harvey , 98 Eng . Rep. 302 ( K.B. 1769 ) . Jump up ^ Rudd 's Case , 168 Eng . Rep. 160 ( K.B. 1775 ) . ^ Jump up to : Warden v. Hayden , 387 U.S. 294 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ King v. Warickshall , 168 Eng . Rep. 234 , 235 ( K.B. 1783 ) . Jump up ^ Zoo v. United States , 116 U.S. 616 ( 1886 ) . Jump up ^ Adams v. New York , 192 U.S. 585 ( 1904 ) . Jump up ^ Bram v. United States , 168 U.S. 532 ( 1897 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) : `` A substantial body of evidence suggests that the Fifth Amendment privilege protects against the compelled production not just of incriminating testimony , but of any incriminating evidence . '' Jump up ^ Iowa v. Cline , Supreme Court of Iowa ( September 7 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Weeks v. United States , 232 U.S. 383 ( 1914 ) . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Francis A. ( 1961 ) . `` Exclusionary Rule in the American Law of Search and Seizure , The Exclusionary Rule Regarding Illegally Seized Evidence '' . Journal of Criminal Law , Criminology and Police Science . 52 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Silverthorne Lumber v. United States , 251 U.S. 385 ( 1920 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1955 ) 44 Cal. 2d 434 Jump up ^ Mapp v. Ohio , 367 U.S. 643 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Cassell , Paul . `` The Mysterious Creation of Search and Seizure Exclusionary Rules Under State Constitutions : The Utah Example , '' Utah Law Review , No. 3 , page 751 , 756 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` Opinion analysis : The exclusionary rule is weakened but it still lives '' . 2016 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Amended '' . The Economist . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hudson v. Michigan , 547 U.S. 586 , 126 S. Ct. 2159 ( June 15 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Burdeau v. McDowell , 256 U.S. 465 ( 1921 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Jeffers and Jones v. United States clarify the standing requirements . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Singleton v. Wulff Et Al. , 96 S. Ct. 2868 , 428 U.S. 106 ( U.S. 1976 ) ; `` The Assertion of Constitutional Jus Tertii : A Substantive Approach '' , Robert Allen Sedler , California Law Review , Vol. 70 , No. 6 ( Dec. , 1982 ) , pp. 1308 -- 1344 ; `` Standing to Assert Constitutional Jus Tertii '' , 88 Harv. L. Rev. 423 , ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Walder v. United States Jump up ^ Wolf v. Colorado 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Alvarez - Machain , 504 U.S. 655 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA v. JIMENO '' . Oyez. 1991 . Jump up ^ Shiffman , John ; Cooke , Kristina ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : U.S. directs agents to cover up program used to investigate Americans '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ People of the State of New York v. John Defore , 150 N.E. 585 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Stagg , Tom , Judge , United States District Court Western District of Louisiana ( July 15 , 1991 ) . `` Letter to the Editor '' . Shreveport , La. : New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spence , Karl ( 2006 ) . `` Fair or Foul ? Exclusionary rule hurts the innocent by protecting the guilty '' . Yo ! Liberals ! You Call This Progress ? . Converse , Texas : Chattanooga Free Press / Fielding Press . ISBN 0976682605 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0976682608 . Jump up ^ Polenberg , Richard . The World of Benjamin Cardozo : Personal Values and the Judicial Process . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 203 -- 207 . ISBN 0674960521 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0674960527 Jump up ^ Oaks , Dallin H. ( 1970 ) . `` Studying the exclusionary rule in Search and Seizure '' . University of Chicago Law Review . The University of Chicago Law Review , Vol. 37 , No. 4 . 37 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 757 . doi : 10.2307 / 1598840 . JSTOR 1598840 . Jump up ^ Wilkey , Malcolm R. ( 1978 ) . `` The Exclusionary Rule : Why Suppress Valid Evidence ? '' . Judicature. 62 ( 5 ) : 214 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Nestlerode , Jana ( Winter -- Spring 2010 ) . `` Handcuffing America 's Fourth Amendment : ERODING THE INTENT OF THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE '' ( PDF ) . The Forensic Digest . Journal of the Academy of Forensic Nursing Science . 2 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 35 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Stuart , Jr. ( 1983 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Exclusionary - Rule Fight Moves to Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 1983 ) . `` Resolving the Dilemma of the Exclusionary Rule : An Application of Restitutive Principles of Justice '' . 32 . Emory L.J. : 937 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar , The Constitution and Criminal Procedure : First Principles 91 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Roger Roots , `` The Originalist Case for the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule '' , Gonzaga Law Review , Vol. 45 , pp. 1 - 66 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Roger Roots , `` The Framers ' Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule : The Mounting Evidence '' , Nevada Law Journal , Vol. 15 , pp. 42 - 76 ( 2014 ) http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=roger_roots Further reading ( edit ) Berg , B.L. Criminal Investigation ( McGraw - Hill , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340124 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exclusionary_rule&oldid=836894385 '' Categories : Evidence law Searches and seizures Legal doctrines and principles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date format Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本語 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which u.s. supreme court case required states to use the exclusionary rule	[ "It was not until Mapp v. Ohio[18] in 1961 that the exclusionary rule was also held to be binding on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees due process. Up until Mapp, the exclusionary rule had been rejected by most states.[19]" ]	[ "Mapp v. Ohio" ]
-3503048443952115513	Sisters of Charity of Australia	Sisters of Charity of Australia - wikipedia Sisters of Charity of Australia Mother Mary Aikenhead , Founder of the Sisters of Charity The Sisters of Charity of Australia ( formally the Religious Sisters of Charity , who use the postnominal initials of R.S.C. ) is a congregation of Religious Sisters in the Catholic Church who have served the people of Australia since 1838 . Contents 1 History 2 Services 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Mother Mary Aikenhead , who had founded the Religious Sisters of Charity in 1815 in Dublin , Ireland , then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , was requested by John Bede Polding , O.S.B. , the first Catholic bishop in Australia , to send some Sisters to help the many female convicts who had been transported to Australia as penalty for their crimes . Arriving in New South Wales , then still a colony of the British Empire , on the Francis Spaight on 31 December 1838 the Sisters who had volunteered to go to Australia from Ireland were the first Religious Sisters to set foot on the Australian continent . The Sisters of Charity of Australia have operated independently of the congregation in Ireland since 1842 . The spirituality of the Sisters of Charity derives from the life of St. Vincent de Paul and the vision of Mary Aikenhead , their foundress . In addition to the three vows of poverty , chastity and obedience , the Sisters of Charity take a fourth vow , of service to the poor . For the Sisters of Charity , `` Service of the Poor '' denotes not only the alleviation of a present affliction by immediate action , but also includes having a `` preferential option for the poor '' . Services ( edit ) The ministries of the Sisters of Charity have been quite varied in nature from the beginning of their founding . From ministering in prisons to managing hospitals and acting to conserve environments , they have been quick to move to where they have been most needed , and to where they have been of the greatest service to the poor . One of their most prominent ministries has been the establishment of St Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney in 1857 , which they have administered ever since . In 1957 , the Sisters opened Mt Olivet Hospital as a hospice in Brisbane . It now provides a wider range of hospital services and has been renamed St Vincent 's Private Hospital . See also ( edit ) Religious Sisters of Charity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Our History : Origins '' . Sisters of Charity of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary - sth.stvincents.com.au '' . Exwwwsvh.stvincents.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sisters of Charity Australia -- The Love Of Christ Impels Us '' . Sistersofcharity.org.au. 2002 - 06 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Our Story '' . St Vincent 's Hospital ( Brisbane ) . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Cullen , John H. , 1938 ' The Australian daughters of Mary Aikenhead : a century of charity , 1838 - 1938 ' , Pellegrini , Sydney Donovan , Margaret . M. ( 1979bc ) . Apostolate of Love : Mary Aikenhead , 1787 -- 1858 , Foundress of the Irish Sisters of Charity . Melbourne : Polding Press External links ( edit ) Religious Sisters of Charity of Australia Website Religious Sisters of Charity Website St. Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_Charity_of_Australia&oldid=849535559 '' Categories : Religious organizations established in 1842 Religious institutes in the Vincentian tradition Catholic female orders and societies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the sisters of charity founded in australia	[ "The Sisters of Charity of Australia (formally the Religious Sisters of Charity, who use the postnominal initials of R.S.C.) is a congregation of Religious Sisters in the Catholic Church who have served the people of Australia since 1838.\n" ]	[ "1838" ]
4142368272814390339	New York Yankees	New York Yankees - wikipedia New York Yankees Jump to : navigation , search For other historical teams known as the New York Yankees , see New York Yankees ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankees '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yankee ( disambiguation ) . `` Bronx Bombers '' redirects here . For the Broadway play , see Bronx Bombers ( play ) . New York Yankees 2017 New York Yankees season Established in 1901 Based in New York City since 1903 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 15 16 20 23 32 37 42 42 44 46 49 51 Colors Midnight navy blue , gray , white Name New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Other nicknames The Bronx Bombers , The Yanks , The Pinstripers , The Bronx Zoo , The Evil Empire , Murderer 's Row Ballpark Yankee Stadium ( II ) ( 2009 -- present ) Yankee Stadium ( I ) ( 1923 -- 1973 , 1976 -- 2008 ) Shea Stadium ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Polo Grounds ( IV ) ( 1913 -- 1922 ) a.k.a. Brush Stadium ( 1913 -- 1919 ) Hilltop Park ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Oriole Park ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 AL Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 East Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Yankee Global Enterprises ( Hal and Hank Steinbrenner , co-chairmen ) Manager Vacant General Manager Brian Cashman President of Baseball Operations Randy Levine The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the New York Mets of the National League . In the 1901 season , the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise ( which had ceased operations ) and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and former catcher Joe Girardi is the team 's manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ; in 2011 , the Yankees had the second - highest attendance . One of the most successful sports clubs in the world , the Yankees have won 18 division titles , 40 AL pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues . Forty - four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , and Whitey Ford . In pursuit of winning championships , the franchise has used a large payroll to attract talent , particularly during the Steinbrenner era . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $3.7 billion . The Yankees have garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The team 's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well - known rivalries in U.S. sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) 1.2 Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) 1.3 New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) 1.4 Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderer 's Row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) 1.5 Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) 1.6 Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) 1.7 The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) 1.8 New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) 1.9 Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) 1.10 Struggles : The Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) 1.11 New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1.12 Back on top : Championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 1.13 New Era : Baby Bombers ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Distinctions 3 World Series championships 4 Team nicknames 5 Logo , uniform , and dress code 6 Popularity 6.1 Fan support 6.2 The Bleacher Creatures 6.3 Global expansion and business model 6.4 Criticism 7 Fight and theme songs 8 Radio and television 8.1 Past announcers 9 Roster 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Retired numbers 9.3 Hall of Famers 10 Rivalries 10.1 Boston Red Sox 10.2 Subway Series 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Front office 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links History Main article : History of the New York Yankees Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) At the end of 1900 , Ban Johnson , president of the American League -- a minor league previously known as the Western League ( 1894 -- 1899 ) -- reorganized the league . He added teams in three East Coast cities , forming the American League ( AL ) as a major league in an attempt to challenge the National League ( NL ) for supremacy . Plans to add another a team in New York City were blocked by the NL 's New York Giants , who had enough political power in New York City to prevent the AL from establishing a team . Instead , a team was placed in Baltimore , Maryland , a city which the NL abandoned when it contracted from 12 to 8 teams in 1900 . Nicknamed the Orioles , the team began playing in 1901 and was managed and partly owned by John McGraw . During the 1902 season , McGraw feuded with Johnson and secretly jumped to the Giants . In the middle of the season , the Giants , aided and abetted by McGraw , gained controlling interest of the Orioles and began raiding it for players , until the AL stepped in and took control of the team . In January 1903 , a `` peace conference '' was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NL 's Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it , with only John T. Brush of the Giants opposing . The Orioles ' new owners , Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery , found a ballpark location not blocked by the Giants , and Baltimore 's team moved to New York . Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Hilltop Park , home of the Highlanders The team 's new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as `` American League Park '' ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattan 's highest points -- between 165th and 168th Streets -- just a few blocks away from the much larger Polo Grounds . The team came to be known as the New York Highlanders . The name was inspired by a combination of the team 's elevated location in Upper Manhattan , and to the noted Scottish military unit The Gordon Highlanders , which coincided with the team 's president Joseph Gordon whose family was of Scots Irish heritage . Newspapers initially called the team `` Gordon 's Highlanders '' ( e.g. New York World , April 15 , 1903 ) , which soon became just `` Highlanders '' . As was common with all members of the American League , the team was often called the New York Americans . They were also dubbed the `` Invaders '' for a short time in 1903 . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or `` Yanks '' ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines and because `` Yankee '' was and is a commonly - used synonym for `` American '' . A prophetic letter to the editor of the New York Sun , May 7 , 1903 , p. 8 , had raised this question : `` Name for the American New Yorks . If the new baseball team is to have a name that is in keeping with the ' Giants , ' does it not seem reasonable that if they are the ' New York Americans ' they might be called the ' Yankees ' or ' Yanks ' ? '' The most success the Highlanders achieved was finishing second in 1904 , 1906 and 1910 , 1904 being the closest they came to winning the AL pennant . That year , they lost the deciding game on the last day of the season to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . This had much historical significance , as the Highlanders ' role in the pennant race caused the Giants to announce that they would not play in the World Series against the AL pennant winner . The World Series was not skipped again for another 90 years , when a strike truncated the entire 1994 season . It was the last time Boston would beat New York in a pennant - deciding game for a full century ( 2004 ) . In 1904 , pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single - season wins record at 41 , which still stands . Under current playing practices , this is most likely an unbreakable record , when you consider that the last thirty game winner was Denny McLain ( 31 ) in 1968 . New owners , a New home , and a New name : years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) The Polo Grounds , home of the Yankees from 1913 to 1922 The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during reconstruction . Relations between the two teams warmed , and the Highlanders would move into the newly rebuilt Polo Grounds in 1913 . Now playing on the Harlem River , a far cry from their high - altitude home , the name `` Highlanders '' no longer applied , and fell into disuse among the press . The media had already widely adopted the `` Yankees '' nickname coined by the New York Press , and in 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and both were in dire need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million . Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune , providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team . This would lead the team to more success and prestige than Ruppert could ever have envisioned . It is interesting to note that all the games of the 1921 and 1922 World Series were played in the Polo Grounds , when the Yankees squared off against their intracity rival Giants . Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and murderer 's row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) With his hitting prowess , Babe Ruth ushered in an offensive - oriented era of baseball and helped lead the Yankees to four World Series titles . In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ballclubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname `` The Insurrectos '' . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who would later contribute to the team 's success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of the trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . The Red Sox often found themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt as a result of the Yankees ' success . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it would not be until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Ruth 's multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 -- the year after acquiring Babe Ruth -- the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should `` move to some out - of - the - way place , like Queens '' , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again , and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Important newcomers in this period were manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 would cause a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . Lou Gehrig was the first Yankees player to have his number retired , in 1939 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium . It was the first triple - deck venue in baseball and seated an astounding 58,000 people . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Babe Ruth hit a home run , which was fitting as his home runs and drawing power paid for the stadium , giving it its nickname of `` The House That Ruth Built '' . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year , and triumphed in the brand new ballpark for their first championship . Prior to that point , the Giants had been the city 's icon and dominant team . From 1923 onward , the Yankees would assume that role , and many years later the Giants would leave Coogan 's Bluff for San Francisco . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . The Yankees won a then - AL record 110 games with only 44 losses , and swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruth 's home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single - season home run record that would stand until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting . 373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBIs , beating Ruth 's single - season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees would win the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the team 's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruth 's `` Called Shot '' in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting `` swan song '' to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth would leave the Yankees to join the NL 's Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) In 1941 , Joe DiMaggio set an MLB record with a 56 - game hitting streak that stands to this day and will probably never be broken . With Ruth retired , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team would win an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup and retired due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , now nicknamed `` Lou Gehrig 's Disease '' in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be `` Lou Gehrig Day '' , on which they retired his number 4 ( the first retired number in baseball ) . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be `` the luckiest man on the face of the earth . '' He died two years later . The 1941 baseball season was often described as the last year of the `` Golden Era '' before World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive . 400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series -- the first of seven October meetings between the two crosstown rivals before the Dodgers ultimately moved to California -- the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , were drafted into the military to fight in World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankee field manager , however , was marked with success . The `` underdog '' Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggio 's career was winding down , and the `` Yankee Clipper '' retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the `` Oklahoma Kid '' , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars that would fill the gap . Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Opening Day of the 1951 baseball season at Griffith Stadium . President Harry Truman throws out the first ball as Casey Stengel looks on . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from 1949 -- 1953 under Stengel , which continues to be the major league record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengel 's teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his twelve seasons as the Yankees manager . Stengel was a master at publicity for the team and for himself , even landing a cover story in Time magazine in 1955 . The 1950 title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won over 100 games , but the Indians took the pennant with an AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In 1955 , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them , but the Yankees came back strong the next year . On October 8 , 1956 , in Game Five of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and was the only no - hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no - hitter on October 6 , 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California , the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles , leaving the Yankees as New York 's only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves , and became the second team to win the Series after being down three - games - to - one . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( ' 50 , 51 , ' 52 , ' 53 , ' 56 , ' 58 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus ' 55 and ' 57 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees ' first African - American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) Mickey Mantle was one of the franchise 's most celebrated hitters , highlighted by his 1956 Triple Crown . Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then - Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this `` special relationship '' with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees ' favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankee farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees ' top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O. Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . But the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBIs , and extra base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 would prove to be one of the most memorable in Yankee history . Throughout the summer , Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace , and became known as the `` M&M Boys '' . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup and drop out of the race . Maris continued though , and on October 1 ( the last day of the regular season ) , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruth 's single season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162 - game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154 - game season , two separate records would be kept . It would be 30 years before the dual record would be done away with , and Maris would hold the record alone until Mark McGwire broke it in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109 -- 53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a then - record 240 home runs . After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers and Giants for the West Coast , New York City was a one - team town for the first time since professional play began . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants ' former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games . It would be the Yankees ' last championship until 1977 . The Yankees reached the 1963 World Series , but were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten in seven games by the St. Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 , when they were swept by the Big Red Machine . New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80 % of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . In fact , the Yankees finished in the second division in 1965 -- their first losing record in 40 years , and only their second in 47 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished last in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next - to - last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ' ownership , in 1970 . Topping and Webb had owned the Yankees for 20 years , missing the World Series only five times and going 10 -- 5 in the ones they did get to . By contrast , the CBS - owned teams never went to the World Series . Various reasons have been given for the decline , but the single biggest one was the Yankees ' inability to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961 - 62 offseason , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the major league amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . At the start of this period , all - time `` Voice of the Yankees '' Mel Allen , the team 's top announcer since 1939 , was fired after the 1964 season , supposedly due to cost - cutting measures by longtime broadcast sponsor Ballantine Beer . During baseball 's centennial season in 1969 , the greatest players at each position for every team were named during a voting . The all - time Yankees were : Bill Dickey ( catcher ) , Whitey Ford ( left - handed pitcher ) , Red Ruffing ( right - handed pitcher ) , Johnny Murphy ( relief pitcher ) , Lou Gehrig ( first base ) , Tony Lazzeri ( second base ) , Phil Rizzuto ( shortstop ) , Red Rolfe ( third base ) , Joe DiMaggio ( center field , also named baseball 's `` Greatest Living Player '' ) , Babe Ruth ( right field ) , Mickey Mantle ( left field ) , and Casey Stengel ( manager ) . Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) A group of investors , led by Cleveland - based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930 -- 2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS on January 3 , 1973 for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the team 's principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenner 's major goals was to renovate the Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team would have needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the stadium and began an extensive two - year renovation period . Since the city owned Shea , the Mets had to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . During 1974 and 1975 , Yankee Stadium was renovated into its final shape and structure , as shown here in 2002 , seven years before demolition . After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , Steinbrenner made another move , hiring former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed `` Big Red Machine . '' After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson -- who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles -- to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jackson 's Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jackson 's 5 - year contract . Martin would be hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankee organization and stadium being referred to as the `` Bronx Zoo . '' Despite the turmoil , Jackson starred in the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs in the same game , and overall , four home runs on four consecutive pitches from four different pitchers . Jackson 's great performance in the postseason earned him the Series MVP Award , and the nickname `` Mr. October . '' Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . In the 1950s and early 1960s , the Yankees had been dominant while the Red Sox were largely a non-factor . However , in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Yankees were mired in second place and the Red Sox led the league . In the late 1970s the two teams were contending simultaneously and locked in a close fight . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for `` defiance '' after he bunted while Martin had the `` swing '' signal on . Upon Jackson 's return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : `` They deserve each other . One 's a born liar ; the other 's convicted . '' Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning five games in a row and Boston was losing five in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four - game series at Fenway Park in early September , they were only four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' , winning the games 15 -- 3 , 13 -- 2 , 7 -- 0 , and 7 -- 4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by `` Louisiana Lightning '' Ron Guidry , who would lead the majors with nine shutouts , a 25 -- 3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . Guidry finished with 248 strikeouts , but Nolan Ryan 's 260 strikeouts with the California Angels deprived Guidry of the pitching Triple Crown . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a one - game playoff ( the 163rd game of the regular season ) was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2 -- 0 lead . In the seventh inning , light - hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three - run home run over the `` Green Monster '' ( Fenway Park 's famed left field wall ) , putting the Yankees up 3 -- 2 . Reggie Jackson 's solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5 -- 4 win that gave the Yankees their one hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title and Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the World Series . They lost the first two games in LA , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and won Game 6 in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award - winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the hated Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The mask and catcher 's mitt of Thurman Munson , the team captain who was killed in a plane crash in 1979 The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , Thurman Munson died after crashing his private plane while practicing `` Touch and Go '' landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important , and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munson 's , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munson 's bat ( which he gave to his fallen friend 's wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the team 's runs in a dramatic 5 -- 4 walk - off victory . Before the game , Munson 's locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankee clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munson 's locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadium 's museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes to the Yankees . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Thanks to Howser 's no - nonsense attitude , Reggie Jackson hit . 300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas City 's George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the 100 - win Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the 1980 ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10 - year contract . The Yankees fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split - season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second - half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After narrowly defeating Milwaukee in five games , they breezed through Billy Martin and the Oakland Athletics in a three - game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees got off to a hot start by winning the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back and stunned the Yankees by winning the next four games to clinch their first World Series title since 1965 . Struggles : the Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) Don Mattingly headlined a Yankees franchise that struggled in the 1980s . Following the team 's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St. Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine that had defeated his team in the 1976 World Series , George Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the `` Bronx Burners '' , increasing the Yankees ' ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of `` waiting around for a 3 run home run '' . