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7833187429041110977	Constantinople	Constantinople - wikipedia Constantinople Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical city from 330 to 1453 . For its predecessor in Greek and early Roman times , see Byzantium . For Constantinople during the Ottoman era and the modern city , see Istanbul . For other uses , see Constantinople ( disambiguation ) . Constantinople Κωνσταντινούπολις or Κωνσταντινούπολη ( in Greek ) Constantinopolis ( in Latin ) Map of Constantinople Shown within Turkey Alternate name Byzantion ( earlier Greek name ) , Miklagard / Miklagarth ( Old Norse ) , Tsarigrad ( Slavic ) , Basileuousa ( `` Queen of Cities '' ) , Megalopolis ( `` the Great City '' ) Location Istanbul , Istanbul Province , Turkey Region Thrace Coordinates 41 ° 00 ′ 49 '' N 28 ° 57 ′ 18 '' E / 41.01361 ° N 28.95500 ° E / 41.01361 ; 28.95500 Coordinates : 41 ° 00 ′ 49 '' N 28 ° 57 ′ 18 '' E / 41.01361 ° N 28.95500 ° E / 41.01361 ; 28.95500 Type Imperial city Area 6 km ( 2.3 sq mi ) enclosed within Constantinian Walls 14 km ( 5.4 sq mi ) enclosed within Theodosian Walls History Builder Constantine the Great Founded AD 330 Periods Late Antiquity to Late Middle Ages Cultures Roman , Byzantine Timeline of Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire 330 - 1204 AD ; 1261 - 1453 AD 330 AD : Founding of Constantinople ca . 404 / 05 - 413 AD : Construction of the Theodosian Walls 474 AD : Great Fire of Constantinople 532 AD : Nika Riots and Fire of Constantinople 537 AD : Completion of the Hagia Sophia by Justinian I 626 AD : First Siege of Constantinople 674 - 78 AD : First Arab Siege of Constantinople 717 - 18 AD : Great Siege of Constantinople / Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1204 AD : Sack of Constantinople 1261 AD : Liberation of Constantinople 1453 AD : Fall of Constantinople Constantinople ( Greek : Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη Konstantinoúpoli ; Latin : Constantinopolis ; Ottoman Turkish : قسطنطینية ‎ , translit . Ḳosṭanṭīnīye ) was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , and also of the brief Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the later Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD . From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century , Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe and it was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom 's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross . After the final loss of its provinces in the early 15th century , the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs , along with Morea in Greece , and the city eventually fell to the Ottomans after a 53 - day siege on 29 May 1453 . Aerial view of Byzantine Constantinople and the Propontis ( Sea of Marmara ) Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences . Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples , the defences of Constantinople proved invulnerable for nearly nine hundred years before the city was taken in 1204 by the Crusader armies of the Fourth Crusade , and after it was liberated in 1261 by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos , a second and final time in 1453 when it was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I , and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts . Later , in the 5th century , the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian Walls , which consisted of a double wall lying about 2 km ( 1.2 miles ) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front . This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity . The city was built intentionally to rival Rome , and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the ' seven hills ' of Rome . Because it was located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara the land area that needed defensive walls was reduced , and this helped it to present an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces , domes , and towers , the result of the prosperity that was engendered by its being the gateway between two continents ( Europe and Asia ) and two seas ( the Mediterranean and the Black Sea ) . The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces , such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia , which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived , the Galata Tower , the Hippodrome , the Golden Gate of the Land Walls , and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares . The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453 , including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts . Constantinople never truly recovered from the devastation of the Fourth Crusade and the decades of misrule by the Latins . Although the city partially recovered in the early years after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty , the advent of the Ottomans and the subsequent loss of the Imperial territories until it became an enclave inside the fledgling Ottoman Empire rendered the city severely depopulated when it fell to the Ottoman Turks , whereafter it replaced Edirne ( Adrianople ) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Before Constantinople 1.2 Names of Constantinople 1.3 Modern names of the city 2 History 2.1 c. 657 BC -- 324 AD : Byzantium and earlier settlements 2.2 324 -- 337 : Foundation of Constantinople 2.3 337 -- 529 : Constantinople during the Migration Period 2.4 527 -- 565 : Constantinople in the Age of Justinian 2.5 Survival , 565 -- 717 : Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages 2.6 717 -- 1025 : Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance 2.6. 1 Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople 2.7 1025 -- 1081 : Constantinople after Basil II 2.8 1081 -- 1185 : Constantinople under the Comneni 2.9 1185 -- 1261 : Constantinople during the Imperial Exile 2.10 1261 -- 1453 : Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople 2.11 1453 -- 1922 : Ottoman Kostantiniyye 3 Importance 3.1 Culture 3.2 International status 3.3 Architecture 3.4 Religion 3.5 Popular culture 4 See also 4.1 People from Constantinople 4.2 Secular buildings and monuments 4.3 Churches , monasteries and mosques 4.4 Miscellaneous 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Names ( edit ) Before Constantinople ( edit ) According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos , a settlement of likely Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th century BC . The site , according to the founding myth of the city , was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) in around 657 BC , across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus . The origins of the name of Byzantion , more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium , are not entirely clear , though some suggest it is of Thraco - Illyrian origin . The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists , Byzas . The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men , Byzas and Antes , though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion . The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century by the Emperor Septimius Severus ( 193 -- 211 ) , having razed the city to the ground in 196 AD for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt , in honour of his son Antoninus , the later Emperor Caracalla . The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned , and the city reverted to Byzantium / Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or , at the latest , the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235 . Names of Constantinople ( edit ) Main article : Names of Constantinople This huge keystone found in Çemberlitaş , Fatih may have belonged to a triumphal arch at the Forum of Constantine ; the forum was built by Constantine I in the quarter of modern - day Çemberlitaş . The Column of Constantine , built by Constantine I in 330 AD to commemorate the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis ( `` city of Constantine '' , Constantinople ) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I , who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma ( Νέα Ῥώμη ) ' New Rome ' . During this time , the city was also called ' Second Rome ' , ' Eastern Rome ' , and Roma Constantinopolitana . As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West , and its wealth , population , and influence grew , the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames . As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th -- 13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin , Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa ( Queen of Cities ) and Megalopolis ( the Great City ) and was , in colloquial speech , commonly referred to as just Polis ( η πόλη ) ' the City ' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike . In the language of other peoples , Constantinople was referred to just as reverently . The medieval Vikings , who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe ( Varangians ) used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr ( from mikill ' big ' and garðr ' city ' ) , and later Miklagard and Miklagarth . In Arabic , the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al - kubra ( Great City of the Romans ) and in Persian as Takht - e Rum ( Throne of the Romans ) . In East and South Slavic languages , including in medieval Russia , Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad ( Царьград ) or Carigrad , ' City of the Caesar ( Emperor ) ' , from the Slavonic words tsar ( ' Caesar ' or ' King ' ) and grad ( ' city ' ) . This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις ( Vasileos Polis ) , ' the city of the emperor ( king ) ' . Modern names of the city ( edit ) The modern Turkish name for the city , İstanbul , derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin ( εἰς τὴν πόλιν ) , meaning `` into the city '' or `` to the city '' . This name was used in Turkish alongside Kostantiniyye , the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople , during the period of Ottoman rule , while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century . In 1928 , the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script . After that , as part of the 1920s Turkification movement , Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities , instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in the Ottoman times . In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages . The name `` Constantinople '' is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders , the Orthodox patriarch based in the city , referred to as `` His Most Divine All - Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch . '' In Greece today , the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis / Konstantinoúpoli ( Κωνσταντινούπολη / Κωνσταντινούπολις ) or simply just `` the City '' ( Η Πόλη / Η Πόλις ) . History ( edit ) C. 657 BC -- 324 AD : Byzantium and earlier settlements ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I ( 272 -- 337 AD ) in 324 on the site of an already - existing city , Byzantium , which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion , in around 657 BC , by colonists of the city - state of Megara . This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople , but the first known settlements was that of Lygos , referred to in Pliny 's Natural Histories , Apart from this , little is known about this initial settlement , except that it was abandoned by the time the Megarian colonists settled the site anew . The site , according to the founding myth of the city , was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) in around 657 BC , ( 14 ) across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus . The city maintained independence as a city - state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire , who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait . Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece , a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent , yet subordinate , city under the Athenians , and later to the Spartans after 411 BC . A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c. 150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed . This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status , and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana , for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD . Byzantium was never a major influential city - state like that of Athens , Corinth , and Sparta , but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position . The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean , and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour . Already then , in Greek and early Roman times , Byzantium was famous for its strategic geographic position that made it difficult to besiege and capture , and its position at the crossroads of the Asiatic - European trade route over land and as the gateway between the Mediterranean and Black Seas made it too valuable a settlement to abandon , as Emperor Septimius Severus later realized when he razed the city to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger 's claimancy . It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed `` a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia '' . He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign , in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina , fortifying it with a new city wall in his name , the Severan Wall . 324 -- 337 : foundation of Constantinople ( edit ) Emperor Constantine I presents a representation of the city of Constantinople as tribute to an enthroned Mary and Christ Child in this church mosaic . Hagia Sophia , c. 1000 Another coin struck by Constantine I in 330 -- 333 AD to commemorate the foundation of Constantinople and to also reaffirm Rome as the traditional centre of the Roman Empire . Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople Constantine had altogether more colourful plans . Having restored the unity of the Empire , and , being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church , he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital . Rome was too far from the frontiers , and hence from the armies and the imperial courts , and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians . Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years , and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location . Nevertheless , Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place : a place where an emperor could sit , readily defended , with easy access to the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers , his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia , his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire . Constantinople was built over 6 years , and consecrated on 11 May 330 . Constantine divided the expanded city , like Rome , into 14 regions , and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis . Yet , at first , Constantine 's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome . It possessed a proconsul , rather than an urban prefect . It had no praetors , tribunes , or quaestors . Although it did have senators , they held the title clarus , not clarissimus , like those of Rome . It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply , police , statues , temples , sewers , aqueducts , or other public works . The new programme of building was carried out in great haste : columns , marbles , doors , and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city . In similar fashion , many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets . The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that , as in Rome , free distributions of food would be made to the citizens . At the time , the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day , doled out from 117 distribution points around the city . Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium , naming it the Augustaeum . The new senate - house ( or Curia ) was housed in a basilica on the east side . On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance , the Chalke , and its ceremonial suite known as the Palace of Daphne . Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot - races , seating over 80,000 spectators , and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus . At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion , a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire . From the Augustaeum led a great street , the Mese ( Greek : Μέση ( Οδός ) lit . `` Middle ( Street ) '' ) , lined with colonnades . As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill , it passed on the left the Praetorium or law - court . Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate - house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios , crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun . From there , the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis , and finally up the Seventh Hill ( or Xerolophus ) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall . After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century , it was extended to the new Golden Gate , reaching a total length of seven Roman miles . 337 -- 529 : Constantinople during the migration period ( edit ) Theodosius I was the last Roman emperor who ruled over an undivided empire ( detail from the Obelisk at the Hippodrome of Constantinople ) . The importance of Constantinople increased , but it was gradual . From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of Theodosius I , emperors had been resident only in the years 337 - 8 , 347 -- 51 , 358 -- 61 , 368 -- 69 . Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus , who held office from 11 December 359 until 361 . The urban prefects had concurrent jurisdiction over three provinces each in the adjacent dioceses of Thrace ( in which the city was located ) , Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100 - mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome . The emperor Valens , who hated the city and spent only one year there , nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate , probably for use when reviewing troops . All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon . Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint ( today preserved at the Topkapı Palace ) , put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus , and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect ; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese , near the walls of Constantine . After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378 , in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days ' march , the city looked to its defences , and in 413 -- 414 Theodosius II built the 18 - metre ( 60 - foot ) - tall triple - wall fortifications , which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder . Theodosius also founded a University near the Forum of Taurus , on 27 February 425 . Uldin , a prince of the Huns , appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace , but he was deserted by many of his followers , who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river . Subsequent to this , new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved . After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire , Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire . Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces . They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies . The wealth of the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople . 527 -- 565 : Constantinople in the Age of Justinian ( edit ) Map of Constantinople ( 1422 ) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti is the oldest surviving map of the city , and the only one that predates the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453 The current Hagia Sophia was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I after the previous one was destroyed in the Nika riots of 532 . It was converted into a mosque in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire commenced and became a museum in 1935 The emperor Justinian I ( 527 -- 565 ) was known for his successes in war , for his legal reforms and for his public works . It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533 . Before their departure , the ship of the commander Belisarius was anchored in front of the Imperial palace , and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise . After the victory , in 534 , the Temple treasure of Jerusalem , looted by the Romans in 70 AD and taken to Carthage by the Vandals after their sack of Rome in 455 , was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time , perhaps in the Church of St. Polyeuctus , before being returned to Jerusalem in either the Church of the Resurrection or the New Church . Chariot - racing had been important in Rome for centuries . In Constantinople , the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance . It was where ( as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome ) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor , and also where they openly criticized the government , or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers . In the time of Justinian , public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue . Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods , Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity , and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder , expressed through allegiance to the horse - racing parties of the Blues and the Greens . The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said to affect untrimmed facial hair , head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back , and wide - sleeved tunics tight at the wrist ; and to form gangs to engage in night - time muggings and street violence . At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532 , known as the `` Nika '' riots ( from the battle - cry of `` Victory ! '' of those involved ) . Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine 's basilica of Hagia Sophia ( Holy Wisdom ) , the city 's principal church , which lay to the north of the Augustaeum . Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia . This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church , whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone , and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets . The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor , who exclaimed , `` O Solomon , I have outdone thee ! '' Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests , and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build . Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles built by Constantine with a new church under the same dedication . This was designed in the form of an equal - armed cross with five domes , and ornamented with beautiful mosaics . This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century . When the city fell to the Turks in 1453 , the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror . Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city 's built environment , legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet ( 30 m ) of the sea front , in order to protect the view . During Justinian I 's reign , the city 's population reached about 500,000 people . However , the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the Plague of Justinian between 541 -- 542 AD . It killed perhaps 40 % of the city 's inhabitants . Restored section of the fortifications that protected Constantinople during the medieval period Survival , 565 -- 717 : Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages ( edit ) In the early 7th century , the Avars and later the Bulgars overwhelmed much of the Balkans , threatening Constantinople with attack from the west . Simultaneously , the Persian Sassanids overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into Anatolia . Heraclius , son of the exarch of Africa , set sail for the city and assumed the purple . He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage , but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay . The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars : the population fell substantially as a result . While the city withstood a siege by the Sassanids and Avars in 626 , Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the status quo in 628 , when the Persians surrendered all their conquests . However , further sieges followed the Arab conquests , first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718 . The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land , while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied . In the second siege , the second ruler of Bulgaria , Khan Tervel , rendered decisive help . He was called Saviour of Europe . 717 -- 1025 : Constantinople during the macedonian Renaissance ( edit ) Emperor Leo VI ( 886 -- 912 ) adoring Jesus Christ . Mosaic above the Imperial Gate in the Hagia Sophia . In the 730s Leo III carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls , which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks ; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire . Theodora , widow of the Emperor Theophilus ( died 842 ) , acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III , who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas . When Michael assumed power in 856 , he became known for excessive drunkenness , appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy . He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the monastery of Gastria , but , after the death of Bardas , she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas ; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace , where Michael was assassinated in 867 . In 860 , an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kiev by Askold and Dir , two Varangian chiefs : Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince 's Islands . Oryphas , the admiral of the Byzantine fleet , alerted the emperor Michael , who promptly put the invaders to flight ; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens . In 980 , the emperor Basil II received an unusual gift from Prince Vladimir of Kiev : 6,000 Varangian warriors , which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the Varangian Guard . They were known for their ferocity , honour , and loyalty . It is said that , in 1038 , they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman , but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him ; instead of taking revenge , however , his comrades applauded her conduct , compensated her with all his possessions , and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide . However , following the death of an Emperor , they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces . Later in the 11th Century the Varangian Guard became dominated by Anglo - Saxons who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the new Norman kings of England . The Book of the Eparch , which dates to the 10th century , gives a detailed picture of the city 's commercial life and its organization at that time . The corporations in which the tradesmen of Constantinople were organised were supervised by the Eparch , who regulated such matters as production , prices , import , and export . Each guild had its own monopoly , and tradesmen might not belong to more than one . It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office , then known by the Latin version of its title , had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome . In the 9th and 10th centuries , Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000 . Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople ( edit ) In the 8th and 9th centuries , the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire . The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images , and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke , an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens . Constantine V convoked a church council in 754 , which condemned the worship of images , after which many treasures were broken , burned , or painted over with depictions of trees , birds or animals : One source refers to the church of the Holy Virgin at Blachernae as having been transformed into a `` fruit store and aviary '' . Following the death of her son Leo IV in 780 , the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 . The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century , only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora , who restored the icons . These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Western and the Eastern Churches . 1025 -- 1081 : Constantinople after Basil II ( edit ) In the late 11th century catastrophe struck with the unexpected and calamitous defeat of the imperial armies at the Battle of Manzikert in Armenia in 1071 . The Emperor Romanus Diogenes was captured . The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan , sultan of the Seljuk Turks , were not excessive , and Romanus accepted them . On his release , however , Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence ; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture , and the new ruler , Michael VII Ducas , refused to honour the treaty . In response , the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073 . The collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition , and the empire 's resources were distracted and squandered in a series of civil wars . Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia . By 1080 , a huge area had been lost to the Empire , and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople . 1081 -- 1185 : Constantinople under the Comneni ( edit ) The Byzantine Empire under Manuel I , c. 1180 12th century mosaic from the upper gallery of the Hagia Sophia , Constantinople . Emperor John II ( 1118 -- 1143 ) is shown on the left , with the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus in the centre , and John 's consort Empress Irene on the right . Under the Comnenian dynasty ( 1081 -- 1185 ) , Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery . In 1090 -- 91 , the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople , where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army . In response to a call for aid from Alexius , the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096 , but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account . John II built the monastery of the Pantocrator ( Almighty ) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds . With the restoration of firm central government , the empire became fabulously wealthy . The population was rising ( estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000 ) , and towns and cities across the realm flourished . Meanwhile , the volume of money in circulation dramatically increased . This was reflected in Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace , the creation of brilliant new works of art , and general prosperity at this time : an increase in trade , made possible by the growth of the Italian city - states , may have helped the growth of the economy . It is certain that the Venetians and others were active traders in Constantinople , making a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of Outremer and the West , while also trading extensively with Byzantium and Egypt . The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn , and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century . Toward the end of Manuel I Komnenos 's reign , the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000 -- 80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people . In 1171 , Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews . In 1182 , all Latin ( Western European ) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred . In artistic terms , the 12th century was a very productive period . There was a revival in the mosaic art , for example : Mosaics became more realistic and vivid , with an increased emphasis on depicting three - dimensional forms . There was an increased demand for art , with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work . According to N.H. Baynes ( Byzantium , An Introduction to East Roman Civilization ) : `` With its love of luxury and passion for colour , the art of this age delighted in the production of masterpieces that spread the fame of Byzantium throughout the whole of the Christian world . Beautiful silks from the workshops of Constantinople also portrayed in dazzling colour animals -- lions , elephants , eagles , and griffins -- confronting each other , or represented Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase . '' `` From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West . By their style , arrangement , and iconography the mosaics of St. Mark 's at Venice and of the cathedral at Torcello clearly reveal their Byzantine origin . Similarly those of the Palatine Chapel , the Martorana at Palermo , and the cathedral of Cefalù , together with the vast decoration of the cathedral at Monreale , demonstrate the influence of Byzantium on the Norman Court of Sicily in the twelfth century . Hispano - Moorish art was unquestionably derived from the Byzantine . Romanesque art owes much to the East , from which it borrowed not only its decorative forms but the plan of some of its buildings , as is proved , for instance , by the domed churches of south - western France . Princes of Kiev , Venetian doges , abbots of Monte Cassino , merchants of Amalfi , and the kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art . Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century , that Russia , Venice , southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production . '' 1185 -- 1261 : Constantinople during the Imperial exile ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople , by Eugène Delacroix , 1840 . The Latin Empire , Empire of Nicaea , Empire of Trebizond , and the Despotate of Epirus . The borders are very uncertain On 25 July 1197 , Constantinople was struck by a severe fire which burned the Latin Quarter and the area around the Gate of the Droungarios ( Turkish : Odun Kapısı ) on the Golden Horn . Nevertheless , the destruction wrought by the 1197 fire paled in comparison with that brought by the Crusaders . In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia , Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice , the Fourth Crusade was , despite papal excommunication , diverted in 1203 against Constantinople , ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius , son of the deposed emperor Isaac . The reigning emperor Alexius III had made no preparation . The Crusaders occupied Galata , broke the defensive chain protecting the Golden Horn and entered the harbour , where on 27 July they breached the sea walls : Alexius III fled . But the new Alexius IV found the Treasury inadequate , and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies . Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased . In January 1204 , the protovestiarius Alexius Murzuphlus provoked a riot , it is presumed , to intimidate Alexius IV , but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of Athena , the work of Phidias , which stood in the principal forum facing west . In February , the people rose again : Alexius IV was imprisoned and executed , and Murzuphlus took the purple as Alexius V. He made some attempt to repair the walls and organise the citizenry , but there had been no opportunity to bring in troops from the provinces and the guards were demoralised by the revolution . An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed , but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded , and the invaders poured in . Alexius V fled . The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris , who had married into the Angelid family , but it was too late . He came out with the Patriarch to the Golden Milestone before the Great Palace and addressed the Varangian Guard . Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia . By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace , and the city was given over to pillage for three days . Sir Steven Runciman , historian of the Crusades , wrote that the sack of Constantinople is `` unparalleled in history '' . `` For nine centuries , '' he goes on , `` the great city had been the capital of Christian civilisation . It was filled with works of art that had survived from ancient Greece and with the masterpieces of its own exquisite craftsmen . The Venetians ... seized treasures and carried them off to adorn ... their town . But the Frenchmen and Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction . They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses , snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry , pausing only to murder or to rape , or to break open the wine - cellars ... Neither monasteries nor churches nor libraries were spared . In Hagia Sophia itself , drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver iconostasis to pieces , while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot . While they drank merrily from the altar - vessels a prostitute set herself on the Patriarch 's throne and began to sing a ribald French song . Nuns were ravished in their convents . Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked . Wounded women and children lay dying in the streets . For three days the ghastly scenes ... continued , till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles ... When ... order was restored , ... citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide . For the next half - century , Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire . Under the rulers of the Latin Empire , the city declined , both in population and the condition of its buildings . Alice - Mary Talbot cites an estimated population for Constantinople of 400,000 inhabitants ; after the destruction wrought by the Crusaders on the city , about one third were homeless , and numerous courtiers , nobility , and higher clergy , followed various leading personages into exile . `` As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated , '' Talbot concludes . The Latins took over at least 20 churches and 13 monasteries , most prominently the Hagia Sophia , which became the cathedral of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople . It is to these that E.H. Swift attributed the construction of a series of flying buttresses to shore up the walls of the church , which had been weakened over the centuries by earthquake tremors . However , this act of maintenance is an exception : for the most part , the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings , either secular and sacred , and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling . Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under - funded Empire for defense and to support the court ; Deno John Geanokoplos writes that `` it may well be that a division is suggested here : Latin laymen stripped secular buildings , ecclesiastics , the churches . '' Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire : the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage . `` Among the masterpieces destroyed , writes Talbot , `` were a Herakles attributed to the fourth - century B.C. sculptor Lysippos , and monumental figures of Hera , Paris , and Helen . '' The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials ; by sending money to the Latins `` to buy them off '' ( exonesamenos ) , he prevented the destruction of several churches . According to Talbot , these included the churches of Blachernae , Rouphinianai , and St. Michael at Anaplous . He also granted funds for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Apostles , which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake . The Byzantine nobility scattered , many going to Nicaea , where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court , or to Epirus , where Theodore Angelus did the same ; others fled to Trebizond , where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire . Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title , and tried to recover Constantinople . In 1261 , Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler , Baldwin II , by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos . 1261 -- 1453 : palaiologan era and the fall of Constantinople ( edit ) See also : Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty and Fall of Constantinople Mehmed the Conqueror enters Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos , the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources , and struggled to survive . The palace of Blachernae in the north - west of the city became the main Imperial residence , with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline . When Michael VIII captured the city , its population was 35,000 people , but , by the end of his reign , he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people . The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it , and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital . In 1347 , the Black Death spread to Constantinople . In 1453 , when the Ottoman Turks captured the city , it contained approximately 50,000 people . Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 , due to the newly discovered technology of gunpowder , not yet known in Europe . The Ottomans were commanded by 22 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven - week siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . 1453 -- 1922 : Ottoman Kostantiniyye ( edit ) Main article : Constantinople during the Ottoman era The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control . When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate , he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia , where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and ' be satisfied with the booty and captives ; as for all the buildings , they belonged to him ' . He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the adhan thus transforming the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque , solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople . Mehmed 's main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city 's defenses and population . Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest , which included the repair of the walls , construction of the citadel , and building a new palace . Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims , Christians , and Jews should resettle the city ; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September . From all over the Islamic empire , prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city : these people were called `` Sürgün '' in Turkish ( Greek : σουργούνιδες ) . Two centuries later , Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins . Even today , many quarters of Istanbul , such as Aksaray , Çarşamba , bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants . However , many people escaped again from the city , and there were several outbreaks of plague , so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city . Importance ( edit ) Eagle and Snake , 6th century mosaic flooring Constantinople , Grand Imperial Palace . Culture ( edit ) Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire , mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea . It would remain the capital of the eastern , Greek - speaking empire for over a thousand years . At its peak , roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages , it was the richest and largest European city , exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean . Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city , in particular , Hagia Sophia , or the Church of Holy Wisdom : A Russian 14th - century traveler , Stephen of Novgorod , wrote , `` As for Hagia Sophia , the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it . '' It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass - destruction in western Europe and north Africa : On the city 's fall , thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy , and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance , and the transition to the modern world . The cumulative influence of the city on the west , over the many centuries of its existence , is incalculable . In terms of technology , art and culture , as well as sheer size , Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years . Armenians , Syrians , Slavs and Georgians were part of the Byzantine social hierarchy . International status ( edit ) Constantinople 's monumental center . The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century . The 18 - meter - tall walls built by Theodosius II were , in essence , impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river , who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia . From the 5th century , the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall , a 60 - kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula . Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed . Constantinople 's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories , the Old and New Book of Tang , which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man . The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine architecture Interior view of the Hagia Sophia , currently a museum . The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture . The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe . Particular examples include St Mark 's Basilica in Venice , the basilicas of Ravenna , and many churches throughout the Slavic East . Also , alone in Europe until the 13th - century Italian florin , the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage , the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages . Its city walls were much imitated ( for example , see Caernarfon Castle ) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages , keeping alive the art , skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire . In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used . Religion ( edit ) Constantine 's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople , who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch , and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome . This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards . Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam , as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam . Popular culture ( edit ) Page depicting Constantinople in the Nuremberg Chronicle published in 1493 , forty years after the city 's fall to the Muslims Constantinople appears as a city of wondrous majesty , beauty , remoteness , and nostalgia in William Butler Yeats ' 1928 poem `` Sailing to Byzantium . '' Constantinople , as seen under the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II , makes several on - screen appearances in the television miniseries `` Attila '' as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire . Finnish author Mika Waltari wrote one of his most - acclaimed historical novels , Johannes Angelos ( published in English by name `` The Dark Angel '' ) on the fall of Constantinople . Robert Graves , author of I , Claudius , also wrote Count Belisarius , a historical novel about Belisarius . Graves set much of the novel in the Constantinople of Justinian I . Constantinople provides the setting of much of the action in Umberto Eco 's 2000 novel Baudolino . The name Constantinople was made easy to spell thanks to a novelty song , `` C-O-N-S-T-A-N-T-I-N-O-P-L-E , '' written by Harry Carlton and performed by Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra , in the 1920s . Constantinople 's change of name was the theme for a song made famous by The Four Lads and later covered by They Might Be Giants and many others , titled `` Istanbul ( Not Constantinople ) . '' `` Constantinople '' was one of the `` big words '' the Father knows toward the end of Dr. Seuss 's book , Hop on Pop . ( The other was Timbuktu . ) `` Constantinople '' was also the title of the opening edit of The Residents ' EP Duck Stab ! , released in 1978 . Queen 's Roger Meddows Taylor included the track `` Interlude in Constantinople '' on Side 2 of his debut album Fun in Space . A Montreal - based folk / classical / fusion band calls itself `` Constantinople . '' Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book A Flame in Byzantium ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 93026 - 7 ) by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro , released in 1987 . `` Constantinople '' is the title of a song by The Decemberists . Stephen Lawhead 's novel Byzantium ( 1996 ) is set in 9th - century Constantinople . Folk Metal band Turisas makes multiple references to Constantinople in their song `` Miklagard Overture , '' referring to it as `` Konstantinopolis , '' `` Tsargrad , '' and `` Miklagard . '' Constantinople makes an appearance in the MMORPG game Silkroad as a major capital , along with a major Chinese capital . Constantinople makes an appearance in the `` Rome Total War '' expansion `` Barbarian Invasion '' belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire . It would reappear in the same role for the spiritual sequel , Total War : Attila . Constantinople also makes an appearance in `` Medieval Total War . '' It is a starting province and city of the Byzantines . Constantinople makes an appearance in the game `` Age of Empires II : The Age of Kings '' in the fifth scenario of the Barbarossa campaign and again in the third scenario of the Attila the Hun campaign in the expansion pack `` Age of Empires II : The Conquerors Expansion . '' Constantinople is the main setting of the game `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , '' the fourth major title in the best - selling `` Assassin 's Creed '' series . Constantinople is also a setting of the Vampire : The Dark Ages role playing game by White Wolf . Constantinople is one of the territories featured in the Board Game Diplomacy . It is one of the default territories of Turkey . See also ( edit ) Constantinople apple quinces People from Constantinople ( edit ) List of people from Constantinople A fragment of the Milion ( Greek : Μίλ ( λ ) ιον ) , a mile - marker monument Secular buildings and monuments ( edit ) The final siege of Constantinople , contemporary 15th - century French miniature Augustaion Column of Justinian Basilica Cistern Baths of Zeuxippus Column of Marcian Forum of Constantine Column of Constantine Great Palace of Constantinople Bucoleon Palace Hippodrome of Constantinople Horses of Saint Mark Obelisk of Theodosius Serpent Column Walled Obelisk Milion Palace of Lausus Cistern of Philoxenos Palace of Blachernae Palace of the Porphyrogenitus Prison of Anemas Valens Aqueduct Walls of Constantinople Churches , monasteries and mosques ( edit ) Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque Bodrum Mosque Chora Church Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church of St. Polyeuctus Church of the Holy Apostles Eski Imaret Mosque Fenari Isa Mosque Gül Mosque Hagia Irene Hagia Sophia Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque Kalenderhane Mosque Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque Nea Ekklesia Pammakaristos Church Stoudios Monastery Vefa Kilise Mosque Zeyrek Mosque Unnamed Mosque established during Byzantine times for visiting Muslim dignitaries . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu Byzantine calendar Byzantine silk Byzantium Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Eparch of Constantinople ( List of eparchs ) Fall of Constantinople Golden Horn Istanbul List of people from Constantinople Massacre of the Latins Nika riots Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae Sieges of Constantinople Third Rome Timeline of Istanbul history University of Constantinople Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Croke , Brian ( 2001 ) . Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle , p. 103 . University Press , Oxford . ISBN 0198150016 . Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of John Malalas , '' Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys , M. Jeffreys , and R. Scott . Australian Association of Byzantine Studies , 1986 vol 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor : Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284 - 813 . '' Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott . AM 6030 pg 316 , with this note : Theophanes ' precise date should be accepted . ^ Jump up to : `` Constantinople '' in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1991 , p. 508 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504652 - 8 Jump up ^ Pounds , Norman John Greville . An Historical Geography of Europe , 1500 -- 1840 , p. 124 . CUP Archive , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22379 - 2 . Jump up ^ Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of Byzantine State and Society . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Janin ( 1964 ) , passim Jump up ^ `` Preserving The Intellectual Heritage -- Preface '' . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` Largest cities through history . '' About.com . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , book IV , chapter XI : Archived 2017 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . `` On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes , ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn , on which is the town of Byzantium , a free state , formerly called Lygos ; it is 711 miles from Durazzo , ... '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vailhé , S. ( 1908 ) . `` Constantinople '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 4 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries , Cities , Territories , Natural Features , and Historic Sites ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 7 . Jump up ^ Janin , Raymond ( 1964 ) . Constantinople byzantine . Paris : Institut Français d'Études Byzantines . p. 10f . Jump up ^ Georgacas , Demetrius John ( 1947 ) . `` The Names of Constantinople '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ( The Johns Hopkins University Press ) 78 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 283503 . JSTOR 283503 . Jump up ^ Harris , Johnathan ( 2007 ) . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . New York : Continuum USA . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu ( 1993 / 94a ) : `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( `` The names of Istanbul '' ) . In : ' Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ' , ed . Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı , Istanbul . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Antonina Turkey '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Georgacas , Demetrius John ( 1947 ) . `` The Names of Constantinople '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ( The Johns Hopkins University Press ) 78 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 283503 . JSTOR 283503 . http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/articles/Georgacas_The_Names_of_Constantinople.pdf Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Istanbul '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Stanford and Ezel Shaw ( 1977 ) : History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Vol II , p. 386 ; Robinson ( 1965 ) , The First Turkish Republic , p. 298 Jump up ^ Tom Burham , The Dictionary of Misinformation , Ballantine , 1977 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ Britannica , Istanbul . Jump up ^ Pliny , IV , xi Jump up ^ Thucydides , I , 94 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , ix , p. 195 Jump up ^ Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis ( see , e.g. , Michael Grant , The climax of Rome ( London 1968 ) , p. 133 ) , or `` Constantine 's City '' . According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum , vol. 164 ( Stuttgart 2005 ) , column 442 , there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city `` New Rome '' ( Nova Roma ) . It is possible that the Emperor called the city `` Second Rome '' ( Greek : Δευτέρα Ῥώμη , Deutéra Rhōmē ) by official decree , as reported by the 5th - century church historian Socrates of Constantinople : See Names of Constantinople . Jump up ^ A description can be found in the Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae . Jump up ^ Socrates II. 13 , cited by JB Bury , History of the Later Roman Empire , p. 74 . Jump up ^ JB Bury , History of the Later Roman Empire , p. 75 . et seqq . Jump up ^ Liber insularum Archipelagi , Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . Jump up ^ Margaret Barker , Times Literary Supplement 4 May 2007 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Procopius ' Secret History : see P Neville - Ure , Justinian and his Age , 1951 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of the city , and is now a museum . Jump up ^ Source for quote : Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum , ed T Preger I 105 ( see A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire , 1952 , vol I , p. 188 ) . Jump up ^ T. Madden , Crusades : The Illustrated History , 114 . Jump up ^ Justinian , Novellae 63 and 165 . Jump up ^ Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization : Constantine to Crusades Archived August 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Dr. Kenneth W. Harl . Jump up ^ Past pandemics that ravaged Europe , BBC News , November 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Possibly from the largest city in the world with 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000 -- 70,000 : The Inheritance of Rome , Chris Wickham , Penguin Books Ltd. 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 ( p. 260 ) Jump up ^ `` Exposition , Dedicated to Khan Tervel '' . Programata . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ George Finlay , History of the Byzantine Empire , Dent , London , 1906 , pp. 156 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Finlay , 1906 , pp. 174 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Finlay , 1906 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Enoksen , Lars Magnar. ( 1998 ) . Runor : historia , tydning , tolkning . Historiska Media , Falun . ISBN 91 - 88930 - 32 - 7 p. 135 . Jump up ^ JM Hussey , The Byzantine World , Hutchinson , London , 1967 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , pp. 343 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Silk Road Seattle -- Constantinople , Daniel C. Waugh . Jump up ^ The officer given the task was killed by the crowd , and in the end the image was removed rather than destroyed : It was to be restored by Irene and removed again by Leo V : Finlay 1906 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ `` The Pechenegs '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . , Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy . Jump up ^ There is an excellent source for these events : the writer and historian Anna Comnena in her work The Alexiad . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 472 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople , 144 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople , 155 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages : 950 -- 1250 . Cambridge University Press . 1986 . pp. 506 -- 508 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26645 - 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stilbes , Constantine ; Johannes M. Diethart ; Wolfram Hörandner ( 2005 ) . Constantinus Stilbes Poemata . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 16 line 184 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 71235 - 7 . Jump up ^ Diethart and Hörandner ( 2005 ) . p. 24 , line 387 Jump up ^ Steven Runciman , A History of the Crusades , Cambridge 1966 ( 1954 ) , vol 3 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Talbot , `` The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII '' , Dumbarton Oaks Papers , 47 ( 1993 ) , p. 246 Jump up ^ Talbot , `` Restoration of Constantinople '' , p. 247 Jump up ^ Geanakoplos , Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West ( Harvard University Press , 1959 ) , p. 124 n . 26 ^ Jump up to : Talbot , `` Restoration of Constantinople '' , p. 248 Jump up ^ Geanakoplos , Emperor Michael , p. 124 Jump up ^ Hussey 1967 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ T. Madden , Crusades : The Illustrated History , 113 . Jump up ^ J. Norwich , Byzantium : The Decline and Fall , 217 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ D. Nicolle , Constantinople 1453 : The end of Byzantium , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Mansel , Philip . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Penguin History Travel , ISBN 0 - 14 - 026246 - 6 . Page 1 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard . Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire . 1 , University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Inalcik , Halil . `` The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City . '' Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23 , ( 1969 ) : 229 -- 249 . p. 236 Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1996 , pp. 29 . Jump up ^ Ball ( 2016 ) , pp 152 -- 153 ; see also endnote # 114 . ^ Jump up to : Hirth ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) , East Asian History Sourcebook . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , 46 -- 48 ; see also footnote # 1 on p. 49 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , 46 -- 49 ; see footnote # 1 on p. 49 for discussion about the Byzantine diplomat sent to Damascus who was named in Chinese sources . Jump up ^ `` Game Informer 218 details ( Assassin 's Creed , Rayman Origins ) '' . NeoGAF . Jump up ^ Constantinople by Night by p . Boulle , J. Mosqueria - Asheim and L. Soulban , Copyright 1997 White Wolf Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ ISLAMIC RITUAL PREACHING ( KHUTBAS ) IN A CONTESTED ARENA : SHI'IS AND SUNNIS , FATIMIDS AND ABBASIDS PAUL E. WALKER . University of Chicago . ANUARIO DE ESTUDIOS MEDIEVALES ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` AZIZ ( 365 - 386 / 975 - 996 ) , 15TH IMAM -- Ismaili.NET -- Heritage F.I.E.L.D '' . Jump up ^ `` Μεγάλη διαδικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Κωνσταντινούπολης '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Borrut 2011 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ eds . Jeffreys & Haarer 2006 , p. 36 . References ( edit ) Ball , Warwick ( 2016 ) . Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition . London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 . Bury , J.B. ( 1958 ) . History of the Later Roman Empire : From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian . Dover Publications . Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) . Constantinople : Their Last Great Siege , 1453 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22185 - 1 . Freely , John ( 1998 ) . Istanbul : The Imperial City . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024461 - 8 . Freely , John ; Ahmet S. Cakmak ( 2004 ) . The Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77257 - 0 . Gibbon , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1881 - 7 . Hanna - Riitta , Toivanen ( 2007 ) . The Influence of Constantinople on Middle Byzantine Architecture ( 843 -- 1204 ) . A typological and morphological approach at the provincial level . Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 202 ( Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History No. 202 ) . ISBN 978 - 952 - 5031 - 41 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Bloomsbury , 2nd edition , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4742 - 5465 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan . Byzantium and the Crusades . Bloomsbury , 2nd edition , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 767 - 0 . Herrin , Judith ( 2008 ) . Byzantium : The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13151 - 1 . Hirth , Friedrich ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. -- 1643 C.E '' . Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Janin , Raymond ( 1964 ) . Constantinople Byzantine ( in French ) ( 2 ed . ) . Paris : Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines . Korolija Fontana - Giusti , Gordana ' The Urban Language of Early Constantinople : The Changing Roles of the Arts and Architecture in the Formation of the New Capital and the New Consciousness ' in Intercultural Transmission in the Medieval Mediterranean , ( 2012 ) , Stephanie L. Hathaway and David W. Kim ( eds ) , London : Continuum , pp 164 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 3908 - 5 . Mamboury , Ernest ( 1953 ) . The Tourists ' Istanbul . Istanbul : Çituri Biraderler Basımevi . Mansel , Philip ( 1998 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire , 1453 -- 1924 . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 18708 - 8 . Meyendorff , John ( 1996 ) . Rome , Constantinople , Moscow : Historical and Theological Studies . Crestwood , NY : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 9780881411348 . Müller - Wiener , Wolfgang ( 1977 ) . Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls : Byzantion , Konstantinupolis , Istanbul bis zum Beginn d . 17 Jh ( in German ) . Tübingen : Wasmuth . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8030 - 1022 - 3 . Phillips , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople . Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 080 - 1 . Runciman , Steven ( 1990 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 080 - 1 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 6 . Yule , Henry ( 1915 ) . Henri Cordier ( ed . ) , Cathay and the Way Thither : Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China , Vol I : Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route . London : Hakluyt Society . Accessed 21 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , Helen C. ; Wixom , William D ( 1997 ) . The glory of Byzantium : art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era , A.D. 843 -- 1261 . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 6507 - 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantinople . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Constantinople . Constantinople , from History of the Later Roman Empire , by J.B. Bury History of Constantinople from the `` New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia . '' Monuments of Byzantium -- Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople Constantinoupolis on the web Select internet resources on the history and culture Info on the name change from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture Welcome to Constantinople at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 15 , 2006 ) , documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople Byzantium 1200 , a project aimed at creating computer reconstructions of the Byzantine monuments located in Istanbul in 1200 AD . Constantine and Constantinople How and why Constantinople was founded Hagia Sophia Mosaics The Deesis and other Mosaics of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian dynasty Nikephorian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukas dynasty Komnenos dynasty Angelos dynasty ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Latin Empire / Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond / others Palaiologos dynasty Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal VIAF : 152797039 GND : 4073697 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantinople&oldid=819317972 '' Categories : Constantinople Holy cities Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Greek - language external links Articles with Latin - language external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Turkish - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the capital of the byzantine empire named after	[ "Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη Konstantinoúpoli; Latin: Constantinopolis; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینية‎, translit. Ḳosṭanṭīnīye) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.[5]" ]	[ "Emperor Constantine the Great" ]
-8107156705508910960	Carmela Soprano	Carmela Soprano - wikipedia Carmela Soprano hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carmela Soprano Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` Made in America '' ( episode 6.21 ) Created by David Chase Portrayed by Edie Falco Information Aliases Carmela De Angelis ( née ) , `` Carm '' , `` Mel '' , Princess of Little Italy , and her FBI Code Name is Mrs. Bing Gender Female Occupation Housewife , real estate investor Family Hugh De Angelis ( father ) Mary De Angelis ( mother ) Livia Soprano ( mother - in - law ) Johnny Soprano ( father - in - law ) Janice Soprano ( sister - in - law ) Barbara Giglione ( sister - in - law ) Christopher Moltisanti ( cousin ) Brian Cammarata ( cousin ) ( Unnamed cousin ) ( deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Tony Soprano ( husband ) Children Anthony Soprano , Jr. ( son ) Meadow Soprano ( daughter ) Religion Roman Catholicism Carmela Soprano ( née DeAngelis ) , played by Edie Falco , is a fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos . She is the wife of Mafia boss Tony Soprano . Edie Falco 's performance as Carmela was universally lauded . She won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1999 , 2001 and 2003 , and received six nominations for her role in the series . Falco has also won two Golden Globe Awards and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . Character biography ( edit ) Carmela was Tony Soprano 's high school sweetheart , and the couple married at a young age . They have two children together : Meadow Soprano and Anthony `` A.J. '' Soprano , Jr . Carmela attended Montclair State University for an unspecified period of time before dropping out . Carmela is a homemaker for the Soprano household , and works to create a semblance of legitimacy for her family even though she is well aware their wealth is built on `` blood money '' . Tony trusts Carmela enough to confide in her , to a degree , about some of his Mafia dealings ( notably the failed attempt on his life and the death of Richie Aprile ) . Tony 's work and constant infidelity have put a serious strain on the marriage and cause a period of separation . Carmela is an observant Roman Catholic and has difficulty rationalizing her husband 's profession and the flaws in their marriage . Tony and Carmela often reconcile after Tony presents her with expensive gifts , notably jewelry , designer clothing , furs , cars , and even a $600,000 plot of land she wants to build a spec house on . Carmela sometimes has intense guilt for having sacrificed her children 's security for the luxuries Tony 's career could provide . She also defends her children from Tony when they do something wrong . She has shown herself willing to use her mob - wife status to intimidate others , as she does in `` Full Leather Jacket '' , where she not - too - subtly manipulates her neighbor 's Georgetown - alumna sister into writing a letter of recommendation for Meadow to Georgetown , hoping Meadow would not go to UC Berkeley but rather stay closer to home . Also , she discards a letter from Berkeley to Meadow requesting transcripts , but later retrieves it from the trash in a moment of guilt . While she is very proud of Meadow 's accomplishments and ambition , Carmela is also jealous and resentful of her daughter for achieving the independence and success she always wanted herself . She constantly frets over A.J. 's troubles and inactivity , yet tends to coddle him and is unwilling to impose any real restrictions on him . She has trouble with her husband 's profession , considering him more a Robin Hood - like character and just another `` crook '' rather than a brutal murderer . Carmela 's resentment of her husband 's infidelity has often driven her to the brink of breaking her marriage vows during some sexually charged moments with her priest , Father Phil Intintola ( in `` College '' ) , and painter - decorator Vic Musto . During the fourth season , Carmela has a mutual romantic infatuation with Furio Giunta . Tony had secured Furio from the Camorra clan while on an inaugural trip to Naples , the Soprano family ancestral homeland , a trip that Carmela had wanted to be a part of . Carmela reaches a low point with Tony 's constant string of affairs and the two have a romantically - tense but `` arms - length '' relationship for a period . Each confides to separate friends that they are falling for each other but Furio , no longer able to bear the burden that the internal conflict is causing him ( that of his feelings conflicting with his honor , as well as his respect to the `` family '' hierarchy ) , sells his house and moves back to Italy . This sends Carmela into a depression . By the end of the fourth season , Tony and Carmela separate after Tony 's former mistress Irina Peltsin calls the Soprano home , talks to A.J. , and informs Carmela that Tony slept with Irina 's cousin and Junior 's nurse , Svetlana Kirilenko . Carmela even begins dating A.J. 's guidance counselor , Robert Wegler , and pursuing divorce proceedings against Tony , but is drawn back to her husband by financial concerns and difficulties in rearing A.J. , as well as a difficult breakup with Wegler , who correctly accuses Carmela of using sex to manipulate him into giving A.J. special treatment in school . At the end of the fifth season , Carmela agrees to reunite with Tony after he agrees to purchase a $600,000 investment property in Montville , under Carmela 's name , so she could build a spec house . Despite some initial awkwardness , the two are firmly reunited after Tony is shot by his uncle , Junior Soprano , both during his coma and after his hospital release . The crisis seems to have strengthened their bond . Carmela 's selfish , materialistic nature is never far from the surface . After Tony surprises his delighted wife with a Porsche Cayenne Turbo , Carmela proceeds to flaunt her new car in front of Ginny Sacrimoni and Angie Bonpensiero , both of whom were reported to be having serious financial problems . Carmela is somewhat embarrassed when Angie admires Carmela 's car and tells her that she recently purchased a Corvette with her own money , showing that Angie has achieved a certain level of financial independence and Carmela has not . Carmela 's own efforts to become financially independent have been less successful , as Tony neglects to intervene for a long period when an inspector determines that materials used on her spec house are not up to code , thereby halting construction and straining her relationship with her father , who was building the house with her . Tony later recants , however , and orders Silvio Dante to lean on the inspector to change his mind . Around this time , Carmela is concerned for the whereabouts of Adriana La Cerva , who seemingly had disappeared . Carmela 's concern intensifies when she encountered Adriana 's mother , Liz La Cerva , at the Feast of St. Elzear ( Episode 74 , `` The Ride '' ) . Liz , who has stopped taking care of herself , tells Carmela that in fact Adriana is dead and Christopher is responsible , going on to say the FBI told her so . The next day , Carmela confronts Tony , who dismisses her : `` Let me school you on domestic violence , '' he says . `` First and foremost , there is always a body . '' Carmela is not aware that Adriana was a low - level informant for the FBI and that Christopher , who had learned this truth from Adriana herself , informed Tony , who in turn had her executed by Silvio ( in `` Long Term Parking '' ) . She is also unaware that Tony murdered Christopher after he had flipped off the highway the SUV in which both were traveling ( in `` Kennedy and Heidi '' ) . Carmela becomes greatly concerned for A.J. after he tries to commit suicide and is subsequently placed in the psychiatric ward at Mountainside Hospital . Carmela , along with Tony , encourages A.J. to become part of the production team for a film written by Daniel Baldwin and financed by Little Carmine , rather than enlist in the Army . She is shown considering building plans for a beach house , and in the final scene of the series , she meets Tony at a diner for a family meal . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos/cast-and-crew/carmela-soprano `` Carmela DeAngelis first laid eyes on her future husband in high school ( ... ) Carmela was acquainted with gangster life long before she took her first ride in Tony 's Trans Am . One of her cousins was a mob tough who ( sic ) was gunned down in front of his own house . '' External links ( edit ) HBO Character Profile : Carmela Soprano hide The Sopranos Episodes Season 1 `` The Sopranos '' `` 46 Long '' `` Denial , Anger , Acceptance '' `` Meadowlands '' `` College '' `` Pax Soprana '' `` Down Neck '' `` The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti '' `` Boca '' `` A Hit Is a Hit '' `` Nobody Knows Anything '' `` Isabella '' `` I Dream of Jeannie Cusamano '' Season 2 `` Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist 's Office ... '' `` Do Not Resuscitate '' `` Toodle - Fucking - Oo '' `` Commendatori '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` The Happy Wanderer '' `` D - Girl '' `` Full Leather Jacket '' `` From Where to Eternity '' `` Bust Out '' `` House Arrest '' `` The Knight in White Satin Armor '' `` Funhouse '' Season 3 `` Mr. Ruggerio 's Neighborhood '' `` Proshai , Livushka '' `` Fortunate Son '' `` Employee of the Month '' `` Another Toothpick '' `` University '' `` Second Opinion '' `` He Is Risen '' `` The Telltale Moozadell '' `` ... To Save Us All from Satan 's Power '' `` Pine Barrens '' `` Amour Fou '' `` Army of One '' Season 4 `` For All Debts Public and Private '' `` No Show '' `` Christopher '' `` The Weight '' `` Pie - O - My '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Watching Too Much Television '' `` Mergers and Acquisitions '' `` Whoever Did This '' `` The Strong , Silent Type '' `` Calling All Cars '' `` Eloise '' `` Whitecaps '' Season 5 `` Two Tonys '' `` Rat Pack '' `` Where 's Johnny ? '' `` All Happy Families ... '' `` Irregular Around the Margins '' `` Sentimental Education '' `` In Camelot '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Unidentified Black Males '' `` Cold Cuts '' `` The Test Dream '' `` Long Term Parking '' `` All Due Respect '' Season 6 Part I `` Members Only '' `` Join the Club '' `` Mayham '' `` The Fleshy Part of the Thigh '' `` Mr. & Mrs. John Sacrimoni Request ... '' `` Live Free or Die '' `` Luxury Lounge '' `` Johnny Cakes '' `` The Ride '' `` Moe n ' Joe '' `` Cold Stones '' `` Kaisha '' Part II `` Soprano Home Movies '' `` Stage 5 '' `` Remember When '' `` Chasing It '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Kennedy and Heidi '' `` The Second Coming '' `` The Blue Comet '' `` Made in America '' Characters Primary Tony Soprano Jennifer Melfi Carmela Soprano Christopher Moltisanti Junior Soprano Big Pussy Bonpensiero Silvio Dante Paulie Gualtieri Anthony Soprano Jr . Meadow Soprano Adriana La Cerva Bobby Baccalieri Janice Soprano Livia Soprano Secondary Richie Aprile Johnny Sack Furio Giunta Vito Spatafore Tony Blundetto Carmine Lupertazzi Jackie Aprile Jr . Mikey Palmice Ray Curto Dwight Harris Larry Barese Fictional universe Soprano crime family Lupertazzi crime family Friends and family Satriale 's Pork Store Bada Bing Cleaver FBI Related articles Awards and nominations Music The Sopranos : Road to Respect Pinball game David Chase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmela_Soprano&oldid=843892456 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Italian descent The Sopranos characters Fictional Republicans ( United States ) Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Română Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 05 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did tony and carmela get back together	[ "By the end of the fourth season, Tony and Carmela separate after Tony's former mistress Irina Peltsin calls the Soprano home, talks to A.J., and informs Carmela that Tony slept with Irina's cousin and Junior's nurse, Svetlana Kirilenko. Carmela even begins dating A.J.'s guidance counselor, Robert Wegler, and pursuing divorce proceedings against Tony, but is drawn back to her husband by financial concerns and difficulties in rearing A.J., as well as a difficult breakup with Wegler, who correctly accuses Carmela of using sex to manipulate him into giving A.J. special treatment in school. At the end of the fifth season, Carmela agrees to reunite with Tony after he agrees to purchase a $600,000 investment property in Montville, under Carmela's name, so she could build a spec house. Despite some initial awkwardness, the two are firmly reunited after Tony is shot by his uncle, Junior Soprano, both during his coma and after his hospital release. The crisis seems to have strengthened their bond.\n" ]	[ "At the end of the fifth season" ]
-7903425267964224202	List of Olympic Games host cities	List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 22 Winter Olympic Games held in 19 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Five cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics , Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Seven cities have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 , and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 , and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , and Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) . Tokyo will join this list upon hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics , having previously hosted the summer games of 1964 , as well as Beijing upon hosting the 2022 Winter Olympics , having previously hosted the summer games of 2008 . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent is yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Olympic host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002017 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002017 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002017 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002017 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002017 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002017 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002017 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002017 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002017 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002017 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002017 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002017 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002017 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002017 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Turin Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002017 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002017 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002017 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002017 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002017 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 5 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) 6 Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) 7 Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) 9 South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) 10 Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 11 Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 12 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 13 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) 14 Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) 15 Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) 16 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 17 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 18 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) 19 Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 20 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 21 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 22 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 23 Sweden Europe 1 ( 1912 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 13 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 30 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=815195465 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 10 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the next olympics in the us	[ "This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 22 Winter Olympic Games held in 19 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Five cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics." ]	[ "2028 Summer Olympics" ]