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All - Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All - Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the first such Yankees team since the 1910s ) and had only 1 playoff appearance . Although they consistently had a powerful offense -- Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title throughout most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led the majors in runs scored for the decade -- the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22 -- 6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Ron Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees ' rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no - hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees ' lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value -- he was traded to the Oakland A 's in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox ( who lost in the World Series that year to the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets ) respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East standings both years . Despite their lack of championships and playoff appearances the Yankees posted the highest winning percentage of all MLB teams during the 1980s . By the end of the decade , the Yankees ' offense was on the decline . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire ' 89 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfield 's tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free - agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last - place finish in franchise history . On July 1 , 1990 , pitcher Andy Hawkins became the first Yankee ever to lose despite throwing a no - hitter . Third baseman Mike Blowers committed an error , followed by two walks and an error by the left fielder Jim Leyritz with the bases loaded , scoring all three runners and the batter . The 4 -- 0 loss to the Chicago White Sox was the largest margin of any no - hitter loss in the 20th century . Ironically , the Yankees ( and Hawkins ) were no - hit for six innings in a rain - shortened game against the White Sox 11 days later . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and 1990s would soon change . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day - to - day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition / development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the club 's emphasis from high - priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the strike ended the season and Mattingly 's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams ( 1981 and 1994 ) , which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the post-season would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and dropped the next three in Seattle . Mattingly , suffering greatly from his back injury , retired after the 1995 season . He had the unfortunate distinction of beginning and ending his career on years bookended by Yankee World Series appearances ( 1981 and 1996 ) . New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) The Yankees ' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s was built from a core of productive players , including Jorge Posada , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( `` Clueless Joe '' was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenner 's ownership . 1996 saw the rise of three Yankees who would form the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second - year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second - year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years in 1996 . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in the ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles in five games , which included a notable fan interference by young Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0 -- 2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18 - year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians in five games . GM Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant GM Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a then - AL record 114 regular season wins against just 48 losses and then sweeping the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins is an MLB single - season record . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins at Yankee Stadium . On July 18 , 1999 , which was `` Yogi Berra Day '' at the stadium , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees ' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series . The Yankees would go on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998 -- 1999 Yankees a 22 -- 3 record ( including four series sweeps ) in six consecutive post-season series . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the New York Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956 . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14 , surpassing the club 's previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936 -- 1939 and 1949 -- 1953 , as well as the 1972 -- 1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also part the Braves -- Mets rivalry . As noted above , three of their four World Series wins happened against either team ( Braves in 1996 and 1999 , Mets in 2000 ) . Joe Torre added further fuel to the dynasty being part of the rivalry , having played for and managed both teams and he becoming manager of the Yankees and the events of the 1996 season were seen as factors in that rivalry intensifying . In aftermath of the September 11 attacks , that year , Yankees defeated the Oakland A 's in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998 -- 2001 Yankees joined the 1921 -- 1924 New York Giants , and the Yankee teams of ' 36 -- ' 39 , ' 49 -- ' 53 , ' 55 -- ' 58 and ' 60 -- ' 64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4 - year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ( following the Cleveland Indians in 1997 ) and the first time since 1991 that the home team won all seven games of a World Series . The Yankees were also the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under . 200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , `` Mr. November '' , echoing comparisons Reggie Jackson 's `` Mr. October '' , for his walk - off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees ' home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled `` Prayer for America . '' A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL best record of 103 -- 58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual champion Anaheim Angels in four games . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101 -- 61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens ' 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven game series , which featured a bench - clearing incident in Game 3 and a series - ending walk - off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins , losing a World Series at home for the first time since 1981 . Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez , 2007 In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Derek Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American pro sports history , to lose a best - of - seven series after taking a 3 -- 0 series lead . Main article : 2005 New York Yankees season In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS in five games to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5 - game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the `` Second Boston Massacre '' ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49 -- 26 . Main article : 2006 New York Yankees season Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . Main article : 2007 New York Yankees season On June 18 , 2007 the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the People 's Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees ' streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced - length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Back on top : championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Former Yankees catcher Joe Girardi became manager in 2008 . After Torre 's departure the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three - year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was played there on July 15 , 2008 . The final regular - season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to `` take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . '' Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . The new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 and was christened with a World Series victory . Main articles : 2009 New York Yankees season and 2009 World Series During the off - season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A.J. Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium , located just a block north on River Avenue from their former home . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error - free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they defeated the Twins in a sweep before moving on to the ALCS where the Yankees defeated Angels in six games . They defeated the defending champions , the Philadelphia Phillies , in Game 6 of the World Series 7 -- 3 , to take the series 4 -- 2 , their 27th World Series title . Main article : 2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torre 's Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All - Star break , Pennsylvania announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 American League Championship Series 4 games to 2 . In a 22 -- 9 win over the Athletics at home on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title for the second time in three seasons , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers in five games in the 2011 American League Division Series . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the AL 's best record at 95 -- 67 . They faced the Orioles in the 2012 American League Division Series . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk - off homer , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees ' 3 -- 2 win . The Yankees would defeat the Orioles in five games . But in the 2012 American League Championship Series , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four - game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season - ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the WBC and played only 15 games in the season , Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Derek Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever in a home game playing the Baltimore Orioles . It was scored as 4 -- 6 -- 5 -- 6 -- 5 -- 3 -- 4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , 2013 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild card era , eliminated them from any playoffs . They ended the season 85 - 77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013 -- 14 offseason , the Yankees went on a large free agent spending spree , signing players such as Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs for the second straight season , the first time in the post-1994 strike era , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84 - 78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162 - game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Derek Jeter -- playing his final home game -- hit a walk - off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The 2015 season saw the Yankees make the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aaron 's record of fifteen 30 - homer seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit - by - pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeira 's place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5 - 3 with a 2.89 ERA in 62.1 innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87 - 75 and in 2nd place . They were soundly defeated by the Houston Astros , 3 -- 0 in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game , shutout for six innings by opposing starter Dallas Keuchel , earning boos from the frustrated home crowd of Yankees fans . In the offseason , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds ' closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman would later be suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season on a rough note , starting 9 - 17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted . 200 and . 204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6 - 12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th - highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52 - 52 , persuading ownership to trade away their most valuable assets and be sellers at the deadline . New era : Baby Bombers ( 2016 -- present ) On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a package centered around top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres and Miller to the Cleveland Indians for prospects outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the season 's end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12. . In his fourth - to - last game , Teixeira hit a walk - off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge in August . They made their debuts on August 13 , hitting back - to - back home runs in their first career at - bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in only 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting the record at the time as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees ' prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the `` Baby Bombers '' . During the 2016 - 17 offseason , the Yankees signed Chapman back after just trading him to the Cubs to a five - year , $86 million contract , the most expensive for a relief pitcher in history . In 2017 , the Yankees finished the season with their first 90 or more win season since 2012 , finishing the season with a 91 - 71 overall record . They finished 2nd in the AL East behind the Red Sox , but captured the first AL Wild Card spot . Judge and Sánchez combined for 85 home runs . Sanchez finished with 33 , the most by a Yankees catcher in a single season . Judge led the American League with 52 home runs , and broke the record for most home runs in a single season by a rookie which was previously held by Mark McGwire with 49 home runs in 1987 . The Yankees starting pitching was led by ace Luis Severino , who rebounded from his last season to lead the Yankees ' pitching staff . On July 1 , Clint Frazier made his MLB debut where he went 2 for 4 with a home run . The Yankees sent five players to the 2017 All star game including Dellin Betances , Starlin Castro , Sánchez , Severino , and Judge . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , making the Yankees the team with the most players to win a Home Run Derby in history . After the All Star break , the Yankees acquired Todd Frazier , David Robertson , Tommy Kahnle , and Sonny Gray . In the 2017 AL Wild Card Game at Yankee Stadium the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins 8 -- 4 to move on the ALDS . In the ALDS , the Yankees lost the first two games to the Cleveland Indians before winning the final three games . They played the Houston Astros in the 2017 American League Championship Series and lost the series in seven games . Distinctions World Series rings See also : List of New York Yankees seasons and New York Yankees award winners and league leaders The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories . The Yankees ' number of World Series losses , 13 , leads Major League Baseball . The St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers and New York / San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece . Of their 18 World Series appearances , the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times , going 3 -- 8 , while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times , going 2 -- 5 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees ' success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2014 , the Yankees have an all - time regular season winning percentage of . 567 ( a 10,031 -- 7,648 record ) , the best of any team in baseball . World Series championships The Yankees have won 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came in 2009 , under manager Joe Girardi , when they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . Season Manager Opponent Series score Record 1923 Miller Huggins New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 54 1927 Miller Huggins Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 110 -- 44 1928 Miller Huggins St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 0 101 -- 53 1932 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 107 -- 47 1936 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 2 102 -- 51 1937 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 1 102 -- 52 1938 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 99 -- 53 1939 Joe McCarthy Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 0 106 -- 45 1941 Joe McCarthy Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 101 -- 53 1943 Joe McCarthy St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 1 98 -- 56 1947 Bucky Harris Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1949 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 97 -- 57 1950 Casey Stengel Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 0 98 -- 56 1951 Casey Stengel New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 56 1952 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1953 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 2 99 -- 51 1956 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1958 Casey Stengel Milwaukee Braves 4 -- 3 92 -- 62 1961 Ralph Houk Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 1 109 -- 53 1962 Ralph Houk San Francisco Giants 4 -- 3 96 -- 66 1977 Billy Martin Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 62 1978 Bob Lemon Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 63 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 2 92 -- 70 1998 Joe Torre San Diego Padres 4 -- 0 114 -- 48 1999 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 0 98 -- 64 2000 Joe Torre New York Mets 4 -- 1 87 -- 74 2009 Joe Girardi Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 103 -- 59 Total World Series championships : 27 Team nicknames The `` Yankees '' name is often shortened to `` the Yanks . '' Their most prominently used nickname is `` the Bronx Bombers '' or simply `` the Bombers '' , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is `` the Pinstripes '' , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as `` the Evil Empire '' , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the team 's tumultuous late 70s , `` the Bronx Zoo '' , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the `` Damn Yankees '' , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the `` Evil Empire '' as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play `` the villain '' . Logo , uniform , and dress code Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees Popularity Fan support `` Freddy Sez '' holding one of his signs near the bleachers entrance before a game between the Yankees and the Texas Rangers With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road - trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home - town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million - fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million - fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record - setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in `` road attendance '' each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as `` Freddy Sez . '' For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees ' home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees ' jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees members use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees members , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures A shirt worn by a number of Bleacher Creatures Main article : Bleacher Creatures The `` Bleacher Creatures '' are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium , and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees , and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing team 's right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The `` creatures '' got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip `` Flip '' Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . Global expansion and business model The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises which owns the team 's regional YES sports network . While the club has claimed it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million this figure is attributed only to the ballclub 's finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left - field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys that would form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams ' stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9 % from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . Criticism With the long - term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as `` the Bronx Zoo '' ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyle 's book ) or `` the Evil Empire . '' When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant `` Yankees Suck '' , and T - shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) , and the free agent superstars the team attracts in the offseason . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , `` Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . '' Fight and Theme songs The grounds crew at Yankee Stadium dancing to `` Y.M.C.A. '' The official fight song for the Yankees is `` Here Come the Yankees '' , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts . Another song strongly linked to the team is `` New York , New York '' , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimited 's `` Get Ready For This '' is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimited 's `` Workaholic '' containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadium 's Hammond organ . `` God Bless America '' has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played is an abbreviated version of Kate Smith 's rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play - off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a Capella and includes a longer introduction . During the 5th inning , the grounds crew , while performing their duties , dance to `` Y.M.C.A. '' . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmer 's garb is shown dancing in the stadium 's control room , with the words `` Cotton - Eyed Joey '' at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the `` Zorba the Greek Theme '' , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television Main article : List of New York Yankees broadcasters The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network launched in 2002 , and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play - by - play announcer with Ken Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul O'Neill work as commentators as part of a three - man , or occasionally two - man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR - TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play - by - play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish - language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939 -- ' 40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944 -- ' 57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958 -- ' 60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961 -- ' 66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967 -- ' 70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971 -- ' 77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978 -- ' 80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981 -- 2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002 -- 2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN - FM 101.9 ( 2014 -- present ) . Past announcers Mel Allen was the team 's lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . Red Barber called Yankees games for thirteen seasons ( 1954 -- 1966 ) . Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , is the longest serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster Further information : List of New York Yankees coaches , List of New York Yankees managers , New York Yankees award winners and league leaders , and New York Yankees team captains Current roster New York Yankees 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 68 Dellin Betances 85 Luis Cessa 54 Aroldis Chapman 50 Giovanny Gallegos 64 Domingo Germán 55 Sonny Gray 57 Chad Green 61 Ben Heller -- Ronald Herrera 65 Jonathan Holder 48 Tommy Kahnle 66 Bryan Mitchell 47 Jordan Montgomery 30 David Robertson -- Nick Rumbelow 40 Luis Severino 45 Chasen Shreve 41 Caleb Smith 19 Masahiro Tanaka 43 Adam Warren Catchers -- Kyle Higashioka 27 Austin Romine 24 Gary Sánchez Infielders 67 Miguel Andújar 26 Tyler Austin 33 Greg Bird 14 Starlin Castro -- Garrett Cooper 18 Didi Gregorius 12 Chase Headley 74 Ronald Torreyes 39 Tyler Wade Outfielders -- Jake Cave 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 77 Clint Frazier 11 Brett Gardner 31 Aaron Hicks 99 Aaron Judge Manager -- Vacant Coaches -- Jason Brown ( bullpen catcher ) 62 Alan Cockrell ( hitting ) -- Vacant ( third base / infield ) 60 Mike Harkey ( bullpen ) 56 Tony Peña ( first base / catching ) 58 Larry Rothschild ( pitching ) 63 Marcus Thames ( asst . hitting ) 59 Rob Thomson ( bench ) 38 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated November 6 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . Billy Martin 2B , M Retired August 10 , 1986 Derek Jeter SS Retired May 14 , 2017 Babe Ruth RF Retired June 13 , 1948 Lou Gehrig 1B Retired July 4 , 1939 Joe DiMaggio CF Retired April 18 , 1952 Joe Torre Retired August 23 , 2014 Mickey Mantle CF , Coach Retired June 8 , 1969 Bill Dickey C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Yogi Berra C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Roger Maris RF Retired July 21 , 1984 Phil Rizzuto SS Retired August 4 , 1985 Thurman Munson Retired August 3 , 1979 Whitey Ford SP , Coach Retired August 3 , 1974 Jorge Posada Retired August 22 , 2015 Don Mattingly 1B , Coach Retired August 31 , 1997 Elston Howard C , Coach Retired July 21 , 1984 Casey Stengel Retired August 8 , 1970 Mariano Rivera RP Retired September 22 , 2013 Reggie Jackson RF Retired August 14 , 1993 Andy Pettitte SP Retired August 23 , 2015 Ron Guidry SP , Coach Retired August 23 , 2003 Bernie Williams CF Retired May 24 , 2015 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadium 's left field fence and in front of the opposing team 's bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 20 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrig 's number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The first four in the row of retired numbers at the old Yankee Stadium The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and would later be observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No. 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodger 's style , and on September 22 , 2013 a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickey 's number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player / manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have never issued in their history , as the only single - digit number available for future Yankees . Hall of Famers New York Yankees Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Baltimore Orioles Roger Bresnahan Joe Kelley Joe McGinnity John McGraw Wilbert Robinson New York Highlanders Jack Chesbro * Clark Griffith Willie Keeler Branch Rickey New York Yankees Frank Baker Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Wade Boggs Frank Chance Earle Combs Stan Coveleski Bobby Cox Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Leo Durocher Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Waite Hoyt Miller Huggins Catfish Hunter * * Reggie Jackson Randy Johnson Tony Lazzeri Bob Lemon Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail Mickey Mantle Joe McCarthy Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Phil Rizzuto Iván Rodríguez Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Casey Stengel Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Paul Waner George Weiss Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Yankees or Highlanders cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Catfish Hunter could not decide between the Yankees and Athletics , and so opted to wear no insignia on his cap upon his induction . Larry MacPhail served as co-owner , president and general manager of the Yankees. Lee MacPhail served as director of player personnel and general manager of the Yankees . Both were inducted as Executives by the Veterans Committee . Neither were affiliated with a primary team or depicted on their plaques with caps Jacob Ruppert was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Yankees . Ed Barrow and George Weiss were inducted as Executives for their work as general managers of the Yankees . They are depicted on their plaques without caps . New York Yankees Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman * Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Tony Kubek * Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Yankees . * Played as a Yankee Rivalries Boston Red Sox Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Boston Red Sox and the Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television , schedule permitting . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the American League East rivals have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series Main articles : Subway Series , Mets -- Yankees rivalry , Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , and Giants -- Yankees rivalry The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The term 's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11 -- 3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of New York Yankees minor league affiliates The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams : Level Team League Location AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders International League Moosic , Pennsylvania AA Trenton Thunder Eastern League Trenton , New Jersey Advanced A Tampa Yankees Florida State League Tampa , Florida Charleston RiverDogs South Atlantic League Charleston , South Carolina Short Season A Staten Island Yankees New York -- Penn League Staten Island , New York Rookie Pulaski Yankees Appalachian League Pulaski , Virginia GCL Yankees West Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida GCL Yankees East Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida DSL Yankees 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Yankees 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Front office Main article : List of New York Yankees owners and executives The Yankees front office , as of 2013 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner / Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A. Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . See also Baseball portal New York City portal List of World Series champions List of New York Yankees managers References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Timeline 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Yankee Stadium '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1999 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travis , Clay ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Yankee Revenue To Immediately Double In New Stadium '' . Deadspin . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Hall of Fame Register '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` The Cowboys And Yankees Top The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees ( 1903 -- present ) '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Gordon - Society for American Baseball Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William F. ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball , McFarland , chapter 3 : The Professional Game : 1876 to 1892 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 42468 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Find Franchise Trade History between Boston Red Sox & New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners Of Yanks To Enjoin Johnson ; Colonels Ruppert and Huston Will Carry Fight for Carl Mays Into Court . Refuse To Attend Meeting Big Baseball Battle Precipitated by Ban 's Belated Action Against Former Boston Pitcher . Will Enjoin President . Statement of Owners . Parting of the Ways '' . The New York Times . August 4 , 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Stout , Glenn . `` When the Yankees nearly moved to Boston '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . Random House . pp. 101 -- 104 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Frazee and the Red Sox - Society for American Baseball Research '' . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard . `` 1927 `` Murderers ' Row '' New York Yankees : No Team Has Ever Been Better `` . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell Speech '' . lougehrig.com . July 4 , 1939 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 20 baseball records that may never be broken '' . Jump up ^ Acocella , Nick . `` Larsen had one perfect day '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Recap '' . ESPN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jeff ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Valuing Trades Between the Kansas City A 's and New York Yankees '' . Royals Review . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Friend , Harold . `` The New York Yankees Traded Roger Maris for Him ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Maris battled Mantle , media and Babe 's legacy '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris breaks home - run record - Oct 01 , 1961 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline 1951 -- 1975 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2005 ) . Voices of Summer . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` ' The Boss ' made Yankees a dictatorship '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyle , Sparky ; Golenbock , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Bronx Zoo : The Astonishing Inside Story of the 1978 World Champion New York Yankees . Illinois : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 715 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall of Famers -- Reggie Jackson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Was a Liar and George Steinbrenner Was Convicted , Said Mr. Martin '' . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Capitol Mon , July 24 , 1978 '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` 25 years later , Thurman Munson 's last words remain a symbol of his life '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Forgotten Era : The ' 80s '' . `` There is an element of follow the leader that happened in the 1980s '' , Thorn said . `` The Yankees remade their roster in the 1980s to utilize speed and defense . And it did n't work with that short porch . '' Other teams out - slugged the Yankees in their home ball park , which was part of the reason the Yankees did n't win a pennant after 1981 when their late - 1970s dynasty began to break up . Jump up ^ `` Switch - hitting OF Dave Collins ' time with New York Yankees short but sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` Steinbrenner 's Speed '' . Jump up ^ `` Fans voicing displeasure with Yankees ' ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . Steinbrenner said ... `` You have to look at the record . We did n't win a World Series this decade , but we had the best record of the 1980s of any team in the major leagues . '' ... This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( August 10 , 1994 ) . `` ' 81 , ' 94 Yankees Both Winners but Worlds Apart in Personality '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C2 . Those who followed the 1981 New York Yankees ... ca n't help but notice potential similarities with this year 's first - place Yankee club . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . The Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played a Series game . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . BaseballReference.com. 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Torre 's timeline with Yankees '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` In Final Twist , New York Falls in Ninth '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Diamondbacks 3 , Yankees 2 '' . Associated Press . The other two all - home victory Series were both won by Minnesota , 1987 and 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees finish off five - game sweep '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees sign two Chinese prospects '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kamaras , Jacob ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees Sign Sponsorship Agreement With China 's Yili Group '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees name Joe Girardi the 32nd manager in franchise history ; Signed to a three - year contract through the 2010 season '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Yankees Schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No additional final sendoff for Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Teixeira slide sparks Yanks in 12 -- 3 win over Texas '' . ABCNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Back on Top , Yankees Add a 27th Title '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . redsox.