-1883963898489320135	The Wonder Years	The Wonder Years - wikipedia The Wonder Years Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Wonder Years ( disambiguation ) . The Wonder Years Created by Neal Marlens Carol Black Starring Fred Savage Dan Lauria Alley Mills Olivia d'Abo Jason Hervey Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Narrated by Daniel Stern Theme music composer Lennon -- McCartney Opening theme `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 115 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) The Black - Marlens Company New World Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Original release January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) -- May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) The Wonder Years is an American coming - of - age comedy - drama television series created by Neal Marlens and Carol Black . It ran on ABC from 1988 until 1993 . The pilot aired on January 31 , 1988 , following ABC 's coverage of Super Bowl XXII . It stars Fred Savage as Kevin Arnold , an adolescent boy growing up in a suburban middle class family , and takes place from 1968 -- 1973 . The show earned a spot in the Nielsen Top 30 during its first four seasons . TV Guide named it one of the 20 best shows of the 1980s . After six episodes , The Wonder Years won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1988 . In addition , at age 13 , Fred Savage became the youngest actor ever nominated as Outstanding Lead Actor for a Comedy Series . The show was also awarded a Peabody Award in 1989 for `` pushing the boundaries of the sitcom format and using new modes of storytelling '' . In total , the series won 22 awards and was nominated for 54 more . In 1997 , `` My Father 's Office '' was ranked # 29 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time , and in the 2009 revised list the pilot episode was ranked # 43 . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked The Wonder Years # 63 on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2017 , James Charisma of Paste ranked the show 's opening sequence # 14 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time . As of recent years many critics and fans consider The Wonder Years to be a classic and that it has had tremendous impact on the industry over the years and has inspired many other shows and how they are structured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Conception 1.2 Writing 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 1.5 Lawsuit 1.6 Cancellation 2 Plot synopsis 2.1 Final episode and epilogue 3 Cast 3.1 Syndication 4 Opening Sequence 4.1 First version ( Pilot ) 4.2 Second version ( Seasons one through five ) 4.3 Third version ( Season six ) 5 Home video releases 5.1 DVD music replacements 6 Soundtrack 7 Book 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The series was conceived by writers Neal Marlens and Carol Black . They set out to create a family show that would appeal to the baby - boomer generation by setting the series in the late ' 60s , a time of radical change in America 's history . They also wanted the series to tie this setting in to the life of a normal boy growing up during the period . After writing the script for the pilot episode , Marlens and Black began pitching the series to television networks . None of them were interested , except for ABC , with whom Marlens and Black reached an agreement . Marlens had originally wanted the setting to be his native Huntington , Long Island , where he grew up . Elements were also taken from Black 's childhood from the White Oak section of Silver Spring , Maryland . ABC , however , insisted that the location remain nonspecific ( the colloquial `` Anytown , USA '' ) . Writing ( edit ) When they started writing the series , Marlens and Black took a script for a future film that they had been toying with , which featured an off - screen narrator . Black explained , `` We liked the concept that you could play with what people think and what they 're saying , or how they would like to see themselves as opposed to how the audience is seeing them . '' They based the show , in part , on their own childhood growing up in the suburbs . Black recalled that `` we naturally ( took ) elements of our experience and ( threw ) them into the pot . The basic setup , the neighborhood , the era -- that 's the time and place where we grew up . '' Casting ( edit ) Fred Savage in 1990 The search for the main lead of the show did not take long . Marlens and Black went to five casting directors and interviewed them for recommendations . All five of them recommended Fred Savage , who at the time was famous for his roles as the grandson in The Princess Bride and as Charlie / Marshall in Vice Versa . Marlens and Black , having never heard of Savage , decided to see the rough cut of Vice Versa . Said Marlens , `` ( We saw ) a marvelous actor with a natural quality -- which essentially means he has no quality at all except being a kid . It sounds funny , but it 's a rare thing to find in a child actor . '' Marlens and Black took this approach when casting the other kids for the show , looking for natural ability rather than professionalism . According to Marlens , they saw 300 to 400 kids before narrowing it down to 70 , `` My wife and I made the final choice ... each of whom had to be approved by the network . '' For the choice of Savage 's character 's main love interest , the choice came down to actress Danica McKellar and her sister , Crystal McKellar . With just days to go before shooting , the producers eventually selected Danica to play Winnie Cooper . However , Mary Buck , the head of casting , noted that , `` it was practically a tossup '' . Crystal McKellar was liked so much by the producers that they eventually created the character of Becky Slater so that they could have her on the show . Danica later reflected on the experience , `` I auditioned , like everyone else . They had read lots of girls but had n't found their ' Winnie ' yet , and I was thrilled to be chosen . '' Filming ( edit ) At the end of the first season , Marlens and Black departed from the show . Although they never gave a reason for their sudden departure , it may have been due to Black 's pregnancy . She hinted at it in an interview in April 1988 , saying `` We have secret plans to leave Los Angeles before our kids reach the age of cognizance . '' One challenge for the cast and crew was filming around a child actor , meaning that the show had to obey child labor laws . Savage at the time explained , `` You have to get at least three hours of school in every day . So whenever I 'm on a break , I go to school . It 's really intense because I have to get a lot done in short periods . And it 's hard because if they need you back on the set , they pull you away every twenty minutes . If you 're writing an essay and suddenly get inspired , you 've got to stop and go back to work . '' Many exterior shots were filmed in Burbank , California . Lawsuit ( edit ) As the show was in the process of wrapping its sixth and final season , a costume designer on the show named Monique Long filed a sexual harassment charge against stars Fred Savage and Jason Hervey . The suit brought a lot of unwanted publicity to the show . In the end , the case was settled out of court , with Savage stating that he was `` completely exonerated '' , adding that it was a `` terrible experience '' . Cancellation ( edit ) The Wonder Years wrapped its sixth and final season in May 1993 . Its cancellation was partially blamed on conflict between producers and executives at ABC . As Kevin matured , the producers wanted the storylines to mature as well . However , the executives at ABC felt uncomfortable with more explicit content given the time slot , saying , `` We felt it was inappropriate to present Kevin 's awakening because of the setting in the 1960s , the gentle tone of the series and , most importantly , the 8 p.m. time period . '' Bob Brush noted that , `` When Kevin became 16 and 17 , there were really things he needed to get to that we could n't do at 8 p.m. , especially with the kind of venerable cachet that the show had obtained with its audience . We would get notes from the network saying , `` You could do this on any show besides The Wonder Years . '' Other reasons for the show 's cancellation were escalating costs and declining ratings . The cast 's salary increases , coupled with location shooting ( which was due to the producers wanting to reflect Kevin obtaining his driver 's license ) , led to Brush claiming that they were spending $1.2 million an episode . The final episode aired on May 12 , 1993 . Bob Brush noted that the finale was not what he would have wanted it to be , but because the cast and crew were unsure at the time of filming if the sixth season was going to be the last , he was forced to have the ending be open - ended , until the recording of Daniel Stern 's narration . Fans were somewhat disappointed with the ending , in particular the revelation that Kevin and Winnie do n't end up as a couple . Brush acknowledged this disappointment , saying , `` Some viewers ( were ) surprised that nothing works out the way your fondest wish would be , '' and explained , `` The message I wanted in there is that that 's part of the beauty of life . It 's fine to say , ' I 'd like everything to be just the way it was when I was 15 and I was happy , ' but it seemed more nurturing to me to say that we leave these things behind and we go on to forge new lives for ourselves . '' Plot synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of The Wonder Years episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 6 January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) April 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 19 ) 10 18.8 ( Tied with ALF ) 17 November 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 30 ) May 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 16 ) 22 16.3 ( Tied with The Hogan Family and The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 23 October 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 03 ) May 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 16 ) 8 19.2 23 September 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 15 ) 30 14.2 5 24 October 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 02 ) May 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) N / A N / A 6 22 September 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) N / A N / A The series depicts the social and family life of a boy in a typical American suburban middle - class family from 1968 to 1973 , covering the ages of 12 through 17 . Each year in the series takes place exactly 20 years before airing ( 1988 to 1993 ) . The show 's plot centers on Kevin Arnold , son of Jack and Norma Arnold . Kevin 's father holds a management job at NORCOM , a defense contractor , while his mother is a housewife . Kevin also has an older brother , Wayne , and an older sister , Karen . Two of Kevin 's friends and neighbors are prominently featured throughout the series : his best friend , Paul Pfeiffer , and his crush - turned - girlfriend Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper . Storylines are told through Kevin 's reflections as an adult in his mid-30s , voiced by narrator Daniel Stern . In the pilot episode , Winnie 's older brother Brian , whom Kevin admires , is killed in action in Vietnam in 1968 . Kevin meets Winnie in a nearby wooded area called Harpers Woods . This unsaid relationship between Winnie and Kevin remains dormant for a long while , with Winnie starting to date a popular 8th grader named Kirk McCray and Kevin briefly going steady with Becky Slater . After Kevin breaks up with Becky due to his feelings for Winnie , Becky becomes a recurring nuisance for Kevin . Winnie eventually dumps Kirk as well , and Kevin and Winnie share a second kiss at the start of the 1969 summer vacation . Around St. Valentine 's Day 1970 , Winnie temporarily dates Paul , who has broken up with his girlfriend Carla . Winnie and Kevin start dating each other soon after . Just before the summer break , Winnie and her family move to a house four miles away . Although Winnie attends a new school , Lincoln Junior High , she and Kevin decide to remain together and maintain a successful long distance relationship . A beautiful new student named Madeline Adams joins Kevin 's school and quickly catches Kevin 's eye , but it is Winnie who breaks up with Kevin after meeting Roger , a jock at her new school . Neither relationship lasts long , but Winnie and Kevin do n't reunite until she is injured in a car crash . After graduating from junior high , Kevin and Winnie both go to McKinley High and Paul attends a prep school . Paul would later transfer to McKinley High and join Kevin and Winnie . Earlier seasons of the show tended to focus on plots involving events within the Arnold household and Kevin 's academic struggles , whereas later seasons focused much more on plots involving dating and Kevin 's friends . Kevin has several brief flings during the summer of 1971 and the 1971 -- 1972 academic year . After Kevin 's grandfather gets his driver 's license revoked , he sells his car to Kevin for a dollar . Paul transfers to McKinley High after his first semester at prep school when his father runs into financial troubles . Wayne decides to join the army as a result of his inability to do well in school . This gets turned around when Wayne is n't able to get his physical . Winnie and Kevin are reunited when they go on a double date to a school dance and find themselves more attracted to each other than their respective partners . In late 1972 , Kevin 's older brother Wayne starts working at NORCOM , and dates his co-worker Bonnie , a divorcée with a son , but the relationship does not last . Kevin 's father quits NORCOM , and buys a furniture manufacturing business . Final episode and epilogue ( edit ) In the series finale double episode , Winnie decides to take a job for the summer of 1973 as a lifeguard at a resort . Kevin , meanwhile , is at his job at his father 's furniture factory and calls Winnie , who by all accounts is distant and seems to be enjoying her time away from Kevin . Eventually , Kevin and his father fight and Kevin announces that he is leaving , reasoning that he needs to `` find himself . '' Kevin hops in his car and heads to the resort where Winnie is working , hopeful that she can secure him a job and they can spend the rest of the summer together . Kevin eventually secures a job at the resort , and plays a round of poker with the in - house band . He wins big , and goes out to search for Winnie to tell her of his good fortune . To his surprise , he sees Winnie engaged in a passionate kiss with another lifeguard . The next day , Kevin confronts her actions , and they fight . Kevin then plays another round of poker , losing his car in a bet in the process . Desperate , Kevin confronts Winnie and her new beau at the restaurant and ends up punching him in the face . Kevin then leaves the resort on foot . On a desolate stretch of highway , Kevin decides to begin hitchhiking . He finally gets picked up by an elderly couple and much to his surprise he finds Winnie in the backseat . Winnie was fired over the fight Kevin instigated at the resort . Kevin and Winnie begin to argue and the elderly couple gets fed up and kicks them out of the car . A flash rain storm begins and Kevin and Winnie search for shelter . They find a barn and discuss how much things are changing and the prospects for the future . They make up and kiss passionately . ( It is loosely implied that the two lose their virginity with each other . ) The narrator 's monologue states Once upon a time , there was a girl I knew who lived across the street , brown hair , brown eyes . When she smiled , I smiled , when she cried , I cried . Every single thing that ever happened to me that mattered , in some way , had to do with her . That day , Winnie and I promised each other that no matter what , that we will always be together . It was a promise full of passion , truth and wisdom . It was the kind of promise that can only come from the hearts of the very young . They soon find their way back to their home town and arrive hand - in - hand to a Fourth of July parade . During this parade , the adult Kevin ( Daniel Stern ) describes the fate of the show 's main characters : Kevin makes up with his father , graduates from high school in 1974 , and leaves for college , later becoming a writer . Paul studies law at Harvard . Karen , Kevin 's sister , gives birth to a son in September 1973 . Kevin 's mother becomes a businesswoman and corporate board chairwoman . Kevin 's father dies in 1975 , and Wayne takes over his father 's furniture business . Winnie studies art history in Paris while Kevin stays in the United States . Winnie and Kevin end up writing to each other once a week for the next eight years . When Winnie returns to the United States in 1982 , Kevin meets her at the airport with his wife and eight - month - old son . The final sounds , voice - over narration , and dialogue of the episode and series is that of Kevin ( voice of Daniel Stern ) , with children heard in the background : Growing up happens in a heartbeat . One day you 're in diapers , the next day you 're gone . But the memories of childhood stay with you for the long haul . I remember a place , a town , a house , like a lot of houses . A yard like a lot of other yards . On a street like a lot of other streets . And the thing is , after all these years , I still look back ... with wonder . A little boy ( Stern 's real life son , Henry ) can be heard asking his dad to come out and play catch during a break in the final narration . Kevin 's narrative responds , `` I 'll be right there '' as the episode -- and series -- closes . In 2011 , the finale was ranked # 11 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Wonder Years characters Paul , Kevin and Winnie Kevin Arnold ( Fred Savage ) : Character born March 18 , 1956 , Kevin grew up in the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s . The voice of Kevin as an adult ( and the show 's narrator ) is supplied by Daniel Stern ( Arye Gross in the original broadcast of the pilot ) . John `` Jack '' Arnold ( Dan Lauria ) : Character born on November 6 , 1927 , died in 1975 . Kevin 's father was a gruff , laconic man and a Korean War veteran ; he grew up during the Great Depression , served in the US Marine Corps , and is seen in photographs wearing the uniform of a First Lieutenant . He works at NORCOM , a large military defense corporation , in a middle management position he loathes . Later , he starts his own business , building and selling handcrafted furniture . The series 's last episode reveals that he dies in 1975 near the end of Kevin 's freshman year of college -- that is , two years after the time of the show 's finale -- although in a previous episode , an adult Kevin says his father would later be the grandfather of Kevin 's sons . Jack represents the viewpoint of the `` Silent Generation '' that grew up during the Depression and came of age during the Second World War ; it was confused and angered by the rapid changes taking place in the 1960s . He is described as a Republican who voted for Richard Nixon twice in the presidential elections of 1968 and 1972 . Norma Arnold ( née Gustavson ) ( Alley Mills ) : Character born circa 1928 , Kevin 's housewife mother . Unlike her husband , Norma is friendly and upbeat . She met Jack as a college freshman . When he graduated , she moved across the country with him and did not finish college . She eventually gets her degree late in the series and begins work at a software startup called Micro Electronics . Although she came of age at the same time as her husband , she is less conservative than her husband and increasingly yearns to break out of her homemaker role , reflecting the rise of feminism in the 1960s . Karen Arnold ( Olivia d'Abo ) : Character born circa 1950 , Kevin 's older , hippie sister . Her free - spirited ways clash with her overbearing father 's conservatism , and she depends upon her mother as a mediator . When Karen moves in with her boyfriend Michael ( David Schwimmer ) during her freshman year of college , she has a falling out with her father . The pair marry one year later and move to Alaska , where Michael has secured a good job . Karen ultimately accepts some of her parents ' viewpoints and has a baby , while her husband learns to support his wife and child . Wayne Arnold ( Jason Hervey ) : Character born circa 1954 , Wayne is Kevin 's older brother . Wayne enjoys physically tormenting Kevin and Paul , calling Kevin `` butthead '' or `` scrote '' . He takes over the family furniture business when his father dies . Wayne is usually portrayed as a loser in romantic relationships . For a time , he dated a girl named Dolores , but that was more casual than serious . In later seasons , Wayne matures . In the final season , he begins a serious relationship with a divorcée named Bonnie , but is left heartbroken when she reconciles with her husband . Paul Joshua Pfeiffer ( Josh Saviano ) : Character born March 14 , 1956 , Paul is Kevin 's long time best friend , a bright and excellent student , and an allergy sufferer . He is also Jewish and in one episode celebrates his Bar Mitzvah . Although Kevin and Paul are best friends in the series 's early seasons , their relationship becomes somewhat strained later . Kevin begins to spend more time with Chuck and Jeff , causing tension with Paul . Paul also attends a private prep school for one season , leaving Kevin alone to start public high school . In another episode , Kevin tattles on Paul after Paul loses his virginity . In the final episode , it is revealed that Paul eventually attends Harvard . Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper ( Danica McKellar ) : Winnie is Kevin 's main love interest and neighbor . Her older brother 's death in the Vietnam War plays a big part in the plot . In another episode , Winnie 's parents separate in grief over the death of their son . In the epilogue of the final episode , it is revealed that Winnie travels overseas to study art history in Paris . Kevin and Winnie write to each other every week for eight years until she returns ; in the concluding moments of the finale , Kevin says that when Winnie returned to the States , Kevin met her accompanied by his wife and first child , despite the hope among Wonder Years fans that Kevin and Winnie would themselves marry . `` Like I said , '' says Kevin at the end , `` things never turn out exactly the way you plan them . '' As suggested in an episode entitled `` The Accident '' and in the finale episode of the series , every important event in Kevin 's life has somehow involved Winnie . Syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reruns of the show aired in syndication between September 1992 and September 1997 . Nick at Nite then reran the show from October 13 , 1997 to February 3 , 2001 . It also reran on The New TNN ( January 22 , 2001 to September 28 , 2001 ) , ABC Family ( November 12 , 2001 to October 2 , 2004 ) , Ion Television ( April 2 , 2007 to October 4 , 2007 ) , and The Hub ( October 11 , 2010 to August 31 , 2012 ) . In Canada , the show aired on CTS Ontario from September 2010 until September 2 , 2011 . In Australia , the show aired on Network Ten between 1989 and 1995 , then from March 31 , 2012 on ABC1 . In Spain the series initially aired Mondays 9 : 30pm on TVE2 ( now La2 ) as part of the Monday night Comedy block which also featured Murphy Brown . The series was later promoted to main channel TVE1 where it aired Fridays 9pm . Years later , in the late 90s , commercial station Antena 3TV recovered the series and aired it first in its 2pm comedy hour , later relocating it to a 530pm slot as part of the youth macro-show La Merienda . Opening sequence ( edit ) Three different versions of the opening were made and each set to the Joe Cocker rendition of With a Little Help from My Friends . First version ( pilot ) ( edit ) This first version of the opening was very basic : Nothing but a black screen was shown , after the title logo , with each cast member 's name appearing in the center one by one . Much like the Arye Gross narration , this version of the opening was only used once when the pilot first aired after Super Bowl XXII . Second version ( seasons one through five ) ( edit ) This opening now consists of home movie footage from the pilot , after the title logo is shown , ending with the `` Created by '' credit . In season five , more footage is added to show how much the cast has aged . Third version ( season six ) ( edit ) The opening was overhauled completely in this version . Now , it consisted of stock footage and images of various moments throughout 60 's and early 70s culture ( i.e. John Lennon and Yoko Ono 's Bed - in , The Kent State Shootings , The Moon Landing , an anti-war protest . ) , and was set to a new edit of Cocker 's rendition of the song ( starting with the chorus , versus the opening of the song , as was the case in seasons one through five ) . The final image in this version is of Kevin , Paul , Winnie , and presumably some of their classmates in a group photograph edited to look like it belonged in the time period . Home video releases ( edit ) Initially , the first four episodes were released on 2 VHS Tapes by Anchor Bay in 1997 , with most of the music intact ( a select few songs , however , were re-recordings ) . In the coming years , fees for licensing music prevented further episodes from being released at that point on VHS . The two volumes that were released on VHS were later released on DVD in 2000 . Four episodes of the series were also included in two official `` best - of '' DVD sets ( The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years ) , without much of the original music . For many years , The Wonder Years remained unreleased on DVD as official season box sets , due to music licensing issues . Because of this issue , The Wonder Years routinely appeared high on the list of TV shows in - demand for a DVD release . In a blog update on the Netflix website on March 30 , 2011 , and a press release issued the next day , Netflix stated that they would be adding The Wonder Years to their instant streaming service . The other three 20th Century Fox series noted as part of the deal were added to the Watch Instantly service by April 2 , while The Wonder Years remained unavailable . On October 1 , 2011 , 114 full - length episodes of the series were added to Netflix streaming . The clip show from the end of Season 4 , which was released on DVD , has not been included . On September 26 , 2011 , it was announced that Amazon Prime 's streaming video service would be adding The Wonder Years , describing the series as `` available on digital video for the first time '' , although Netflix added the series ahead of Amazon 's release . All 115 episodes ( including the clip show ) became available to Prime members starting October 6 , 2011 . On both digital streaming services , portions of the soundtrack have been replaced . The show 's opening theme , Joe Cocker 's rendition of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends , '' has been replaced on Netflix and Amazon with the version of the song that played in the UK and other overseas airings . The majority of the show 's soundtrack remains unchanged . Songs such as `` Light My Fire '' by The Doors and `` Foxy Lady '' by Jimi Hendrix have been replaced by generic sound - alikes with different lyrics . On February 11 , 2014 , StarVista / Time Life announced the upcoming DVD release of the complete series in the second half of the year , noting that they were `` painstakingly securing the rights for virtually every song . '' On June 11 , packaging details for complete set were revealed . The packaging consists of a miniature school locker featuring a replica yearbook with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia . Also included are two notebooks similar to those carried by the two lead characters , each featuring detailed episode information , production photos , all 115 episodes plus over 15 hours of bonus features on 26 DVDs . Customized Wonder Years magnets are also included . On September 30 , 2014 , the complete series was released to those that pre-ordered the set through mail order from Time Life / Star Vista . Also a box set for the first four seasons was released as well . October 10 , 2014 , though was considered the official release date . On October 7 , 2014 , Star Vista released Season One on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . Season Two was released on February 3 , 2015 . Season Three was released on May 26 , 2015 . Season Four was released on January 12 , 2016 . Season Five was released on May 24 , 2016 . Season Six was released on September 27 , 2016 . On October 6 , 2015 , Star Vista released The Wonder Years - The Complete Series : Collectors Box set and The Wonder Years - The Complete Series DVD collections in a wide general retail release . On May 9 , 2016 , Fabulous Films released The Wonder Years - The Deluxe Edition on 26 DVDs in the UK . It was intended to be the first release to contain every episode in its original transmission presentation , although in the end this did not happen . The set includes over 23 hours of bonus material . On October 1 , 2017 , The Wonder Years was removed from Netflix after being on there for 7 years . DVD Name Ep # Release dates DVD Special Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season One 6 October 7 , 2014 N / A June 8 , 2016 Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion , May 28 , 2014 Featurette : With a Little Help from My Friends : The Early Days of The Wonder Years Interviews with : Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Season Two 17 February 3 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Interview with Fred Savage ( Part 1 ) Interview with Danica McKellar ( Part 1 ) Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black Season Three 23 May 26 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Cast Interviews Hall Pass : Roundtable with Danica McKellar , Fred Savage , and Josh Saviano A Family Affair : At Home With The Arnolds Season Four 23 January 12 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 Teachers That Made A Difference Cast Interviews Season Five 24 May 24 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 That 's A Wrap ! : Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 Will You Love Me Tomorrow : The Wonder Years Love Stories Cast Interviews Season Six 22 September 27 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 One - Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale At Last : The Final Episode Interview Bob Brush , Executive Produce From The Vault : Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters The Complete Series 115 September 30 , 2014 N / A April 20 , 2016 Two notebooks , each featuring detailed episode information and production photos Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia , and liner notes penned by Fred Savage , series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black , and executive producer Bob Brush 2014 Los Angeles cast reunion , featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members ( Fred Savage , Danica McKellar , Josh Saviano , Dan Lauria , Alley Mills , Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey ) , as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles , such as David Schwimmer , Ben Stein , Bob Picardo and Seth Green In - depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern , Neal Marlens , Carol Black , Bob Brush and other production personnel 10 brand - new featurettes : `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' : The Early Days of The Wonder Years `` The Times They Are A-Changin ' '' : The Era `` My Generation '' : The Kids Grow Up `` When A Man Loves A Woman '' : Kevin & Winnie Forever `` Bookends '' : Kevin & Paul `` A Family Affair '' : At Home With The Arnolds `` I Love You For Sentimental Reasons '' : Fan - Favorite Episodes `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' : The Wonder Years ' Love Stories `` ABC '' : Teachers That Made A Difference `` Both Sides Now '' : The Music That Made The Moments `` That 's a Wrap ! Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 '' - Writer / Producer Mark B. Perry 's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show , which includes new commentary from him . `` From the Vault : Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters '' - Alley Mills reads her emotional , written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show 's finale . The one - hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12 , 1993 , including a deleted scene not included in the half - hour broadcasts of the final two episodes ( both the one - hour finale and half - hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras ) . DVD music replacements ( edit ) The Time Life DVD releases include approximately 96 % of the original music soundtrack ( including the opening theme song , `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' , as originally sung by Joe Cocker ) . There were altogether some 15 exceptions , in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song , while on a couple of occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune . None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed . In the episode `` The Phone Call '' , the `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was replaced with a song called `` Star Crossed Lovers '' , which has been used in many other TV shows and movies , including The Brady Bunch . In `` Dance With Me '' , Joe Cocker 's cover of `` The Letter '' was replaced with the original version by The Box Tops , while the Herman 's Hermits version of `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' was replaced with a rerecording by the Craggy Blue Project . The episode `` Heart of Darkness '' had two replacements : `` Riders on the Storm '' by The Doors was replaced with `` Children of the Night '' , while Richie Havens ' cover of The Beatles ' song `` Here Comes the Sun '' was replaced by `` Train to Nowhere '' . In the episode `` Whose Woods Are These ? '' , the Blood , Sweat & Tears recording entitled `` Variations on a Theme By Erik Satie ( 1st and 2nd Movements ) '' ( adapted from Satie 's `` Third Gymnopédies '' ) was replaced with `` Le Suenne Fite '' . The episode `` How I Am Spending My Summer Vacation '' replaced the Doors ' `` Light My Fire '' with `` Love 's on Fire '' , while the episode `` Summer Song '' replaced Blood , Sweat & Tears ' `` Spinning Wheel '' with a rerecording by former BS&T frontman David Clayton Thomas . In `` Family Car '' , Neil Young 's `` Long May You Run '' was replaced with `` Keep Your Motor Running '' . In `` Wayne on Wheels '' , `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was again replaced by `` Star Crossed Lovers '' . In the episode `` The Treehouse '' , Doris Day 's `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' was replaced with `` Call the Whole Thing Off '' . In the episode `` Little Debbie '' , `` Tammy '' by Liberace was replaced with a song called `` Sammy '' . `` Clip Show '' contains the scene from `` Heart of Darkness '' in which `` Here Comes the Sun '' is replaced with `` Train to Nowhere '' . The episode `` Kevin Delivers '' dropped Blood , Sweat & Tears ' `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas . In the episode `` Alice in Autoland '' , Al Green 's `` Let 's Stay Together '' was replaced with a rerecording by him . In the final episode `` Independence Day '' , the Ennio Morricone song `` Brothers '' from the 1986 motion picture The Mission , which was played over the pivotal barn scene featuring Kevin and Winnie 's last kiss , was replaced with the generic tune `` Pastorale '' ( for this instance alone , the same replacement was used in the 1998 The Best of The Wonder Years DVD release ) . Also , not a music change per se , but the Daniel Stern redub of the pilot is used , with the standard opening sequence . Other than the above music changes , all other music is intact and all 115 episodes are completely unaffected . The UK DVD release from Fabulous Films was intended to have no replaced music , but reviews on online retailers and fan websites show that this is not the case . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Wonder Years : Music from the Emmy Award - Winning Show & Its Era The official soundtrack was released in 1988 by Atlantic / WEA and contains a total of 13 tracks , featuring Joe Cocker 's cover of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , which is the show 's theme song . After the series ' original run was over , Laserlight Digital released a 5 - disc compilation box set under the title Music from ' The Wonder Years in 1994 . This is the same company that later released the only two DVDs for the series , The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years . The disc included 40 oldies favorites and 5 original songs ( each is repeated twice in the set ) written exclusively for the series by W.G. Snuffy Walden . In 2014 , Time Life released a new soundtrack for the show which accompanies deluxe versions of their complete series DVD set . The CD is not available for purchase separately from the DVD box set , however . Book ( edit ) In 1990 the book The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties by Edward Gross was published by Pioneer Books ( ISBN 1 - 55698 - 258 - 5 ) . It contains information about the creation and production of the show , interviews with cast and crew , and an extensive episode guide ( up to the middle of the 4th season when the book was published ) . While long out of print and hard to find , the author gave permission to a fan website to publish the book online for free in its entirety . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 1991 American Cinema Editors ' Eddie Award Best Edited Episode from a Television Series Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated 1993 Best Edited Half Hour Series for Television Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` The Wedding '' ) Nominated 1989 ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Top TV Series Stewart Levin Won 1988 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award W.G. Snuffy Walden , John Lennon and Paul McCartney Won 1989 Won 1990 Won 1988 Casting Society of America 's Artios Award Best Casting for TV , Comedy Episodic Mary V. Buck and Susan Edelman Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Meg Liberman and Marc Hirschfeld Nominated 1989 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Steve Miner ( For the pilot episode ) Won 1991 Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated 1989 Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Won 1990 Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Fred Savage Nominated 1991 Nominated 1988 Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1989 Matthew Carlson Won 1990 Todd W. Langen Won David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated 1991 Bob Brush Won Mark B. Perry ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated 1992 Craig Hoffman ( For episode `` Hardware Store '' ) Nominated 1993 Sy Rosen ( For episode `` The Nose '' ) Nominated 1990 Peabody Award ABC Television and Black / Marlens Company in association with New World Television Won 1988 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens and Jeffrey Silver Won Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1989 Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens , Bob Brush , Steve Miner and Jeffrey Silver Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Nominated David M. Stern ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated Michael J. Weithorn ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Won Michael Dinner ( For episode `` How I 'm Spending My Summer Vacation '' ) Nominated Steve Miner ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Robert Picardo Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Maxine Stuart Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Stuart Bass ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costume Design for a Series Scilla Andreen ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated 1990 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Bob Stevens , Jill Gordon , Matthew Carlson , Michael Dinner , Ken Topolsky and Kerry Ehrin Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Michael Dinner ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series David Huddleston Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' ) Nominated 1991 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Jill Gordon , Ken Topolsky , David Chambers and Michael Dinner Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Little Debbie '' ) Nominated 1992 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episode `` Grandpa 's Car '' ) Nominated 1993 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episodes `` Summer '' and `` Independence Day '' ) Nominated 1988 Television Critics Association Award Program of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Nominated 2006 TV Land Award Favorite Series Finale Nominated 2007 Favorite Heard - But - Not - Seen Character Daniel Stern Nominated 2008 Character You 'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You Danica McKellar Nominated 1989 Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1990 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1991 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Best Writing in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Specialty Player Robert Picardo Nominated 1992 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated 1989 Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For episode `` My Father 's Office '' ) Won Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1990 Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Won 1991 Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated Bob Stevens ( For episode `` Rock ' N ' Roll '' ) Nominated 1989 Young Artist Award Best Family Television Series Won Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy Series Fred Savage Won Best Young Actor Guest - Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Robin Thicke Nominated Best Young Actor in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Danica McKellar Won 1990 Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Fred Savage Nominated Jason Hervey Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Robert Jayne Nominated Joshua John Miller Nominated 1992 Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Brandon Crane Won Best Young Actress Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Crystal McKellar Nominated Lisa Paige Robinson Nominated 1993 Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Giovanni Ribisi Nominated Best Young Actress Guest - Starring in a Television Series Wendy J. Cooke Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Years ' Pays Its Respects to ' 60s Suburbia - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. April 8 , 1988 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( January 30 , 1988 ) . `` TV : ' Wonder Years , ' A New Series on ABC '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Haithman , Diane ( November 30 , 1988 ) . `` Success Turns Into Mixed Blessing for Creators of ' Wonder Years ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Steve ( October 3 , 1989 ) . `` ' The Wonder Years ' Faces Growing Pains '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peabody Award Winners Archive Archived April 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Awards for The Wonder Years Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb : '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time '' . Paste ( magazine ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years Complete Series Finally coming to DVD with Complete Soundtrack '' . February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The TV Shows That Owe a Debt to The Wonder Years '' . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Documentary '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` just up the pike : the wonder years were set in white oak , sort of '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Carol ( December 1 , 1996 ) . `` Can Sitcom Make It With L.I. Setting ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Mr. Marlens wanted to set the series , based on his childhood in the suburbs , on Long Island ... `` Everybody felt ' Wonder Years ' was set in their home street . '' Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindenhurst native Dan Lauria stars in ' A Christmas Story ' at Madison Square Garden '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Twelvesomething ' '' . philly - archives . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Boy 's ' Wonder Years ' At Age 12 , Fred Savage Is Already An Acting Pro As He Portrays A 1960s Child '' . philly - archives . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAMES IN THE NEWS : Sisters Rivals on ' Wonder Years ' '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Interview with Danica McKellar ( Winnie Cooper ) '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Talking with Fred Savage : My parents never push me '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/scene-it-before-the-wonder-years-neighborhood/ Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Years ' Stars Accused of Sexual Harassment : Television : Fred Savage and Jason Hervey are named by former costume designer . Show 's spokesmen deny charges '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Savage 's Post - ` Wonder Years ' / He 's all grown up , a Stanford student and a bad guy on TV '' . SFGate . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TVography ~ The Wonder Years ~ Comedy Coming of Age . YouTube . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reeling in the Bittersweet ' Wonder Years ' : With Rising Costs , Aging Cast , Series Comes to a Close '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1691 - 1692 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Peter ( May 9 , 1993 ) . `` Television : Closing the Album On ' The Wonder Years ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Steve ( May 12 , 1993 ) . `` Reeling in the Bittersweet ' Wonder Years ' : With Rising Costs , Aging Cast , Series Comes to a Close '' . the Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales , TV Guide Network , May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia R. ( January 19 , 2006 ) . `` A Sitcom 70 's Child Grows Up to Be an Alter Ego '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nick at Nite Log Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com search page : wonder + year + vhs '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Lieber , Scott ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Pricey nostalgia '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Best of the Wonder Years DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Most , if not all , of the original soundtrack has been changed to either covers or generic music . Jump up ^ Thommes , Matt ( June 24 , 2007 ) . `` The Wonder Years on DVD : costly music licensing Matt Thommes '' . Matthom.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` What to Watch ? How About a ' Simpsons ' Episode From 1999 ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Among the 300,000 registered users of the Web site www.tvshowsondvd.com , The Wonder Years is the most in - demand unreleased show Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years on DVD , Release Info , News at TVShowsOnDVD.com ( login required to see voting results ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Voting Results - Unreleased Rank : 1st / Overall Rank : 3rd Jump up ^ `` The Netflix Blog : GLEE AVAILABLE TO WATCH INSTANTLY '' . March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Fox and Netflix announce distribution deal which makes `` Glee '' and `` Sons of Anarchy '' available to watch instantly from Netflix starting April 1 '' ( Press release ) . April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . In addition , library series such as `` Ally McBeal '' and `` The Wonder Years '' will stream instantly for the first time from Netflix . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Glee '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Sons of Anarchy '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Ally McBeal '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Heather ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Netflix Blog : Rediscovering The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Fox , Amazon Prime Make Streaming Deal '' . Reuters . September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . The new additions from the FOX library include 24 , Arrested Development , The X-Files , Ally McBeal , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and - available on digital video for the first time - The Wonder Years . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Wonder Years Season 1 , Ep. 1 `` Pilot '' `` . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Frazer , Bryant ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Post Haste Sound Remasters The Wonder Years for Digital Video Release '' . Studio Daily . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . showed up on Netflix ( streaming only ) this month , sans iconic Joe Cocker theme song Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - StarVista / Time - Life Press Release Announces ' The Complete Series ' on DVD ! '' . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Wonder Years - A Pic of the Collectible Packaging , General Contents for ' The Complete Series ' Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years DVD news : Announcement for The Wonder Years - Season 1 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A Completely ' Wide ' Wonder with ' The Complete Series ' Jump up ^ http://www.wonder-years.tv/twyondvd.html Jump up ^ `` The Wonders Years : The Complete First Season ( 1988 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Wonder Years : The Complete Second Season ( 1988 ) . Amazon.com Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Wonder-Years-Complete-Series/14737#ixzz3UHp3mPt0 Jump up ^ http://www.wonder-years.tv/twyondvd.html Jump up ^ The Wonder Years ( 1988 - 93 Television Series ) . `` The Wonder Years OST '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wonder Years Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wonder Years . The Wonder Years on IMDb The Wonder Years at TV.com http://www.wonder-years.tv Episode and Music Guide plus the official `` The Wonder Years '' book by Edward Gross Documentary The Wonder Years -- Coming of Age at the-wonder-years.com Peter 's `` The Wonder Years '' fansite The Show `` The Wonder Years '' , Cast , Pictures , and Trivia Preceded by Hard Copy The Wonder Years Super Bowl lead - out program 1988 Succeeded by Brotherhood of the Rose 1989 The Wonder Years Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Good - bye '' Related Characters Episodes Soundtrack Awards and nominations Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy 1960s The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) 1970s The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) Rhoda ( 1974 ) Barney Miller ( 1975 ) Barney Miller ( 1976 ) All in the Family ( 1977 ) Taxi ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) 1990s Cheers ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier / Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) Sex and the City ( 1999 ) 2000s Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) 2010s Glee ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Girls ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2015 ) Atlanta ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wonder_Years&oldid=824916790 '' Categories : The Wonder Years 1980s American comedy - drama television series 1980s American teen television series 1980s teen drama television series 1990s American comedy - drama television series 1988 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs American high school television series Middle school television series Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series by New World Television Television series set in 1968 Television series set in 1969 Television series set in 1970 Television series set in 1971 Television series set in 1972 Television series set in 1973 Television shows set in the United States Television shows set in Vietnam Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners Television series created by Carol Black Television series created by Neal Marlens Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 09 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the theme song of the wonder years	[ "The Time Life DVD releases include approximately 96% of the original music soundtrack (including the opening theme song, \"With a Little Help From My Friends\", as originally sung by Joe Cocker). There were altogether some 15 exceptions, in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song, while on a couple of occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune. None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed." ]	[ "Joe Cocker" ]
6208294333151134250	Management	Management - wikipedia Management Jump to : navigation , search `` Manager '' redirects here . For other uses , see Management ( disambiguation ) and Manager ( disambiguation ) . An organization chart for the United States Coast Guard shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization . Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology The Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Management ( or managing ) is the administration of an organization , whether it is a business , a not - for - profit organization , or government body . Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees ( or of volunteers ) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources , such as financial , natural , technological , and human resources . The term `` management '' may also refer to those people who manage an organization . Social scientists study management as an academic discipline , investigating areas such as social organization and organizational leadership . Some people study management at colleges or universities ; major degrees in management include the Bachelor of Commerce ( B.Com . ) and Master of Business Administration ( MBA . ) and , for the public sector , the Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) degree . Individuals who aim to become management specialists or experts , management researchers , or professors may complete the Doctor of Management ( DM ) , the Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ) , or the PhD in Business Administration or Management . Larger organizations generally have three levels of managers , which are typically organized in a hierarchical , pyramid structure : Senior managers , such as members of a Board of Directors , a Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) or a President of an organization , set the strategic goals of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate . Senior managers provide direction to the middle managers who report to them . Middle managers , examples of which would include branch managers , regional managers and section managers , provide direction to front - line managers . Middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front - line managers . Lower managers , such as supervisors and front - line team leaders , oversee the work of regular employees ( or volunteers , in some voluntary organizations ) and provide direction on their work . In smaller organizations , an individual manager may have a much wider scope . A single manager may perform several roles or even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Theoretical scope 2 Nature of work 3 History 3.1 Etymology 3.2 Early writing 3.3 19th century 3.4 20th century 3.5 21st century 4 Topics 4.1 Basics 4.2 Basic roles 4.3 Skills 4.4 Implementation of policies and strategies 5 Policies and strategies in the planning process 6 Levels 6.1 Top 6.2 Middle 6.3 Lower 7 Training 7.1 United States of America 7.1. 1 Undergraduate 7.1. 2 Graduate 7.2 Good practices 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Definitions ( edit ) Views on the definition and scope of management include : According to Henri Fayol , `` to manage is to forecast and to plan , to organise , to command , to co-ordinate and to control . '' Fredmund Malik defines it as `` the transformation of resources into utility . '' Management included as one of the factors of production -- along with machines , materials and money . Ghislain Deslandes defines it as `` a vulnerable force , under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint , imitation and imagination , operating on subjective , interpersonal , institutional and environmental levels '' . Peter Drucker ( 1909 -- 2005 ) saw the basic task of management as twofold : marketing and innovation . Nevertheless , innovation is also linked to marketing ( product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue ) . Peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success , but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge . Theoretical scope ( edit ) Management involves identifying the mission , objective , procedures , rules and manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise . This implies effective communication : an enterprise environment ( as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism ) implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome . As such , management is not the manipulation of a mechanism ( machine or automated program ) , not the herding of animals , and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment . From an individual 's perspective , management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise point of view , because management is an essential function to improve one 's life and relationships . Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application . Based on this , management must have humans . Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or independent pursuit . Plans , measurements , motivational psychological tools , goals , and economic measures ( profit , etc . ) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management . At first , one views management functionally , such as measuring quantity , adjusting plans , meeting goals . This applies even in situations where planning does not take place . From this perspective , Henri Fayol ( 1841 -- 1925 ) considers management to consist of six functions : forecasting planning organizing commanding coordinating controlling In another way of thinking , Mary Parker Follett ( 1868 -- 1933 ) , allegedly defined management as `` the art of getting things done through people '' . She described management as philosophy . Critics , however , find this definition useful but far too narrow . The phrase `` management is what managers do '' occurs widely , suggesting the difficulty of defining management without circularity , the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or of a class . One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to `` business administration '' and thus excludes management in places outside commerce , as for example in charities and in the public sector . More broadly , every organization must `` manage '' its work , people , processes , technology , etc. to maximize effectiveness . Nonetheless , many people refer to university departments that teach management as `` business schools '' . Some such institutions ( such as the Harvard Business School ) use that name , while others ( such as the Yale School of Management ) employ the broader term `` management '' . English - speakers may also use the term `` management '' or `` the management '' as a collective word describing the managers of an organization , for example of a corporation . Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term `` labor '' -- referring to those being managed . But in the present era the concept of management is identified in the wide areas and its frontiers have been pushed to a broader range . Apart from profitable organizations even non-profitable organizations ( NGOs ) apply management concepts . The concept and its uses are not constrained . Management on the whole is the process of planning , organizing , coordinating , leading and controlling . Nature of work ( edit ) In profitable organizations , management 's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders . This typically involves making a profit ( for the shareholders ) , creating valued products at a reasonable cost ( for customers ) , and providing great employment opportunities for employees . In nonprofit management , add the importance of keeping the faith of donors . In most models of management and governance , shareholders vote for the board of directors , and the board then hires senior management . Some organizations have experimented with other methods ( such as employee - voting models ) of selecting or reviewing managers , but this is rare . In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies , voters elect politicians to public office . Such politicians hire many managers and administrators ; and in some countries like the United States , political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president / governor / mayor . History ( edit ) Some see management ( by definition ) as late - modern ( in the sense of late modernity ) conceptualization . On those terms it can not have a pre-modern history , only harbingers ( such as stewards ) . Others , however , detect management - like - thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt . Slave - owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting / motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce , but many pre-industrial enterprises , given their small scale , did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically . However , innovations such as the spread of Hindu numerals ( 5th to 15th centuries ) and the codification of double - entry book - keeping ( 1494 ) provided tools for management assessment , planning and control . Also , Machiavelli wrote about how to make organisations efficient and effective . The principles that Machiavelli set forth in Discourses ( 1531 ) can be adapted to apply the management of organisations today : An organisation is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it . While one person can begin an organisation , `` it is lasting when it is left in the care of many and when many desire to maintain it . '' A weak manager can follow a strong one , but not another weak one , and maintain authority . A manager seeking to change an established organization `` should retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs . '' With the changing workplaces of industrial revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries , military theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly - popular factories . Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record - keeping and recording before the industrial revolution , it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves . But with growing size and complexity of organizations , the split between owners ( individuals , industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders ) and day - to - day managers ( independent specialists in planning and control ) gradually became more common . Etymology ( edit ) The English verb `` manage '' comes from the Italian maneggiare ( to handle , especially tools or a horse ) , which derives from the two Latin words manus ( hand ) and agere ( to act ) . The French word for housekeeping , ménagerie , derived from ménager ( `` to keep house '' ; compare ménage for `` household '' ) , also encompasses taking care of domestic animals . Ménagerie is the French translation of Xenophon 's famous book Oeconomicus ( Greek : Οἰκονομικός ) on household matters and husbandry . The French word mesnagement ( or ménagement ) influenced the semantic development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries . Early writing ( edit ) Management ( according to some definitions ) has existed for millennia , and several writers have produced background works that have contributed to modern management theories . Some theorists have cited ancient military texts as providing lessons for civilian managers . For example , Chinese general Sun Tzu in his 6th century BC work The Art of War recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager 's organization and a foe 's . The writings of influential Chinese Legalist philosopher Shen Buhai may be considered to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration . Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced `` mirrors for princes '' books , which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern . Plato described job specialization in 350 B.C. , and Alfarabi listed several leadership traits in A.D. 900 . Other examples include the Indian Arthashastra by Chanakya ( written around 300 BCE ) , and The Prince by Italian author Niccolò Machiavelli ( c. 1515 ) . Further information : Mirrors for princes Written in 1776 by Adam Smith , a Scottish moral philosopher , The Wealth of Nations discussed efficient organization of work through division of labour. Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of pins . While individuals could produce 200 pins per day , Smith analyzed the steps involved in manufacture and , with 10 specialists , enabled production of 48,000 pins per day . 19th century ( edit ) Classical economists such as Adam Smith ( 1723 -- 1790 ) and John Stuart Mill ( 1806 -- 1873 ) provided a theoretical background to resource - allocation , production , and pricing issues . About the same time , innovators like Eli Whitney ( 1765 -- 1825 ) , James Watt ( 1736 -- 1819 ) , and Matthew Boulton ( 1728 -- 1809 ) developed elements of technical production such as standardization , quality - control procedures , cost - accounting , interchangeability of parts , and work - planning . Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave - based sector of the US economy . That environment saw 4 million people , as the contemporary usages had it , `` managed '' in profitable quasi-mass production . Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century . 20th century ( edit ) By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis ( see scientism for perceived limitations of this belief ) . Examples include Henry R. Towne 's Science of management in the 1890s , Frederick Winslow Taylor 's The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) , Lillian Gilbreth 's Psychology of Management ( 1914 ) , Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 's Applied motion study ( 1917 ) , and Henry L. Gantt 's charts ( 1910s ) . J. Duncan wrote the first college management - textbook in 1911 . In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became the first management consultant of the `` Japanese - management style '' . His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese quality assurance . The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920 . The Harvard Business School offered the first Master of Business Administration degree ( MBA ) in 1921 . People like Henri Fayol ( 1841 -- 1925 ) and Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships . In the early 20th century , people like Ordway Tead ( 1891 -- 1973 ) , Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management . Other writers , such as Elton Mayo ( 1880 -- 1949 ) , Mary Parker Follett ( 1868 -- 1933 ) , Chester Barnard ( 1886 -- 1961 ) , Max Weber ( 1864 -- 1920 ) , who saw what he called the `` administrator '' as bureaucrat ) , Rensis Likert ( 1903 -- 1981 ) , and Chris Argyris ( born 1923 ) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective . Peter Drucker ( 1909 -- 2005 ) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management : Concept of the Corporation ( published in 1946 ) . It resulted from Alfred Sloan ( chairman of General Motors until 1956 ) commissioning a study of the organisation . Drucker went on to write 39 books , many in the same vein . H. Dodge , Ronald Fisher ( 1890 -- 1962 ) , and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management - studies . In the 1940s , Patrick Blackett worked in the development of the applied - mathematics science of operations research , initially for military operations . Operations research , sometimes known as `` management science '' ( but distinct from Taylor 's scientific management ) , attempts to take a scientific approach to solving decision - problems , and can apply directly to multiple management problems , particularly in the areas of logistics and operations . Some of the more recent developments include the Theory of Constraints , management by objectives , reengineering , Six Sigma and various information - technology - driven theories such as agile software development , as well as group - management theories such as Cog 's Ladder . As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art / science of management a certain amount of prestige , so the way opened for popularised systems of management ideas to peddle their wares . In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific theories of management . Towards the end of the 20th century , business management came to consist of six separate branches , namely : financial management human resource management information technology management ( responsible for management information systems ) marketing management operations management and production management strategic management 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way . More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories . Instead , one tends to think in terms of the various processes , tasks , and objects subject to management . Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government : such as public administration , public management , and educational management . Further , management programs related to civil - society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship . Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business - ethics viewpoints , critical management studies , and anti-corporate activism . As one consequence , workplace democracy ( sometimes referred to as Workers ' self - management ) has become both more common and advocated to a greater extent , in some places distributing all management functions among workers , each of whom takes on a portion of the work . However , these models predate any current political issue , and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy . All management embraces to some degree a democratic principle -- in that in the long term , the majority of workers must support management . Otherwise , they leave to find other work or go on strike . Despite the move toward workplace democracy , command - and - control organization structures remain commonplace as de facto organization structure . Indeed , the entrenched nature of command - and - control is evident in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels . In some cases , management has even rewarded itself with bonuses after laying off lower - level workers . According to leadership academic Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries , a contemporary senior management team will almost inevitably have some personality disorders . Topics ( edit ) Basics ( edit ) According to Fayol , management operates through five basic functions : planning , organizing , coordinating , commanding , and controlling . Planning : Deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating plans for action ( deciding in advance ) . Organizing ( or staffing ) : Making sure the human and nonhuman resources are put into place . Coordinating : Creating a structure through which an organization 's goals can be accomplished . Commanding ( or leading ) : Determining what must be done in a situation and getting people to do it . Controlling : Checking progress against plans . Basic roles ( edit ) Interpersonal : roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees Figurehead , leader Informational : roles that involve handling , sharing , and analyzing information Nerve centre , dissciminator Decision : roles that require decision - making entrepreneur , negotiator , allocator Skills ( edit ) Management skills include : political : used to build a power base and to establish connections conceptual : used to analyze complex situations interpersonal : used to communicate , motivate , mentor and delegate diagnostic : ability to visualize appropriate responses to a situation leadership : ability to lead and to provide guidance to a specific group technical : expertise in one 's particular functional area . Implementation of policies and strategies ( edit ) All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff . Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies . A plan of action must be devised for each department . Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly . Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes . Top - level managers should carry out regular progress assessments . The business requires team spirit and a good environment . The missions , objectives , strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business 's mission . The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business 's future environment . A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives . Policies and strategies in the planning process ( edit ) They give mid and lower - level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization . A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made . Mid and lower - level management may add their own plans to the business 's strategies . Levels ( edit ) Most organizations have three management levels : first - level , middle - level , and top - level managers . First - line managers are the lowest level of management and manage the work of nonmanagerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization 's products . First - line managers are often called supervisors , but may also be called line managers , office managers , or even foremen . Middle managers include all levels of management between the first - line level and the top level of the organization . These managers manage the work of first - line managers and may have titles such as department head , project leader , plant manager , or division manager . Top managers are responsible for making organization - wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization . These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president , president , managing director , chief operating officer , chief executive officer , or chairman of the board . These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority , and perform different tasks . In many organizations , the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid . Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles . Top ( edit ) The top or senior layer of management consists of the board of directors ( including non-executive directors and executive directors ) , president , vice-president , CEOs and other members of the C - level executives . Different organizations have various members in their C - suite , which may include a Chief Financial Officer , Chief Technology Officer , and so on . They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization . They set a `` tone at the top '' and develop strategic plans , company policies , and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization . In addition , top - level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources . Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders , the general public and to public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations . Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization , and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in marketing . The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a fiduciary duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day - to - day activities of the organization , although this varies depending on the type ( e.g. , public versus private ) , size and culture of the organization . These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and typically insured under directors and officers liability insurance . Fortune 500 directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties , and median compensation was $212,512 in 2010 . The board sets corporate strategy , makes major decisions such as major acquisitions , and hires , evaluates , and fires the top - level manager ( Chief Executive Officer or CEO ) . The CEO typically hires other positions . However , board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the Chief Financial Officer ( CFO ) has increased . In 2013 , a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were `` mentoring skills '' and `` board engagement '' , and 10 % of companies never evaluated the CEO . The board may also have certain employees ( e.g. , internal auditors ) report to them or directly hire independent contractors ; for example , the board ( through the audit committee ) typically selects the auditor . Helpful skills of top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition , world economies , and politics . In addition , the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining ( within the board 's framework ) the broad policies of the organization . Executive management accomplishes the day - to - day details , including : instructions for preparation of department budgets , procedures , schedules ; appointment of middle level executives such as department managers ; coordination of departments ; media and governmental relations ; and shareholder communication . Middle ( edit ) Consist of general managers , branch managers and department managers . They are accountable to the top management for their department 's function . They devote more time to organizational and directional functions . Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company 's policies and the objectives of the top management , they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management , and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards better performance . Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization , being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members . An operational manager may be well - thought - out by middle management , or may be categorized as non-management operate , liable to the policy of the specific organization . Efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization , since they bridge the gap between top level and bottom level staffs . Their functions include : Design and implement effective group and inter-group work and information systems . Define and monitor group - level performance indicators . Diagnose and resolve problems within and among work groups . Design and implement reward systems that support cooperative behavior . They also make decision and share ideas with top managers . Lower ( edit ) Lower managers include supervisors , section leaders , forepersons and team leaders . They focus on controlling and directing regular employees . They are usually responsible for assigning employees ' tasks , guiding and supervising employees on day - to - day activities , ensuring the quality and quantity of production and / or service , making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work , and channeling employee concerns that they can not resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators . First - level or `` front line '' managers also act as role models for their employees . In some types of work , front line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do , at least some of the time . For example , in some restaurants , the front line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day . Front - line managers typically provide : Training for new employees Basic supervision Motivation Performance feedback and guidance Some front - line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization . Training ( edit ) Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor 's degrees , graduate degrees , diplomas and certificates in management , generally within their colleges of business , business schools or faculty of management but also in other related departments . In the 2010s , there has been an increase in online management education and training in the form of electronic educational technology ( also called e-learning ) . Online education has increased the accessibility of management training to people who do not live near a college or university , or who can not afford to travel to a city where such training is available . While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession ( e.g. , law , medicine , engineering , which require , respectively the Bachelor of Law , Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Engineering degrees ) , management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees . Some well - known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include Steve Jobs , Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg . However , many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training , such as a Bachelor of Commerce or a Master of Business Administration degree . Some major organizations , including companies , not - for - profit organizations and governments , require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum Bachelor 's degree in a field related to administration or management , or in the case of business jobs , a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree . United States of america ( edit ) Undergraduate ( edit ) At the undergraduate level , the most common business program is the Bachelor of Commerce ( B.Com . ) . A B.Com. is typically a four - year program that includes courses that give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization . Course topics include accounting , financial management , statistics , marketing , strategy , and other related areas . There are many other undergraduate degrees that include the study of management , such as Bachelor of Arts degrees with a major in business administration or management and Bachelor of Public Administration ( B.P.A ) , a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as bureaucrats in the government jobs . Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management , which typically require one to two years of full - time study . Graduate ( edit ) At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as entrepreneurship , human resources , international business , organizational behavior , organizational theory , strategic management , accounting , corporate finance , entertainment , global management , healthcare management , investment management , sustainability and real estate . A Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) is the most popular professional master 's degree and can be obtained from many universities in the United States . MBAs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students . Other master 's degrees in business and management include Master of Management ( MM ) and the Master of Science ( M.Sc . ) in business administration or management , which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors . There are also specialized master 's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of business , such as the Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) degree ( also offered as a Master of Arts in Public Administration in some universities ) , for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the Master of Health Administration , for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector . Management doctorates are the most advanced terminal degrees in the field of business and management . Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods , statistical analysis and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers , senior consultants and / or professors in business administration or management . There are three main types of management doctorates : the Doctor of Management ( D.M. ) , the Doctor of Business Administration ( D.B.A. ) , and the Ph. D. in Business Administration or Management . In the 2010s , doctorates in business administration and management are available with many specializations . Good practices ( edit ) While management trends can change so fast , the long term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry . Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater equality for minorities and women in the workplace , by offering increased flexibility in working hours , better retraining , and innovative ( and usually industry - specific ) performance markers . Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques , better worker support and more charismatic leadership styles . Human resources finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success ( or failure ) of management actions with employees . See also ( edit ) Outline of business management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SS Gulshan . Management Principles and Practices by Lallan Prasad and SS Gulshan . Excel Books India . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5062 - 099 - 1 . Jump up ^ Deslandes G. , ( 2014 ) , `` Management in Xenophon 's Philosophy : a Retrospective Analysis '' , 38th Annual Research Conference , Philosophy of Management , 2014 , July 14 -- 16 , Chicago Jump up ^ Prabbal Frank attempts to make a subtle distinction between management and manipulation : Frank , Prabbal ( 2006 ) . People Manipulation : A Positive Approach ( 2 ed . ) . New Delhi : Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd ( published 2009 ) . pp. 3 -- 7 . ISBN 9788120743526 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . There is a difference between management and manipulation . The difference is thin ( ... ) If management is handling , then manipulation is skilful handling . In short , manipulation is skilful management . ( ... ) Manipulation is in essence leveraged management . ( ... ) It is an alive thing while management is a dead concept . It requires a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach . ( ... ) People can not be managed . Jump up ^ Administration industrielle et générale -- prévoyance organization -- commandment , coordination -- contrôle , Paris : Dunod , 1966 Jump up ^ Jones , Norman L. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter Two : Of Poetry and Politics : The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth - Century England '' . In Kaufman , Peter Iver . Leadership and Elizabethan Culture . Jepson Studies in Leadership . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 9781137340290 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Mary Parker Follett , the ' prophet of management ' reputedly defined management as the ' art of getting things done through people . ' ( ... ) Whether or not she said it , Follett describes the attributes of dynamic management as being coactive rather than coercive . Jump up ^ Vocational Business : Training , Developing and Motivating People by Richard Barrett -- Business & Economics -- 2003 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Compare : Holmes , Leonard ( 2012 ) . The Dominance of Management : A Participatory Critique . Voices in Development Management . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 20 . ISBN 9781409488668 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Lupton 's ( 1983 : 17 ) notion that management is ' what managers do during their working hours ' , if valid , could only apply to descriptive conceptualizations of management , where ' management ' is effectively synonymous with ' managing ' , and where ' managing ' refers to an activity , or set of activities carried out by managers . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` management '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . -- `` Meaning ' governing body ' ( originally of a theater ) is from 1739 . '' Jump up ^ See for examples Melling , Joseph ; McKinlay , Alan , eds. ( 1996 ) . Management , Labour , and Industrial Politics in Modern Europe : The Quest for Productivity Growth During the Twentieth Century . Edward Elgar . ISBN 9781858980164 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stoner , James A.F. ( 1995 ) . Management ( sixth edition ) . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall , Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 149444 - 9 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Anthony ( 1981 ) . A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism . Social and Politic Theory from Polity Press . 1 . University of California Press . p. 125 . ISBN 9780520044906 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . In the army barracks , and in the mass co-ordination of men on the battlefield ( epitomised by the military innovations of Prince Maurice of Orange and Nassau in the sixteenth century ) are to be found the prototype of the regimentation of the factory -- as both Marx and Weber noted . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ITdXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP21&lpg=PP21&dq=menagerie+xenophon&source=bl&ots=-xFcf4MOIt&sig=KGryxF60feNGaDW9AlgIZJIb0gU&hl=de&sa=X&ei=5V4_VfiLKZDfau-OgZgO&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=menagerie%20xenophon&f=false Jump up ^ `` Home : Oxford English Dictionary '' . ^ Jump up to : Gomez - Mejia , Luis R. ; David B. Balkin ; Robert L. Cardy ( 2008 ) . Management : People , Performance , Change , 3rd edition . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 302743 - 2 . Jump up ^ Creel , 1974 pp. 4 -- 5 Shen Pu - hai : A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. Jump up ^ Griffin , Ricky W. CUSTOM Management : Principles and Practices , International Edition , 11th Edition . Cengage Learning UK , 08 / 2014 ^ Jump up to : Gomez - Mejia , Luis R. ; David B. Balkin ; Robert L. Cardy ( 2008 ) . Management : People , Performance , Change ( 3 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 302743 - 2 . Jump up ^ Khurana , Rakesh ( 2010 ) ( 2007 ) . From Higher Aims to Hired Hands : The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession . Princeton University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9781400830862 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 24 . When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century , it was not obvious who they were , what they did , or why they should be entrusted with the task of running corporations . Jump up ^ Gilbreth , Lillian Moller . `` The Psychology of Management : The Function of the Mind in Determining , Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Legge , David ; Stanton , Pauline ; Smyth , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Learning management ( and managing your own learning ) '' . In Harris , Mary G. Managing Health Services : Concepts and Practice . Marrickville , NSW : Elsevier Australia . p. 13 . ISBN 9780729537599 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . The manager as bureaucrat is the guardian of roles , rules and relationships ; his or her style of management relies heavily on working according to the book . In the Weberian tradition managers are necessary to coordinate the different roles that contribute to the production process and to mediate communication from head office to the shop floor and back . This style of management assumes a world view in which bureaucratic role is seen as separate from , and taking precedence over , other constructions of self ( including the obligations of citizenship ) , at least for the duration if the working day . Jump up ^ Craig , S. ( 2009 , January 29 ) . Merrill Bonus Case Widens as Deal Struggles . Wall Street Journal . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries The Dark Side of Leadership -- Business Strategy Review 14 ( 3 ) , Autumn p. 26 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Jean - Louis Peaucelle ( 22 July 2015 ) . Henri Fayol , the Manager . Routledge . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 31939 - 9 . Jump up ^ Board of Directors : Duties & Liabilities Archived 2014 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Stanford Graduate School of Business . Jump up ^ DeMars L. ( 2006 ) . Heavy Vetting : Boards of directors now want to talk to would - be CFOs -- and vice versa . CFO Magazine . Jump up ^ 2013 CEO Performance Evaluation Survey . Stanford Graduate School of Business . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Lawrence S. `` Management and Executive Development . '' Reference for Business : Encyclopedia of Business ( 2010 ) : n. page . 25 Mar 2011 . ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` AOM Placement Presentations '' . Jump up ^ `` Four Ways to Be A Better Boss '' . www.randstadusa.com . Randstad USA . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of HR in Uncertain Times '' ( PDF ) . Economist Intelligence Unit . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Library resources in your library and in other libraries about Management Media related to Management at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Management at Wikiquote Management Outline of business management Index of management articles By type of organization Academic Association Business Restaurant Healthcare Military Public By focus ( within an organization ) By scope Strategic ( top - level ) Capability Change Communication Financial Innovation Performance Risk Systems By component Facility Product Product lifecycle Brand Program Project Construction By activity or department managed Line Marketing Operations / production Process Quality Sales Staff Accounting Office Records By aspect or relationship Customer relationship Engineering Logistics Perception Supply chain Talent By problem Conflict Crisis Stress By resource Environmental resource Human resources Information Information technology Knowledge Land Materials Skills Stock Technology Time Management positions Interim Middle Senior Methods and approaches Adhocracy Collaborative method Distributed Earned value management Evidence - based management Management by objectives Management style Macromanagement Micromanagement Scientific management Social entrepreneurship Team building Virtual management Management skills and activities Decision - making Forecasting Leadership Pioneers and scholars Peter Drucker Eliyahu M. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you understand by the term management	[ "Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. The term \"management\" may also refer to those people who manage an organization." ]	[ "the administration of an organization" ]
-6933640763797252129	Federal Reserve System	Federal Reserve System - Wikipedia Federal Reserve System This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` The Fed '' redirects here . For the Welsh trade union , see South Wales Miners ' Federation . For other uses , see The Fed ( disambiguation ) . Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve System Flag of the Federal Reserve System Headquarters Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Established December 23 , 1913 ( 104 years ago ) ( 1913 - 12 - 23 ) Chairman Jerome Powell Central bank of United States Currency United States dollar USD ( ISO 4217 ) Reserve requirements 0 to 10 % Bank rate 0.6 % to 1.50 % Interest rate target 1.25 % to 1.50 % Interest on reserves 1.25 % Interest paid on excess reserves ? Yes Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Federal Reserve System Monetary policy Regulation Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment & Transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank United States portal The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States . It was created on December 23 , 1913 , with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , after a series of financial panics ( particularly the panic of 1907 ) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises . Over the years , events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System . The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act : maximizing employment , stabilizing prices , and moderating long - term interest rates . The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate . Its duties have expanded over the years , and as of 2009 also include supervising and regulating banks , maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions . The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications , such as the Beige Book and the FRED database . The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers . It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board ( FRB ) . Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , located in cities throughout the nation , oversee the privately owned U.S. member banks . Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in the Federal Reserve Bank of their region , which entitles them to elect some of their board members . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) sets monetary policy ; it consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional bank presidents , though only five bank presidents vote at any given time : the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year terms . There are also various advisory councils . Thus , the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components . The structure is considered unique among central banks . It is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury , an entity outside of the central bank , prints the currency used . Although an instrument of the U.S. Government , the Federal Reserve System considers itself `` an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government , it does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress , and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms . '' The federal government sets the salaries of the board 's seven governors . The federal government receives all the system 's annual profits , after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid , and an account surplus is maintained . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve made a profit of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 1.1 Addressing the problem of bank panics 1.1. 1 Check clearing system 1.1. 2 Lender of last resort 1.1. 3 Fluctuations 1.2 Central bank 1.2. 1 Federal funds 1.3 Bank regulation 1.3. 1 Government regulation and supervision 1.3. 1.1 Regulatory and oversight responsibilities 1.4 National payments system 2 Structure 2.1 Board of Governors 2.1. 1 List of members of the Board of Governors 2.1. 2 Nominations , confirmations and resignations 2.2 Federal Open Market Committee 2.3 Federal Advisory Council 2.4 Federal Reserve Banks 2.4. 1 Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks 2.5 Member banks 2.6 Accountability 3 Monetary policy 3.1 Interbank lending 3.2 Tools 3.2. 1 Federal funds rate and open market operations 3.2. 1.1 Repurchase agreements 3.2. 2 Discount rate 3.2. 3 Reserve requirements 3.2. 4 New facilities 3.2. 4.1 Term auction facility 3.2. 4.2 Term securities lending facility 3.2. 4.3 Primary dealer credit facility 3.2. 4.4 Interest on reserves 3.2. 4.5 Term deposit facility 3.2. 4.6 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 3.2. 4.7 Commercial Paper Funding Facility 3.2. 5 Quantitative policy 4 History 4.1 Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 4.1. 1 First Central Bank , 1791 and Second Central Bank , 1816 4.1. 2 Creation of Third Central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 4.1. 2.1 Federal Reserve Act , 1913 4.2 Federal Reserve era , 1913 -- present 5 Measurement of economic variables 5.1 Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations 5.2 Money supply 5.3 Personal consumption expenditures price index 5.3. 1 Inflation and the economy 5.4 Unemployment rate 6 Budget 7 Net worth 7.1 Balance sheet 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Recent 11.2 Historical 12 External links Purpose ( edit ) The Eccles Building in Washington , D.C. , which serves as the Federal Reserve System 's headquarters The primary motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics . Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act , such as `` to furnish an elastic currency , to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper , to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States , and for other purposes '' . Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System , the United States underwent several financial crises . A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to ensuring the stability of the financial system . Current functions of the Federal Reserve System include : To address the problem of banking panics To serve as the central bank for the United States To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government To supervise and regulate banking institutions To protect the credit rights of consumers To manage the nation 's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes - conflicting goals of maximum employment stable prices , including prevention of either inflation or deflation moderate long - term interest rates To maintain the stability of the financial system and contain systemic risk in financial markets To provide financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions , including playing a major role in operating the nation 's payments system To facilitate the exchange of payments among regions To respond to local liquidity needs To strengthen U.S. standing in the world economy Addressing the problem of Bank panics ( edit ) Further information : Bank run and Fractional - reserve banking Banking institutions in the United States are required to hold reserves‍ -- ‌amounts of currency and deposits in other banks‍ -- ‌equal to only a fraction of the amount of the bank 's deposit liabilities owed to customers . This practice is called fractional - reserve banking . As a result , banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors . On rare occasions , too many of the bank 's customers will withdraw their savings and the bank will need help from another institution to continue operating ; this is called a bank run . Bank runs can lead to a multitude of social and economic problems . The Federal Reserve System was designed as an attempt to prevent or minimize the occurrence of bank runs , and possibly act as a lender of last resort when a bank run does occur . Many economists , following Milton Friedman , believe that the Federal Reserve inappropriately refused to lend money to small banks during the bank runs of 1929 . Check clearing System ( edit ) Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain other banks during times of economic uncertainty , a check - clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System . It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System‍ -- ‌Purposes and Functions as follows : By creating the Federal Reserve System , Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation , especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907 . During that episode , payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks , a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks . To address these problems , Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check - clearing system . The System , then , was to provide not only an elastic currency‍ -- ‌that is , a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted‍ -- ‌but also an efficient and equitable check - collection system . Lender of last resort ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort to those institutions that can not obtain credit elsewhere and the collapse of which would have serious implications for the economy . It took over this role from the private sector `` clearing houses '' which operated during the Free Banking Era ; whether public or private , the availability of liquidity was intended to prevent bank runs . Fluctuations ( edit ) Through its discount window and credit operations , Reserve Banks provide liquidity to banks to meet short - term needs stemming from seasonal fluctuations in deposits or unexpected withdrawals . Longer term liquidity may also be provided in exceptional circumstances . The rate the Fed charges banks for these loans is called the discount rate ( officially the primary credit rate ) . By making these loans , the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day - to - day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply . This contributes to the effective functioning of the banking system , alleviates pressure in the reserves market and reduces the extent of unexpected movements in the interest rates . For example , on September 16 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve Board authorized an $85 billion loan to stave off the bankruptcy of international insurance giant American International Group ( AIG ) . Central Bank ( edit ) Further information : Central bank Obverse of a Federal Reserve $1 note issued in 2009 In its role as the central bank of the United States , the Fed serves as a banker 's bank and as the government 's bank . As the banker 's bank , it helps to assure the safety and efficiency of the payments system . As the government 's bank or fiscal agent , the Fed processes a variety of financial transactions involving trillions of dollars . Just as an individual might keep an account at a bank , the U.S. Treasury keeps a checking account with the Federal Reserve , through which incoming federal tax deposits and outgoing government payments are handled . As part of this service relationship , the Fed sells and redeems U.S. government securities such as savings bonds and Treasury bills , notes and bonds . It also issues the nation 's coin and paper currency . The U.S. Treasury , through its Bureau of the Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing , actually produces the nation 's cash supply and , in effect , sells the paper currency to the Federal Reserve Banks at manufacturing cost , and the coins at face value . The Federal Reserve Banks then distribute it to other financial institutions in various ways . During the Fiscal Year 2013 , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivered 6.6 billion notes at an average cost of 5.0 cents per note . Federal funds ( edit ) Main article : Federal funds Federal funds are the reserve balances ( also called Federal Reserve Deposits ) that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank . These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System . The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another . This market for funds plays an important role in the Federal Reserve System as it is what inspired the name of the system and it is what is used as the basis for monetary policy . Monetary policy is put into effect partly by influencing how much interest the private banks charge each other for the lending of these funds . Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit , which can be converted into federal reserve notes . Private banks maintain their bank reserves in federal reserve accounts . Bank regulation ( edit ) The Federal Reserve regulates private banks . The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation . In 2006 Donald L. Kohn , vice chairman of the Board of Governors , summarized the history of this compromise : Agrarian and progressive interests , led by William Jennings Bryan , favored a central bank under public , rather than banker , control . But the vast majority of the nation 's bankers , concerned about government intervention in the banking business , opposed a central bank structure directed by political appointees . The legislation that Congress ultimately adopted in 1913 reflected a hard - fought battle to balance these two competing views and created the hybrid public - private , centralized - decentralized structure that we have today . The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system . Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . Government regulation and supervision ( edit ) Ben Bernanke ( lower - right ) , Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , at a House Financial Services Committee hearing on February 10 , 2009 . Members of the Board frequently testify before congressional committees such as this one . The Senate equivalent of the House Financial Services Committee is the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95 - 320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The GAO has authority to audit check - processing , currency storage and shipments , and some regulatory and bank examination functions , however , there are restrictions to what the GAO may audit . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , 31 U.S.C. section 714 ( b ) , audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks do not include ( 1 ) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government or non-private international financing organization ; ( 2 ) deliberations , decisions , or actions on monetary policy matters ; ( 3 ) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee ; or ( 4 ) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , or ( 3 ) . See Federal Reserve System Audits : Restrictions on GAO 's Access ( GAO / T - GGD - 94 - 44 ) , statement of Charles A. Bowsher . The Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system , but not complete responsibility . A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve : The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system . It has supervisory responsibilities for state - chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , bank holding companies ( companies that control banks ) , the foreign activities of member banks , the U.S. activities of foreign banks , and Edge Act and `` agreement corporations '' ( limited - purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business ) . The Board and , under delegated authority , the Federal Reserve Banks , supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies . Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks ; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System . Some regulations issued by the Board apply to the entire banking industry , whereas others apply only to member banks , that is , state banks that have chosen to join the Federal Reserve System and national banks , which by law must be members of the System . The Board also issues regulations to carry out major federal laws governing consumer credit protection , such as the Truth in Lending , Equal Credit Opportunity , and Home Mortgage Disclosure Acts . Many of these consumer protection regulations apply to various lenders outside the banking industry as well as to banks . Members of the Board of Governors are in continual contact with other policy makers in government . They frequently testify before congressional committees on the economy , monetary policy , banking supervision and regulation , consumer credit protection , financial markets , and other matters . The Board has regular contact with members of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers and other key economic officials . The Chair also meets from time to time with the President of the United States and has regular meetings with the Secretary of the Treasury . The Chair has formal responsibilities in the international arena as well . Regulatory and oversight responsibilities ( edit ) The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities . If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly , it will report this to the Board of Governors . This policy is described in United States Code : Each Federal reserve bank shall keep itself informed of the general character and amount of the loans and investments of its member banks with a view to ascertaining whether undue use is being made of bank credit for the speculative carrying of or trading in securities , real estate , or commodities , or for any other purpose inconsistent with the maintenance of sound credit conditions ; and , in determining whether to grant or refuse advances , rediscounts , or other credit accommodations , the Federal reserve bank shall give consideration to such information . The chairman of the Federal reserve bank shall report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System any such undue use of bank credit by any member bank , together with his recommendation . Whenever , in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , any member bank is making such undue use of bank credit , the Board may , in its discretion , after reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing , suspend such bank from the use of the credit facilities of the Federal Reserve System and may terminate such suspension or may renew it from time to time . National payments System ( edit ) The Federal Reserve plays an important role in the U.S. payments system . The twelve Federal Reserve Banks provide banking services to depository institutions and to the federal government . For depository institutions , they maintain accounts and provide various payment services , including collecting checks , electronically transferring funds , and distributing and receiving currency and coin . For the federal government , the Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents , paying Treasury checks ; processing electronic payments ; and issuing , transferring , and redeeming U.S. government securities . In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients‍ -- ‌individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the Federal Reserve System Organization of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System has a `` unique structure that is both public and private '' and is described as `` independent within the government '' rather than `` independent of government '' . The System does not require public funding , and derives its authority and purpose from the Federal Reserve Act , which was passed by Congress in 1913 and is subject to Congressional modification or repeal . The four main components of the Federal Reserve System are ( 1 ) the Board of Governors , ( 2 ) the Federal Open Market Committee , ( 3 ) the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , and ( 4 ) the member banks throughout the country . District # Letter Federal Reserve Bank Branches Website President Boston http://www.bos.frb.org Eric S. Rosengren New York City Buffalo , New York ( closed as of October 31 , 2008 ) http://www.newyorkfed.org William C. Dudley Philadelphia http://www.philadelphiafed.org Patrick T. Harker Cleveland Cincinnati , Ohio Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania http://www.clevelandfed.org Loretta J. Mester 5 Richmond Baltimore , Maryland Charlotte , North Carolina http://www.richmondfed.org Thomas Barkin 6 Atlanta Birmingham , Alabama Jacksonville , Florida Miami , Florida Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana http://www.frbatlanta.org Raphael Bostic 7 Chicago Detroit , Michigan Des Moines , Iowa http://www.chicagofed.org Charles L. Evans 8 St Louis Little Rock , Arkansas Louisville , Kentucky Memphis , Tennessee http://www.stlouisfed.org James B. Bullard 9 Minneapolis Helena , Montana https://www.minneapolisfed.org Neel Kashkari 10 Kansas City Denver , Colorado Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska http://www.kansascityfed.org Esther George 11 Dallas El Paso , Texas Houston , Texas San Antonio , Texas http://www.dallasfed.org Robert Steven Kaplan 12 San Francisco Los Angeles , California Portland , Oregon Salt Lake City , Utah Seattle , Washington http://www.frbsf.org John C. Williams Board of Governors ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Board of Governors The seven - member Board of Governors is a federal agency . It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy . It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . One term begins every two years , on February 1 of even - numbered years , and members serving a full term can not be renominated for a second term . `` ( U ) pon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified . '' The law provides for the removal of a member of the board by the President `` for cause '' . The board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . List of members of the Board of Governors ( edit ) The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Governor Political Party Entered office Term expires Jerome Powell ( Chair ) Republican February 5 , 2018 ( as Chair ) May 25 , 2012 ( as Governor ) June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) February 5 , 2022 ( as Chair ) January 31 , 2028 ( as Governor ) Vacant ( Vice Chair ) N / A ( as Vice Chair ) January 31 , 2020 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chair for Supervision ) Republican October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) January 31 , 2018 ( as Governor ) Lael Brainard Democratic June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2022 Vacant January 31 , 2024 Vacant January 31 , 2030 Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Nominations , confirmations and resignations ( edit ) In late December 2011 , President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein , a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat , and Jerome Powell , formerly of Dillon Read , Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican . Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H.W. Bush administrations respectively . `` Obama administration officials ( had ) regrouped to identify Fed candidates after Peter Diamond , a Nobel Prize - winning economist , withdrew his nomination to the board in June ( 2011 ) in the face of Republican opposition . Richard Clarida , a potential nominee who was a Treasury official under George W. Bush , pulled out of consideration in August ( 2011 ) '' , one account of the December nominations noted . The two other Obama nominees in 2011 , Yellen and Raskin , were confirmed in September . One of the vacancies was created in 2011 with the resignation of Kevin Warsh , who took office in 2006 to fill the unexpired term ending January 31 , 2018 , and resigned his position effective March 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , U.S. Senator David Vitter ( R , LA ) said he would oppose Obama 's Stein and Powell nominations , dampening near - term hopes for approval . However Senate leaders reached a deal , paving the way for affirmative votes on the two nominees in May 2012 and bringing the board to full strength for the first time since 2006 with Duke 's service after term end . Later , on January 6 , 2014 , the United States Senate confirmed Yellen 's nomination to be Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors ; she is slated to be the first woman to hold the position and will become Chair on February 1 , 2014 . Subsequently , President Obama nominated Stanley Fischer to replace Yellen as the Vice Chair . In April 2014 , Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term . At the time of the announcement , the FOMC `` already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard , and as ( President ) Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term . '' Allan R. Landon , former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii , was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board . In July 2015 , President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board . The Senate had not yet acted on Landon 's confirmation by the time of the second nomination . Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10 , 2017 , effective on or around April 5 , 2017 . Federal open market Committee ( edit ) Main article : Federal Open Market Committee The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) consists of 12 members , seven from the Board of Governors and 5 of the regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents . The FOMC oversees and sets policy on open market operations , the principal tool of national monetary policy . These operations affect the amount of Federal Reserve balances available to depository institutions , thereby influencing overall monetary and credit conditions . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve in foreign exchange markets . The FOMC must reach consensus on all decisions . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member of the FOMC ; the presidents of the other banks rotate membership at two - and three - year intervals . All Regional Reserve Bank presidents contribute to the committee 's assessment of the economy and of policy options , but only the five presidents who are then members of the FOMC vote on policy decisions . The FOMC determines its own internal organization and , by tradition , elects the Chair of the Board of Governors as its chair and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as its vice chair . Formal meetings typically are held eight times each year in Washington , D.C. Nonvoting Reserve Bank presidents also participate in Committee deliberations and discussion . The FOMC generally meets eight times a year in telephone consultations and other meetings are held when needed . Federal advisory Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council , composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry , advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction . Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Bank Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) The twelve Reserve Banks buildings in 1936 There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks , each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district . They are located in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Richmond , Atlanta , Chicago , St. Louis , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Dallas , and San Francisco . The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed . The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and can not be altered by the member banks . Member banks , do however , elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks ' boards of directors . Each regional Bank has a president , who is the chief executive officer of their Bank . Each regional Reserve Bank 's president is nominated by their Bank 's board of directors , but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the Board of Governors . Presidents serve five - year terms and may be reappointed . Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal status of regional Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status , with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies . The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax - exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government , but this interest is not proprietary . In Lewis v. United States , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that : `` The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA ( the Federal Tort Claims Act ) , but are independent , privately owned and locally controlled corporations . '' The opinion went on to say , however , that : `` The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes . '' Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks , which are federally created instrumentalities , and the Board of Governors , which is a federal agency . Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial ( member ) banks , political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that : ... the `` ownership '' of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic ; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share , beyond the statutory dividend , in Reserve Bank `` profits . '' ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance , despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates . Plaque marking a bank as a member Member banks ( edit ) A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank . All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks . State chartered banks may choose to be members ( and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank ) , upon meeting certain standards . The amount of stock a member bank must own is equal to 3 % of its combined capital and surplus . However , holding stock in a Federal Reserve bank is not like owning stock in a publicly traded company . These stocks can not be sold or traded , and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock . From the profits of the Regional Bank of which it is a member , a member bank receives a dividend equal to 6 % of their purchased stock . The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks ' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve Banks made a profit of $100.2 billion and distributed $2.5 billion in dividends to member banks as well as returning $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . About 38 % of U.S. banks are members of their regional Federal Reserve Bank . Accountability ( edit ) The GAO and an outside auditor regularly audit the Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve banks , and individual member banks . Audits do not cover `` most of the Fed 's monetary policy actions or decisions , including discount window lending ( direct loans to financial institutions ) , open - market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee '' ... ( nor may the GAO audit ) `` dealings with foreign governments and other central banks . '' As of August 27 , 2012 , the Federal Reserve Board has been publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks every quarter . This is an expansion of prior financial reporting practices . Greater transparency is offered with more frequent disclosure and more detail . November 7 , 2008 , Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Bloomberg , L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed 's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court . The data was released on March 31 , 2011 . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy of the United States The term `` monetary policy '' refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve , to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals . What happens to money and credit affects interest rates ( the cost of credit ) and the performance of an economy . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States . Interbank lending ( edit ) The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the federal funds rate , which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves . The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market and the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three `` tools '' of monetary policy described in the Tools section below . The federal funds rate is a short - term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on , which affects the longer - term interest rates throughout the economy . The Federal Reserve summarized its monetary policy in 2005 : The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks ... By conducting open market operations , imposing reserve requirements , permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances , and extending credit through its discount window facility , the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate . Through its control of the federal funds rate , the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives . Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy . Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money , credit , and the economy . Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction . The Fed 's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit , avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth . Tools ( edit ) There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks : Tool Description Open market operations Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities‍ -- ‌the Federal Reserve 's principal tool for implementing monetary policy . The Federal Reserve 's objective for open market operations has varied over the years . During the 1980s , the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate ( the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed ) , a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade . Discount rate The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank 's lending facility‍ -- ‌the discount window . Reserve requirements The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities . Federal funds rate and open market operations ( edit ) Further information : Open market operations , money creation , and federal funds rate The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate . This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed . This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed . The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations . The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25 % or 0.50 % at a time . Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve 's dual mandates . Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security , sometimes called `` Treasury bills '' or more informally `` T - bills '' or `` Treasuries '' . The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers . The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate , because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions . The Federal Reserve education website describes open market operations as follows : Open market operations involve the buying and selling of U.S. government securities ( federal agency and mortgage - backed ) . The term ' open market ' means that the Fed does n't decide on its own which securities dealers it will do business with on a particular day . Rather , the choice emerges from an ' open market ' in which the various securities dealers that the Fed does business with‍ -- ‌the primary dealers‍ -- ‌compete on the basis of price . Open market operations are flexible and thus , the most frequently used tool of monetary policy . Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers . The Fed 's goal in trading the securities is to affect the federal funds rate , the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other . When the Fed wants to increase reserves , it buys securities and pays for them by making a deposit to the account maintained at the Fed by the primary dealer 's bank . When the Fed wants to reduce reserves , it sells securities and collects from those accounts . Most days , the Fed does not want to increase or decrease reserves permanently so it usually engages in transactions reversed within a day or two . That means that a reserve injection today could be withdrawn tomorrow morning , only to be renewed at some level several hours later . These short - term transactions are called repurchase agreements ( repos ) ‍ -- ‌the dealer sells the Fed a security and agrees to buy it back at a later date . Repurchase agreements ( edit ) Further information : Repurchase agreement To smooth temporary or cyclical changes in the money supply , the desk engages in repurchase agreements ( repos ) with its primary dealers . Repos are essentially secured , short - term lending by the Fed . On the day of the transaction , the Fed deposits money in a primary dealer 's reserve account , and receives the promised securities as collateral . When the transaction matures , the process unwinds : the Fed returns the collateral and charges the primary dealer 's reserve account for the principal and accrued interest . The term of the repo ( the time between settlement and maturity ) can vary from 1 day ( called an overnight repo ) to 65 days . Discount rate ( edit ) Further information : Discount window The Federal Reserve System also directly sets the `` discount rate '' , which is the interest rate for `` discount window lending '' , overnight loans that member banks borrow directly from the Fed . This rate is generally set at a rate close to 100 basis points above the target federal funds rate . The idea is to encourage banks to seek alternative funding before using the `` discount rate '' option . The equivalent operation by the European Central Bank is referred to as the `` marginal lending facility '' . Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate , which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate . Reserve requirements ( edit ) Another instrument of monetary policy adjustment employed by the Federal Reserve System is the fractional reserve requirement , also known as the required reserve ratio . The required reserve ratio sets the balance that the Federal Reserve System requires a depository institution to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks , which depository institutions trade in the federal funds market discussed above . The required reserve ratio is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The reserve requirements have changed over time and some history of these changes is published by the Federal Reserve . Reserve Requirements in the U.S. Federal Reserve System Liability Type Requirement Percentage of liabilities Effective date Net transaction accounts $0 to $11.5 million 0 December 29 , 2011 More than $11.5 million to $71 million December 29 , 2011 More than $71 million 10 December 29 , 2011 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 December 27 , 1990 Eurocurrency liabilities 0 December 27 , 1990 As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 , the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions ' required and excess reserve balances . The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC . New facilities ( edit ) In order to address problems related to the subprime mortgage crisis and United States housing bubble , several new tools have been created . The first new tool , called the Term Auction Facility , was added on December 12 , 2007 . It was first announced as a temporary tool but there have been suggestions that this new tool may remain in place for a prolonged period of time . Creation of the second new tool , called the Term Securities Lending Facility , was announced on March 11 , 2008 . The main difference between these two facilities is that the Term Auction Facility is used to inject cash into the banking system whereas the Term Securities Lending Facility is used to inject treasury securities into the banking system . Creation of the third tool , called the Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) , was announced on March 16 , 2008 . The PDCF was a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now the Fed is able to lend directly to primary dealers , which was previously against Fed policy . The differences between these three new facilities is described by the Federal Reserve : The Term Auction Facility program offers term funding to depository institutions via a bi-weekly auction , for fixed amounts of credit . The Term Securities Lending Facility will be an auction for a fixed amount of lending of Treasury general collateral in exchange for OMO - eligible and AAA / Aaa rated private - label residential mortgage - backed securities . The Primary Dealer Credit Facility now allows eligible primary dealers to borrow at the existing Discount Rate for up to 120 days . Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression . The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities : As the economy has slowed in the last nine months and credit markets have become unstable , the Federal Reserve has taken a number of steps to help address the situation . These steps have included the use of traditional monetary policy tools at the macroeconomic level as well as measures at the level of specific markets to provide additional liquidity . The Federal Reserve 's response has continued to evolve since pressure on credit markets began to surface last summer , but all these measures derive from the Fed 's traditional open market operations and discount window tools by extending the term of transactions , the type of collateral , or eligible borrowers . A fourth facility , the Term Deposit Facility , was announced December 9 , 2009 , and approved April 30 , 2010 , with an effective date of June 4 , 2010 . The Term Deposit Facility allows Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to institutions that are eligible to receive earnings on their balances at Reserve Banks . Term deposits are intended to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy by providing a tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve balances held by depository institutions . Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating institutions for the life of the term deposit and thus drain reserve balances from the banking system . Term Auction Facility ( edit ) Further information : Term auction facility The Term Auction Facility is a program in which the Federal Reserve auctions term funds to depository institutions . The creation of this facility was announced by the Federal Reserve on December 12 , 2007 , and was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets . The reason it was created is that banks were not lending funds to one another and banks in need of funds were refusing to go to the discount window . Banks were not lending money to each other because there was a fear that the loans would not be paid back . Banks refused to go to the discount window because it is usually associated with the stigma of bank failure . Under the Term Auction Facility , the identity of the banks in need of funds is protected in order to avoid the stigma of bank failure . Foreign exchange swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were opened so the banks in Europe could have access to U.S. dollars . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke briefly described this facility to the U.S. House of Representatives on January 17 , 2008 : the Federal Reserve recently unveiled a term auction facility , or TAF , through which prespecified amounts of discount window credit can be auctioned to eligible borrowers . The goal of the TAF is to reduce the incentive for banks to hoard cash and increase their willingness to provide credit to households and firms ... TAF auctions will continue as long as necessary to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets , and we will continue to work closely and cooperatively with other central banks to address market strains that could hamper the achievement of our broader economic objectives . It is also described in the Term Auction Facility FAQ The TAF is a credit facility that allows a depository institution to place a bid for an advance from its local Federal Reserve Bank at an interest rate that is determined as the result of an auction . By allowing the Federal Reserve to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations , this facility could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress . In short , the TAF will auction term funds of approximately one - month maturity . All depository institutions that are judged to be in sound financial condition by their local Reserve Bank and that are eligible to borrow at the discount window are also eligible to participate in TAF auctions . All TAF credit must be fully collateralized . Depositories may pledge the broad range of collateral that is accepted for other Federal Reserve lending programs to secure TAF credit . The same collateral values and margins applicable for other Federal Reserve lending programs will also apply for the TAF . Term securities lending Facility ( edit ) The Term Securities Lending Facility is a 28 - day facility that will offer Treasury general collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's primary dealers in exchange for other program - eligible collateral . It is intended to promote liquidity in the financing markets for Treasury and other collateral and thus to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . Like the Term Auction Facility , the TSLF was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank . The resource allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable . The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased . Primary dealer credit Facility ( edit ) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest on reserves ( edit ) Main article : Interest on excess reserves in the United States As of October 2008 , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances ( required and excess ) held by depository institutions . The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution , less 75 bp . As of October 23 , 2008 , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp . Term deposit Facility ( edit ) The Term Deposit Facility is a program through which the Federal Reserve Banks will offer interest - bearing term deposits to eligible institutions . By removing `` excess deposits '' from participating banks , the overall level of reserves available for lending is reduced , which should result in increased market interest rates , acting as a brake on economic activity and inflation . The Federal Reserve has stated that : Term deposits will be one of several tools that the Federal Reserve could employ to drain reserves when policymakers judge that it is appropriate to begin moving to a less accommodative stance of monetary policy . The development of the TDF is a matter of prudent planning and has no implication for the near - term conduct of monetary policy . The Federal Reserve initially authorized up to five `` small - value offerings are designed to ensure the effectiveness of TDF operations and to provide eligible institutions with an opportunity to gain familiarity with term deposit procedures . '' After three of the offering auctions were successfully completed , it was announced that small - value auctions would continue on an ongoing basis . The Term Deposit Facility is essentially a tool available to reverse the efforts that have been employed to provide liquidity to the financial markets and to reduce the amount of capital available to the economy . As stated in Bloomberg News : Policy makers led by Chairman Ben S. Bernanke are preparing for the day when they will have to start siphoning off more than $1 trillion in excess reserves from the banking system to contain inflation . The Fed is charting an eventual return to normal monetary policy , even as a weakening near - term outlook has raised the possibility it may expand its balance sheet . Chairman Ben S. Bernanke , testifying before House Committee on Financial Services , described the Term Deposit Facility and other facilities to Congress in the following terms : Most importantly , in October 2008 the Congress gave the Federal Reserve statutory authority to pay interest on balances that banks hold at the Federal Reserve Banks . By increasing the interest rate on banks ' reserves , the Federal Reserve will be able to put significant upward pressure on all short - term interest rates , as banks will not supply short - term funds to the money markets at rates significantly below what they can earn by holding reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks . Actual and prospective increases in short - term interest rates will be reflected in turn in higher longer - term interest rates and in tighter financial conditions more generally ... As an additional means of draining reserves , the Federal Reserve is also developing plans to offer to depository institutions term deposits , which are roughly analogous to certificates of deposit that the institutions offer to their customers . A proposal describing a term deposit facility was recently published in the Federal Register , and the Federal Reserve is finalizing a revised proposal in light of the public comments that have been received . After a revised proposal is reviewed by the Board , we expect to be able to conduct test transactions this spring and to have the facility available if necessary thereafter . The use of reverse repos and the deposit facility would together allow the Federal Reserve to drain hundreds of billions of dollars of reserves from the banking system quite quickly , should it choose to do so . When these tools are used to drain reserves from the banking system , they do so by replacing bank reserves with other liabilities ; the asset side and the overall size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet remain unchanged . If necessary , as a means of applying monetary restraint , the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities . The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system . Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer - term objective of our policies . In any case , the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability . In sum , in response to severe threats to our economy , the Federal Reserve created a series of special lending facilities to stabilize the financial system and encourage the resumption of private credit flows to American families and businesses . As market conditions and the economic outlook have improved , these programs have been terminated or are being phased out . The Federal Reserve also promoted economic recovery through sharp reductions in its target for the federal funds rate and through large - scale purchases of securities . The economy continues to require the support of accommodative monetary policies . However , we have been working to ensure that we have the tools to reverse , at the appropriate time , the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus . We have full confidence that , when the time comes , we will be ready to do so . Asset backed commercial paper money market Mutual Fund liquidity Facility ( edit ) The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ( ABCPMMMFLF ) was also called the AMLF . The Facility began operations on September 22 , 2008 , and was closed on February 1 , 2010 . All U.S. depository institutions , bank holding companies ( parent companies or U.S. broker - dealer affiliates ) , or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB . Collateral eligible for pledge under the Facility was required to meet the following criteria : was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial paper funding Facility ( edit ) On October 7 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve further expanded the collateral it will loan against to include commercial paper using the new Commercial Paper Funding Facility ( CPFF ) . The action made the Fed a crucial source of credit for non-financial businesses in addition to commercial banks and investment firms . Fed officials said they 'll buy as much of the debt as necessary to get the market functioning again . They refused to say how much that might be , but they noted that around $1.3 trillion worth of commercial paper would qualify . There was $1.61 trillion in outstanding commercial paper , seasonally adjusted , on the market as of October 1 , 2008 , according to the most recent data from the Fed . That was down from $1.70 trillion in the previous week . Since the summer of 2007 , the market has shrunk from more than $2.2 trillion . This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed . Forty - five out of 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms . Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout . The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF . Quantitative policy ( edit ) A little - used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative policy . With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions . This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business . The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage - backed securities for the first time in November 2008 . Over six weeks , a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market , about one - fifth of all U.S. government - backed mortgages . History ( edit ) Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources : Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of central banking in the United States The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War . In 1775 , the Continental Congress , as well as the states , began issuing paper currency , calling the bills `` Continentals '' . The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue , and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War . Overprinting , as well as British counterfeiting , caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly . This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit ( paper money ) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16 , 1787 , as well as banning such issuance by the various states , and limiting the states ' ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender on August 28 . In 1791 , the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 . The First Bank of the United States came to an end under President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under President Jackson when its charter expired . Both banks were based upon the Bank of England . Ultimately , a third national bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was established in 1913 and still exists to this day . First central Bank , 1791 and second central Bank , 1816 ( edit ) The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States , chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25 , 1791 , at the urging of Alexander Hamilton . This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , among numerous others . The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison , because Congress refused to renew it . In 1816 , however , Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States . Years later , early renewal of the bank 's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson . After Jackson , who was opposed to the central bank , was reelected , he pulled the government 's funds out of the bank . Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the debt . The bank 's charter was not renewed in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank . From 1846 to 1921 , an Independent Treasury System ruled . From 1863 to 1913 , a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act during which series of bank panics , in 1873 , 1893 , and 1907 occurred Creation of third central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve System The main motivation for the third central banking system came from the Panic of 1907 , which caused renewed demands for banking and currency reform . During the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the United States economy went through a series of financial panics . According to many economists , the previous national banking system had two main weaknesses : an inelastic currency and a lack of liquidity . In 1908 , Congress enacted the Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , which provided for an emergency currency and established the National Monetary Commission to study banking and currency reform . The National Monetary Commission returned with recommendations which were repeatedly rejected by Congress . A revision crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island by Senator Aldrich and representatives of the nation 's top finance and industrial groups later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act . The House voted on December 22 , 1913 , with 298 voting yes to 60 voting no . The Senate voted 43 -- 25 on December 23 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill later that day . Federal Reserve Act , 1913 ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Act Newspaper clipping , December 24 , 1913 The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich . Aldrich set up two commissions -- one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other , headed by Aldrich himself , to study the European central banking systems and report on them . In early November 1910 , Aldrich met with five well known members of the New York banking community to devise a central banking bill . Paul Warburg , an attendee of the meeting and longtime advocate of central banking in the U.S. , later wrote that Aldrich was `` bewildered at all that he had absorbed abroad and he was faced with the difficult task of writing a highly technical bill while being harassed by the daily grind of his parliamentary duties '' . After ten days of deliberation , the bill , which would later be referred to as the `` Aldrich Plan '' , was agreed upon . It had several key components , including a central bank with a Washington - based headquarters and fifteen branches located throughout the U.S. in geographically strategic locations , and a uniform elastic currency based on gold and commercial paper . Aldrich believed a central banking system with no political involvement was best , but was convinced by Warburg that a plan with no public control was not politically feasible . The compromise involved representation of the public sector on the Board of Directors . Aldrich 's bill met much opposition from politicians . Critics charged Aldrich of being biased due to his close ties to wealthy bankers such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , Aldrich 's son - in - law . Most Republicans favored the Aldrich Plan , but it lacked enough support in Congress to pass because rural and western states viewed it as favoring the `` eastern establishment '' . In contrast , progressive Democrats favored a reserve system owned and operated by the government ; they believed that public ownership of the central bank would end Wall Street 's control of the American currency supply . Conservative Democrats fought for a privately owned , yet decentralized , reserve system , which would still be free of Wall Street 's control . The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' . Federal Reserve Era , 1913 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been : Federal Reserve Act , 1913 Glass -- Steagall Act Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve - Treasury Department Accord of 1951 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act ( 2006 ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( 2008 ) Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ) Measurement of economic variables ( edit ) The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data . A few websites where data is published are at the Board of Governors Economic Data and Research page , the Board of Governors statistical releases and historical data page , and at the St. Louis Fed 's FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) page . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy . Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed . The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S. , and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo . Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Total Net Worth‍ -- ‌Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations 1949 -- 2012 The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled Flow of Funds . At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012 , this value was $64.8 trillion . At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014 , this value was $95.5 trillion . Money supply ( edit ) Further information : Money supply The most common measures are named M0 ( narrowest ) , M1 , M2 , and M3 . In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows : Measure Definition M0 The total of all physical currency , plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency . M1 M0 + those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ( `` checking '' or `` current '' accounts ) . M2 M1 + most savings accounts , money market accounts , and small denomination time deposits ( certificates of deposit of under $100,000 ) . M3 M2 + all other CDs , deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements . The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006 , saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information . The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail . Personal consumption expenditures price index ( edit ) Further information : Personal consumption expenditures price index The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures . One of the Fed 's main roles is to maintain price stability , which means that the Fed 's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long - term measure of their success . Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range , their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent . There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy . Inflation and the economy ( edit ) Most mainstream economists favor a low , steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Unemployment rate ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment rate § United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate United States unemployment rates 1975 -- 2010 showing variance between the fifty states One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment . The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation 's economic health . Budget ( edit ) The Federal Reserve is self - funded . The vast majority ( 90 % + ) of Fed revenues come from open market operations , specifically the interest on the portfolio of Treasury securities as well as `` capital gains / losses '' that may arise from the buying / selling of the securities and their derivatives as part of Open Market Operations . The balance of revenues come from sales of financial services ( check and electronic payment processing ) and discount window loans . The Board of Governors ( Federal Reserve Board ) creates a budget report once per year for Congress . There are two reports with budget information . The one that lists the complete balance statements with income and expenses as well as the net profit or loss is the large report simply titled , `` Annual Report '' . It also includes data about employment throughout the system . The other report , which explains in more detail the expenses of the different aspects of the whole system , is called `` Annual Report : Budget Review '' . These detailed comprehensive reports can be found at the Board of Governors ' website under the section `` Reports to Congress '' Net worth ( edit ) Balance sheet ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2015 ) Federal Reserve total assets , treasuries , and mortages One of the keys to understanding the Federal Reserve is the Federal Reserve balance sheet ( or balance statement ) . In accordance with Section 11 of the Federal Reserve Act , the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System publishes once each week the `` Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks '' showing the condition of each Federal Reserve bank and a consolidated statement for all Federal Reserve banks . The Board of Governors requires that excess earnings of the Reserve Banks be transferred to the Treasury as interest on Federal Reserve notes . Below is the balance sheet as of July 6 , 2011 ( in billions of dollars ) : NOTE : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add up correctly . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance . ASSETS : Gold Stock 11.04 Special Drawing Rights Certificate Acct . 5.20 Treasury Currency Outstanding ( Coin ) 43.98 Securities Held Outright 2647.94 U.S. Treasury Securities 1623.78 Bills 18.42 Notes and Bonds , nominal 1530.79 Notes and Bonds , inflation - indexed 65.52 Inflation Compensation 9.04 Federal Agency Debt Securities 115.30 Mortgage - Backed Securities 908.85 Repurchase Agreements 0 Loans 12.74 Primary Credit 12 Secondary Credit 0 Seasonal Credit 53 Credit Extended to AIG Inc . 0 Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility 12.67 Other Credit Extended 0 Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC 0 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC , Maiden Lane II LLC , and Maiden Lane III LLC 60.32 Preferred Interest in AIG Life - Insurance Subsidiaries 0 Net Holdings of TALF LLC 0.75 Float - 1.05 Central Bank Liquidity Swaps 0 Other Assets 133.56 Total Assets 2914.51 LIABILITIES : Currency in Circulation 1031.30 Reverse repurchase agreements 68.09 Deposits 91.12 Term Deposits 0 U.S. Treasury , general account 76.56 U.S. Treasury , supplementary financing account 5 Foreign official 0.17 Service Related 2.53 Other Deposits 6.85 Funds from AIG , held as agent 0 Other Liabilities 73.06 Total liabilities 1263.73 CAPITAL ( AKA Net Equity ) Capital Paid In 26.71 Surplus 25.91 Other Capital 4.16 Total Capital 56.78 MEMO ( off - balance - sheet items ) Marketable securities held in custody for foreign official and international accounts 3445.42 U.S. Treasury Securities 2708 Federal Agency Securities 737.31 Securities lent to dealers 30.46 Overnight 30.46 Term 0 Total combined assets for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks Total combined liabilities for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks In addition , the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes . Federal Reserve Notes and Collateral Federal Reserve Notes Outstanding 1128.63 Less : Notes held by F.R. Banks 200.90 Federal Reserve notes to be collateralized 927.73 Collateral held against Federal Reserve notes 927.73 Gold certificate account 11.04 Special drawing rights certificate account 5.20 U.S. Treasury , agency debt , and mortgage - backed securities pledged 911.50 Other assets pledged 0 Criticism ( edit ) Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States Main articles : Criticism of the Federal Reserve and Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve System has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1913 . Critique of the organization and system has come from sources such as writers , journalists , economists , and financial institutions as well as politicians and various government employees . Criticisms include transparency , doubt of efficacy due to what is seen by some as poor historical performance and traditionalist concerns about the debasement of the value of the dollar . From the beginning , the Federal Reserve has been the subject of many popular conspiracy theories , that typically link the Fed to numerous other supposed conspiracies . See also ( edit ) Consumer Leverage Ratio Core inflation Farm Credit System Fed model Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Reserve Police Federal Reserve Statistical Release Free banking Gold standard Government debt Greenspan put History of Federal Open Market Committee actions History of central banking in the United States Independent Treasury Legal Tender Cases List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies Securities market participants ( United States ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Bullion Depository ‍ -- ‌known as Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . http://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/ Jump up ^ `` FRB : Open Market Operations Archive '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a panic : Forming the Federal Reserve System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . August 1988 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/born-of-a-panic-forming-the-fed-system ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 `` Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve , the nation was plagued with financial crises . At times , these crises led to ' panics , ' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits . A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act . Initially created to address these banking panics , the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities , including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy . '' Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Panic of 1907 : J.P. Morgan Saves the Day '' . US-history.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abigail Tucker ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Financial Panic of 1907 : Running from History '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 `` It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible , and more stable monetary and financial system . Over the years , its role in banking and the economy has expanded . '' Jump up ^ Patrick , Sue C. ( 1993 ) . Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s : The Politics of Money and Banking . Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0970 - 3 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a Jump up ^ `` The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy - maximum employment and stable prices - in the Federal Reserve Act . These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Mission '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. v ( See structure ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Districts '' . Federal Reserve Online . n.d . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' . Federal Reserve website . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Is the Fed Private or Public ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toma , Mark ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve System '' . EH . Net Encyclopedia . Economic History Association . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . https://eh.net/encyclopedia/federal-reserve-system/ Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . FactCheck . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins and Currency '' . US Dept of Treasury website . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ From `` Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' , Current FAQs , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , at ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release -- Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015 '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Act '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club , Washington , D.C. ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here `` . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman 's Free to Choose , Dallas , Texas '' ( text ) . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 Jump up ^ lender of last resort , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Retrieved May 21 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Humphrey , Thomas M. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` Lender of Last Resort : The Concept in History '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2125371 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Reserve , Monetary Policy and the Economy -- Everyday Economics '' . Dallasfed.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/educate/everyday/ev4.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board , with full support of the Treasury Department , authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group ( AIG ) '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; de la Merced , Michael J. ; Walsh , Mary Williams ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fed 's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . June 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Production Figures '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.bep.treas.gov/resources/productionannual.html Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . p. 25 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Funds '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Timothy Q. ; Laroche , Robert K. , eds. ( 1993 ) . `` Instruments of the Money Market '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speech -- Kohn , The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . The Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve Banks , and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System - wide Attention : Statement of Charles A. Bowsher '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . July 26 , 1996 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ See example : `` Advantages of Being / Becoming a State Chartered Bank '' . Arkansas State Bank Department . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code Title 12 , Chapter 3 , Subchapter 7 , Section 301 . Powers and duties of board of directors ; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Federal Reserve System '' . Innovation and Education : Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Who Owns the Federal Reserve ? . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Fed Public Or Private ? '' Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Fed Announces Closing of Buffalo Branch , Effective October 31 '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Steve ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to nominate Stein , Powell to Fed board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Powell : Visiting Scholar '' Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224732/http://bipartisanpolicy.org/about/economic-policy-project/jerome-powell . Bipartisan Policy Center . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ; Runningen , Roger ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to Choose Powell , Stein for Fed Board '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Yellen , Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks : report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg , `` Stein sworn in as Fed governor '' , MarketWatch , May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer to Serve as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve '' . Israel National News . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Steve , `` Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve '' , MarketWatch , April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin , `` Allan Landon , Community Banker , Nominated to Federal Reserve '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leubsdorf , Ben , `` Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor '' , Wall Street Journal , July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federal Reserve . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Woodward , G. Thomas ( July 31 , 1996 ) . `` Money and the Federal Reserve System : Myth and Reality -- CRS Report for Congress , No. 96 - 672 E '' . Congressional Research Service Library of Congress . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Code : Title 12 , Subchapter VII -- Directors of Federal Reserve Banks ; Reserve Agents and Assistants '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , et al. , 406 F. 3d 532 Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 8th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 680 F. 2d 1239 Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Michael D. Reagan , `` The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 55 ( March 1961 ) , pp. 64 -- 76 , as reprinted in Money and Banking : Theory , Analysis , and Policy , p. 153 , ed. by S. Mittra ( Random House , New York 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5.1 Amount of Shares ; Increase and Decrease of Capital ; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Membership '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sudeep ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` What would a federal reserve audit show '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis '' . Federal Reserve Bank . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chittum ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Docket entry 31 , Bloomberg , L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , case no . 1 : 08 - cv - 09595 - LAP , U.S. District Court for the District of New York . Jump up ^ Keoun , Kuntz , Benedetti - Valentini , Buhayar , Campbell , Condon , Finch , Frye , Griffin , Harper , Hyuga , Ivry , Kirchfeld , Kopecki , Layne , Logutenkova , Martens , Moore , Mustoe , Son , Sterngold . `` The Fed 's Secret Liquidity Lifelines '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres , Craig ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fed Releases Discount - Window Loan Records Under Court Order '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Open Market Committee '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Education -- Monetary Policy Basics Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2005 , pp. 27 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System in Action '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Policy , Open Market Operations '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2001 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , the Discount Rate '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monetary Policy , Reserve Requirements '' . Federalreserve.gov . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . New York Federal Reserve Bank . August 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions '' . Ny.frb.org . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Patricia S. Pollard ( February 2003 ) . `` A Look Inside Two Central Banks : The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve '' . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 85 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 30 . doi : 10.3886 / ICPSR01278 . OCLC 1569030 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Feinman , Joshua N. ( June 1993 ) . `` Reserve Requirements : History , Current Practice , and Potential Reform '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bulletin : 569 -- 589 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances '' . Federal Reserve . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Temporary Auction Facility FAQ '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary '' . Federalreserve.gov . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility '' . Federal Reserve . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt '' . bloomberg.com . March 12 , 2008 . `` The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash ... Unlike the newest tool , the past steps added cash to the banking system , which affects the Fed 's benchmark interest rate ... By contrast , the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries , which does n't affect the federal funds rate . That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants '' Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Dealer Credit Facility : Frequently Asked Questions -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis -- Economy '' . Cnbc.com . Reuters . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Examining the Federal Reserve 's New Liquidity Measures '' . Frbatlanta.org. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk , '' 75 Federal Register 86 ( May 5 , 2010 ) , pp. 24384 -- 24389 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility -- FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets '' . federalreserve.gov . December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US banks borrow $50 bn via new Fed facility '' . Financial Times . February 18 , 2008 . Before its introduction , banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so - called `` discount window '' for emergencies . However , last year many banks refused to use the discount window , even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market , because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure Jump up ^ `` Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion '' . Bloomberg . January 4 , 2008 . The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility , dubbed TAF , in December to provide cash after interest - rate cuts failed to break banks ' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities . The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank Jump up ^ `` A dirty job , but someone has to do it '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . The Fed 's discount window , for instance , through which it lends direct to banks , has barely been approached , despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market . The quarter - point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell - off in the stockmarket ... The hope is that by extending the maturity of central - bank money , broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction , the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one - and three - month money markets . There will be no net addition of liquidity . What the central bankers add at longer - term maturities , they will take out in the overnight market . But there are risks . The first is that , for all the fanfare , the central banks ' plan will make little difference . After all , it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks . This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them , and -- given that uncertainty -- the banks ' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets . Jump up ^ `` Unclogging the system '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robb , Greg ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fed , top central banks to flood markets with cash '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term Securities Lending Facility : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Newyorkfed.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes ongoing small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit ' Readiness ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding `` Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery . '' March 25 , 2010 . Archived October 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://financialservices.house.gov/Hearings/hearingDetails.aspx?NewsID=1087 , also at GPO Access Serial No. 111 -- 118 Retrieved September 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Asset - Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fed Action Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/081007/financial_meltdown.html Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus ; Wu , Yan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed ? '' . Social Science Electronic Publishing . SSRN 1911454 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money '' . NPR . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chairman Alan Greenspan ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Our banking history '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Reserve '' . Federal reserve education.org . `` Chapter 1 . Early Experiments in Central Banking '' . Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve ( PDF ) . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of U.S. Currency History '' . U.S. Currency Education Program . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mr. Govr . MORRIS moved to strike out `` and emit bills on the credit of the U. States '' -- If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary : if they had not , unjust & useless ... On the motion for striking out N.H. ay . Mas . ay . Ct ay . N.J. no . Pa. ay . Del . ay . Md. no . Va . ay . N.C. ay . S.C. ay . Geo . ay. `` '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 , Section 10 . `` no state shall ... emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; '' Jump up ^ Flamme , Karen . `` 1995 Annual Report : A Brief History of Our Nation 's Paper Money '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance : the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports . Ayer Publishing . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11212 - 6 . description of the founding of Bank of England : ' Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger ( December 1999 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . p. 8 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pay off the national debt WSJ Jump up ^ Herrick , Myron ( March 1908 ) . `` The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . JSTOR 1010701 . ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Edward ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States '' . Netherlands : University of Groningen . ^ Jump up to : Whithouse , Michael ( May 1989 ) . `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition '' . Jekyllislandhistory.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Frank A. Vanderlip `` I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 -- A Legislative History '' . Llsdc.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affixes His Signature at 6 : 02 P.M. , Using Four Gold Pens . '' New York Times . December 24 , 1913 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Unknown Enemy : Beyond Conspiracy '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- House '' . Scribd.com . December 22 , 1913 . p. 1465 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- Senate '' . Scribd.com . December 23 , 1913 . p. 1468 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 2 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Economic Research & Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Releases and Historical Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Fed : Economic Data -- FRED '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education -- Economic Indicators Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence H. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Federal Reserve System 's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics '' . Econ Journal Watch . 2 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 354 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FRB : Z. 1 Release -- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States , Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007 . The value for each year is on page 94 of each document ( the 99th page in a pdf viewer ) and duplicated on page 104 ( 109th page in pdf viewer ) . It gives the total assets , total liabilities , and net worth . This chart is of the net worth . Jump up ^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Discontinuance of M3 '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2006 , pp. 10 Jump up ^ `` Is the Fed 's Definition of Price Stability Evolving ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke -- A perspective on inflation targeting '' . Federalreserve.gov . March 25 , 2003 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting ? '' . Businessweek.com . November 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. ( 2005 ) . The Inflation - Targeting Debate . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04471 - 2 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3534750.html Jump up ^ Hummel , Jeffrey Rogers . `` Death and Taxes , Including Inflation : the Public versus Economists '' ( January 2007 ). ( 4 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation : The Foolproof Way and Others '' Lars E.O. Svensson , Journal of Economic Perspectives , Volume 17 , Issue 4 Fall 2003 , pp. 145 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chicago Fed -- Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A -- Z Listing of Board Publications '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . June 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Record June 10 , 1932 , Louis T McFadden '' . June 10 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roger T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Protess , Ben ; Eavis , Peter ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Security as Banks Hire from the Fed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wyler ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now '' . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ Brian Lamb ( October 28 , 1994 ) . Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. C - SPAN . Milton Friedman . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Jump up ^ For example see Jim Marrs , The Rise of the Fourth Reich : The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America ( 2009 ) excerpt . Bundled references Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Recent ( edit ) Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017 . The Myth of Independence : How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve . Princeton University Press . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2005 ) . The Federal Reserve System : Purposes and Functions ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2014 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2006 ) . The Federal Reserve in Plain English . from the St. Louis Fed Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve 's Mandate : An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve : Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Conti - Brown , Peter . The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) . Epstein , Lita & Martin , Preston ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Federal Reserve . Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864323 - 2 . Greider , William ( 1987 ) . Secrets of the Temple . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67556 - 7 ; nontechnical book explaining the structures , functions , and history of the Federal Reserve , focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker Hafer , R.W. The Federal Reserve System : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press , 2005 . 451 pp , 280 entries ; ISBN 0 - 313 - 32839 - 0 . Meyer , Laurence H. ( 2004 ) . A Term at the Fed : An Insider 's View . HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054270 - 5 ; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002 , emphasizing Alan Greenspan 's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Woodward , Bob . Maestro : Greenspan 's Fed and the American Boom ( 2000 ) study of Greenspan in the 1990s . Historical ( edit ) Broz , J. Lawrence . The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System . Cornell University Press . 1997 . Carosso , Vincent P . `` The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina '' , Business History Review ( 1973 ) 47 : 421 -- 437 Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 '' . Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 984 . in JSTOR Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48ff . Kubik , `` Paul J. Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit '' . Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp. 829 + . Link , Arthur . Wilson : The New Freedom ( 1956 ) pp. 199 -- 240 . Livingston , James . Origins of the Federal Reserve System : Money , Class , and Corporate Capitalism , 1890 -- 1913 ( 1986 ) , Marxist approach to 1913 policy Lowenstein , Roger . America 's Bank : The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve ( Penguin Press , 2015 ) . 368 pp . Marrs , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System '' . Rule by Secrecy . HarperCollins : 64 -- 78 . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten '' . Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 360 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51999 - 9 ( cloth ) and ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52000 - 1 ( paper ) Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 1 , 1951 -- 1969 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52001 - 8 Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 2 , 1969 -- 1985 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51994 - 4 ; In three volumes published so far , Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail Mullins , Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve , 1952 . John McLaughlin . ISBN 0 - 9656492 - 1 - 0 Roberts , Priscilla . ' Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes ? ' The Federal Reserve System 's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War `` , Business History Review ( 1998 ) 72 : 585 -- 603 Rothbard , Murray ( 2007 ) . The Case Against the Fed . Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 1467934893 . Bernard Shull , `` The Fourth Branch : The Federal Reserve 's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence '' ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 56720 - 624 - 7 Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) West , Robert Craig . Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve , 1863 -- 1923 ( 1977 ) Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 238 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wicker , Elmus . The Great Debate on Banking Reform : Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press , 2005 . Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( 2005 ) Wueschner ; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutFederal Reserve Systemat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Federal Reserve Banking System . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the federal reserve bank of the united states is also known as	[ "The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises.[list 1] Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System.[4][9][10]", "The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises.[list 1] Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System.[4][9][10]" ]	[ "the Fed", "Federal Reserve" ]
2617288598166520625	Quotation mark	Quotation mark - Wikipedia Quotation mark Jump to : navigation , search The symbols `` and ' redirect here . For other uses , see '' ( disambiguation ) and ' ( disambiguation ) . The terms `` '' and `` _ '' redirect here . For the enclosed space , see Whitespace character and Space ( punctuation ) . For _ ( the underline character ) , see Underscore . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . `` '' `` '' ' ' ' ' English quotation marks `` '' `` '' 「」 Citation marks Guillemets CJK brackets Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元圆圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Category Portal Book Quotation marks , also called quotes , quote marks , quotemarks , speech marks , inverted commas or talking marks , are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set off direct speech , a quotation , or a phrase . The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark , which may or may not be the same character . Quotation marks have a variety of forms in different languages and in different media . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In English 3 Summary table 4 Specific language features 4.1 Dutch 4.2 German 4.3 Finnish and Swedish 4.4 French 4.5 Greek 4.6 Hungarian 4.7 Polish 4.8 Portuguese 4.9 Russian , Ukrainian , and Belarusian 4.10 Spanish 4.11 Chinese , Japanese and Korean quotation marks 5 Quotation dash 6 Electronic documents 6.1 Typewriters and early computers 6.2 Keyboard layouts 6.3 Curved quotes within and across applications 6.4 Usenet and email 6.5 Unicode code point table 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The double quotation mark is older than the single . It derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth - century manuscript annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance ( not necessarily a quotation ) ; the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage . By the middle sixteenth century , printers ( notably in Basel , Switzerland ) had developed a typographic form of this notation , resembling the modern double quotation mark pointing to the right . During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material , and it grew common , especially in Britain , to print quotation marks ( now in the modern opening and closing forms ) at beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin ; the French usage ( see under Specific language features below ) is a survival of this . In most other languages , including English , the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century . The usage of a pair of marks , closing and opening , at the level of lower case letters was generalized . Guillemets by the Imprimerie nationale in Bulletin de l'Agence générale des colonies , No 302 , May 1934 , showing the usage of a pair of marks , closing and opening , at the level of lower case letters . By the nineteenth century , the design and usage began to be specific within each region . In Western Europe the usage became to use the quotation marks in pairs but `` pointing '' outside . In Britain those marks were elevated to the same height of the top of capital letters ( `` ... '' ) . In France , by the end of the nineteenth century those marks were modified to a more angular shape ( `` ... '' ) . Some authors claim that the reason for this was a practical one , in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes , the commas and the parenthesis ( also , in other scripts , the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters -- the Greek breathing marks , the Armenian emphasis and apostrophe , the Arabic comma , decimal separator , thousands separator , etc . ) . Clash between the apostrophe and curved quotation marks in a phrase meaning `` the crimes of the ' good Samaritans ' '' . Clearly distinguishable apostrophe and angular quotation marks . Other authors claim that the reason for this was an aesthetical one . The elevated quotation marks created an extra white space before and after the word that was considered unaesthetical , while the in - line quotation marks helped to maintain the typographical color , since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters . Nevertheless , while other languages do not insert a space between the quotation marks and the word ( s ) , the French usage does insert them , even if it is a narrow space . Blank space ( in yellow ) provoked by elevated quotation marks ; some type designers consider this excessive . The curved quotation marks ( `` ... '' ) usage was exported to some non-Latin scripts , notably where there was some English influence ( for instance , in Indian scripts ) . The angular quotation marks ( `` ... '' ) usage was exported to some non-Latin scripts , like Greek , Cyrillic , Arabic and Ethiopic . The Far East angle brackets quotation marks ( 《 ... 》 ) are also a development of the in - line angular quotation marks . In Central Europe , however , the practice was to use the quotation marks in pairs but `` pointing '' inside . The German tradition preferred the curved quotation marks , the first one at the level of the commas , the second one at the level of the apostrophes ( `` ... `` ) . Alternatively , these marks still `` pointed '' inside but could be angular and in - line with lower case letters ( '' ... `` ) . Some neighboring regions adopted the German tradition but some others adopted the second ( closing ) mark as `` pointing '' to the right ( `` ... '' ) . In Sweden ( and Finland ) , both marks `` pointed '' to the right but both were at the top level ( '' ... '' ) , neither at the bottom . In Eastern Europe there was a hesitation between the French tradition ( `` ... '' ) and the German tradition ( `` ... `` ) . The French tradition prevailed in North - Eastern Europe ( Russia , Ukraine and Belarus ) , whereas the German tradition ( or its modified version with the closing mark pointing to the right ) has become dominant in South - Eastern Europe ( the Balkan countries ) . The single quotation mark emerged around 1800 as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation . One could expect that the logic would be the corresponding single mark everywhere but it was not the case . British English tends to reverse the usage -- single quotation marks ( ' ... ' ) are primary , and double quotation marks ( `` ... '' ) are secondary -- this distinction , however , dating back to around the 1960s . In some languages using the angular quotation marks , the usage of single ones ( `` ... '' ) became obsolete , being replaced by double curved ones ( `` ... '' ) ; the single ones still survive , for instance , in Switzerland . In Eastern Europe , where there was a hesitation between the French and German tradition , the curved quotation marks ( `` ... `` ) are used as a secondary level when the angular marks ( `` ... '' ) are used as a primary level . In English ( edit ) Main article : Quotation marks in English In English writing , quotation marks are placed in pairs around a word or phrase to indicate : Quotation or direct speech : Carol said `` Go ahead '' when I asked her if the launcher was ready . Mention in another work of a title of a short or subsidiary work , like a chapter or episode : `` Encounter at Farpoint '' was the pilot episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation . Scare quotes used to mean `` so - called '' or to express irony : The `` fresh '' apples were full of worms . In American English , double quotes are used normally ( the `` primary '' style ) . If quote marks are used inside another pair of quote marks , then single quotes are used as the `` secondary '' style . For example : `` Did n't she say ' I like red best ' when I asked her wine preferences ? '' he asked his guests . If another set of quotes is nested , double quotes are used again , and they continue to alternate as necessary ( though this is rarely done ) . British English tends to have the opposite convention -- single quotes are primary , and double quotes are secondary ; however , this distinction dates back only to around the 1960s . Earlier British usage was often identical to American . Different varieties of English have different rules regarding whether neighboring punctuation should be written inside or outside the quotation marks . A typewriter . A type case . Regarding the aspect , there are two types of quotation marks : ' ... ' and `` ... '' , are known as neutral , vertical , straight , typewriter , `` dumb '' , or `` ASCII '' quotation marks . The left and right marks are identical . These are found on typical English typewriters and computer keyboards , although they are sometimes automatically converted to the other type by software . ' ... ' and `` ... '' , are known as typographic , curly , curved , book , or `` smart '' quotation marks . The beginning marks are commas raised to the top of the line and rotated 180 ° . The ending marks are commas raised to the top of the line . Curved quotation marks are used mainly in manuscript , printing and typesetting . Type cases ( of any language ) always have the correct quotation marks metal types for the respective language and never the vertical quotation marks metal types . Because most of the computer keyboards lack keys to directly enter typographic quotation marks , much typed writing has vertical quotation marks . The `` smart quotes '' feature in some computer software can convert vertical quotation marks to curly ones , although sometimes imperfectly . The closing single quotation mark is identical or similar in form ( depending on the font ) to the apostrophe and similar to the prime symbol . The double quotation mark is identical to the ditto mark and similar to -- and often used to represent -- the double prime symbol . However , all of these three characters have quite different purposes . Summary table ( edit ) Other languages have similar conventions to English , but use different symbols or different placement . Language Standard Alternative Spacing Names , notes & references Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Afrikaans `` ... '' ' ... ' `` ... '' ‚ ... ' Aanhalingstekens Albanian `` ... `` ' ... ' Thonjëza Amharic `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' ትምህርተ ጥቅስ ( timihirite t'ik'isi ) Arabic ‏ `` ... '' ‏ ‏ '' ... `` ‏ optional علامات تنصيص ( ʻalāmāt tanṣīṣ , quotation marks ) The direction of text is right - to - left . Armenian `` ... '' չակերտներ ( chakertner , quotation marks ) Azerbaijani `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' 0 -- 1 pt Dırnaq işarəsi ( fingernail mark ) Basque `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Komatxoak Belarusian `` ... '' `` ... '' Двукоссе ( Dvukosse , double commas ) Лапкі ( Lapky , little paws ) Bosnian '' ... '' or `` ... '' ' ... ' `` ... `` '' ... `` navodnici , znaci navoda , polunavodnici , Cyrillic script : Наводници , знаци навода , полунаводници , '' ... `` only in printed media Bulgarian `` ... `` ' ... ' or ' ... ' `` ... '' ' ... ' or ' ... ' Кавички ( Kavichki ) `` ... `` is often incorrectly replaced by `` ... '' or `` ... '' ' ... ' and ' ... ' are often incorrectly written as ' ... ' , ' ... ' or ‛ ... ' Catalan `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' none `` ... '' Cometes franceses ( French quotation marks ) `` ... '' Cometes angleses ( English quotation marks ) ' ... ' Cometes simples ( Simple quotation marks ) Chinese , simplified `` ... '' ' ... ' 『 .. 』「 .. 」 Fullwidth form `` ... '' 双引号 ( pinyin : shuāngyǐnhào , double quotation mark ) ' ... ' 单引号 ( pinyin : dānyǐnhào , single quotation mark ) Chinese , traditional 「 ... 」 or 「 .. 」『 ... 』 or 『 .. 』 Fullwidth form 「」 .. 單引號 ( Mandarin : dān yǐn hào , Jyutping : daan jan hou , lit : `` Single quotation mark '' ) 『』 .. 雙引號 ( Mandarin : shuāng yǐn hào , Jyutping : soeng jan hou , lit : `` Double quotation mark '' ) Note : No punctuation mark should be used when writing from right to left . Croatian `` ... '' ' ... ' '' ... `` `` ... '' and '' ... `` Navodnici ' ... ' Polunavodnici '' ... `` are used only in printed media Czech `` ... `` ‚ ... ' '' ... `` '' ... `` Uvozovky ( introduce ) Danish '' ... `` or `` ... `` '' ... `` or ‚ ... ' '' ... '' ' ... ' Citationstegn ( citation marks ) Anførselstegn ( quotes ) Gåseøjne ( goose eyes ) Dutch `` ... '' ‚ ... ' ' ... ' `` ... '' Aanhalingstekens ( citation marks ) ' ... ' are `` scare quotes '' ( zogenaamdfunctie ) English , UK ' ... ' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' 1 -- 2 pt Quotation marks , double quotes , quotes , inverted commas , speech marks Usage of single or double as primary may vary across English varieties . English , US ; English , Canada `` ... '' ' ... ' Esperanto `` ... '' ' ... ' `` ... '' or `` ... `` `` ... '' or ‚ ... ' Citiloj There is no standard for quotation marks , and Zamenhof recommended that the writer should use his native language 's quotation marks . However , it has become common practice to use the quotation marks of American English . Estonian `` ... `` `` ... '' Jutumärgid ( speech marks ) Filipino `` ... '' ' ... ' Panipi Finnish '' ... '' ' ... ' '' ... '' ' ... ' Lainausmerkit ( citation marks ) French `` ... '' `` ... '' or `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' 1⁄4 em Guillemets French , Swiss `` ... '' `` ... '' Galician `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Comiñas or Aspas Georgian `` ... `` `` ... '' none ბრჭყალები ( brč'q'alebi , claws ) German `` ... `` ‚ ... ' '' ... `` '' ... `` Anführungszeichen ( quotation marks ) Gänsefüßchen ( little goose feet ) Hochkommas , Hochkommata ( high commas ) German , Swiss `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ‚ ... ' Greek `` ... '' `` ... '' Εισαγωγικά ( introductory marks ) . Hebrew `` ... '' ' ... ' מֵירְכָאוֹת ( merkha'ot ) Notes : Not to be confused with גֵּרְשַׁיִם gershayim . Hindi `` ... '' ' ... ' उद्धरण चिह्न ( uddharan chihn ) Hungarian `` ... '' '' ... `` `` ... '' Macskaköröm ( cat claws -- incorrectly used ) `` ... '' Idézőjel ( quotation mark ) '' ... `` Belső idézőjel , lúdláb ( inner quotation mark , goose feet ) ' ... ' Félidézőjel ( half quotation mark , tertiary quotation mark ) The three levels of Hungarian quotation : `` ... '' ... ' ... ' ... `` ... '' Icelandic `` ... `` ‚ ... ' Gæsalappir ( goose feet ) Indonesian `` ... '' ' ... ' Tanda kutip , tanda petik Interlingua `` ... '' ' ... ' Virgulettas Irish `` ... '' ' ... ' 1 -- 2 pt Liamóg ( William ) Italian `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Virgolette Italian , Swiss `` ... '' `` ... '' Japanese 「 ... 」 or 「 .. 」『 ... 』 or 『 .. 』「」 : 鉤括弧 ( kagi kakko , hook bracket ) 『』 : 二重鉤括弧 ( nijū kagi kakko , double hook bracket ) Kazakh `` ... '' `` ... '' Тырнақша , Tyrnaqs'a Khmer `` ... '' `` ... '' សញ្ញា សម្រង់ ( sanhnhea samrong ) Korean , North Korea 《 ... 》〈 ... 〉〈〉 : 홑 화살 괄호 ( hot'hwasalgwalho , arrow bracket ) 《》 : 겹 화살 괄호 ( gyeop'hwasalgwalho , double arrow bracket ) Korean , South Korea 『 ... 』 or 『 ⋮ 』「 ... 」 or 「 ⋮ 」 `` ... '' ' ... ' `` '' : 쌍 따옴표 ( ssang - ttaompyo , double quotation mark ) ' ' : 따옴표 ( ttaompyo , quotation mark ) 「」 : 낫표 ( natpyo , scythe symbol ) 『』 : 겹낫표 ( gyeomnatpyo , double scythe symbol ) Lao `` ... '' ວົງຢືມ ( vong yum ) Latvian `` ... `` Pēdiņas Lithuanian `` ... `` Kabutės Lojban lu ... li'u lu `` ... '' li'u Lojban uses the words lu and li'u , rather than punctuation , to surround quotes of grammatically - correct Lojban . Double quotes ( unnamed in Lojban , but lubu suggested , following same pattern as alphabet ) can also be used for aesthetic purposes . Non-Lojban text may be quoted using zoi . Macedonian `` ... `` ' ... ' `` ... `` Наводници ( Navodnitsi , double quote ) ' ... ' Полунаводници ( Polunavodnitsi , single quote ) Maltese `` ... '' ' ... ' Virgoletti Mongolian , Cyrillic script `` ... '' Mongolian , Mongolian script 《 ᠁ 》〈 ᠁ 〉 New Tai Lue 《 ... 》〈 ... 〉 Norwegian `` ... '' ' ... ' `` ... '' ' ... ' or , ... ' Anførselstegn ( quotation marks ) Gåseauge , gåseøyne ( goose eyes ) Hermeteikn , hermetegn Sitatteikn , sitattegn Dobbeltfnutt Occitan `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Vergueta Pashto ‏ `` ... '' ‏ Persian `` ... '' گیومه ( giyume ) Polish `` ... '' `` ... '' or '' ... `` `` ... '' or '' ... `` Cudzysłów ( someone else 's word ) Portuguese , Brazil `` ... '' ' ... ' Aspas ; ( quotation marks ) Aspas duplas ( double quotation marks ) , Aspas simples ( single quotation marks ) ; `` ... '' Aspas curvas or aspas inglesas or aspas altas ou levantadas ou elevadas ( curved quotation marks ) , `` ... '' Aspas angulares or aspas latinas or vírgulas dobradas ( angular quotation marks ) ; Portuguese , Portugal `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Romanian `` ... '' `` ... '' none Ghilimele ( quotes ) Romansh `` ... '' `` ... '' Russian `` ... '' `` ... `` `` ... '' none Кавычки ( kavychki ) `` ... '' Ёлочки ( yolochki , little fir trees ) `` ... `` Лапки ( lapki , little paws ) Yolochki are used in print media , while lapki are used in handwriting . Serbian `` ... `` ' ... ' Наводници , знаци навода , navodnici , znaci navoda Scottish Gaelic ' ... ' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Cromagan turrach Slovak `` ... `` ‚ ... ' '' ... `` '' ... `` Úvodzovky ( introduce ) Slovene `` ... `` ‚ ... ' '' ... `` '' ... `` Navednice Sorbian `` ... `` ‚ ... ' Spanish `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Comillas `` ... '' Comillas latinas , comillas angulares `` ... '' Comillas inglesas dobles ' ... ' Comillas inglesas simples Swedish '' ... '' ' ... ' '' ... '' or '' ... `` ' ... ' Citationstecken , anföringstecken Citattecken ( modernised term ) Dubbelfnutt ( ASCII double quote ) Kaninöron ( bunny ears ) Tai Le 《 ... 》〈 ... 〉 Tibetan 《 ... 》〈 ... 〉 Tigrinya `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' Thai `` ... '' ' ... ' อัญประกาศ ( anyaprakat , differentiating mark ) Turkish `` ... '' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' 0 -- 1 pt Tırnak işareti ( fingernail mark ) Ukrainian `` ... '' `` ... `` `` ... `` ‚ ... ' none Лапки ( lapky , little paws ) Uyghur ‏ `` ... '' ‏ The direction of text is right - to - left . Uzbek `` ... '' `` ... `` `` ... `` ‚ ... ' Qoʻshtirnoq ( nails ) Vietnamese `` ... '' Dấu ngoặc kép ( paired parentheses ) Dấu nháy kép ( paired blinking marks ) Welsh ' ... ' `` ... '' `` ... '' ' ... ' 1 -- 2 pt Dyfynodau Specific language features ( edit ) Dutch ( edit ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch . ( September 2013 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Dutch article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated nl Aanhalingsteken ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting . Most large newspapers have kept these `` low - high '' quotation marks , but otherwise the alternative form with single or double `` English - style '' quotes is now often the only form seen in printed matter . Neutral quotation marks ( '' and ' ) are used widely , especially in texts typed on computers and on websites . Although not generally common in Dutch any more , double angle quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium . Examples include the Flemish HUMO magazine and the Metro newspaper in Brussels . German ( edit ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German . ( September 2013 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the German article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated de Anführungszeichen ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . The symbol used as the left quote in English is sometimes used as the right quote in Germany and Austria ( depending on the font ) , and a quote in a position never found in English usage , called the `` low 9 quote , '' is used for the left instead : Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description Wrong Symbols ‚ A ' U + 201A ( 8218 ) , U + 2018 ( 8216 ) &sbquo ; &lsquo ; German single quotes ( left and right ) , -- comma ( U + 002C ) left ' -- Apostrophe ( U + 0027 ) right `` A `` U + 201E ( 8222 ) , U + 201C ( 8220 ) &bdquo ; &ldquo ; German double quotes ( left and right ) `` -- neutral ( vertical ) double quotes ( U + 0022 ) Some fonts , e.g. Verdana , were not designed with the flexibility to use the English left quote as the German right quote . Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage . Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German . Andreas fragte mich : `` Hast du den Artikel ‚ EU - Erweiterung ' gelesen ? `` ( Andreas asked me : ' Have you read the `` EU - Expansion '' article ? ' ) This style of quoting is also used in Bulgarian , Czech , Estonian , Georgian , Icelandic , Lithuanian , Latvian , Russian , Serbo - Croatian , Slovak , Slovene and in Ukrainian . In Bulgarian , Icelandic , Lithuanian , Russian and Ukrainian , single quotation marks are not used . This German double - quote style is also used in the Netherlands , but is falling out of fashion nowadays with the ' English - style ' quotation marks being preferred . However , it still can be found on older shop signs and in most large newspapers . Sometimes , especially in novels , the angle quotation mark sets are used in Germany and Austria ( albeit in reversed order from French ) : '' A '' B `` ? `` Andreas fragte mich : '' Hast du den Artikel '' EU - Erweiterung `` gelesen ? `` Andreas asked me : ' Have you read the `` EU Expansion '' article ? ' In Switzerland , however , the French - style angle quotation mark sets are also used for German printed text : `` A `` B '' ? '' Andreas fragte mich : `` Hast du den Artikel `` EU - Erweiterung '' gelesen ? '' Andreas asked me : ' Have you read the `` EU Expansion '' article ? ' Finnish and Swedish ( edit ) In Finnish and Swedish , right quotes called citation marks , '' ... '' , are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote . Double right - pointing angular quotes , '' ... '' , can also be used . Alternatively , an en - dash followed by a ( non-breaking ) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech , in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted ( see section Quotation dash below ) . A line - break should not be allowed between the en - dash and the first word of the quotation . Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description ' A ' U + 2019 ( 8217 ) &rsquo ; Secondary level quotation '' A '' U + 201D ( 8221 ) &rdquo ; Primary level quotation '' A '' U + 00BB ( 187 ) » ; Alternative primary level quotation -- A U + 2013 ( 8211 ) &ndash ; Alternative denotation at the beginning of quoted speech French ( edit ) French language uses angle quotation marks ( guillemets , or duck - foot quotes ) , adding a quarter - em space ( officially ) ( U + 2005 Four - Per - Em Space ( HTML & # 8197 ; ) ) within the quotes . However , many people now use the non-breaking space , because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four - per - em is virtually imperceptible ( but also because the Unicode quarter - em space is breakable ) , and the quarter - em is virtually always omitted in non-Unicode fonts . Even more commonly , many people just put a normal ( breaking ) space between the quotation marks because the non-breaking space can not be accessed easily accessible from the keyboard ; furthermore , many are simply not aware of this typographical refinement . Using the wrong type of space often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line , since the quotation mark is treated as an independent word . `` Voulez - vous un sandwich , Henri ? '' `` Would you like a sandwich , Henri ? '' Sometimes , for instance on several French news sites such as Libération , Les Échos or Le Figaro , no space is used around the quotation marks . This parallels normal usage in other languages , e.g. Catalan , Polish , Portuguese , Russian , Spanish , or in German , French and Italian as written in Switzerland : `` Dies ist ein Zitat . '' ( Swiss Standard German ) `` To jest cytat . '' `` Это цитата '' . `` This is a quote . '' Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description `` A '' U + 00AB ( 171 ) , U + 00BB ( 187 ) « ; » ; French double angle quotes ( left and right ) , most usual ( approximative ) form used today on the web , with normal ( half - em ) non-breaking spaces . `` A '' French double angle quotes ( left and right ) , more exact form used by typographers , with narrow ( quarter - em ) non-breaking spaces . `` A '' non-French double angle quotes ( left and right ) without space ( not recommended ) `` A '' U + 2039 ( 8249 ) , U + 203A ( 8250 ) &lsaquo ; &rsaquo ; French single angle quotes ( left and right ) , alternate form for embedded quotations , used on the web with normal non-breaking spaces . `` A '' French single angle quotes ( left and right ) , alternate form for embedded quotations , preferably used by typographers with narrow non-breaking spaces . Guillemets by the Imprimerie nationale in Bulletin de l'Agence générale des colonies , No 302 , Mai 1934 , showing the comma - shaped symbols sitting on the baseline . Initially , the French guillemet characters were not angle shaped but also used the comma ( 6 / 9 ) shape . They were different from English quotes because they were standing ( like today 's guillemets ) on the baseline ( like lowercase letters ) , and not above it ( like apostrophes and English quotation marks ) or hanging down from it ( like commas ) . At the beginning of the nineteenth century , this shape evolved to look like ( ( small parentheses ) ) . The angle shape appeared later to increase the distinction and avoid confusions with apostrophes , commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers . Unicode currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6 / 9 guillemets on the baseline , which are still considered as form variants implemented in older French typography ( such as the Didot font design ) . Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets , with both types pointing to the right ( like today 's French closing guillemets ) . They must be used with non-breaking spaces ( preferably narrow , if available , i.e. U + 202F NNBSP which is missing in most computer fonts but that renderers should be able to render using the same glyph as the breaking `` French '' thin space U + 2009 , handling the non-breaking property internally in the text renderer / layout engine , because line - breaking properties are never defined in fonts themselves ; such renderers should also be able to infer a half - width space from the glyph assigned to the normal half - em non-breaking space , if the thin space itself is not mapped ) . In many printed books , when quotations are spanning multiple lines of text ( including multiple paragraphs ) , an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation ; any right - pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation ; this convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers ( and is still in use today ) . Note that such insertion of continuation quotation marks will also occur if there 's a word hyphenation break . There is still no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML / CSS and in many word - processors , so these have to be inserted by manual typesetting : `` C'est une belle journée pour les Montréalais , soutient '' le ministre . Ces investissements stimuleront la crois - '' sance économique . '' Unlike English , French does not set off unquoted material within a quotation mark by using a second set of quotes . Compare : `` C'est une belle journée pour les Montréalais , soutient le ministre . Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique . '' `` This is a great day for Montrealers '' , the minister upholds . `` These investments will stimulate economic growth . '' For clarity , some newspapers put the quoted material in italics : `` C'est une belle journée pour les Montréalais , soutient le ministre . Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique . '' The French Imprimerie nationale ( cf . Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale , presses de l'Imprimerie nationale , Paris , 2002 ) , though , does not use different quotation marks for nesting : `` Son `` explication '' n'est qu'un mensonge '' , s'indigna le député . `` His ' explanation ' is just a lie '' , the deputy protested . In this case , when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks , only one is written : Il répondit : `` Ce n'est qu'un `` gadget ! '' . He answered : `` It 's only a ' gizmo ' . '' The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules , for instance when the keyboard or the software context does n't allow the utilisation of guillemets . The French news site L'Humanité uses straight quotation marks . English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations : `` Son `` explication '' n'est qu'un mensonge '' , s'indigna le député . `` His ' explanation ' is just a lie '' , the deputy protested . But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics ( single quotation marks are much more rarely used , and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers ) : `` Son explication n'est qu'un mensonge '' , s'indigna le député . Il répondit : `` Ce n'est qu'un gadget ! '' . Further , running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence , as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash , as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation . ( For other languages employing dashes , see section Quotation dash below . ) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well . In general , quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible , including not just non-spoken text such as `` he said '' ( as previously noted ) , but also as long as the conversion extends . The quotation marks end at the last spoken text , however , not extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken . `` Je ne vous parle pas , monsieur , dit - il . -- Mais je vous parle , moi ! '' s'écria le jeune homme exaspéré de ce mélange d'insolence et de bonnes manières , de convenance et de dédain . ( Dumas , Les trois mousquetaires ) `` I am not speaking to you , sir '' , he said . `` But I am speaking to you ! '' cried the young man , exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners , of protocol and disdain . Greek ( edit ) Greek uses angled quotation marks ( εισαγωγικά -- isagogiká ) : `` Μιλάει σοβαρά ; '' ρώτησε την Μαρία . `` Ναι , σίγουρα '' , αποκρίθηκε . and the quotation dash ( παύλα -- pávla ) : ― Μιλάει σοβαρά ; ρώτησε την Μαρία . ― Ναι , σίγουρα , αποκρίθηκε . which translate to : `` Is he serious ? '' he asked Maria . `` Yes , certainly , '' she replied . A closing quotation mark ( '' ) is added to the beginning of each new quoted paragraph . `` Η Βικιπαίδεια ή Wikipedia είναι ένα συλλογικό εγκυκλοπαιδικό '' εγχείρημα που έχει συσταθεί στο Διαδίκτυο , παγκόσμιο , πολύγλωσσο , '' που λειτουργεί με την αρχή του wiki . '' When quotations are nested , double and then single quotation marks are used : `` ... `` ... ' ... ' ... '' ... '' ) . Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description `` Α '' U + 00AB ( 0171 ) , U + 00BB ( 0187 ) « ; » ; Greek first level double quotes ( εισαγωγικά ) ― Α U + 2015 ( 8213 ) & # 8213 ; Greek direct quotation em - dash Hungarian ( edit ) Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description `` A '' U + 201E ( 8222 ) , U + 201D ( 8221 ) &bdquo ; &rdquo ; Hungarian first level double quotes ( left and right ) '' A `` U + 00BB ( 0171 ) , U + 00AB ( 0187 ) » ; « ; Hungarian second level double quotes ( left and right ) ' A ' U + 2019 ( 8217 ) &rsquo ; Hungarian unpaired quotes signifying `` meaning '' According to current recommendation by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences the main Hungarian quotation marks are comma - shaped double quotation marks set on the base - line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe - height at the end of it for first level , inversed '' French quotes `` without space ( the German tradition ) for the second level , so the following nested quotation pattern emerges : `` Quote '' inside `` quote '' ... and with third level : `` Quote '' inside ' inside of inside ' inside `` quote '' In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform ( unpaired ) apostrophe - shaped quotation marks : die Biene ' méh ' A quotation dash is also used , and is predominant in belletristic literature . -- Merre jártál ? -- kérdezte a köpcös . Polish ( edit ) Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description ‚ A ' U + 201A ( 8218 ) , U + 2019 ( 8217 ) &sbquo ; &rsquo ; Polish single quotes ( left and right ) `` A '' U + 201E ( 8222 ) , U + 201D ( 8221 ) &bdquo ; &rdquo ; Polish double quotes ( left and right ) ― A U + 2015 ( 8213 ) & # 8213 ; Polish direct quotation em - dash -- A U + 2013 ( 8211 ) &ndash ; Polish direct quotation en - dash According to current PN - 83 / P - 55366 standard from 1983 ( but not dictionaries , see below ) , Typesetting rules for composing Polish text ( Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim ) one can use either `` ordinary Polish quotes '' or `` French quotes '' ( without space ) for first level , and ‚ single Polish quotes ' or `` French quotes '' for second level , which gives three styles of nested quotes : `` Quote ‚ inside ' quote '' `` Quote `` inside '' quote '' `` Quote ‚ inside ' quote '' There is no space on the internal side of quote marks , with the exception of 1⁄4 firet ( ~ 1⁄4 em ) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them ( e.g. , `` and ' '' ) . The above rules have not changed since at least the previous BN - 76 / 7440 - 02 standard from 1976 and are probably much older . However , the part of the rules that concerns the use of guillemets conflicts with the Polish punctuation standard as given by dictionaries , including the Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN recommended by the Polish Language Council . The PWN rules state : In specific uses , guillemets also appear . Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation . Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions ( mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries ) , as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech , especially in poetic texts . In Polish books and publications , this style for use of guillemets ( also known as '' German quotes `` ) is used almost exclusively . In addition to being standard for second level quotes , guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles but almost never in ordinary text in paragraphs . Another style of quoting is to use an em - dash to open a quote ; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues , and is virtually the only convention used in works of fiction . Mag skłonił się . Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo . -- Jak się nazywa ta wieś , panie ? -- zapytał przybysz . Kowal wzruszył ramionami . -- Głupi Osioł . -- Głupi ... ? -- Osioł -- powtórzył kowal takim tonem , jakby wyzywał gościa , żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować . Mag zamyślił się . -- Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię -- stwierdził w końcu . -- W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał . Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą , kowalu , o twoim synu . The wizard bowed . A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully . `` What is the name of this place , sir ? '' said the wizard . The blacksmith shrugged . `` Dumb Ass , '' he said . ( original English version is `` Bad Ass '' , but that 's not a common phrase in Polish ) `` Dumb -- ? '' `` Ass , '' repeated the blacksmith , his tone defying anyone to make something of it . The wizard considered this . `` A name with a story behind it , '' he said at last , `` which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear . But I would like to speak to you , smith , about your son . '' ( Terry Pratchett , Equal Rites ) An en - dash is sometimes used in place of the em - dash , especially so in newspaper texts . Portuguese ( edit ) Neither the Portuguese Language regulator nor the Brazilian prescribe what is the shape for quotation marks , they only prescribe when and how they should be used . In Portugal , the angular quotation marks ( ex. `` quote '' ) are traditionally used . They are the Latin tradition quotation marks , used normally by typographers . It is that also the chosen representation for displaying quotation marks in reference sources , and it is also the chosen representation from some sites dedicated to the Portuguese Language . The Código de Redação for Portuguese - language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks representation ( `` ... `` ... ' ... ' ... '' ... '' ) : E estava escrito `` Alguém perguntou `` Quem foi que gritou ' Meu Deus ! ' ? '' . '' na folha de papel . And it was written `` Someone asked ' Who shouted ' My God ' ! ' ? '' . in the sheet of paper . in black : main sentence which contains the citations ; in green : 1st level citation ; in red : 2nd level citation ; in blue : 3rd level citation ; However , the usage of English - style ( ex. `` quote '' and ' quote ' ) marks is growing in Portugal . That is probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding inability of some machines ( mobile phones , cash registers , specific printers , calculators , etc . ) to display the angular quotation marks . In Brazil , however , the usage of angular quotation marks is little known , being used almost solely the curved quotation marks ( `` quote '' and ' quote ' ) . This can be verified , for instance , in the difference between a Portuguese keyboard ( which possesses a specific key for `` and for '' ) and a Brazilian keyboard . The Portuguese - speaking African countries tend to follow Portugal 's conventions , not the Brazilian ones . Other usages of quotation marks ( `` quote `` for double , `` quote '' for single ) are obsolete . Russian , Ukrainian , and Belarusian ( edit ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . ( July 2016 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Russian article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated ru Прямая речь ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . In Russian , Ukrainian , and Belarusian , angled quotation marks are used without spaces . In case of quoted material inside a quotation , rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks . However , some of them allow to use the same quotation marks for quoted material inside a quotation , and if inner and outer quotation marks fall together , then one of them should be omitted . Right : Пушкин писал Дельвигу : `` Жду `` Цыганов `` и тотчас тисну '' . ( Pushkin wrote to Delvig : `` Waiting for ' Gypsies ' , and publish at once . '' ) Permissible , when it is technically impossible to use different quotation marks : `` Цыганы '' мои не продаются вовсе '' , -- сетовал Пушкин . ( `` My ' Gypsies ' are not selling at all '' , Pushkin complained . ) It is common to use quotation dashes for dialogue , as well as within quotations for the reporting clause . For more details , see the Russian Wikipedia article on this topic . -- Кто там ? -- Это я , почтальон Печкин , -- последовал ответ . -- Принёс заметку про вашего мальчика . `` Who 's there ? '' `` It 's me , postman Pechkin , '' was the reply . `` I 've brought news about your boy . '' Spanish ( edit ) Spanish uses angled quotation marks ( comillas latinas or angulares ) as well , but always without the spaces . `` Esto es un ejemplo de cómo se suele hacer una cita literal en español '' . `` This is an example of how a literal quotation is usually written in Spanish . '' And , when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation , the system is : `` Antonio me dijo : `` Vaya ' cacharro ' que se ha comprado Julián '' '' . `` Antonio told me , ' What a piece of `` junk '' Julián has purchased for himself ' . '' As in French , the use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish , and the El País style guide , which is widely followed in Spain , recommends them . Hispanic Americans often use them , owing to influence from the United States . Chinese , Japanese and Korean quotation marks ( edit ) Corner brackets are well - suited for Chinese , Japanese , and Korean languages which are written in both vertical and horizontal orientations . China , South Korea , and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically . However , usages differ when writing horizontally : In Japan , corner brackets are used . In South Korea and Mainland China , corner brackets are prevalent , although English - style quotes are also used . In North Korea , angle quotes are used . In Taiwan , Hong Kong and Macau , where Traditional Chinese is used , corner brackets are prevalent , although English - style quotes are also used . In the Chinese language , double angle brackets are used around titles of books , documents , musical pieces , cinema films , TV programmes , newspapers , magazines , laws , etc . When nested , single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets . With some exceptions , this usage overlaps italics in English : 「你看過《三國演義》嗎 ? 」他問我 . `` Have you read Romance of the Three Kingdoms ? '' , he asks me . White corner brackets are used to mark quote - within - quote segments . Samples Unicode ( decimal ) Description Usage 「文字」 U + 300C ( 12300 ) , U + 300D ( 12301 ) Corner brackets Chinese : 單引號 ( zh ) ( dān yǐn hào ) Japanese : 鉤括弧 ( ja ) ( kagikakko ) Korean : 낫표 ( natpyo ) Japanese , Korean , Traditional Chinese 「文字」 U + FE41 ( 65089 ) , U + FE42 ( 65090 ) For vertical writing : Japanese , Korean , Traditional Chinese , Simplified Chinese 『文字』 U + 300E ( 12302 ) , U + 300F ( 12303 ) White corner brackets Chinese : 雙引號 ( shuāng yǐn hào ) , Japanese : 二重鉤括弧 ( ja ) ( nijū kagikakko ) Korean : 겹낫표 ( gyeopnatpyo ) Japanese , Korean ( book titles ) , Traditional Chinese 『文字』 U + FE43 ( 65091 ) , U + FE44 ( 65092 ) For vertical writing : Japanese , Korean , Traditional Chinese , Simplified Chinese `` 한 '' U + 201C ( 8220 ) , U + 201D ( 8221 ) Double quotation mark Korean : 큰 따옴표 ( keunttaompyo ) , Chinese : 雙引號 ( shuāng yǐn hào ) Korean ( South Korea ) , Traditional Chinese ( acceptable but less common , happened in Hong Kong mainly as a result of influence from mainland China ) , Simplified Chinese ' 한 ' U + 2018 ( 8216 ) , U + 2019 ( 8217 ) Single quotation mark Korean : 작은 따옴표 ( jageunttaompyo ) , Chinese : 單引號 ( dān yǐn hào ) Korean ( South Korea ) , Chinese ( for quote - within - quote segments ) 《 한 》 U + 300A ( 12298 ) , U + 300B ( 12299 ) Double angle quotes Korean : 겹 화살 괄호 ( gyeop'hwasalgwaro ) Chinese : 書名號 ( shū míng hào ) Korean ( book titles ) , Chinese ( used for titles of books , documents , musical pieces , cinema films , TV programmes , newspapers , magazines , laws , etc. ) 〈 한 〉 U + 3008 ( 12296 ) , U + 3009 ( 12297 ) Angle quotes Korean : 홑 화살 괄호 ( hot'hwasalgwaro ) Chinese : 書名號 ( shū míng hào ) Korean ( book sub-titles ) , Chinese ( used for titles of books , documents , musical pieces , cinema films , TV programmes , newspapers , magazines , laws , etc. ) Quotation dash ( edit ) See also : Dash § Horizontal bar Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue , replacing them with an initial dash : ― Oh saints above ! Miss Douce said , sighed above her jumping rose . I wished I had n't laughed so much . I feel all wet ― Oh Miss Douce ! Miss Kennedy protested . You horrid thing ! This style is particularly common in Bulgarian , French , Greek , Hungarian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Spanish , Swedish , Turkish , and Vietnamese . James Joyce always insisted on this style , although his publishers did not always respect his preference . Alan Paton used this style in Cry , the Beloved Country ( and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work ) . Charles Frazier used this style for his novel Cold Mountain as well . Details for individual languages are given above . The dash is often combined with ordinary quotation marks . For example , in French , a guillemet may be used to initiate running speech , with each change in speaker indicated by a dash , and a closing guillemet to mark the end of the quotation . Dashes are also used in many modern English novels , especially those written in non-standard dialects . Some examples include : James Joyce 's prose William Gaddis ' prose Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh M / F by Anthony Burgess The Book of Dave by Will Self , which alternates between standard English chapters , with standard quotation marks , and dialect chapters , with quotation dashes A Scanner Darkly by Philip K. Dick ( not written in dialect ) The Ægypt Sequence by John Crowley , in which events occurring in the Renaissance are indicated by quotation dashes , and events in the present by ordinary quotation marks The Van by Roddy Doyle You Shall Know Our Velocity by Dave Eggers , in which spoken dialogues are written with the typical English quotation marks , but dialogues imagined by the main character ( which feature prominently ) are written with quotation dashes In Italian , Catalan , Portuguese , Spanish , Ukrainian , Russian , Polish , Bulgarian , Georgian , Romanian , Lithuanian and Hungarian the reporting clause in the middle of a quotation is separated with two additional dashes ( also note that the initial quotation dash is followed by a single whitespace character as well as the fact that the additional quotation dashes for the middle main clause after the initial quotation dash are all with a single whitespace character on both of their sides ) : ― Ай , ай , ай ! ― вскрикнул Левин . ― Я ведь , кажется , уже лет девять не говел . Я и не подумал . ― Хорош ! ― смеясь , сказал Степан Аркадевич , ― а меня же называешь нигилистом ! Однако ведь это нельзя . Тебе надо говеть . `` Oh dear ! '' exclaimed Levin . `` I think it is nine years since I went to communion ! I have n't thought about it . '' `` You are a good one ! '' remarked Oblonsky , laughing . `` And you call me a Nihilist ! But it wo n't do , you know ; you must confess and receive the sacrament . '' from Leo Tolstoy 's Anna Karenina ( Louise and Aylmer Maude translation ) -- Nem hagyják magukat , mozgásban maradnak -- mondta Ron . -- Ahogy mi is . `` Well , they keep on the move , do n't they ? '' said Ron . `` Like us . '' From Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows and its Hungarian translation by Tóth Tamás Boldizsár . In Finnish , on the other hand , a second dash is added when the quote continues after a reporting clause : -- Et sinä ole paljon minkään näköinen , sanoi Korkala melkein surullisesti , -- mutta ei auta . `` You do n't seem to be anything special , '' said Korkala almost sadly , `` but there 's no help to it . '' -- Frakki , älähti Huikari . -- Missä on frakki ? -- Räätälissä , sanoi Joonas rauhallisesti . `` Tailcoat '' , yelped Huikari . `` Where is the tailcoat ? '' `` At the tailor 's '' , said Joonas calmly . The Unicode standard introduced a separate character U + 2015 ― HORIZONTAL BAR to be used as a quotation dash . In general it is the same length as an em - dash , and so this is often used instead . The main difference between them is that at least some software will insert a line break after an em dash , but not after a quotation dash . Both are displayed in the following table . Samples Unicode ( decimal ) HTML Description ― A U + 2015 ( 8213 ) & # 8213 ; Quotation dash , also known as horizontal bar -- A U + 2014 ( 8212 ) &mdash ; Em - dash , an alternative to the quotation dash Electronic documents ( edit ) Different typefaces , character encodings and computer languages use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks . Typewriters and early computers ( edit ) `` Ambidextrous '' quotation marks were introduced on typewriters to reduce the number of keys on the keyboard , and were inherited by computer keyboards and character sets . Some computer systems designed in the past had character sets with proper opening and closing quotes . However , the ASCII character set , which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s , only contains a straight single quote ( U + 0027 ' apostrophe ) and double quote ( U + 0022 `` quotation mark ) . Many systems , such as the personal computers of the 1980s and early 1990s , actually drew these quotes like curved closing quotes on - screen and in printouts , so text would appear like this ( approximately ) : '' Good morning , Dave , '' said HAL . ' Good morning , Dave , ' said HAL . These same systems often drew the grave accent ( ` , U + 0060 ) as an open quote glyph ( actually a high - reversed - 9 glyph , to preserve some usability as a grave ) . This gives a proper appearance at the cost of semantic correctness . Nothing similar was available for the double quote , so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes , which would look like the following : ‛ ‛ Good morning , Dave , ' ' said HAL . ‛ Good morning , Dave , ' said HAL . The typesetting application TeX uses this convention for input files . The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks . ` ` Good morning , Dave , ' ' said HAL . ` Good morning , Dave , ' said HAL . The Unicode slanted / curved quotes described below are shown here for comparison : `` Good morning , Dave , '' said HAL . ' Good morning , Dave , ' said HAL . Keyboard layouts ( edit ) Surprisingly , the correct ( the typographical ) quotation marks are almost absent in keyboards . In typewriter keyboards , the curved quotation marks were not implemented . Instead , to save space , the straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise . Even in countries that did not use curved quotation marks , angular quotation marks were not implemented either . Computer keyboards followed the steps of typewriter keyboards . Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks . This may also have to do with computer character sets : IBM character sets generally do not have the curved quotation marks characters , therefore , keys for the correct quotation marks are absent in most of IBM computer keyboards . Microsoft followed the steps IBM . Curved quotation marks were implemented later in Windows character sets , but most of Microsoft computer keyboards do not have a dedicated key for the correct quotation marks characters . They are accessible , though , through a series of keystrokes , involving the Alt Gr key . Macintosh character sets have always had the correct quotation marks . Nevertheless , these are mostly accessible through a series of keystrokes , involving the ⌥ Opt key . In languages that use the curved `` ... '' quotation marks , they are available in : none In languages that use the angular `` ... '' quotation marks , they are available in : Macintosh Arabic keyboard ; Armenian keyboard ; Canadian keyboard ; Greek keyboard ; Khmer keyboard ; Latvian ergonomic keyboard ; Pashto keyboard ; Persian keyboard ; Portuguese keyboard ; Syriac keyboard ; Uyghur keyboard ; In languages that use the corner bracket 「 ... 」 quotation marks , they are available in : Japanese keyboard ; In languages that use the angle bracket 《 ... 》 Mongolian keyboard ; New Tai Lue keyboard ; In languages that use the curved `` ... `` quotation marks , they are available in : Bulgarian keyboard ; Georgian keyboard ; Macedonian keyboard ; In languages that use the curved `` ... '' quotation marks , they are available in : Romanian Standard SR 13392 : 2004 keyboard ; In languages that use the curved '' ... '' quotation marks , they are available in : none ; Curved quotes within and across applications ( edit ) Historically support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology , primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them . To use non ASCII characters in e-mail and on Usenet the sending mail application needs to set a MIME type specifying the encoding . In most cases ( the exceptions being if UTF - 7 is used or if the 8BITMIME extension is present ) , this also requires the use of a content - transfer encoding . The term smart quotes ( `` ... '' ) is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem : automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes , the feature attempts to be `` smart '' enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing . Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones , word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users ( at minimum as available characters ) . Before Unicode was widely accepted and supported , this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8 - bit encoding the software and underlying operating system was using . The character sets for Windows and Macintosh used two different pairs of values for curved quotes , while ISO 8859 - 1 ( historically the default character set for the Unixes and older Linux systems ) has no curved quotes , making cross-platform and - application compatibility difficult . Performance by these `` smart quotes '' features was far from perfect overall ( variance potential by e.g. subject matter , formatting / style convention , user typing habits ) . As many word processors ( including Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org ) have the function enabled by default , users may not have realized that the ASCII - compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different ( conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications , e.g. composing emails ) . Further , `` smart quotes '' features wrongly process apostrophes as single quotes , given their common keyboard stroke . Both its purpose and its form ( no diversity at all ! ) contradict this treatment . Initial apostrophes ( such as in ' tis , ' em , ' til , and ' 89 ) are converted into opening single quotation marks -- essentially upside - down apostrophes . British styles , in which single quotes are the standard primary , are most affected by inability to parse these two punctuation marks separately . Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems . Thus , in at least some cases , transferring content containing curved quotes ( or any other non-ASCII characters ) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome , provided all steps in the process ( including the clipboard if applicable ) are Unicode - aware . But there are still applications which still use the older character sets , or output data using them , and thus problems still occur . There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used markup languages HTML , XML , and SGML . If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters , they can be used , but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that can not support the encoding . For example , many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default , so the quote characters may appear as `` garbage . '' HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes : &lsquo ; ( left single ) , &rsquo ; ( right single ) , &sbquo ; ( low 9 single ) , &ldquo ; ( left double ) , &rdquo ; ( right double ) , and &bdquo ; ( low 9 double ) . XML does not define these by default , but specifications based on it can do so , and XHTML does . In addition , while the HTML 4 , XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal , SGML and older versions of HTML ( and many old implementations ) only support decimal references . Thus , to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML , it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references . That is , to represent the double curly quotes use & # 8220 ; and & # 8221 ; , and to represent single curly quotes use & # 8216 ; and & # 8217 ; . Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser . While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers , using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings ( i.e. RSS aggregators and search results ) . Usenet and email ( edit ) The style of quoting known as Usenet quoting uses the greater - than sign ( > ) prepended to a line of text to mark it as a quote . This convention was later standardized in RFC 3676 , and is now used by email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages ( in plain text mode ) . Unicode code point table ( edit ) In Unicode , 30 characters are marked Quotation Mark = Yes by character property . They all have general category `` Punctuation '' , and a subcategory Open , Close , Initial , Final or Other ( Ps , Pe , Pi , Pf , Po ) . Quotation marks in Unicode ( Character property `` Quotation_Mark '' = Yes ) Glyph Code Unicode name HTML Comments `` U + 0022 quotation mark " ; Typewriter ( `` programmer 's '' ) quote , ambidextrous . Also known as `` double quote '' . ' U + 0027 apostrophe & # 39 ; Typewriter ( `` programmer 's '' ) straight single quote , ambidextrous `` U + 00AB left - pointing double angle quotation mark « ; Double angle quote ( chevron , guillemet , duck - foot quote ) , left '' U + 00BB right - pointing double angle quotation mark » ; Double angle quote , right ' U + 2018 left single quotation mark &lsquo ; Single curved quote , left . Also known as inverted comma or turned comma ' U + 2019 right single quotation mark &rsquo ; Single curved quote , right ‚ U + 201A single low - 9 quotation mark &sbquo ; Low single curved quote , left ‛ U + 201B single high - reversed - 9 quotation mark & # 8219 ; also called single reversed comma , quotation mark `` U + 201C left double quotation mark &ldquo ; Double curved quote , or `` curly quote '' , left '' U + 201D right double quotation mark &rdquo ; Double curved quote , right `` U + 201E double low - 9 quotation mark &bdquo ; Low double curved quote , left ‟ U + 201F double high - reversed - 9 quotation mark & # 8223 ; also called double reversed comma , quotation mark `` U + 2039 single left - pointing angle quotation mark &lsaquo ; Single angle quote , left '' U + 203A single right - pointing angle quotation mark &rsaquo ; Single angle quote , right ⹂ U + 2E42 double low - reversed - 9 quotation mark & # 11842 ; also called double low reversed comma , quotation mark Quotation marks in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean ( CJK ) 「 U + 300C left corner bracket & # 12300 ; CJK 」 U + 300D right corner bracket & # 12301 ; CJK 『 U + 300E left white corner bracket & # 12302 ; CJK 』 U + 300F right white corner bracket & # 12303 ; CJK 〝 U + 301D reversed double prime quotation mark & # 12317 ; CJK 〞 U + 301E double prime quotation mark & # 12318 ; CJK 〟 U + 301F low double prime quotation mark & # 12319 ; CJK Alternate encodings 「 U + FE41 presentation form for vertical left corner bracket & # 65089 ; CJK Compatibility , preferred use : U + 300C 」 U + FE42 presentation form for vertical right corner bracket & # 65090 ; CJK Compatibility , preferred use : U + 300D 『 U + FE43 presentation form for vertical left white corner bracket & # 65091 ; CJK Compatibility , preferred use : U + 300E 』 U + FE44 presentation form for vertical right white corner bracket & # 65092 ; CJK Compatibility , preferred use : U + 300F `` U + FF02 fullwidth quotation mark & # 65282 ; Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms , corresponds with U + 0022 ' U + FF07 fullwidth apostrophe & # 65287 ; Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms , corresponds with U + 0027 「 U + FF62 halfwidth left corner bracket & # 65378 ; Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms , corresponds with U + 300C 」 U + FF63 halfwidth right corner bracket & # 65379 ; Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms , corresponds with U + 300D Notes ( edit ) = Also sometimes used by 18th - and 19th - century printers for the small `` c '' for Scottish names , e.g. M'Culloch . For a printed example see the Green Bag reference or the Dictionary of Australasian Biography , page 290 ( Wikisource ) . The same U + 2019 code point and glyph is used for typographic ( curly ) apostrophes . Both U + 0027 and U + 2019 are ambiguous about distinguishing punctuation from apostrophes . Jump up ^ Traditional ^ Jump up to : Rare ^ Jump up to : Quotation dash preferred for dialogue ^ Jump up to : A closing quotation mark is added to the beginning of each new paragraph . ^ Jump up to : This is only used when text is written vertically . ^ Jump up to : These forms are rotated for use in horizontal text ; they were originally written 「 ... 」 and 『 ... 』 in vertical text ^ Jump up to : Within a quotation , the opening quotation mark is repeated at the beginning of each new paragraph . ^ Jump up to : Usage may vary , depending on the native language of the author and publisher . Jump up ^ First version according to the French Imprimerie nationale . English quotes are more common on the second level , though . ^ Jump up to : In Switzerland the same style is used for all languages . Jump up ^ Direction of text is vertical . Jump up ^ Handwriting and older texts Jump up ^ May substitute for either the opening or closing mark ^ Jump up to : These codes for vertical - writing characters are for presentation forms in the Unicode CJK compatibility forms section . Typical documents use normative character codes which are shown for the horizontal writing in this table , and applications are usually responsible to render correct forms depending on the writing direction used . ^ Jump up to : 1st or 2nd level access , i.e. , specific key or using the ⇧ Shift key ; not 3rd or 4th level access , i.e. , using Alt Gr key or ⌥ Opt key , in conjunction or not with the ⇧ Shift key . Jump up ^ These should be rotaded 90 degrees in vertical text . Jump up ^ An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show ' Til Death . Jump up ^ UK English , Scots Gaelic and Welsh as described in the article . References ( edit ) This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . Jump up ^ Lunsford , Susan ; 100 skill - building lessons using 10 favorite books : a teacher 's treasury of irresistible lessons & activities that help children meet learning goals in reading , writing , math & more ; p. 10 ISBN 0439205794 Jump up ^ Hayes , Andrea ; Language Toolkit for New Zealand 2 , Volume 2 , p. 17 ISBN 1107624703 Jump up ^ `` Quotation mark '' . Daube.ch. 1997 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` orthotypographie guilles '' . CUY . ^ Jump up to : Gabor , Peter . `` Guillemets anglais ou guillemets français - Un choix graphique , aussi '' . design et typo . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Sue ( 2014 ) . Typography & Language in Everyday Life : Prescriptions and Practices . Routledge . p. 117 . Jump up ^ Appleyard , David , 2012 . Colloquial Amharic . Routledge ISBN 0415671817 ^ Jump up to : `` Download International Style Guides - Microsoft - Language Portal '' . www.microsoft.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopic Layout Requirements '' . w3c.github.io . Jump up ^ Нацыянальны цэнтр прававой інфармацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь ( 2010 ) . Правілы беларускай арфаграфіі і пунктуацыі ( in Belarusian ) . Minsk : Нацыянальны цэнтр прававой інфармацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь . ^ Jump up to : Institute for the Bulgarian Language ( 2002 ) . Principles and Rules of Spelling Orthography and Punctuation in the Bulgarian Language ( in Bulgarian ) . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Sciences . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived September 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版 ( 網路試用版 ) '' . Edu.tw . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 語文學習基礎知識 '' . Resources.hkedcity.net . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hrvatski pravopis : inačica za javnu raspravu , Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje , 2013 , 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retskrivningsregler : § 58 . Anførselstegn '' ( Rules of orthography : § 58 . Quotation marks ) . dsn.dk ( in Danish ) . Dansk Sprognævn . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typografi '' ( PDF ) . Danmarks Medie - og Journalisthøjskole . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Burrough - Boenisch , Joy ( 2004 ) . Righting English That 's Gone Dutch . Voorburg : Kemper Conseil . pp. 41 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` Punctuation in direct speech '' . Oxford Dictionaries : Language Matters . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Commission on the Filipino Language ( 2009 ) . Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Filipino ( in Filipino ) . Manila : Commission on the Filipino Language . ISBN 978 - 971 - 8705 - 97 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Regulated by the standard SFS 4175 : 2006 , `` Typing of numbers , marks and signs . '' Released by the National standards organization of Finland . ^ Jump up to : González Rei , Begoña ( 2004 ) . Ortografía da lingua galega . Galinova Editorial . ISBN 978 - 8497370417 . Jump up ^ `` Dicionario da Real Academia Galega '' . academia. gal . Jump up ^ Sanmartín Rei , Goretti et all ( 2006 ) . `` Criterios para o uso da lingua '' ( PDF ) . A Coruña : Universidade da Coruña ; Servizo de Publicacións ; Servizo de Normalización Lingüística . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Δημήτρης Ν . Μαρωνίτης , `` Το Εγκόλπιο της Ορθής Γραφής '' ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Υπηρεσία Εκδόσεων -- Διοργανικό εγχειρίδιο σύνταξης κειμένων -- 10.1. 7 . Εισαγωγικά '' . European Union . 2012 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` הפיסוק `` . האקדמיה ללשון העברית . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Punctuation Marks in Hindi - विराम - चिन्ह , Examples - [email protected] '' . hindi.edurite.com . Jump up ^ Hungarian Wikipedia article about quotation marks ^ Jump up to : `` discorso diretto '' . treccani.it . Jump up ^ `` О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику '' ( On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script ) ( in Russian ) . President of the Republic of Kazakhstan . October 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts . Jump up ^ `` Putting It All Together : Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts '' . The Lojban Reference Grammar . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` quoting text in another language - La Lojban '' . mw.lojban.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : pp. 141 - 143 , Правопис на македонскиот литературен јазик , Б . Видеоски etal. , Просветно Дело - Скопје ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts , however Mongolian Baiti font shows wrong direction . Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts . Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout . ^ Jump up to : http://www.prof2000.pt/users/primavera/d33_aspas.htm Aspas ^ Jump up to : http://www.prof2000.pt/users/primavera/d34_aspas_altas.htm As aspas altas ^ Jump up to : https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/a-curvatura-das-aspas/33791 A curvatura das aspas Jump up ^ https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/as-aspas-em-linha--e-as-aspas-elevadas-/30497 As aspas em linha ( `` '' ) e as aspas elevadas ( `` '' ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/aspas Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico . Porto Editora , Porto , 2003 - 2016 ^ Jump up to : Bergström , Magnus , & Neves Reis 2004 . Prontuário Ortográfico e Guia da Língua Portuguesa . Editorial Notícias , Lisboa . Jump up ^ Academia Română , Institutul de Lingvistică `` Iorgu Iordan `` , Îndreptar ortografic , ortoepic și de punctuație , ediția a V-a , Univers Enciclopedic , București , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas -- Real Academia Española '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Veckans språkråd '' . Spraknamnden.se . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts . Jump up ^ Infered from fonts . Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout . Jump up ^ Davlatovna , Sapayeva Feruza . `` Oʻzbek tili orfografiyasi va punktuatsiyasi '' . Ajiniyoz nomidagi Nukus davlat pedagogika instituti -- Filologiya fakulteti . ^ Jump up to : Trung tâm Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Quốc gia , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` Các dấu câu trong tiếng Việt '' ( Punctuation marks in Vietnamese ) . Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt ( Vietnamese grammar ) ( in Vietnamese ) . Social Sciences Publishing House . pp. 287 -- 292 . Jump up ^ `` hoge aanhalingstekens / lage aanhalingstekens Genootschap Onze Taal '' . Onzetaal.nl. 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zasady pisowni i interpunkcji '' . Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny ( online edition ) . Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea . Academia das Ciências , Lisboa , 2001 Jump up ^ Cunha , Celso & Lindley Cintra . Gramática do Português Contemporâneo . Edições João Sá da Cunha , Lisboa , 2013 Jump up ^ Ciberdúvidas / ISCTE - IUL . `` O uso das aspas `` ... '' e `` ... '' - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa `` . ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt . Jump up ^ OP / B. 3 / CRI , Serviço das Publicações - . `` Serviço das Publicações -- Código de Redação Interinstitucional -- 10.4. 10 . Aspas '' . publications.europa.eu . Jump up ^ Лев Чешко , ed. ( 1956 ) , `` § 200 '' , Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации , Москва : Государственное учебно - педагогическое издательство Министерства Просвещения РСФСР Jump up ^ Мильчин , А. Э. ; Чельцова , Л. К. ( 2003 ) , Справочник издателя и автора . Редакционно - издательское оформление издания. ( 2 - е изд. , испр . и доп . ed . ) , Москва : Олма - Пресс , ISBN 5 - 224 - 04565 - 7 Jump up ^ This system follows the rules laid down in section 5.10 of the orthography guide Ortografía de la lengua española Archived 2009 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . published by the Real Academia Española ( RAE ) . Jump up ^ Joyce , James ( 1922 ) . Ulysses . London : The Bodley Head . p. 335 lines 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Itkonen , Terho ( 1997 ) . Kieliopas . Helsinki : Kirjayhtymä . p. 22 . ISBN 951 - 26 - 4299 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBM Globalization -- Keyboard layouts '' . www-01.ibm.com. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Keyboard Layouts '' . msdn.microsoft.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Keyboard Layout Index '' . www.unicode.org . Jump up ^ `` Armenian Eastern Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Canadian French Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Greek ( 319 ) Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Latvian Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Pashto ( Afghanistan ) Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Persian Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Syriac Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Uyghur Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Mongolian ( Mongolian Script ) Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian ( Phonetic ) Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Georgian Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Macedonian ( FYROM ) - Standard Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Romanian ( Standard ) Keyboard Layout '' . www.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ `` Unicode 10.0 UCD : PropList. txt '' . 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` M'Culloch and the Turned Comma '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag Inc . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quotation marks . Curling Quotes in HTML , SGML , and XML French Quotes Typography ( Œuvrez les guillemets ! ) ( in French ) Quotation marks in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository ASCII and Unicode quotation marks -- detailed discussion of the ASCII ` backquote ' problem The Gallery of `` Misused '' Quotation Marks Commonly confused characters Smart Quotes How to type smart quotes on Unix How To Remove Quotation Marks Delete Quote Marks . 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About Wikipedia	where does the full stop go with speech marks	[ "\n\n“ ” \" \"\n‘ ’ ' '\n\n\n\nEnglish quotation marks\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n“ ”\n« »\n「」\n\n\nCitation marks\nGuillemets\nCJK brackets\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPunctuation\n\n\napostrophe\n’ '\n\n\nbrackets\n[ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩\n\n\ncolon\n:\n\n\ncomma\n, ، 、\n\n\ndash\n‒ – — ―\n\n\nellipsis\n… ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ\n\n\nexclamation mark\n !\n\n\nfull stop, period\n.\n\n\nguillemets\n‹ › « »\n\n\nhyphen\n‐\n\n\nhyphen-minus\n-\n\n\nquestion mark\n ?\n\n\nquotation marks\n‘ ’ “ ” ' ' \" \"\n\n\nsemicolon\n;\n\n\nslash, stroke, solidus\n/ ⁄\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWord dividers\n\n\ninterpunct\n·\n\n\nspace\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral typography\n\n\nampersand\n&\n\n\nasterisk\n*\n\n\nat sign\n@\n\n\nbackslash\n\\\n\n\nbullet\n•\n\n\ncaret\n^\n\n\ndagger\n† ‡\n\n\ndegree\n°\n\n\nditto mark\n”\n\n\ninverted exclamation mark\n¡\n\n\ninverted question mark\n¿\n\n\nkomejirushi, kome, reference mark\n※\n\n\nnumber sign, pound, hash\n#\n\n\nnumero sign\n№\n\n\nobelus\n÷\n\n\nmultiplication sign\n×\n\n\nordinal indicator\nº ª\n\n\npercent, per mil\n % ‰\n\n\nplus and minus\n+ −\n\n\nequals sign\n=\n\n\nbasis point\n‱\n\n\npilcrow\n¶\n\n\nprime\n′ ″ ‴\n\n\nsection sign\n§\n\n\ntilde\n~\n\n\nunderscore, understrike\n_\n\n\nvertical bar, pipe, broken bar\n\| ‖ ¦\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIntellectual property\n\n\ncopyright\n©\n\n\nsound-recording copyright\n℗\n\n\nregistered trademark\n®\n\n\nservice mark\n℠\n\n\ntrademark\n™\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrency\n\n\ncurrency sign\n¤\n\n\ncurrency symbols\n\n\n؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元圆圓 ﷼ ៛ ₽ ₹ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUncommon typography\n\n\nasterism\n⁂\n\n\nfleuron, hedera\n❧\n\n\nindex, fist\n☞\n\n\ninterrobang\n‽\n\n\nirony punctuation\n⸮\n\n\nlozenge\n◊\n\n\ntie\n⁀\n\n\n\n\n\nRelated\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiacritics\nLogic symbols\n\n\n\nWhitespace characters\n\n\n\n\n\nIn other scripts\n\n\n\n\n\nChinese\nHebrew\nJapanese\nKorean\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Category\n Portal\n\n\n Book\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nt\ne\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "period" ]