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dodgers draw Yanks , Red Sox in 2010 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees turn key triple play vs. O 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees eliminated with Indians ' victory '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod's suspension reduced to 162 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Clutch ! Jeter scripts walk - off in home finale '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards Voting Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod joins Hank Aaron as only players with 15 30 - home run seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Melancon , Andrew Miller are top relievers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Fans Boo Brett Gardner '' . The New York Times - The New York Times . 2015 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aroldis Chapman suspended 30 games '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs acquire Aroldis Chapman from Yankees '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Indians Acquire Andrew Miller '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez announces retirement , will play final game Friday '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira announces retirement '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira '' Game Logs '' 2016 '' Batting FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , Judge hit back - to - back HRs in 1st at - bats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Gary Sanchez 's 20th home run helps set an MLB record '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees depending on Baby Bombers in 2017 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tayler , Jon . `` Yankees gamble by splurging for Aroldis Chapman '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge breaks Mark McGwire 's rookie home run record '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Clint Frazier homers in first MLB game '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Home Run Derby : Aaron Judge becomes fourth New York Yankees player to win '' . masslive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Yankees Acquire Todd Frazier and David Robertson in Trade With White Sox '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Yankees shocked the Indians with their power and bullpen '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://nypost.com/2017/10/21/yankees-come-up-empty-in-game-7-as-season-ends-in-a-whimper/ Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` Didi Gregorius Leads Yankees to Game 5 Win vs. Indians ; Will Face Astros in ALCS '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Season - By - Season World Series Results '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lucchino fires shot at Yanks after losing out on pitcher '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack . `` The 50 Most Popular Teams in Sports '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees reach four million in tickets sales for second consecutive season '' . MLB.com . July 2 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2006 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Third , Charlie Wattsizname '' . The Smoking Gun . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( 2005 ) . Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium . New York : Sports Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees and Chinese Baseball Association reach landmark agreement '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees team with Yomiuri Giants '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jim ( 2005 ) . Yankees Suck ! : The Unofficial Guide for Those Who Hate , Despise , Loathe , and Detest Those Bums from the Bronx . Penguin Group : Roadside Amusements . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 12677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Salary Database '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankee Quotations '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) . `` How ' Y.M.C.A. ' Became Baseball 's Never - Ending Jam '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Ink Multi-Year Broadcast Deal With WFAN AM & FM '' . Newyork.cbslocal.com . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees retire Jackie Robinson 's number '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/video/v1214974983/yankees-will-retire-jeters-no-2-in-2017 Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Zero single - digit numbers in the Bronx ? Actually , there 's still one left '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Affiliates '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Front Office '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Bibliography Surdam , David G. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression '' . Enterprise and Society . 9 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 40 . doi : 10.1093 / es / khn081 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . New York Yankees : 40 - Man Roster New York Yankees : Manager and Coaches External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Yankees . 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'' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Vacant Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 2017 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Yankees Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees Links to related articles Principal owners of the New York Yankees Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Sydney Frank ( 1901 -- 1902 ) John Mahon ( 1902 ) Andrew Freedman ( 1902 ) Ban Johnson ( 1902 ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1913 ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1903 -- 1913 ) New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. and Tillinghast Huston ( 1915 -- 1922 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1922 -- 1939 ) The Estate of Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail , Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1947 -- 1964 ) CBS ( 1964 -- 1973 ) George Steinbrenner ( 1973 -- 2008 ) Hal and Hank Steinbrenner ( 2008 -- present ) New York Yankees general managers Ed Barrow ( 1920 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail ( 1945 -- 1947 ) George Weiss ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Roy Hamey ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Ralph Houk ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Dan Topping Jr. ( 1966 ) Lee MacPhail ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Gabe Paul ( 1973 -- 1977 ) Cedric Tallis ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Gene Michael ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Bill Bergesch ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Murray Cook ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Clyde King ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Woody Woodward ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Lou Piniella ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Quinn ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Pete Peterson ( 1990 ) Gene Michael ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Bob Watson ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Brian Cashman ( 1998 -- present ) New York Yankees managers John McGraw ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Wilbert Robinson ( 1902 ) Clark Griffith ( 1903 -- 1908 ) Kid Elberfeld ( 1908 ) George Stallings ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Hal Chase ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Harry Wolverton ( 1912 ) Frank Chance ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger Peckinpaugh ( 1914 ) Bill Donovan ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Miller Huggins ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Art Fletcher ( 1929 ) Bob Shawkey ( 1930 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1931 -- 1946 ) Bill Dickey ( 1946 ) Johnny Neun ( 1946 ) Bucky Harris ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Casey Stengel ( 1949 -- 1960 ) Ralph Houk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Yogi Berra ( 1964 ) Johnny Keane ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Ralph Houk ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Bill Virdon ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Billy Martin ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Howser ( 1978 ) Bob Lemon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Billy Martin ( 1979 ) Dick Howser ( 1980 ) Gene Michael ( 1981 ) Bob Lemon ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Gene Michael ( 1982 ) Clyde King ( 1982 ) Billy Martin ( 1983 ) Yogi Berra ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Billy Martin ( 1985 ) Lou Piniella ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Billy Martin ( 1988 ) Lou Piniella ( 1988 ) Dallas Green ( 1989 ) Bucky Dent ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Stump Merrill ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Buck Showalter ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Joe Torre ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Joe Girardi ( 2008 -- 2017 ) New York Yankees retired numbers 1 Billy Martin 2 Derek Jeter 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Torre 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Bill Dickey & Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Phil Rizzuto 15 Thurman Munson 16 Whitey Ford 20 Jorge Posada 23 Don Mattingly 32 Elston Howard 37 Casey Stengel 42 Mariano Rivera 44 Reggie Jackson 46 Andy Pettitte 49 Ron Guidry 51 Bernie Williams Championship Navigation Boxes New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Benny Bengough Joe Bush Joe Dugan Mike Gazella Hinkey Haines Harvey Hendrick Fred Hofmann Waite Hoyt Ernie Johnson Sam Jones Carl Mays Mike McNally Bob Meusel Herb Pennock George Pipgras Wally Pipp Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Bob Shawkey Elmer Smith Aaron Ward Whitey Witt Manager Miller Huggins Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1927 World Series champions Benny Bengough Pat Collins Earle Combs Joe Dugan Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Joe Giard Johnny Grabowski Waite Hoyt Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Bob Meusel Wilcy Moore Ray Morehart Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Dutch Ruether Babe Ruth Bob Shawkey Urban Shocker Myles Thomas Julie Wera Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season Murderers ' Row New York Yankees 1928 World Series champions Benny Bengough George Burns Archie Campbell Pat Collins Earle Combs Bill Dickey Joe Dugan Leo Durocher Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Johnny Grabowski Fred Heimach Waite Hoyt Hank Johnson Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Wilcy Moore Bob Meusel Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Gene Robertson Babe Ruth Al Shealy Myles Thomas Tom Zachary Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions 1 Earle Combs 2 Lyn Lary 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Ben Chapman 7 Jack Saltzgaver 8 Bill Dickey 9 Art Jorgens 10 George Pipgras 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Herb Pennock 14 Ed Wells 15 Red Ruffing 16 Wilcy Moore 17 Danny MacFayden 18 Johnny Allen 19 Jumbo Brown 20 Charlie Devens 20 Johnny Murphy 21 Joe Sewell 22 Doc Farrell 23 Tony Lazzeri 24 Sammy Byrd 26 Joe Glenn 27 Myril Hoag 28 Ivy Andrews 32 Eddie Phillips Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Jimmy Burke 31 Cy Perkins Regular season Babe Ruth 's called shot New York Yankees 1936 World Series champions 1 Roy Johnson 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig ( AL MVP ) 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Joe DiMaggio 10 Don Heffner 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Jack Saltzgaver 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Jumbo Brown 18 Art Jorgens 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Johnny Broaca 21 Pat Malone 22 Bob Seeds 25 Kemp Wicker 26 Joe Glenn Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1937 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 24 Ivy Andrews 25 Kemp Wicker Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1938 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Gordon 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Tommy Henrich 19 Johnny Murphy Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1939 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Babe Dahlgren 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Oral Hildebrand 32 Steve Sundra Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1941 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 7 Tommy Henrich 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Phil Rizzuto 12 Buddy Rosar 14 Jerry Priddy 15 Red Ruffing 17 Charley Stanceu 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler 22 Marius Russo 24 Marv Breuer 26 Ken Silvestri 27 Frenchy Bordagaray 28 Atley Donald 34 Johnny Sturm Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1943 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Bud Metheny 5 Nick Etten 6 Joe Gordon 7 Billy Johnson 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Roy Weatherly 15 Hank Borowy 16 Tuck Stainback 18 Johnny Lindell 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler ( AL MVP ) 22 Marius Russo Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1947 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Allie Clark 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Bobby Brown 8 Aaron Robinson 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Lonny Frey 15 Tommy Henrich 16 Bill Bevens 20 Spec Shea 21 Spud Chandler 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 27 Johnny Lindell 29 Sherm Lollar 34 Bobo Newsom 35 Yogi Berra 36 Jack Phillips 38 Karl Drews 42 Charley Wensloff 43 Vic Raschi 50 Ralph Houk 51 George McQuinn Manager 37 Bucky Harris Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Red Corriden 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1949 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Gene Woodling 15 Tommy Henrich 17 Vic Raschi 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 27 Johnny Lindell 28 Tommy Byrne 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Gus Niarhos 42 Jerry Coleman Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1950 World Series champions 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto ( AL MVP ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 19 Whitey Ford 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 26 Tom Ferrick 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Jackie Jensen 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season New York Yankees 1951 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 5 Joe DiMaggio 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra ( AL MVP ) 9 Bobby Brown 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald ( AL ROY ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 25 Hank Bauer 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 35 Joe Ostrowski 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Bobby Hogue 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 15 Tommy Henrich 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1952 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 18 Ray Scarborough 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 32 Ralph Houk 36 Johnny Mize 40 Ewell Blackwell 41 Joe Collins Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1953 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Vic Raschi 18 Jim McDonald 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Art Schallock 45 Don Bollweg Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 32 Ralph Houk 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen ( World Series MVP ) 19 Bob Turley 22 Mickey McDermott 23 Tommy Byrne 28 Tom Morgan 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Rip Coleman 32 Elston Howard 36 Norm Siebern 39 George Wilson 41 Bob Cerv 42 Jerry Coleman 47 Tom Sturdivant 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Bob Grim Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1958 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Tony Kubek 11 Jerry Lumpe 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen 19 Bob Turley ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 20 Marv Throneberry 23 Murry Dickson 24 Duke Maas 25 Norm Siebern 26 Ryne Duren 28 Art Ditmar 30 Bobby Shantz 32 Elston Howard 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Zach Monroe Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Charlie Keller 35 Ralph Houk Regular season New York Yankees 1961 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris ( AL MVP ) 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 12 Billy Gardner 14 Bill Skowron 15 Jack Reed 16 Whitey Ford ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry 28 Bud Daley 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 47 Luis Arroyo Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 29 Earl Torgeson 31 Johnny Sain 36 Wally Moses 44 Jim Hegan Regular season New York Yankees 1962 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 14 Bill Skowron 15 Tom Tresh ( AL ROY ) 16 Whitey Ford 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry ( World Series MVP ) 26 Dale Long 28 Bud Daley 30 Marshall Bridges 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 56 Jim Bouton Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 44 Jim Hegan 36 Wally Moses 55 Spud Murray 31 Johnny Sain Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent 24 Mike Torrez 25 George Zeber 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 35 Don Gullett 40 Fran Healy 41 Cliff Johnson 44 Reggie Jackson ( World Series MVP ) 49 Ron Guidry 50 Ken Clay Manager 1 Billy Martin Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 21 Cloyd Boyer 32 Elston Howard 33 Bobby Cox 34 Dick Howser 42 Art Fowler Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 12 Jim Spencer 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent ( World Series MVP ) 24 Gary Thomasson 25 Brian Doyle 27 Jay Johnstone 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 36 Paul Lindblad 41 Cliff Johnson 43 Ken Clay 44 Reggie Jackson 45 Jim Beattie 46 Mike Heath 49 Ron Guidry 54 Goose Gossage Manager 21 Bob Lemon Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 42 Art Fowler 32 Elston Howard 34 Dick Howser 33 Gene Michael Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1996 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Dwight Gooden 12 Wade Boggs 13 Jim Leyritz 17 Kenny Rogers 18 Mariano Duncan 19 Luis Sojo 20 Mike Aldrete 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Jimmy Key 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Andy Fox 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Rubén Rivera 31 Tim Raines 33 Charlie Hayes 35 John Wetteland ( World Series MVP ) 36 David Cone 39 Darryl Strawberry 41 Brian Boehringer 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Cecil Fielder 46 Andy Pettitte 51 Bernie Williams ( ALCS MVP ) 52 David Weathers 57 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Bench Coach 48 Don Zimmer Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Bullpen Catcher Rudy Árias Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1998 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 14 Hideki Irabu 18 Scott Brosius ( World Series MVP ) 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Homer Bush 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 31 Tim Raines 33 David Wells ( ALCS MVP ) 36 David Cone 38 Ricky Ledée 39 Darryl Strawberry 40 Darren Holmes 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1999 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 13 Jim Leyritz 14 Hideki Irabu 17 Ricky Ledée 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández ( ALCS MVP ) 27 Allen Watson 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 39 Darryl Strawberry 42 Mariano Rivera ( World Series MVP ) 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 2000 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter ( World Series MVP ) 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Denny Neagle 13 José Vizcaíno 14 Luis Sojo 17 Dwight Gooden 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Polonia 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Chris Turner 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Allen Watson 28 David Justice ( ALCS MVP ) 29 Mike Stanton 31 Glenallen Hill 33 Jose Canseco 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza 58 Randy Choate Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 52 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 Lee Mazzilli Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Mets -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Brett Gardner 13 Alex Rodriguez 14 Eric Hinske 17 Jerry Hairston Jr . 18 Johnny Damon 19 Ramiro Peña 20 Jorge Posada 24 Robinson Canó 25 Mark Teixeira 26 José Molina 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 David Robertson 33 Nick Swisher 34 A.J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the yankees lose the world series	[ "In 2003, the Yankees again had the best league record (101–61), highlighted by Roger Clemens' 300th win and 4000th strikeout. In the ALCS, they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven game series, which featured a bench-clearing incident in Game 3 and a series-ending walk-off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7. In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins, losing a World Series at home for the first time since 1981." ]	[ "2003" ]
3577073434622537125	Mary Badham	Mary Badham - wikipedia Mary Badham Mary Badham Mary Badham speaking at Birmingham - Southern College in 2012 ( 1952 - 10 - 07 ) October 7 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Birmingham , Alabama , U.S. Occupation Retired actress ; art restorer Years active 1962 -- 1966 Spouse ( s ) Richard Wilt ( 1975 - present ) Children Mary Badham ( born October 7 , 1952 ) is an American actress , known for her portrayal of Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . At the time , Badham ( aged 10 ) was the youngest actress ever nominated in this category . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Career ( edit ) Mary Badham had no film acting experience before being cast in To Kill a Mockingbird . The Oscar in her category went to another child actress , Patty Duke for The Miracle Worker . During filming , Badham became particularly close to actor Gregory Peck , who played Scout 's father , Atticus Finch ; she kept in touch with him , always calling him ' Atticus ' , until his death in 2003 . Badham played Sport Sharewood in `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' , the final episode of the original Twilight Zone series . Due to technical issues , her voice in outdoor scenes was dubbed in post production by adult voice actress June Foray . She also appeared in the films This Property Is Condemned and Let 's Kill Uncle before retiring from the acting profession . In 2005 , at the urging of actor / writer / director Cameron Watson , Badham came out of retirement to play an offbeat cameo opposite Keith Carradine for his film , Our Very Own . Watson stated he would not accept any other actress for the part . He had managed to contact her in Monroeville , Alabama , where she had been invited to attend a stage version of To Kill a Mockingbird . Personal life ( edit ) Badham is the younger sister of director John Badham . As of 2014 , Badham was an art restorer and a college testing coordinator . She is married to Richard W. Wilt , dean of Library and Educational Support Services at Lehigh Carbon Community College , and the mother of two children . She has traveled around the world recalling her experiences making To Kill a Mockingbird , while expounding the book 's messages of tolerance and compassion . In 2012 , she attended a screening with President Barack Obama at the White House to mark the 50th anniversary of To Kill a Mockingbird . In 2015 , she defended Harper Lee 's new novel , Go Set a Watchman , and its portrayal of an older , more bigoted , Atticus Finch . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Director Role Notes Ref . 1962 To Kill a Mockingbird Robert Mulligan Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch 1963 Dr. Kildare Elliot Silverstein Cora Sue Henty 1964 The Twilight Zone Joseph M. Newman Sport Sharewood `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' 1966 This Property Is Condemned Sydney Pollack Willie Starr 1966 Let 's Kill Uncle William Castle Chrissie 1998 Fearful Symmetry Charles Kiselyak Herself Documentary on To Kill a Mockingbird 2005 Our Very Own Cameron Watson Mrs. Nutbush 2015 Earl Hamner Storyteller Ray Castro Jr Herself Documentary See also ( edit ) List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees - Best Supporting Actress , Youngest Nominees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Badham , Mary . `` How playing Scout in To Kill A Mockingbird changed my life '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin . `` Robert Duvall hails return of Harper Lee '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Badham Official Website : `` 50th Anniversary '' ; accessed July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/movies/mary+badham-228126.html#ixzz3g52aOVvW `` Mary Badham Q&A '' , Female First , February 17 , 2012 ; accessed July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Badham biography , imdb.com ; accessed March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bruinius , Harry . `` With ' Go Set a Watchman , ' Atticus Finch shows complexities of racism in America ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Isabel ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Opinion - Our Racial Moment of Truth '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Galo , Sarah . `` An Evening with the Real Scout Finch '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay . `` Mary Badham , ' Scout ' in 1962 's To Kill a Mockingbird , Reads Excerpts from Harper Lee 's New Novel in N.Y.C. '' people.com . Time Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW news desk . `` TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD 's ' Scout ' Mary Badham Visits the White Theatre This Weekend '' . broadwayworld.com . Wisdom Digital Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Teussell , Robert . `` Spend New Year 's Eve in ' The Twilight Zone ' '' . kansascity.com . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kazek , Kelly . `` Former Alabama child actors : Where are they now ? '' . al.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Goldrup , Tom and Jim ( 2002 ) . Growing Up on the Set : Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television . McFarland & Co. p. 30 - 37 . ISBN 1476613702 . Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914 - 1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , p. 7 . External links ( edit ) Mary Badham on IMDb Mary Badham at AllMovie BNE : XX1673222 BNF : cb141519924 ( data ) GND : 132322641 ISNI : 0000 0000 2663 7078 LCCN : n86138324 SUDOC : 166820172 VIAF : 32206554 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Badham&oldid=848316067 '' Categories : 1952 births Living people Actresses from Birmingham , Alabama American child actresses American film actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latina Polski Русский Tagalog اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 05 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the little girl in to kill a mockingbird	[ "Mary Badham (born October 7, 1952) is an American actress, known for her portrayal of Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.[1] At the time, Badham (aged 10) was the youngest actress ever nominated in this category.[2]\n" ]	[ "Mary Badham" ]
1154496332628088755	Little Shop of Horrors (film)	Little Shop of Horrors ( film ) - wikipedia Little Shop of Horrors ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the 1986 film . For other uses , see Little Shop of Horrors . Little Shop of Horrors Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Oz Produced by David Geffen Screenplay by Howard Ashman Based on Little Shop of Horrors by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman The Little Shop of Horrors by Roger Corman Starring Rick Moranis Ellen Greene Vincent Gardenia Steve Martin James Belushi John Candy Christopher Guest Bill Murray Narrated by Stanley Jones Music by Miles Goodman Cinematography Robert Paynter Edited by John Jympson Production company The Geffen Company Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 19 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 19 ) Running time 94 minutes ( Theatrical Cut ) 103 minutes ( Director 's Cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $38.7 million Little Shop of Horrors is a 1986 American rock musical horror comedy film directed by Frank Oz . It is a film adaptation of the off - Broadway musical comedy of the same name by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman about a geeky florist shop worker who finds out his venus fly trap can speak . Menken and Ashman 's Off - Broadway musical was based on the low - budget 1960 film The Little Shop of Horrors , directed by Roger Corman . The 1986 film stars Rick Moranis , Ellen Greene , Vincent Gardenia , Steve Martin , and Levi Stubbs as the voice of Audrey II . The film also featured special appearances by James Belushi , John Candy , Christopher Guest , and Bill Murray . It was produced by David Geffen through The Geffen Company and released by Warner Bros. on December 19 , 1986 . Little Shop of Horrors was filmed on the Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage at the Pinewood Studios in England , where a `` downtown '' set , complete with overhead train track , was constructed . The film was produced on a budget of $25 million , in contrast to the original 1960 film , which , according to Corman , only cost $30,000 . The film 's original 23 - minute finale , based on the musical 's ending , was rewritten and reshot after audiences at the preview screenings did not react positively to it . For years only available as black - and - white workprint footage , the original ending was fully restored in 2012 by Warner Home Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Original ending 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Operating the plant 4.5 The finale 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A three - girl `` Greek chorus '' -- Crystal , Ronnette , and Chiffon -- introduce the movie , warning the audience that some horror is coming their way ( `` Prologue : Little Shop of Horrors '' ) . Seymour Krelborn ( Rick Moranis ) and his colleague , Audrey ( Ellen Greene ) , work at Mushnik 's Flower Shop in a run - down , rough neighborhood referred to as `` Skid Row '' in the slums of New York City . They lament that they can not escape the neighborhood ( `` Skid Row '' ( Downtown ) `` ) . Struggling from a lack of customers , Mr. Mushnik ( Vincent Gardenia ) decides to close the store , but Audrey suggests he may have more success by displaying an unusual plant that Seymour owns . Immediately attracting a customer , Seymour explains he bought the plant , which he dubbed `` Audrey II '' , from a Chinese flower shop during a solar eclipse ( `` Da - Doo '' ) . Attracting business to Mushnik 's shop , the plant soon starts dying , worrying Seymour . Accidentally pricking his finger , he then discovers Audrey II needs human blood to thrive ( `` Grow For Me '' ) . Seymour takes Audrey II and is interviewed on the radio , and Audrey misses the broadcast due to being `` hand - cuffed a little '' by her sadistic , mean - spirited boyfriend Orin Scrivello ( Steve Martin ) . The three girls suggest Audrey dump Orin and get another man to protect her , like Seymour , but Audrey states she does n't deserve a nice guy . Despite this , Audrey has feelings for Seymour and secretly dreams of running off with him to the suburbs ( `` Somewhere That 's Green '' ) . Audrey II continues to grow rapidly and Seymour becomes a local celebrity ( `` Some Fun Now '' ) . Seymour soon attempts to ask Audrey out , but she turns him down because she has a date with her boyfriend , revealed to be a dentist ( `` Dentist ! '' ) . After Seymour closes up shop , Audrey II begins to talk to Seymour , demanding more blood than Seymour can give . The plant proposes that Seymour murder someone in exchange for fame and fortune : Seymour initially refuses , but agrees after witnessing Orin beating Audrey ( `` Feed Me ( Get It ) '' ) . After Orin finishes with his masochistic patient , Arthur Denton ( Bill Murray ) , who requested `` a long , slow , root canal '' , Seymour books an appointment with Orin and arms himself with a revolver ; however , he can not bring himself to use it . Orin , who abuses nitrous oxide , puts on a type of venturi mask to receive a constant flow of the gas . Accidentally breaking an intake valve and unable to remove the mask , Orin begs Seymour for help removing it , but Seymour does nothing . When Orin asks Seymour what he ever did to him , Seymour coldly replies , `` Nothing , it 's what you did to her . '' Orin dies from asphyxiation and Seymour drags his body back to Audrey II . While dismembering the body to feed to the plant , Seymour is unknowingly witnessed by Mushnik , who flees in fear . After feeding Orin 's parts to Audrey II , which has grown to enormous size , Seymour discovers the police investigating Orin 's disappearance . Audrey , feeling guilty about wishing Orin would disappear , is comforted by Seymour and the two admit their feelings for each other ( `` Suddenly , Seymour '' ) . That night , Mushnik confronts Seymour about what he saw and holds Seymour at gunpoint , threatening to report him to the police . Mushnik then changes his mind , saying that since Seymour was `` like a son '' to him , he 'll allow Seymour to leave town , leaving the plant to Mushnik . With no choice , Seymour steadily backs him towards the plant , which swallows Mushnik whole ( `` Suppertime '' ) . Despite widespread success , Seymour worries about Audrey II 's growth and unbridled appetite ( `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' ) . Offered money and a contract for a botany TV show , Seymour plans to escape Skid Row with Audrey using the money , leaving the plant to starve . After Audrey accepts Seymour 's marriage proposal , Audrey II catches Seymour leaving and demands another meal : Seymour agrees , but insists on meat from a butcher . While Seymour is gone , the plant telephones Audrey , coaxes her into the shop , and then tries to eat her . Seymour , returning in time to save Audrey , escapes the store with her . Explaining that he fed the plant to become successful and win Audrey 's heart , Seymour discovers she has always loved him . Approached by an executive from a botanical company named Patrick Martin ( James Belushi ) , Seymour is offered a contract to breed Audrey II and sell the saplings worldwide . Horrified by the idea , Seymour drives Martin away , and realizes he must destroy Audrey II for the sake of humanity . Returning to the shop , Seymour learns that Audrey II is actually an alien from outer space ( `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' ) . Audrey II traps Seymour and destroys the shop , but Seymour grabs an exposed electrical cable and electrocutes Audrey II . Leaving the destroyed shop , Seymour safely reunites with Audrey . The two wed and move to the suburbs : arriving at their new home , which is the one seen in Audrey 's daydreams , a smiling Audrey II bud can be seen among the flowers in their front yard . Original ending ( edit ) During production , director Oz shot a 23 - minute ending based on the off - Broadway musical 's ending . However , after audiences at the preview screenings did not react positively to it , the ending had to be rewritten and re-shot for the theatrical release with a `` happier ending . '' The changes also comprised re-edits to many scenes , amounting to a lighter tonal shift throughout the whole movie in order to appease test audiences and accommodate the new ending . These were either moments foreshadowing the original ending or establishing the tragic karma of the characters ; most notably in the darker editing of the scenes in which Seymour feeds Orin and Mushnik to the plant and the alternative dialogue between Seymour and Audrey before a cut `` Suddenly Seymour '' reprise . In the original ending , when Audrey is attacked by the plant , Seymour pulls her from its jaws but is too late to save her , as she is mortally wounded . As she is dying she tells him what the plant said about Orin and Mushnik , and then Seymour confesses that he fed them to the plant . Audrey requests that Seymour feed her to the plant too , so that it will live and Seymour can earn the success he deserves ( `` Somewhere That 's Green ( Reprise ) '' ) . After fulfilling her dying wish , he attempts suicide by jumping off the roof of a building , only to be stopped by Patrick Martin . Martin offers to reproduce and sell Audrey IIs , and has already grown a smaller Audrey II from one of the clippings that he harvested earlier . He also warns Seymour that his consent is n't necessary , as plants are considered to be in the public domain . Realizing Audrey II is planning global domination , Seymour climbs down from the roof with the resolution to destroy the plant . Returning to the shop , he confronts and tries to kill Audrey II , who tears down the shop , fishes him from the rubble and eats him alive . The plant then spits out Seymour 's glasses and laughs victoriously ( `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space ) '' . The three chorus girls appear in front of a large American flag and tell how although Audrey II buds became a worldwide consumer craze , the buds grew into an army of monstrous plants who begin to take over the Earth . Giant Audrey II plants are shown destroying cities , toppling buildings , as well as eating people . The United States Army attempts to fight the buds as they ascend the Statue of Liberty and Audrey II eventually bursts through the movie screen ( `` Finale ( Do n't Feed The Plants ) '' ) . Cast ( edit ) Rick Moranis as Seymour Krelborn , a nerdy florist who loves `` strange and interesting '' plants . He is nice and well - intentioned , but is easily influenced : the plant , Audrey II , tricks him into feeding it humans . Ellen Greene as Audrey , a kind , shy , friendly , and awkward coworker who is the object of Seymour 's affections , but who is dating the sadistic Orin Scrivello . Vincent Gardenia as Mr. Mushnik , the grumpy , stingy owner of Mushnik 's Flower Shop . Steve Martin as Orin Scrivello , DDS , a sadistic , nitrous oxide - addicted dentist and Audrey 's violent , abusive boyfriend . Levi Stubbs as the voice of Audrey II , an evil and boisterous flytrap - like extraterrestrial plant with plans to take over the planet . Tichina Arnold , Michelle Weeks , and Tisha Campbell as Crystal , Ronette , and Chiffon , the three mysterious girls who act as a Greek chorus and often provide back - up to the songs throughout the film . James Belushi as Patrick Martin , a Licensing and Marketing executive from World Botanical Enterprises who offers Seymour a proposal to sell Audrey IIs worldwide . Belushi appears in the theatrical release after re-shoots , as actor Paul Dooley ( who played Martin in the original ending ) was unavailable to reprise his scenes . John Candy as Wink Wilkinson , the DJ for WSKID who puts on a radio show about `` weird stuff '' called `` Wink Wilkinson 's Weird World '' . Christopher Guest as The First Customer , the first customer to enter the flower shop and notice Audrey II . Bill Murray as Arthur Denton , a hyperactive masochist who visits Orin the dentist for `` a long , slow root canal . '' Miriam Margolyes as a Dental Nurse , Orin 's cynical nurse / secretary who Orin frequently appears to enjoy hurting . Stanley Jones as the Narrator , whose voice is heard reading the opening words . Mak Wilson , Danny John - Jules , Danny Cunningham , Gary Palmer , and Paul Swaby as the doo - wop backup singers . Jim Henson 's daughter Heather Henson cameos as one of Orin 's patients . Vincent Wong as the Chinese Florist Kerry Shale as ' Life ' Magazine assistant Audrey II was operated by John Alexander , Anthony Asbury , Don Austen , David Barclay , Michael Barclay , James Barton , Michael Bayliss , Marcus Clarke , Sue Dacre , Graham Fletcher , Brian Henson , Terry Lee , Christopher Leith , Toby Philpott , Mike Quinn , Paul Springer , William Todd - Jones , Ian Tregonnian , Robert Tygner , and Mak Wilson . Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Prologue : Little Shop of Horrors '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Skid Row ( Downtown ) '' -- Seymour , Audrey , Mushnik , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company `` Da - Doo '' -- Seymour , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Grow for Me '' -- Seymour , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal ( off - screen ) `` Somewhere That 's Green '' -- Audrey `` Some Fun Now '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Dentist ! '' -- Orin , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Feed Me ( Git It ) '' -- Audrey II , Seymour `` Suddenly , Seymour '' -- Seymour , Audrey , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` Suppertime '' -- Audrey II , Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal `` The Meek Shall Inherit '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company `` Suppertime ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey II , Audrey , Chiffon , Ronette and Crystal ( off screen ) `` Suddenly , Seymour ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey , Seymour `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' -- Audrey II , the Pods `` Little Shop of Horrors medley '' ( end credits ) -- Company Original ending `` Somewhere That 's Green ( Reprise ) '' -- Audrey , Seymour `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' -- Audrey II , the Pods `` Finale ( Do n't Feed the Plants ) '' -- Chiffon , Ronette , Crystal , Company Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) David Geffen was one of the original producers of the off - Broadway show and he began planning to produce a feature film adaptation . He originally wanted Steven Spielberg to executive produce the film and Martin Scorsese to direct . Scorsese wanted to shoot the film in 3 - D , but plans fell through and Scorsese 's first 3 - D film would be Hugo 25 years later . John Landis was also attached to the project for a time . Geffen then offered the film to Frank Oz , who was finishing work on The Muppets Take Manhattan around the same time . Oz initially rejected it , but he later had an idea that got him into the cinematic aspect of the project , which he did not figure out before . Oz spent a month and a half to restructure the script which he felt was stage - bound . Geffen and Ashman liked what he had written and decided to go with what he did . Oz was also studying the Off - Broadway show and how it was thematically constructed , all in order to reconstruct it for a feature film . The film differs only slightly from the stage play . The title song is expanded to include an additional verse to allow for more opening credits . The song `` Ya Never Know '' was re-written into a calypso - style song called `` Some Fun Now '' , although some of the lyrics were retained . Four other songs ( `` Closed for Renovation '' , `` Mushnik and Son '' , `` Now ( It 's Just the Gas ) '' , as well as `` Call Back in the Morning '' ) were cut from the original production score . An original song written by Ashman and Menken , `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' , was created for the film . Casting ( edit ) Greene was not the first choice for the role of Audrey . The studio wanted Cyndi Lauper , who turned it down . Barbra Streisand was also rumored to have been offered the part . Since Greene was the original off - Broadway Audrey , the role was given to her . `` She 's amazing '' , Oz said . `` I could n't imagine any other Audrey , really . She nailed that part for years off - Broadway . '' The character of the masochistic dental patient , Arthur Denton , played in the original film by Jack Nicholson under the name `` Wilbur Force , '' and cut from the stage version , was added back to the story and played by Bill Murray , who improvised all of his dialogue . It supposedly took Steve Martin six weeks to film all his scenes as Orin . He contributed ideas such as socking the nurse in the face ( originally he was to knock her out using his gas mask ) and ripping off the doll head . Filming ( edit ) All the scenes were filmed at Pinewood Studios in England , making use of every sound stage there , including the 007 Stage . Oz and his crew did not want to shoot on location as it would tamper with the fantastical mood of the film . Part of the giant 007 stage was used to film the ' Suddenly Seymour ' number . But because of its size , the stage was impractical to heat properly and thus caused breath condensation to appear from the actor 's lips . This was countered by having Ellen Greene and Rick Moranis put ice cubes in their mouths . This would be the first time Moranis and Martin starred in a film together and as they would later appear together in three more films : Parenthood , My Blue Heaven and L.A. Story . As mentioned , additional sequences and songs from the original off - Broadway show were dropped or re-written in order for the feature version to be paced well . The notable change was for the `` Meek Shall Inherit '' sequence . As originally filmed , it detailed through a dream sequence Seymour 's rising success and the need to keep the plant fed and impress Audrey . In the final cut , the dream sequence and much of the song is cut out . Oz said , `` I cut that because I felt it just did n't work and that was before the first preview in San Jose . It was the right choice , it did n't really add value to the entire cut . '' The full version of the song was included on the film 's soundtrack album , as were the songs from the original ending . The sequence was deemed to be lost until in 2012 when it was rediscovered on a VHS workprint that contained alternate and extended takes and sequences . Operating the plant ( edit ) The film 's version of Audrey II was an extremely elaborate creation , using puppets designed by Lyle Conway . While developing the mouth of the plant for the dialogue scenes and musical numbers , Oz , Conway and his crew were struggling to figure out how to make the plant move convincingly . `` We kept trying and trying and it did n't work . '' The solution presented itself while reviewing test footage of the puppet . When the film was run backwards or forward at a faster than normal speed , the footage looked much more convincing and lifelike . They realized they could film the puppet at a slower speed , making it appear to move faster when played back at normal speed . `` By slowing it down it looked it was talking real fast . We then went ' holy cow , look at that . We can do it . ' '' The frame rate for filming the plant was slowed to 12 or 16 frames per second , depending on the scene , and frequent screen cuts were used to minimize the amount of screen time the puppet spent with human actors , and when interaction was totally necessary , the actors ( usually Moranis ) would pantomime and lip sync in slow motion . The film was then sped up to the normal 24 frames per second and voices were reinserted in post-production . Levi Stubbs ' recordings were run through a harmonizer when slowed down so that they were coherent for Moranis or Ellen Greene . There are no blue screens or opticals involved in any of Audrey II 's scenes , with the exception of the reshot ending where the plant is electrocuted , designed by Visual Effects supervisor Bran Ferren , and in some shots during the rampage in the original ending . The plant was made in six different stages of growth and there were three different versions of Mushnik 's shop , making it possible for two units to work with different sized plants at the same time . Each of the talking plants had to be cleaned , re-painted and patched up at the end of each shooting day , which would take up to three hours depending on the size . The `` Suppertime '' number uses two different sizes of Audrey II . When the plant is singing all alone in the shop , it is actually a smaller size : the same size as when it sang `` Feed Me '' , but now standing on a scaled down set to make it look larger . The full size one that is seen to interact with Seymour and Mushnik was not provided with lip movement , but was built to swallow Mushnik 's ( mechanical ) legs . During Audrey II 's final stage of growth , 60 technicians were necessary to operate the one - ton puppet . The finale ( edit ) Audrey II on top of the Statue of Liberty in the film 's planned ending , shown here in its unfinished state as taken from an early - stage black - and - white workprint . The visual effects were completed for the Director 's Cut of the film . Oz and Ashman wanted to retain the ending of the musical where Seymour and Audrey die and the plant succeeds and takes over the city of New York , but Geffen was actually against it . `` He said you ca n't do that , '' Oz recounts . `` But again he knew what Howard and I wanted to do , so he supported us . '' A special effects team skilled in working with miniatures , and Special Visual Effects team , went to great lengths to create the finale . The model department was supervised by Richard Conway , known for his model work on Flash Gordon and Brazil . `` It was all model stuff , that was the brilliant thing . He created the bridge , the buildings , several Audrey IIs and created all of it , all on tabletop . It 's all old - fashioned , tabletop animation '' ( although no stop motion animation was used in the film or in the ending ) . The Visual Effects work was supervised by Bran Ferren ( Altered States ) . Reportedly the entire planned climax cost about $5 million to produce , and included elaborate special and visual effects . Oz said in an interview , `` this was , I think , the most expensive film Warner Bros. had done at the time . '' As the film was nearing completion , the excited studio set up a test screening in San Jose . Oz said , `` For every musical number , there was applause , they loved it , it was just fantastic ... until Rick and Ellen died , and then the theatre became a refrigerator , an ice box . It was awful and the cards were just awful . You have to have a 55 percent `` recommend '' to really be released and we got a 13 . It was a complete disaster . '' Oz insisted on setting another test screening in L.A. to see if they would get a different reaction . Geffen agreed to this , but they received the same negative reaction as before . Oz later recounted , `` I learned a lesson : in a stage play , you kill the leads and they come out for a bow -- in a movie , they do n't come out for a bow , they 're dead . They 're gone and so the audience lost the people they loved , as opposed to the theater audience where they knew the two people who played Audrey and Seymour were still alive . They loved those people , and they hated us for it . '' Oz and Ashman scrapped Audrey and Seymour 's grim deaths and the finale rampage , and Ashman rewrote a happier ending , with James Belushi replacing Paul Dooley ( who was unavailable for the re-shoot ) as Patrick Martin . The musical number `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' was left mostly intact from the original cut , with new shots of Audrey observing from a window added in . A brief sequence from the `` Mean Green Mother '' number was also removed in which Seymour fires his revolver at Audrey II , only to discover that the bullets ricochet harmlessly off of the plant . In the happy ending , Audrey II is destroyed and Seymour , Audrey , and humanity survive . This happy ending is made somewhat ambiguous , however , with a final shot of a smiling Audrey II bud in Seymour and Audrey 's front yard . Tisha Campbell was unavailable for the final appearance of the chorus girls in the yard and was replaced with a lookalike seen only from the waist down . `` We had to do it , '' Oz recounted. `` ( and do it ) in such a manner that the audience would enjoy the movie . It was very dissatisfying for both of us that we could n't do what we wanted . So creatively , no , it did n't satisfy us and being true to the story . But we also understood the realities that they could n't release the movie if we had that ending . '' `` We had to take ( the workprint ) apart , and we never made a dupe of ( the original ending ) . '' At the time , the only copies of it that were made to be viewed were VHS workprint tapes given to few crew members . The scene in which Seymour proposes to Audrey originally contained the reprise of `` Suddenly , Seymour '' . This scene was re-shot and the reprise was placed later in the new ending . In the final theatrical cut , the only miniatures that are retained are the New York City streets passing behind Steve Martin 's motorcycle ride at the beginning of `` Dentist ! '' `` When we did re-shoot the ending , the crowd reaction went over 50 percent in our favor . Before it was a point where they hated it so much , Warner probably would n't even release the movie , '' Oz said . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Little Shop of Horrors , after a delay needed to complete the revised ending , was released on December 19 , 1986 and was anticipated to do strong business over the 1986 holiday season . The film grossed $38 million at the box office , which , from the view point of the studio , was considered an underperformer . However , it became a smash hit upon its home video release in 1987 on VHS and Beta . Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews to give it a score of 90 % based on reviews from 48 critics , the general consensus states : `` Remixing Roger Corman 's B - movie by way of the Off - Broadway musical , Little Shop of Horrors offers camp , horror and catchy tunes in equal measure -- plus some inspired cameos by the likes of Steve Martin and Bill Murray . '' On Metacritic , which uses an average of critics ' reviews , the film has an 81 % rating based on 15 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' ( 14 positive reviews , 1 mixed , and no negative ) . Richard Corliss of Time magazine said , `` You can try not liking this adaptation of the Off - Broadway musical hit -- it has no polish and a pushy way with a gag -- but the movie sneaks up on you , about as subtly as Audrey II . '' In The New York Times , Janet Maslin called it `` a full - blown movie musical , and quite a winning one '' . Roger Ebert said in his review : `` All of the wonders of Little Shop of Horrors are accomplished with an offhand , casual charm . This is the kind of movie that cults are made of , and after Little Shop finishes its first run , I would n't be at all surprised to see it develop as one of those movies that fans want to include in their lives '' . Oz 's friend and Muppet colleague Jim Henson praised the film and said `` the lip sync on the plant in that film is just absolutely amazing '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was also nominated for two Academy Awards , one for Best Visual Effects ( Lyle Conway , Bran Ferren , Martin Gutteridge ) , the other for Best Original Song ( Alan Menken , Howard Ashman ) for Audrey II 's new number , `` Mean Green Mother from Outer Space '' . `` Mean Green '' was the first Oscar - nominated song to contain profanity in the lyrics and thus had to be slightly censored for the show . It 's also the first of only two songs sung by a villain to be nominated , the other being `` Blame Canada '' from South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . It lost to `` Take My Breath Away '' from Top Gun . It was also nominated for Best Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical ( it lost to Hannah and Her Sisters ) and Best Original Score ( Miles Goodman ) during the 44th Golden Globe Awards . The Score went to Ennio Morricone for The Mission . Home Media ( edit ) Little Shop of Horrors was the first DVD to be recalled for content . In 1998 , Warner Bros. released a special edition DVD that contained approximately 23 minutes of unfinished footage from Oz 's original ending , although it was in black and white and was missing some sound , visual , and special effects . Producer and rights owner David Geffen was not aware of this release until it made it to the stores . Geffen said , `` They put out a black - and - white , un-scored , un-dubbed video copy of the original ending that looked like shit . '' As a result , the studio removed it from shelves in a matter of days and replaced it with a second edition that did not contain the extra material . Geffen wanted to re-release the film to theaters with the original ending intact . Geffen also claimed to have a color copy of the original ending , while the studio had lower quality , black and white duplicates as their own color print was destroyed in a studio fire years earlier . But Geffen had not known , until after the DVD was pulled , that the studio did not know there was no colored copy of the original ending in existence . In November 2011 , Oz held a Q&A session at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria , Queens during a Henson themed exhibit . During the talk , he announced that the film would be released as a new special edition with the original ending restored . Warner Bros. reconstructed and restored the ending in an alternate edit , with re-discovered color negatives of the sequence and the help of production notes from Frank Oz and others on the film 's creative team . It was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 9 , 2012 with features returning from the original DVD . It was initially subtitled as `` The Intended Cut '' , but changed to `` The Director 's Cut '' once Oz began to support the release . The new edit was screened at the 50th New York Film Festival in the `` Masterwork '' line - up on September 29 , 2012 , alongside titles such as Laurence Olivier 's Richard III and Heaven 's Gate . Frank Oz worried that the audience would give a negative reaction at the 2012 screening , however , `` the audience accepted Audrey and Seymour 's deaths with applause and roared in glee during the plant rampage , '' says Oz . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring eclipses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LITTLE SHOP OF HORRORS ( PG ) '' . Columbia - Cannon - Warner . British Board of Film Classification . January 27 , 1987 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Corman interview '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Oz : Muppets maestro discusses ' Little Shop of Horrors ' and the remaking of his classics '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Shop of Horrors ' VHS colour workprint online '' . 2012 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Shop of Horrors ' VHS colour workprint online '' . 2012 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Little Shop of Reshoots '' . DVD Savant . November 20 , 1999 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Howard Ashman '' . Unknown Baltimore Publication. 1984 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Little Shop - Deleted Scenes FOUND '' . Justn Hoskie . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Oz DVD commentary , Little Shop of Horrors ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . Review , Little Shop of Horrors , Reelviews.net , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Oz Interview '' . ^ Jump up to : `` An Evening with Jim Henson and Frank Oz '' . Aleza Makayla on YouTube . 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( December 24 , 1986 ) . `` ' Kong Lives ' Dies At Box Office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Little Shop of Horrors at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Little Shop of Horrors at Metacritic Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Green and Red for Christmas '' . Time Magazine . 1986 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Screen : ' Little Shop of Horrors ' '' . The New York Times . 1986 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Shop of Horrors '' by Roger Ebert `` . Chicago Sun - Times . 1986 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( March 6 , 1998 ) . `` Horror of ' Horrors ' ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ryan Dosier ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Muppet Mindset : Frank Oz Visits The Museum of Moving Image '' . Themuppetmindset.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Shop of Horrors ' Makes Blu - ray Debut '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Latest MPAA Ratings Bulletin No. 2205 by Brad Brevet January 12 2012 Jump up ^ Little Shop Movie to Screen at New York Film Festival with Original Violent Ending External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 film ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Comedy portal 1980s portal Little Shop of Horrors on IMDb Little Shop of Horrors at Box Office Mojo Little Shop of Horrors at Rotten Tomatoes Little Shop of Horrors at Metacritic Little Shop of Horrors Films The Little Shop of Horrors ( 1960 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Musicals Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Television Little Shop ( 1991 ) Films directed by Frank Oz The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Dirty Rotten Scoundrels ( 1988 ) What About Bob ? ( 1991 ) Housesitter ( 1992 ) The Indian in the Cupboard ( 1995 ) In & Out ( 1997 ) Bowfinger ( 1999 ) The Score ( 2001 ) The Stepford Wives ( 2004 ) Death at a Funeral ( 2007 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(film)&oldid=804467253 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films 1980s comedy horror films 1980s musical films 1980s science fiction films American films American black comedy films American comedy horror films American comedy science fiction films American musical comedy films American rock musicals Films directed by Frank Oz Films about dentistry Films based on musicals Films based on musicals based on films Films featuring puppetry Films set in the 1960s Films set in New York City Musical film remakes Films shot at Pinewood Studios The Geffen Film Company films Warner Bros. films Science fiction musicals Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2014 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the plants name on little shop of horrors	[ "A three-girl \"Greek chorus\" – Crystal, Ronnette, and Chiffon – introduce the movie, warning the audience that some horror is coming their way (\"Prologue: Little Shop of Horrors\"). Seymour Krelborn (Rick Moranis) and his colleague, Audrey (Ellen Greene), work at Mushnik's Flower Shop in a run-down, rough neighborhood referred to as \"Skid Row\" in the slums of New York City. They lament that they cannot escape the neighborhood (\"Skid Row\" (Downtown)\"). Struggling from a lack of customers, Mr. Mushnik (Vincent Gardenia) decides to close the store, but Audrey suggests he may have more success by displaying an unusual plant that Seymour owns. Immediately attracting a customer, Seymour explains he bought the plant, which he dubbed \"Audrey II\", from a Chinese flower shop during a solar eclipse (\"Da-Doo\"). Attracting business to Mushnik's shop, the plant soon starts dying, worrying Seymour. Accidentally pricking his finger, he then discovers Audrey II needs human blood to thrive (\"Grow For Me\")." ]	[ "Audrey II" ]
-7258089658479398971	The Addams Family (1964 TV series)	The Addams Family ( 1964 TV series ) - wikipedia The Addams Family ( 1964 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Addams Family Created by David Levy Starring Carolyn Jones John Astin Jackie Coogan Ted Cassidy Blossom Rock Ken Weatherwax Lisa Loring Opening theme Vic Mizzy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 64 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Levy Producer ( s ) Nat Perrin Location ( s ) Hollywood , California Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 minutes per episode Production company ( s ) Filmways Distributor MGM Television ( through The Program Exchange ) Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Mono Original release September 18 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 18 ) -- April 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 08 ) Chronology Preceded by Cartoons in The New Yorker Followed by Halloween with the New Addams Family Related shows The Munsters ( 1964 -- 1966 ) The Addams Family is an American television series based on the characters in Charles Addams ' New Yorker cartoons . The 30 - minute series was created by David Levy and shot in black - and - white , airing for two seasons on ABC from September 18 , 1964 , to April 8 , 1966 , for a total of 64 episodes . It is often compared to its CBS rival , The Munsters , which ran for the same two seasons and achieved somewhat higher Nielsen ratings . The show is also notable for `` The Addams Family Theme '' , composed by Vic Mizzy . The Addams Family was originally produced by head writer Nat Perrin for Filmways , Inc. at General Service Studios in Hollywood , California . Successor company MGM Television ( via The Program Exchange for broadcast syndication and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment for home video / DVD ) now owns the rights to the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Theme 3 Characters 3.1 Addams Family 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Addams Family pets 4 Broadcast history 4.1 Syndication 4.2 Reunions , sequels and adaptations 5 Film adaptations 6 DVD releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Addamses are a close - knit extended family with decidedly macabre interests and supernatural abilities . No explanation for their powers is explicitly given in the series . The very wealthy , endlessly enthusiastic Gomez Addams ( John Astin ) is madly in love with his refined wife , Morticia , née Frump ( Carolyn Jones ) . Along with their daughter Wednesday ( Lisa Loring ) , their son Pugsley ( Ken Weatherwax ) , Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) , and Grandma ( Blossom Rock ) , they reside at 0001 Cemetery Lane in an ornate , gloomy , Second Empire - style mansion , attended by their servants : Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) , the towering butler , and Thing ( billed as `` Itself '' but actually portrayed by Cassidy and occasionally by Jack Voglin when Lurch and Thing appear in the same scene ) , a disembodied hand that usually appears out of a small wooden box . Occasionally , episodes would include other relatives such as Cousin Itt ( Felix Silla ) , Morticia 's older sister Ophelia ( also portrayed by Carolyn Jones ) , or Grandma Frump , Morticia 's mother ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Morticia Addams ( Carolyn Jones ) Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) and Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) Much of the humor derives from their culture clash with the rest of the world . They invariably treat normal visitors with great warmth and courtesy , though some of their guests often have bad intentions . They are puzzled by the horrified reactions to their own good - natured and normal behavior , since the family is under the impression that their tastes are shared by most of society . Accordingly , they view `` conventional '' tastes with generally tolerant suspicion . For example , Fester once cites a neighboring family 's meticulously maintained petunia patches as evidence that they are `` nothing but riffraff '' . A recurring theme in the epilogue of many episodes was the Addamses getting an update on the most - recent visitor to their home , either via mail , something in the newspaper , or a phone call . Invariably , as a result of their visit to the Addamses , the visitor would be institutionalized , change professions , move out of the country , or suffer some other negative life - changing event . The Addamses would always misinterpret the update and see it as good news for their most - recent visitor . The tone was set by series producer Nat Perrin , who was a close friend of Groucho Marx and writer of several Marx Brothers films . Perrin created story ideas , directed one episode , and rewrote every script . As a result , Gomez , with his sardonic remarks , backwards logic , black mustache and ever - present cigar ( pulled from his breast pocket already lit ) , is comparable to Groucho Marx . The series often employed the same type of zany satire and screwball humor seen in the Marx Brothers films . It lampooned politics ( `` Gomez , The Politician '' and `` Gomez , The People 's Choice '' ) , the legal system ( `` The Addams Family in Court '' ) , rock n ' roll and Beatlemania ( `` Lurch , The Teenage Idol '' ) , and Hollywood ( `` My Fair Cousin Itt '' ) . Theme ( edit ) The show 's memorable theme song , written and arranged by longtime Hollywood composer Vic Mizzy , was dominated by a harpsichord and finger snaps as percussive accompaniment . Actor Ted Cassidy , in his `` Lurch '' voice , punctuated the lyrics with words like neat , sweet , and petite . Mizzy 's theme was popular enough to enjoy a release as a 45 rpm single , though it failed to make the national charts . The song was revived for the 1990s animated series , as well as in 2007 for a series of Addams Family television commercials for M&M 's candies . Characters ( edit ) The main cast : Gomez ( John Astin ) , Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) , Wednesday ( Lisa Loring ) , Morticia ( Carolyn Jones ) , and Pugsley ( Ken Weatherwax ) . Addams Family ( edit ) Morticia Addams ( portayed by Carolyn Jones ) -- Morticia A. Addams ( née Frump ) is a cultivated and beautiful woman who dabbles in art , plays the shamisen , raises man - eating plants , and trims her roses by clipping off the buds and arranging the thorny stems in a vase ( `` Oh , the thorns are lovely this year '' ) . She can light candles with her fingertips and emit smoke directly from her person . Always attired in a long , black , very tight , V - neck dress , she minces about her home with the dress 's bizarre hem , resembling octopus arms , gyrating and dragging across the floor with her every step . She wears little jewelry , only a simple necklace with a large cut stone and a ring with a huge black gem set on an ornate , hinged compartment . That compartment usually holds cyanide powder but sometimes saccharine ( as the powder is identified in the episode `` Morticia Joins the Ladies League '' ) . She uses the ring 's contents to flavor her hemlock , wolfsbane , and henbane teas or offers doses in like refreshments served to house guests . With her aristocratic bearing and detachment , she is often the calm center of the chaotic events of the household . Gomez Addams ( portrayed by John Astin ) -- Gomez is passionately in love with his wife , often referring to her in Spanish as `` Querida '' and `` Cara Mía '' . His ardor is greatly intensified when she speaks French ( a quirk that first appears in the eleventh episode , `` The Addams Family Meet the V.I.P.s '' ) . Before that his ardor was aroused when she called him `` Bubbeleh '' , a German - Bavarian and Yiddish word meaning `` darling '' or `` sweetie '' . Gomez is very wealthy as a result of owning numerous companies and stocks ( in a pre-debut promotional spot , Gomez tells an interviewer that the family is independently wealthy , having `` made a killing in the stock market , back in 1929 '' ( a reference to the famous Wall Street Crash of 1929 ) . He does not seem to regard money itself as a priority and squanders money in a cavalier manner while remaining wealthy . Gomez spends a great deal of time with his family and does not go out to work . Even at home he consistently dresses in a dark , double - breasted , loud pin - striped suit and a black tie . He keeps a pair of thick - lensed reading glasses ( pince - nez ) on a black fabric lanyard in his coat 's left inside breast pocket . In the outer breast pocket , he stores lit cigars and a watch linked to a long gold chain that is attached to the coat 's left lapel . Occasionally , when his family ventures outdoors at night to frolic in the nearby swamp or to `` moon bathe '' in their home 's front yard , Gomez does change his clothing . He either dons safari outfits or wears a horizontal striped full - torso swimsuit , the antique type once worn by men in the 1890s and early 1900s . With regard to his personal genealogy , he refers to Spain as his `` ancestral home '' with his family background referenced as `` Castilian '' , and at times he uses Spanish