-3563122665765606829	The Lone Ranger (TV series)	The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For other uses , see Lone Ranger ( disambiguation ) . The Lone Ranger Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger Created by George W. Trendle Fran Striker Starring Clayton Moore Jay Silverheels John Hart Chuck Courtney Narrated by Gerald Mohr Fred Foy Opening theme `` William Tell Overture '' by Gioachino Rossini Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 221 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Apex Film Wrather Productions Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white ( 1949 -- 1956 ) Color ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 15 , 1949 ( 1949 - 09 - 15 ) -- June 6 , 1957 ( 1957 - 06 - 06 ) The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957 , with Clayton Moore in the starring role . Jay Silverheels , a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada , played The Lone Ranger 's Native American companion Tonto . John Hart replaced Moore in the title role from 1952 to 1954 due to a contract dispute . Fred Foy , who had been both narrator and announcer of the radio series from 1948 until its ending , was the announcer . Gerald Mohr was originally employed as the narrator for the television series , but story narration was dropped after 16 episodes . The Lone Ranger was the highest - rated television program on ABC in the early 1950s and its first true `` hit '' . The series finished # 7 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950 - 1951 season , # 18 for 1951 - 1952 and # 29 for 1952 - 1953 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series premise 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Cast 5 Guest stars 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Series premise ( edit ) The fictional story line maintains that a patrol of six Texas Rangers is massacred , with only one member surviving . The `` lone '' survivor thereafter disguises himself with a black mask and travels with Tonto throughout Texas and the American West to assist those challenged by the lawless elements . A silver mine supplies The Lone Ranger with the name of his horse as well as the funds required to finance his wandering life - style and the raw material for his signature bullets . At the end of most episodes , after the Lone Ranger and Tonto leave , someone asks the sheriff or other person of authority who the masked man was . The person then responds that it was the Lone Ranger , who is then heard yelling `` Hi - Yo Silver , away ! '' as he and Tonto ride away on their horses . Production ( edit ) George W. Trendle retained the title of producer , although he recognized that his experience in radio was not adequate for producing the television series . For this , he hired veteran MGM film producer Jack Chertok . Chertok served as the producer for the first 182 episodes . The first 78 episodes were produced and broadcast for 78 consecutive weeks without any breaks or reruns . Then the entire 78 episodes were shown again before any new episodes were produced . All were shot in Kanab , Utah and California . Much of the series was filmed on the former Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth , California , including the iconic opening sequence to each episode , in which the cry of `` Hi - yo Silver '' is heard before the Lone Ranger and Silver gallop to a distinctive rock and Silver rears up on his hind legs . The rock seen next to Silver is known as Lone Ranger Rock and remains in place today on the site of the former movie ranch . When it came time to produce another batch of 52 episodes , there was a wage dispute with Clayton Moore ( until his death , the actor insisted that the problem was creative differences ) , and John Hart was hired to play the role of the Lone Ranger . Once again , the 52 new episodes were aired in sequence followed by 52 weeks rerunning them . Despite expectations that the mask would make the switch workable , Hart was not accepted in the role , and his episodes were not seen again until the 1980s . At the end of the fifth year of the television series , Trendle sold the Lone Ranger rights to Jack Wrather , who bought them on August 3 , 1954 . Wrather immediately rehired Clayton Moore to play the Lone Ranger , and another 52 episodes were produced . Once again , they were broadcast as a full year of new episodes followed by a full year of reruns . The final season saw a number of changes , including an episode count of 39 , which had become the industry standard . Wrather invested money from his own pocket to film in color , although ABC telecast only in black and white . Wrather also went outdoors for action footage . Otherwise , the series was mostly filmed on a studio sound stage . Another big change , not readily detectable by the viewers , was replacing Jack Chertok with producer Sherman A. Harris . By this time , Chertok had established his own television production company and was busy producing other programs . Wrather decided not to negotiate further with the network and took the property to the big screen and cancelled television production . The last new episode of the color series was broadcast on June 6 , 1957 , and the series ended September 12 , 1957 , although ABC reaped the benefits of daytime reruns for several more years . Wrather 's company produced two modestly budgeted theatrical features , The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) and The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) . The cast included former child actress Bonita Granville , who had married Wrather after his divorce from a daughter of former Texas Governor W. Lee O'Daniel . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lone Ranger episodes Cast ( edit ) Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels in 1956 . Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger ( 169 episodes ; 1949 -- 1951 , 1954 -- 1957 ) John Hart as The Lone Ranger ( 52 episodes ; 1952 -- 1953 ) Jay Silverheels as Tonto ( 217 episodes ; 1949 -- 1957 ) Chuck Courtney as Dan Reid ( Lone Ranger 's nephew ) ( 14 episodes ; 1950 -- 1955 ) Guest stars ( edit ) Michael Ansara - Angry Horse in episode 74 - `` Trouble at Black Rock '' ( 1951 ) . James Arness - Deputy Bud Titus in episode 33 - `` Matter of Courage '' ( 1950 ) . John Banner - Von Baden in episode 39 - `` Damsels in Distress '' ( 1950 ) Frances Bavier - Aunt Maggie Sawtelle in episode 159 - `` Sawtelle Saga 's End '' ( 1955 ) . Hugh Beaumont - Reverend Randy Roberts in episode 99 - `` The Godless Men '' ( 1953 ) . Lane Bradford - Jake in episode 4 - `` The Legion of Old Timers '' ( 1949 ) , Slick in episode 19 - `` Greed for Gold '' ( 1950 ) , Sergeant Pala in episode 44 - `` White Man 's Magic '' ( 1950 ) , Lige Watkin in episode 58 - `` Crime in Time '' ( 1950 ) , Joe in episode 64 - `` Desert Adventure '' ( 1950 ) , Gat Towson in episode 71 - `` The Outcast '' ( 1951 ) , Dusty in episode 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , Rufe in episode 84 - `` Jeb 's Gold Mine '' ( 1952 ) , Zeke in episode 105 - `` A Stage for Mademoiselle '' ( 1953 ) , Smiley Hawks in episode 111 - `` The Deserter '' ( 1953 ) , Gus in episode 133 - `` Message to Fort Apache '' ( 1954 ) , Matt Rusk in episode 138 - `` Stage to Teshimingo '' ( 1954 ) , Jed in episode 187 - `` The Cross of Santo Domingo '' ( 1956 ) , George Stark in episode 197 - `` Christmas Story '' ( 1956 ) , and Duke Wade in episode 216 - `` Mission for Tonto '' ( 1957 ) . Robert Bray - Al Davis in episode 84 - `` Jeb 's Gold Mine '' ( 1952 ) , Ben in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , Dan Glick in episode 125 - `` The Perfect Crime '' ( 1953 ) , Joe Tarbuck in episode 137 - `` Outlaw 's Trail '' ( 1954 ) , Mace in episode 146 - `` Two for Juan Ringo '' ( 1954 ) , and Mike Barty in episode 163 - `` False Accusation '' ( 1955 ) . Harry Carey , Jr . - Jay Thomasson in episode 174 - `` The Return of Dice Dawson '' ( 1955 ) . Harry Cheshire - Judge Wells in episode 90 - `` Word of Honor '' ( 1952 ) , Doc Wilson in episode 123 - `` The Midnight Rider '' ( 1953 ) . Phyllis Coates - Ann Wyman in episode 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( 1953 ) Naomi Courtwright in episode 125 - `` The Perfect Crime '' ( 1953 ) and Jane Johnson in 166 - `` Woman in the White Mask '' ( 1955 ) . Christopher Dark - Dr. William Hubbard in episode 139 - `` Texas Draw '' ( 1954 ) , Kat - Kem in episode 176 - `` The Return '' ( 1955 ) Gail Davis - episodes 25 - `` Buried Treasure '' and 38 - `` Spanish Gold '' ( both 1950 ) . John Doucette - Dirk in episode 14 - `` The Masked Rider '' ( 1949 ) , Ox Martin in episode 31 - `` Gold Fever '' ( 1950 ) , Rocky Hanford in episode 46 - `` Sheriff of Gunstock '' ( 1950 ) , Pierre Dumont in episode 60 - `` Thieves ' Money '' ( 1950 ) , Flack in episode 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , Andrew Gage in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , Blaze in episode 131 - `` The Fugitive '' ( 1954 ) , Kelso in episode 140 - `` Rendezvous at Whipsaw '' ( 1954 ) , Lew Cates in episode 150 - `` The School Story '' ( 1955 ) , Deputy Sawyer in episode 178 - `` Trapped '' ( 1955 ) , and Beau Slate in episode 181 - `` Counterfeit Redskins '' ( 1955 ) Frank Ferguson - episode 149 - `` Enfield Rifle '' ( 1955 ) . Margaret Field - episode 19 - `` Greed for Gold '' ( 1950 ) . John Hart - episodes 34 - `` Rifles and Renegades '' and 46 - `` Sheriff at Gunstock '' ( both 1950 ) . Hart would return to the series in the title role for one season in 1952 - 1953 . Percy Helton - episode 148 - `` Dan Reid 's Sacrifice '' ( 1955 ) . Dwayne Hickman , along with his brother Darryl Hickman - episode 75 - `` Two Gold Lockets '' ( 1951 ) . David Holt - episode 30 - the prison warden 's kidnapped son in `` Never Say Die '' ( 1950 ) . I. Stanford Jolley - Asa Jones in episode 34 - `` Rifles and Renegades '' ( 1950 ) , Stark Durfee in episode 42 - `` Eye for an Eye '' ( 1950 ) , Seth in episode 67 - `` Lady Killer '' ( 1950 ) , Will Motter in episode 97 - `` Trader Boggs '' ( 1953 ) , Don Esteban in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , and Dave in episode 119 - `` Hidden Fortune '' ( 1953 ) . Dick Jones - episode 40 - `` Man Without a Gun '' ( 1950 ) . Stacy Keach , Sr. - episode 168 - `` Showdown at Sand Creek '' ( 1955 ) . DeForest Kelley - three episodes : 4 - `` The Legion of Old Timers '' ( 1949 ) , 27 - `` Gold Trains '' ( 1950 ) , and 117 - `` Death in the Forest '' ( 1953 ) . Douglas Kennedy - Curley Bates in episode 41 - `` A Pardon for Curley '' ( 1950 ) , Slim Roberts in episode 82 - `` Desperado at Large '' ( 1952 ) , Bull Gunderson in episode 86 - `` Ranger in Danger '' ( 1952 ) , George Milliner in episode 101 - `` Right to Vote '' ( 1953 ) , Sheriff Tom Lowell in episode 136 - `` Six Gun Sanctuary '' ( 1954 ) , and John Trent in episode 161 - `` Trigger Finger '' ( 1955 ) . Nan Leslie - Nancy Barton in episode 14 - `` The Masked Rider '' ( 1949 ) , Alicia Scoville in episode 47 - `` The Wrong Man '' ( 1950 ) , Leia Anson in episode 67 - `` Lady Killer '' ( 1950 ) , Martha Neal in episode 81 - `` Special Edition '' ( 1952 ) , Molly O'Connel in episode 110 - `` The Durango Kid '' ( 1953 ) , Kitty Martin in episode 118 - `` Gentleman from Julesburg '' ( 1953 ) , Jean Scott in episode 143 - `` A Broken Match '' ( 1954 ) , and Susan Starr in episode 175 - `` Adventure at Arbuckle '' ( 1956 ) . `` The Masked Rider '' was her television debut . Marjorie Lord - episode 155 - `` The Law Lady '' ( 1955 ) . Tyler MacDuff - Brad Stanton in episode 182 - `` One Nation , Indivisible '' ( 1955 ) , Clint Harkey in episode 194 - `` The Twisted Track '' ( 1956 ) , Kip Holloway in episode 216 - `` Mission for Tonto '' ( 1957 ) Is the only television actor to have spoken both of the lines `` Who was that masked man ? '' and `` That was the Lone Ranger ! '' David McMahon - Clay Durfee in episode 42 - `` Eye for an Eye '' ( 1950 ) , Jim Collins in episode 60 - `` Thieves ' Money '' ( 1950 ) , Mr. Herbert in episode 78 - `` Mr. Trouble '' ( 1951 ) , and Bert in episode 90 - `` Word of Honor '' ( 1952 ) Martin Milner - episode 28 - `` Pay Dirt '' ( 1950 ) . Ewing Mitchell - Major in episode 201 - `` The Courage of Tonto '' and Tom Bryan in 218 - `` The Banker 's Son '' ( both 1957 ) . Noel Neill - episode 69 - `` Letter of the Law '' ( 1951 ) . John M. Pickard - Smokey Baines in episode 79 - `` Outlaw 's Son '' ( 1952 ) , Jeff Seaton in episode 94 - `` Best Laid Plans '' ( 1952 ) , Henry Flack in episode 126 - `` The Ghost of Coyote Canyon '' ( 1953 ) , Matt Coleman in episode 158 - `` Sunstroke Mesa '' ( 1955 ) , Moose Miller in episode 169 - `` Heart of a Cheater '' ( 1955 ) , Jess Tyler in episode 196 - `` Trouble at Tylerville '' ( 1956 ) , and Lem Hollister in episode 221 - `` Outlaws in Grease Paint '' ( 1957 ) . Slim Pickens - episode 184 - `` The Sheriff of Smoke Tree '' ( 1956 ). episode 192 - `` The Letter Bride '' ( 1956 ) . Denver Pyle - episodes 71 - `` The Outcast '' and 72 - `` Backtrail '' ( 1951 ) , episode 166 - `` The Woman in the White Mask '' ( 1955 ) , and episodes 187 - `` The Cross of Santo Domingo '' and 190 - `` Quicksand '' ( both 1956 ) . Mike Ragan - Curly in episode 21 - `` Barnaby Boggs , Esquire '' ( 1950 ) , Pike Lane in episode 34 - `` Bullets for Ballots '' ( 1950 ) , Crane in episode 50 - `` The Black Widow '' ( 1950 ) , Al in episode 57 - `` Danger Ahead '' ( 1950 ) , Chad Hackett in episode 70 - `` Silent Voice '' ( 1951 ) , Jeff Durbin in episode 83 - `` Through the Wall '' ( 1952 ) , Dave in episode 188 - `` White Hawk 's Decision '' ( 1956 ) , Slim Wiley in episode 191 - `` Quarter Horse War '' ( 1956 ) , Sloat in episode 198 - `` Ghost Canyon '' ( 1956 ) . Marion Ross - episode 139 - `` Texas Draw '' ( 1954 ) . Victor Sen Yung - episode 192 - `` The Letter Bride '' ( 1956 ) . Kim Spalding - Moose in episode 53 - `` Million Dollar Wallpaper '' ( 1950 ) , Ed in episode 72 - `` Backtrail '' ( 1951 ) , and Joe in episode 103 - `` Tumblerock Law '' ( 1953 ) . Glenn Strange - played Butch Cavendish in episodes 1 - `` Enter the Lone Ranger '' ( 1949 ) , 2 - `` The Lone Ranger Fights On '' ( 1949 ) , 3 - `` The Lone Ranger 's Triumph '' ( 1949 ) , and 30 - `` Never Say Die '' ( 1950 ) . Also appeared as Bart Walton in episode 95 - `` Indian Charlie '' ( 1953 ) , Tom Casley in episode 122 - `` Gunpowder Joe '' ( 1953 ) , and as a stagecoach driver in episodes 132 - `` Ex-Marshal '' ( 1954 ) and 160 - `` The Too - Perfect Signature '' ( 1955 ) . William Tannen - Curly in episode 20 - `` Man of the House '' ( 1950 ) , Major Halliday in episode 191 - `` Quarter Horse War '' ( 1956 ) , and Seth McKeever in episode 195 - `` Decision for Chris McKeever '' ( 1956 ) Carol Thurston - Beata in episode 13 - `` Finders Keepers '' ( 1949 ) and Mary Turner in 62 - `` Masked Deputy '' ( 1950 ) . Minerva Urecal - episode 29 - `` Ghost Town Fury '' ( 1950 ) and episode 145 - `` Homer With a High Hat '' ( 1954 ) . Lee Van Cleef - episode 82 - `` Desperado at Large '' ( 1952 ) , and episodes 114 - `` The Brown Pony '' and 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( both 1953 ) . Eddy Waller - Jules in episode 118 - `` The Gentleman from Julesburg '' ( 1953 ) , Jim Haskell in episode 169 - `` Heart of a Cheater '' ( 1955 ) , and Hardrock Hazen in episode 170 - `` The Swami '' ( 1955 ) . Frank Wilcox - Ross Colby in episode 88 - `` The Map '' ( 1952 ) , Samuel DeWitt in episode 105 - `` A Stage for Mademoiselle '' ( 1953 ) , Slate Corbaley in episode 128 - `` Prisoner in Jeopardy '' ( 1953 ) , and Bradford in episode 176 - `` The Return '' ( 1955 ) . Guy Williams - played a love - struck sheriff in episode 42 - `` Six - Gun Artist '' ( 1955 ) . Was later known for playing Zorro , one of the inspirations for the Lone Ranger character . Michael Winkelman - Chip Truett in episode 212 - `` The Prince of Buffalo Gap '' ( 1957 ) . Sheb Wooley - episodes 116 - `` The Wake of War '' and 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( both 1953 ) , episode 133 - `` Message to Fort Apache '' ( 1954 ) , and episode 165 - `` Wanted : The Lone Ranger '' ( 1955 ) . Hank Worden - Rusty Bates in episode 9 - `` The Tenderfeet '' ( 1949 ) , Stage Driver Whip in episode 121 - `` Woman from Omaha '' ( 1953 ) , Ed in episode 126 - `` The Ghost of Coyote Canyon '' ( 1953 ) , Ike Beatty in episode 138 - `` Stage to Teshimingo '' ( 1954 ) , Jud in episode 179 - `` The Bait : Gold '' ( 1955 ) , and Bruckner in episode 218 - `` The Banker 's Son '' ( 1957 ) . DVD releases ( edit ) On March 31 , 2009 , Mill Creek Entertainment released the box set Gun Justice featuring The Lone Ranger with other westerns , including Annie Oakley , The Adventures of Kit Carson , The Cisco Kid , Cowboy G - Men , Judge Roy Bean , The Gabby Hayes Show , and The Roy Rogers Show . On November 11 , 2009 , Classic Media released The Lone Ranger : 75th Anniversary Edition to commemorate the show . On June 4 , 2013 , Classic Media released The Lone Ranger : Collector 's Edition , a 30 - disc set featuring all 221 episodes of the series on DVD for the very first time , though many of the episodes are the syndicated edits missing 2 -- 3 minutes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 29 , 1999 ) . `` Clayton Moore , Television 's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man , Dies at 85 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Moore , the ' Lone Ranger , ' dead at 85 '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 1993 - 06 - 12 ) . `` After 60 Years , the Lone Ranger Still Lives '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Moore , the `` Lone Ranger '' , dead at 85 `` . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( 1999 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Obituary : Clayton Moore '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stassel , Stephanie ( 1999 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Clayton Moore , TV 's `` Lone Ranger '' , Dies `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Ranger star dies '' . BBC . 1999 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 1993 - 06 - 09 ) . `` A Gathering of Kemo Sabes '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's That Masked Man ? Hi - Yo - It 's Clayton Moore ! '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1985 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis . `` John Hart dies at 91 ; the other ' Lone Ranger ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Biography for Tyler MacDuff '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` MichaelWinkelman ( 1946 - 1999 ) '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger - Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger DVD news : Package Art for The Lone Ranger - Collector 's Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) The Lone Ranger at TV.com The Lone Ranger on IMDb The Lone Ranger at YouTube Lone Ranger Rock at the Iverson Movie Ranch Iverson Movie Ranch : History , vintage photos . The Lone Ranger Tonto Creators Fran Striker George W. Trendle Television TV series ( 1949 -- 57 ) episodes First animated TV series ( 1966 -- 69 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Lone Ranger TV film ( 2003 ) Film The Lone Ranger ( 1938 serial ) The Lone Ranger Rides Again ( 1939 serial ) The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) soundtrack Other Video game ( 1991 ) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven ( 1993 ) Jack Wrather `` Ke - mo sah - bee '' Green Hornet `` William Tell Overture '' Disney Infinity `` The Lone Stranger '' ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)&oldid=828997281 '' Categories : 1949 American television series debuts 1957 American television series endings 1940s American television series 1950s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Television series based on Lone Ranger Television series based on radio programs Western ( genre ) television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the lone ranger on the tv series	[ "The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role. Jay Silverheels, a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada, played The Lone Ranger's Native American companion Tonto." ]	[ "Clayton Moore" ]
764833534449078533	Wagon Wheel (song)	Wagon Wheel ( song ) - wikipedia Wagon Wheel ( song ) `` Wagon Wheel '' Song by Old Crow Medicine Show from the album O.C.M.S. Released February 24 , 2004 Recorded 2003 at RCA Studio B in Nashville , Tennessee Genre Country Americana folk bluegrass Length 3 : 52 Label Nettwerk Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Ketch Secor Producer ( s ) David Rawlings Music video `` Wagon Wheel '' on YouTube `` Wagon Wheel '' is a song co-written by Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show . Dylan recorded the chorus in 1973 ; Secor added verses 25 years later . Old Crow Medicine Show 's final version was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013 . The song has been covered numerous times , notably by Nathan Carter in 2012 and Darius Rucker in 2013 . Rucker 's version reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart and was certified triple Platinum by the RIAA in March 2014 . Contents 1 Content 2 Background and writing 3 Creative rights 4 Popularity 5 Certification 6 Nathan Carter version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Music video 6.3 Chart performance 7 Darius Rucker version 7.1 Backstory 7.2 Genre 7.3 Critical reception 7.4 Music video 7.5 Chart performance 7.6 Charts and certifications 7.7 Weekly charts 7.8 Year - end charts 7.9 Certifications 8 Other covers 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 External links Content ( edit ) The song describes a hitchhiking journey south along the eastern coast of the United States , from New England in the northeast , through Roanoke , Virginia , with the intended destination of Raleigh , North Carolina , where the narrator hopes to see his lover . As the narrator is walking south of Roanoke , he catches a ride with a trucker who is traveling from Philadelphia through Virginia westward toward the Cumberland Gap and Johnson City , Tennessee . Old Crow Medicine Show 's version of the song is in 2 / 4 time signature , with an approximate tempo of 76 half notes per minute . It uses the I -- V -- vi -- IV pattern in the key of A major , with the main chord pattern of A -- E -- F ♯ m -- D . Background and writing ( edit ) I 'd gotten a ( Bob ) Dylan bootleg in like ninth grade and I let ( band co-founder ) Ketch ( Secor ) listen to it , and he wrote the verses because Bob kind of mumbles them and that was it . We 've been playing that song since we were like 17 , and it 's funny because we 've never met Dylan , but the song is technically co-written by Bob Dylan . What 's great about `` Wagon Wheel '' is that it has grown organically . The popularity of it was all based on word of mouth . There was no radio airplay for it . We made a music video for it , but it was n't `` November Rain '' or anything . No one was like , ' Oh my God , what 's this video about ? ' And 16 years later , it went gold , then Darius Rucker cut it . Chris `` Critter '' Fuqua `` Wagon Wheel '' is composed of two different parts . The chorus and melody for the song come from a demo recorded by Bob Dylan during the Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid sessions in February 1973 . Although never officially released , the Dylan song was released on a bootleg , usually named after the chorus and its refrain , `` Rock Me Mama '' . Dylan left the song an unfinished sketch . Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show wrote verses for the song around Dylan 's original chorus ( and melody ) : So rock me mama like a wagon wheel Rock me mama any way you feel Hey mama rock me Rock me mama like the wind and the rain Rock me mama like a south - bound train Hey mama rock me Chris `` Critter '' Fuqua , Secor 's school friend and future bandmate , first brought home a Bob Dylan bootleg from a family trip to London containing the rough outtake called `` Rock Me , Mama '' . Not `` so much a song as a sketch , crudely recorded featuring most prominently a stomping boot , the candy - coated chorus and a mumbled verse that was hard to make out '' , the tune kept going through Secor 's mind . A few months later , while attending Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire , and `` feeling homesick for the South , '' he added verses about `` hitchhiking his way home full of romantic notions put in his head by the Beat poets and , most of all , Dylan . '' Secor 's verses tell `` the story of a man who travels from New England , through Philadelphia , PA , and Roanoke , VA , down the eastern coast of the United States , ending up in Raleigh , North Carolina , where he hopes to see his lover . '' The Secor lyrics contain a geographic impossibility : heading `` west from the Cumberland Gap '' to Johnson City , Tennessee `` you 'd have to go east . '' As Secor explains : `` I got some geography wrong , but I still sing it that way . I just wanted the word ' west ' in there . ' West ' has got more power than ' east . ' '' Bob Dylan performing in Vitoria - Gasteiz , in Northern Spain , during the Azkena Rock Festival on June 26 , 2010 . Creative rights ( edit ) Secor saw the Dylan contribution as `` an outtake of something he had mumbled out on one of those tapes . I sang it all around the country from about 17 to 26 , before I ever even thought , ' Oh , I better look into this . ' '' When Secor sought copyright on the song in 2003 to release it on O.C.M.S. in ( 2004 ) , he discovered Dylan credited the phrase `` Rock me , mama '' to bluesman Arthur `` Big Boy '' Crudup , who likely got it from a Big Bill Broonzy recording . As Secor says : `` In a way , it 's taken something like 85 years to get completed . '' Secor and Dylan signed a co-writing agreement , and share copyright on the song ; agreeing to a `` 50 -- 50 split in authorship . '' Secor recalls that , `` I met ( Dylan 's son ) Jakob , and Jakob said it made sense that I was a teenager when I did that , because no one in their 30s would have the guts to try to write a Bob Dylan song . '' Popularity ( edit ) It sort of exists separately from the world of things that are on the radio . `` Wagon Wheel '' has made it around the camp fires and the jam sessions and the parking lot scenes , in a way that songs of this decade or the last decade tend not to . When you go to a drum circle at a camp fire , you 'll hear songs that are 40 years old that a kid with a hemp leash just learned , like `` The Weight '' by The Band , and then you 're going to hear `` Wagon Wheel . '' Ketch Secor As Old Crow Medicine Show 's signature song , `` Wagon Wheel '' is in some ways bigger than the group itself -- even though the song 's origins predate formation of the musical act . The song was an early entry in the group 's catalog when it formed a few years after Secor penned it . The group reportedly performed the song at the Station Inn in Nashville in 2001 , as part of a series of songs commemorating Bob Dylan 's 60th birthday . The song has become extremely popular since its inclusion on Old Crow Medicine Show 's major label debut , O.C.M.S. in 2004 , although the song appeared in an earlier form on the now out - of - print EP Troubles Up and Down the Road in 2001 . The group 's version of the song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013 . To celebrate they released a limited edition 7 '' vinyl record of the song with `` ' All Night Long ' Live At The Station Inn '' ( 2003 ) on the B - side . Asked in mid-2008 if he gets `` sick of playing it every night , '' Secor responded : `` I do n't mind playing it every night . I like to see what it does to people , and it 's nice to have something that 's guaranteed , especially when you 're shuffling through new material . '' This `` catchy country - infused sing - along '' has `` taken on the status of ' Free Bird ' '' -- `` in that it has become a bar room staple that drunks love to loudly request at every show , regardless of who the band is '' John Cranford with music label Swampfire Records -- who organize a regular jam session on Hilton Head Island , South Carolina called Swampfire Sessions -- says `` It has become our generation 's ' Freebird . ' '' Lately , it 's been open season on `` Wagon Wheel , '' which has become the acoustic musician 's `` Freebird , '' one of the very few songs that people actually know well enough to find it funny to request . -- The Portland Phoenix The song has become such a popular cover song at musical gatherings , venues and events that some discourage its performance . At the Swampfire Sessions , Cranford states : `` We banned it . ( We ) literally put signs up that said ' Absolutely No Wagon Wheel . ' '' `` Man , some of us hate that song , '' he said . `` Others play it all the time . '' Cranford , who used to play `` Wagon Wheel '' on request , quit doing so after Rucker 's cover . `` This song was great when Dylan wrote it and Old Crow played it , but once Darius Rucker flooded the airwaves with his version , all hope was lost , '' he said . The New England Americana Festival sells a shirt with an image of a wagon wheel with a line through it -- creating a `` no ' Wagon Wheel ' zone '' -- and `` hipster bar owners ' ban ' it . '' The song is basically inescapable . It 's as much a part of country music as the classics like `` Hello Walls '' or `` Islands In The Stream . '' That 's a big claim , sure , but how many other country songs actually get banned from clubs they 're played and requested so much ? -- Wide Open Country Certification ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,167,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Nathan Carter version ( edit ) `` Wagon Wheel '' Single by Nathan Carter from the album Wagon Wheel Released 15 June 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Country Country and Irish Length 4 : 12 Label Sharpe Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Ketch Secor Nathan Carter singles chronology `` Wagon Wheel '' ( 2012 ) `` Caledonia '' ( 2013 ) `` Wagon Wheel '' ( 2012 ) `` Caledonia '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Wagon Wheel '' on YouTube The English Irish singer Nathan Carter covered the song in a release June 15 , 2012 , a few weeks before the song became a hit for Darius Rucker in the United States . The Carter version was the title track taken from his 2012 album , Wagon Wheel . He appeared with a live version of the song on the popular The Late Late Show on RTÉ , being his first appearance on the show . He also engaged on a tour in Ireland , Northern Ireland , England and Scotland to promote the album . Although released independently on Sharpe Music , the song became a huge hit for Carter and was his first hit song on the Irish Singles Chart . The single spent 47 weeks on the chart in its initial release . It was the biggest commercial success of any Country and Irish release in 2012 and considered a crossover hit in the mainstream pop charts . With its re-entry in the charts later in 2013 , it has totaled 52 weeks in the Irish Singles Chart ( as of December 5 , 2013 ) . Track listing ( edit ) Various versions are available through iTunes including : `` Wagon Wheel '' -- Nathan Carter -- single -- ( 4 : 12 ) `` Wagon Wheel '' ( Radio Dance Mix ) -- Nathan Carter and Micky Modelle -- ( 3 : 46 ) `` Wagon Wheel '' ( Club Mix ) -- Nathan Carter and Micky Modelle -- ( 3 : 23 ) Music video ( edit ) Carter released a music video of the song which features an outing on the beach where Carter sings the song with his band to his friends on the beach with those present joining in clapping and dancing . The video was filmed in Donegal , Ireland . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 14 Irish Country Chart Darius Rucker version ( edit ) `` Wagon Wheel '' Single by Darius Rucker , featuring Lady Antebellum from the album True Believers Released January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 57 ( album version ) Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Ketch Secor Producer ( s ) Frank Rogers Darius Rucker , featuring Lady Antebellum singles chronology `` True Believers '' ( 2012 ) `` Wagon Wheel '' ( 2013 ) `` Radio '' ( 2013 ) `` True Believers '' ( 2012 ) `` Wagon Wheel '' ( 2013 ) `` Radio '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Wagon Wheel '' on YouTube Darius Rucker recorded a country version of the song with Lady Antebellum as the second single on his third solo project , True Believers , released on Capitol Records . He joined Old Crow Medicine Show at the Grand Ole Opry July 6 , 2012 , `` for a special rendition of ' Wagon Wheel ' '' where the fans `` went crazy over Rucker 's cover of the Old Crow Medicine Show hit . '' After this reception he tweeted out : `` Secret out after @ opry perf . I recorded a version of ' Wagon Wheel ' for my new record and @ ladyantebellum sings on track . '' Backstory ( edit ) The song did not at first appeal to Rucker . `` Somebody had played ' Wagon Wheel ' for me years ago , '' he said . `` It was one of those things that I did n't really get . '' The faculty band at his daughter 's high school performing had a different effect , as he relates , We were watching my daughter , and the faculty band gets up . It 's just the faculty from her school , and they play `` Wagon Wheel . '' I 'm sitting in the audience , and they get to the middle of the chorus , and I turned to my wife , and I go , `` I 've got to cut this song . '' With guidance from Frank Liddell , Rucker cut the song with Lady Antebellum on backing vocals . He told Taste of Country : `` Lady Antebellum took the song to a new level . Up until they added their vocals , I thought it was another song on the record . '' Rucker had been introduced to Fuqua 's source for Dylan 's outtake years prior : `` I got turned onto the Pat Garrett soundtrack when I worked retail back in the day . It 's so different from a lot of his other stuff . It 's such a cool record . '' Rucker also previously had had some experience with crediting Dylan on a song he 'd performed . His group Hootie and the Blowfish 's 1995 hit single `` Only Wanna Be With You '' quotes an entire verse from Dylan 's 1975 song `` Idiot Wind '' . When the record began selling big , the `` Dylan camp '' took issue , and Dylan was ultimately credited as a co-writer . As Rucker remembers , `` They wanted some money , and they got it . We were n't trying to rip anybody off . '' Genre ( edit ) For Rucker it was largely an issue of musical genre and the high school group changing his thinking on it : `` I knew the song , and to me it was such a perfect bluegrass tune that I did n't think I could do it . But they did a country version of it , with drums and pedal steel . I was like , ' Wait a minute . That would be a great country song . ' '' On deciding to go country with it , Rucker says : It 's such the perfect country song . When we were cutting it , all we had ( to model it on ) was this perfect bluegrass song . I could n't do it as a bluegrass song . It 's just not me . So if we were going to do it , we had to make it a 1950s country song . I 'm not shocked at how successful it 's been , but I did n't expect it . `` It 's another interesting chapter in the history of a song that 's slowly working its way toward American classic status . Like ' House of the Rising Sun ' or ' Good Night , Irene , ' it 's now a pop song with a long back story that tantalizingly trickles out before you reach the wellspring . '' Chris Talbott ( on Rucker version ) When asked if he thought his recording would be nominated for a Grammy Award , Rucker responded : `` If ' Wagon Wheel ' does n't get nominated for a GRAMMY , country music is screwed . It 's as simple as that . I 'm not saying I should win it , but it should be nominated . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave Rucker 's version a five - star rating . Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave Rucker 's version four and a half stars out of five . As to the reaction of the originating group , Rucker says , `` I think the Old Crow Medicine Show guys are very happy about it , and that 's all that matters to me . '' On Rucker 's version of the song , Chris ' Critter ' Fuqua of Old Crow Medicine Show says : I love it . He actually played with us at ( The Grand Ole ) Opry , and it was great . I think he sees something special in that song and understands it . He 's a country music fan and , more than that , he just loves music and loves playing . I 'm really glad he cut the track . It 's been good for him and good for us , but I 'm just waiting for the time when people come up to me and say , `` I love when you guys played that Darius Rucker cover . '' Rucker 's version was nominated as Single of the Year for the 47th Country Music Association Awards along with Florida Georgia Line ( `` Cruise '' ) , Tim McGraw with Taylor Swift and Keith Urban ( `` Highway Do n't Care '' ) , Miranda Lambert ( `` Mama 's Broken Heart '' ) and Kacey Musgraves ( `` Merry Go ' Round '' ) . Rucker closed the televised awards show with the song November 6 , 2013 . I did n't know how big it was until after I cut it , until after it was a single . I did n't know that every college student south of the Mason -- Dixon line in the last eight years knows this song . I had no idea . I thought it was just another Old Crow song until I recorded it and realized it was n't just another Old Crow song . Darius Rucker Rucker won the Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards ( held January 26 , 2014 ) for his version of `` Wagon Wheel '' . Rucker 's win makes him only the second African American after Charley Pride to be both nominated for and win a vocal performance Grammy award in a country music category . Other nominees up for the same award were Lee Brice for `` I Drive Your Truck '' , Hunter Hayes for `` I Want Crazy '' , Miranda Lambert for `` Mama 's Broken Heart '' and Blake Shelton for `` Mine Would Be You '' . In August 2016 Taste of Country placed the Rucker version of `` Wagon Wheel '' 17th on its list of `` Top Country Songs of the Century '' . Music video ( edit ) Rucker released a music video of the song on March 21 , 2013 , which features several members of the television show Duck Dynasty , along with Charles Kelley of Lady Antebellum . It was filmed in Watertown , Tennessee . Chart performance ( edit ) The most popular song of his career , solo or otherwise , Rucker 's `` Wagon Wheel '' debuted at No. 51 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of January 19 , 2013 . It also debuted at number 32 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of January 26 , 2013 . It debuted at No. 96 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of February 6 , 2013 ; it debuted at 72 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of February 13 , 2013 . In its 10th chart week , March 20 , 2013 , Rucker 's version made `` a strong move '' on Hot Country Songs , going from 11 to 5 , and to 18 on Country Airplay ( to 14.7 million , up 20 % ) . Old Crow 's original ( from 2004 ) sold 15,000 and ranked 28 on Country Digital Songs the same week . The song reached number one on Hot Country Songs in its 12th week . It is his most successful song as a solo artist on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 15 , as well as the Canadian Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 23 . By March 2014 , the song has sold 2,678,000 copies in the United States , making it then the fifth best - selling song by a male country solo artist . As of November 2017 , the song has sold 3,612,000 copies in the US . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 23 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Canada Canadian Hot 100 80 US Billboard Hot 100 54 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,612,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other covers ( edit ) Blues singer Matt Andersen and Against Me ! covered the song in 2005 , Jeremy McComb in 2007 , Red Wanting Blue in 2009 , Mumford & Sons in 2010 , and Chad Brownlee in 2012 . Timeflies released an online version with new adapted lyrics using the refrain from the song . Rockabilly singer Jason Lee Wilson covered the song with directionally - correct lyrics on his 2010 album Big Gun . Scottish folk musician Norrie MacIver covered the song in both English and Scottish Gaelic on his 2015 solo album Dans na Rathad ( The Road Dance ) . Irish duo Neil Byrne and Ryan Kelly covered the song on their album , Live in Australia . In popular culture ( edit ) South Dakota Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Rick Weiland sang a parody of the song `` with lyrics rewritten to match his campaign message '' at a campaign `` folk - rock concert '' at the Strawbale Winery north of Sioux Falls in October 2014 . Parody lyrics included the line : `` I ca n't run a nine million - dollar campaign , but I do n't have EB - 5 to explain '' . Democratic vice presidential candidate Tim Kaine played the song on harmonica with local act Nikki Talley and Jason Sharp at the Catawba Brewing Company in Asheville , North Carolina on August 15 , 2016 . In 2015 , New Zealand rugby legend and then All Blacks captain Richie McCaw was quoted as saying Wagon Wheel was his fourth favorite song . `` He loves Wagon Wheel , '' Kieran Read revealed . `` As soon as that comes on in the bus he will be tapping away and singing . '' The song itself was played on the lead up to matches , played frequently on the tour bus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BMI entry for Wagon Wheel '' . Repertoire.bmi.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Thom Jurek , `` Review : Old Crow Medicine Show '' , Allmusic ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Old Crow Medicine Show -- Wagon Wheel '' . Recording Industry Association of America . April 18 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Darius Rucker -- Wagon Wheel '' . Recording Industry Association of America . March 7 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Donohue , Patrick ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show talks touring , Darius Rucker and Wagon Wheel '' . The Island Packet . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorner , Olof ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Burbank Studios , Burbank , California , February 1973 : 2nd Pat Garrett & Billy The Kid session , produced by Gordon Carroll '' . bjorner.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 1997 ) . Bob Dylan : The Recording Sessions , 1960 - 1994 . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15067 - 9 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Ray ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Song of the Day : Pat Buzzard , `` Wagon Wheel '' ( Old Crow Medicine Show cover ) `` . Cover Me . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagon Wheel lyrics : Old Crow Medicine Show song lyrics Encyclopedia of Road Subculture . Jump up ^ NPR STAFF ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : Something Borrowed '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Talbott , Chris ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Darius Rucker rides ' Wagon Wheel ' to top of charts '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wagon Wheel - The Old Crow Medicine Show '' . High Fidelity . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Peter ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Wagon Wheel ' goes gold , one campfire at a time '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ Tutwiler , Greg ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` American Roots from the Soul '' . Americana Rhythm Music Magazine . Jump up ^ `` '' Wagon Wheel `` : PA0001233553 / 2004 - 07 - 08 '' . Public Catalog . U.S. Copyright Office . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Chrissie ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` It took an Old Crow to make the banjo cool '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Craig ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` The Revival of Old Crow Medicine Show Young Band Finds Its Way in Big Iron World '' . CMT News . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dearmore , Kelly ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show 's Christopher `` Critter '' Fuqua On Getting Sober , Bob Dylan As a Gateway Drug `` . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Old Crow Medicine Show official webpage . Jump up ^ Ferris , Jedd ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Catching Up With ... Old Crow Medicine Show '' . Paste Magazine . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Neil ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show at ACL Moody Theater '' . The Horn . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Tad ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Behind the hit - Darius Rucker and ' Wagon Wheel ' '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Farrell , Liz ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Hilton Head Island musicians have love - hate relationship with Darius Rucker 's ' Wagon Wheel ' '' . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pfeifle , Sam ( 24 July 2014 ) . `` Seven - man army Old Crow Medicine Show arrive with the Remedy '' . The Portland Phoenix . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Burchard , Jeremy . `` How Old Crow Medicine Show 's ' Wagon Wheel ' Became a Country Staple '' . Wide Open Country . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Old Crow Medicine Crow -- Wagon Wheel '' . Music Canada . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles : The Week of March 27 , 2013 : Darius Rucker `` Wagon Wheel '' # 1 : Blake Shelton # 2 ; Justin Moore `` Point At You '' Highest Debut `` . Roughstock . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Appearance on RTÉ 's Late Late Show and performing `` Wagon Wheel '' live on YouTube Jump up ^ Horton , Carrie ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Darius Rucker and Lady Antebellum Turn the 2014 ACM Awards Into a ' Wagon Wheel ' Sing - Along '' . tasteofcountry.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ( Lady Antebellum ) sang on the album version of the song . Jump up ^ Conaway , Alanna ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Darius Rucker 's New Album Will Feature ' Wagon Wheel ' Duet With Lady Antebellum '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stromblad , Cory . `` Darius Rucker Inspired to Record ' Wagon Wheel ' in Unlikely Place '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Darius Rucker on ' Wagon Wheel ' and the Future of Hootie ' We 'll do another record and another big tour ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darius Rucker On ' Wagon Wheel ' : ' If It Does n't Get a GRAMMY Nomination Country Music Is Screwed ' '' . radio.com. 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.roughstock.com/blog/single-review-darius-rucker-wagon-wheel Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Darius Rucker , ' Wagon Wheel ' -- Song Review '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dauphin , Chuck ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Darius Rucker Hosts ACM Golf Classic , Talks Surprise No. 1 Single : ' I 'm a Risk Taker ' '' . billboard . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dauphin , Chuck ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` CMA Awards 2013 : Full Nominees List '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Darius Rucker Closes Out 2013 CMA Awards With ' Wagon Wheel ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/grammy-awards-2014-winners/2014/01/26/aa881be8-86da-11e3-916e-e01534b1e132_story.html Jump up ^ `` No. 17 : Darius Rucker , ' Wagon Wheel ' - Top Songs of the Century '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Highlights : Rolling Stones Debut On Dance / Club Play Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Songs Week of January 26 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The sibling trio launches its new single at No. 23 . Plus , Darius Rucker storms the top five and Tim McGraw and Taylor Swift 's new duet soars '' . billboard . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Chart Watch : Thanks Oscar . Love , Idina '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : November 6 , 2017 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ `` Darius Rucker Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Darius Rucker Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Darius Rucker Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Darius Rucker Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Darius Rucker Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Country Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Darius Rucker -- Wagon Wheel '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Video : Weiland campaigns in song at ' Rickstock ' '' . Gannett . Argus Leader . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ KOENIG , KAILANI ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Tim Kaine Rocked His Harmonica for North Carolina Bar Crowd '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Vice Presidential Candidate Tim Kaine Slaying ' Wagon Wheel ' on Harmonica '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Kaine plays harmonica on ' Wagon Wheel ' in Asheville '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2015 : All Blacks Tour Diary '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Old Crow Medicine Show Ketch Secor Critter Fuqua Kevin Hayes Morgan Jahnig Gill Landry Cory Younts Chance McCoy Studio albums O.C.M.S. ( 2004 ) Big Iron World ( 2006 ) Tennessee Pusher ( 2008 ) Carry Me Back ( 2012 ) Remedy ( 2014 ) 50 Years of Blonde on Blonde ( 2017 , live ) Volunteer ( 2018 ) Songs `` Cocaine Habit '' `` See See Rider '' `` Union Maid '' `` Wagon Wheel '' Films Transamerica ( 2005 ) Big Easy Express ( 2012 ) Darius Rucker Studio albums Back to Then Learn to Live Charleston , SC 1966 True Believers Home for the Holidays Southern Style When Was the Last Time Singles `` Do n't Think I Do n't Think About It '' `` It Wo n't Be Like This for Long '' `` Alright '' `` History in the Making '' `` Come Back Song '' `` This '' `` I Got Nothin ' '' `` True Believers '' `` Wagon Wheel '' `` Radio '' `` Homegrown Honey '' `` Southern Style '' `` If I Told You '' `` For the First Time '' `` Straight to Hell '' Related articles Hootie & The Blowfish Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wagon_Wheel_(song)&oldid=852651039 '' Categories : 2004 songs 2013 singles Billboard Canada Country number - one singles Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Bob Dylan songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Darius Rucker songs Old Crow Medicine Show songs Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers ( record producer ) Songs written by Bob Dylan Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	rock me mama like a wagon wheel original singer	[ "\"Wagon Wheel\" is a song co-written by Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show.[2] Dylan recorded the chorus in 1973; Secor added verses 25 years later.\nOld Crow Medicine Show's final version was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013.[3]\n" ]	[ "Old Crow Medicine Show" ]
3343456219481706577	Reuben sandwich	Reuben sandwich - wikipedia Reuben sandwich Jump to : navigation , search Reuben sandwich Reuben from Katz 's Delicatessen Type Sandwich Course Main course Place of origin United States Created by Various claims Serving temperature Warm / Hot Main ingredients Corned beef Sauerkraut Swiss cheese Rye bread Russian dressing . Cookbook : Reuben sandwich Media : Reuben sandwich The Reuben sandwich is an American hot sandwich composed of corned beef , Swiss cheese , sauerkraut , and Russian dressing , grilled between slices of rye bread . Several variants exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Possible origins 1.1 Reuben Kulakofsky , Blackstone Hotel : Omaha , Nebraska 1.2 Reuben 's Delicatessen : New York City 2 Variations 2.1 Montreal Reuben 2.2 Walleye Reuben 2.3 Grouper Reuben 2.4 Reuben egg rolls 2.5 Rachel sandwich 2.6 Pork roll Reuben 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Possible origins ( edit ) Reuben Kulakofsky , Blackstone hotel : Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) One origin story holds that Reuben Kulakofsky ( his first name sometimes spelled Reubin ; his last name sometimes shortened to Kay ) , a Jewish Lithuanian - born grocer residing in Omaha , Nebraska , was the inventor , perhaps as part of a group effort by members of Kulakofsky 's weekly poker game held in the Blackstone Hotel from around 1920 through 1935 . The participants , who nicknamed themselves `` the committee '' , included the hotel 's owner , Charles Schimmel . The sandwich first gained local fame when Schimmel put it on the Blackstone 's lunch menu , and its fame spread when a former employee of the hotel won a national contest with the recipe . In Omaha , March 14 was proclaimed as Reuben Sandwich Day . Reuben 's Delicatessen : New York City ( edit ) Another account holds that the Reuben 's creator was Arnold Reuben , the German - Jewish owner of the famed Reuben 's Delicatessen ( 1908 -- 2001 ) in New York City . According to an interview with Craig Claiborne , Arnold Reuben invented the `` Reuben Special '' around 1914 . The earliest references in print to the sandwich are New York -- based , but that is not conclusive evidence , though the fact that the earliest , in a 1926 issue of Theatre Magazine , references a `` Reuben Special '' , does seem to take its cue from Arnold Reuben 's menu . A variation of the above account is related by Bernard Sobel in his 1953 book , Broadway Heartbeat : Memoirs of a Press Agent . Sobel states that the sandwich was an extemporaneous creation for Marjorie Rambeau inaugurated when the famed Broadway actress visited the Reuben 's Delicatessen one night when the cupboards were particularly bare . Some sources name the actress in the above account as Annette Seelos , not Marjorie Rambeau , while also noting that the original `` Reuben Special '' sandwich of 1926 did not contain corned beef or sauerkraut and was not grilled . Still other versions give credit to Alfred Scheuing , a chef at Reuben 's Delicatessen , and say he created the sandwich for Reuben 's son , Arnold Jr. , in the 1930s . Variations ( edit ) Corned beef Rachel sandwich Montreal Reuben ( edit ) The Montreal Reuben substitutes Montreal - style smoked meat for corned beef . Walleye Reuben ( edit ) The Walleye Reuben is a version of the classic that features the Minnesota state fish , the walleye , Sander vitreus , in place of the corned beef . It is eaten in Minnesota and Ohio . Grouper Reuben ( edit ) The grouper Reuben is a variation on the standard Reuben sandwich , substituting grouper for the corned beef , and sometimes will substitute coleslaw for the sauerkraut as well . This variation is often a menu item in restaurants in Florida . Reuben egg rolls ( edit ) Reuben egg rolls , sometimes called `` Irish egg rolls '' or `` Reuben balls '' , use the standard Reuben sandwich filling of corned beef , sauerkraut , and cheese inside a deep - fried egg roll wrapper . Typically served with Thousand Island dressing ( instead of Russian dressing ) as an appetizer or snack , they originated at Mader 's , a German restaurant in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , where chef Dennis Wegner created them for a summer festival in about 1990 . Rachel sandwich ( edit ) The Rachel sandwich is a variation on the standard Reuben sandwich , substituting pastrami for the corned beef , and coleslaw for the sauerkraut . Other recipes for the Rachel call for turkey instead of pastrami . In some parts of the United States , especially Michigan , this turkey variant is known as a `` Georgia Reuben '' or `` California Reuben '' , and it may also call for barbecue sauce or French dressing instead of Russian dressing . Pork roll Reuben ( edit ) The pork roll Reuben substitutes pork roll for corned beef ; it is mostly eaten in coastal New Jersey . See also ( edit ) Food portal Sloppy joe ( New Jersey ) List of American sandwiches List of sandwiches Pastrami on rye References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reuben '' , Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd ed . ^ Jump up to : Rader , Jim . `` The Reuben Sandwich '' . Reuben Realm . Jump up ^ Griswold , Jennifer . `` Today is Proclaimed Reuben Sandwich Day '' . KMTV . Jump up ^ Jared Ingersoll ( 2006 ) . `` Toasted Reuben sandwich '' . Danks Street Depot . Murdoch Books . p. 115 . ISBN 9781740455985 . Jump up ^ Craig Claiborne . The New York Times Food Encyclopedia . See also Arnold Reuben interview , American Life Histories : Manuscripts from the Federal Writers ' Project , 1936 -- 1940 , quoted on What 's cooking America site . Jump up ^ Sobel , Bernard ( 1953 ) . `` Broadway Heartbeat : Memoirs of a Press Agent '' . New York City : Hermitage House : 233 . OCLC 1514676 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Corned Beef Reuben Sandwich '' , The Gazette Jump up ^ Minneapolis , Town Ball Tavern 1 Twins Way ; MN . `` Walleye Reuben @ Town Ball Tavern '' . Jump up ^ Otis , Ginger Adams ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ohio proves to be a great destination for a history - and fun - loving family '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Deptolla , Carol ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Chez Ballpark : What 's good to eat at Miller Park '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . For the homestand against the Minnesota Twins this weekend , look for walleye Reuben sandwiches , for $9.25 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Karin ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Takeoff on Reuben sandwich makes tasty meal '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . In Florida ... many restaurants serve a grouper Reuben Jump up ^ Zeldes , Leah A. ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Irish ' food in Chicago is n't quite so in Ireland : Who played a role in the reuben egg roll ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary - Lane Kamberg ( 2004 ) . `` Grilled Reuben sandwich variation : Grilled Rachel sandwich '' . The I Do n't Know How to Cook Book : 300 Great Recipes You Ca n't Mess Up . Adams Media . p. 42 . ISBN 9781593370091 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( November 13 , 2004 ) . `` Reuben Sandwich ( and Rachel Sandwich , Celebrity Sandwiches ) '' . The Big Apple . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rombauer , Irma S. ; Becker , Marion Rombauer ; Becker , Ethan ( 2006 ) . `` Reuben Sandwich '' . Joy of Cooking ( 75th Anniversary ed . ) . Scribner . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4626 - 2 . For a Rachel , substitute turkey for the corned beef . Jump up ^ `` JOHNNY PORK ROLL BRINGS NJ CLASSIC TO ASBURY BOARDWALK + THE SECRET TO THE `` PERFECT '' PORK ROLL `` . 6 August 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reuben sandwiches . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Reuben Sandwich Claiborne , Craig ( May 17 , 1976 ) . `` DE GUSTIBUS ; Whence the Reuben ? Omaha , It Seems '' . The New York Times . p. 24 ( Family / Style section ) . McMorris , Robert ( September 11 , 1965 ) . `` Omaha Saw Invention of Reuben Sandwich '' . The Omaha Evening World - Herald . McMorris , Robert ( January 31 , 1986 ) . `` Just When You Thought Reuben 's Roots Were Safe '' . The Omaha World - Herald . p. 2 . McMorris , Robert ( July 24 , 1989 ) . `` This Reuben Explanation Seems Hard to Swallow '' . The Omaha World - Herald . p. 2 . Weil , Elizabeth ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` My Grandfather Invented the Reuben Sandwich . Right ? The Midnight Lunch Special '' . The New York Times . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meat in a reuben sandwich	[ "The Reuben sandwich is an American hot sandwich composed of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Russian dressing, grilled between slices of rye bread. Several variants exist.[1]" ]	[ "corned beef," ]
-4306965373392292345	In My Feelings	In My Feelings - wikipedia In My Feelings 2018 Drake song For other uses , see In My Feelings ( disambiguation ) . `` In My Feelings '' Single by Drake from the album Scorpion Released July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) Genre Bounce Length 3 : 37 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Benny Workman Darius Harrison Caresha Brownlee Jatavia Johnson Stephen Garrett James Scheffer Rex Zamor Dwayne Carter Renetta Lowe - Bridgewater Orville Hall Phillip Price Noah Shebib Producer ( s ) TrapMoneyBenny Blaqnmild 40 ( add. ) Drake singles chronology `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) `` In My Feelings '' ( 2018 ) `` Nonstop '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` In My Feelings '' on YouTube `` In My Feelings '' is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was released to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on July 30 , 2018 , as the album 's fifth single . The song features additional vocals by the City Girls , though they are not credited on the official version . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for ten weeks and broke several records . Contents 1 Composition and samples 2 Release and reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and samples ( edit ) `` In My Feelings '' is a bounce track , similar to Drake 's previous single `` Nice for What '' . Upon its release , several outlets reported that the song and `` Kiki '' was about Keshia Chanté , Drake 's first girlfriend and childhood friend from Toronto . It was also reported that `` KB '' was K'yanna Barber , a resident of Oakland , California . Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ( `` Jenny '' ) , who he briefly dated in 2016 , and Quality Control duo City Girls , made up of members Yung Miami ( `` Resha '' ) and JT . The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals . The track samples `` Smoking Gun ( Acapella Version ) '' by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown . `` Lollipop '' by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode `` Champagne Papi '' from the television series Atlanta . The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne . Release and reception ( edit ) The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the `` Kiki Challenge '' , `` In My Feelings Challenge '' or `` DoTheShiggy '' , the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy , who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song ; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge . The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles ( ghost riding ) and dance in oncoming traffic . Originating in the US , the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern . The challenge is banned in roads of EDSA and other public roads in the Philippines . The Fader deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album , with writer Ben Dandrige - Lemco saying , `` it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album , ' In My Feelings ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Jonny Coleman felt that the song , along with `` Nice for What '' , `` might be two of the most enduring tracks ( in the album ) '' . Andy Hutchins of Time called the song `` a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the Billboard magazine issue dated July 14 , 2018 , `` In My Feelings '' debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week . The following week , partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge associated with the song , it ascended to the top spot of the chart , becoming Drake 's sixth number - one single on the chart . On the issue dated July 28 , 2018 , `` In My Feelings '' broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week with 116.2 million streams , and retained the top spot on the chart . It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . In the UK , it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules , but the next week , due to the popularity of the dance challenge , it entered at number four . A week later , it rose to number one . `` In My Feelings '' spent four weeks at the top of the chart , before being replaced by `` Shotgun '' . The success of `` In My Feelings '' made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers in the history of the Hot 100 chart . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was shot on July 23 , 2018 in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans , whom Drake previously worked with on the videos for `` God 's Plan '' , `` Nice for What '' , and `` I 'm Upset '' earlier in the year . The song 's music video was released on August 2 , 2018 , on Drake 's YouTube channel . `` KeKe '' is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad . The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song , including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia . Comedian Shiggy , who has been credited with inventing the viral `` In My Feelings Challenge '' , makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video . At the end of the music video , a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the `` In My Feelings Challenge '' is displayed . A few of these people include Will Smith , DJ Khaled , Ciara , Steve Aoki , Odell Beckham Jr. , Dua Lipa , Millie Bobby Brown , Liza Koshy , Noah Schnapp , Ryan Seacrest , Shay Mitchell , Bobby Berk , Tan France , Karamo Brown , Antoni Porowski , Jonathan Van Ness , and J - Hope ( BTS ) . As of September 2018 , the music video on YouTube has amassed more than 130 million views . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes and Tidal . Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- production , recording Noel `` Gadget '' Campbell -- mixing Harley Arsenault -- mixing assistance , recording assistance Greg Moffet -- mixing assistance , recording assistance Ronald Moonoo -- mixing assistance Blaqnmild -- production TrapMoneyBenny -- production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 59 Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 66 Brazil Streaming ( Pro-Música ) 8 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece International Digital ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 46 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 26 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United States July 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary Young Money Cash Money Republic Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom July 27 , 2018 Italy August 24 , 2018 Universal See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one urban singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one digital songs of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Lebanon ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Portugal ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2018 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2010s List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2018 List of number - one digital songs of 2018 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drake Releases New Album Scorpion : Listen '' . Pitchfork . June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Four Ways Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Helped Him Make History This Week '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dandridge - Lemco , Ben ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' is easily the best song on Scorpion `` . The Fader . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mamo , Heran ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are the Lyrics to Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keshia Keke Chante is Getting a lot of Messages Over In My Feelings '' . Complex . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Is ' KeKe ' In Drake 's Song ' In My Feelings ? ' '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Was Drake Talking About Former ' 106 & Park ' Hose Keshia Chante In ' In My Feelings ' - Essence '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' KeKe ' from hit song revealed as cliche comments pile up '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chilled With The Real Kiki From ' In My Feelings ' This Weekend '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apparently This Is the Real ' Kiki ' Drake Is Singing About on `` In My Feelings '' `` . Complex . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Genius ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' Explained - Song Stories `` . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Saponara , Michael ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Every Sample on Drake 's ' Scorpion ' Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://kulturehub.com/shiggy-instagram-comedy-drake/ Jump up ^ `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' Lyrics Have Inspired A Viral Dance Challenge And It 's Hilarious `` . Pop Buzz . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's New Song `` In My Feelings '' Sparks Dance Challenge `` . Highsnobiety . July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's latest album has already sparked a new dance challenge '' . Mashable . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Issues Warning Over Drake ' In My Feelings ' Challenge : Jumping Out Of Cars is ' Foolish and Dangerous ' '' . Billboard . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jonny ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Drake Overplays His Hand on Bloated Double Album ' Scorpion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Scorpion Finds Drake Struggling to Keep It All Together '' . Time . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Gives Him His Third U.K. No. 1 Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Drake Atop Billboard Hot 100 as ' In My Feelings ' Replaces ' Nice for What ' at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record - Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Genius on Instagram : `` Drake replaced himself at no . 1 on the hot 100 once again with `` In My Feelings '' 😲 `` '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Filming In My Feelings Video in New Orleans '' . Complex . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - In My Feelings '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ DrakeVEVO ( August 2 , 2018 ) , Drake - In My Feelings , retrieved September 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Scorpion ( CD liner notes ) . Drake . Republic Records . 2018 . 86318 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Scorpion / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Hot 100 -- Semana del 20 de Octubre del 2018 '' . Billboard Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 17 al 23 de Septiembre , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 40 Urban Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2018 . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201829 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : In My Feelings '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Ezra tops Official Irish Singles Chart , Ariana is highest new entry '' . Official Charts Company . July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles In Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Streaming ( Del 27 de julio al 2 de agosto 2018 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : September 15 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . VG - lista . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- 28 octombrie 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . Kiss FM . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 29 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201828 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 30 : del 20.07. 2018 al 26.07. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Spanish ) . elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Type Drake in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select In My Feelings and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type In My Feelings in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DRAKE ' In my feelings ' - ( Radio Date : 24 / 08 / 2018 ) '' . radiodate.it . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Mob Ties '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mia '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` No Stylist '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Sicko Mode '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_My_Feelings&oldid=866412450 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Drake ( musician ) songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Malaysia Number - one singles in Singapore Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by 40 ( record producer ) Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Jim Jonsin Songs written by Lil Wayne Songs written by Static Major UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles 2018 controversies Music controversies Challenges Internet memes introduced in the 2010s Music memes Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with short description Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who raps in the song in my feelings	[ "The success of \"In My Feelings\" made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers in the history of the Hot 100 chart.[25]\n" ]	[ "Drake" ]