words and phrases . Gomez can perform rapid and complicated calculations in his head . He is remarkably acrobatic and can easily dismount from a trampoline or from a hanging position upon a chandelier . One of his hobbies is Zen - Yogi , apparently a weird blend of acrobatics and yoga . Another hobby consists of gleefully dynamiting model trains as they are about to collide with each other , by using a hand detonator . In `` The Addams Family in Court , '' episode , it is revealed that Gomez works as a lawyer who has yet to win a case in his career . Uncle Fester ( portrayed by Jackie Coogan ) -- Uncle Fester is Morticia 's exuberant , kind , and `` electric '' uncle . Completely bald and invariably attired in a plain floor - length coat with a wide fur - trimmed collar , Fester is quite fond of toying with dynamite and blasting caps and often relaxes or treats ailments in the family 's `` play room '' by reclining on a bed of nails , inserting his head into a large book press , or being bound with ropes and stretched on a wooden torture rack . Fester has the ability to power electric light bulbs by placing them in his mouth . When angered by outsiders , he may grab for a blunderbuss and announce that he will shoot the offender in the back only for Gomez and Morticia to keep him from doing so . He is occasionally seen munching on Prickly Pear cactus leaves . Lurch ( portrayed by Ted Cassidy ) -- Lurch is the household butler . Morticia and Gomez summon him by means of a bell pull in the form of a hangman 's noose , which rings the massive bell located in the mansion 's bell tower ( the resulting gong shakes the entire house when the noose is pulled ) . When Lurch appears ( usually immediately thereafter ) , he responds in a very deep bass voice , `` You rang ? '' When questions are posed to Lurch his primary response is a deep annoyed grunt wagging his head , from which the family glean complex meanings . He is superhumanly strong and often plays the harpsichord ( the music is actually played by The Addams Family composer Vic Mizzy ) which had previously been owned by Cousin Crimp . Lurch is very high - minded about visitors . When an undercover operative named Mr. Hollister ( played by George Neise ) visited the family , Lurch patted him down and regarded him suspiciously when he found his gun . Mr. Hollister showed Lurch his badge , whereupon Lurch returned the gun . Also , when announcing the arrival of visitors in the foyer of the Addams ' home , the towering servant invariably grabs and crushes any hats being worn by male guests in his attempts to care for them . Lurch at times regards his employers ' activities with some dubiousness much like a servant expressing disdain for the idle rich ; and on those occasions when he feels overworked or stressed , he , like Uncle Fester , seeks therapeutic relief by being stretched on the family 's torture rack . Ted Cassidy made a cameo appearance as Lurch on an episode of the Batman TV series , and on TV music shows while promoting the pop song of the era `` The Lurch '' ( and the dance which it accompanied ) . Grandmama Addams ( portrayed by Blossom Rock ) -- The mother of Gomez . She is a witch who conjures up potions , spells and hexes . She also dabbles in painting , playing the bagpipes , and fortune - telling , though with respect to the last , she is a charlatan . Her given name is thought to be Esmeralda , but is only addressed as that name by Hester `` Franny '' Frump . Wednesday Friday Addams ( played by Lisa Loring ) -- Gomez and Morticia 's daughter . She is the youngest member ( six years old ) of the family , she is a strange yet sweet - natured little girl who pursues such hobbies as raising spiders , beheading dolls ( called `` Marie Antoinette , '' `` Mary Queen of Scots , '' and `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) , and practicing ballet in a black tutu . Her favorite pet is a black widow spider named Homer , although she also has a lizard named Lucifer . She is strong enough to bring her father to his knees in a judo hold . Pugsley Addams ( portrayed by Ken Weatherwax ) -- Gomez and Morticia 's son and Wednesday 's older brother . Kind - hearted and smart , occasionally conforming to `` conventional '' standards contrary to his family , he nevertheless shares a close bond with his parents and sister , the latter whom he often plays with . He also enjoys engineering various machines ( sometimes with Gomez ) , playing with blasting caps , and his pet octopus Aristotle . Despite his pudginess , Pugsley is , like his father , exceptionally agile , able to outclimb a gorilla and hang from branches by his teeth . Thing T. Thing -- A disembodied hand that appears out of boxes and other conveniently placed containers . Gomez 's constant `` companion '' since Gomez 's childhood , Thing is always ready to assist family members with minor daily services and diversions , such as lifting the receiver on telephones , retrieving the mail , lighting cigars , pouring tea , and playing chess . Thing apparently has the ability to teleport from container to container , almost instantly : Thing sometimes appears from different containers at opposite ends of the room within seconds of each other . Though Ted Cassidy would often portray Thing , assistant director Jack Voglin would sometimes portray Thing in scenes where Lurch and Thing appear together . In all cases , the hand which portrayed Thing went uncredited , with its actor always being listed as `` Itself '' in the credits . Recurring characters ( edit ) Cousin Itt ( portrayed by Felix Silla in most episodes , Roger Arroyo for two episodes ) -- Gomez 's cousin . Cousin Itt is a short character completely hidden by his almost head - to - floor - long hair . He usually wears only a derby , a pair of sunglasses , and gloves ; and he speaks in rapid unintelligible gibberish , which the family has no difficulty understanding ( according to Felix Silla 's commentary on the DVD release , Cousin Itt 's voice was recorded post-production by crew member Tony Magro ) . Gomez once asks him what is under all the hair . Itt answers `` Roots . '' In one episode , Itt is said to have `` the eye of an eagle ... plus a few of his own . '' Nevertheless , he wears conventional sunglasses , supposedly so people will not pester him for autographs . Ophelia Frump ( portrayed by Carolyn Jones ) -- Morticia 's sister who is the `` white sheep of the Family . '' Gomez was originally engaged to her in an arranged marriage , but when he saw 22 - year - old Morticia ( dressed in a grown - up version of Wednesday 's clothing ) , he was smitten and fell in love with her . When she spoke French , he claimed that for the first time in his life , his sinuses were cleared and his bronchitis was gone . Ophelia was played by Carolyn Jones in a blonde wig ( a staple of 1960s sitcom twins ) . One quirk of Ophelia 's is that the flower growing in her hair had roots that traveled down into her foot which was raised when one of the flowers was pulled on . When she sings , her voice is in three - part harmony . She also has a love of judo with which she can hurl men ( usually Gomez ) several feet . She was occasionally seen in Charles Addams 's original cartoons , recognizable by the flowers in her hair . Grandma Hester `` Franny '' Frump ( portayed by Margaret Hamilton ) -- The mother of Morticia and Ophelia . Arthur J. Henson ( played by Parley Baer ) -- Arthur Henson is an insurance executive in the town where the Addams Family resides . In `` Progress and the Addams Family , '' he became the City Commissioner . In `` Gomez , the People 's Choice , '' he competes against Gomez to become the town 's new mayor . He supervises a charity auction in `` Morticia 's Favorite Charity . '' Joe Digby ( portrayed by Eddie Quillan ) -- An insurance clerk who works for Arthur Henson . Sam L. Hilliard ( portrayed by Allyn Joslyn ) -- A truant officer who is scared to death of the Addams Family . He ran for city council in the episode `` Gomez the Politician . '' In the same episode , his middle name is given as `` Lucifer '' much to the family 's delight ( Sam Hill is an older American euphemism for Satan ) . He later became headmaster of a private school that Gomez subsequently buys in `` Addams Cum Laude '' . Mr. Briggs ( portrayed by Rolfe Sedan ) -- A postman who delivers the mail to the Addams Family . The movie Addams Family Reunion opens with a mailman who may be Mr. Briggs nervously delivering mail to the family . Sam Picasso ( portrayed by Vito Scotti ) -- An artist from Spain whom Addams Family members rely on for artistic advice . Addams Family pets ( edit ) Aristotle -- Pugsley 's pet octopus . Fang -- Pugsley 's pet jaguar . Cleopatra -- Morticia 's pet African Strangler ( a type of man - eating plant ) . Kitty Kat -- The Addams Family 's pet lion . In `` The Addams Family Tree , '' it is mentioned by Gomez that Kitty `` ca n't stand the taste of people . '' Tristan and Isolde -- The Addams Family 's pet piranhas . Homer -- Wednesday 's pet spider . Zelda -- The family 's pet vulture . Broadcast history ( edit ) See also : List of The Addams Family episodes For both seasons , episodes aired Friday nights at 8 : 30 p.m. Syndication ( edit ) The Addams Family airs on the This TV network Saturday and Sunday mornings between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m. , and Sundays between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. As well as the United States , the show has been aired worldwide . In the United Kingdom , it first aired on ITV in 1965 -- 1966 , and then it appeared on Sky 1 in 1991 and ran until 1992 . and then it was aired on BBC Two from 6 p.m. on Monday nights starting in February 1992 until the end of 1993 and then moved to Saturdays in 1994 and later in school summer holidays before it vanished at the end of August 1996 . Since October 2011 , the series was picked up by Cartoon Network 's sister channel Boomerang and runs through the entire month of October for Halloween alongside The Munsters . The series airs on select local stations , and as of November 2013 airs weekends on the national movie / classic TV network This TV Reunions , sequels and adaptations ( edit ) A reunion TV film , Halloween with the New Addams Family , aired on NBC in October 1977 and starred most of the original cast , except for Blossom Rock ( Grandmama ) who was very ill at the time and was replaced by Phyllis actress Jane Rose . Elvia Allman portrayed Grandma Hester `` Franny '' Frump , whom Margaret Hamilton had played in the original series . Veteran character actors Parley Baer and Vito Scotti , who both had recurring roles in the original series , also appeared in the movie . The film also included extended family members created specifically for this production , such as Gomez 's brother Pancho ( played by Henry Darrow ) and two additional children , Wednesday Jr. and Pugsley Jr . The later two were portrayed as near carbon copies of the original children , now known as Wednesday Sr. and Pugsley Sr. , who were once again played respectively by Lisa Loring and Ken Weatherwax , the original Wednesday and Pugsley in the series . Vic Mizzy rewrote and conducted his Addams Family Theme with a slightly different melody for the reunion movie . It was intended as a pilot for a new series , but no other episodes were ordered . John Astin reprised his role as Gomez Addams for the 1992 animated adaptation of the series . No other members of the original cast were involved . In 1998 , a standalone film , Addams Family Reunion was shown on the Fox Family Channel , followed by The New Addams Family which ran on the same channel from 1998 to 2000 where some of the episodes are remakes of the classic episodes with some episodes exclusive to the TV series . John Astin appeared in the series as Grandpapa Addams . Film adaptations ( edit ) A successful film , The Addams Family , was released by Paramount Pictures in 1991 , starring Raúl Juliá as Gomez , Anjelica Huston as Morticia , Christopher Lloyd as an amnesiac Uncle Fester , and Christina Ricci as Wednesday . After the film 's release , David Levy filed a lawsuit against Paramount Pictures ; the suit was settled out of court . A sequel , Addams Family Values , followed in 1993 , to greater critical success than the first film , though it earned less at the box office . DVD releases ( edit ) As of May 2009 , the show can be purchased on iTunes , and can be streamed in the US on Netflix , IMDb , YouTube , and Hulu , and minisodes are available on Crackle . MGM Home Entertainment has released The Addams Family on DVD in Region 1 , 2 and 4 in three volume sets . DVD Name Episodes Release date Additional information Volume 1 22 August 10 , 2006 Audio commentary for `` The Addams Family Goes to School '' by cast members Lisa Loring ( Wednesday Addams ) , Ken Weatherwax ( Pugsley Addams ) , and Felix Silla ( Cousin Itt ) , along with Stephen Cox ( author of The Addams Chronicles ) You Rang , Mr. Addams featurette Snap , Snap featurette Theme Song Karaoke The DVD releases contain alterations to the episodes `` Halloween with the Addams Family '' and `` The Addams Family Meets the Undercover Man '' . In two scenes , Morticia 's song `` It 's So Nice to Have a ' Thing ' Around the House '' ( to the tune of `` It 's So Nice to Have a Man Around the House '' ) was cut . The edits were made because MGM / 20th Century Fox could not obtain the rights to the original song . Volume 2 21 March 27 , 2007 Mad About the Addams featurette : Experts discuss the history and impact of the show Thing and Cousin Itt commentaries Guest Star Séance interactive featurette : A magical crystal ball conjures guest star clips and trivia Tombstone Trivia on `` Morticia 's Romance , Part 1 '' episode Audio commentary with The Addams Chronicles author Stephen Cox Volume 3 21 September 11 , 2007 Thing and Cousin Itt commentaries Audio commentary with Stephen Cox , author of The Addams Chronicles Tombstone Trivia on `` Cat Addams '' episode The Complete Series 64 November 13 , 2007 Special `` velvet - touch '' package See also ( edit ) The New Addams Family The Addams Family ( animated series ) The Addams Family ( film , 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( film , 1993 ) The Munsters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` David Levy ; Producer Created ' Addams Family ' '' . LA Times . January 31 , 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Addams Family ' Tree '' . LA Times . June 9 , 1991 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Yiddish Expressions Jump up ^ Reminiscing ' Bout Bubba and others Jump up ^ The Addams Family Reruns Airing on WBBZ - TV . Niagara Falls Reporter ( August 6 , 2013 ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.thistv.com/schedule Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord . `` The Addams Family - Some minor edits on the Volume 1 set '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ The Addams Family DVD news : Volume 3 date and details TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ The Addams Family DVD news : * Snap * * Snap * Complete Series Announced TVShowsOnDVD.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Addams Family . The Addams Family on IMDb The Addams Family at TV.com ( hide ) The Addams Family Characters Gomez Addams Morticia Addams Pugsley Addams Wednesday Addams Uncle Fester Grandmama Lurch Thing Cousin Itt Television The Addams Family ( episodes ) 1973 animated series Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 TV film ) 1992 animated series The New Addams Family Films The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Theatre The Addams Family ( musical ) Games Fester 's Quest ( 1989 ) The Addams Family pinball ( 1991 ) The Addams Family handheld ( 1991 ) The Addams Family The Addams Family : Pugsley 's Scavenger Hunt ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1994 ) Music `` The Addams Family Theme '' `` When You 're an Addams '' `` Addams Groove '' The Addams Family soundtrack Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture Addams Family Values : The Original Orchestral Score Books The Addams Family : An Evilution Creator Charles Addams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=810741118 '' Categories : American television sitcoms American fantasy television series 1960s American comedy television series 1964 American television series debuts 1966 American television series endings 1960s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the dads name in the adams family	[ "The very wealthy, endlessly enthusiastic Gomez Addams (John Astin) is madly in love with his refined wife, Morticia, née Frump (Carolyn Jones). Along with their daughter Wednesday (Lisa Loring), their son Pugsley (Ken Weatherwax), Uncle Fester (Jackie Coogan), and Grandma (Blossom Rock), they reside at 0001 Cemetery Lane in an ornate, gloomy, Second Empire-style mansion, attended by their servants: Lurch (Ted Cassidy), the towering butler, and Thing (billed as \"Itself\" but actually portrayed by Cassidy and occasionally by Jack Voglin when Lurch and Thing appear in the same scene), a disembodied hand that usually appears out of a small wooden box. Occasionally, episodes would include other relatives such as Cousin Itt (Felix Silla), Morticia's older sister Ophelia (also portrayed by Carolyn Jones), or Grandma Frump, Morticia's mother (Margaret Hamilton)." ]	[ "Gomez Addams" ]
6951623801246096633	Third Amendment to the United States Constitution	Third Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Third Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights in the National Archives The Third Amendment ( Amendment III ) to the United States Constitution places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner 's consent , forbidding the practice in peacetime . The amendment is a response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the buildup to the American Revolutionary War , which had allowed the British Army to lodge soldiers in private residences . The Third Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison as a part of the United States Bill of Rights , in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution . Congress proposed the amendment to the states on September 28 , 1789 , and by December 15 , 1791 , the necessary three - quarters of the states had ratified it . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the amendment on March 1 , 1792 . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution and is rarely litigated , with the American Bar Association calling it the `` runt piglet '' of the U.S. Constitution . To date , it has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision , though it was the basis of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit case Engblom v. Carey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Adoption 3.1 Proposal and ratification 4 Judicial interpretation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Text ( edit ) The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows : No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Third Amendment Background ( edit ) In 1765 , the British parliament enacted the first of the Quartering Acts , requiring the American colonies to pay the costs of British soldiers serving in the colonies , and requiring that if the local barracks provided insufficient space , that the colonists lodge the troops in alehouses , inns , and livery stables . After the Boston Tea Party , the Quartering Act of 1774 was enacted . One of the Intolerable Acts that pushed the colonies toward revolution , it authorized British troops to be housed wherever necessary , including in private homes . The quartering of troops was cited as one of the colonists ' grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence . Adoption ( edit ) After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring a stronger chief executive and other changes . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties be included . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . Several state conventions specifically proposed a provision against the quartering of troops in private homes . At the 1788 Virginia Ratifying Convention , Patrick Henry stated , `` One of our first complaints , under the former government , was the quartering of troops among us . This was one of the principal reasons for dissolving the connection with Great Britain . Here we may have troops in time of peace . They may be billeted in any manner -- to tyrannize , oppress , and crush us . '' Proposal and ratification ( edit ) James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689 ; one of these was a prohibition against quartering troops in private homes . Several revisions to the future Third Amendment were proposed in Congress , which chiefly differed in the way in which peace and war were distinguished ( including the possibility of a situation , such as unrest , which was neither peace nor war ) , and whether the executive or the legislature would have the authority to authorize quartering . However , the amendment ultimately passed Congress almost unchanged and by unanimous vote . Congress reduced Madison 's proposed twenty amendments to twelve , and these were submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 . By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification , opinions had shifted in both parties . Many Federalists , who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights , now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective criticism . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , now opposed it , realizing that the Bill 's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention , which they desired . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . On November 20 , 1789 , New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments , rejecting Article II , which regulated Congressional pay raises . On December 19 and 22 , respectively , Maryland and North Carolina ratified all twelve amendments . On January 19 , 25 , and 28 , 1790 , respectively , South Carolina , New Hampshire , and Delaware ratified the Bill , though New Hampshire rejected the amendment on Congressional pay raises , and Delaware rejected Article I , which regulated the size of the House . This brought the total of ratifying states to six of the required ten , but the process stalled in other states : Connecticut and Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify , while Massachusetts ratified most of the amendments , but failed to send official notice to the Secretary of State that it had done so . In February through June 1790 , New York , Pennsylvania , and Rhode Island ratified eleven of the amendments , though all three rejected the amendment on Congressional pay raises . Virginia initially postponed its debate , but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791 , the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven . Vermont ratified on November 3 , 1791 , approving all twelve amendments , and Virginia finally followed on December 15 , 1791 . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1 , 1792 . Judicial interpretation ( edit ) Justice William O. Douglas The Third Amendment is among the least cited sections of the U.S. Constitution . In the words of Encyclopædia Britannica , `` as the history of the country progressed with little conflict on American soil , the amendment has had little occasion to be invoked . '' To date , no major Supreme Court decision has used the amendment as its primary basis . The Third Amendment has been invoked in a few instances as helping establish an implicit right to privacy in the Constitution . Justice William O. Douglas used the amendment along with others in the Bill of Rights as a partial basis for the majority decision in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , which cited the Third Amendment as implying a belief that an individual 's home should be free from agents of the state . In one of the seven opinions in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ( 1952 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson cited the Third Amendment as providing evidence of the Framers ' intent to constrain executive power even during wartime : `` ( t ) hat military powers of the Commander in Chief were not to supersede representative government of internal affairs seems obvious from the Constitution and from elementary American history . Time out of mind , and even now in many parts of the world , a military commander can seize private housing to shelter his troops . Not so , however , in the United States , for the Third Amendment says ... ( E ) ven in war time , his seizure of needed military housing must be authorized by Congress . '' One of the few times a federal court was asked to invalidate a law or action on Third Amendment grounds was in Engblom v. Carey ( 1982 ) . In 1979 , prison officials in New York organized a strike ; they were evicted from their prison facility residences , which were reassigned to members of the National Guard who had temporarily taken their place as prison guards . The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled : ( 1 ) that the term owner in the Third Amendment includes tenants ( paralleling similar cases regarding the Fourth Amendment , governing search and seizure ) , ( 2 ) National Guard troops count as soldiers for the purposes of the Third Amendment , and ( 3 ) that the Third Amendment is incorporated ( that is , that it applies to the states ) by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment . The case was remanded to the district court , which dismissed the case on the grounds that state officials could not have been aware of this interpretation . In the most recent Third Amendment decision handed down by a federal court , on February 2 , 2015 , the United States District Court for the District of Nevada held in Mitchell v. City of Henderson that the Third Amendment does not apply to intrusions by municipal police officers since they are not soldiers . In an earlier case , United States v. Valenzuela ( 1951 ) , the defendant asked that a federal rent - control law be struck down because it was `` the incubator and hatchery of swarms of bureaucrats to be quartered as storm troopers upon the people in violation of Amendment III of the United States Constitution . '' The court declined his request . Later , in Jones v. United States Secretary of Defense ( 1972 ) , Army reservists unsuccessfully cited the Third Amendment as justification for refusing to march in a parade . Similar arguments in a variety of contexts have been denied in other cases . See also ( edit ) Dragonnades List of Amendments to the United States Constitution Quartering Acts References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ All three states would later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939 . Citations Jump up ^ `` How Did America 's Police Become a Military Force On the Streets ? '' . American Bar Association . 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Third Amendment '' . U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) '' . PBS . December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes the Quartering Act '' . HISTORY.com . ^ Jump up to : Alderman and Kennedy , pp. 107 - 108 Jump up ^ Beeman , pp. 341 -- 43 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Levy , Leonard W. ( 1986 ) . `` Bill of Rights ( United States ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Labunski , p. 245 Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 255 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 140 Jump up ^ `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , p. 62 Jump up ^ 381 U.S. 479 , 484 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 U.S. 579 , 644 ( 1952 ) Jump up ^ 677 F. 2d 957 ( 2d . Cir. 1982 ) Jump up ^ Bell , p. 143 Jump up ^ Young , Stephen E. ( 2003 ) . The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 : A Documentary History . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p . CRS - 14 ( fn29 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 3900 - 7 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell v. City of Henderson , No. 2 : 13 -- cv -- 01154 -- APG -- CWH , 2015 WL 427835 ( D. Nev . Feb. 2 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ 95 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D. Cal. 1951 ) Jump up ^ Bell , p. 142 Jump up ^ 346 F. Supp. 97 ( D. Minn . 1972 ) Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 141 -- 42 Bibliography Alderman , Ellen and Caroline Kennedy ( 1991 ) . In Our Defense . Avon . Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Bell , Tom W. ( 1993 ) `` The Third Amendment : Forgotten but Not Gone '' . William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 2.1 : pp. 117 -- 150 . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . 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About Wikipedia	what is one reason that the framers include the third amendment in the bill of rights	[ "In one of the seven opinions in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), Justice Robert H. Jackson cited the Third Amendment as providing evidence of the Framers' intent to constrain executive power even during wartime:[17]" ]	[ "intent to constrain executive power even during wartime" ]
6300066801599306509	List of career achievements by Tiger Woods	List of career achievements by Tiger Woods - wikipedia List of career achievements by Tiger Woods For his detailed tournament performances , see List of tournament performances by Tiger Woods . This page details statistics , records , and other achievements pertaining to Tiger Woods . Contents 1 Career records and statistics 1.1 Awards records 1.2 Miscellaneous 2 Major championships 2.1 Wins ( 14 ) 2.2 Records and trivia 2.2. 1 Masters Tournament 2.2. 2 U.S. Open 2.2. 3 The Open Championship 2.2. 4 PGA Championship 2.3 Results timeline 2.4 Summary 3 World Golf Championships 3.1 Wins ( 18 ) 3.2 Records 3.3 Results timeline 4 FedEx Cup Playoffs 5 PGA Tour professional career summary 6 Professional wins ( 106 ) 6.1 PGA Tour wins ( 79 ) 6.1. 1 PGA Tour playoff record ( 11 -- 1 ) 6.2 European Tour wins ( 40 ) 6.2. 1 European Tour playoff record ( 10 -- 0 ) 6.3 Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) 6.4 Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) 6.5 PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) 6.6 Other professional wins ( 16 ) 7 Amateur wins ( 21 ) 7.1 Amateur major wins ( 3 ) 7.2 Results timeline 8 Reign as World No. 1 Male Golfer 9 U.S. national team appearances 10 Awards 11 References 12 External links Career records and statistics ( edit ) Woods has won 79 official PGA Tour events , second only to Sam Snead ( 82 ) , and six ahead of Jack Nicklaus 's 73 wins . ( See List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins . ) Woods has won 14 majors , second all time behind Jack Nicklaus ' 18 . Woods is 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead . Woods scoring average in 2000 is the lowest in PGA Tour history , both adjusted , 67.79 , and unadjusted , 68.17 . Woods has the lowest career scoring average in PGA Tour history . Woods has amassed the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history ( even after inflation is considered ) . Woods is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career , known as the Career Grand Slam , and was the youngest to do so . Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row , accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons . This feat became known as the `` Tiger Slam '' . Woods set the all - time PGA Tour record for most consecutive cuts made , with 142 . The streak started in 1998 , he set the record at the 2003 Tour Championship with 114 ( passing Byron Nelson 's previous record of 113 and Jack Nicklaus at 105 ) and extended this mark to 142 before it ended on May 13 , 2005 at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship . Many consider this to be one of the most remarkable golf accomplishments of all time , given the margin by which he broke the old record and given that during the streak , the next longest streak by any other player was usually only in the 10s or 20s . It should be noted that when Byron Nelson played far fewer players made the cut in a given event . Woods has won a record 23.2 % ( 79 out of 340 ) of his professional starts on the PGA Tour . Woods is the only golfer to have won the U.S. Amateur three consecutive times ( 1994 -- 96 ) . Awards records ( edit ) Woods has been the PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times . Woods has been the PGA Tour Player of the Year a record eleven times . Woods has been the PGA Tour Money Leader a record ten times . Woods has been the Vardon Trophy winner a record nine times . Woods has been the recipient of the Byron Nelson Award a record nine times . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Woods owns a 54 -- 4 record when holding at least a share of the lead after 54 holes , and 42 -- 2 record when holding the outright lead . Woods has only lost once when leading by more than one shot after 54 holes . Yang Yong - eun began the final round of the 2009 PGA Championship two strokes behind Woods and defeated him by three strokes . Woods has a 37 -- 11 record when leading after 36 holes in Tour events , including an 8 -- 3 record in majors . Woods has won 12 tournaments wire - to - wire , including seven times while holding the lead outright after each round : 2000 U.S. Open , 2000 PGA Championship ( tied after 1st and 4th rounds ) , 2000 WGC - NEC Invitational , 2002 Bay Hill Invitational ( tied after 1st round ) , 2002 U.S. Open , 2002 WGC - American Express Championship , 2003 Western Open , 2005 Open Championship , 2005 WGC - NEC Invitational ( tied after 1st , 2nd and 3rd rounds ) , 2006 Ford Championship at Doral ( tied after 2nd round ) , 2006 WGC - American Express Championship , 2013 WGC - Cadillac Championship ( tied after 1st round ) Woods has successfully defended a title 24 times on the PGA Tour , has finished runner - up 29 times , and third place 19 times . Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings . Woods holds the PGA Tour record for most consecutive rounds at par or better with 52 . The streak began in the second round of the 2000 GTE Byron Nelson Classic and ended in the second round of the 2001 Phoenix Open . When including non-PGA Tour events , the streak was 66 . Woods ' win at the 2005 Open Championship made him only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have won all four majors more than once . With his win in the 2008 U.S. Open , Woods joined Nicklaus as the only golfers to win each major at least three times . Woods holds at least a share of the scoring record in relation to par in one major ( The Masters ) , and also holds the margin of victory record in two majors ( The Masters and the U.S. Open ) . Woods ' victory at the 2006 WGC - American Express Championship , he became the first player in PGA Tour history to win at least eight times in three different seasons . Woods ' victory in the Buick Invitational in January 2007 placed him 2nd for the longest PGA Tour win streak at 7 ( consecutive wins in PGA events entered ) , trailing only Nelson 's streak of 11 wins in 1945 . Woods became the first golfer to win five PGA Tour events five or more times at the 2009 BMW Championship . In order of his accomplishment : WGC - CA Championship , WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , Buick Invitational , Arnold Palmer Invitational , and BMW Championship . Woods ' win at the U.S. Open in 2008 made him the sixth person to win the U.S. Open three or more times , the first person to win a PGA Tour tournament on the same course seven times , and the first person to win two tournaments at the same golf course in the same season . Woods has hit a combined total eighteen holes - in - one in the course of his lifetime -- his first at the age of six . Three have come in PGA Tour competition , at the 1996 Greater Milwaukee Open , 1997 Phoenix Open , and 1998 Sprint International . Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row . Major Championships ( edit ) Wins ( 14 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 9 shot lead − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship Tied for lead − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S. Open 10 shot lead − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 6 shot lead − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 4 shot lead − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 2 shot lead − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole aggregate playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ) . Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par 71 Records and trivia ( edit ) In all of his major victories , he has had the outright lead or a share of the lead at the end of the third round . He has had the outright lead or a share of the lead 11 times at the end of the second round and has only lost three times . Woods holds at least a share of the record for lowest 72 - hole score in relation to par in one of the four majors . Note that the `` to par '' and `` low 72 - holes '' records are not always the same because , while most championship golf courses have a par of 72 , or 288 for four rounds , some have a par of 71 or 70 . Woods is the only player to have won multiple professional majors in consecutive years , 2005 and 2006 . Bobby Jones won multiple majors in consecutive years in 1926 and 1927 , when the U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were both considered majors . Woods has won two or more majors in a year four times . He trails only Jack Nicklaus , who won two majors in a season five times ( 1963 , ' 66 , ' 72 , ' 75 and ' 80 ) . Woods , Nicklaus , Jordan Spieth and Rickie Fowler are the only players to have finished in the top 5 in all four majors in a year . Woods and Nicklaus have both achieved this twice : Woods in 2000 and 2005 , and Nicklaus in 1971 and 1973 . Fowler joined the list in 2014 and Spieth in 2015 . Woods and Bobby Jones are the only golfers to have won 10 majors before the age of 30 . Jones achieved 13 majors in 21 attempts , ( winning percentage 62 % ) , while Woods achieved 10 wins in 44 attempts ( a 23 % winning ratio ) . Woods is only the second player all - time to win three major championships in a calendar year ( 2000 ) winning the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship respectively , along with Ben Hogan who accomplished this feat in ( 1953 ) with The Masters , the U.S. Open , and The Open Championships . Woods is the second player to have won the career grand slam three times along with Jack Nicklaus . Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row . The last : Masters ( 2005 ) , US Open ( 2000 ) , Open Championship ( 2005 ) , and PGA ( 2000 ) , Jack Nicklaus played in ; were all won by Tiger Woods . Masters tournament ( edit ) − 18 ( 270 ) , 1997 ( outright to - par and low 72 holes record ) , tied by Jordan Spieth in 2015 Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the Masters : 12 strokes ( 1997 ) Woods became the youngest winner in 1997 at the age of 21 years , 104 days His win made him the first winner of The Masters , or any other ( under - 50 ) men 's major , of African or Asian descent . He , the Indian Fijian Vijay Singh , and the South Korean Yang Yong - eun are the only winners of any major of such descent . The only other major winner whose primary ethnic heritage is undeniably non-European is 2005 U.S. Open champion Michael Campbell , a Māori from New Zealand . After a front - nine 40 in the first round , Woods played the final 63 holes 22 - under par He played 72 holes without a single three - putt Woods set a record with the lowest back - to - back total for two rounds : 131 ( 65 - 66 ) U.S. Open ( edit ) Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the U.S. Open : 15 strokes ( 2000 ) ( this is the record for all majors ) . Also in 2000 , Woods became the first player to finish a U.S. Open at double digits under par . ( In 1992 , Gil Morgan was the first ever to be double digits under par at any stage of a U.S. Open , but failed to finish in double digits under par , and indeed failed to win that event , with Tom Kite winning instead . ) Woods was the only player to finish under par at the following U.S. Opens : 2000 at Pebble Beach Golf Links : - 12 2002 at Bethpage State Park , Black Course : - 3 With his win in 2008 , Woods equaled Jack Nicklaus ' feat of winning each major at least three times . The Open Championship ( edit ) Woods shares the record for largest margin of victory at a post-1900 Open Championship : 8 strokes ( 2000 ) Woods became the fifth player to achieve the Career Grand Slam , and the youngest player ( 24 years , 206 days ) to do so , breaking the mark held by Nicklaus ( 26 years , 6 months at the 1966 British Open ) He became the fastest to win all four majors -- in his 93rd sanctioned tournament , compared with 125 for Nicklaus He became the youngest to win a fourth major championship , breaking the mark held by Nicklaus ( 25 years , 80 days at the 1965 Masters ) In 2006 , Woods became the first player to win the Open Championship in back - to - back years since Tom Watson in 1982 -- 83 He became the first golfer since Watson in 1982 to win the U.S. and British Opens in the same year PGA Championship ( edit ) With his 2006 PGA Championship win , Woods became the only golfer to have won all 4 majors by at least 5 strokes Woods is the only player in the stroke - play era ( since 1958 ) to repeat as PGA champion . Woods ' wins at Medinah in 1999 and 2006 make him the only player to win the PGA Championship twice on the same course . Second round 63 in the 2007 PGA Championship tied the record for second lowest single - round score in major championship history Woods is the only player to win the PGA Championship back - to - back on two different occasions : 1999 -- 2000 and 2006 -- 2007 . Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 T32 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 T4 T21 T32 CUT CUT The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT T23 T3 T6 69 CUT T6 PGA Championship T29 T10 T29 T39 T24 T4 T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' = tied Summary ( edit ) Starts -- 80 ( 73 as a professional ) Wins -- 14 2nd - place finishes -- 7 Top 3 finishes -- 25 Top 5 finishes -- 32 Top 10 finishes -- 40 Top 25 finishes -- 57 Cuts missed -- 9 ( 8 as a professional ) Longest streak of wins -- 4 ( record ) Longest streak of top - 5s -- 6 Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 Longest streak of top - 25s -- 15 World Golf Championships ( edit ) Wins ( 18 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 WGC - NEC Invitational 5 shot lead − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 WGC - American Express Championship 1 shot deficit -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 9 shot lead − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 2001 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) 2 shot deficit − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 5 shot lead − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / a 2 & 1 n / a David Toms 2003 WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 2 shot lead − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / a 3 & 2 n / a Davis Love III 2005 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) Tied for lead − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) 2 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) 1 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 6 shot lead − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 2007 WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 4 shot lead − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) 1 shot deficit − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 2008 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / a 8 & 7 n / a Stewart Cink 2009 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) 3 shot deficit − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 2013 WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 4 shot lead − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 7 shot lead − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Records ( edit ) Won at least one World Golf Championships event every year from 1999 to 2009 . All - time wins leader in World Golf Championships events ( 41.9 % win rate ) . All - time money leader in World Golf Championships events . Won the WGC - World Cup with David Duval in 2000 , an unofficial money WGC event , for a total of 19 World Golf Championships titles . Only player to have held the titles of all three of the pre-2009 events ( not counting the HSBC Champions , elevated to WGC status in 2009 ) at the same time . Accenture Match Play Woods set the record for most lopsided victory ( 18 - hole match ) in his first round match against Stephen Ames in 2006 -- 9 & 8 . Mathematically , it is the fastest possible win in 18 - hole match play ( 10 & 8 would be a larger margin of victory , but the same number of holes played ) . Woods also set the record for largest margin of victory in the 36 - hole final match -- 8 & 7 over Stewart Cink in 2008 . Cadillac Championship Lowest first 18 - hole total 63 set the course record at The Grove Tied lowest first 18 - hole total -- 63 Lowest 36 - hole total -- 127 Largest 36 - hole lead -- 5 strokes Lowest 54 - hole total -- 194 Largest 54 - hole lead -- 6 strokes Lowest 72 - hole total -- 261 Largest margin of victory -- 8 strokes Only player to record top - 10 finishes in each appearance ( more than two appearances ) Note : All Cadillac Championship records were set in 2006 , when the tournament was known as the American Express Championship Bridgestone Invitational Lowest 18 - hole total -- 61 ( twice , tied with José María Olazábal ) Lowest 36 - hole total -- 125 Lowest 54 - hole total -- 192 Lowest 72 - hole total -- 259 Largest margin of victory -- 11 strokes Note : All records were set in 2000 and 2013 ( 18 - hole record ) Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Accenture Match Play Championship QF R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 R64 R32 R64 Cadillac Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 T10 WD T25 Bridgestone Invitational T4 T2 T78 T37 T8 WD T31 HSBC Champions T6 T6 Cancelled due to 9 / 11 Win Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play `` T '' = tied NT = No Tournament WD = Withdrew Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 . Performance summary Tournament Starts Top - 10s Wins Earnings ( $ ) Accenture Match Play Championship 13 7 4,918,500 Cadillac Championship 13 12 7 9,369,000 Bridgestone Invitational 16 12 8 11,150,375 HSBC Champions 0 335,714 Totals 44 33 18 $25,753 , 58 Note that the HSBC Champions was not an official PGA Tour event . This means that the money earned in that event did not count toward his official earnings on that tour . FedEx Cup Playoffs ( edit ) Year Place Points Margin Earnings ( $ ) 2007 123,033 + 12,578 10,000,000 2008 70 100,000 − 25,101 110,000 2009 4,000 + 1,080 10,000,000 42 1,300 -- 3,635 133,000 2011 132 318 − 4,943 32,000 2012 2,663 − 1,437 2,000,000 2013 2,743 − 2,007 3,000,000 2014 218 45 n / a 0 2015 178 215 n / a 0 Total 25,275,000 PGA Tour professional career summary ( edit ) Year Starts Cuts made Wins ( Majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank Adjusted scoring average ( rank ) 8 8 0 5 7 790,594 24 69.44 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 69.10 ( 2nd ) 1998 20 19 * 13 17 1,841,117 69.21 ( 2nd ) 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 68.43 ( 1st ) 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 67.79 ( 1st ) 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 68.81 ( 1st ) 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 68.56 ( 1st ) 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 68.41 ( 1st ) 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 69.04 ( 3rd ) 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 68.66 ( 1st ) 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 68.11 ( 1st ) 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 67.79 ( 1st ) 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 67.65 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 68.05 ( 1st ) 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,765 66 70.32 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 70.46 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 68.90 ( 2nd ) 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 68.98 ( 2nd ) 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 71.65 † 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 71.93 † 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 73.29 † 2018 * * 14 12 0 0 5 9 3,407,462 19 69.44 ( 8th ) Career * * 330 309 79 ( 14 ) 31 19 191 257 113,468,474 Green background for 1st place . Yellow background for top 10 . * Woods qualified for the third round in the 1998 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am but decided to withdraw from the rain - delayed event . Officially , it is counted as a missed cut . * * As of August 12 , 2018 Woods did not play the required 50 rounds to be ranked in scoring average these years : 1996 -- 41 rounds , 2008 -- 26 , 2010 -- 45 , 2011 -- 27 , 2014 -- 21 , 2015 -- 32 , 2017 -- 2 . Woods played in 14 PGA Tour events from 1992 -- 1996 as an amateur . In this span , he made 5 cuts , with his best finish and sole top - 25 performance coming at the 1996 British Open . This brings his total tally of PGA Tour events played to 332 , his total number of cuts made to 300 , and his total number of top - 25 finishes to 252 . Professional wins ( 106 ) ( edit ) PGA Tour wins ( 79 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 14 ) Players Championships ( 2 ) World Golf Championships ( 18 ) Tour Champ / FedEx Cup events ( 4 ) Other PGA Tour ( 41 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Oct 6 , 1996 Las Vegas Invitational − 27 ( 70 - 63 - 68 - 67 - 64 = 332 ) Playoff Davis Love III Oct 20 , 1996 Walt Disney World / Oldsmobile Classic − 21 ( 69 - 63 - 69 - 66 = 267 ) 1 stroke Payne Stewart 3 . Jan 12 , 1997 Mercedes Championships − 14 ( 70 - 67 - 65 = 202 ) Playoff Tom Lehman Apr 13 , 1997 Masters Tournament − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite 5 May 18 , 1997 GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic − 17 ( 64 - 64 - 67 - 68 = 263 ) 2 strokes Lee Rinker 6 Jul 6 , 1997 Motorola Western Open − 13 ( 67 - 72 - 68 - 68 = 275 ) 3 strokes Frank Nobilo 7 May 10 , 1998 BellSouth Classic − 17 ( 69 - 67 - 63 - 72 = 271 ) 1 stroke Jay Don Blake 8 Feb 14 , 1999 Buick Invitational − 22 ( 68 - 71 - 62 - 65 = 266 ) 2 strokes Billy Ray Brown 9 Jun 6 , 1999 Memorial Tournament − 15 ( 68 - 66 - 70 - 69 = 273 ) 2 strokes Vijay Singh 10 Jul 4 , 1999 Motorola Western Open ( 2 ) − 15 ( 68 - 66 - 68 - 71 = 273 ) 3 strokes Mike Weir 11 Aug 15 , 1999 PGA Championship − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 12 Aug 29 , 1999 NEC Invitational − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 13 Oct 24 , 1999 National Car Rental Golf Classic Disney ( 2 ) − 17 ( 66 - 66 - 66 - 73 = 271 ) 1 stroke Ernie Els 14 Oct 31 , 1999 The Tour Championship − 15 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 4 strokes Davis Love III 15 Nov 7 , 1999 American Express Championship − 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 16 Jan 9 , 2000 Mercedes Championships ( 2 ) − 16 ( 71 - 66 - 71 - 68 = 276 ) Playoff Ernie Els 17 Feb 7 , 2000 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am − 15 ( 68 - 73 - 68 - 64 = 273 ) 2 strokes Matt Gogel , Vijay Singh 18 Mar 19 , 2000 Bay Hill Invitational − 18 ( 69 - 64 - 67 - 70 = 270 ) 4 strokes Davis Love III 19 May 29 , 2000 Memorial Tournament ( 2 ) − 19 ( 71 - 63 - 65 - 70 = 269 ) 5 strokes Ernie Els , Justin Leonard 20 Jun 18 , 2000 U.S. Open − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 21 Jul 23 , 2000 The Open Championship − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 22 Aug 20 , 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 23 Aug 27 , 2000 NEC Invitational ( 2 ) − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 24 Sep 10 , 2000 Bell Canadian Open − 22 ( 72 - 65 - 64 - 65 = 266 ) 1 stroke Grant Waite 25 Mar 18 , 2001 Bay Hill Invitational ( 2 ) − 15 ( 71 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 273 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 26 Mar 25 , 2001 The Players Championship − 14 ( 72 - 69 - 66 - 67 = 274 ) 1 stroke Vijay Singh 27 Apr 8 , 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 28 Jun 3 , 2001 Memorial Tournament ( 3 ) − 17 ( 68 - 69 - 68 - 66 = 271 ) 7 strokes Paul Azinger , Sergio García 29 Aug 26 , 2001 NEC Invitational ( 3 ) − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 30 Mar 17 , 2002 Bay Hill Invitational ( 3 ) − 13 ( 67 - 65 - 74 - 69 = 275 ) 4 strokes Michael Campbell 31 Apr 14 , 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 32 Jun 16 , 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 33 Aug 11 , 2002 Buick Open − 17 ( 67 - 63 - 71 - 70 = 271 ) 4 strokes Fred Funk , Brian Gay , Mark O'Meara , Esteban Toledo 34 Sep 22 , 2002 American Express Championship ( 2 ) − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 35 Feb 16 , 2003 Buick Invitational ( 2 ) − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 4 strokes Carl Pettersson 36 Mar 2 , 2003 Accenture Match Play Championship 2 & 1 David Toms 37 Mar 23 , 2003 Bay Hill Invitational ( 4 ) − 19 ( 70 - 65 - 66 - 68 = 269 ) 11 strokes Stewart Cink , Brad Faxon , Kenny Perry , Kirk Triplett 38 Jul 6 , 2003 100th Western Open ( 3 ) − 21 ( 63 - 70 - 65 - 69 = 267 ) 5 strokes Rich Beem 39 Oct 5 , 2003 American Express Championship ( 3 ) − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh 40 Feb 29 , 2004 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) 3 & 2 Davis Love III 41 Jan 23 , 2005 Buick Invitational ( 3 ) − 16 ( 69 - 63 - 72 - 68 = 272 ) 3 strokes Luke Donald , Charles Howell III , Tom Lehman 42 Mar 6 , 2005 Ford Championship at Doral − 24 ( 65 - 70 - 63 - 66 = 264 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 43 Apr 10 , 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 44 Jul 17 , 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 45 Aug 21 , 2005 NEC Invitational ( 4 ) − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 46 Oct 9 , 2005 American Express Championship ( 4 ) − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 47 Jan 29 , 2006 Buick Invitational ( 4 ) − 10 ( 71 - 68 - 67 - 72 = 278 ) Playoff Nathan Green , José María Olazábal 48 Mar 5 , 2006 Ford Championship at Doral ( 2 ) − 20 ( 64 - 67 - 68 - 69 = 268 ) 1 stroke David Toms , Camilo Villegas 49 Jul 23 , 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 50 Aug 6 , 2006 Buick Open ( 2 ) − 24 ( 66 - 66 - 66 - 66 = 264 ) 3 strokes Jim Furyk 51 Aug 20 , 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 52 Aug 27 , 2006 Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 53 Sep 4 , 2006 Deutsche Bank Championship − 16 ( 66 - 72 - 67 - 63 = 268 ) 2 strokes Vijay Singh 54 Oct 1 , 2006 American Express Championship ( 5 ) − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 55 Jan 28 , 2007 Buick Invitational ( 5 ) − 15 ( 66 - 72 - 69 - 66 = 273 ) 2 strokes Charles Howell III 56 Mar 25 , 2007 CA Championship ( 6 ) − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 57 May 6 , 2007 Wachovia Championship − 13 ( 70 - 68 - 68 - 69 = 275 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 58 Aug 5 , 2007 Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 59 Aug 12 , 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 60 Sep 9 , 2007 BMW Championship ( 4 ) − 22 ( 67 - 67 - 65 - 63 = 262 ) 2 strokes Aaron Baddeley 61 Sep 16 , 2007 The Tour Championship ( 2 ) − 23 ( 64 - 63 - 64 - 66 = 257 ) 8 strokes Mark Calcavecchia , Zach Johnson 62 Jan 27 , 2008 Buick Invitational ( 6 ) − 19 ( 67 - 65 - 66 - 71 = 269 ) 8 strokes Ryuji Imada 63 Feb 24 , 2008 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) 8 & 7 Stewart Cink 64 Mar 16 , 2008 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 5 ) − 10 ( 70 - 68 - 66 - 66 = 270 ) 1 stroke Bart Bryant 65 Jun 16 , 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate 66 Mar 29 , 2009 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 6 ) − 5 ( 68 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 275 ) 1 stroke Sean O'Hair 67 Jun 7 , 2009 Memorial Tournament ( 4 ) − 12 ( 69 - 74 - 68 - 65 = 276 ) 1 stroke Jim Furyk 68 Jul 5 , 2009 AT&T National − 13 ( 64 - 66 - 70 - 67 = 267 ) 1 stroke Hunter Mahan 69 Aug 2 , 2009 Buick Open ( 3 ) − 20 ( 71 - 63 - 65 - 69 = 268 ) 3 strokes Greg Chalmers , John Senden Roland Thatcher 70 Aug 9 , 2009 Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 71 Sep 13 , 2009 BMW Championship ( 5 ) − 19 ( 68 - 67 - 62 - 68 = 265 ) 8 strokes Jim Furyk , Marc Leishman 72 Mar 25 , 2012 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 7 ) − 13 ( 69 - 65 - 71 - 70 = 275 ) 5 strokes Graeme McDowell 73 Jun 3 , 2012 Memorial Tournament ( 5 ) − 9 ( 70 - 69 - 73 - 67 = 279 ) 2 strokes Andrés Romero , Rory Sabbatini 74 Jul 1 , 2012 AT&T National ( 2 ) − 8 ( 72 - 68 - 67 - 69 = 276 ) 2 strokes Bo Van Pelt 75 Jan 28 , 2013 Farmers Insurance Open ( 7 ) − 14 ( 68 - 65 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 4 strokes Brandt Snedeker , Josh Teater 76 Mar 10 , 2013 Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 77 Mar 25 , 2013 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 8 ) − 13 ( 69 - 70 - 66 - 70 = 275 ) 2 strokes Justin Rose 78 May 12 , 2013 The Players Championship ( 2 ) − 13 ( 67 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 275 ) 2 strokes David Lingmerth , Jeff Maggert Kevin Streelman 79 Aug 4 , 2013 Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson PGA Tour playoff record ( 11 -- 1 ) ( edit ) No . Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result Las Vegas Invitational Davis Love III Won with par on first extra hole 1997 Mercedes Championships Tom Lehman Won with birdie on first extra hole 1998 Nissan Open Billy Mayfair Lost to birdie on first extra hole 1999 American Express Championship Miguel Ángel Jiménez Won with birdie on first extra hole 5 2000 Mercedes Championships Ernie Els Won with birdie on second extra hole 6 2000 PGA Championship Bob May Won three - hole playoff : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) 7 2001 NEC Invitational Jim Furyk Won with birdie on seventh extra hole 8 2005 Masters Tournament Chris DiMarco Won with birdie on first extra hole 9 2005 WGC - American Express Championship John Daly Won with par on second extra hole 10 2006 Buick Invitational José María Olazábal , Nathan Green Won with par on second extra hole Green eliminated with par on first hole 11 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Stewart Cink Won with birdie on fourth extra hole 12 2008 U.S. Open Rocco Mediate Won with par on first extra hole after 18 - hole playoff ( Woods : 71 , Mediate : 71 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 14 ) World Golf Championships ( 18 ) Other European Tour ( 8 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Apr 13 , 1997 Masters Tournament − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite Jan 25 , 1998 Johnnie Walker Classic − 9 ( 72 - 71 - 71 - 65 = 279 ) Playoff Ernie Els May 24 , 1999 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe − 15 ( 69 - 68 - 68 - 68 = 273 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen Aug 15 , 1999 PGA Championship − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 5 Aug 29 , 1999 NEC Invitational − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 6 Nov 7 , 1999 American Express Championship − 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 7 Jun 18 , 2000 U.S. Open − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 8 Jul 23 , 2000 The Open Championship − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 9 Aug 20 , 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 10 Aug 27 , 2000 NEC Invitational ( 2 ) − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 11 Nov 19 , 2000 ( 2001 season ) Johnnie Walker Classic ( 2 ) − 25 ( 68 - 65 - 65 - 65 = 263 ) 3 strokes Geoff Ogilvy 12 Apr 8 , 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 13 May 20 , 2001 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe ( 2 ) − 22 ( 69 - 68 - 63 - 66 = 266 ) 4 strokes Michael Campbell 14 Aug 26 , 2001 NEC Invitational ( 3 ) − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 15 Apr 14 , 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 16 May 19 , 2002 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe ( 3 ) − 20 ( 69 - 67 - 64 - 68 = 268 ) Playoff Colin Montgomerie 17 Jun 16 , 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 18 Sep 22 , 2002 American Express Championship ( 2 ) − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 19 Mar 2 , 2003 Accenture Match Play Championship 2 & 1 David Toms 20 Oct 5 , 2003 American Express Championship ( 3 ) − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh 21 Feb 29 , 2004 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) 3 & 2 Davis Love III 22 Apr 10 , 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 23 Jul 17 , 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 24 Aug 21 , 2005 NEC Invitational ( 4 ) − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 25 Oct 9 , 2005 American Express Championship ( 4 ) − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 26 Feb 5 , 2006 Dubai Desert Classic − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) Playoff Ernie Els 27 Jul 23 , 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 28 Aug 20 , 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 29 Aug 27 , 2006 Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 30 Oct 1 , 2006 American Express Championship ( 5 ) − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 31 Mar 25 , 2007 CA Championship ( 6 ) − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 32 Aug 5 , 2007 Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 33 Aug 12 , 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 34 Feb 3 , 2008 Dubai Desert Classic ( 2 ) − 14 ( 65 - 71 - 73 - 65 = 274 ) 1 stroke Martin Kaymer 35 Feb 24 , 2008 Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) 8 & 7 Stewart Cink 36 Jun 16 , 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate 37 Aug 9 , 2009 Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 38 Nov 15 , 2009 JBWere Masters − 14 ( 66 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 274 ) 2 strokes Greg Chalmers 39 Mar 10 , 2013 Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 40 Aug 4 , 2013 Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Co-sanctioned with the PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record ( 10 -- 0 ) ( edit ) No . Year Tournament Opponent Result 1998 Johnnie Walker Classic Ernie Els Won with birdie on second extra hole 1999 WGC - American Express Championship Miguel Ángel Jiménez Won with birdie on first extra hole 2000 PGA Championship Bob May Won three - hole playoff : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) 2001 NEC Invitational Jim Furyk Won with birdie on seventh extra hole 5 2002 Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe Colin Montgomerie Won with par on third extra hole 6 2005 Masters Tournament Chris DiMarco Won with birdie on first extra hole 7 2005 WGC - American Express Championship John Daly Won with par on second extra hole 8 2006 Dubai Desert Classic Ernie Els Won with par on first extra hole 9 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Stewart Cink Won with birdie on fourth extra hole 10 2008 U.S. Open Rocco Mediate Won with par on first extra hole after 18 - hole playoff ( Woods : 71 , Mediate : 71 ) Note : This table is the European Tour 's official Woods ' victories on their tour , which gives Woods a total of 40 European Tour wins . Woods ' worldwide tournament playoff record is 15 - 2 , including a loss to Pádraig Harrington at the 2006 Dunlop Phoenix Tournament . Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) Year Date Tournament Score Margin of victory Runner - up Nov 21 Dunlop Phoenix Tournament -- 16 ( 65 - 67 - 65 - 67 = 264 ) 8 strokes Ryoken Kawagishi 2005 Nov 20 Dunlop Phoenix Tournament -- 8 ( 65 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 272 ) Playoff Kaname Yokoo Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner - up Feb 9 , 1997 Asian Honda Classic − 20 ( 70 - 64 - 66 - 68 = 268 ) 10 strokes Mo Joong - kyung PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) Year Date Tournament Score Margin of victory Runner - up 2009 Nov 15 JBWere Masters − 14 ( 66 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 274 ) 2 strokes Greg Chalmers Co-sanctioned with the European Tour Other professional wins ( 16 ) ( edit ) 1998 ( 1 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf 1999 ( 3 ) World Cup of Golf Individual Trophy , World Cup of Golf ( team event with Mark O'Meara ) , PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2000 ( 2 ) WGC - World Cup ( team event with David Duval ) , PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2001 ( 2 ) Williams World Challenge , PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2002 ( 1 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2004 ( 1 ) Target World Challenge 2005 ( 1 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf 2006 ( 2 ) PGA Grand Slam of Golf , Target World Challenge 2007 ( 1 ) Target World Challenge 2009 ( 1 ) Notah Begay III Foundation Challenge 2011 ( 1 ) Chevron World Challenge Amateur wins ( 21 ) ( edit ) 1984 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 10 - and - under ) 1985 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 10 - and - under ) 1988 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 11 -- 12 ) 1989 ( 1 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 13 -- 14 ) 1990 ( 2 ) Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 13 -- 14 ) , Insurance Youth Golf Classic 1991 ( 3 ) U.S. Junior Amateur , Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 15 -- 17 ) , Orange Bowl International Junior 1992 ( 2 ) U.S. Junior Amateur , Insurance Youth Golf Classic 1993 ( 1 ) U.S. Junior Amateur 1994 ( 3 ) U.S. Amateur , Western Amateur , Pacific Northwest Amateur 1995 ( 2 ) U.S. Amateur , College All - America Golf Classic 1996 ( 4 ) U.S. Amateur , NCAA Division I Championship , NCAA West Regional , Pac - 10 Championship Amateur major wins ( 3 ) ( edit ) Year Championship Winning score Runner - up 1994 U.S. Amateur 2 up Trip Kuehne 1995 U.S. Amateur 2 up Buddy Marucci U.S. Amateur 38 holes Steve Scott Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 U.S. Amateur DNQ R32 R32 M = Medalist DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion R32 , R16 , QF , SF = Round in which player lost in match play Green background for wins . Yellow background for top - 10 Source : Reign as World No. 1 Male Golfer ( edit ) Woods holds the record for most consecutive weeks at No. 1 , 281 , and the most total number of weeks , 683 . Since 1997 , he has spent over twelve years atop the Official World Golf Ranking , and has been the number one player for all 52 weeks of a year a record eight times -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2009 . He has spent 860 weeks ranked in the top - 10 , and overtook Ernie Els as the golfer with the most weeks ranked in the top 10 in 2013 . This list is complete as of May 18 , 2014 . Start date End date Weeks Approximate time Successor June 15 , 1997 June 21 , 1997 7 days Ernie Els July 6 , 1997 September 6 , 1997 9 2 months Greg Norman January 11 , 1998 April 11 , 1998 13 3 months Ernie Els May 10 , 1998 May 16 , 1998 7 days Ernie Els June 14 , 1998 March 27 , 1999 41 9 months , 13 days David Duval July 4 , 1999 August 7 , 1999 5 1 month , 3 days David Duval August 15 , 1999 September 4 , 2004 264 5 years , 20 days Vijay Singh March 6 , 2005 March 19 , 2005 14 days Vijay Singh April 10 , 2005 May 21 , 2005 6 1 month , 11 days Vijay Singh June 12 , 2005 October 30 , 2010 281 5 years , 4.5 months Lee Westwood March 25 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 60 1 year , 2 months Adam Scott U.S. national team appearances ( edit ) Amateur Eisenhower Trophy : 1994 ( winners ) Walker Cup : 1995 Professional Ryder Cup : 1997 , 1999 ( winners ) , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2012 Ryder Cup record ( W -- L -- H ) : 13 -- 17 -- 3 Alfred Dunhill Cup : 1998 Presidents Cup : 1998 , 2000 ( winners ) , 2003 ( tie ) , 2005 ( winners ) , 2007 ( winners ) , 2009 ( winners ) , 2011 ( winners ) , 2013 ( winners ) , 2019 ( captain ) Presidents Cup record ( W -- L -- H ) : 24 -- 15 -- 1 World Cup : 1999 ( winners , individual winner ) , 2000 ( winners ) , 2001 Ryder Cup points record 1997 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 Total 1.5 2.5 -- 0.5 14.5 Awards ( edit ) 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American Southern California Player of the Year 1991 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American ( 2 ) American Junior Golf Association Player of the Year Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year Southern California Player of the Year ( 2 ) 1992 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American ( 3 ) American Junior Golf Association Player of the Year ( 2 ) Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year ( 2 ) GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year ( 2 ) Southern California Player of the Year ( 3 ) Golf World Player of the Year 1993 1st Team -- Rolex Junior All - American ( 4 ) Southern California Player of the Year ( 4 ) Golf World Player of the Year ( 2 ) 1994 Golf World Man of the Year L.A. Times Player of the Year Orange County Player of the Year 1995 Pac - 10 Player of the Year NCAA First Team All - American GolfWeek Preseason First Team All - American for 1995 -- 96 Stanford University 's Male Freshman of the Year PGA Tour Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated `` Sportsman of the Year '' Stanford University Collegiate Player of the Year Fred Haskins Award 1997 Jack Nicklaus Trophy PGA Player of the Year PGA Tour Money Leader ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1998 Mark H. McCormack Award ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 1997 ) 1999 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 2 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 2 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 2 ) Vardon Trophy Byron Nelson Award Mark H. McCormack Award ( 2 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 2 ) Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2 ) 2000 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 3 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 3 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 3 ) Vardon Trophy ( 2 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 2 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 3 ) Laureus World Sports Awards ( for 1999 ) Sports Illustrated `` Sportsman of the Year '' ( 2 ) ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year ( 2 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 3 ) Royal Canadian Golf Association Triple Crown Trophy Palm Performance Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour West Coast Swing PricewaterhouseCoopers Fall Finish Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour 's fall schedule Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events ( 2 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 3 ) BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 1999 ) ( 2 ) 2001 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 4 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 4 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 4 ) Vardon Trophy ( 3 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 3 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 4 ) Laureus World Sports Awards ( for 2000 ) ( 2 ) ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 2000 ) ( 3 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 4 ) 2002 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 5 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 5 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 5 ) Vardon Trophy ( 4 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 4 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 5 ) ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete ( for 2001 ) ( 4 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 5 ) 2003 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 6 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 6 ) Vardon Trophy ( 5 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 5 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 6 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 6 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 7 ) 2005 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 7 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 7 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 6 ) Vardon Trophy ( 6 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 6 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 8 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 7 ) 2006 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 8 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 8 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 7 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 7 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 9 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 4 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 8 ) 2007 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 9 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 9 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 8 ) Vardon Trophy ( 7 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 8 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 10 ) FedEx Cup Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 9 ) 2008 Mark H. McCormack Award ( 11 ) 2009 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 10 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 10 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 9 ) Vardon Trophy ( 8 ) Byron Nelson Award ( 9 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 12 ) FedEx Cup ( 2 ) Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year ( 10 ) Associated Press Athlete of the Decade Mark H. McCormack Award ( 13 ) 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year ( 11 ) PGA Player of the Year ( 11 ) PGA Tour Money Leader ( 10 ) Vardon Trophy ( 9 ) Mark H. McCormack Award ( 14 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Lowest PGA Tour Vardon Trophy Scoring Averages '' . About.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Andy ( 2000 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods fails to make the cut '' . The Hindi . Associated Press . 2005 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tim Rosaforte . A streak for the ages comes to an end . Golf World . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Lamport - Stokes ( 1997 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Nelson target in sight for title - hungry Tiger '' . Tiscali Sport . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mike Meserole ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) . `` ' Lord Byron ' leaves remarkable legacy '' . ESPN / GolfDigest . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Tiger Woods : With this victory Jump up ^ 2009 Buick Open -- The Daily Wrap - up , Round 4 Archived August 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Records Held By Tiger Woods '' . thegolfexpert.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Halley , Jim ( 2006 - 07 - 16 ) . `` With holes in one , no matter how you slice them , luck is vital '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ( 2005 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Is Woods as Strong as Ever ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sal Johnson ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Major Tiger '' . GolfOnline . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Record '' . BobbyJones.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` With This Victory '' . TigerWoods.com. 2006 - 10 - 03 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Playoff points for the FedEx Cup Jump up ^ FedEx Cup Bonus Money Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21 Jump up ^ USGA Championship Database Archived December 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official World Golf Ranking Archived May 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Number One Watch Jump up ^ `` Players who have reached the Top Ten in the Official World Golf Ranking since 1986 '' . European Tour Official Guide 09 ( 38th ed . ) . PGA European Tour . 2009 . p. 558 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_career_achievements_by_Tiger_Woods&oldid=855221611 '' Categories : Career achievements of golfers Tiger Woods Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 19 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many golf tournaments did tiger woods win	[ "Woods has won 12 tournaments wire-to-wire, including seven times while holding the lead outright after each round: 2000 U.S. Open, 2000 PGA Championship (tied after 1st and 4th rounds), 2000 WGC-NEC Invitational, 2002 Bay Hill Invitational (tied after 1st round), 2002 U.S. Open, 2002 WGC-American Express Championship, 2003 Western Open, 2005 Open Championship, 2005 WGC-NEC Invitational (tied after 1st, 2nd and 3rd rounds), 2006 Ford Championship at Doral (tied after 2nd round), 2006 WGC-American Express Championship, 2013 WGC-Cadillac Championship (tied after 1st round)" ]	[ "12" ]