3348290792814617770	Alexandre Bilodeau	Alexandre Bilodeau - wikipedia Alexandre Bilodeau Jump to : navigation , search Alexandre Bilodeau -- Alpine skier -- Bilodeau in 2010 ( 1987 - 09 - 08 ) September 8 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Rosemère , Quebec Height 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) World Cup debut December 14 , 2005 ( age 18 ) Website Official site Olympics Teams 3 ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Medals 2 ( 2 gold ) World Championships Teams 4 ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Medals 5 ( 3 gold ) World Cup Seasons 9 ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Wins 19 Podiums 48 Overall titles 1 ( 2009 ) Discipline titles 1 : moguls ( 2009 ) Medal record ( hide ) International freestyle ski competitions Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 0 0 World Championships 0 Total 5 0 Men 's freestyle skiing Representing Canada Olympic Games 2010 Vancouver Moguls 2014 Sochi Moguls World Championships 2009 Inawashiro Dual moguls 2011 Deer Valley Dual moguls 2013 Voss Dual moguls 2011 Deer Valley Moguls 2013 Voss Moguls Alexandre Bilodeau ( French pronunciation : ( bilɔdo ) ; born September 8 , 1987 ) is a retired Canadian freestyle skier from Montreal , Quebec . Bilodeau currently resides in Rosemère , Quebec . Bilodeau won a gold medal in the men 's moguls at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , becoming the first Canadian to win a gold medal at an Olympic Games held in Canada . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , he became the first Olympian in history to defend his gold medal in any freestyle skiing event as well as the first Canadian to defend an individual title since Catriona Le May Doan at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Bilodeau is a three - time FIS World Champion in dual moguls , and is also a two - time Worlds silver medalist in moguls . He was the FIS World Cup champion for the 2008 -- 09 season winning the moguls and overall freestyle skiing title that season . In his final World Cup race , he retired with a win , and in doing so , surpassed Jean - Luc Brassard for the most World Cup medals by a Canadian . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 2010 Winter Olympics 1.2 Kingsbury rivalry 1.3 2014 Winter Olympics 1.4 Retirement 2 Honours 3 Personal life 4 Results 4.1 Olympic results 4.2 World Cup results 4.3 World Cup victories 4.4 World Championship results 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) In 2006 , Bilodeau finished 12th at the Olympics and later in the world cup season he became the youngest athlete in history to win a World Cup moguls event . In the 2005 -- 06 overall World Cup standings he managed to finish second and won the FIS rookie of the year title . In February 2009 , he won four straight World Cup events and was part of two Canadian sweeps of the men 's podium in moguls . He achieved this together with Vincent Marquis and Pierre - Alexandre Rousseau . Following these victories Bilodeau clinched the 2009 overall moguls title on February 20 . At the 2009 Freestyle World Championships he finished eighth in the moguls event and followed that by winning gold in the dual moguls . 2010 Winter Olympics ( edit ) Bilodeau was a member of the Canadian moguls team going to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . He started the competition on Sunday , February 14 in favourable conditions . This was in contrast to the previous day for the women in which they skied in rain , sleet , and generally slushy conditions . Bilodeau finished the qualification run in 2nd place overall . In the final run , Bilodeau threw a back double full on the first jump and followed it with a back iron cross on the second . His jump and style scores combined with the second fastest run of the night , saw him scoring 26.75 points to win the gold . With the gold he became the first Canadian to win a gold medal during a Canadian - hosted Olympics . The gold medal victory elicited celebrations across Vancouver and Canada . Canadians celebrated around the Vancouver Olympic cauldron and crowds spilled onto Robson Street in downtown Vancouver waving the flag and singing the Canadian national anthem . 22,000 people entered BC Place Stadium the next day to witness his medal presentation . Following his Olympic medal Bilodeau together with Jennifer Heil made a $25,000 donation to charity . Bilodeau chose to give his to Canadian Association of Pediatric Health Centres for cerebral palsy . Bilodeau and Heil encouraged others to give to charity saying that they have the ability to give back and if others were to help in their own way it would make a difference . Bilodeau 's victory over Dale Begg - Smith at the Olympics lead to some complaints about biased - judging from members of the Australian coaching staff . The Australian coaches were also critical of the judging in the women 's aerials event . They called into question the system for training judges , and suggested that judges for big events should be ex-athletes from the sport being competed . Kingsbury rivalry ( edit ) Bilodeau did not win a World Cup event during the 2009 -- 10 season and finished fourth in the World Cup standings with 347 points , behind winner Dale Begg - Smith , who accumulated 693 points . The following season , Bilodeau finished on the podium several times leading up to the World Championships . At the Worlds , Bilodeau won the silver medal in the moguls event , finishing ahead of countryman Mikaël Kingsbury . Bilodeau would next compete in the dual moguls event at the World Championships . He advanced through to final where he found himself competing head - to - head with Kingsbury . Bilodeau went on to win the gold and defend his world title in the dual moguls event after Kingsbury fell navigating the moguls . He confirmed at the TV show `` Droit au but '' that the 2014 Olympics would be his last . He had taken time away from the sport to focus on his studies for an accounting career at Concordia University . Bilodeau had a lot to say about the potential retirement commenting `` Right now , I 'm struggling a little bit with the results , but my skiing is there -- I 'm a better skier than I 've ever been . I 'm not in a rush . I know it 's a process to get to Sochi , and that 's my goal . It 's going to be one of the last races of my career and of my life , so I think what 's important is to have fun . I thought before 2010 I was retiring , I was doing the 2011 season and then retiring the year after . And then through 2011 , I was like , ' Will I regret it ? Will I regret it to not try to defend my medal ? I think it 's a great challenge '' . At the 2013 World Championships Bilodeau placed second behind the upcoming Kingsbury who won his first World Championship . Bilodeau then went on to compete in the dual moguls final . There he would go up against a familiar foe in teammate Kingsbury , he would defeat him there in the final and achieving his third consecutive title as World Champion in dual moguls . 2014 Winter Olympics ( edit ) Much of the World Cup season building to the Olympics saw Bilodeau seesawing with teammate Kingsbury , with the younger skier getting the better of Bilodeau on top of the podium more often as the duo repeatedly placed one - two . This battle continued at the 2014 Winter Olympics where Bilodeau managed to beat out his counterpart after Kingsbury made a few slight errors in his final run . Yet once again the two men placed first and second and with the win Bilodeau became the first freestyle skiing gold medalist to defend his Olympic title , and first repeat gold medalist . He became the first Canadian to defend their Olympic gold since Catriona Le May Doan repeated her gold medal performance at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics in Utah . Le May Doan had been the first Canadian to repeat gold , Bilodeau became the second to do so , and the first male . Retirement ( edit ) On March 21 , 2014 , Bilodeau announced he would retire after the 2013 -- 14 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup season . Honours ( edit ) In 2012 Bilodeau was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal . Personal life ( edit ) Bilodeau is the son of Serge Bilodeau and Sylvie Michaud . His older brother , Frédéric , was diagnosed with cerebral palsy at a young age and told that he would be unable to walk by the time he was 12 . Frédéric is now age 28 and still has the ability to walk . He also has a younger sister , Béatrice . As a child , Bilodeau was an avid hockey player . However , his mother got tired of taking Frédéric , their sister Béatrice and him from one rink to another for hockey games , and instead she encouraged him to sign up for downhill skiing . That decision came shortly after Bilodeau saw Jean - Luc Brassard win Olympic gold in moguls at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway . So at the age of seven , he decided to quit hockey and try moguls . Bilodeau remains an avid hockey player , albeit recreationally . Bilodeau graduated from the Collège Jean - Eudes , a French - language high school in Montreal where he studied sciences . Bilodeau currently studies accounting at the John Molson School of Business of Concordia University . Bilodeau says that his heroes are his brother Frédéric and Canadian freestyle skier Jean - Luc Brassard . In his free time , he enjoys skiing and playing the piano . Bilodeau speaks fluent French and English . Bilodeau was a presenter at the 2010 Juno Awards , presenting the award for Album of the Year to Michael Bublé . After his retirement , he continued his career as a student - accountant . Results ( edit ) Alexandre Bilodeau with his 2010 Winter Olympics gold medal Olympic results ( edit ) Date Games Location Discipline Results Notes February 15 , 2006 2006 Torino Olympics Sauze d'Oulx Men 's moguls 12th February 14 , 2010 2010 Vancouver Olympics Cypress Mountain Men 's moguls Gold February 10 , 2014 2014 Sochi Olympics Rosa Khutor Extreme Park Men 's moguls Gold World Cup results ( edit ) Tournament Discipline Events participated Best finish Wins Podiums Points Final position 2005 - 06 Moguls 11 / 11 506 2006 - 07 Moguls 7 / 7 0 408 2006 - 07 Dual moguls 3 / 3 0 0 226 2007 - 08 Moguls 10 / 11 0 402 2008 - 09 Moguls 9 / 9 5 8 790 2009 - 10 Moguls 8 / 10 0 347 2010 - 11 Moguls 11 / 11 7 739 2011 - 12 Moguls 4 / 13 0 170 17 2012 - 13 Moguls 12 / 12 9 893 2013 - 14 Moguls 11 / 11 9 879 2005 - 06 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 46 6 2006 - 07 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 41 7 2007 - 08 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 40 12 2008 - 09 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 88 2009 - 10 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 35 12 2010 - 11 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 67 2011 - 12 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 71 2012 - 13 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 74 2013 - 14 Overall N / A N / A N / A N / A 80 World Cup victories ( edit ) Source Date Location Discipline January 7 , 2006 Mont Gabriel , Canada Moguls February 4 , 2006 Spindleruv Mlyn , Czech Republic Moguls February 7 , 2009 Cypress Mountain , Canada Moguls February 13 , 2009 Are , Sweden Moguls February 14 , 2009 Are , Sweden Dual moguls February 20 , 2009 Myrkdalen - Voss , Norway Moguls March 18 , 2009 La Plagne , France Moguls January 15 , 2011 Mont Gabriel , Canada Moguls February 26 , 2011 Marianske Lazne , Czech Republic Dual moguls March 11 , 2011 Are , Sweden Moguls March 12 , 2011 Are , Sweden Dual moguls February 2 , 2013 Deer Valley , Utah , United States Dual moguls March 15 , 2013 Are , Sweden Moguls March 16 , 2013 Are , Sweden Dual moguls March 22 , 2013 Sierra Nevada , Spain Dual moguls January 11 , 2014 Deer Valley , Utah , United States Moguls January 15 , 2014 Lake Placid , New York , United States Moguls January 19 , 2014 Val Saint Come , Quebec , Canada Moguls March 21 , 2014 La Plagne , France Dual moguls World Championship results ( edit ) Source Date Location Discipline Event Result March 9 , 2007 Madonna di Campiglio , Italy Moguls 2007 Freestyle World Championships 14th March 10 , 2007 Madonna di Campiglio , Italy Dual moguls 2007 Freestyle World Championships 5th March 7 , 2009 Inawashiro , Japan Moguls 2009 Freestyle World Championships 8th March 8 , 2009 Inawashiro , Japan Dual moguls 2009 Freestyle World Championships Gold February 2 , 2011 Deer Valley , Utah , United States Moguls 2011 Freestyle World Championships Silver February 5 , 2011 Deer Valley , Utah , United States Dual moguls 2011 Freestyle World Championships Gold March 6 , 2013 Voss - Myrdalen , Norway Moguls 2013 Freestyle World Championships Silver March 8 , 2013 Voss - Myrdalen , Norway Dual moguls 2013 Freestyle World Championships Gold References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zaccardi , Nick . `` Canada 's Alexandre Bilodeau makes retirement official '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pete Evans ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Alex Bilodeau , Mikaël Kingsbury take gold , silver in Olympic moguls '' . CBC Sports . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Bilodeau Profile '' . Freestyle Skiing Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.skicanada.org/snowonline/index.cfm?DSP=Article&Act=Detail&ArticleID=4550&IssueID=124 Rookie of the year Jump up ^ `` Bilodeau clinches WC moguls title with fourth straight win '' . The Sports Network . February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Bilodeau captures gold in dual moguls at worlds '' . The Sports Network . March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elation , heartbreak highlight freestyle Olympic team '' . CBC News . January 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Canadian men 's mogulists qualify for final '' . CTV News . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rook , Katie ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bilodeau wins Canada 's first gold on home soil '' . CTV Olympics . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bilodeau Erases Canada 's Olympic Drought With First Home Gold '' . Bloomberg Markets . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lori Culbert ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Bilodeau dons Canada 's first home gold medal '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica bell ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Olympians Bilodeau , Heil give thousands to charity '' . Metro News Vancouver . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian official accuses judges of inflating Canada 's score in men 's moguls '' . The Province . February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silkstone , Dan ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Dale cruelly written out of hosts ' fairytale '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Aussies claim Bilodeau 's gold tainted '' . Toronto Sun . February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We were robbed says Australia 's aerial skiers Jacqui Cooper and Lydia Lassila '' . Herald Sun . April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australians angry about freestyle judging '' . Sydney Morning Herald . February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` bio '' . fis . March 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retiring Heil wins moguls world title '' . CBC News . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Terry Bell ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Night races bring four more medals '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Mitchell ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Bilodeau highlights World Cup moguls stop in Calgary '' . Calgary Sun . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Kingsbury wins moguls world title , Bilodeau 2nd '' . CBC Sports . March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Bilodeau , Dufour - Lapointe win dual moguls world championships '' . CBC Sports . March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Graves ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Alex Bilodeau takes gold in men 's moguls , first two - time freestyle Olympic champion '' . Associated Press . The Republic ( Columbus , Indiana ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Bilodeau Wins Gold , Mikael Kingsbury Silver In Olympic Moguls At Sochi '' . Huffington Post . February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric Koreen ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Catriona Le May Doan emerging as Olympic broadcasting star '' . National Post . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mikael Kingsbury wins moguls title , Alex Bilodeau retires with win '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ General , The Office of the Secretary to the Governor . `` The Governor General of Canada '' . gg.ca . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ctvolympics.ca/freestyle-skiing/news/newsid=9575.html?cid=rssctv Jump up ^ Canadian Olympic Committee , profile , accessed February 15 , 2010 , http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/alexandre-bilodeau/profile Jump up ^ Hamilton Spectator , Olympic Gold inspired by disabled brother , February 15 , 2010 , http://www.thespec.com/News/BreakingNews/article/722029 Jump up ^ Scaringi , Joe , `` Shooting the breeze with four Olympic medalists '' Archived April 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , August 11 , 2010 , accessed August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/sports/mikael-kingsbury-wins-moguls-title-alex-bilodeau-retires-with-win-1.2582184 ^ Jump up to : Canadian Olympic Committee , profile , accessed February 15 , 2010 , http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/alexandre-bilodeau/profile/ Jump up ^ Canadian Freestyle Skiing Association , accessed February 15 , 2010 , http://www.freestyleski.com/en/index.php/national-team/alexandre-bilodeau/ Jump up ^ Rayner , Ben ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Juno Awards show Michael Bublé some love '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Leslie . `` Canada 's Bilodeau , Kingsbury win gold , silver in moguls at Sochi Olympics '' . Global News . Shaw Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vancouver Olympics . CTV . February 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Winter Olympics . NBC . February 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's Winter Games Medals '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/athlete-biography.html?sector=FS&listid=&competitorid=93218&type=result&rec_start=0&limit=100 Jump up ^ http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/athlete-biography.html?sector=FS&competitorid=93218&type=result&category=WSC&season=ALL&sort=&discipline=ALL&position=&place=&Submit=Search&limit=50 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexandre Bilodeau . Official website Alexandre Bilodeau at the International Ski Federation National Team Profile Vancouver Olympic Games profile Canadian Olympic Committee profile Bio & Career in Photos on About.com CTV Olympic Profile AP Olympic Profile Alexandre the Great : Canada Embraces its New Hero ( hide ) Olympic champions in men 's freestyle skiing Aerials 1994 : Andreas Schönbächler ( SUI ) 1998 : Eric Bergoust ( USA ) 2002 : Aleš Valenta ( CZE ) 2006 : Han Xiaopeng ( CHN ) 2010 : Aleksei Grishin ( BLR ) 2014 : Anton Kushnir ( BLR ) 2018 : Oleksandr Abramenko ( UKR ) Halfpipe 2014 : David Wise ( USA ) 2018 : David Wise ( USA ) Moguls 1992 : Edgar Grospiron ( FRA ) 1994 : Jean - Luc Brassard ( CAN ) 1998 : Jonny Moseley ( USA ) 2002 : Janne Lahtela ( FIN ) 2006 : Dale Begg - Smith ( AUS ) 2010 : Alexandre Bilodeau ( CAN ) 2014 : Alexandre Bilodeau ( CAN ) 2018 : Mikaël Kingsbury ( CAN ) Ski cross 2010 : Michael Schmid ( SUI ) 2014 : Jean - Frédéric Chapuis ( FRA ) 2018 : Brady Leman ( CAN ) Slopestyle 2014 : Joss Christensen ( USA ) 2018 : Øystein Bråten ( NOR ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Bilodeau&oldid=832879837 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people Canadian male freestyle skiers Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics Olympic freestyle skiers of Canada Sportspeople from Montreal French Quebecers Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Concordia University alumni People from Rosemère , Quebec Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2014 Pages using Infobox alpine ski racer with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won canada's first gold medal at the 2010 olympics	[ "Alexandre Bilodeau (French pronunciation: [bilɔdo]; born September 8, 1987) is a retired[1] Canadian freestyle skier from Montreal, Quebec. Bilodeau currently resides in Rosemère, Quebec. Bilodeau won a gold medal in the men's moguls at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, becoming the first Canadian to win a gold medal at an Olympic Games held in Canada. At the 2014 Winter Olympics, he became the first Olympian in history to defend his gold medal in any freestyle skiing event as well as the first Canadian to defend an individual title since Catriona Le May Doan at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[2] Bilodeau is a three-time FIS World Champion in dual moguls, and is also a two-time Worlds silver medalist in moguls. He was the FIS World Cup champion for the 2008–09 season winning the moguls and overall freestyle skiing title that season.[3] In his final World Cup race, he retired with a win, and in doing so, surpassed Jean-Luc Brassard for the most World Cup medals by a Canadian." ]	[ "Alexandre Bilodeau" ]
-3099665964320993018	Game of Thrones	Game of Thrones - Wikipedia Game of Thrones Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the novel in the series A Song of Ice and Fire , see A Game of Thrones . For other uses , see A Game of Thrones ( disambiguation ) . Game of Thrones Genre Fantasy Serial drama Created by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Based on A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin Starring see List of Game of Thrones characters Theme music composer Ramin Djawadi Opening theme `` Main Title '' Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 67 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Benioff D.B. Weiss Carolyn Strauss Frank Doelger Bernadette Caulfield George R.R. Martin Location ( s ) Northern Ireland Croatia Iceland Spain Malta Morocco Scotland Canada United States Running time 50 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Television 360 Grok ! Television Generator Entertainment Startling Television Bighead Littlehead Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows After the Thrones Thronecast External links Website Production website Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R.R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom , Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , Spain , and the United States . The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and its seventh season ended on August 27 , 2017 . The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering in 2019 . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast but centers on three primary story arcs . The first story arc centers on the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the dynastic noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from the throne . The second story arc focuses on the last descendant of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty , exiled and plotting a return to the throne . The third story arc centers on the longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north , and an impending winter that threatens the realm . Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , international fan base . It has been acclaimed by critics , particularly for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) has been criticized . The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016 , more than any other primetime scripted television series . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama ( 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 ) . Of the ensemble cast , Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2011 and 2015 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2012 ) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister . Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , Kit Harington , Maisie Williams , Diana Rigg , and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Setting 1.2 Themes 1.3 Inspirations and derivations 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception and development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Adaptation schedule 3.5 Filming 3.6 Directing 3.7 Technical aspects 3.8 Costumes 3.9 Makeup 3.10 Visual effects 3.11 Sound 3.12 Title sequence 3.13 Music 3.14 Language 3.15 Effect on location 4 Availability 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home video 4.3 Copyright infringement 4.4 IMAX 5 Reception and achievements 5.1 Cultural influence 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Sex and violence 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and accolades 5.5 Viewer numbers 6 Other media and products 6.1 Video games 6.2 Merchandise and exhibition 6.3 Accompanying material 6.4 Spin - offs 7 References 8 External links Background Main article : List of Game of Thrones episodes See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Power and violence are central themes of Game of Thrones , and the number of weapons made for the series ( some of which are shown here ) reflects this . Setting Main article : World of A Song of Ice and Fire Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of A Song of Ice and Fire , set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos . The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm 's noble families for the Iron Throne , while other families fight for independence from it . It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east . Showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested `` The Sopranos in Middle - earth '' as Game of Thrones ' tagline , referring to its intrigue - filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic and dragons . In a 2012 study of deaths per episode , it ranked second out of 40 recent U.S. TV drama series ( with an average of 14 ) . Themes Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters , believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre . Martin has stated that `` the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords , but from ourselves . '' A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin says does not mirror the real world . Just like people 's capacity for good and for evil in real life , Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change . The show allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective , unlike in many other fantasies , and thus the supposed villains can provide their side of the story . Benioff said , `` George brought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy . He introduced gray tones into a black - and - white universe . '' In early seasons , under the influence of the A Song of Ice and Fire books , main characters were regularly killed off , and this was credited with developing tension among viewers . Later seasons , however , critics pointed out that certain characters had developed `` plot armor '' , attributing this to the show 's deviating from the books and becoming more of a traditional television series . The series also reflects the substantial death rates in war . Inspirations and derivations Although the first season closely follows the events of the first novel , later seasons have made significant changes . According to David Benioff , the show is `` about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones , but not necessarily each of the stops along the way '' . Tom Holland of The Guardian believes that the novels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings , characters , and plot on events in European history . Most of Westeros is reminiscent of high medieval Europe , from lands and cultures , to the palace intrigue , feudal system , castles , and knightly tournaments . A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 85 ) between the houses of Lancaster and York , reflected in Martin 's houses of Lannister and Stark . The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella , the `` she - wolf of France '' ( 1295 -- 1358 ) ; Isabella and her family ( particularly as portrayed in Maurice Druon 's historical - novel series , The Accursed Kings ) were also a main inspiration for Martin . Holland further proposes that other historical antecedents of series elements include Hadrian 's Wall ( which becomes Martin 's Wall ) , the legend of Atlantis ( ancient Valyria ) , Byzantine Greek fire ( `` wildfire '' ) , Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age ( the Ironborn ) , the Mongol hordes ( the Dothraki ) , the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) and the Italian Renaissance ( c. 1400 -- 1500 ) . The series ' popularity has been attributed , in part , to Martin 's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless , credible version of alternate history . Martin acknowledges , `` I take ( history ) and I file off the serial numbers and I turn it up to 11 . '' Cast and characters Main article : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) has led the principal cast since the second season Game of Thrones has an ensemble cast estimated to be the largest on television ; during its third season , 257 cast names were recorded . In 2014 , several actor contracts were renegotiated to include a seventh - season option , with raises which reportedly made them among the highest - paid performers on cable TV . In 2016 , several actor contracts were again renegotiated , reportedly increasing the salary of five of the main cast members to £ 2 million per episode for the last two seasons , which would make them the highest paid actors on television . The main cast is listed below . Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is the head of House Stark , whose members are involved in plot lines throughout most of the series . He and his wife , Catelyn Tully ( Michelle Fairley ) , have five children : Robb ( Richard Madden ) , the eldest , followed by Sansa ( Sophie Turner ) , Arya ( Maisie Williams ) , Bran ( Isaac Hempstead - Wright ) and Rickon ( Art Parkinson ) , the youngest . Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow ( Kit Harington ) and his friend , Samwell Tarly ( John Bradley ) , serve in the Night 's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ( James Cosmo ) . The Wildlings living north of the Wall include young Gilly ( Hannah Murray ) , and warriors Tormund Giantsbane ( Kristofer Hivju ) and Ygritte ( Rose Leslie ) . Others associated with House Stark include Ned 's ward Theon Greyjoy ( Alfie Allen ) , his vassal Roose Bolton ( Michael McElhatton ) , and Bolton 's bastard son , Ramsay Snow ( Iwan Rheon ) . Robb falls in love with the healer Talisa Maegyr ( Oona Chaplin ) , and Arya befriends the blacksmith 's apprentice Gendry ( Joe Dempsie ) and the assassin Jaqen H'ghar ( Tom Wlaschiha ) . The tall warrior Brienne of Tarth ( Gwendoline Christie ) serves Catelyn and , later , Sansa . In King 's Landing , the capital , Ned 's friend King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister ( Lena Headey ) , who has taken her twin brother , the `` Kingslayer '' Ser Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) , as her lover . She loathes her younger brother , the dwarf Tyrion Lannister ( Peter Dinklage ) , who is attended by his mistress Shae ( Sibel Kekilli ) and the sellsword Bronn ( Jerome Flynn ) . Cersei 's father is Lord Tywin Lannister ( Charles Dance ) . Cersei also has two young sons : Joffrey ( Jack Gleeson ) and Tommen ( Dean - Charles Chapman ) . Joffrey is guarded by the scar - faced warrior , Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( Rory McCann ) . The king 's Small Council of advisors includes the crafty Master of Coin Lord Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( Aidan Gillen ) and the eunuch spymaster Lord Varys ( Conleth Hill ) . Robert 's brother , Stannis Baratheon ( Stephen Dillane ) , is advised by foreign priestess Melisandre ( Carice van Houten ) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth ( Liam Cunningham ) . The wealthy Tyrell family is represented at court by Margaery Tyrell ( Natalie Dormer ) . The High Sparrow ( Jonathan Pryce ) is the capital 's religious leader . In the southern principality of Dorne , Ellaria Sand ( Indira Varma ) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters . Across the Narrow Sea , siblings Viserys ( Harry Lloyd ) and Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) -- the exiled children of the last king of the original ruling dynasty , who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon -- are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne . Daenerys has been married to Khal Drogo ( Jason Momoa ) , the leader of the nomadic Dothraki . Her retinue includes the exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont ( Iain Glen ) , her aide Missandei ( Nathalie Emmanuel ) and the sellsword Daario Naharis ( Michiel Huisman ) . Production Conception and development Showrunners D.B. Weiss and David Benioff created the series , wrote most of its episodes and directed several . In January 2006 , David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R.R. Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented , and became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before . The literary agent then sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel , A Game of Thrones , shared his enthusiasm with D.B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin 's novels into a television series ; Weiss finished the first novel in `` maybe 36 hours '' . They pitched the series to HBO after a five - hour meeting with Martin ( a veteran screenwriter ) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard . According to Benioff , they won Martin over with their answer to his question , `` Who is Jon Snow 's mother ? '' I had worked in Hollywood myself for about 10 years , from the late ' 80s to the ' 90s . I 'd been on the staff of The Twilight Zone and Beauty and the Beast . All of my first drafts tended to be too big or too expensive . I always hated the process of having to cut . I said , ' I 'm sick of this , I 'm going to write something that 's as big as I want it to be , and it 's going to have a cast of characters that go into the thousands , and I 'm going to have huge castles , and battles , and dragons . -- George R.R. Martin , author Before being approached by Benioff and Weiss , Martin had had other meetings with other scriptwriters , most of them wanting to turn it into a feature film . Martin , however , deemed it `` unfilmable '' and impossible to be done as a feature film , stating that the size of one of his novels is as long as The Lord of the Rings , which had been adapted as three feature films . Similarly , Benioff also said that it would be impossible to turn the novels into a feature film as the scale of the novels is too big for a feature film and dozens of characters would have to be discarded . Benioff added , `` a fantasy movie of this scope , financed by a major studio , would almost certainly need a PG - 13 rating . That means no sex , no blood , no profanity . Fuck that . '' Martin himself was pleased with the suggestion that they adapt it as an HBO series , saying that he `` never imagined it anywhere else '' . `` I knew it could n't be done as a network television series . It 's too adult . The level of sex and violence would never have gone through . '' The series began development in January 2007 . HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels , with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers , and Martin as a co-executive producer . The intention was for each novel to yield a season 's worth of episodes . Initially , Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes . Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season . The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 , respectively . Although HBO liked both drafts , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 ; the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process . The pilot episode , `` Winter Is Coming '' , was first shot in 2009 ; after a poor reception in a private viewing , HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot ( about 90 percent of the episode , with cast and directorial changes ) . The pilot reportedly cost HBO $5 -- 10 million to produce , while the first season 's budget was estimated at $50 -- 60 million . In the second season , the show received a 15 - percent budget increase for the climactic battle in `` Blackwater '' ( which had an $8 million budget ) . Between 2012 and 2015 , the average budget per episode increased from $6 million to `` at least '' $8 million . The sixth - season budget was over $10 million per episode , for a season total of over $100 million and a series record . Casting Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series ' primary casting directors . Through a process of auditions and readings , the main cast was assembled . The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean , whom the writers wanted from the start ; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009 . Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow , Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon , Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon . Addy was , according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss , the easiest actor to cast for the show , being that his audition was on point . Some of the characters in the pilot were recast for the first season : Catelyn Stark was initially played by Jennifer Ehle , but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley . Daenerys Targaryen was also recast , with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant . The rest of the first season 's cast was filled in the second half of 2009 . Although many of the cast returned after the first season , the producers had many new characters to cast for each of the following seasons . Due to the large number of new characters , Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several key characters in the second season and merged several characters into one or assigned plot functions to different characters . Some recurring characters were recast over the years ; for example , Gregor Clegane was played by three different actors , while Dean - Charles Chapman who played Tommen Baratheon also played a minor Lannister character . Writing George R.R. Martin , author of A Song of Ice and Fire , is a series co-executive producer and wrote one episode for each of the first four seasons . Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons . Series creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the showrunners , write most of the episodes each season . A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons . Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons , since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel ( The Winds of Winter ) . Jane Espenson co-wrote one first - season episode as a freelance writer . Bryan Cogman , initially a script coordinator for the series , was promoted to producer for the fifth season . Cogman , who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons , is the only other writer in the writers ' room with Benioff and Weiss . Before his promotion , Vanessa Taylor ( a writer during the second and third seasons ) worked closely with Benioff and Weiss . Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss . Although Martin is not in the writers ' room , he reads the script outlines and makes comments . Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers ; for example , Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season . The writers spend several weeks writing a character outline , including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes . After these individual outlines are complete , they spend another two to three weeks discussing each main character 's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode . A detailed outline is created , with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script for each episode . Cogman , who wrote two episodes for the fifth season , took a month and a half to complete both scripts . They are then read by Benioff and Weiss , who make notes , and parts of the script are rewritten . All ten episodes are written before filming begins , since they are filmed out of order with two units in different countries . Benioff and Weiss write each of their episodes together , with one of them writing the first half of the script and the other the second half . After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to make notes and rewrite parts of it . Adaptation schedule Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire , still - incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television . After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season , the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin and original content . In April 2016 , the showrunners ' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season : seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth . Later that month , the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven - episode order . As of 2017 , seven seasons have been ordered and filmed , adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons . Season Ordered Filming First aired Last aired Novel ( s ) adapted Refs Season 1 March 2 , 2010 Second half of 2010 April 17 , 2011 June 19 , 2011 A Game of Thrones Season 2 April 19 , 2011 Second half of 2011 April 1 , 2012 June 3 , 2012 A Clash of Kings and some early chapters from A Storm of Swords Season 3 April 10 , 2012 July -- November 2012 March 31 , 2013 June 9 , 2013 About the first two - thirds of A Storm of Swords Season 4 April 2 , 2013 July -- November 2013 April 6 , 2014 June 15 , 2014 The remaining one - third of A Storm of Swords and some elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 5 April 8 , 2014 July -- December 2014 April 12 , 2015 June 14 , 2015 A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and original content , with some late chapters from A Storm of Swords and elements from The Winds of Winter Season 6 July -- December 2015 April 24 , 2016 June 26 , 2016 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter , with some late elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 7 April 21 , 2016 August 2016 -- February 2017 July 16 , 2017 August 27 , 2017 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring Season 8 July 30 , 2016 October 2017 -- Mid 2018 2019 2019 The first two seasons adapted one novel each . For the later seasons , its creators see Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole rather than the individual novels ; this enables them to move events across novels , according to screen - adaptation requirements . Filming The Azure Window at Ras - id - Dwerja , on Gozo , was the site of the Dothraki wedding in season one . Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains ( standing in for Vaes Dothrak ) , Castle Ward ( Winterfell ) , Saintfield Estates ( the Winterfell godswood ) , Tollymore Forest ( outdoor scenes ) , Cairncastle ( the execution site ) , the Magheramorne quarry ( Castle Black ) and Shane 's Castle ( the tourney grounds ) . Doune Castle in Stirling , Scotland , was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell . The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland , but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space . The first season 's southern scenes were filmed in Malta , a change in location from the pilot episode 's Moroccan sets . The city of Mdina was used for King 's Landing . Filming was also done at Fort Manoel ( representing the Sept of Baelor ) , at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo ( the Dothraki wedding site ) and at San Anton Palace , Fort Ricasoli , Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery ( all used for scenes in the Red Keep ) . The walled city of Dubrovnik became King 's Landing in season two . Filming of the second season 's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia , where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled , coastal medieval city . The Walls of Dubrovnik and Fort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . The island of Lokrum , the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir , the Rector 's Palace in Dubrovnik , and the Dubac quarry ( a few kilometers east ) were used for scenes set in Qarth . Scenes set north of the Wall , in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of the First Men , were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland : on the Vatnajökull glacier near Smyrlabjörg , the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik on Höfðabrekkuheiði . Third - season production returned to Dubrovnik , with the Walls of Dubrovnik , Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . Trsteno Arboretum , a new location , is the garden of the Tyrells in King 's Landing . The third season also returned to Morocco ( including the city of Essaouira ) to film Daenerys ' scenes in Essos . Dimmuborgir and the Grjótagjá cave in Iceland were used as well . One scene , with a live bear , was filmed in Los Angeles . The production used three units ( Dragon , Wolf and Raven ) filming in parallel , six directing teams , 257 cast members and 703 crew members . Ballintoy Harbour was Lordsport on the Iron Islands . The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations , including Diocletian 's Palace in Split , Klis Fortress north of Split , Perun quarry east of Split , the Mosor mountain range , and Baška Voda further south . Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound . Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21 , 2013 . The fifth season added Seville , Spain , used for scenes of Dorne , as well as Córdoba . The sixth season , which began filming in July 2015 , returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra , Guadalajara , Seville , Almeria Girona and Peniscola . Filming also returned to Dubrovnik , Croatia . Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , with other filming in Iceland , Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain . Spain filming locations included Seville , Cáceres , Almodovar del Rio , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . The series also filmed in Dubrovnik , which is used for location of King 's Landing . Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations . Directing Each ten - episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors , who usually direct back - to - back episodes . Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes , the most episodes of the series . Alex Graves , David Nutter , Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each . Daniel Minahan directed five episodes , and Michelle MacLaren , Alik Sakharov , and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each . Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season , and Tim Van Patten directed the series ' first two episodes . Neil Marshall directed two episodes , both with large battle scenes : `` Blackwater '' and `` The Watchers on the Wall '' . Other directors have been Jack Bender , David Petrarca , Daniel Sackheim , Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode , which was determined after a coin toss . Technical aspects Alik Sakharov was the pilot 's cinematographer . The series has had a number of cinematographers , and has received seven Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series nominations . Oral Norrey Ottey , Frances Parker , Martin Nicholson , Crispin Green , Tim Porter and Katie Weiland have edited the series for a varying number of episodes . Weiland received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series in 2015 . Costumes The costumes of Ygritte , Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane reflect the harsh climate in which they are worn . Dresses worn at the royal court in King 's Landing indicate their wearers ' wealth and status . Functional weapons and armor , like Brienne of Tarth 's ( left ) , were manufactured for the series . Michele Clapton was costume designer for Game of Thrones ' first five seasons before she was replaced by April Ferry . Clapton will return to the show as costume designer for the seventh season . The costumes used in the show drew inspiration from a number of sources , such as Japanese and Persian armour . Dothraki dress resembles that of the Bedouin ( one was made out of fish skins to resemble dragon scales ) , and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the Inuit . Wildling bone armor is made from molds of actual bones , and is assembled with string and latex resembling catgut . Although the extras who play Wildlings and the Night 's Watch often wear hats ( normal in a cold climate ) , members of the principal cast usually do not so viewers can distinguish the main characters . Björk 's Alexander McQueen high - neckline dresses inspired Margaery Tyrell 's funnel - neck outfit , and prostitutes ' dresses are designed for easy removal . All clothing used is aged for two weeks so it appears realistic on high - definition television . About two dozen wigs are used for the actresses . Made of human hair and up to 2 feet ( 61 cm ) in length , they cost up to $7,000 each and are washed and styled like real hair . Applying the wigs is time - consuming ; Emilia Clarke , for example , requires about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum - blonde wig and braids . Other actors , such as Jack Gleeson and Sophie Turner , receive frequent hair coloring . For characters such as Daenerys ( Clarke ) and her Dothraki , their hair , wigs and costumes are processed to appear as if they have not been washed for weeks . Makeup For the first three seasons , Paul Engelen was Game of Thrones ' main makeup designer and prosthetic makeup artist with Melissa Lackersteen , Conor O'Sullivan and Rob Trenton . At the beginning of the fourth season Engelen 's team was replaced by Jane Walker and her crew , composed of Ann McEwan and Barrie and Sarah Gower . Visual Effects For the series ' large number of visual effects , HBO hired British - based BlueBolt and Irish - based Screen Scene for season one . Most of the environment builds were done as 2.5 D projections , giving viewers perspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming . In 2011 , the season - one finale , `` Fire and Blood '' , was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Because the effects became more complex in subsequent seasons ( including CGI creatures , fire , and water ) , German - based Pixomondo became the lead visual - effects producer ; nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project for season two , with Stuttgart the lead . Scenes were also produced by British - based Peanut FX , Canadian - based Spin VFX , and U.S. - based Gradient Effects . `` Valar Morghulis '' and `` Valar Dohaeris '' earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . For season four , HBO added German - based Mackevision to the project . The season - four finale , `` The Children '' , won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects . Additional producers for season four included Canadian - based Rodeo FX , German - based Scanline VFX and U.S. - based BAKED FX . The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken . Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused solely on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen 's dragons , with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks . For the fifth season , HBO added Canadian - based Image Engine and U.S. - based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual - effects producers . Sound Unusual for a television series , the sound team receives a rough cut of a full season and approaches it as a ten - hour feature film . Although seasons one and two had different sound teams , one team has been in charge of sound since then . For the show 's blood - and - gore sounds , the team often uses a chamois . For dragon screams , mating tortoises and dolphin , seal , lion and bird sounds have been used . Title sequence Main article : Game of Thrones title sequence The series ' title sequence was created by production studio Elastic for HBO . Creative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Main Title Design for the sequence , which depicts a three - dimensional map of the series ' fictional world . The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally lit by a small sun in an armillary sphere . As the camera moves across the map , focusing on the locations of the episode 's events , clockwork mechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures to emerge from the map . Accompanied by the title music , the names of the principal cast and creative staff appear . The sequence concludes after about 90 seconds with the title card and brief opening credits indicating the episode 's writer ( s ) and director . Its composition changes as the story progresses , with new locations replacing those featuring less prominently or not at all . Music Main article : Music of Game of Thrones Ramin Djawadi composed the Game of Thrones score . The music for the series was composed by Ramin Djawadi . The first season 's soundtrack , written in about ten weeks before the show 's premiere , was published by Varèse Sarabande in June 2011 . Soundtrack albums for subsequent seasons have been released , with tracks by the National , the Hold Steady and Sigur Rós . Djawadi has composed themes for each of the major houses and also for some of the main characters . The themes may evolve over time , as Daenerys Targaryen 's theme started small and then became more powerful after each season . Her theme started first with a single instrument , a cello , and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments for it . Language The Westerosi characters of Game of Thrones speak British - accented English , often ( but not consistently ) with the accent of the English region corresponding to the character 's Westerosi region ; Eddard Stark ( Warden of the North ) speaks in actor Sean Bean 's native northern accent , and the southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a southern accent , while characters from Dorne speak English with a Spanish accent . Characters foreign to Westeros often have a non-British accent . Although English is the common language of Westeros , the producers charged linguist David J. Peterson with constructing Dothraki and Valyrian languages based on the few words in the novels ; Dothraki and Valyrian dialogue is often subtitled in English . It has been reported that during the series these fictional languages have been heard by more people than the Welsh , Irish , and Scots Gaelic languages combined . Effect on location Game of Thrones is funded by Northern Ireland Screen , a UK government agency financed by Invest NI and the European Regional Development Fund . As of April 2013 , Northern Ireland Screen gave the show £ 9.25 million ( $14.37 million ) ; according to government estimates , this has benefited the Northern Ireland economy by £ 65 million ( $100.95 million ) . Tourism Ireland has a Game of Thrones - themed marketing campaign similar to New Zealand 's Tolkien - related advertising . Invest NI and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board also expect the series to generate tourism revenue . According to Arlene Foster , the series has given Northern Ireland the most non-political publicity in its history . The production of Game of Thrones and other TV series also boosted Northern Ireland 's creative industries , contributing to an estimated 12.4 - percent growth in arts , entertainment and recreation jobs between 2008 and 2013 ( compared with 4.3 percent in the rest of the UK during the same period ) . Tourism organizations elsewhere reported increases in bookings after their locations appeared in Game of Thrones . In 2012 , bookings through LateRooms.com increased by 28 percent in Dubrovnik and 13 percent in Iceland . The following year , bookings doubled in Ouarzazate , Morocco ( the location of Daenerys ' season - three scenes ) . Game of Thrones has been attributed as a significant factor in the boom of tourism in Iceland that had a strong impact on its economy . Tourist numbers increased by 30 % in 2015 , followed by another 40 % in 2016 , with a final figure of 2.4 million visitors expected for 2016 , which is around seven times the population of the country . Availability Broadcast Game of Thrones is broadcast by HBO in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other pay television services in other countries , at the same time as in the U.S. or weeks ( or months ) later . The series ' broadcast in China on CCTV , begun in 2014 , was heavily edited to remove scenes of sex and violence in accordance with a Chinese practice of censoring Western TV series to prevent what the People 's Daily calls `` negative effects and hidden security dangers '' . This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained . Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones include Showcase in Australia ; HBO Canada , Super Écran and Showcase in Canada ; HBO Latin America in Latin America ; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand , and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Home Video The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu - ray box set on March 6 , 2012 . The box set includes extra background and behind - the - scenes material but no deleted scenes , since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show . The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release , the largest first - week DVD sales ever for an HBO series , and the series set an HBO - series record for digital - download sales . A collector 's - edition box set was released in November 2012 , combining the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two . A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set . DVD - Blu - ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season became available on February 19 , 2013 . First - day sales broke HBO records , with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded . The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian iTunes Store , parallel to the U.S. premiere , and was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on February 18 , 2014 . The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 17 , 2015 , and the fifth season on March 15 , 2016 . The sixth season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . Beginning in 2016 , HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu - ray sets which include both Dolby TrueHD 7.1 and Dolby Atmos audio options . Copyright infringement Game of Thrones has been widely pirated , primarily outside the U.S. According to the file - sharing news website TorrentFreak , Game of Thrones has been the most - pirated TV series since 2012 , which means it has held the record for six years in a row . Illegal downloads increased to about seven million in the first quarter of 2015 , up 45 percent from 2014 . An unnamed episode was downloaded about 4,280,000 times through public BitTorrent trackers in 2012 , roughly equal to its number of broadcast viewers . Piracy rates were particularly high in Australia , and U.S. Ambassador to Australia Jeff Bleich issued a statement condemning Australian piracy of the series in 2013 . Delays in availability apart from HBO and its affiliates before 2015 and the cost of subscriptions to these services have been cited as causes of the series ' illegal distribution . According to TorrentFreak , a subscription to a service for Game of Thrones would cost up to $25 per month in the United States , up to £ 26 per episode in the UK and up to $52 per episode in Australia . For `` combating piracy '' , HBO said in 2013 that it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the U.S. premiere ( including HBO Go ) . In 2015 , the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users . On April 11 , the day before the season premiere , screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file - sharing websites . Within a day of the leak , the files were downloaded over 800,000 times ; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million , with the season - five premiere alone ( `` The Wars to Come '' ) pirated 13 million times . The season - five finale ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the BitTorrent filesharing protocol , with over 250,000 simultaneous sharers and over 1.5 million downloads in eight hours . For the sixth season , HBO did not send screeners to the press , so as to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and possible spoilers . Observers , including series director David Petrarca and Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes , said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series ' prospects ; it benefited from `` buzz '' and social commentary , and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate to lost subscriptions . According to Polygon , HBO 's relaxed attitude towards piracy and the sharing of login credentials amounted to a premium - television `` free - to - play '' model . At a 2015 Oxford Union debate , series co-creator David Benioff said that he was just glad that people watched the show ; illegally downloaded copies of the show sometimes interested viewers enough to buy a copy of the show , especially in countries where the show was not televised . Co-creator D.B. Weiss had mixed feelings , saying that the show was expensive to produce and `` if it does n't make the money back , then it ceases to exist '' . However , he was pleased that so many people `` enjoy the show so much they ca n't wait to get their hands on it . '' In 2015 , Guinness World Records called Game of Thrones the most - pirated television program . IMAX Beginning on January 23 , 2015 , the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States ; Game of Thrones is the first TV series shown in this format . The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5 million during its opening weekend ; the week - long release grossed $1,896,092 . Reception and achievements Game of Thrones was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere , and has become a critical and commercial success . According to The Guardian , by 2014 it was `` the biggest drama '' and `` the most talked about show '' on television . Cultural influence Although Game of Thrones was dismissed by some critics before it began , its success has been credited with an increase in the popularity of fantasy themes . On the eve of the second season 's premiere , a CNN.com blog post by Joel Williams read , `` After this weekend , you may be hard pressed to find someone who is n't a fan of some form of epic fantasy '' and cited Ian Bogost as saying that the series continues a trend of successful screen adaptations beginning with Peter Jackson 's 2001 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and the Harry Potter films establishing fantasy as a mass - market genre ; they are `` gateway drugs to fantasy fan culture '' . Its success in the face of its genre was attributed by writers to a longing for escapism in popular culture , frequent female nudity and a skill in balancing lighthearted and serious topics ( dragons and politics , for example ) which provided it with a prestige enjoyed by conventional , top - tier drama series . The series ' popularity increased sales of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels ( republished in tie - in editions ) , which remained at the top of bestseller lists for months . According to The Daily Beast , Game of Thrones was a favorite of sitcom writers and the series has been referred to in other TV series . With other fantasy series , it has been cited for an increase in the purchase ( and abandonment ) of huskies and other wolf - like dogs . Game of Thrones has added to the popular vocabulary . The first season 's scene in which Petyr Baelish explains his motives ( or background ) while prostitutes had sex in the background gave rise to the word `` sexposition '' for providing exposition with sex and nudity . `` Dothraki '' , the series ' nomadic horsemen , was ranked fourth in a September 2012 Global Language Monitor list of words from television most used on the Internet . In 2012 , the media used `` Game of Thrones '' as a figure of speech or comparison for situations of intense conflict and deceit , such as the 2012 United States Supreme Court decision regarding healthcare reform legislation , the Syrian Civil War and the ousting of Bo Xilai from the Chinese government . `` Khaleesi '' has increased in popularity as a name for baby girls in the United States . In the novels and the TV series , the word is a title meaning the wife of a Khal ( warlord ) in the Dothraki language held by Daenerys Targaryen , and not actually a name . Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 89 % ( 34 reviews ) 80 ( 28 reviews ) 96 % ( 34 reviews ) 90 ( 26 reviews ) 97 % ( 43 reviews ) 91 ( 25 reviews ) 97 % ( 43 reviews ) 94 ( 29 reviews ) 5 95 % ( 52 reviews ) 91 ( 29 reviews ) 6 95 % ( 30 reviews ) 73 ( 9 reviews ) 7 95 % ( 43 reviews ) 77 ( 12 reviews ) Game of Thrones has received critical acclaim , although the series ' frequent use of nudity and violence has been criticized . Its seasons have appeared on annual `` best of '' lists published by The Washington Post ( 2011 ) , TIME ( 2011 and 2012 ) and The Hollywood Reporter ( 2012 ) . The performances of the cast have received immense praise . Peter Dinklage 's `` charming , morally ambiguous , and self - aware '' Tyrion , who earned him Emmy and Golden Globe awards , was noted . `` In many ways , Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage '' , wrote Mary McNamara of the L.A. Times before Tyrion became the series ' central figure in season two . Several critics highlighted performances by actresses and children . Fourteen - year - old Maisie Williams , noted in the first season for her debut as Arya Stark , was singled out for her season - two work with veteran actor Charles Dance ( Tywin Lannister ) . Stephen Dillane has received positive reviews for his performance as Stannis Baratheon , especially in the fifth season , with one critic noting `` Whether you like Stannis or not , you have to admit that Stephen Dillane delivered a monumental performance this season . '' The series has a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 44 reviews . All episodes had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes , and a 97 - percent rating ( based on 50 reviews ) for the season as a whole . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 ( based on 52 reviews ) . The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . After the first episode aired , the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . First - season reviewers said the series had high production values , a fully realized world and compelling characters . According to Variety , `` There may be no show more profitable to its network than ' Game of Thrones ' is to HBO . Fully produced by the pay cabler and already a global phenomenon after only one season , the fantasy skein was a gamble that has paid off handsomely '' . The second season was also well received . Entertainment Weekly praised its `` vivid , vital , and just plain fun '' storytelling and , according to the Hollywood Reporter , the show made a `` strong case for being one of TV 's best series '' ; its seriousness made it the only drama comparable to Mad Men or Breaking Bad . The New York Times gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its number of characters , their lack of complexity and a meandering plot . The third season was extremely well received by critics , with Metacritic giving it a score of 91 out of 100 ( indicating `` universal acclaim '' ) . The fourth season was similarly praised ; Metacritic gave it a score of 94 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , again indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The fifth season was also well received by critics and has a score of 91 out of 100 ( based on 29 reviews ) on Metacritic . The sixth season has been praised by critics , though not as highly as its predecessors . It has a score of 73 on Metacritic ( based on nine reviews ) , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The seventh season scored 77 out of 100 ( based on twelve reviews ) and was praised for its action sequences and focused central characters , but received criticism for its breakneck pace and plot developments that `` defied logic . '' Sex and violence Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics , Game of Thrones has been criticized for the amount of female nudity , violence , and sexual violence ( especially against women ) it depicts , and for the manner in which it depicts these themes . The Atlantic called the series ' `` tendency to ramp up the sex , violence , and -- especially -- sexual violence '' of the source material `` the defining weakness '' of the adaptation . George R.R. Martin responded that he feels obliged to be truthful about history and human nature , and that rape and sexual violence are common in war ; and that omitting them from the narrative would have rung false and undermined one of his novels ' themes , its historical realism . HBO said that they `` fully support the vision and artistry of Dan and David 's exceptional work and we feel this work speaks for itself . '' The amount of sex and nudity in the series , especially in scenes that are incidental to the plot , was the focus of much of the criticism aimed at the series in its first and second seasons . Stephen Dillane , who portrays Stannis Baratheon , likened the series ' frequent explicit scenes to `` German porn from the 1970s '' . Charlie Anders wrote in io9 that while the first season was replete with light - hearted `` sexposition '' , the second season appeared to focus on distasteful , exploitative , and dehumanizing sex with little informational content . According to The Washington Post 's Anna Holmes , the nude scenes appeared to be aimed mainly at titillating heterosexual men , right down to the Brazilian waxes sported by the women in the series ' faux - medieval setting , which made these scenes alienating to other viewers . The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan likewise noted that Game of Thrones mostly presented women naked , rather than men , and that the excess of `` random boobage '' undercut any aspirations the series might have to address the oppression of women in a feudal society . Saturday Night Live parodied this aspect of the adaptation in a sketch that portrayed the series as retaining a thirteen - year - old boy as a consultant whose main concern was showing as many breasts as possible . In the third season , which saw Theon Greyjoy lengthily tortured and eventually emasculated , the series was also criticized for its use of torture . New York magazine called the scene `` torture porn . '' Madeleine Davies of Jezebel agreed , saying , `` it 's not uncommon that Game of Thrones gets accused of being torture porn -- senseless , objectifying violence combined with senseless , objectifying sexual imagery . '' According to Davies , although the series ' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose , Theon 's torture in `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' was excessive . A scene in the fourth season 's episode `` Breaker of Chains '' , in which Jaime Lannister rapes his sister and lover Cersei , triggered a broad public discussion about the series ' depiction of sexual violence against women . According to Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times , the scene caused outrage , in part because of comments by director Alex Graves that the scene became `` consensual by the end '' . Itzkoff also wrote that critics fear that `` rape has become so pervasive in the drama that it is almost background noise : a routine and unshocking occurrence '' . Sonia Saraiya of The A.V. Club wrote that the series ' choice to portray this sexual act , and a similar one between Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo in the first season -- both described as consensual in the source novels -- as a rape appeared to be an act of `` exploitation for shock value '' . In the fifth season 's episode `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' , Sansa Stark is raped by Ramsay Bolton . Most reviewers , including those from Vanity Fair , Salon , The Atlantic , and The Daily Beast , found the scene gratuitous and artistically unnecessary . For example , Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , said that the scene `` undercuts all the agency that 's been growing in Sansa since the end of last season . '' In contrast , Sara Stewart of The New York Post wondered why viewers were not similarly upset about the many background and minor characters who 'd undergone similar or worse treatment . In response to the scene , pop culture website The Mary Sue announced that it would cease coverage of the series because of the repeated use of rape as a plot device , and U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill said that she would no longer watch it . As the sixth and seventh seasons saw Daenerys , Sansa and Cersei assume ruling positions , Alyssa Rosenberg of the Washington Post noted that the series could be seen as a `` long - arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power '' -- namely , that their past leaves them too broken to do anything but commit brutal acts in their own turn , and that their personal liberation does not effect the social change needed to protect others from suffering . Fandom Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom In this manipulated image published by the White House , U.S. President Barack Obama ( a fan of the series ) sits on the Iron Throne in the Oval Office with the king 's crown on his lap . A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones have a broad , active international fan base . In 2012 Vulture.com ranked the series ' fans as the most devoted in popular culture , more so than Lady Gaga 's , Justin Bieber 's , Harry Potter 's or Star Wars ' . Fans include political leaders such as former U.S. president Barack Obama , former British prime minister David Cameron , former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard and Dutch foreign minister Frans Timmermans , who framed European politics in quotes from Martin 's novels in a 2013 speech . BBC News said in 2013 that `` the passion and the extreme devotion of fans '' had created a phenomenon unlike anything related to other popular TV series , manifesting itself in fan fiction , Game of Thrones - themed burlesque routines and parents naming their children after series characters ; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail , moral ambiguity , sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels . The previous year , `` Arya '' was the fastest - rising girl 's name in the U.S. after it jumped in popularity from 711th to 413th place . In 2013 about 58 percent of series viewers were male and 42 percent female , and the average male viewer was 41 years old . According to SBS Broadcasting Group marketing director Helen Kellie , Game of Thrones has a high fan - engagement rate ; 5.5 percent of the series ' 2.9 million Facebook fans talked online about the series in 2012 , compared to 1.8 percent of the more than ten million fans of True Blood ( HBO 's other fantasy series ) . Vulture.com cited Westeros.org and WinterIsComing.net ( news and discussion forums ) , ToweroftheHand.com ( which organizes communal readings of the novels ) and Podcastoficeandfire.com as fan sites dedicated to the TV and novel series ; and podcasts cover Game of Thrones . Awards and accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , 5 Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Peabody Award . It holds the Emmy - award record for a scripted television series , ahead of Frasier ( which received 37 ) . In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th `` best written '' series in television history . In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their `` best TV shows ever '' list , while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire 's `` The 50 best TV shows ever '' . The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth `` greatest TV Show of all time '' . The 2011 first season received 13 nominations ( including Outstanding Drama Series ) , and won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( given to Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . Other nominations included Outstanding Directing ( `` Winter Is Coming '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Baelor '' ) . Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globe , Satellite and Scream Awards . In 2012 , the second season received six Creative Arts Emmy Awards from 11 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) . The 2013 third season received 16 Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Emilia Clarke ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Diana Rigg ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) , winning two Creative Arts Emmys . In 2014 the fourth season received four Creative Arts Emmys from 19 nominations , which included Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Lena Headey ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Rigg ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Children '' ) . The 2015 fifth season won the most Primetime Emmy Awards for a series in a year ( 12 awards from 24 nominations ) , including Outstanding Drama Series ; other wins included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) , and eight were Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the sixth season received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 23 ) . It won for Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , Outstanding Writing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , and nine Creative Arts Emmys . Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage and Kit Harington ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Clarke , Headey and Maisie Williams ) , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Max von Sydow ) and Outstanding Directing ( `` The Door '' ) . Viewer numbers The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday - night screenings and a gross audience ( including repeats and on - demand viewings ) of 9.3 million viewers per episode . For its second season , the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers . The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers , making Game of Thrones the second-most - viewed HBO series ( after The Sopranos ) . For the fourth season , HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers ( later adjusted to 18.6 million ) had passed The Sopranos for the record . By the sixth season the average per - episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million , with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Game of Thrones was `` much more popular in cities than in the countryside , probably the only show involving zombies that is '' . In season seven , the viewers numbers averaged at over 30 millions per episode across all platforms . The series set records on pay - television channels in the United Kingdom ( with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms ) and Australia ( with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million ) . The following graph indicates first - airing viewer numbers in the US : Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Other media and products See also : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire Video games Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games The series has inspired four video games based on the TV series and novels . The strategy game Game of Thrones Ascent ties into the HBO series , making characters and settings available to players as they appear on television . Behaviour Interactive is developing a free - to - play strategy game based on the series for mobile devices . Merchandise and exhibition Game of Thrones merchandise in HBO 's New York City store HBO has licensed a variety of merchandise based on Game of Thrones , including games , replica weapons and armor , jewelry , bobblehead dolls by Funko , beer by Ommegang and apparel . High - end merchandise includes a $10,500 Ulysse Nardin wristwatch and a $30,000 resin replica of the Iron Throne . In 2013 and 2014 , a traveling exhibition of costumes , props , armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas . Accompanying material Thronecast : The Official Guide to Game of Thrones , a series of podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd and produced by Koink , has been released on the Sky Atlantic website and the UK iTunes store during the series ' run ; a new podcast , with analysis and cast interviews , is released after each episode . In 2014 and 2015 HBO commissioned Catch the Throne , two rap albums about the series . A companion book , Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 1010 - 3 ) by series writer Bryan Cogman , was published on September 27 , 2012 . The 192 - page book , illustrated with concept art and behind - the - scenes photographs , covers the creation of the series ' first two seasons and its principal characters and families . After the Thrones is a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series . It airs on HBO Now the Monday after each sixth - season episode . The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience , a 28 - city orchestral tour which will perform the series ' soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi , is scheduled to begin February 15 , 2017 in Kansas City , Missouri . Each season 's Blu - ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the cast as their characters as they detail events in the history of Westeros . For the seventh season , this is to include the animated prequel series Game of Thrones : Conquest & Rebellion , illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos . The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen 's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros . Spin - offs After years of speculation about possible successor shows , in May 2017 HBO commissioned five screenwriters -- Max Borenstein , Jane Goldman , Brian Helgeland , Carly Wray and a fifth writer yet to be announced -- to develop individual Game of Thrones successor series . All of the writers are to be working individually with George R.R. Martin . Martin said that all the concepts under discussion are prequels , and some may be set outside Westeros . He also ruled out Robert 's Rebellion ( the overthrow of Daenerys 's father by Robert Baratheon ) as a possible idea . D.B. Weiss and David Benioff said that they would not be involved with any of the projects , and want to enjoy the successor series as fans . 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Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Absolutely Did Not Need to Go There with Sansa Stark '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` It 's a Stark reality : Outrage over Sansa rape scene misses the point '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pantozzi , Jill ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` We Will No Longer Be Promoting HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Claire McCaskill is done with ' Game of Thrones ' after Sunday 's rape scene . She 's got a point '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` The arguments about women and power in ' Game of Thrones ' have never been more unsettling '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 25 Most Devoted Fan Bases '' . Vulture . October 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` Obama 's TV Picks '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghahremani , Tanya ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` President Obama ' Really Likes ' Game of Thrones , In Case You Were Wondering '' . Complex . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Victoria ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` David Cameron admits he is a ' Throney ' and ' huge fan ' on Game of Thrones studio tour '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Lenore ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Julia Gillard reveals Game of Thrones addiction '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillard , Julia ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones has parallels with my time as Australian prime minister '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luoma , Sarah ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Dutch foreign minister uses ' Game of Thrones ' as political analogy '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Molly ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` The best ( and the weirdest ) of `` Game of Thrones '' fanfiction `` . Salon . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Castella , Tom ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Why does it inspire such devotion among fans ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' domination is nearly complete : ' Arya ' is the fastest - rising name for baby girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 31 , 2013 ) . `` HBO : ' Game of Thrones ' piracy is a compliment '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , Women Really Do Like Game of Thrones ( We Have Proof ) '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kellie , Helen ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Social is coming of age in the marketing mix -- a TV perspective '' . Marketing magazine . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Nicole ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` In the Game of Thrones , These Podcasts Play to Win '' . Geeksugar . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Recipients of the 71st Annual Peabody Awards '' . Peabody Awards . April 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Now Has the Most Emmy Wins Ever '' . Time . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite TV Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Scream Awards Winners : Vampires , Wizards And Swans '' . Cinemablend . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . International Press Academy . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sets Record for Most Emmy Wins in a Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews ' Game of Thrones ' for Fourth Season '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Dan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones is Time Warner 's Cash Cow '' . Wall Street Cheat Sheet . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` For HBO , Game of Thrones Ratings Second Only to The Sopranos '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' has become more popular than ' The Sopranos ' sorta kinda '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' draws 7.1 million viewers for blood - filled finale '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Ascent is More Up - to - Date With the Show Than You Are '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Behaviour Interactive is developing a mobile Game of Thrones strategy game '' . WinterisComing.net . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sacco , Dominic ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Brand Profiles : Game of Thrones '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` '' Is the $10,500 Game of Thrones Watch Blood - Resistant ? '' and Our Other Most Pressing Concerns About the Official `` Night 's '' Timepiece `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Pros and Cons of Owning a $30,000 Game of Thrones Replica Throne '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition '' . HBO . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thronecast : The Official Fan Show for Game of Thrones on Sky Atlantic HD '' . iTunes Store . April 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Robbie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Unlikely Mix : Rappers , Dragons and Fantasy : HBO Hires Hip - Hop , Latin - Music Artists to Promote ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Colin ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Talib Kweli , Mastodon , More To Appear On ' Game of Thrones ' Mixtape '' . Spin . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Richard ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Inside HBO 's Game Of Thrones by Bryan Cogman REVIEW '' . SFX . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones concert experience hits the road in 2017 '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` New GAME OF THRONES History Tells Us a Few Things About the Future '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Explore the Targaryen Conquest of Westeros in New GAME OF THRONES Animated Short '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Fifth `` Successor Show '' in the Works at HBO , George R.R. Martin Says `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` About Those Spinoffs ... '' Not A Blog . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Future Explained : Could All the Prequels Move Forward ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Game of Thrones Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Game of Thrones tourism . Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website -- ( United States ) Official website -- ( United Kingdom ) Game of Thrones on IMDb Game of Thrones Viewers Guide Making of Game of Thrones Articles related to A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. 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Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' David Benioff Novels The 25th Hour ( 2002 ) When the Nines Roll Over ( 2004 ) City of Thieves ( 2008 ) Films written 25th Hour ( 2002 ) Troy ( 2004 ) Stay ( 2005 ) The Kite Runner ( 2007 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) TV series Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Confederate ( TBA ) HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - 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-4285278623507313334	Parable of the Prodigal Son	Parable of the Prodigal Son - wikipedia Parable of the Prodigal Son `` Prodigal son '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Prodigal Son ( disambiguation ) . `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' redirects here . For the painting by Rembrandt , see The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Rembrandt ) . For Egyptian film by Youssef Chahine , see The Return of the Prodigal Son ( film ) . The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1773 ) by Pompeo Batoni The Parable of the Prodigal Son ( also known as the Two Brothers , Lost Son , Loving Father , or Lovesick Father ) is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 . Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples , the Pharisees and others . In the story , a father has two sons , a younger and an older . The younger son asks the father for his inheritance , and the father grants his son 's request . However , the younger son is prodigal ( i.e. , wasteful and extravagant ) and squanders his fortune , eventually becoming destitute . The younger son is forced to return home empty - handed and intends to beg his father to accept him back as a servant . To the son 's surprise , he is not scorned by his father but is welcomed back with celebration and fanfare . Envious , the older son refuses to participate in the festivities . The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything , and that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found . It is the third and final part of a cycle on redemption , following the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin . In Revised Common Lectionary and Latin Rite Catholic Lectionary , this parable is read on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( in Year C ) ; in the latter it is also included in the long form of the Gospel on the 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C , along with the preceding two parables of the cycle . In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son . James Tissot -- The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ) -- Brooklyn Museum The parable begins with a young man , the younger of two sons , who asks his father to give him his share of the estate . The implication is the son could not wait for his father 's death for his inheritance , he wanted it immediately . The father agrees and divides his estate between both sons . Upon receiving his portion of the inheritance , the younger son travels to a distant country and wastes all his money in extravagant living . Immediately thereafter , a famine strikes the land ; he becomes desperately poor and is forced to take work as a swineherd . ( This , too , would have been abhorrent to Jesus ' Jewish audience , who considered swine unclean animals . ) When he reaches the point of envying the food of the pigs he is watching , he finally comes to his senses : But when he came to himself he said , `` How many hired servants of my father 's have bread enough to spare , and I 'm dying with hunger ! I will get up and go to my father , and will tell him , ' Father , I have sinned against heaven , and in your sight . I am no more worthy to be called your son . Make me as one of your hired servants . ' '' He arose , and came to his father . But while he was still far off , his father saw him , and was moved with compassion , and ran towards him , and fell on his neck , and kissed him . -- Luke 15 : 17 -- 20 , World English Bible This implies the father was hopefully watching for the son 's return . The son does not even have time to finish his rehearsed speech , since the father calls for his servants to dress him in a fine robe , a ring , and sandals , and slaughter the `` fattened calf '' for a celebratory meal . The older son , who was at work in the fields , hears the sound of celebration , and is told about the return of his younger brother . He is not impressed , and becomes angry . He also has a speech for his father : But he answered his father , `` Behold , these many years I have served you , and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours , but you never gave me a goat , that I might celebrate with my friends . But when this , your son , came , who has devoured your living with prostitutes , you killed the fattened calf for him . '' -- Luke 15 : 29 -- 30 , World English Bible The parable concludes with the father explaining that because the younger son had returned , in a sense , from the dead , celebration was necessary : `` But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad , for this , your brother , was dead , and is alive again . He was lost , and is found . '' -- Luke 15 : 32 , World English Bible Contents 1 Context and interpretation 2 Commemoration and use 2.1 Orthodox 2.2 Catholic 3 In the arts 3.1 Art 3.2 Stage 3.3 Popular music 3.4 Literature 4 Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Context and interpretation ( edit ) Engraving of the Prodigal Son as a swineherd by Hans Sebald Beham , 1538 . This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption , following the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin , that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with `` sinners . '' The father 's joy described in the parable reflects divine love , the `` boundless mercy of God '' , and `` God 's refusal to limit the measure of his grace . '' The request of the younger son for his share of the inheritance is `` brash , even insolent '' and `` tantamount to wishing that the father was dead . '' His actions do not lead to success , and he eventually becomes an indentured servant , with the degrading job of looking after pigs , and even envying them for the carob pods they eat . On the son 's return , the father treats him with a generosity far more than he has a right to expect . The older son , in contrast , seems to think in terms of `` law , merit , and reward '' , rather than `` love and graciousness . '' He may represent the Pharisees who were criticizing Jesus . The father , who represents the Heavenly Father , implies to the older son that his love for both sons is not dependent upon their perfection , but their willingness to return to Him with a broken heart and a contrite spirit . Commemoration and Use ( edit ) Stained glass window based on the parable , Charleston , South Carolina . Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally reads this story on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son , which in their liturgical year is the Sunday before Meatfare Sunday and about two weeks before the beginning of Great Lent . One common kontakion hymn of the occasion reads , I have recklessly forgotten Your glory , O Father ; And among sinners I have scattered the riches which You gave to me . And now I cry to You as the Prodigal : I have sinned before You , O merciful Father ; Receive me as a penitent and make me as one of Your hired servants . Catholic ( edit ) In his 1984 apostolic exhortation titled Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( Latin for Reconciliation and Penance ) , Pope John Paul II used this parable to explain the process of conversion and reconciliation . Emphasizing that God the Father is `` rich in mercy '' and always ready to forgive , he stated that reconciliation is a gift on his part . He stated that for the Church her `` mission of reconciliation is the initiative , full of compassionate love and mercy , of that God who is love . '' He also explored the issues raised by this parable in his second encyclical , Dives in misericordia ( Latin for Rich in Mercy ) , issued in 1980 . In the arts ( edit ) Rembrandt , The Return of the Prodigal Son , 1662 -- 1669 ( Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) Gerard van Honthorst , 1623 , like many works of the period , allows a genre scene with moral content . The Polish Rider ; possibly the prodigal son . The subject is of much discussion . Art ( edit ) Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels , this was one of the four that were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others , but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ ( the others were the Wise and Foolish Virgins , Dives and Lazarus , and the Good Samaritan . The Labourers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works ) . From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly , and the various scenes -- the high living , herding the pigs , and the return -- of the Prodigal Son became the clear favourite . Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs ( 1496 ) , a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance . Rembrandt depicted several scenes from the parable , especially the final episode , which he etched , drew , or painted on several occasions during his career . At least one of his works , The Prodigal Son in the Tavern , a portrait of himself as the Son , revelling with his wife , is like many artists ' depictions , a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene -- if the title was indeed the original intention of the artist . His late Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1662 -- 1669 , Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) is one of his most popular works . Stage ( edit ) In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the theme was a sufficiently popular subject that the Prodigal Son Play can be seen as a subgenre of the English morality play . Examples include The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune , The Disobedient Child , and Acolastus . Notable adaptations for performance include an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan , an 1884 cantata by Claude Debussy , a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev , a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén , and an opera , The Prodigal Son by Benjamin Britten ( 1968 ) . Many of these adaptations added to the Biblical material to lengthen the story ; for example , the 1955 film The Prodigal took considerable liberties , such as adding a temptress priestess of Astarte to the tale . Popular music ( edit ) The parable is referenced in the last verse of the traditional Irish folk tune `` The Wild Rover '' ( `` I 'll go home to me parents , confess what I 've done / and I 'll ask them to pardon their prodigal son '' ) . Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins , who told the story of this parable in the song `` Prodigal Son '' , which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar 's Banquet . `` Prodigal Man '' was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album `` Migration '' by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969 . The Osmonds present a version of the parable in their 1973 hit song `` Let Me In , '' from their Mormon concept album The Plan . The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , based on the parable of the same name , which appeared on their second release , Killers , in 1981 . U2 recorded a song titled `` The First Time '' on their 1993 album Zooropa . While based on the parable , it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story . It could be argued that Kelly Willard 's 1982 song , Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home . `` The Prodigal Son Suite '' from the album The Prodigal Son is one of the first posthumous releases by the late piano player and gospel singer Keith Green in 1983 . Detroit musician , Kid Rock , also recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on his second album The Polyfuze Method , in 1993 . Kid Rock later re-recorded the track for his 2000 album The History of Rock . The Christian Rock trio BarlowGirl recorded the song `` She Walked Away '' , influenced by the parable , as part of their 2004 self - titled album . `` Indie '' rock band Two Gallants covered the parable in the song `` The Prodigal Son '' on their 2006 album What the Toll Tells . Musician Dustin Kensrue wrote a song about the Prodigal Son entitled `` Please Come Home '' on the album of the same name released in 2007 . Rock band Sevendust has a track titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their 2008 album , Chapter VII : Hope and Sorrow . The band Bad Religion has a song of the same title on their album New Maps of Hell . The band Extreme recorded a song titled `` Who Cares ? '' , which appeared on the album III Sides to Every Story , which is influenced by this parable . Brantley Gilbert released a song called `` Modern Day Prodigal Son '' . British Reggae band Steel Pulse recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their debut album Handsworth Revolution , recreating the Biblical story as a Rastafarian parable . The Post-Hardcore band `` Gideon '' released a song called `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on their second album Milestone . Christian rock outfit The Chinese Express opened and closed their 2006 release with a two part telling of the parable with songs titled `` Said the son to the Father '' and `` Said the Father to the Son '' . Post-hardcore band `` Jamie 's Elsewhere '' also released a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' . The Irish rap group House of Pain references the parable in one of the verses of their song , `` Jump Around '' . English indie rock band alt - J references the parable in the first verse of their song `` Left Hand Free '' . On their 2015 album Something Different , the Christian band Sidewalk Prophets included an uplifting song titled `` Prodigal '' with lyrics that are directed towards the Prodigal Son from the parable , or any person who is or has felt like they are in a similar situation . In 2006 Country artist Dierks Bentley wrote a song for his album `` Long Trip Alone '' entitled `` The Prodigal Son 's Prayer '' . The song is based on the son 's prospective of coming home after he 's ruined himself in the world . Gospel artists Tribute Quartet released `` When the Prodigal Comes Home '' in 2016 . Literature ( edit ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Leonello Spada , Louvre , Paris ) Another literary tribute to this parable is Dutch theologian Henri Nouwen 's 1992 book , The Return of the Prodigal Son : A Story of Homecoming , in which he describes his own spiritual journey infused with understanding based on an encounter with Rembrandt 's painting of the return of the Prodigal and deals with three personages : the younger , prodigal son ; the self - righteous , resentful older son ; and the compassionate father -- all of whom the author identifies with personally . An earlier work with similarities to the parable is `` Le retour de l'enfant prodigue '' ( `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' ) , a short story by André Gide . Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem giving an interpretation of the younger brother 's perspective . The Parable of the Prodigal Son is also a recurring theme in the works of Rainer Maria Rilke , who interpreted the parable in a different way to the conventional reading . His version of the parable was not so concerned with redemption and the forgiveness of family ; the love of the family , and human love in general , was seen as less worthy than unreciprocated love , which is the purest form of love . In loving the family less , the Son can love God more , even if this love is not returned . The theme of the Prodigal Son plays a major role in Anne Tyler 's novel A Spool of Blue Thread . The Prodigal Son was also referred to in the play The Merchant Of Venice as well as As You Like It , pastoral comedies by William Shakespeare . The Prodigal Son is also mentioned in Shakespeare 's romance , The Winter 's Tale ( Act 4 , Scene 4 line 89 ) . Similar parable in Mahayana buddhism ( edit ) A similar parable of a lost son can also be found in the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra . The two parables are so similar in their outline and many details that several scholars have assumed that one version has influenced the other or that both texts share a common origin . However , an influence of the biblical story on the Lotus sutra is regarded as unlikely given the early dating of the stratum of the sutra containing the Buddhist parable . In spite of their similarities , both parables continue differently after the two meet for the first time at the son 's return . In the biblical story , there is an immediate reunion of the two . In contrast , in the Lotus sutra , the poor son does not recognize the rich man as his father . When the father sends out some attendants to welcome the son , the son panics , fearing some kind of retribution . The father then lets the son leave without telling him of their kinship . However , he gradually draws the son closer to him by employing him in successively higher positions , only to tell him of their kinship in the end . In the Buddhist parable , the father symbolises the Buddha , and the son symbolises any human being . Their kinship symbolises that any being has Buddha nature . The concealment of the kinship of the father to his son is regarded as a skillful means ( Sanskrit : upāya ) . See also ( edit ) Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 The Parable of the Lost Son - Jesus . Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Parable of the Forgiving Father ( 15 : 11 - 32 ) - The IVP New Testament Commentary Series Jump up ^ `` Lent 4C '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Proper 19 ( 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time ) '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Richard N. Longenecker , The Challenge of Jesus ' Parables , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4638 - 6 , pp. 201 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , Curtis Mitch , and Dennis Walters , Gospel of Luke : The Ignatius Study Guide , 2nd ed , Ignatius Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 819 - 2 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Arland J. Hultgren , The Parables of Jesus : A Commentary , Eerdmans Publishing , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 6077 - X , pp. 70 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Scripture Readings Throughout the Year '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ The post-synodal apostolic exhortations of John Paul II by Catholic Church 1998 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 928 - 2 pages 234 -- 239 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Reconciliatio et paenitentia ' ' '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Dives in misericordia ' ' '' . Vatican . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Emile Mâle , The Gothic Image : Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 195 , English translation of 3rd ed , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) , ISBN 978 - 0064300322 Jump up ^ Roland E. Fleischer and Susan C. Scott , Rembrandt , Rubens , and the art of their time : recent perspectives , Pennsylvania State University Press , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 915773 - 10 - 4 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Craig , Hardin ( April 1950 ) . `` Morality Plays and Elizabethan Drama '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 1 ( 2 ) : 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866678 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel , The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 37299 - 9 , pp. 13 - 14 , Jump up ^ Paul Hammond , The shadow and its shadow : surrealist writings on the cinema , 3rd ed , City Lights Books , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 87286 - 376 - X , p. 70 . Jump up ^ BarlowGirl by BarlowGirl CD review at NewReleaseTuesday.com Jump up ^ Dustin Kensrue at YouthMinistry.com Jump up ^ Deirdre LaNoue , The Spiritual Legacy of Henri Nouwen , Continuum , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1283 - 1 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Turnell , Martin . `` André Gide and the Disintegration of the Protestant Cell '' . Yale French Studies . Yale University Press ( 7 ) : 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Prodigal Son '' . Famouspoetsandpoems.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Keith Malcolm Adam , Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible : A reader , Chalice Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8272 - 2970 - 4 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sinkler , Rebecca Pepper ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Book Review : ' A Spool of Blue Thread ' by Anne Tyler '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lotus Sutra , Chapter 4 , translated By H. Kern Jump up ^ Suzuki , Takayasu ( 2015 ) . Two parables on `` The wealthy father and the poor son '' in the Saddharmapundarika and the Mahaberisutra , Journal of Indian and Budddhist Studies 63 ( 3 ) , 169 - 176 ^ Jump up to : Lai , Whalen W . `` The Buddhist Prodigal Son ' : A Story of Misperceptions '' . Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4.2 ( 1981 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Nhất Hạnh , Thích ( 2003 ) . Opening the Heart of the Cosmos . Parallax Press . pp. 37 -- 41 . ISBN 9781888375336 . Further reading ( edit ) Wiggins , James , 2010 . What Did Jesus Teach ? A Detailed Survey of His Parables ISBN 978 - 1477699065 David A. Holgate , Prodigality , liberality and meanness in the parable of the prodigal son : a Greco - Roman perspective on Luke 15.11 - 32 , Continuum , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 84127 - 025 - 3 . Father Raniero Cantalamessa , Pontifical Household preacher , `` Comments on Fourth Sunday of Lent Readings '' , Zenit News Agency , March 17 , 2007 . Rev. George Dimopoulos , `` The Prodigal Son '' , Orthodoxy and the world , February 24 , 2008 . G. Campbell Morgan , The Parable of the Father 's Heart . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola del figliol prodigo nella letteratura in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 E. Di Rocco , Leggere le Scritture con le Scritture : Ugo di Santo Caro e Nicola di Lira lettori di Luca ( 15 , 11 - 32 ) , in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola di Luca nella letteratura moderna e contemporanea. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . E. Di Rocco , Heimkehr : wohin ? , Auszug : wohin ? : la parabola esistenziale del figliol prodigo nella letteratura del Novecento. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . External links ( edit ) Brooks , David . `` The Prodigal Sons '' , The New York Times , February 17 , 2014 Media related to Prodigal son at Wikimedia Commons Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar The Parable of the Prodigal Son in arts and culture Source Luke 15 Parables of Jesus Art The Wayfarer ( 1500s ) The Prodigal Son in the Brothel ( 1637 ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1660s ) The Prodigal Son ( 1922 ) Film L'Enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) The Prodigal ( 1955 ) The Gospel ( 2005 ) The Prodigal Trilogy ( 2008 ) The Imposter ( 2008 ) Preacher 's Kid ( 2010 ) Stage The London Prodigal ( 1605 play ) The Prodigal Son ( 1929 ballet ) Opera L'enfant prodigue ( 1850 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1968 ) Music The Prodigal Son ( 1869 ) L'enfant prodigue ( 1884 ) Songs Symphony No. 4 `` Walkin ' to Missouri '' ( 1952 ) `` Prodigal Son '' ( 1994 ) Album Ants'hillvania ( 1981 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1983 ) Literature Tears of the Prodigal Son ( 1622 ) Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) `` Home - Coming '' Papal Dives in misericordia ( 1980 ) Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( 1984 ) Other Fatted calf The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's ( 2007 ) `` Michael '' `` The Burglar 's Christmas '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son&oldid=851199282 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Eastern Orthodox liturgical days Gospel of Luke Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart മലയാളം مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 18 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the word prodigal mean in the bible	[ "In the story, a father has two sons, a younger and an older. The younger son asks the father for his inheritance, and the father grants his son's request. However, the younger son is prodigal (i.e., wasteful and extravagant) and squanders his fortune, eventually becoming destitute. The younger son is forced to return home empty-handed and intends to beg his father to accept him back as a servant. To the son's surprise, he is not scorned by his father but is welcomed back with celebration and fanfare. Envious, the older son refuses to participate in the festivities. The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything, and that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found.\n" ]	[ "wasteful and extravagant" ]
-7406475185084492907	Ages of consent in Oceania	Ages of consent in Oceania - wikipedia Ages of consent in Oceania Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Age of consent The ages of consent for sexual activity vary by jurisdiction across Australia , New Zealand and Oceania , ranging from age 15 to age 18 . The specific activity engaged in or the gender of its participants can also be affected by the law . Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject . The highlighted age refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age . Close in age exceptions may exist and are noted when relevant . In Vanuatu the homosexual age of consent is set higher at 18 , while the heterosexual age of consent is 15 . Same sex sexual activity is illegal at any age for males in Papua New Guinea , Kiribati , the Cook Islands , Samoa , Tonga and Tuvalu ; it is outlawed for both men and women in the Solomon Islands . In all other places the age of consent is equal , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Oceania as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 1.1 Regulations by state 1.2 Federal laws 1.3 Australian Capital Territory 1.4 Coral Sea Islands Territory 1.5 New South Wales and Norfolk Island 1.6 Northern Territory 1.7 Queensland 1.8 South Australia 1.9 Tasmania 1.10 Victoria 1.11 Western Australia 2 Clipperton Island ( France ) 3 Cook Islands 4 Easter Island ( Chile ) 5 Federated States of Micronesia 6 Fiji 7 French Polynesia ( France ) 8 Juan Fernández Islands ( Chile ) 9 Kiribati 10 Marcus Island ( Japan ) 11 Marshall Islands 12 Nauru 13 New Caledonia ( France ) 14 New Zealand 14.1 Tokelau 15 Niue 16 Okinotori Islands ( Japan ) 17 Palau 18 Papua ( Indonesia ) 19 Papua New Guinea 20 Pitcairn Island ( United Kingdom ) 21 Samoa 22 Solomon Islands 23 Tonga 24 Tuvalu 25 United States ( Hawaii and Pacific Territories ) 25.1 Hawaii 25.2 American Samoa 25.3 Guam 25.4 Northern Mariana Islands 25.5 Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument 25.6 Midway Atoll 26 Vanuatu 27 Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 28 See also 29 References Australia ( edit ) Age of consent in Australia : 16 17 Australia is a federation of States and Territories , with each State and Territory having the primary jurisdiction over age of consent issues within its territory . However , as a result of the international affairs power under Australia 's constitution , a 1997 United Nations Human Rights Committee ruling has resulted in States repealing rules that differentiated between homosexual and heterosexual people on age of consent issues . Regulations by state ( edit ) State Minimum age of consent New South Wales 16 Queensland 16 South Australia 17 Tasmania 17 Victoria 16 Western Australia 16 Northern Territory 16 Australian Capital Territory 16 Federal laws ( edit ) Under federal legislation that applies to all Australians , it is an offence for an Australian citizen , resident or body corporate while outside of Australia to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 or to induce a child under the age of 16 to have sexual intercourse , or be somehow involved in a similar sexual act . Sex between consenting adults ( 18 or over ) in private , regardless of gender or sexual orientation can not be outlawed under section 4 of the Human Rights ( Sexual Conduct ) Act 1994 . Australia federation of AIDS organisations , age of consent ( 20 July 2007 ) Australia federation of AIDS organisations , age of consent - State and territory legislation ( 29 June 2006 ) Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) It is an offence in the Australian Capital Territory to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 . However , it is a defence if the younger party was aged 10 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger party . Coral Sea Islands Territory ( edit ) The laws of the Australian Capital Territory apply to the Coral Sea Islands Territory . New South Wales and Norfolk Island ( edit ) It is an offence in New South Wales to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 or attempt such an offence . It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . Since July 1 , 2016 all NSW laws also apply to the approximately 2,000 residents on Norfolk Island , under both the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 and the Territories Legislation Amendment Act 2016 - because the Norfolk Legislative Assembly was abolished on July 1 , 2015 . Northern Territory ( edit ) It is an offence in the Northern Territory to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 or attempt such an offence . It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . Queensland ( edit ) It is an offence in Queensland to have carnal knowledge of a person under the age of 16 ( Criminal Code Act 1899 , s. 215 ) . `` Carnal knowledge '' includes all types of sexual activity . Legislation in September 2016 lowered and equalised the age of consent for anal sex to 16 . South Australia ( edit ) It is an offence in South Australia to engage in any activity which involves fellatio , cunnilingus or placing any part of the body within the labia majora , vagina or anus of a person under the age of 17 unless they are lawful spouses . The Australian Marriage Act can permit someone who is 18 or over to marry a 16 - year - old . However , it is a defence if the person is 16 at the time of the offence and either the offender is under 17 years of age or believe on reasonable grounds that the other person is 17 or older . It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . Tasmania ( edit ) It is an offence in Tasmania to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 17 . However , it is a defence if the younger person was aged 12 years or older and the older was not more than 3 years their senior or , if the younger person was of or above 15 years and the older was not more than 5 years their senior . Victoria ( edit ) It is an offence in Victoria to sexually penetrate a person under the age of 16 . However , it is a defence if the younger party was aged 12 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger person , or they were married . It is also an offence for a person having the care of a person under the age of 18 to sexually penetrate that person ( guardian , teacher etc . ) . A person under the age of 18 is not allowed to work as a prostitute nor to be in a brothel . Western Australia ( edit ) It is an offence in Western Australia to sexually penetrate a person under the age of 16 . It is also an offence for a person in a position of authority over a person under the age of 18 to have sex with that person . Clipperton Island ( France ) ( edit ) The laws of France where applicable apply . ( These specify a general age of consent of 15 . ) See Ages of consent in Europe # France . Cook Islands ( edit ) It is an offence in the Cook Islands to have sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of 16 , ( ss146 and 147 ) . If the girl consented and is aged 12 or more , it is a defence if the offender is younger than the girl , or if he is under 21 of age and `` had reasonable cause to believe , and did believe '' that the girl was aged 16 or older . ( These defenses do not apply if consent was obtained fraudulently . ) There is no minimum age of consent for boys with women , although sodomy is illegal at any age ( s155 ) and also exist the sodomy crimes that apply we criminal codes ( S154 , S159 ) 154 . Indecency between males - ( 1 ) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years who , bring a male , - ( a ) Indecently assaults any other male ; or ( b ) Does any indecent act with or upon any other male ; or ( c ) Induces or permits any other male to do any indecent act with or upon him . ( 2 ) No boy under the age of fifteen years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against paragraph ( b ) or paragraph ( c ) of subsection ( 1 ) of this section , unless the other male was under the age of twenty - one years . ( 3 ) It is not defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented . 155 . Sodomy - ( 1 ) Every one who commits sodomy is liable - ( a ) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a female , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years ; ( b ) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a male , and at the time of the act that male is under the age of fifteen years and the offender is of over the age of twenty - one years , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years ; ( c ) In any other case , to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years . ( 2 ) This offence is complete upon penetration . ( 3 ) Where sodomy is committed on any person under the age of fifteen years he shall not be charged with being a party to that offence , but he may be charged with being a party to an offence against section 154 of this Act in say case to which that section is applicable . ( 4 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented . 159 . Keeping Place of resort for homosexual acts - Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who - ( a ) Keeps or manages , or acts or assists in the management of , say premises used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males ; or ( b ) Being the tenant , lessee , or occupier of any promises , knowingly permits the premises or any part thereof to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males ; or ( c ) Being the lessor or landlord of any premises , or the agent of the lessor or landlord , lets the premises or any part thereof with the knowledge that the premises are to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males , or that dome part thereof is to be so used , or is wilfully a party to the continued use of the premises or any part thereof as a place of resort for the commission of such acts as aforesaid . More in line with the Criminal Code sections 152 and 153 , the age of consent for same - sex men and women is begins , starting at 15 years 152 . Indecent act between woman and girl - ( 1 ) Every woman of or over the age of twenty - one years is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years who - ( a ) Does any indecent act with or upon any girl under the age of fifteen years ; or ( b ) Induces or permits any girl under the age of fifteen years to do say indecent act with or upon her . ( 2 ) The girl shall not be charged as a party to an offence committed with or upon her against this section . ( 3 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the girl consented . 153 . Indecency between man and boy - ( 1 ) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who , being a male - ( a ) Indecently assaults any boy under the age of fifteen years ; or ( b ) Does any indecent act with or upon any boy under the age of fifteen years ; or ( c ) Induces or permits any boy under the age of fifteen years to do any indecent act with or upon him . ( 2 ) No person under the age of twenty - one years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against this section . ( 3 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the boy consented . Easter Island ( Chile ) ( edit ) For this section , see Ages of consent in South America § Chile . Federated states of micronesia ( edit ) The states ' statutory rape laws apply to children age 13 and below in Chuuk , Yap , and Kosrae and age 15 and below in Pohnpei . Fiji ( edit ) Under the Crimes Act 2010 effective since 1 February 2010 , the age of consent in Fiji is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . French polynesia ( France ) ( edit ) The laws of France where applicable apply . ( These specify a general age of consent of 15 . ) See Ages of consent in Europe # France . Juan fernández Islands ( Chile ) ( edit ) For this section , see Ages of consent in South America § Chile . Kiribati ( edit ) The age of consent in Kiribati is 15 ( sections 133 , 134 & 135 ) , but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages ( sections 153 , 154 & 155 ) . Furthermore , section 132 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse , while section 136 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse . Marcus Island ( Japan ) ( edit ) Marcus Island is administratively under the government of Tokyo . See Age of Consent in Japan . Marshall Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in Marshall Islands is 16 . Section 152 ( A ) of the Criminal Code provides that anyone engaging in sexual penetration with a person under 16 is liable to imprisonment for up to 25 years . Nauru ( edit ) In Nauru it is an offence under the Crimes Act 2016 , Division 7.3 to engage in sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16 . Consent is not a defence unless the younger party was aged 13 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger person . New Caledonia ( France ) ( edit ) New Caledonia has a civil law system based on French law ; the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands . New Zealand ( edit ) It is an offence in New Zealand to have a sexual connection with a person under the age of 16 . It is a defence if due diligence had been undertaken by the defendant to ascertain the victim 's age , had reasonable grounds to believe the victim was aged 16 or over and consent was given . Further it is an offence for a person to have a sexual connection with a person under the age of 18 if the defendant is in a guardianship role ( parent , stepparent , foster parent , guardian , uncle , aunt or other members of extended family , whanau or other power or authority or responsibility for care or upbringing ) . The age of consent for girls had earlier been 12 years , and was progressively raised to 16 years in the late 19th century . The age of consent for prostitution in New Zealand is higher . Although prostitution is legal , under the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 it is illegal to procure or receive sexual services from any person under 18 . New Zealand has had a uniform and equal age of consent of 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender since the passage of the Homosexual Law Reform Act in 1986 . All territories of New Zealand have legalized homosexuality in 2007 ( except for the Cook Islands as shown below ) LGBT rights in New Zealand under the Niue Amendment Act 2007 . Although age of consent laws in New Zealand ( as with most other Western countries ) are currently severe , consensual relationships between adults and young teens are usually not prosecuted unless the parent or child complain about it . Contraceptives in New Zealand are not age restricted and are available to people under 16 . A teen 12 years or older can be prosecuted for a consensual relationship with a teen under 16 ( both parties if both are 12 years or older ) , although this is extremely rare . Even with a complaint , it is still up to police discretion and if the age difference is small it is rarely prosecuted , with family group conferences being the more likely option . There was an attempt to formalise this under law in 2004 , however this was abandoned after a public outcry . Before 2005 , there was no law in New Zealand prohibiting any form of sexual relationship between adult women and male minors . The sexual abuse of boys of any age , including rape , by adult women was fully legal in New Zealand until around 2007 . This is despite New Zealand having been party to international conventions against the exploitation of children since the 1980s . In 2003 , swimming instructor Stacey Margaret Friel , 21 , was reported to have had sex with a 13 - year - old boy , but faced no charges at the time due to the lack of laws against sexual abuse of boys by women . Since the loophole in the laws was closed there have been a number of cases of women being prosecuted for sexual abuse of young boys , including a woman who gave birth to the child of an 11 - year - old boy whom she had allegedly raped . Tokelau ( edit ) The age of consent is 16 . Section 19 of the Crimes , Procedures and Evidence Rules , 2003 ( CPER ) reads : `` 1 ) A person who has carnal knowledge of another -- ( ... ) ( i ) ( II ) if the victim is under the age of 16 years , whether the victim consented or not ( ... ) commits an offence . '' Section 21 reads : `` ( 1 ) A person who indecently assaults another commits an offence. ( 2 ) Where the victim is a mental defective or under the age of 16 years it is no defence to a charge under this rule that the person consented to the offence , or that the person charged believed that the person assaulted was sane or not under the age of 16 years as the case may be . '' Niue ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The age of consent in Niue is 16 . Okinotori Islands ( Japan ) ( edit ) The Okinotori Islands are administratively under the government of Tokyo . See Age of Consent in Japan . Palau ( edit ) The age of consent in Palau is 17 . There is a close in age exemption allowing 15 and 16 year - olds to have sex with partners less than 5 years older . Article § 1602 reads : a ) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the first degree if : ( ... ) ( 3 ) The person knowingly engages in sexual penetration with a person who is at least fifteen years old but less than seventeen years old ; provided that : ( A ) The person is not less than five years older than the minor ; and ( B ) The person is not legally married to the minor `` . Papua ( Indonesia ) ( edit ) The age of consent in Indonesia Ages of consent in Asia . Papua New Guinea ( edit ) In Papua New Guinea it is unlawful to have carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 16 . If the victim is aged 12 or more , it is a defence if the defendant `` believed , on reasonable grounds '' that the girl was aged 16 or older . It is a crime for any person to indecently deal with a boy under the age of 14 ( section 211 ) , and boys under the age of 17 are not deemed able to consent to acts by another male that , but for their consent , would be indecent assaults ( section 243 ) . Also having or allowing carnal knowledge `` against the order of nature '' is illegal at any age , as are acts of `` gross indecency '' between males ( sections 210 and 212 ) . Pitcairn Island ( United kingdom ) ( edit ) The current age of consent appears to be 16 , as a 1999 case involved a New Zealand tourist convicted of `` unlawful carnal knowledge '' of a girl of 15 ( this will be confirmed once The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 comes into effect ) . However the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004 involved mostly charges of rape or sexual assault , not `` underage sex '' ( and some `` gross indecency with a child under 14 '' charges ) , although it was claimed during the trial that ( presumably consensual ) `` underage sex '' with girls from the age of 12 was normal on Pitcairn . Samoa ( edit ) The age of consent in Samoa is 16 , per Section 59 . Sexual conduct with young person under 16 , of the Crime Act 2013 . Homosexual acts are illegal regardless of age ( Section 67 . Sodomy ) . Solomon Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Solomon Islands is 15 ( sections 141 , 142 & 143 ) , but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages ( sections 160 , 161 & 162 ) . Further , section 140 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse , while section 144 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse . Tonga ( edit ) The age of consent in Tonga is 15 . Section 121 Carnal knowledge of child or young person ( ... ) ( 2 ) Any person who carnally knows any young person under the age of 15 years shall be liable on conviction thereof to imprisonment for 5 years Section 124 Indecent assault ( ... ) ( 5 ) A young person under the age of 15 years can not in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an indecent assault for the purposes of this section . Tuvalu ( edit ) The age of consent in Tuvalu is 15 ( sections 133 , 134 & 135 ) , but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages ( sections 153 , 154 & 155 ) . Further , section 132 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse , while section 136 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse . United states ( Hawaii and Pacific territories ) ( edit ) Main article : Ages of consent in the United States Ages of consent in the United States , including Hawaii and the following Oceania territories : Guam , CMNI , and American Samoa 16 17 18 No data available / other Hawaii ( edit ) The age of consent in Hawaii is 16 years old . There is however a close in age exemption , which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older . American Samoa ( edit ) It is an offence in American Samoa to engage in sexual acts with a person under the age of 16 . Guam ( edit ) The age of consent in Guam is 16 . § 25.25 . Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct . ( a ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists : ( 1 ) that other person is at least fourteen ( 14 ) years of age and under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ( ... ) Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16 , according to Sections 1306 - 1309 of the Commonwealth Code . There a close - in - age exemption permitting minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with those less than three years older . Under the same provisions , it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid , encourage , induce or causes minors under 13 to engage in any sexual activity , or minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with persons older than them by three years or more . The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner - being age 18 or older - is the parent , stepparent , adopted parent , or legal guardian of the younger person , or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person . This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older and is not the younger person 's parent , stepparent , adopted parent or legal guardian . According to section 1317 , a position of authority `` means an employer , youth leader , scout leader , coach , teacher , counselor , school administrator , religious leader , doctor , nurse , psychologist , guardian ad litem , babysitter , or a substantially similar position , and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control '' over a person under 18 . According to Section 1310 , affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306 - 1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age . Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with persons aged 18 or 19 , if they are `` committed to the custody of the Department of Public Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth 's civil or criminal laws , and the offender is the legal guardian of the person '' . Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument ( edit ) Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island , are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior , as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . Midway Atoll ( edit ) Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior ( administered as a National Wildlife Refuge ) . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . Vanuatu ( edit ) Since 1 January 2007 under the Criminal Consolidation Act 2006 , the age of consent on Vanuatu is 15 for heterosexual conduct and 18 for homosexual conduct . Article 97 reads : ( ... ) ( 2 ) No person shall have sexual intercourse with any child under the age of 15 years but of or over the age of 13 years . ( 3 ) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the child consented or that the person charged believed that the child was of or over the age in question . Article 99 reads : No person shall commit any homosexual act with a person of the same sex under 18 years of age , whether or not that person consents . Wallis and futuna ( France ) ( edit ) The laws of France where applicable apply . See Ages of consent in Europe # France . See also ( edit ) Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in South America Sex education Comprehensive sex education References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Criminal Code , Division 272 -- Child sex offences outside Australia Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` HUMAN RIGHTS ( SEXUAL CONDUCT ) ACT 1994 - SECT 4 Arbitrary interferences with privacy '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 30 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( ACT ) , s55 ( 2 ) Archived 7 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( ACT ) , s55 ( 3b ) Archived 7 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( NSW ) , s66C Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( NSW ) , s66d Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1900 ( NSW ) , s73 Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act 2014 ( NT ) , sch1 s127 Archived 16 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act 2014 ( NT ) , sch1 s131 Archived 16 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act 2014 ( NT ) , sch1 s128 Archived 16 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Health and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2016 `` Act No. 50 of 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Queensland Parliament . 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 , s49 ( 3 ) Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marriage Act s12 Jump up ^ ( s49 ( 4 ) ) Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( s49 ( 5 ) ) Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act 1924 , s13 - 124 Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sex : When can I have sex ? What are the ages of consent in Tasmania ? Who can not have sex with me ? '' . lawstuff.org.au . National Children 's and Youth Law Centre . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ s13 - 124 ( 3 ) Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crimes Act 1958 , s45 ( 1 ) Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ s45 ( 4 ) ( b ) Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ s48 Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sex Work Act 1994 ( Vic ) , ss11 & 11A Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act Compilation 1913 '' ( WA ) , ss320 & 321 Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act Compilation 1913 ( WA , s322 ) Archived 11 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA - The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov. 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Crimes Act ( 1969 ) Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kiribati Penal Code Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marshall Islands Criminal Code Archived 18 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : RONLAW , Crimes Act 2016 Archived 7 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Division 7.3 -- Sexual Acts with Children ( Sections 116 - 127 ) Jump up ^ NZ Crimes Act ( 1961 ) Part 7 , section 134 Archived 9 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Part 7 Section 134A ) Jump up ^ Part 7 , sections 131 & 131A Jump up ^ `` Prostitution Reform Act 2003 '' . legislation.govt.nz . Retrieved 12 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Niue Amendment Act 2007 Archived 2 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Teens face tough new underage sex penalty '' . The New Zealand Herald . 26 May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` PM condemns decriminalising 12 - year - old sex '' . The New Zealand Herald . 24 May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Woman , 36 , charged after having baby fathered by 11 - year - old boy '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ http://www.paclii.org/tk/legis/num_act/cpaer2003302.rtf . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Penal Code of the Republic of Palau , RPPL No. 9 - 21 2013 '' . paclii.org. 2011 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ sections 213 and 216 of the Criminal Code ( 1974 ) Archived 15 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/ / 01. Acts / Acts % 202013 / Crimes_Act_2013_ - _Eng. pdf . Jump up ^ Solomon Islands Penal Code Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://crownlaw.gov.to/cms/images/LEGISLATION/AMENDING/2012/2012-0019/CriminalOffencesAmendmentAct2012.pdf Jump up ^ Tuvalu Penal Code Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` House Bill '' . Capitol.hawaii.gov. 2008 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Code '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17 . ( hide ) Sexual ethics Human sexuality Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex Child sexuality Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism Sexual abuse Child - on - child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law Age of consent ( reform ) Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania&oldid=836338375 '' Categories : Australian criminal law New Zealand law Age of consent by continent Adolescent sexuality in Oceania Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the age of consent in victoria	[ "\n\nState\nMinimum age of consent\n\n\n New South Wales\n16\n\n\n Queensland\n16\n\n\n South Australia\n17\n\n\n Tasmania\n17\n\n\n Victoria\n16\n\n\n Western Australia\n16\n\n\n Northern Territory\n16\n\n\n Australian Capital Territory\n16\n\n" ]	[ "16" ]
-5752240993569060101	Flag of Argentina	Flag of Argentina - wikipedia Flag of Argentina Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the state flag . For a list of Argentine flags , see List of Argentine flags . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Argentina Use National flag and ensign Proportion 5 : 8 or 9 : 14 Adopted February 27 , 1812 ( original ) , 1861 ( current version ) Design A horizontal triband of light blue ( top and bottom ) and white with the Sun of May centered on the white band . Designed by Manuel Belgrano The flag of Argentina is a triband , composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured baby blue and white . There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors . The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano , in line with the creation of the Cockade of Argentina , and was first raised at the city of Rosario on February 27 , 1812 , during the Argentine War of Independence . The National Flag Memorial was later built on the site . The First Triumvirate did not approve the use of the flag , but the Asamblea del Año XIII allowed the use of the flag as a war flag . It was the Congress of Tucumán which finally designated it as the national flag , in 1816 . A yellow Sun of May was added to the center in 1818 . The full flag featuring the sun is called the Official Ceremonial Flag ( Spanish : Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia ) . The flag without the sun is considered the Ornamental Flag ( Bandera de Ornato ) . While both versions are equally considered the national flag , the ornamental version must always be hoisted below the Official Ceremony Flag . In vexillological terms , the Official Ceremonial Flag is the civil , state and war flag and ensign , while the Ornamental Flag is an alternative civil flag and ensign . There is controversy of the true colour of the first flag , between scientist and the descendants of Manuel Belgrano between blue and pale blue . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 2.1 Shape and size 2.2 Colors 2.3 Sun of May 3 Influence of the Argentine flag 4 Anthems to the flag 4.1 Aurora ( Sunrise ) 4.2 Saludo a la bandera ( Salutation to the Flag ) 4.3 Mi Bandera ( My Flag ) 5 Pledge to the Flag 5.1 Variant 1 5.2 Variant 2 5.3 Military / police variant 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Manuel Belgrano holding the flag . The flag of Argentina was created by Manuel Belgrano during the Argentine War of Independence . While in Rosario he noticed that both the royalist and patriotic forces were using the same colors , Spain 's yellow and red . After realizing this , Belgrano created the Cockade of Argentina , which was approved by the First Triumvirate on February 18 , 1812 . Encouraged by this success , he created a flag of the same colors nine days later . It used the colors that were used by the Criollos during the May Revolution in 1810 . However , recent research and studies would indicate that the colors were chosen from the Spanish Order of Charles III symbolizing the allegiance to the rightful , and then captive King Ferdinand VII of Spain . Most portraits about the creation or first uses of the flag show the modern design of it , but the flag of Macha , a very early design kept at the House of Freedom in Sucre , Bolivia was instead a vertical triband with two white bands and a light blue one in the middle . The flag was first flown for soldiers to swear allegiance to it on 27 February 1812 , on the Batería Libertad ( Liberty Battery ) , by the Paraná River . On that day , Belgrano said the following words : Soldiers of the Fatherland , we have heretofore had the glory of wearing the national cockade ; there ( pointing to the Independence battery ) , on the Independence Battery , where our Government has recently had the honor of bestowing it upon , shall our weapons enlarge their glory . Let us swear to defeat our enemies , internal and external , and South America will become the temple of Independence and Freedom . In testament that you so swear it , say with me : LONG LIVE THE FATHERLAND ! ( after the oath ) `` Lord Captain and troops chosen for the first time for the Independence Battery : go , take possession of it and fulfill the oath you have just sworn today . Belgrano dispatched a letter addressed to the First Triumvirate , informing them of the newly created flag . However , unlike with the cockade , the Triumvirate did not accept the use of the flag : policy at the time was to state that the government was ruling on behalf of King Ferdinand VII of Spain who was captive of Napoleon , whereas the creation of a flag was a clear independentist act . Thus , the triumvirate sent a warning to Belgrano not to fight under the flag , but by the time the reply had arrived , Belgrano had moved to the north , following the previous orders that requested him to strengthen the patriotic position in the Upper Peru after the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the Battle of Huaqui . Meanwhile , the flag was hoisted for the first time in Buenos Aires atop the Church of Saint Nicholas of Bari on August 23 , 1812 ; where nowadays the Obelisk of Buenos Aires is located . Still not knowing about the Triumvirate 's refusal , Belgrano raised the flag at San Salvador de Jujuy and had it blessed by the local church on the second anniversary of the May Revolution . Belgrano accepted the orders from the Triumvirate by time they arrived to Salta and ceased using the flag . As soldiers had already made oaths to the new flag , Belgrano said that he was saving it for the circumstance of a great victory . The priest Juan Ignacio Gorriti blessing the flag . The First Triumvirate was later replaced by the Second Triumvirate , with a more liberal ideology , who called the Asamblea del Año XIII . Despite being one of its original goals , it did not declare independence , and so did not approve the use of a national flag either ; nevertheless , the flag made by Belgrano was authorized to be used as a war flag . The first oath to the newly - approved flag was on February 13 , 1813 , next to the Salado River , which became known as the `` Río Juramento '' ( `` Oath River '' ) . The first battle fought with the approved flag was the Battle of Salta , a decisive patriotic victory that achieved the complete defeat of royalist Pío Tristán . The flag would be finally declared the national flag by the Congress of Tucumán on July 20 , 1816 , shortly after the declaration of independence . The proposal was made by the deputy Juan José Paso and the text written by the deputy of Charcas , José Serrano . On February 25 , 1818 , the Congress ( now working at Buenos Aires ) included the Sun of May in the war flag , after the proposal of deputy Chorroarín . The sun was copied after the one that the first Argentine coin featured in 1813 . It was subsequently decided to keep it as part of the regular flag afterwards , and thus the sun no longer represents war . The Argentine flag flying for the first time over a coastal battery on the shores of the Paraná , 27 February 1812 José de San Martín was aware of the new flag , but did not employ it during the crossing of the Andes in 1817 . Being a joint operation of both Argentine and Chilean forces , he thought that a new flag would be a better idea than using either the Argentine or the Chilean flag . This led to the creation of the Flag of the Andes , used in the crossing . This flag is currently used as a provincial flag by Mendoza province . On June 8 , 1938 , president Roberto Ortiz sanctioned national law no. 12,361 declaring June 20 `` Flag Day '' , a national holiday . The date was decided as the anniversary of Belgrano 's death in 1820 . In 1957 the National Flag Memorial ( a 10,000 m monumental complex ) was inaugurated in Rosario to commemorate the creation of the flag , and the official Flag Day ceremonies have customarily been conducted in its vicinity since then . In 1978 it was specified , among other measurements , that the Official Ceremony Flag should be 1.4 meters wide and 0.9 meters high , and that the sun must be embroidered . According to the Decree 10,302 / 1944 the article 2 stated that the Official Flag of the Nation is the flag with sun , approved by the `` Congress of Tucumán '' , reunited in Buenos Aires on 25 February 1818 . The article 3 stated that the flag with the sun in its center is to be used only by the Federal and Provincial Governments ; while individuals and institutions use a flag without the sun . In 1985 the Law 23,208 repealed the article 3 of the Decree 10,302 / 1944 , saying that the Federal and Provincial Governments , as well as individuals have the right to use the Official Flag of the Nation . The Cross of Burgundy flag of Spain ( 1536 ) Flag used in the Spanish coastal fortifications ( 1717 ) Flag of Spain ( 1785 ) Flag of Belgrano ( 1812 ) Flag of Macha ( 1816 ) Flag used ( 1818 ) Flag used during the Liga Federal ( 1830 ) Flag used ( 1835 ) Flag of the Argentine Confederation ( 1850 ) Flag of Argentina ( 1861 ) Design ( edit ) The flag at Plaza de Mayo , in front of the Casa Rosada . Flag in Buenos Aires . Flag in Puerto Madryn . Popular belief attributes the colors to those of the sky , clouds and the sun ; some anthems to the flag like `` Aurora '' or `` Salute to the flag '' state so as well . However , historians usually disregard this idea , and attribute them to loyalty towards the House of Bourbon . After the May Revolution , the first times of the Argentine War of Independence , the Triumvirate claimed to be acting on behalf of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII , who was prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte during the Peninsular War . Whether such loyalty was real or a trick to conceal independentism is a topic of dispute . The creation of a new flag with those colors would have been then a way to denote autonomy , while keeping the relations with the captive king alive . Shape and size ( edit ) From 1978 , the flag 's official proportions are 9 : 14 , and its official size is 0.9 by 1.4 meters . It features three stripes alternating sky blue , white and sky blue . Each stripe is 30 centimeters high . In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May ( Spanish : Sol de Mayo ) , a golden sun . Historian Diego Abad de Santillán claimed that the Sun of May was a representation of the Inca sun god Inti . Flags with proportions of 1 : 2 and 2 : 3 are also in use . Colors ( edit ) The colors are officially defined using the CIE 1976 standard : Scheme Sky blue Yellow Brown CIE ( L * , a * , b * ) 67.27 , - 6.88 , - 32.23 74.97 , 29.22 , 81.58 44.53 , 27.16 , 22.48 * Black and white are as normal . * Source : http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/normas-iram/ The following are given for computer , textile , print and plastic use : Scheme Sky blue Yellow Brown RGB 117 , 170 , 219 # 75AADB 252 , 191 , 73 # FCBF49 132 , 53 , 17 # 843511 Pantone ( textile ) 16 - 4132 TC 14 - 1064 TC 18 - 1441 TC Pantone ( print ) 284 C / 284 U 1235 C / 116 U 483 C / 483 U Pantone ( plastic ) Q 300 - 4 - 1 Q 030 - 2 - 1 Q 120 - 2 - 4 Number 75AADB FCBF49 843511 * Source : ibid . The Spanish word celeste ( sky blue ) is used to describe the colour of the blue stripes . Sun of May ( edit ) The sun is called the Sun of May because it is a replica of an engraving on the first Argentine coin , approved in 1813 , whose value was eight escudos ( one Spanish dollar ) . It has 16 straight and 16 waved sunbeams . In 1978 the sun color was specified to be golden yellow ( amarillo oro ) , to have an inner diameter of 10 cm , and an outer diameter of 25 cm ( the diameter of the sun equals ⁄ the height of the white stripe . The sun 's face is ⁄ of its height ) . It features 32 rays , alternately wavy and straight , and from 1978 it must be embroidered in the `` Official Flag Ceremony '' . Influence of the Argentine flag ( edit ) The flag of the United Provinces of Central America . Flag of Peru ( 1822 ) The French privateer Louis - Michel Aury used the Argentine flag as a model for the blue - white - blue flag of the first independent state in Central America , which was created 1818 in Isla de Providencia , an island off the east coast of Nicaragua . This state existed until approximately 1821 , before the Gran Colombia took over control of these islands . Somewhat later ( 1823 ) this flag was again used as the model for the flag of the United Provinces of Central America , a confederation of the current Central American states of Guatemala , Honduras , El Salvador , Nicaragua and Costa Rica , which existed from 1823 to 1838 . After the dissolution of the Union , the five countries became independent , but even today all of these states except Costa Rica use flags of blue - white - blue stripes ( the Costa Rican flag has a red stripe superimposed on the white one , added to incorporate all the colors of the French flag ) . The Argentine flag also inspired the flags of Uruguay and Paraguay . Current flags of Central and South American countries Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Paraguay Uruguay Anthems to the flag ( edit ) Aurora ( sunrise ) ( edit ) Alta en el cielo , un águila guerrera Audaz se eleva en vuelo triunfal . Azul un ala del color del cielo , Azul un ala del color del mar . Así en el alta aurora irradial . Punta de flecha el áureo rostro imita . Y forma estela el purpurado cuello . El ala es paño , el águila es bandera . Es la bandera de la patria mía , del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios . Es la bandera de la Patria Mía , del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios . High in the sky , a warrior eagle rises audacious in its triumphal flight One wing is blue , sky - colored ; one wing is blue , sea - colored . In the high radiant aurora its golden face resembles the tip of an arrow . And its purple nape leaves a wake . The wing is cloth , the eagle is a flag . It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine that God gave me , born of the sun . It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine that God gave me , born of the sun . Lyrics by Luigi Illica and Héctor Cipriano Quesada , music by Héctor Panizza , it is sung during flag raising ceremonies . Saludo a la Bandera ( salutation to the flag ) ( edit ) Salve , argentina bandera azul y blanca . Jirón del cielo en donde impera el Sol . Tú , la más noble , la más gloriosa y santa , el firmamento su color te dio . Yo te saludo , bandera de mi Patria , sublime enseña de libertad y honor . Jurando amarte , como así defenderte , mientras palpite mi fiel corazón . Hail , Argentine Blue and white flag Shred of the sky Where the Sun reigns You , the Most Noble The Most Glorious and Holy The sky gave its color to you I salute you Flag of my motherland Sublime ensign of freedom and honour Swearing to love you as well as to defend you for as long as my faithful heart beats Mi Bandera ( my flag ) ( edit ) Aquí está la bandera idolatrada , la enseña que Belgrano nos legó , cuando triste la Patria esclavizada con valor sus vínculos rompió . Aquí está la bandera esplendorosa que al mundo con sus triunfos admiró , cuando altiva en la lucha y victoriosa la cima de los Andes escaló . Aquí está la bandera que un día en la batalla tremoló triunfal y , llena de orgullo y bizarría , a San Lorenzo se dirigió inmortal . Aquí está , como el cielo refulgente , ostentando sublime majestad , después de haber cruzado el Continente , exclamando a su paso : ¡ Libertad ! ¡ Libertad ! ¡ Libertad ! Here is the idolized flag , the flag that Belgrano left to us , when the sad enslaved Homeland bravely broke its bonds . Here is the splendorous flag that surprised the world with its victory , when arrogant and victoriously during the battles the top of the Andes it has climbed . Here is the flag that one day triumphantly rose in the middle of the battle and , full of pride and gallantry , to San Lorenzo it went immortal . Here it is , like the shining sky , showing sublimate majesty after having crossed the continent shouting in its way : `` Freedom ! '' `` Freedom ! Freedom ! '' Pledge to the flag ( edit ) As Flag Day is celebrated on June 20 , the following pledge is recited to students nationwide on this day by their respective school principals or grade level advisers . In large towns where students are gathered en masse , the pledge is taken by the local town or city executive , preceded by words of advice and honor to the memory of its creator , Manuel Belgrano , using the following or similar formulas : Variant 1 ( edit ) Summons : Niños / Alumnos , la Bandera blanca y celeste -- Dios sea loado -- no ha sido atada jamás al carro triunfal de ningún vencedor de la tierra . Niños / Alumnos , esa Bandera gloriosa representa a la Patria de los Argentinos . Prometáis rendirle vuestro más sincero y respetuoso homenaje , quererla con amor inmenso y formarle , desde la aurora de la vida un culto fervoroso e imborrable en vuestros corazones ; preparándoos desde la escuela para practicar a su tiempo , con toda pureza y honestidad , las nobles virtudes inherentes a la ciudadanía , estudiar con empeño la historia de nuestro país y la de sus grandes benefactores a fin de seguir sus huellas luminosas ya fin también de honrar la Bandera y de que no se amortigüe jamás en vuestras almas el delicado y generoso sentimiento de amor a la Patria . En una palabra : ¿ prometéis lo que esté en las medidas de vuestras fuerzas que la Bandera Argentina flamee por siempre sobra nuestras murallas y fortalezas , en lo alto de los mástiles de nuestras naves ya la cabeza de nuestras legiones y para que el honor sea su aliento , la gloria su aureola , la justicia su empresa ? Response : ¡ Sí , prometo ! Summons : Children / Students , the white and sky - blue flag , God be praised , has never been carried in the triumphal carts of any victors of this Earth . Children / Students , this glorious Flag represents the Fatherland of the Argentines . I ask you all to promise to produce your most sincere and respectful homage , to love it and form it with immense love , from the dawn of the life a fervent and indelible cult in your hearts ; preparing yourselves from the school to practice to its time , with all purity and honesty , the noble virtues inherent in citizenship , studying with determination the history of our country and that of its big benefactors in order to continue its luminous traces and to end also of honoring the Flag and of which there should never get depressed in your souls the delicate and generous love feeling to the Fatherland . In a word : do you promise that what should be in the measurements of your forces that the Flag of Argentina flames forever exceeds our walls and fortitude , on top of the masts of our ships and at the head of our legions and so that the honor should be its breath , the glory its aurora , the justice its company ? Response : `` Yes , we promise ! '' ( either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture , if not all stand at attention ) Versions of this include references to Belgrano and to all who fought for the country during the Argentine War of Independence and other wars that followed . Variant 2 ( edit ) Summons : Niños / Alumnos , esta es la Bandera que creó Manuel Belgrano en los albores de nuestra libertad , simboliza a la República Argentina , nuestra Patria . Niños / Alumnos , es el símbolo de nuestra libre soberanía , que hace sagrados a los hombres y mujeres ya todos los pueblos del mundo . Convoca el ejercicio de nuestros deberes y nuestros derechos , a respetar las leyes y las instituciones . Es la expresión de nuestra historia forjada con la esperanza y el esfuerzo de millones de hombres y mujeres , los que nacieron en nuestra tierra y los que vinieron a poblarla al amparo de nuestra bandera y nuestra Constitución . Representa nuestra tierra y nuestros mares , nuestros ríos y bosques , nuestros llanos y montañas , el esfuerzo de sus habitantes sus sueños y realizaciones . Simboliza nuestro presente , en el que , día a día , debemos construir la democracia que nos ennoblece , y conquistar el conocimiento que nos libera ; y nuestro futuro , el de nuestros hijos y el de las sucesivas generaciones de argentinos . Niños / Alumnos , ¿ prometen defenderla , respetarla y amarla , con fraterna tolerancia y respeto , estudiando con firme voluntad , comprometiéndose a ser ciudadanos libres y justos , aceptando solidariamente en sus diferencias a todos los que pueblan nuestro suelo y transmitiendo , en todos y cada uno de nuestros actos , sus valores permanentes e irrenunciables ? Response : Sí , prometo ! Summons : Children / Students , in the sunrise of our freedom , Manuel Belgrano created this flag , the very symbol of our fatherland , the Republic of Argentina . Children / Students , it is the symbol of our free sovereignty , which makes it sacred to the men and women and to all the peoples of the world . It was convoked by the exercise of our duties and our rights , to respect the laws and institutions . It is the expression of our history forged with the hope and the efforts of millions of men and women , those who were born in our land and those who came to settle it under our flag and our Constitution . It represents our land and seas , our rivers and forests , our plains and mountains , the efforts of its inhabitants , their dreams and achievements . It symbolizes our present , in which , day to day , we must build democracy that enables us , and conquer the knowledge that frees us ; and our future , for our children and the successive generations of Argentines . Children / Students , therefore , do you promise to defend , respect , and love it , with fraternal tolerance and respect , studying with determination , committing to be free and honest citizens , in solidarity accepting their differences to all who populate in our land and manifest , in each and every one of our actions , these permanent and inalienable values ? Response : `` Yes , we promise ! '' ( either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture , if not all stand at attention ) The Glorious Revielle may be sounded by a military band or a marching band at this point when available , and confetti may be or may not be showered on the students . In the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic and civil uniformed services the pledge is similar but with a different formula and response of ¡ Si , juro ! ( Yes , we pledge ! ) Military / Police variant ( edit ) Summons : ¿ Jurais a la Patria , seguir constantemente su bandera y defenderla hasta perder la vida ? Response : ¡ Sí , juro ! Summons : Do you therefore pledge to the Fatherland , constantly follow its flag and defend it even at the cost of your lives ? Response : `` Yes , we pledge ! '' If in the Argentine Federal Police the words y su Constitution Nacional ( and its Constitution ) may be inserted . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ La Primera Bandera y su destino ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Spanish : Soldados de la Patria , en este punto hemos tenido la gloria de vestir la escarapela nacional ; en aquél ( señalando la batería Independencia ) nuestras armas aumentarán sus glorias . Juremos vencer a nuestros enemigos interiores y exteriores y la América del Sud será el templo de la Independencia y de la Libertad . En fe de que así lo juráis decid conmigo : ¡ Viva la Patria ! '' `` Señor capitán y tropa destinada por la primera vez a la batería Independencia : id , posesionaos de ella y cumplid el juramento que acabáis de hacer . Proclama dirigida por M. Belgrano a su ejército al enarbolar por primera vez la bandera Jump up ^ Decreto 10.302 / 44 - Que el Escudo , la Bandera , el Himno y su letra son los símbolos de la soberanía de la Nación Jump up ^ Ley 23.208 - Determina quiénes tienen derecho a usar la Bandera Oficial de la Nación . Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán , Diego ( 1965 ) . Historia Argentina ( Argentine history ) ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : TEA ( Tipográfica Editora Argentina ) . OCLC 9405703 . Unknown ID 2900104629702 . Jump up ^ Felipe Pigna ( 2005 ) . Los mitos de la Historia Argentina 2 . Argentina : Grupo Editorial Planeta S.A.I.C. 2005 . p. 92 . ISBN 950 - 49 - 1342 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Belgrano dejó descendencia en América Central '' . aimdigital . August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El origen de las banderas de centroamérica '' . mdz online . June 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.gob.gba.gov.ar/legislacion/legislacion/98-2785.html Decree 2785 / 98 of the Province of Buenos Aires . Jump up ^ http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/20dejunio/promesa.html. Student Oath to the Flag as sanctioned by the Ministry of Education of Argentina . Jump up ^ Rumbos Aeronauticos . `` Military / Civil Uniformed Services Pledge to the Flag of Argentina '' . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Argentina . Argentina at Flags of the World All anthems to the Argentine flag More information ( in Spanish ) Día de la Bandera ( in Spanish ) National symbols of Argentina National flag Coat of arms Cockade Sun of May Himno Nacional Argentino ( National anthem ) En unión y libertad ( Motto ) Logo José de San Martín ( Father of the Fatherland ) Effigy of the Republic - Gaucho ( National personifications ) Ceibo ( National tree ) Red Quebracho ( National forest tree ) Ceibo flower ( Floral emblem ) Hornero ( National animal / National bird ) Rhodochrosite ( National stone ) Pato ( National sport ) Wine ( National liquor ) Asado - Locro ( National dishes ) Our Lady of Luján ( Patron saint ) Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Manuel Belgrano Political career Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires Telégrafo Mercantil Carlotism May Revolution Primera Junta Inca plan Military career Paraguay campaign Battle of Campichuelo Battle of Paraguarí Battle of Tacuarí 2nd Upper Peru expedition Creation of the Flag of Argentina Jujuy Exodus Battle of Tucumán Battle of Salta Battle of Vilcapugio Battle of Ayohuma Yatasto relay Historiography Autobiography Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina Belgranian National Institute Monuments National Flag Memorial Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Argentina&oldid=806193156 '' Categories : National symbols of Argentina Flags of Argentina 1812 introductions Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles containing Spanish - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Pangasinan Polski Português Română Русский Davvisámegiella Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the sun in the argentina flag mean	[ "From 1978, the flag's official proportions are 9:14, and its official size is 0.9 by 1.4 meters. It features three stripes alternating sky blue, white and sky blue. Each stripe is 30 centimeters high.[citation needed] In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May (Spanish: Sol de Mayo), a golden sun. Historian Diego Abad de Santillán claimed that the Sun of May was a representation of the Inca sun god Inti.[5]" ]	[ "a representation of the Inca sun god Inti" ]
-7268664842822065171	Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence	Signing of the United states Declaration of Independence - wikipedia Signing of the United states Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence . The signatures on the Declaration of Independence The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2 , 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House , Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the `` United States of America , '' and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign , independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire . The signers ' names are grouped by state , with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock ; the states are arranged geographically from north to south . The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4 , although the date of its signing has long been disputed . Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2 , 1776 , nearly a month after its adoption , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Date of signing 2 List of signers 3 Signer details 4 Stories and legends 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources Date of signing ( edit ) The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America , by Armand - Dumaresq ( c. 1873 ) has been hanging in the White House since the late 1980s The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 , with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining . The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate . Within a decade after the event , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress the day it was adopted on July 4 , 1776 . That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration , which is dated July 4 . Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress , the official public record of the Continental Congress . The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777 , and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date ( the official copy was handwritten ) . In 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . `` ( N ) o person signed it on that day nor for many days after '' , he later wrote . His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821 . The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration . On July 15 , New York 's delegates heard that they 'd gotten permission from their convention to agree to the declaration . The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads : Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America '' & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress . The entry for August 2 states : The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members . In 1884 , historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution , and had not been signed by Congress until August 2 . Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4 , and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2 . Both Jefferson and Adams never wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4 , yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams : `` No such scene , with all the delegates present , ever occurred at Philadelphia . '' The Syng inkstand was used during the signing of the Declaration Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and that the others signed on or after August 2 . Ritz argued that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4 , as Jefferson , Adams , and Franklin had stated , and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken . Ritz believed that McKean 's testimony was questionable , and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution . According to Ritz , this resolution did not call for a new document to be created , but rather for the existing one to be given a new title , which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence . Ritz reasoned that the phrase `` signed by every member of Congress '' in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so . List of signers ( edit ) Fifty - six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence : President of Congress 1 . John Hancock ( Massachusetts Bay ) New Hampshire 2 . Josiah Bartlett 3 . William Whipple 4 . Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Bay 5 . Samuel Adams 6 . John Adams 7 . Robert Treat Paine 8 . Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 9 . Stephen Hopkins 10 . William Ellery Connecticut 11 . Roger Sherman 12 . Samuel Huntington 13 . William Williams 14 . Oliver Wolcott New York 15 . William Floyd 16 . Philip Livingston 17 . Francis Lewis 18 . Lewis Morris New Jersey 19 . Richard Stockton 20 . John Witherspoon 21 . Francis Hopkinson 22 . John Hart 23 . Abraham Clark Pennsylvania 24 . Robert Morris 25 . Benjamin Rush 26 . Benjamin Franklin 27 . John Morton 28 . George Clymer 29 . James Smith 30 . George Taylor 31 . James Wilson 32 . George Ross Delaware 33 . Caesar Rodney 34 . George Read 35 . Thomas McKean Maryland 36 . Samuel Chase 37 . William Paca 38 . Thomas Stone 39 . Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia 40 . George Wythe 41 . Richard Henry Lee 42 . Thomas Jefferson 43 . Benjamin Harrison 44 . Thomas Nelson , Jr . 45 . Francis Lightfoot Lee 46 . Carter Braxton North Carolina 47 . William Hooper 48 . Joseph Hewes 49 . John Penn South Carolina 50 . Edward Rutledge 51 . Thomas Heyward , Jr . 52 . Thomas Lynch , Jr . 53 . Arthur Middleton Georgia 54 . Button Gwinnett 55 . Lyman Hall 56 . George Walton Signer details ( edit ) Eight delegates never signed the Declaration , out of the approximately 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776 : John Alsop , George Clinton , John Dickinson , Charles Humphreys , Robert R. Livingston , John Rogers , Thomas Willing , and Henry Wisner . Clinton , Livingston , and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place . Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing . Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2 . Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document . Dickinson refused to sign , believing the Declaration premature , but he remained in Congress . George Read had voted against the resolution of independence , and Robert Morris had abstained -- yet they both signed the Declaration . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) the oldest . John Hancock 's now - iconic signature on the Declaration is nearly 5 inches ( 13 cm ) long . Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated , including William Hooper and Samuel Chase , but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2 . Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2 , including Lewis Morris , Oliver Wolcott , Thomas McKean , and possibly Elbridge Gerry . Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August , but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October , respectively . New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign . Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4 : Matthew Thornton , William Williams , Benjamin Rush , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , George Ross , and Charles Carroll of Carrollton . Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November . By the time that he signed it , there was n't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates , so he placed his signature at the end of the document . The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside . The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson , and those names were printed rather than signatures . The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18 , 1777 , when the Congress ordered that an `` authenticated copy '' be sent to each of the 13 states , including the names of the signers . This copy is called the Goddard Broadside ; it was the first to list all the signers except for Thomas McKean , who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published . Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration , and his name does n't appear on the Goddard Broadside , even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside . Stories and legends ( edit ) Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin 's death . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 242 -- 43 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , p. 246 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , p. 192 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , p. 192 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 302 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 243 -- 45 Jump up ^ https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/signing Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress , Secret Journals vol. 1 , p. 46 Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress , Secret Journals vol. 1 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 245 -- 46 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , p. 341 Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` What you know about July 4th is wrong '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , p. 194 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , p. 182 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , pp. 190 -- 200 Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation and Analysis , p. 143 ) says that 45 delegates can be confirmed as present on July 4 , and that another four might have been . Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation , p. 149 ) gives the number of non-signers as seven , not counting Dickinson , who absented himself for the final votes . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 525 -- 26 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 209 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , p. 90 Jump up ^ Fradin , The Signers , 112 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p , 148 Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation , p. 149 ) lists seven men ; he does not include Charles Carroll of Carrollton , who had been working as an emissary for Congress . He did not become an official member of the Maryland delegation until July 4 , and did not take his seat as a delegate until July 18 . ( Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 529 , 587 ) Jump up ^ The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 150 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , p. 247 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 284 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 137 , where the date is misprinted as January 8 , but correct on page 150 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 137 Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , p. 91 Sources ( edit ) Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 printing available on Google Book Search Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . The Story of the Declaration of Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1975 . A picture book with text by a leading Jefferson scholar . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . United States Continental Congress . Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress , from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation , vol. 1 , p. 46 . Boston : Thomas B. Wait , 1820 . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths . '' The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Tower John Hancock Center Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Politics portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=814382404 '' Categories : United States Declaration of Independence Documents of the American Revolution 1776 in the United States 1776 in the British Empire Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who signed the declaration of independence on august 2 1776	[ "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the \"United States of America,\" and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers’ names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south." ]	[ "56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress" ]