-8668591663242307570	Slumgullion Earthflow	Slumgullion earthflow - wikipedia Slumgullion earthflow Jump to : navigation , search Slumgullion Earthflow Location Hinsdale County , Colorado , United States Nearest city Lake City , Colorado Coordinates 37 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 107 ° 15 ′ 25 '' W / 37.991665 ° N 107.25704 ° W / 37.991665 ; - 107.25704 Coordinates : 37 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 107 ° 15 ′ 25 '' W / 37.991665 ° N 107.25704 ° W / 37.991665 ; - 107.25704 U.S. National Natural Landmark Designated Lake San Cristobal was created 700 years ago when the Slumgullion Earthflow created a dam . The Slumgullion Earthflow in the San Juan Mountains in Hinsdale County , Colorado has been a National Natural Landmark since 1983 . It is also a Colorado Natural Area and an Area of Critical Environmental Concern . The earthflow , a slow moving landslide , crawled down the valley about 700 years ago creating the 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) long and 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) wide mass . The earthflow lies a few miles south east of Lake City . The landmark site covers 1,291 acres ( 522 ha ) and is owned by the US Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management . It is `` a striking example of mass wasting ( the movement of large masses of earth material ) . '' Lake San Cristobal was dammed by the earthflow . A second earthflow has been moving continuously for about 300 years over older stable rock . It moves at a rate of about 7 meters ( 23 feet ) per year . The area is a habitat for elk and deer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Slumgullion Earthflow '' . Colorado Parks and Wildlife . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slumgullion Earthflow '' . U.S. Department of the Interior - Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : D.J. Varnes and W.Z. Savage , ed . ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Bulletin 2130 - The Slumgullion Earth flow : A Large - Scale Natural Laboratory '' . US Department of Interior - US Geological Survey . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hagenauer , Beth ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` NASA Conducts Airborne Study of Colorado Landslide '' . NASA Dryden Flight Research Center . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Protected areas of Colorado Federal National Parks Black Canyon of the Gunnison Great Sand Dunes Mesa Verde Rocky Mountain National Monuments Browns Canyon ( BLM - USFS ) Canyons of the Ancients ( BLM ) Chimney Rock ( USFS ) Colorado Dinosaur Florissant Fossil Beds Hovenweep Yucca House National Recreation Areas Arapaho ( USFS ) Curecanti National Historic Sites Bent 's Old Fort Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Trails Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Trail Continental Divide Trail National Forests Arapaho Grand Mesa Gunnison Pike Rio Grande Roosevelt Routt San Isabel San Juan Uncompahgre White River National Grasslands Comanche Pawnee National Wilderness Black Canyon of the Gunnison Black Ridge Canyons Buffalo Peaks Byers Peak Cache La Poudre Collegiate Peaks Comanche Peak Dominguez Eagles Nest Flat Tops Fossil Ridge Great Sand Dunes Greenhorn Mountain Gunnison Gorge Holy Cross Hunter - Fryingpan Indian Peaks James Peak La Garita Lizard Head Lost Creek Maroon Bells - Snowmass Mesa Verde Mount Evans Mount Massive Mount Sneffels Mount Zirkel Neota Never Summer Platte River Powderhorn Ptarmigan Peak Raggeds Rawah Rocky Mountain National Park Sangre de Cristo Sarvis Creek South San Juan Spanish Peaks Uncompahgre Vasquez Peak Weminuche West Elk National Conservation Areas Dominguez - Escalante Gunnison Gorge McInnis Canyons National Wildlife Refuges Alamosa Arapaho Baca Browns Park Monte Vista Rocky Flats Rocky Mountain Arsenal Two Ponds BLM ACECs 66 Areas of Critical Environmental Concern State Colorado State Parks Arkansas Headwaters Barr Lake Boyd Lake Castlewood Canyon Chatfield Cherry Creek Cheyenne Mountain Crawford Eldorado Canyon Eleven Mile Elkhead Golden Gate Canyon Harvey Gap Highline Lake Jackson Lake James M. Robb - Colorado River John Martin Reservoir Lake Pueblo Lathrop Lone Mesa Lory Mancos Mueller Navajo North Sterling Paonia Pearl Lake Ridgway Rifle Falls Rifle Gap Roxborough Spinney Mountain St. Vrain Stagecoach State Forest Staunton Steamboat Lake Sweitzer Lake Sylvan Lake Trinidad Lake Vega Yampa River Colorado Natural Areas Aiken Canyon Ant Hill Antero - Salt Creek Arikaree River Badger Wash Blacks Gulch Blue Mountain Bonny Prairie Boston Peak Fen Boulder Mountain Park Boulder Valley Heronry Brush Creek Fen California Park Castlewood Canyon Chalk Bluffs Colorado Tallgrass Prairie Comanche Grassland Copeland Willow Carr Cross Mountain Canyon Daves Draw Deep Creek Deer Gulch Dinosaur Ridge Dome Rock Droney Gulch Duck Creek Dudley Bluffs East Lost Park East Sand Dunes Elephant Rocks Elk River Escalante Canyon Escalante Creek Fairview Fourmile Creek Fruita Paleontological Garden Park Fossil Gateway Palisade Geneva Basin Iron Fens Gothic Gunnison Gravels Haviland Lake High Creek Fen High Mesa Grassland Hoosier Ridge Hurricane Canyon Indian Spring Indian Springs Trace Fossil Irish Canyon Jimmy Creek Ken - Caryl Ranch Kremmling Cretaceous Ammonite Lake Pasture Lake San Cristobal Limestone Ridge Lookout Mountain Lost Park Lower Greasewood Creek McElmo Mexican Cut Mini-Wheeler Miramonte Reservoir Mishak Lakes Moosehead Mountain Mount Callahan Mount Callahan Saddle Mount Emmons Iron Fen Mount Goliath Narraguinnep Needle Rock North Park Phacelia Orient Mine Owl Canyon Paradise Park Park Creek Hogback Park Mesa Pawnee Woodlands Pyramid Rock Rabbit Valley Rajadero Canyon Raven Ridge Redcloud Peak Rocky Mountain Woodfrog Pond Rough Canyon Roxborough Running Creek Ryan Gulch Saddle Mountain San Miguel River Sand Creek Shell Duck Creek Shell Rock Slumgullion Earthflow South Beaver Creek South Boulder Creek South Cathedral Bluffs Specimen Mountain Staunton Tabeguache Tamarack Ranch Tern Island Treasurevault Mountain Trinidad K-T Boundary Two Buttes Unaweep Seep Uncompahgre Fritillary Wacker Ranch West Creek Wheeler Geologic White Rocks Williams Creek Yanks Gulch / Upper Greasewood Creek Natural Area Zapata Falls State Wildlife Areas 307 Colorado State Wildlife Areas Other Trails American Discovery Trail Colorado Trail Continental Divide Trail Great Divide Trail Kokopelli Trail Paradox Trail Tabeguache Trail Colorado Department of Natural Resources ( web ) State of Colorado Denver ( capital ) Topics Index Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Highways History Timeline Images Law Military Mountains Museums Public Defender Paleontology Rivers Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Colorado Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Central Colorado Denver - Aurora - Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area Eastern Plains Front Range Grand Valley High Plains High Rockies Mineral Belt Northern Colorado Northwestern Colorado Piedmont Plateau Roan Plateau Roaring Fork Valley San Luis Valley Sangre de Cristo Mountains South - Central Colorado Southwest Colorado Uinta Mountains Uintah Basin Western Slope Municipalities Akron Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Boulder Breckenridge Brighton Broomfield Cañon City Castle Rock Centennial Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Delta Denver Durango Englewood Erie Evans Fairplay Federal Heights Fort Collins Fort Morgan Fountain Golden Glenwood Springs Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Leadville Littleton Longmont Louisville Loveland Montrose Northglenn Parker Platteville Pueblo Salida Steamboat Springs Sterling Superior Thornton Trinidad Vail Westminster Wheat Ridge Windsor Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slumgullion_Earthflow&oldid=795588585 '' Categories : Landforms of Fremont County , Colorado San Juan Mountains ( Colorado ) National Natural Landmarks in Colorado Protected areas of Fremont County , Colorado Geology of Colorado Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 05 : 57 . About Wikipedia	what type of mass movement is the slumgullion slide	[ "The earthflow, a slow moving landslide, crawled down the valley about 700 years ago creating the 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 2,000 feet (610 m) wide mass.[1][2] The earthflow lies a few miles south east of Lake City.[2] The landmark site covers 1,291 acres (522 ha) and is owned by the US Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. It is \"a striking example of mass wasting (the movement of large masses of earth material).\" Lake San Cristobal was dammed by the earthflow.[1] A second earthflow has been moving continuously for about 300 years over older stable rock.[3] It moves at a rate of about 7 meters (23 feet) per year.[4]" ]	[ "a slow moving landslide" ]
-8023355092765644546	Liberty Tree	Liberty Tree - wikipedia Liberty Tree Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Liberty Tree ( disambiguation ) . The Liberty Tree in Boston , as illustrated in 1825 The Liberty Tree ( 1646 -- 1775 ) was a famous elm tree that stood in Boston near Boston Common , in the years before the American Revolution . In 1765 , colonists in Boston staged the first act of defiance against the British government at the tree . The tree became a rallying point for the growing resistance to the rule of Britain over the American colonies , and the ground surrounding it became known as Liberty Hall . The Liberty Tree was felled by British troops and Loyalists in 1775 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Stamp Act protests 1.2 Other protests 2 Memorials 3 Other trees 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Stamp Act protests ( edit ) `` The Colonists Under Liberty Tree , '' Cassell 's Illustrated History of England , 1865 . Main article : Stamp Act 1765 § Protests in the streets In 1765 the British government imposed a Stamp Act on the American colonies . It required all legal documents , permits , commercial contracts , newspapers , pamphlets , and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp . Colonists were outraged . In Boston , a group of local businessmen calling themselves the Loyal Nine began meeting in secret to plan a series of protests against the Stamp Act . On August 14 , 1765 , a crowd gathered in Boston under a large elm tree at the corner of Essex Street and Washington Street ( then called Orange Street ) to protest the hated Stamp Act . Hanging from the tree was a straw - stuffed effigy labeled `` A.O. '' for Andrew Oliver , the colonist chosen by King George III to impose the Stamp Act . Beside it hung a British cavalry jackboot , its sole painted green . This second effigy represented the two British ministers who were considered responsible for the Stamp Act : the Earl of Bute ( the boot being a pun on `` Bute '' ) and Lord George Grenville ( the green being a pun on `` Grenville '' ) . Peering up from inside the boot was a small devil figure , holding a copy of the Stamp Act and bearing a sign that read , `` What Greater Joy did ever New England see / Than a Stampman hanging on a Tree ! '' This was the first public show of defiance against the Crown and spawned the resistance that led to the American Revolutionary War 10 years later . The tree became a central gathering place for protesters , and the ground surrounding it became popularly known as Liberty Hall . A liberty pole was installed nearby with a flag that could be raised above the tree to summon the townspeople to a meeting . Ebenezer Mackintosh , a shoemaker who handled much of the hands - on work of hanging effigies and leading angry mobs , became known as `` Captain General of the Liberty Tree . '' Paul Revere included the Liberty Tree in an engraving , `` A View of the Year 1765 . '' When the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 , townspeople gathered at the Liberty Tree to celebrate . They decorated the tree with flags and streamers , and when evening fell , hung dozens of lanterns from its branches . A copper sign was fastened to the trunk which read , `` This tree was planted in the year 1646 , and pruned by order of the Sons of Liberty , Feb. 14th , 1766 . '' Soon colonists in other towns , from Newport , Rhode Island to Charleston , South Carolina , began naming their own liberty trees , and the Tree of Liberty became a familiar symbol of the American Revolution . Other protests ( edit ) The Sons of Liberty tarring and feathering John Malcolm under the Liberty Tree The Loyal Nine eventually became part of a larger group , the Sons of Liberty . They continued to use the Liberty Tree as a gathering place for protests , leading loyalist Peter Oliver to write bitterly in 1781 , This Tree stood in the Town , & was consecrated for an Idol for the Mob to Worship ; it was properly the Tree ordeal , where those , whom the Rioters pitched upon as State delinquents , were carried to for Trial , or brought to as the Test of political Orthodoxy . During the Liberty Riot of 1768 , to protest the seizure of John Hancock 's ship by the Royal Navy , townspeople dragged a customs commissioner 's boat out of the harbor all the way to the Liberty Tree , where it was condemned at a mock trial and burned on Boston Common . Two years later , a funeral procession for the victims of the Boston Massacre passed by the tree . It was also the site of protests against the Tea Act . In 1774 , a customs official and staunch loyalist named John Malcolm was stripped to the waist , tarred and feathered , and forced to announce his resignation under the tree . The following year , Thomas Paine published an ode to the Liberty Tree in the Pennsylvania Gazette . In the years leading up to the war , the British made the Liberty Tree an object of ridicule . British soldiers tarred and feathered a man named Thomas Ditson , and forced him to march in front of the tree . During the Siege of Boston , a party of British soldiers and Loyalists led by Job Williams cut the tree down , knowing what it represented to the patriots , and used it for firewood . Following the British evacuation in 1776 , patriots returning to Boston erected a liberty pole at the site . For many years the tree stump was used as a reference point by local citizens , similar to the Boston Stone . During an 1825 tour of Boston , the Marquis de Lafayette declared , `` The world should never forget the spot where once stood Liberty Tree , so famous in your annals . '' Memorials ( edit ) Marker at the site where the Liberty Tree once stood At the 1964 New York World 's Fair a sculpture of the tree designed by Albert Surman was a featured exhibit in the New England Pavilion . When the Liberty Tree Mall was opened in 1972 , the sculpture was installed at center court . In October 1966 , the Boston Herald began running stories pointing out that the only commemoration of the Liberty Tree site was a grimy plaque , installed in the 1850s , on a building three stories above what is now the intersection of Essex and Washington Streets , a block east of the Boston Common . Reporter Ronald Kessler found that the plaque was covered with bird droppings and obscured by a Kemp 's hamburger sign . Local guidebooks did not mention it . To call attention to how obscure the site had become , Kessler interviewed waitresses at the Essex Delicatessen below the plaque on Washington Street . None knew what the Liberty Tree was . `` The Liberty Tree ? That 's a roast beef sandwich with a slice of Bermuda onion , Russian dressing , and a side of potato salad , '' said one waitress who had worked beneath the plaque for 20 years . Bronze plaque on sidewalk Kessler persuaded then Massachusetts Governor John A. Volpe to visit the site . A photo of Volpe examining the plaque from a fire engine ladder appeared on page one of the 6 October 1966 edition of the Boston Herald . According to Kessler , Volpe promised to preserve the site in the form of a park with monuments , and `` Edward J. Logue , the administrator of the Boston Redevelopment Authority , said the park would be a ' handsome , open space ' with grass , benches , plaques explaining the history of the tree , and ' the largest elm tree that can be transported and is resistant to Dutch elm disease . ' ... That promise was never fulfilled . '' Kessler explored the subject further and presented the entire history of the Liberty Tree in `` America Must Remember Boston 's Liberty Tree '' . In 1974 , funding was approved for a small park at Washington and Essex , which at that time was part of an area known as the Combat Zone . Plans to plant trees there had to be scrapped because there were too many underground utilities . The Boston Redevelopment Authority ultimately placed a small bronze plaque in the sidewalk across the street from the bas relief plaque . The plaque bears the inscription `` SONS OF LIBERTY , 1766 ; INDEPENDENCE of their COUNTRY , 1776 . '' Boston 's Old State House museum houses a remnant of the flag that flew above the Liberty Tree , and one of the original lanterns that were hung from the tree during the Stamp Act repeal celebration in 1766 . Other trees ( edit ) Many other towns designated their own Liberty Trees . Most have been lost over time , although Randolph , New Jersey claims a white oak Liberty Tree dating to 1720 . A 400 - year - old tulip poplar stood on the grounds of St. John 's College in Annapolis , Maryland until 1999 , when it was felled after Hurricane Floyd caused irreparable damage to it . The Liberty Tree in Acton , Massachusetts , was an elm tree that lasted until about 1925 . In 1915 , knowing that the Liberty Tree was getting older , Acton students planted the Peace Tree , a maple that still stands today . The Arbres de la liberté ( `` Liberty Trees '' ) , inspired by the American example , were a symbol of the French Revolution , the first being planted in 1790 by a pastor of a Vienne village , inspired by the Liberty Tree of Boston . The last surviving liberty elm in France from c. 1790 still stands in the parish of La Madeleine at Faycelles , in the Département de Lot . A Liberty Tree was also planted in Dam Square in Amsterdam on January 19 , 1795 , in celebration of the alliance between the French Republic and the Batavian Republic . In 1798 , with the establishing of the short - lived Roman Republic , such a tree was also planted in Rome 's Piazza delle Scole , to mark the legal abolition of the Roman Ghetto ( which was , however , re-instated with the resumption of Papal rule ) . The last surviving liberty elm in Italy , planted in 1799 to celebrate the new Parthenopean Republic , stood until recently in Montepaone , Calabria . The tree was badly damaged in a storm in 2008 and has been replaced by a clone . As students at the Tübinger Stift , the German philosopher Georg Hegel and his friend Friedrich Schelling planted a liberty tree on the outskirts of Tübingen , Germany . Besides actual trees , the term `` Tree of Liberty '' is associated with a quotation from a 1787 letter written by Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith : `` The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants . '' See also ( edit ) `` Liberty Tree '' , a poem by Thomas Paine ( Wikisource ) Pine Tree Flag , sometimes called the Liberty Tree Flag Liberty Generation Sir Francis Bernard , 1st Baronet Liberty Tree Foundation for the Democratic Revolution References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Loyal Nine of Boston : The Predecessors of the Sons of Liberty '' . Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum . ^ Jump up to : Young , Alfred F. ( 2012 ) . `` Ebenezer Mackintosh : Boston 's Captain General of the Liberty Tree '' . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Knopf Doubleday . pp. 15 -- 34 . ISBN 9780307455994 . ^ Jump up to : Trickey , Erick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind a Forgotten Symbol of the American Revolution : The Liberty Tree '' . Smithsonian Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1873 ) . `` Liberty Tree and the Neighborhood '' . Old Landmarks and Historic Personages of Boston . Profusely Illustrated . J.R. Osgood . pp. 396 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Peter ( 1967 ) ( 1781 ) . Peter Oliver 's Origin & Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View . Stanford University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780804706018 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Alfred F. ( 2001 ) . The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution . Beacon Press . pp. 49 , 118 . ISBN 9780807071427 . Jump up ^ `` Deposition of Thomas Ditson '' . American Archives , Northern Illinois University . ^ Jump up to : Boston Herald , October 2 , 1966 , Section One . Jump up ^ Boston Herald , October 6 , 1966 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , Ronald ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` America Must Remember Boston 's Liberty Tree '' . Newsmax . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yudis , Anthony ( April 21 , 1974 ) . `` Lots and Blocks / Something new for the Combat Zone -- Liberty Tree Park '' . The Boston Globe . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jones , Arthur ( June 6 , 1974 ) . `` Downtown Boston planting runs into $1 million problem '' . The Boston Globe . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Randolph 's Liberty Tree to Live On '' . Township of Randolph . 13 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Morley , Jefferson ( October 25 , 1999 ) . `` Liberty Tree Is Felled '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Tree Site and Simon Hunt Farm '' . Acton Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` ' L'olmo , l'albero della libertà '' . GiuseppeMusolino.it ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ `` 1795 - 1806 Liberty Tree '' . Rijksmuseum.nl . Jump up ^ `` L'Olmo Storico di Montepaone , Ultimo Albero della Libertà '' . Calabria Online ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Plant , Raymond ( 2013 ) . Hegel . Routledge . p. 51 . ISBN 9781136526329 . Jump up ^ `` To William S. Smith Paris , Nov. 13 , 1787 '' . American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and Beyond . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Liberty Tree . `` A View of the Year 1765 '' by Paul Revere ( engraving ) `` Liberty Tree '' by Thomas Paine ( poem ) Otis , James ( 1896 ) . Under the Liberty Tree : A Story of The ' Boston Massacre ' . Boston : Estes & Lauriat . Young , Alfred F. ( 2006 ) . Liberty Tree : Ordinary People and the American Revolution . NYU Press . Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 09 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 45 '' W / 42.3523994194 ° N 71.0625636583 ° W / 42.3523994194 ; - 71.0625636583 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Tree&oldid=815307106 '' Categories : American Revolution History of Boston History of the Thirteen Colonies Individual elm trees Massachusetts in the American Revolution Liberty symbols 18th century in Boston Chinatown , Boston Boston Common 1770s individual tree deaths Individual trees in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from April 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 02 : 16 . About Wikipedia	where did the sons of liberty hold their meetings	[ "The tree became a central gathering place for protesters, and the ground surrounding it became popularly known as Liberty Hall.[4] A liberty pole was installed nearby with a flag that could be raised above the tree to summon the townspeople to a meeting. Ebenezer Mackintosh, a shoemaker who handled much of the hands-on work of hanging effigies and leading angry mobs, became known as \"Captain General of the Liberty Tree.\"[2] Paul Revere included the Liberty Tree in an engraving, \"A View of the Year 1765.\"[3]" ]	[ "The tree" ]
1242256237566968989	2017 FA Cup Final	2017 FA Cup final - wikipedia 2017 FA Cup final 2017 FA Cup Final The match programme cover Event 2016 -- 17 FA Cup Arsenal Chelsea Date 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) Venue Wembley Stadium , London Man of the Match Alexis Sánchez ( Arsenal ) Referee Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Attendance 89,472 Weather Scattered clouds 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 FA Cup Final was the 136th final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest football cup competition . It took place on 27 May 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London , England and was contested between London rivals Arsenal and Chelsea . Arsenal won the game 2 -- 1 to secure a record 13th title , while manager Arsène Wenger became the most successful manager in the tournament 's history with seven wins . The winners would enter the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League group stage , had they not already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via other competitions . This was a rematch of the 2002 FA Cup Final and the first final since 2003 in which both sides split the league games against each other during the course of the season , with a 3 -- 0 victory by Arsenal in September 2016 , and a 3 -- 1 win by Chelsea in February 2017 . The game was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by both BBC and BT Sport . BBC One provided the free - to - air coverage and BT Sport 2 was the pay - TV alternative . In North America , this was the first FA Cup Final to be televised by CTV in Canada and by FOX in the United States . Due to the circumstances surrounding his appearance , and performance on the day , Arsenal fans and former players have dubbed the game The Mertesacker Final . Contents 1 Route to the final 1.1 Arsenal 1.2 Chelsea 2 Pre-match 3 Match 3.1 Summary 3.2 Details 3.3 Statistics 4 See also 5 References Route to the final ( edit ) Arsenal ( edit ) In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . Round Opposition Score 3rd Preston North End ( A ) 2 -- 1 4th Southampton ( A ) 5 -- 0 5th Sutton United ( A ) 2 -- 0 QF Lincoln City ( H ) 5 -- 0 SF Manchester City ( N ) 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Arsenal , as a Premier League team , started their campaign in the third round . In it , they were drawn away at Football League Championship Preston North End . At Deepdale , Arsenal won 2 -- 1 with goals from Aaron Ramsey and Olivier Giroud . In the Fourth Round , Arsenal drew fellow Premier League Southampton . At St Mary 's Stadium , Arsenal won 5 -- 0 with two goals from Danny Welbeck and a hat - trick from Theo Walcott . In the Fifth Round , Arsenal were drawn against non-league National League Sutton United away . At Gander Green Lane , Arsenal won 2 -- 0 with goals from Lucas Pérez and Walcott . The match was also noted for Sutton United 's reserve goalkeeper Wayne Shaw being investigated by The FA and Gambling Commission for eating a pie pitchside despite there being betting odds on him doing so . In the quarter - finals , Arsenal were drawn at home against National League Lincoln City . At the Emirates Stadium , Arsenal won 5 -- 0 with goals from Walcott , Giroud , an own goal by Luke Waterfall , Alexis Sánchez and Ramsey . In the semi-final at neutral Wembley Stadium , Arsenal played against Premier League Manchester City and reached the final after a 2 -- 1 win with goals from Nacho Monreal and Sánchez . Chelsea ( edit ) In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . Round Opposition Score 3rd Peterborough United ( H ) 4 -- 1 4th Brentford ( H ) 4 -- 0 5th Wolverhampton Wanderers ( A ) 2 -- 0 QF Manchester United ( H ) 1 -- 0 SF Tottenham Hotspur ( N ) 4 -- 2 Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Players of Chelsea celebrating a goal in semi-final match against Tottenham Hotspur Chelsea also started in the third round where they were drawn at home against League One side Peterborough United . At Stamford Bridge , Chelsea won 4 -- 1 with two goals from Pedro and a goal each from Michy Batshuayi and Willian despite having club captain John Terry sent off . In the fourth round , they were drawn with Championship team Brentford at home . Chelsea won 4 -- 0 with goals from Pedro , Willian , Branislav Ivanović and Batshuayi . In the fifth round , Chelsea were drawn away against Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers . At Molineux Stadium , Chelsea won 2 -- 0 with goals from Pedro and Diego Costa . In the Quarter - finals , they were drawn against fellow Premier League side and FA Cup holders Manchester United . At Stamford Bridge , Chelsea won 1 -- 0 thanks to a goal from N'Golo Kanté . In the semi-finals at Wembley Stadium , Chelsea were drawn against fellow Premier League and London rivals , Tottenham Hotspur . Chelsea reached the final with a 4 -- 2 win with two goals from Willian and a goal each from Eden Hazard and Nemanja Matić . Pre-match ( edit ) Arsenal were appearing in the final of the FA Cup for the 20th time , the club 's third in four years . They had won the cup twelve times previously ( in 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 and 2015 ) and were beaten in the final seven times , most recently in 2001 . By comparison , Chelsea were making their 12th appearance in a FA Cup final . The club won the cup seven times ( 1970 , 1997 , 2000 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 ) and lost four finals . Arsenal and Chelsea had previously met 13 times in the FA Cup . Arsenal held an advantage in those meetings , winning seven of the last eight . Chelsea , however , won the last FA Cup tie , a 2 -- 1 victory in April 2009 . This was the second FA Cup final to feature both sides ; the first was won by Arsenal in 2002 . Chelsea manager Antonio Conte was on course to win the domestic double in his first season at the club . The most recent meeting between the two teams was a league encounter in February 2017 . Chelsea beat Arsenal by three goals to one , a result which moved them 12 points clear in first position . The win was significant given Chelsea lost the reverse fixture 3 -- 0 in September 2016 , a `` watershed moment '' in their season according to BBC journalist Phil McNulty . While Arsenal struggled to build momentum throughout autumn and winter , Chelsea manager Antonio Conte 's tactical switch from 4 -- 3 -- 3 to 3 -- 4 -- 3 thereafter resulted in a 13 - match winning run . They won the Premier League with two matches to spare , and later set a new divisional record for the most wins ( 30 ) . Arsenal ended the season in fifth place , their lowest placing under manager Arsène Wenger , and missed out on UEFA Champions League football for the first time in 20 years . Wenger 's future had been cast into doubt following a bad run of form in February and March , which saw the team lose 10 -- 2 on aggregate against Bayern Munich in the Champions League , and four of their five league matches . To arrest the decline , Wenger adopted a similar tactical change to Conte , playing three defenders at the back . Arsenal went on to win eight of their last nine fixtures , but Wenger admitted his team were outsiders for the final : `` This time we are not favourites , it 's quite even or maybe Chelsea are ahead , so it 's a bit similar to what happened in the semi-final against Manchester City . That 's part of what makes it all exciting as well . '' Of his future he said , `` It will not be my last match anyway , because I will stay , no matter what happens , in football . '' `` Mertesacker is going to be crucial for Arsenal if he plays ; he will have to play very well if Arsenal are to have any chance . If he does n't play well then Chelsea are going to cut through Arsenal like a knife through butter . '' Paul Merson 's pre-match assessment Conte described Wenger as one of the greats in football , and felt he would remain as Arsenal manager come the season 's end . `` He has done a fantastic job . Sometimes in England I think you undervalue the achievement of qualifying for the Champions League . Only this season they have n't qualified for the Champions League , '' he continued . Conte reiterated the importance of his players keeping their focus and wanted Chelsea to `` pay great attention and focus '' to their opponents . Hazard , who was playing in his first FA Cup final , was eager to win the competition : `` For Chelsea , for such a big club like this , you need to win one , two , three trophies every season if you can . Now we have the possibility to win another trophy so all the players are ready for that . It 's such a great competition for the fans . '' Chelsea and Arsenal were expected to line up in a 3 -- 4 -- 3 formation . Whereas the former club had no injury or suspension worries , Arsenal had doubts over the fitness of Petr Čech and Shkodran Mustafi , and were already without defenders Laurent Koscielny ( suspension ) and Gabriel ( ankle injury ) . Per Mertesacker was expected to start ; the Germany international only featured once for Arsenal 's first team during the season . The day before the final The Guardian reported that Wenger chose David Ospina to start in goal ahead of Čech . Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 28,000 tickets . For adults , these were priced £ 45 , £ 65 , £ 85 and £ 115 , with concessions in place . Chelsea supporters were situated in the west side of the ground , while Arsenal 's were allocated in the east . The remaining 14,000 tickets were distributed to volunteers involved in the FA 's work . Finalists stood to receive £ 900,000 minimum , the winners earned £ 1.8 million . Security at Wembley Stadium was tightened in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing ; as a security measure Arsenal cancelled a screening of the game at their ground . Both clubs cancelled plans for open top bus victory parades . Sol Campbell and Eddie Newton came onto the pitch to greet the supporters and place the trophy on a plinth . As they departed , the traditional Cup Final hymn , `` Abide with Me '' was sung by representatives of eight clubs , including Lincoln City , Guernsey , Millwall and Sutton United . The teams emerged moments later led by their managers , and players were greeted by Prince William , Duke of Cambridge . Soprano Emily Haig sang the national anthem and a minute 's silence was then held to honour the victims of the Manchester attack . Prince William , Andy Burnham , the Mayor of Greater Manchester and FA chairman Greg Clarke lay wreaths on the pitch in tribute . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Moses receiving a red card in the second half Despite what was expected to be a tight affair , Arsenal dominated the early proceedings and opened the scoring with a goal from Alexis Sánchez in the 4th minute , shooting past the advancing goalkeeper from six yards out with his right foot . The goal was initially flagged as offside due to Aaron Ramsey being in an offside position . After discussing with his linesman , referee Anthony Taylor overrode the decision and awarded Arsenal the goal due to Ramsey not attempting to play the ball . Sánchez also handled the ball in the lead up to the goal but this was not seen by the referee . Arsenal then hit the post twice from close range in the first half through Aaron Ramsey and Danny Welbeck . In the second half , Victor Moses received a second yellow card for diving in the penalty box in the 68th minute , leaving Chelsea with ten men . Chelsea equalised through Diego Costa in the 76th minute when he controlled the ball on his chest in the penalty area before shooting low to the left with his right foot . Three minutes later Aaron Ramsey scored for Arsenal by heading in an Olivier Giroud cross from the left from six yards out . Details ( edit ) 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) 17 : 30 BST Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Sánchez 4 ' Ramsey 79 ' Report Costa 76 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 89,472 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Arsenal Chelsea GK 13 David Ospina CB 16 Rob Holding 53 ' CB Per Mertesacker ( c ) CB 18 Nacho Monreal RM 24 Héctor Bellerín CM 8 Aaron Ramsey 9 ' CM 29 Granit Xhaka 81 ' LM 15 Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 82 ' RF 11 Mesut Özil CF 23 Danny Welbeck 78 ' LF 7 Alexis Sánchez 90 + 3 ' Substitutes : GK 33 Petr Čech MF 34 Francis Coquelin 83 ' 82 ' MF 35 Mohamed Elneny 90 + 3 ' FW 9 Lucas Pérez FW 12 Olivier Giroud 78 ' FW 14 Theo Walcott FW 17 Alex Iwobi Manager : Arsène Wenger GK 13 Thibaut Courtois CB 28 César Azpilicueta CB 30 David Luiz CB 24 Gary Cahill ( c ) RM 15 Victor Moses 57 ' , 68 ' CM 7 N'Golo Kanté 59 ' CM 21 Nemanja Matić 61 ' LM Marcos Alonso RF 11 Pedro 72 ' CF 19 Diego Costa 88 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard Substitutes : GK Asmir Begović DF 5 Kurt Zouma DF 6 Nathan Aké DF 26 John Terry MF Cesc Fàbregas 61 ' MF 22 Willian 72 ' FW 23 Michy Batshuayi 88 ' Manager : Antonio Conte Man of the Match : Alexis Sánchez ( Arsenal ) Assistant referees : Gary Beswick ( Durham ) Marc Perry ( Birmingham ) Fourth official : Bobby Madley ( West Yorkshire ) Fifth official : Adam Nunn ( Wiltshire ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time . Statistics ( edit ) Statistic Arsenal Chelsea Goals scored Possession 52.4 % 47.6 % Shots on target 6 5 Shots off target 7 7 Corner kicks 7 5 Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 Source : See also ( edit ) Arsenal F.C. -- Chelsea F.C. rivalry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor - made for FA Cup Final '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History for London Heathrow , United Kingdom '' . Weather Wunderground. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 UEFA access list '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final 2017 across the BBC '' . BBC News . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea : Live stream the FA Cup final online or watch on TV with BT Sport '' . BT Sport. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal captain Per Mertesacker could be forced to start FA Cup final '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup Final player ratings as Sanchez steals the show at Wembley '' . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's special because it 's my final season ' '' . www.arsenal.com . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Preston North End 1 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Southampton 0 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Sutton United 0 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Aarons , Ed . `` Wayne Shaw leaves Sutton United amid investigations over pie - eating stunt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Arsenal 5 -- 0 Lincoln City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alexis Sanchez hits extra-time winner as Arsenal edge FA Cup thriller against Manchester City '' . Eurosport. 2017 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Luke ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 1 Peterborough United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 4 -- 0 Brentford '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs Chelsea , match preview '' . Sky Sports . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs Chelsea 2002 FA Cup finalists -- where are they now ? '' . The Telegraph . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard mesmerises Arsenal to tighten Chelsea 's Premier League grip '' . The Observer . London . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` Arsenal : Are Arsene Wenger 's side spurning title chance again ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` Chelsea are Premier League champions : How did Antonio Conte do it ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are Chelsea champions of the year - on - year football points swing ? '' . theguardian.com. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , JJ ; Wilson , Jeremy ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` How Liverpool secured Champions League spot as Arsenal fell short '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brus , Mark ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Arsene Wenger achieves new low in the Premier League as Arsenal lose to West Brom '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final manager focus : Antonio Conte v Arsene Wenger '' . BT Sport. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger -- Breaking record not my priority '' . Arsenal F.C. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Olley , James ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup Final will not determine Arsene Wenger 's future '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Merson , Paul ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Paul Merson 's FA Cup final prediction : Chelsea set for comfortable win over Arsenal '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup final : Arsene Wenger one of the game 's greats -- Antonio Conte '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Ben ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Chelsea boss Antonio Conte does n't think FA Cup final will be Arsene Wenger 's last game in charge of Arsenal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hytner , David ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal v Chelsea : match preview '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal captain Per Mertesacker could be forced to start FA Cup final '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Arsène Wenger drops Petr Cech and gives David Ospina nod for FA Cup final '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Emirates FA Cup Final details confirmed '' . The Football Association . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Luke ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Arsenal and Chelsea supporters allocated 28,000 tickets for next month 's FA Cup final at Wembley '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Joe ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup prize money 2017 : How much prize money will Arsenal or Chelsea receive for winning the trophy ? '' . City A.M . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal cancel FA Cup final screening at Emirates Stadium due to security threat after Manchester terror attack '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea cancel Premier League victory parade in light of Manchester terror attack '' . The Telegraph . 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea : 2017 FA Cup final -- as it happened '' . theguardian.com. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Emirates FA Cup Final details confirmed '' . The Football Association . 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 Chelsea 1 '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 Chelsea 1 : Aaron Ramsey seals Arsene Wenger 's record seventh FA Cup win in magnificent final '' . The Telegraph . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Ramsey fires Arsenal to FA Cup final win over 10 - man Chelsea '' . Guardian . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the FA Challenge Cup competition '' ( PDF ) . The Football Association . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match statistics '' . Sky Sports . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . 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-8296352004407592640	A Good Man Is Hard to Find (short story)	A Good Man is Hard to Find ( short story ) - wikipedia A Good Man is Hard to Find ( short story ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' Author Flannery O'Connor Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Short story , Southern Gothic Publication type Collection Media type Print Publication date 1953 `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' is a short story written by Flannery O'Connor in 1953 . The story appears in the collection of short stories of the same name . The interpretive work of scholars often focuses on the controversial final scene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Storyline 3 Characters 4 Interpretation 5 Theme of grace 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The story was first published in 1953 in the anthology The Avon Book of Modern Writing . In 1960 , it was collected in the anthology The House of Fiction , published by Charles Scribner 's Sons . `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find , '' because of its publication in many anthologies , became the most well known of O'Connor's works . Storyline ( edit ) A man named Bailey intends to take his family from Georgia to Florida for a summer vacation , but his mother , ( referred to as `` the grandmother '' in the story ) wants him to drive to East Tennessee , where the grandmother has friends ( `` connections '' ) . She argues that his children , John Wesley and June Star , have never been to East Tennessee , and she shows him a news article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution about an escaped murderer who calls himself The Misfit last seen in Florida . The next day , the grandmother wakes up early to hide her cat , Pitty Sing , in a basket on the floor in the back of the car . She is worried that the cat would die while they were gone . Bailey finds her sitting in the car , dressed in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat ; she says that if she should die in an accident along the road , she wants people to see her corpse and know she was refined and `` a lady . '' The Grandmother talks continuously during the trip , trying to engage her two rude grandchildren in games and telling them jokes and a story , about which June Star makes disdainful comments . She recalls her youth in the Old South , reminiscing about her courtships and how much better everything was in her time , when children were respectful and people `` did right then . '' When the family stops at an old diner outside of Timothy for lunch , she talks to the owner , Red Sammy , about The Misfit . He and the grandmother agree that things were much better in the past and that the world at present is degenerate ; she concurs with Sammy 's remark that `` a good man is hard to find . '' After the family returns to the road , the grandmother begins telling the children a story about a mysterious house nearby with a secret panel , a house she remembers from her childhood . This catches the children 's attention and they want to visit the house , so they harass their father until he reluctantly agrees to allow them just one side trip . As he drives them down a remote dirt road , the grandmother suddenly realizes that the house she was thinking of was actually in Tennessee , not Georgia . That shocking realization makes her involuntarily kick her feet which frightens the cat , causing it to spring from its hidden basket onto Bailey 's neck . Bailey then loses control of the car and it flips over , ending up in a ditch below the road , near Toomsboro . Only the children 's mother is injured ; the children are frantic with excitement , and the grandmother 's main concern is dealing with Bailey 's anger . Shaking in the ditch , the family waits for help . When she notices a black hearse coming down the road , the grandmother flags it down until it stops . Three men come out and begin to talk to her . All three have guns . The grandmother says that she recognizes the leader , the quiet man in glasses , as The Misfit , who immediately confirms this , saying it would have been better for them all if she had not recognized him , and Bailey curses his mother . The Misfit 's men take Bailey and John Wesley into the woods on a pretense and two pistol shots ring out . The Misfit claims that he has no memory of the crime for which he was imprisoned ; when he was informed by doctors that he had killed his father , he claimed that his father died in a flu epidemic . The men then return to take the children 's mother , the baby , and June Star to the woods for the same purpose as Bailey and the boy . The grandmother begins pleading for her own life . When The Misfit talks to her about Jesus , he expresses his doubts about His raising Lazarus from the dead . As he speaks , The Misfit becomes agitated and angry . He snarls into the grandmother 's face and claims that life has `` no pleasure but meanness '' . In her growing confusion , she thinks that The Misfit is going to cry , so she reaches out and touches his shoulder tenderly , saying `` Why you 're one of my babies . You 're one of my own children ! '' His reaction is to jump away `` as if a snake had bitten him '' and he kills her with three shots through the heart . When the family has all been murdered , The Misfit takes a moment to clean his glasses and pick up the grandmother 's cat ; he states that the grandmother would have been a good woman if `` it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life . '' The story ends with The Misfit chastising one of his sidekicks , Bobby Lee , for making a comment `` some fun ! '' `` Shut up , Bobby Lee , '' he retorts . `` It 's no real pleasure in life . '' Characters ( edit ) Bailey Atlanta resident with a wife and three children and his mother . He crashes their car on a family trip to Florida when he gives in to his mother 's and children 's wishes to visit an old plantation . Bailey 's wife Quiet woman described as having a face that was `` as broad and innocent as a cabbage . '' She is not identified by name , only as `` the children 's mother . '' Grandmother Bailey 's mother , who lives with the family . She is not identified by name . John Wesley , June Star Bailey 's children , aged 8 and 7 , respectively . The Baby Male child of Bailey and his wife . Not identified by name . Red Sammy Butts Restaurant operator who agrees with the Grandmother that the world is in a state of decline . Red Sammy 's Wife Waitress in Red Sammy 's restaurant . She observes that not a single person in the world is trustworthy . The Misfit Escaped prisoner who comes across Bailey 's family after they have crashed . Hiram , Bobby Lee Prisoners who escaped with The Misfit . Edgar Atkins Teagarden Man referred to in a story told by Bailey 's mother . He would have been a good man to marry , she says , because he owned Coca - Cola stock and died rich . Pitty Sing Pet cat of the Grandmother. Bailey flings it against a tree after the accident . It is last seen rubbing against The Misfit 's leg . ( `` Pitty Sing '' is a character in the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta , The Mikado . ) Gray Monkey Pet of Red Sammy Butts . The monkey is chained to a chinaberry tree . Interpretation ( edit ) There are varying opinions of `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find . '' Most of this discrepancy centers on the grandmother 's act of touching The Misfit . The dominant opinion is that the grandmother 's final act was one of grace and charity , which implies that `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' was written to show a transformation in the grandmother as the story progresses . In the beginning , she was more concerned about looking like a respectable person than being one . This is shown by her selfish desire to go to Tennessee instead of Florida and , more importantly , by her attempts to save her own life , even as her family continued to die around her ( made things worse if she had kept her mouth shut , none of them would have been killed ) . In the end , she realizes she has not led a good life and reaches out to touch her killer , The Misfit , in a final act of grace and charity . This `` epiphany '' resembles the grandmother 's newly found redemption . Even though she fails , her attempt is not lost on The Misfit , who remarks that through enduring a constant infliction of violence , she would have been a good woman . A second opinion on the issue is that the grandmother 's final act was not an act of charity and that she is yet again trying to save herself from being murdered . Some say that Flannery O'Connor uses the excuse as the grandmother 's final `` moment of grace '' to save the story from the bloodshed and violence . Frederick Asals argues that `` one can easily pass over her ( O'Connor's ) hope that the grandmother 's final gesture to The Misfit might have begun a process which would ' turn him into the prophet he was meant to become ' ; that , as she firmly says , is another story , and it would be a reckless piety indeed which would see it even suggested by the one we have '' . It is also pointed out that by the time the grandmother touches the Misfit , proclaiming he is her son , he is wearing Bailey 's shirt . Other opinions include that it is contradictory of her character or that she was simply again trying to save herself and that her selfishness was never overcome throughout the story . A third opinion is that the grandmother has many faults but unlike the rest of the family she tries to be a good person and treats her family with respect even when they ignore her . Even when she manipulates the children so they will want to go see the house she wanted to see it is stated that `` She said craftily , not telling the truth but wishing that she were '' . The grandmother feels that to get anything she has to manipulate her family to get it , which is something she does n't want to do . Additionally , the grandmother is the only one to provide both entertainment and discipline for the children while their parents simply ignore them . Not every interpretation hinges on a moral judgment of the grandmother , though . For example , Alex Link considers how , until the family encounters the Misfit , the South is mainly something to ignore , forget , package in a movie or a monument , or remember with distorted nostalgia , such that the Misfit comes to stand for the persistence of what can not be bought , sold , or wholly understood , such as death , grace , and `` the South . '' Theme of grace ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It was O'Connor's method to use the dark and morose to reveal beauty and grace ; in `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' , violence reveals divine grace . Divine grace , or God 's unmerited favor , is a concept fundamental to man 's salvation in Christian theology . Christians believe the imperfect can be made perfect , i.e. people can be saved by the grace through believing in Jesus Christ . The grandmother in the story accepts grace by acknowledging that she helped to create The Misfit and that they are bound by kinship . She reaches out to him as if he were her own . Christian themes are common in O'Connor's work . Related concepts include : Sola gratia , actual grace , and prevenient grace . O'Connor explained that in her stories `` violence is strangely capable of returning my characters to reality and preparing them to accept their moment of grace . '' In the case of `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find , '' O'Connor explained in a reflection piece `` A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable , '' published in 1969 , that violence is her way to make her hard - headed characters , such as the grandmother , accept their time of grace . At the end of the story , after The Misfit shoots the grandmother , he says to Bobby Lee , `` She would of been a good woman , if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life . '' This quote is showing The Misfit 's enlightenment to what the grandmother had experienced right before he killed her . He is saying that he noticed that she was trying to preach the gospel to him , but that it only happened because she was threatened by death . According to The Misfit , if the grandmother had lived her life held up at gunpoint , she might have lived a more righteous life . Adaptations ( edit ) A film adaptation of the short story `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find , '' entitled Black Hearts Bleed Red , was made in 1992 by New York filmmaker Jeri Cain Rossi . The film stars noted New York artist Joe Coleman but according to most reviewers the film does not depict the story or its characters well . An original modern chamber opera based on `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' was completed in 2003 by David Volk , a University of Georgia music doctoral student , as part of his dissertation requirements in composition . The chamber opera was performed at the Seney - Stovall Chapel in Athens , Georgia with grant funding from the University 's Ideas for Creative Exploration ( ICE ) . Later that same year , the work was performed at Piedmont College in Demorest , Georgia , and in Milledgeville , Georgia , at `` Flannery O'Connor : the Visionary and the Vernacular , '' an interdisciplinary conference sponsored by Georgia College and State University ( and home of the Flannery O'Connor Library ) . In 2007 , the work was performed at the University of Virginia 's College at Wise where Dr. Volk teaches as Assistant Professor of Music . The American folk musician Sufjan Stevens adapted the story into a song going by the same title . It appears on his 2004 album Seven Swans . The song is written in the first person from the point of view of The Misfit . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gooch , Brad . Flannery : A Life of Flannery O'Connor . New York : Little , Brown , 2009 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Ann Kirk , Connie ( 2008 ) . Critical companion to Katelyn Smith . Infobase Publishing . pp. 74 -- 78 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Desmond , John ( 2004 ) , Flannery O'Connor's Misfit and the Mystery of Evil , Renascence , pp. 129 -- 138 Jump up ^ Ochshorn , Kathleen ( 1990 ) , A Cloak of Grace : Contradictions in `` A Good Man Ss Hard to Find '' , Studies in American Fiction , pp. 113 -- 117 Jump up ^ Asals , Frederick . `` The Limits of Explanation . '' Critical Essays on Flannery O'Connor . Melvin J. Friedman and Beverly Lyon Clark , eds . Boston : G.K. Hall , 1985 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Bandy , Stephen ( 1996 ) , ' One of my Babies ' : The Misfit and the Grandmother , Studies in Short Fiction , pp. 107 -- 117 Jump up ^ `` Means , Meaning and Mediated Space in ' A Good Man is Hard to Find . ' '' The Southern Quarterly . 44.4 ( 2007 ) : 125 - 38 . Jump up ^ Wood , Ralph C. Flannery O'Connor and the Christ - Haunted South . Grand Rapids , Mi. : Eerdman 's Publishing , 2005 , p. 41 - 42 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Flannery . Mystery and Manners : Occasional Prose . NY : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1970 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` UbuWeb Film & Video : Jeri Cain Rossi '' . Ubu.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Flannery O'Connor ( 1993 ) . Frederick Asals , ed . A good man is hard to find . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 1977 - 7 . Contains the original text as well as a collection of critical essays on it . Jan Nordby Gretlund , Karl - Heinz Westarp , ed. ( 2006 ) . Flannery O'Connor's radical reality . Univ of South Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 601 - 9 . Several essays discuss the story in the context of Flannery 's work as whole . George Kilcourse ( 2001 ) . Flannery O'Connor's religious imagination : a world with everything off balance . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4005 - 3 . Focuses on the religious aspects of Flannery 's writings , including those in this short story . External links ( edit ) Online text of the short story Detailed plot summary & analysis of `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' Flannery O'Connor reading `` A Good Man Is Hard to Find '' ( hide ) Works by Flannery O'Connor Novels Wise Blood ( 1952 ) The Violent Bear It Away ( 1960 ) Short story collections A Good Man Is Hard to Find ( 1955 ) `` A Good Man is Hard to Find '' `` The River '' `` The Life You Save May Be Your Own '' `` A Stroke of Good Fortune '' `` A Temple of the Holy Ghost '' `` The Artificial Nigger '' `` A Circle in the Fire '' `` A Late Encounter with the Enemy '' `` Good Country People '' `` The Displaced Person '' Everything That Rises Must Converge ( 1965 ) `` Everything That Rises Must Converge '' `` Greenleaf '' `` A View of the Woods '' `` The Enduring Chill '' `` The Comforts of Home '' `` The Lame Shall Enter First '' `` Revelation '' `` Parker 's Back '' `` Judgement Day '' Previously unavailable stories included in The Complete Stories ( 1971 ) `` The Geranium '' `` The Barber '' `` Wildcat '' `` The Crop '' `` The Turkey '' `` The Train '' `` The Peeler '' `` The Heart of the Park '' `` Enoch and the Gorilla '' `` You Ca n't Be Any Poorer Than Dead '' `` The Partridge Festival '' `` Why Do the Heathen Rage ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Good_Man_Is_Hard_to_Find_(short_story)&oldid=806333657 '' Categories : 1955 short stories Short stories adapted into films Short stories by Flannery O'Connor Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 09 : 18 . About Wikipedia	who goes on the family road trip to florida a good man is hard to find	[ "A man named Bailey intends to take his family from Georgia to Florida for a summer vacation, but his mother, (referred to as \"the grandmother\" in the story) wants him to drive to East Tennessee, where the grandmother has friends (\"connections\"). She argues that his children, John Wesley and June Star, have never been to East Tennessee, and she shows him a news article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution about an escaped murderer who calls himself The Misfit last seen in Florida. The next day, the grandmother wakes up early to hide her cat, Pitty Sing, in a basket on the floor in the back of the car. She is worried that the cat would die while they were gone. Bailey finds her sitting in the car, dressed in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat; she says that if she should die in an accident along the road, she wants people to see her corpse and know she was refined and \"a lady.\" The Grandmother talks continuously during the trip, trying to engage her two rude grandchildren in games and telling them jokes and a story, about which June Star makes disdainful comments. She recalls her youth in the Old South, reminiscing about her courtships and how much better everything was in her time, when children were respectful and people \"did right then.\" When the family stops at an old diner outside of Timothy for lunch, she talks to the owner, Red Sammy, about The Misfit. He and the grandmother agree that things were much better in the past and that the world at present is degenerate; she concurs with Sammy's remark that \"a good man is hard to find.\"", "A man named Bailey intends to take his family from Georgia to Florida for a summer vacation, but his mother, (referred to as \"the grandmother\" in the story) wants him to drive to East Tennessee, where the grandmother has friends (\"connections\"). She argues that his children, John Wesley and June Star, have never been to East Tennessee, and she shows him a news article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution about an escaped murderer who calls himself The Misfit last seen in Florida. The next day, the grandmother wakes up early to hide her cat, Pitty Sing, in a basket on the floor in the back of the car. She is worried that the cat would die while they were gone. Bailey finds her sitting in the car, dressed in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat; she says that if she should die in an accident along the road, she wants people to see her corpse and know she was refined and \"a lady.\" The Grandmother talks continuously during the trip, trying to engage her two rude grandchildren in games and telling them jokes and a story, about which June Star makes disdainful comments. She recalls her youth in the Old South, reminiscing about her courtships and how much better everything was in her time, when children were respectful and people \"did right then.\" When the family stops at an old diner outside of Timothy for lunch, she talks to the owner, Red Sammy, about The Misfit. He and the grandmother agree that things were much better in the past and that the world at present is degenerate; she concurs with Sammy's remark that \"a good man is hard to find.\"", "A man named Bailey intends to take his family from Georgia to Florida for a summer vacation, but his mother, (referred to as \"the grandmother\" in the story) wants him to drive to East Tennessee, where the grandmother has friends (\"connections\"). She argues that his children, John Wesley and June Star, have never been to East Tennessee, and she shows him a news article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution about an escaped murderer who calls himself The Misfit last seen in Florida. The next day, the grandmother wakes up early to hide her cat, Pitty Sing, in a basket on the floor in the back of the car. She is worried that the cat would die while they were gone. Bailey finds her sitting in the car, dressed in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat; she says that if she should die in an accident along the road, she wants people to see her corpse and know she was refined and \"a lady.\" The Grandmother talks continuously during the trip, trying to engage her two rude grandchildren in games and telling them jokes and a story, about which June Star makes disdainful comments. She recalls her youth in the Old South, reminiscing about her courtships and how much better everything was in her time, when children were respectful and people \"did right then.\" When the family stops at an old diner outside of Timothy for lunch, she talks to the owner, Red Sammy, about The Misfit. He and the grandmother agree that things were much better in the past and that the world at present is degenerate; she concurs with Sammy's remark that \"a good man is hard to find.\"", "A man named Bailey intends to take his family from Georgia to Florida for a summer vacation, but his mother, (referred to as \"the grandmother\" in the story) wants him to drive to East Tennessee, where the grandmother has friends (\"connections\"). She argues that his children, John Wesley and June Star, have never been to East Tennessee, and she shows him a news article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution about an escaped murderer who calls himself The Misfit last seen in Florida. The next day, the grandmother wakes up early to hide her cat, Pitty Sing, in a basket on the floor in the back of the car. She is worried that the cat would die while they were gone. Bailey finds her sitting in the car, dressed in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat; she says that if she should die in an accident along the road, she wants people to see her corpse and know she was refined and \"a lady.\" The Grandmother talks continuously during the trip, trying to engage her two rude grandchildren in games and telling them jokes and a story, about which June Star makes disdainful comments. She recalls her youth in the Old South, reminiscing about her courtships and how much better everything was in her time, when children were respectful and people \"did right then.\" When the family stops at an old diner outside of Timothy for lunch, she talks to the owner, Red Sammy, about The Misfit. He and the grandmother agree that things were much better in the past and that the world at present is degenerate; she concurs with Sammy's remark that \"a good man is hard to find.\"", "A man named Bailey intends to take his family from Georgia to Florida for a summer vacation, but his mother, (referred to as \"the grandmother\" in the story) wants him to drive to East Tennessee, where the grandmother has friends (\"connections\"). She argues that his children, John Wesley and June Star, have never been to East Tennessee, and she shows him a news article in the Atlanta Journal Constitution about an escaped murderer who calls himself The Misfit last seen in Florida. The next day, the grandmother wakes up early to hide her cat, Pitty Sing, in a basket on the floor in the back of the car. She is worried that the cat would die while they were gone. Bailey finds her sitting in the car, dressed in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat; she says that if she should die in an accident along the road, she wants people to see her corpse and know she was refined and \"a lady.\" The Grandmother talks continuously during the trip, trying to engage her two rude grandchildren in games and telling them jokes and a story, about which June Star makes disdainful comments. She recalls her youth in the Old South, reminiscing about her courtships and how much better everything was in her time, when children were respectful and people \"did right then.\" When the family stops at an old diner outside of Timothy for lunch, she talks to the owner, Red Sammy, about The Misfit. He and the grandmother agree that things were much better in the past and that the world at present is degenerate; she concurs with Sammy's remark that \"a good man is hard to find.\"" ]	[ "Bailey", "his mother, (referred to as \"the grandmother\" in the story)", "John Wesley", "June Star", "cat, Pitty Sing" ]

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