-8855328139121044445	50 home run club	50 home run club - wikipedia 50 home run club Jump to : navigation , search Mark McGwire ( left ) and Sammy Sosa ( right ) are the only players to join the 50 home run club in four consecutive seasons . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season . Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this , doing so in 1920 . By reaching the milestone , he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season , breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season . Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions , repeating the achievement in 1921 , 1927 and 1928 . He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001 , respectively , thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons . Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club , collecting 73 in 2001 . The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge , achieving the feat during the 2017 season . In total , 29 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once . Of these , seventeen were right - handed batters , eleven were left - handed , and one was a switch hitter , meaning he could bat from either side of the plate . Four of these players ( including two active members of the 50 home run club ) have played for only one major league team . The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster : Ruth , Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , Alex Rodriguez , and Aaron Judge . Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club and two of them ( Willie Mays and Rodriguez ) are also members of the 3,000 hit club . Ten players won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season . Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs , leading both leagues in batting average , home runs and runs batted in ( RBI ) . Mantle and Maris -- collectively known as the M&M Boys -- are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season , hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single - season record for home runs by a pair of teammates . Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs . Prince Fielder , at 23 years and 139 days , was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds , at age 37 , was the oldest . Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club , Baseball Digest called it `` a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite '' in 1954 , when there were only six members . Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame , eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot . Eligibility requires that a player has `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , disqualifying four active players and five players who have been retired for less than five seasons . Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members ; fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010 . Additionally , several of these recent members have had ties to performance - enhancing drugs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Babe Ruth was the first member of the 50 home run club and joined it in four seasons , a record he shares with Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa . Jimmie Foxx achieved the 50 home run club and won the MVP Award in 1932 and 1938 . Mickey Mantle ( right ) earned the Triple Crown in addition to achieving the 50 home run club in 1956 . Five years later , he and Roger Maris ( left ) became the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season . Key Year The year the player 's 50 home run season occurred Player ( X ) Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point Team The player 's team for his 50 home run season HR Number of home runs in that season Career HR The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career Denotes single - season home run record progression Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active Members of the 50 home run club Year Player Team HR Career HR Ref 1920 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth New York Yankees 54 714 1921 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 2 ) New York Yankees 59 714 1927 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 3 ) New York Yankees 60 714 1928 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 4 ) New York Yankees 54 714 1930 Wilson , Hack Hack Wilson Chicago Cubs 56 244 1932 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 1938 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 50 534 1938 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers 58 331 1947 Mize , Johnny Johnny Mize New York Giants 51 359 1947 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 1949 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 1955 Mays , Willie Willie Mays New York Giants 51 660 1956 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle New York Yankees 52 536 1961 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees 54 536 1961 Maris , Roger Roger Maris New York Yankees 61 275 1965 Mays , Willie Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants 52 660 1977 Foster , George George Foster Cincinnati Reds 52 348 Fielder , Cecil Cecil Fielder Detroit Tigers 51 319 1995 Belle , Albert Albert Belle Cleveland Indians 50 381 Anderson , Brady Brady Anderson Baltimore Orioles 50 210 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 52 583 1997 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners 56 630 1997 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 1998 Vaughn , Greg Greg Vaughn San Diego Padres 50 355 1998 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners 56 630 1998 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs 66 609 1998 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 70 583 1999 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 63 609 1999 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 2000 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs 50 609 2001 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 52 696 2001 Gonzalez , Luis Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 2001 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa ( 4 ) Chicago Cubs 64 609 2001 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 73 762 2002 Thome , Jim Jim Thome Cleveland Indians 52 612 2002 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 57 696 2005 Jones , Andruw Andruw Jones Atlanta Braves 51 434 2006 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 2006 Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox 54 541 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 54 696 2007 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 Bautista , José José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays 54 328 2013 Davis , Chris Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles 53 261 2017 Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins 59 267 2017 Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge New York Yankees 52 67 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball home run champions Major League Baseball single - season home run record List of Major League Baseball home run records Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) General `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ Johnston , Joey ( July 1987 ) . `` Will 50 - Homer Seasons Become Extinct in the Majors ? '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 46 ( 7 ) : 60 -- 61 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( September 29 , 1997 ) . `` On Baseball ; Numbers Tell It All : 1997 Was Impressive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Larry Walker ... missed joining McGwire and Griffey in the 50 home run club ( 49 ) . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista belts 49th as Jays edge Red Sox '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Bautista ( 's ) ... next blast will put him in the 50 home run club . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge Hits 2 More Homers , Breaking Mark McGwire 's Rookie Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mantle Eligible for ' Hall ' Today '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . January 16 , 1974 . p. 24 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle took the triple crown in 1956 when he batted . 353 with 52 home runs and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mantle Named Most Valuable Player '' . The Milwaukee Journal . November 15 , 1956 . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle , who won the triple batting crown ... , became the eighth man in history to win the batting , home run and runs batted in titles in one season . ( He ) led the league , both leagues in fact , with a . 353 batting average , 52 homers and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Plenty of duos have look of M&M Boys '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . ( T ) heir combined total of 115 still stands as the benchmark for teammates . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Single - Season Home Run Record '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ( Maris ) and Mantle ... broke the record for most single - season home runs by a pair of teammates . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` Belle battled fans , teammates , self '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . In 1995 , ... he became the first player to amass 50 doubles and 50 homers in the same year . Jump up ^ `` Belle is forgotten man '' . The Spokesman - Review . September 27 , 1998 . p . C5 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ( H ) e became the first player to hit 50 homers and 50 doubles in 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Prince hits 50 , but it 's 52 he wants to ' shut up ' his dad '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; Giants ' Bonds Is Fastest to 50 Homers '' . The New York Times . August 12 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , George K. ( October 1954 ) . `` 37 Stars Hit 50 Homers in Year ! '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 13 ( 9 ) : 43 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Not as exclusive as the `` Four Homers in One Game Club '' but , nevertheless , a restrictive sort of fraternity is that comprising batters who have blasted 50 -- or more -- home runs in one season . This group of slugging elite ... Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 30 , 2001 ) . `` Baseball : Notebook ; Measure of Inflation For Home Run Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . I think it takes some of the luster off the numbers that some of the best players established ... Jump up ^ Schwarz , Alan ( June 9 , 2002 ) . `` Ideas & Trends ; Scoring Hits , Runs and Asterisks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Where 50 home runs in a season once meant something ( just 18 players did it before 1995 ) , 16 have since ... Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista 's homer binge brings questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . McGwire has admitted to using steroids during his career and Sosa and Bonds have been dogged by allegations . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell Report proposes solutions '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rodriguez Admits to Use of Performance Enhancers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ortiz and Ramirez Said to Be on 2003 Doping List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hack Wilson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Greenberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Kiner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mickey Mantle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` George Foster Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Anderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sammy Sosa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Gonzalez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thome Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andruw Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Ortiz Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Bautista Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giancarlo Stanton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50_home_run_club&oldid=841969909 '' Categories : Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 09 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first mlb player to hit 50 home runs	[ "In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season.[1][2][3] Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single-season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season.[4] Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928.[5][6] He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons.[6] Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001.[6] The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season.[7]" ]	[ "Babe Ruth" ]
-8213490553480167520	The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)	The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Phantom of the Opera Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Schumacher Produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber Screenplay by Andrew Lloyd Webber Joel Schumacher Based on The Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Gaston Leroux Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Starring Gerard Butler Emmy Rossum Patrick Wilson Miranda Richardson Simon Callow Ciarán Hinds Minnie Driver Jennifer Ellison Ramin Karimloo Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by Terry Rawlings Production company Joel Schumacher Productions Really Useful Films Scion Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Odyssey Entertainment ( International ) Release date 10 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) 22 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $154.6 million The Phantom of the Opera is a 2004 British - American musical drama film based on Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical of the same name , which in turn is based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux . It was produced and co-written by Lloyd Webber and directed by Joel Schumacher . It stars Gerard Butler in the title role , Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli , and Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry . The film was announced in 1989 but production did not start until 2002 due to Lloyd Webber 's divorce and Schumacher 's busy career . It was shot entirely at Pinewood Studios , with scenery created with miniatures and computer graphics . Rossum , Wilson , and Driver had singing experience , but Butler had none and so had music lessons . The Phantom of the Opera grossed approximately $154 million worldwide , despite receiving mixed to negative reviews , which praised the visuals and acting but criticized the writing and directing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Release and awards 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , the Opéra Populaire holds a public auction to clear the theatre 's vaults . Raoul , Viscount de Chagny purchases a papier - mâché music box in the shape of a monkey and eyes it sadly as Madame Giry , an aged woman dressed in black , watches him . The auctioneer then presents a shattered chandelier as the next item up for bid , explaining that it once played a key role in `` the strange affair of the Phantom of the Opera '' . As it flickers to life and slowly ascends to its original place in the rafters , the audience is transported back in time to the year 1870 . Back to this time , while the company rehearses for a performance of the grand opera Hannibal , manager Monsieur Lefèvre announces that he has decided to retire and that the opera has been purchased by Richard Firmin and Gilles André , two men who have no experience with the arts whatsoever . When resident soprano Carlotta Giudicelli begins to sing for the managers , a backdrop collapses and causes everyone to blame the `` Opera Ghost '' , a mysterious figure who is rumored to live in the catacombs beneath the theater . Carlotta refuses to sing and storms offstage , leaving Firmin and André no choice but to cancel the performance . At the last minute , ballet mistress Madame Giry suggests that dancer Christine Daaé take Carlotta 's place as she has been `` well taught . '' The managers reluctantly agree and , to their surprise , Christine wins them over . Later that night , after Christine 's triumphant stage debut , she explains to Madame Giry 's daughter , Meg , that she is being coached by a mysterious tutor who she refers to as the `` Angel of Music '' ; a tutor who her late father said would teach her to sing . Christine returns to her dressing room to find Raoul , the opera 's new patron and her former childhood sweetheart , waiting for her . The two reminisce about their youth as Christine tells Raoul her secret , only for him to laugh at her `` fantasy '' and invite her to dinner despite her protests . Unbeknownst to everyone , except Madame Giry , the Phantom of the Opera locks Christine in her dressing room and reveals himself in her mirror to her before hypnotizing her and taking her to his subterranean lair . The Phantom reveals to her that he loves her and wants her to love him back . He shows Christine a bust of herself , wearing a wedding dress and veil , causing her to faint , and the Phantom places her in a bed . The next morning she awakes to find the Phantom writing music . She approaches him and removes his mask out of curiosity . He bursts into a fit of rage , covering his face with his hand . He at first says she must stay forever because she saw his deformities , revealing that he `` dreams of beauty '' . Pitying him Christine hands him back his mask and the two have a moment of understanding . He then decides to return her to the opera house . That morning , the two managers lament Christine 's disappearance , as well as series of notes they received from the Opera Ghost trying to blackmail them for his payment and ordering them on how to run the opera house . When Carlotta returns , she is furious to find a note sent to her saying if she sang as the countess in Il Muto that night instead of Christine , then disaster `` beyond ( their ) imagination '' would occur . Firmin and André ignore the ghost 's warnings and give Carlotta the lead role . That night , the Phantom interrupts the performance and criticizes their failure to follow his orders . Carlotta continues to sing , but her voice croaks ( as a result of the Phantom tampering with her throat spray ) and the lead role is given to Christine . While the ballet is being performed , the Phantom encounters the chief stagehand Joseph Buquet and strangles him before hanging him from above , creating chaos . Christine flees to the roof with Raoul . She reveals to him that she has seen the Phantom 's face and fears him , but also pities him because of his sadness . Raoul tells Christine he loves her and will protect her forevermore . Christine returns his love , kissing him passionately and they both leave the roof . The Phantom , who witnessed the scene , becomes heartbroken . He then hears them both singing together . Growing furious at Raoul , he vows revenge on them both . Three months later , a masquerade party ensues in the opera house . At the party , Christine wears her new engagement ring from Raoul . The event is interrupted once again by the Phantom , who is dressed as Red Death . The Phantom brings his own composition , Don Juan Triumphant , and orders the managers to stage the opera . Raoul exits the room and Christine approaches the Phantom . At the sight of the engagement ring , the Phantom rips it from Christine and disappears into a trap on the floor . Raoul tries to follow him but is stopped by Madame Giry , who privately tells him the story of the Phantom 's past . When she was a little girl , she went to a freak circus where they featured a deformed child in a cage . The child was beaten while everyone watched and laughed . The ringmaster then removed a burlap sack covering the child 's face , revealing his deformity . Only the young Madame Giry pitied him . She was the last to leave and saw the child strangle the ringmaster with a rope . Chased by the police , Madame Giry helped him escape and found shelter for him beneath the opera house , where she has hidden him from the world ever since . Christine takes a carriage to visit her father 's grave , but the Phantom secretly takes over the reins . Raoul follows when he realizes she 's gone . Christine arrives and laments over her father 's death . The Phantom tries to win her back by pretending to be her father 's angel , but Raoul arrives and stops him . A sword fight ensues in the cemetery , where Raoul eventually disarms the Phantom and is about to kill him , but Christine pleads for him not to . His rage seemingly augmented , the Phantom watches angrily as Christine and Raoul ride away . Christine admits she is afraid of the Phantom and tells Raoul he will never stop trying to recapture her . Raoul realizes that they can use the Phantom 's opera to capture him , as he will surely attend . Don Juan Triumphant is performed , and the Phantom makes his entrance ( having secretly replaced the lead ) with Christine . Raoul can do nothing but watch from his box as Christine falls for the Phantom yet again . However , she once again removes his mask , revealing his deformities to the entire audience , who scream in fear . He escapes with her by dropping the chandelier and setting the opera house on fire . The Phantom brings Christine back down to his lair . Madame Giry shows Raoul where the Phantom lives , and he goes to rescue Christine . The Phantom forces Christine to don the wedding dress and once again professes his love , and orders Christine to marry him . Christine tries to convince the Phantom that she does not fear his ugliness , but rather his anger and willingness to kill to get what he wants . Just then , Raoul enters the lair , and the Phantom ties him to a gate and threatens to kill him if Christine refuses to marry him . Christine reflects over the impossible choice before passionately kissing the Phantom to show him he is not alone in the world . The Phantom is shocked from experiencing real human love for the first time in his life . Ashamed of his murderous actions , he allows Christine and Raoul to leave and orders them to never return . He finds comfort in a little monkey music box . Christine approaches the Phantom , who tells her that he loves her , and she silently gives him the diamond ring from her finger to remember her by . After Christine and Raoul leave , the Phantom smashes every mirror in his underground lair and disappears through a secret passage behind a velvet curtain just before the police arrive . Upon entering , Meg finds only the Phantom 's white mask . Moving back to 1919 , the elderly Raoul visits Christine 's gravesite and places the music box near her tombstone . He stands in silence for a moment and then turns to leave , but stops upon noticing a red rose with a black ribbon tied around the stem lying on the ground with Christine 's engagement ring attached to it ; implying that the Phantom still lives and still loves Christine . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as The Phantom Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé Patrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli Margaret Preece as Carlotta 's singing voice Simon Callow as Gilles André Ciarán Hinds as Richard Firmin Victor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry Murray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer Kevin McNally as Joseph Buquet James Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre Ramin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to The Phantom of the Opera in early 1989 , granting Andrew Lloyd Webber total artistic control . Despite interest from A-list directors , Lloyd Webber and Warner Bros. instantly hired Joel Schumacher to direct ; Lloyd Webber had been impressed with Schumacher 's use of music in The Lost Boys . The duo wrote the screenplay that same year , while Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman were cast to reprise their roles from the original stage production . Filming was set to begin at Pinewood Studios in England in July 1990 , under a $25 million budget . However , the start date was pushed to November 1990 at both Babelsberg Studios in Munich , Germany and Barrandov Studios in Prague , Czech Republic . Production for The Phantom of the Opera was stalled with Lloyd Webber and Brightman 's divorce . `` Everything got tied up in settlements '' , Schumacher reflected . `` Then my career took off and I was really busy . '' As a result , The Phantom of the Opera languished in development limbo for Warner Bros. throughout the 1990s . In February 1997 , Schumacher considered returning , but eventually dropped out in favour of Batman Unchained , Runaway Jury and Dreamgirls . The studio was keen to cast John Travolta for the lead role , but also held discussions with Antonio Banderas , who undertook vocal preparation and sang the role of the Phantom in the TV special Andrew Lloyd Webber : The Royal Albert Hall Celebration . Schumacher and Lloyd Webber restarted development for The Phantom of the Opera in December 2002 . It was then announced in January 2003 that Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group had purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. in an attempt to produce The Phantom of the Opera independently . As a result , Lloyd Webber invested $6 million of his own money . The Phantom of the Opera was produced on a $55 million budget . A further $15 million was used for marketing , bringing the final budget to $70 million . Warner Bros. was given a first look deal for distribution ; the studio did not sign on until June 2003 , when the principal cast was chosen . Casting ( edit ) Hugh Jackman was offered the chance to audition for the Phantom , but he faced scheduling conflicts with Van Helsing . `` They rang to ask about my availability '' , Jackman explained in an April 2003 interview , `` probably about 20 other actors as well . I was n't available , unfortunately . So , that was a bummer . '' `` We needed somebody who has a bit of rock and roll sensibility in him '' , Andrew Lloyd Webber explained . `` He 's got to be a bit rough , a bit dangerous ; not a conventional singer . Christine is attracted to the Phantom because he 's the right side of danger . '' Director Joel Schumacher had been impressed with Gerard Butler 's performance in Dracula 2000 . Prior to his audition , Butler had no professional singing experience and had only taken four voice lessons before singing `` The Music of the Night '' for Lloyd Webber . Katie Holmes , who began working with a vocal coach , was the front - runner for Christine Daaé in March 2003 . She was later replaced by Anne Hathaway , a classically trained soprano , in 2004 . However , Hathaway dropped out of the role because the production schedule of the film overlapped with The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , which she was contractually obligated to make . Hathaway was then replaced with Emmy Rossum . The actress modeled the relationship between the Phantom and Christine after Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine . Patrick Wilson was cast as Raoul based on his previous Broadway theatre career . For the role of Carlotta , Minnie Driver devised an over-the - top , camp performance as the egotistical prima donna . Despite also lacking singing experience , Ciarán Hinds was cast by Schumacher as Richard Firmin ; the two had previously worked together on Veronica Guerin . Ramin Karimloo also briefly appears as the portrait of Gustave Daaé , Christine 's father . Karimloo later played the Phantom as well as the role of Raoul on London 's West End . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted from 15 September 2003 to 15 January 2004 . The film was shot entirely using eight sound stages at Pinewood Studios , where , on the Pinewood backlot , the bottom half exterior of the Palais Garnier was constructed . The top half was implemented using a combination of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) and a scale model created by Cinesite . The surrounding Paris skyline for `` All I Ask of You '' was entirely composed of matte paintings . Cinesite also created a miniature falling chandelier , since a life - size model was too big for the actual set . Production designer Anthony D.G. Pratt was influenced by French architect Charles Garnier , designer of the original Paris opera house , as well as Edgar Degas , John Singer Sargent , Gustave Caillebotte , the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . Schumacher was inspired by Jean Cocteau 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 ) , where a hallway is lined with arms holding candelabra . The cemetery was based on the Père Lachaise and Montparnasse . Costume designer Alexandra Byrne utilised a limited black , white , gold and silver colour palette for the Masquerade ball . Reception ( edit ) Release and Awards ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera was released in the United States on 22 December 2004 . With a limited release of 622 theaters , it opened at tenth place at the weekend box office , grossing $6.5 million across five days . After expanding to 907 screens on 14 January 2005 the film obtained the 9th spot at the box office , which it retained during its 1,511 screens wide release on 21 January 2005 . The total domestic gross was $51,225,796 . With a further $107 million earned internationally , The Phantom of the Opera reached a worldwide total of $158,225,796 . A few foreign markets were particularly successful , such as Japan , where the film 's ¥ 4.20 billion ( $35 million ) gross stood as the 6th most successful foreign film and 9th overall of the year . The United Kingdom and South Korea both had over $10 million in receipts , with $17.5 million and $11.9 million , respectively . Anthony Pratt and Celia Bobak were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , as was John Mathieson for Cinematography . However , both categories were awarded to The Aviator . Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyricist Charles Hart were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( `` Learn to Be Lonely '' ) but lost to `` Al otro lado del río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries . The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe but it lost to Alfie 's `` Old Habits Die Hard '' . In the same ceremony , Emmy Rossum was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , losing to Annette Bening in Being Julia . At the Saturn Awards , Rossum won for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , while The Phantom of the Opera was nominated for Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film and Alexandra Byrne was nominated for Costume Design . The soundtrack of the film was released in two separate CD formats on 23 November 2004 as a two - disc deluxe edition which includes dialogue from the film and a single - disc highlights edition . The film had its initial North America video release on DVD and VHS on 3 May 2005 , following its first digital release on HD - DVD on 18 April 2006 and a Blu - ray edition on 31 October 2006 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed to negative reviews from film critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it 32 % rotten with an average score of 5 / 10 . `` The music of the night has hit something of a sour note : Critics are calling the screen adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's popular musical histrionic , boring and lacking in both romance and danger '' , the consensus read . `` Still , some have praised the film for its sheer spectacle '' . By comparison , Metacritic calculated an average score of 40 / 100 from its 39 reviews collected . `` The film looks and sounds fabulous and I think it 's an extraordinarily fine document of the stage show . While it does n't deviate much from the stage material , the film has given it an even deeper emotional centre . It 's not based on the theatre visually or direction-wise , but it 's still got exactly the same essence . And that 's all I could have ever hoped for . '' -- Andrew Lloyd Webber Despite having been impressed with the cast , Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote that `` Teen romance and operetta - style singing replace the horror elements familiar to film - goers , and director Joel Schumacher obscures any remnants of classy stage spectacle with the same disco overkill he brought to Batman Forever . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com believed that Phantom of the Opera `` takes everything that 's wrong with Broadway and puts it on the big screen in a gaudy splat . '' In a mixed review for Newsweek , David Ansen praised Rossum 's performance , but criticized the filmmakers for their focus on visual design rather than presenting a cohesive storyline . `` Its kitschy romanticism bored me on Broadway and it bores me here -- I may not be the most reliable witness . Still , I can easily imagine a more dashing , charismatic Phantom than Butler 's . Rest assured , however , Lloyd Webber 's neo-Puccinian songs are reprised and reprised and reprised until you 're guaranteed to go out humming . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly believed Schumacher did not add enough dimension in adapting The Phantom of the Opera . `` Schumacher , the man who added nipples to Batman 's suit , has staged Phantom chastely , as if his job were to adhere the audience to every note '' . Roger Ebert reasoned that `` part of the pleasure of movie - going is pure spectacle -- of just sitting there and looking at great stuff and knowing it looks terrific . There was n't much Schumacher could have done with the story or the music he was handed , but in the areas over which he held sway , he has triumphed . '' In contrasting between the popularity of the Broadway musical , Michael Dequina of Film Threat magazine explained that `` it conjures up this unexplainable spell that leaves audiences sad , sentimental , swooning , smiling -- in some way transported and moved . Now , in Schumacher 's film , that spell lives on . '' See also ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 soundtrack ) The Phantom of the Opera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of The Phantom of the Opera , ( DVD , 2005 ) , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : DVD production notes Jump up ^ Susan Heller Anderson ( 1990 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( 1990 - 08 - 10 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Interview : Joel Schumacher '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` ' Phantom ' cues Wilson for tuner 's adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Helmer 's 3rd At Bat '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Krane Takes Bull By Horns '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Lloyd Webber back on ' Phantom ' prowl '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Phoebe Hoban ( 2004 - 12 - 24 ) . `` In the ' Phantom ' Movie , Over-the - Top Goes Higher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Adam Dawtrey ( 2003 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Phantom ' pic announces latest castings '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zaromski ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) . `` An Interview with Michael Jakson '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hirschberg ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Trading Faces '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 03 - 13 ) . `` ' Men ' treads carefully into sequel territory '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Production Commences On ' Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Skweres , Mary Ann ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera : A Classic in Miniature '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Missy Schwartz ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Behind the Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gentile , Gary ( 2004 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Audiences glad to ' Meet the Fockers ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) . `` ' Fockers ' finds foes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) . `` ' Coach Carter ' tops local , national box office in slow weekend '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2005 - 01 - 21 ) . `` '' The Phantom of the Opera '' Opens Nationwide Jan. 21 `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 21 -- 23 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Around the World Round Up : ' Fockers ' Inherit the World '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN '' . Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Japan Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera , The '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Ansen ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera : Into the Night '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2005 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michael Dequina ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Official website The Phantom of the Opera on IMDb The Phantom of the Opera at the TCM Movie Database The Phantom of the Opera at Box Office Mojo The Phantom of the Opera at Rotten Tomatoes The Phantom of the Opera at Metacritic Michael Williams ; Benedict Carver ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Banderas drawn to ' Phantom ' '' . Variety . Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Films directed by Joel Schumacher The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) D.C. Cab ( 1983 ) St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Cousins ( 1989 ) Flatliners ( 1990 ) Dying Young ( 1991 ) Falling Down ( 1993 ) The Client ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) 8mm ( 1999 ) Flawless ( 1999 ) Tigerland ( 2000 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Phone Booth ( 2002 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Number 23 ( 2007 ) Blood Creek ( 2009 ) Twelve ( 2010 ) Trespass ( 2011 ) VIAF : 181299680 LCCN : no2004124658 GND : 4830642 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)&oldid=798777656 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s musical films British films British musical films British romantic drama films Films about opera Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals Films based on The Phantom of the Opera Films directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplays by Joel Schumacher Films set in Paris Films set in the 1870s Films set in 1919 Historical romance films Musical drama films Nonlinear narrative films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Romantic musical films Warner Bros. films Romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Use mdy dates from March 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the phantom of the opera 2004	[ "\nGerard Butler as The Phantom\nEmmy Rossum as Christine Daaé\nPatrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny\nMiranda Richardson as Madame Giry\nMinnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli\n\nMargaret Preece as Carlotta's singing voice\n\n\nSimon Callow as Gilles André\nCiarán Hinds as Richard Firmin\nVictor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi\nJennifer Ellison as Meg Giry\nMurray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer\nKevin McNally as Joseph Buquet\nJames Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre\nRamin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé\n" ]	[ "Gerard Butler" ]
-1349640377078382756	Flag of India	Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the dominion was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1921 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and political weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who presented the first flag in free india's parliament	[ "Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]" ]	[ "Gandhi" ]
4795192096106784594	Dallas Cowboys	Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 57 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers , and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record nine Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returnedin Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season Logos and uniforms Logo The script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . For 2017 , the team will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore a variation of their 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for Thanksgiving , but with white pants and socks , as part of the NFL 's `` Color Rush '' design initiated during select Thursday games . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 100 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 67 -- 44 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 13 -- 5 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 62 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 15 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The all - time series is tied with a record of 17 -- 17 -- 1 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 20 Darren McFadden 46 Alfred Morris 41 Keith Smith FB 45 Rod Smith RB / FB Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 19 Brice Butler 10 Ryan Switzer 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 84 James Hanna 89 Blake Jarwin 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 75 Byron Bell T / G 71 La'el Collins T / G 64 Jonathan Cooper G / C 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 73 Joe Looney C / G 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT / DE 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 95 David Irving DT / DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 93 Benson Mayowa DE 92 Brian Price DT Linebackers 52 Justin Durant MLB / OLB 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 33 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 23 Bené Benwikere CB 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 31 Byron Jones FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Mike Nugent K Reserve lists 5 Dan Bailey K ( IR ) 21 Ezekiel Elliott RB ( Susp . ) -- Zac Dysert QB ( IR ) 80 Rico Gathers TE ( IR ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) 55 Stephen Paea DT ( IR ) 99 Charles Tapper DE ( IR ) 26 Duke Thomas CB ( IR ) Practice squad 18 Brian Brown WR 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 56 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 62 Jarron Jones T 14 Lance Lenoir WR -- Stansly Maponga DE 17 Kellen Moore QB 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS 39 Marquez White CB Rookies in italics Roster updated October 27 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 -- Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 -- Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 -- Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 -- Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts - Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator - Rich Bisaccia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Wade Wilson Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Derek Dooley Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Steve Loney Offensive Line -- Frank Pollack Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Passing Game Coordinator / Linebackers -- Matt Eberflus Secondary -- Joe Baker Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Turner West Special Teams Coaches Assistant Special Teams -- Keith O'Quinn Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects - Judd Garrett Assistant Coach / Special Projects -- Ben Bloom → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . 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Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . 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-3971961909436996227	Odds	Odds - wikipedia Odds This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 108.65. 40.167 ( talk ) at 05 : 55 , 26 June 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 05 : 55 , 26 June 2017 by 108.65. 40.167 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gambling and statistical term . For the alternative rock band , see Odds ( band ) . `` Odds against '' redirects here . For the 1966 documentary film , see The Odds Against . Look up odds in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . For playing chess with odds , i.e. with a handicap on one player , see Chess handicap . This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Odds are a numerical expression , usually expressed as a pair of numbers , used in both gambling and statistics . In statistics , the odds for or odds of some event reflect the likelihood that the event will take place , while odds against reflect the likelihood that it will not . In gambling , the odds are the ratio of payoff to stake , and do not necessarily reflect exactly the probabilities . Odds are expressed in several ways ( see below ) , and sometimes the term is used incorrectly to mean simply the probability of an event . Conventionally , gambling odds are expressed in the form `` X to Y '' , where X and Y are numbers , and it is implied that the odds are odds against the event on which the gambler is considering wagering . In both gambling and statistics , the ' odds ' are a numerical expression of the likelihood of some possible event . In gambling , odds represent the ratio between the amounts staked by parties to a wager or bet . Thus , odds of 6 to 1 mean the first party ( normally a bookmaker ) stakes six times the amount staked by the second party . In simplest terms , 6 to 1 odds means if you bet a dollar ( the `` 1 '' in the expression ) , and you win you get paid six dollars ( the `` 6 '' in the expression ) , or 6 x 1 . If you bet two dollars you would be paid twelve dollars , or 6 x 2 . If you bet three dollars and win , you would be paid eighteen dollars , or 6 x 3 . If you bet one hundred dollars and win you would be paid six hundred dollars , or 6 x 100 . Of course if you lose any of those bets you would lose the dollar , or two dollars , or three dollars , or one hundred dollars . In statistics , the odds for an event E are defined as a simple function of the probability of that possible event E. One drawback of expressing the uncertainty of this possible event as odds for is that to regain the probability requires a calculation . The natural way to interpret odds for ( without calculating anything ) is as the ratio of events to non-events in the long run . A simple example is that the ( statistical ) odds for rolling six with a fair die ( one of a pair of dice ) are 1 to 5 . This is because , if one rolls the die many times , and keeps a tally of the results , one expects 1 six event for every 5 times the die does not show six . For example , if we roll the fair die 600 times , we would very much expect something in the neighborhood of 100 sixes , and 500 of the other five possible outcomes . That is a ratio of 100 to 500 , or simply 1 to 5 . To express the ( statistical ) odds against , the order of the pair is reversed . Hence the odds against rolling a six with a fair die are 5 to 1 . The probability of rolling a six with a fair die is the single number 1 / 6 , roughly 0.17 . The gambling and statistical uses of odds are closely interlinked . If a bet is a fair one , then the odds offered to the gamblers will perfectly reflect relative probabilities . A fair bet that a fair die will roll a six will pay the gambler $5 for a $1 wager ( and return the bettor his or her wager ) in the case of a six and nothing in any other case . The terms of the bet are fair , because on average , five rolls result in something other than a six , at a cost of $5 , for every roll that results in a six and a net payout of $5 . The profit and the expense exactly offset one another and so there is no disadvantage to gambling over the long run . If the odds being offered to the gamblers do not correspond to probability in this way then one of the parties to the bet has an advantage over the other . Casinos , for example , offer odds that place themselves at an advantage , which is how they guarantee themselves a profit and survive as businesses . The fairness of a particular gamble is more clear in a game involving relatively pure chance , such as the ping - pong ball method used in state lotteries in the United States . It is much harder to judge the fairness of the odds offered in a wager on a sporting event such as a football match . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Terminology 2.1 Odds against 2.2 Odds on 2.3 Even odds 2.3. 1 Better than / worse than evens 3 Statistical usage 3.1 Mathematical relations 3.2 Applications 4 Gambling usage 4.1 Fractional odds 4.2 Decimal odds 4.3 Moneyline odds 5 Gambling odds versus probabilities 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The language of odds such as `` ten to one '' for intuitively estimated risks is found in the sixteenth century , well before the development of mathematical probability . Shakespeare wrote : Knew that we ventured on such dangerous seas That if we wrought out life ' twas ten to one -- William Shakespeare , Henry IV , Part II , Act I , Scene 1 lines 181 -- 2 . The sixteenth century polymath Cardano demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes ( which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes ) . Terminology ( edit ) Odds are expressed in the form X to Y , where X and Y are numbers . Usually , the word `` to '' is replaced by a symbol for ease of use . This is conventionally either a slash or hyphen , although a colon is sometimes seen . Thus , 6 / 1 , 6 - 1 and 6 : 1 are all interchangeable . Odds against ( edit ) When the probability that the event will not happen is greater than the probability that it will , then the odds are `` against '' that event happening . Odds of 6 to 1 , for example , are therefore sometimes said to be `` 6 to 1 against '' . To a gambler , `` odds against '' means that the amount he or she will win is greater than the amount staked . Odds on ( edit ) `` Odds on '' is the opposite of `` odds against '' . It means that the event is more likely to happen than not . This is sometimes expressed with the smaller number first ( 1 to 2 ) but more often using the word `` on '' ( `` 2 to 1 on '' ) meaning that the event is twice as likely to happen as not . Note that the gambler who bets at `` odds on '' and wins will still be in profit , as his stake will be returned . For example , on a £ 2 bet , the gambler will be given £ 1 plus the returned stake of £ 2 , yielding a £ 1 profit . Even odds ( edit ) Main article : Even money `` Even odds '' occur when the probability of an event happening is exactly the same as it not happening . In common parlance , this is a `` 50 - 50 chance '' . Guessing heads or tails on a coin toss is the classic example of an event that has even odds . In gambling , it is commonly referred to as `` even money '' or simply `` evens '' ( 1 to 1 , or 2 for 1 ) . `` Evens '' implies that the payout will be one unit per unit wagered plus the original stake , that is , `` double - your - money '' . Better than / worse than evens ( edit ) The term `` better than evens '' ( or `` worse than evens '' ) varies in meaning depending on context . Looked at from the perspective of a gambler rather than a statistician , `` better than evens '' means `` odds against '' . If the odds are evens ( 1 / 1 ) , and one bets 10 units , one would be returned 20 units , making a profit of 10 units . If the gamble was paying 4 / 1 and the event occurred , one would make 50 units , or a profit of 40 units . So , it is `` better than evens '' from the gambler 's perspective because it pays out more than one - for - one . If an event is more likely to occur than an even chance , then the odds will be `` worse than evens '' , and the bookmaker will pay out less than one - for - one . However , in popular parlance surrounding uncertain events , the expression `` better than evens '' usually implies a better than ( greater than ) 50 % chance of the event occurring , which is exactly the opposite of the meaning of the expression when used in a gaming context . Statistical usage ( edit ) In statistics , odds are an expression of relative probabilities , generally quoted as the odds in favor . The odds ( in favor ) of an event or a proposition is the ratio of the probability that the event will happen to the probability that the event will not happen . Mathematically , this is a Bernoulli trial , as it has exactly two outcomes . In case of a finite sample space of equally likely outcomes , this is the ratio of the number of outcomes where the event occurs to the number of outcomes where the event does not occur ; these can be represented as W and L ( for Wins and Losses ) or S and F ( for Success and Failure ) . For example , the odds that a randomly chosen day of the week is a weekend are two to five ( 2 : 5 ) , as days of the week form a sample space of seven outcomes , and the event occurs for two of the outcomes ( Saturday and Sunday ) , and not for the other five . Conversely , given odds as a ratio of integers , this can be represented by a probability space of a finite number of equally likely outcomes . These definitions are equivalent , since dividing both terms in the ratio by the number of outcomes yields the probabilities : 2 : 5 = ( 2 / 7 ) : ( 5 / 7 ) . ( \ displaystyle 2 : 5 = ( 2 / 7 ) : ( 5 / 7 ) . ) Conversely , the odds against is the opposite ratio . For example , the odds against a random day of the week being a weekend are 5 : 2 . Odds and probability can be expressed in prose via the prepositions to and in : `` odds of so many to so many on ( or against ) ( some event ) '' refers to odds -- the ratio of numbers of ( equally likely ) outcomes in favor and against ( or vice versa ) ; `` chances of so many ( outcomes ) , in so many ( outcomes ) '' refers to probability -- the number of ( equally like ) outcomes in favour relative to the number for and against combined . For example , `` odds of a weekend are 2 to 5 '' , while `` chances of a weekend are 2 in 7 '' . In casual use , the words odds and chances ( or chance ) are often used interchangeably to vaguely indicate some measure of odds or probability , though the intended meaning can be deduced by noting whether the preposition between the two numbers is to or in . Mathematical relations ( edit ) Odds can be expressed as a ratio of two numbers , in which case it is not unique -- scaling both terms by the same factor does not change the proportions : 1 : 1 odds and 100 : 100 odds are the same ( even odds ) . Odds can also be expressed as a number , by dividing the terms in the ratio -- in this case it is unique ( different fractions can represent the same rational number ) . Odds as a ratio , odds as a number , and probability ( also a number ) are related by simple formulas , and similarly odds in favor and odds against , and probability of success and probability of failure have simple relations . Odds range from 0 to infinity , while probabilities range from 0 to 1 , and hence are often represented as a percentage between 0 % and 100 % : reversing the ratio switches odds for with odds against , and similarly probability of success with probability of failure . Given odds ( in favor ) as the ratio W : L ( Wins : Losses ) , the odds in favor ( as a number ) o f ( \ displaystyle o_ ( f ) ) and odds against ( as a number ) o a ( \ displaystyle o_ ( a ) ) can be computed by simply dividing , and are multiplicative inverses : o f = W / L = 1 / o a o a = L / W = 1 / o f o f ⋅ o a = 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) o_ ( f ) & = W / L = 1 / o_ ( a ) \ \ o_ ( a ) & = L / W = 1 / o_ ( f ) \ \ o_ ( f ) \ cdot o_ ( a ) & = 1 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Analogously , given odds as a ratio , the probability of success or failure can be computed by dividing , and the probability of success and probability of failure sum to unity ( one ) , as they are the only possible outcomes . In case of a finite number of equally likely outcomes , this can be interpreted as the number of outcomes where the event occurs divided by the total number of events : p = W / ( W + L ) = 1 − q q = L / ( W + L ) = 1 − p p + q = 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) p& = W / ( W + L ) = 1 - q \ \ q& = L / ( W + L ) = 1 - p \ \ p + q& = 1 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Given a probability p , the odds as a ratio is p : q ( \ displaystyle p : q ) ( probability of success to probability of failure ) , and the odds as numbers can be computed by dividing : o f = p / q = p / ( 1 − p ) = ( 1 − q ) / q o a = q / p = ( 1 − p ) / p = q / ( 1 − q ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) o_ ( f ) & = p / q = p / ( 1 - p ) = ( 1 - q ) / q \ \ o_ ( a ) & = q / p = ( 1 - p ) / p = q / ( 1 - q ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Conversely , given the odds as a number o f , ( \ displaystyle o_ ( f ) , ) this can be represented as the ratio o f : 1 , ( \ displaystyle o_ ( f ) : 1 , ) or conversely 1 : ( 1 / o f ) = 1 : o a , ( \ displaystyle 1 : ( 1 / o_ ( f ) ) = 1 : o_ ( a ) , ) from which the probability of success or failure can be computed : p = o f / ( o f + 1 ) = 1 / ( o a + 1 ) q = o a / ( o a + 1 ) = 1 / ( o f + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) p& = o_ ( f ) / ( o_ ( f ) + 1 ) = 1 / ( o_ ( a ) + 1 ) \ \ q& = o_ ( a ) / ( o_ ( a ) + 1 ) = 1 / ( o_ ( f ) + 1 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Thus if expressed as a fraction with a numerator of 1 , probability and odds differ by exactly 1 in the denominator : a probability of 1 in 100 ( 1 / 100 = 1 % ) is the same as odds of 1 to 99 ( 1 / 99 = 0.0101 ... = 0. 01 ) , while odds of 1 to 100 ( 1 / 100 = 0.01 ) is the same as a probability of 1 in 101 ( 1 / 101 = 0.00990099 ... = 0. 0099 ) . This is a minor difference if the probability is small ( close to zero , or `` long odds '' ) , but is a major difference if the probability is large ( close to one ) . These are worked out for some simple odds : odds ( ratio ) o f ( \ displaystyle o_ ( f ) ) o a ( \ displaystyle o_ ( a ) ) p ( \ displaystyle p ) q ( \ displaystyle q ) 1 : 1 1 1 50 % 50 % 0 : 1 0 ∞ 0 % 100 % 1 : 0 ∞ 0 100 % 0 % 2 : 1 2 0.5 67 % 33 % 1 : 2 0.5 2 33 % 67 % 4 : 1 4 0.25 80 % 20 % 1 : 4 0.25 4 20 % 80 % 9 : 1 9 0. 1 90 % 10 % 10 : 1 10 0.1 90. 90 % 9. 09 % 99 : 1 99 0. 01 99 % 1 % 100 : 1 100 0.01 99. 0099 % 0. 90 % These transforms have certain special geometric properties : the conversions between odds for and odds against ( resp . probability of success with probability of failure ) and between odds and probability are all Möbius transformations ( fractional linear transformations ) . They are thus specified by three points ( sharply 3 - transitive ) . Swapping odds for and odds against swaps 0 and infinity , fixing 1 , while swapping probability of success with probability of failure swaps 0 and 1 , fixing . 5 ; these are both order 2 , hence circular transforms . Converting odds to probability fixes 0 , sends infinity to 1 , and sends 1 to . 5 ( even odds are 50 % likely ) , and conversely ; this is a parabolic transform . Applications ( edit ) In probability theory and Bayesian statistics , odds may sometimes be more natural or more convenient than probabilities . This is often the case in problems of sequential decision making as for instance in problems of how to stop ( online ) on a last specific event which is solved by the odds algorithm . Similar ratios are used elsewhere in Bayesian statistics , such as the Bayes factor . The odds are a ratio of probabilities ; an odds ratio is a ratio of odds , that is , a ratio of ratios of probabilities . Odds - ratios are often used in analysis of clinical trials . While they have useful mathematical properties , they can produce counter-intuitive results : an event with an 80 % probability of occurring is four times more likely to happen than an event with a 20 % probability , but the odds are 16 times higher on the less likely event ( 4 -- 1 against , or 4 ) than on the more likely one ( 1 -- 4 , or 4 -- 1 on , or 0.25 ) . In some cases the log - odds are used , which is the logit of the probability . Most simply , odds are frequently multiplied or divided , and log converts multiplication to addition and division to subtractions . Example # 1 There are 5 pink marbles , 2 blue marbles , and 8 purple marbles . What are the odds in favor of picking a blue marble ? Answer : The odds in favour of a blue marble are 2 : 13 . One can equivalently say , that the odds are 13 : 2 against . There are 2 out of 15 chances in favour of blue , 13 out of 15 against blue . In probability theory and statistics , where the variable p is the probability in favor of a binary event , and the probability against the event is therefore 1 - p , `` the odds '' of the event are the quotient of the two , or p 1 − p ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 - p ) ) ) . That value may be regarded as the relative likelihood the event will happen , expressed as a fraction ( if it is less than 1 ) , or a multiple ( if it is equal to or greater than one ) of the likelihood that the event will not happen . In the very first example at top , saying the odds of a Sunday are `` one to six '' or , less commonly , `` one - sixth '' means the probability of picking a Sunday randomly is one - sixth the probability of not picking a Sunday . While the mathematical probability of an event has a value in the range from zero to one , `` the odds '' in favor of that same event lie between zero and infinity . The odds against the event with probability given as p are 1 − p p ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 - p ) ( p ) ) ) . The odds against Sunday are 6 : 1 or 6 / 1 = 6 . It is 6 times as likely that a random day is not a Sunday . Example # 2 There are 5 red marbles , 2 green marbles , and 8 yellow marbles . What are the odds against picking a yellow marble ? Answer : 7 : 8 Gambling usage ( edit ) The use of odds in gambling facilitates betting on events where the relative probabilities of outcomes varied . For example , on a coin toss or a match race between two evenly matched horses , it is reasonable for two people to wager level stakes . However , in more variable situations , such as a multi-runner horse race or a football match between two unequally matched sides , betting `` at odds '' provides a perspective on the relative likelihoods of the possible outcomes . In the modern era , most fixed odds betting takes place between a betting organisation , such as a bookmaker , and an individual , rather than between individuals . Different traditions have grown up in how to express odds to customers , older era 's came with betting odds between people , today which is illegal in most countries , it was referred as `` odding '' , an underground slang word with origins based in the Bronx . Fractional odds ( edit ) Favoured by bookmakers in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and also common in horse racing , fractional odds quote the net total that will be paid out to the bettor , should he or she win , relative to the stake . Odds of 4 / 1 would imply that the bettor stands to make a £ 400 profit on a £ 100 stake . If the odds are 1 / 4 , the bettor will make £ 25 on a £ 100 stake . In either case , having won , the bettor always receives the original stake back ; so if the odds are 4 / 1 the bettor receives a total of £ 500 ( £ 400 plus the original £ 100 ) . Odds of 1 / 1 are known as evens or even money . The numerator and denominator of fractional odds are always integers , thus if the bookmaker 's payout was to be £ 1.25 for every £ 1 stake , this would be equivalent to £ 5 for every £ 4 staked , and the odds would therefore be expressed as 5 / 4 . However , not all fractional odds are traditionally read using the lowest common denominator . For example , given that there is a pattern of odds of 5 / 4 , 7 / 4 , 9 / 4 and so on , odds which are mathematically 3 / 2 are more easily compared if expressed in the equivalent form 6 / 4 . Fractional odds are also known as British odds , UK odds , or , in that country , traditional odds . They are typically represented with a `` / '' but can also be represented with a `` - '' , e.g. 4 / 1 or 4 - 1 . Odds with a denominator of 1 are often presented in listings as the numerator only . A variation of fractional odds is known as Hong Kong odds . Fractional and Hong Kong odds are actually exchangeable . The only difference is that the UK odds are presented as a fractional notation ( e.g. 6 / 5 ) whilst the Hong Kong odds are decimal ( e.g. 1.2 ) . Both exhibit the net return . The European odds also represent the potential winnings ( net returns ) , but in addition they factor in the stake ( e.g. 6 / 5 or 1.2 plus 1 = 2.2 ) . Decimal odds ( edit ) Favoured in continental Europe , Australia , New Zealand and Canada , decimal odds quote the ratio of the payout amount , including the original stake , to the stake itself . Decimal odds are generally considered the easiest to deal with as they reflect the inverse of the probability of an outcome . Therefore , the decimal odds of an outcome are equivalent to the decimal value of the fractional odds plus one . Thus even odds 1 / 1 are quoted in decimal odds as 2.00 . The 4 / 1 fractional odds discussed above are quoted as 5.00 , while the 1 / 4 odds are quoted as 1.25 . This is considered to be ideal for parlay betting , because the odds to be paid out are simply the product of the odds for each outcome wagered on . Decimal odds are also favoured by betting exchanges because they are the easiest to work with for trading . Decimal odds are also known as European odds , digital odds or continental odds . Moneyline odds ( edit ) Moneyline odds are favoured by American bookmakers . The figure quoted is either positive or negative . When moneyline odds are positive , the figure indicates how much money will be won on a $100 wager ( this is done for an outcome that is considered less likely to happen than not ) . For example , a net payout of 4 / 1 would be quoted as + 400 . When moneyline odds are negative , the figure indicates how much money must be wagered to win $100 ( this is done for an outcome is considered more likely to happen than not ) . For example , a net payout of 1 / 4 would be quoted as - 400 . Moneyline odds are often referred to as American odds . Moneyline refers to odds on the straight - up outcome of a game with no consideration to a point spread . The favorite will have negative moneyline odds ( less payoff for a safer bet ) and the underdog will have positive moneyline odds ( more payoff for a risky bet ) . Gambling odds versus probabilities ( edit ) Main article : Mathematics of bookmaking In gambling , the odds on display do not represent the true chances ( as imagined by the bookmaker ) that the event will or will not occur , but are the amount that the bookmaker will pay out on a winning bet , together with the required stake . In formulating the odds to display the bookmaker will have included a profit margin which effectively means that the payout to a successful bettor is less than that represented by the true chance of the event occurring . This profit is known as the ' over-round ' on the ' book ' ( the ' book ' refers to the old - fashioned ledger in which wagers were recorded , and is the derivation of the term ' bookmaker ' ) and relates to the sum of the ' odds ' in the following way : In a 3 - horse race , for example , the true probabilities of each of the horses winning based on their relative abilities may be 50 % , 40 % and 10 % . The total of these three percentages is 100 % , thus representing a fair ' book ' . The true odds against winning for each of the three horses are 1 - 1 , 3 - 2 and 9 - 1 respectively . In order to generate a profit on the wagers accepted , the bookmaker may decide to increase the values to 60 % , 50 % and 20 % for the three horses , respectively . This represents the odds against each , which are 4 - 6 , 1 - 1 and 4 - 1 , in order . These values now total 130 % , meaning that the book has an overround of 30 ( 130 − 100 ) . This value of 30 represents the amount of profit if the bookmaker accepts bets in the correct proportions on each of the horses . The art of bookmaking is what the bookmaker will take in ; for example , $130 in wagers and $100 in return -- including stakes -- no matter which horse wins . Making a profit in gambling involves predicting the relationship of the true probabilities to the payout odds . Sports information services are often used by professional and semi-professional sports bettors to help achieve this goal . The odds or amounts the bookmaker will pay are determined by the total amount that has been bet on all of the possible events . They reflect the balance of wagers on either side of the event , and include the deduction of a bookmaker 's brokerage fee ( `` vig '' or vigorish ) . Also , depending on how the betting is affected by jurisdiction , taxes may be involved for the bookmaker and / or the winning player . This may be taken into account when offering the odds and / or may reduce the amount won by a player . See also ( edit ) Galton box Gaming mathematics Formal mathematical specification of logistic regression Optimal stopping Statistical association football predictions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fulton , Mendez , Bastian , Musal ( 2012 ) . `` Confusion Between Odds and Probability , a Pandemic ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Statistics Education . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldin , Rebecca ( 2007 ) . `` Odds Ratios '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on Jul 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Odds Explained by Blogabet '' . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Franklin ( 2001 ) . The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability Before Pascal . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 280 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Some laws and problems in classical probability and how Cardano anticipated them Gorrochum , P. Chance magazine 2012 Jump up ^ Wolfram MathWorld . `` Wolfram MathWorld ( Odds ) '' . Wolfram Research Inc . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Carlin , John B. ; Stern , Hal S. ; Rubin , Donald B. ( 2003 ) . `` 1.5 '' . Bayesian Data Analysis ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . Jump up ^ Multi-State Lottery Association . `` Welcome to Powerball - Prizes '' . Multi-State Lottery Association . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa Grossman ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Odds of Finding Earth - Size Exoplanets Are 1 - in - 4 '' . Wired . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolfram Alpha . `` Wolfram Alpha ( Poker Probabilities ) '' . Wolfram Alpha . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Betting School : Understanding Fractional & Decimal Betting Odds '' . Goal. 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Betting Odds Format '' . World Bet Exchange . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Betting Odds -- Moneyline , Fractional Odds , Decimal Odds , Hong Kong Odds , IN Odds , MA Odds '' . Soccerwidow . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ D. , Chris . `` What is Fixed odds betting and Due Column betting ? '' . TBR . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cortis , Dominic ( 2015 ) . Expected Values and variance in bookmaker payouts : A Theoretical Approach towards setting limits on odds . Journal of Prediction Markets . 1 . 9 . Jump up ^ `` Fractional Odds '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odds&oldid=787578625 '' Categories : Randomness Statistical ratios Wagering Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles that are too technical from March 2016 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from March 2016 All articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does 10 to 1 mean in betting	[ "In gambling, odds represent the ratio between the amounts staked by parties to a wager or bet.[3] Thus, odds of 6 to 1 mean the first party (normally a bookmaker) stakes six times the amount staked by the second party." ]	[ "the ratio between the amounts staked by parties to a wager or bet" ]
-368045854637514718	Indo-Greek Kingdom	Indo - Greek kingdom - wikipedia Indo - Greek kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Indo - Greek Kingdom 180 BC -- AD 10 Indo - Greek Kingdoms in 100 BC Capital Alexandria in the Caucasus Sirkap / Taxila Chiniot Sagala / Sialkot Pushkalavati / Charsadda Languages Greek ( Greek alphabet ) Pali ( Kharoshthi script ) Sanskrit Prakrit ( Brahmi script ) Religion Buddhism Ancient Greek religion Hinduism Zoroastrianism Government Monarchy King 180 -- 160 BC Apollodotus I 25 BC -- AD 10 Strato II & Strato III Historical era Antiquity Established 180 BC Disestablished AD 10 Area 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) Preceded by Succeeded by Greco - Bactrian Kingdom Indo - Scythians Today part of Pakistan Afghanistan India Turkmenistan Part of a series on the Indo - Greek Kingdom History Ancient sources Religion Art Legacy The Indo - Greek Kingdom or Graeco - Indian Kingdom was a Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of the northwest regions of South Asia ( mainly modern Afghanistan and Pakistan ) during the last two centuries BC and was ruled by more than thirty kings , often in conflict with each other . The kingdom was founded when the Graeco - Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC . The Greeks in South Asia were eventually divided from the Graeco - Bactrians centered in Bactria ( now the border between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan ) , and the Indo - Greeks in present - day north - western South Asia . The most famous Indo - Greek ruler was Menander ( Milinda ) . He had his capital at Sakala in the Punjab ( present - day Sialkot , Punjab , Pakistan ) . The expression `` Indo - Greek Kingdom '' loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities , traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like Taxila , ( modern Punjab ( Pakistan ) ) , Pushkalavati and Sagala . Other potential centers are only hinted at ; for instance , Ptolemy 's Geographia and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain Theophila in the south of the Indo - Greek sphere of influence may also have been a satrapal or royal seat at one time . Euthydemus I was , according to Polybius a Magnesian Greek . His son , Demetrius , founder of the Indo - Greek kingdom , was therefore of Greek descent from his father at minimum . A marriage treaty was arranged for Demetrius with a daughter of Antiochus III the Great , who had partial Persian descent . The ethnicity of later Indo - Greek rulers is less clear . During the two centuries of their rule , the Indo - Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols , as seen on their coins , and blended Hindu , Buddhist and ancient Greek religious practices , as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of Buddhism , pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences . The diffusion of Indo - Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today , particularly through the influence of Greco - Buddhist art . The Indo - Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the Indo - Scythians , although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the Indo - Parthians and Kushans . Later still , the Kidarites and Alchon Huns would again invade Central India and bring dramatic changes to the sub-continent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Preliminary Greek presence in South Asia 1.2 Greek rule in Bactria 1.3 Rise of the Shungas ( 185 BC ) 2 History of the Indo - Greek kingdom 2.1 Nature and quality of the sources 2.2 Expansion of Demetrius into India 2.2. 1 First bilingual monetary system 2.3 Conquests of Menander I 2.3. 1 Archaeological remains 2.3. 2 Western accounts 2.3. 2.1 Rule in Mathura 2.3. 2.2 Indian sources 2.4 Consolidation 2.4. 1 Fall of Bactria and death of Menander 2.4. 2 Preservation of the Indo - Greek realm 2.5 Interractions with Indian culture and religions 2.5. 1 Indo - Greeks in the regions of Vidisha and Sanchi ( 115 BC ) 2.5. 2 Indo - Greeks and Bharhut ( 100 - 75 BC ) 2.5. 3 Sanchi Yavanas ( 50 - 0 BC ) 2.6 Decline 2.6. 1 Loss of Hindu Kush territories ( 70 BC - ) 2.6. 2 Loss of Central territories ( 48 / 47 BC ) 2.6. 3 Loss of Eastern territories ( 10 AD ) 2.6. 4 Later contributions 3 Ideology 4 Religion 4.1 Interactions with Buddhism 4.2 `` Followers of the Dharma '' 4.3 Blessing gestures 4.4 Bhagavata cult 5 Art 6 Economy 6.1 Coinage 6.2 Tribute payments 6.3 Trade with China 6.4 Indian Ocean trade 7 Armed forces 7.1 Military technology 7.2 Size of Indo - Greek armies 8 Legacy of the Indo - Greeks 9 Indo - Greek kings : their coins , territories and chronology 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 External links Background ( edit ) Preliminary Greek presence in south Asia ( edit ) Pataliputra Palace capital , showing Greek and Persian influence , early Mauryan Empire period , 3rd century BC . In 326 BC , Alexander the Great conquered the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent as far as the Hyphasis River , and established satrapies and founded several settlements , including Bucephala ; he turned south when his troops refused to go further east . The Indian satrapies of the Punjab were left to the rule of Porus and Taxiles , who were confirmed again at the Treaty of Triparadisus in 321 BC , and remaining Greek troops in these satrapies were left under the command of general Eudemus . After 321 BC Eudemus toppled Taxiles , until he left India in 316 BC . To the south , another general also ruled over the Greek colonies of the Indus : Peithon , son of Agenor , until his departure for Babylon in 316 BC . Around 322 BC , the Greeks ( described as Yona or Yavana in Indian sources ) may then have participated , together with other groups , in the armed uprising of Chandragupta Maurya against the Nanda Dynasty , and gone as far as Pataliputra for the capture of the city from the Nandas . The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta 's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka , often identified with Porus , and according to these accounts , this alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and powerful army made up of Yavanas ( Greeks ) , Kambojas , Shakas ( Scythians ) , Kiratas ( Nepalese ) , Parasikas ( Persians ) and Bahlikas ( Bactrians ) who took Pataliputra . In 305 BC , Seleucus I led an army to the Indus , where he encountered Chandragupta . The confrontation ended with a peace treaty , and `` an intermarriage agreement '' ( Epigamia , Greek : Ἐπιγαμία ) , meaning either a dynastic marriage or an agreement for intermarriage between Indians and Greeks . Accordingly , Seleucus ceded to Chandragupta his northwestern territories , possibly as far as Arachosia and received 500 war elephants ( which played a key role in the victory of Seleucus at the Battle of Ipsus ) : The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus , which formerly belonged to the Persians : Alexander deprived the Ariani of them , and established there settlements of his own . But Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus in consequence of a marriage contract , and received in return five hundred elephants . -- Strabo 15.2. 1 ( 9 ) The details of the marriage agreement are not known , but since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess , it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way , with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess , in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances . An Indian Puranic source , the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana , described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ( `` Yavana '' ) princess , daughter of Seleucus , before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy : `` Chandragupta married with a daughter of Suluva , the Yavana king of Pausasa . Thus , he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas . He ruled for 60 years . From him , Vindusara was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father . His son was Ashoka . '' -- Pratisarga Parva Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription ( Greek and Aramaic ) by king Ashoka , from Kandahar , Afghanistan . Also several Greeks , such as the historian Megasthenes , followed by Deimachus and Dionysius , were sent to reside at the Mauryan court . Presents continued to be exchanged between the two rulers . The intensity of these contacts is testified by the existence of a dedicated Mauryan state department for Greek ( Yavana ) and Persian foreigners , or the remains of Hellenistic pottery that can be found throughout northern India . On these occasions , Greek populations apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Mauryan rule . Chandragupta 's grandson Ashoka , who had converted to the Buddhist faith declared in the Edicts of Ashoka , set in stone , some of them written in Greek , that Greek populations within his realm also had converted to Buddhism : Here in the king 's domain among the Greeks , the Kambojas , the Nabhakas , the Nabhapamkits , the Bhojas , the Pitinikas , the Andhras and the Palidas , everywhere people are following Beloved - of - the - Gods ' instructions in Dharma . -- Rock Edict Nb13 ( S. Dhammika ) . In his edicts , Ashoka mentions that he had sent Buddhist emissaries to Greek rulers as far as the Mediterranean ( Edict No. 13 ) , and that he developed herbal medicine in their territories , for the welfare of humans and animals ( Edict No. 2 ) . According to the Mahavamsa , the Great Stupa in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka , was dedicated by a 30,000 - strong `` Yona '' ( Greek ) delegation from `` Alexandria '' around 130 BC . The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism , as some of the emissaries of Ashoka such as Dharmaraksita , or the teacher Mahadharmaraksita , are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ( `` Yona '' , i.e. , Ionian ) Buddhist monks , active in Buddhist proselytism ( the Mahavamsa , XII ) . It is also thought that Greeks contributed to the sculptural work of the Pillars of Ashoka , and more generally to the blossoming of Mauryan art . Some Greeks ( Yavanas ) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka : the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman records that during the rule of Ashoka , a Yavana King / Governor named Tushaspha was in charge in the area of Girnar , Gujarat , mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir . Again in 206 BC , the Seleucid emperor Antiochus led an army to the Kabul valley , where he received war elephants and presents from the local king Sophagasenus : He ( Antiochus ) crossed the Caucasus ( the Caucasus Indicus or Paropamisus : mod . Hindú Kúsh ) and descended into India ; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians ; received more elephants , until he had a hundred and fifty altogether ; and having once more provisioned his troops , set out again personally with his army : leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him . -- Polybius , Histories 11.39 Greek rule in Bactria ( edit ) Greco - Bactrian statue of an old man or philosopher , Ai Khanoum , Bactria , 2nd century BC Main article : Greco - Bactrian Kingdom Alexander had also established several colonies in neighbouring Bactria , such as Alexandria on the Oxus ( modern Ai - Khanoum ) and Alexandria of the Caucasus ( medieval Kapisa , modern Bagram ) . After Alexander 's death in 323 BC , Bactria came under the control of Seleucus I Nicator , who founded the Seleucid Empire . The Greco - Bactrian Kingdom was founded when Diodotus I , the satrap of Bactria ( and probably the surrounding provinces ) seceded from the Seleucid Empire around 250 BC . The preserved ancient sources ( see below ) are somewhat contradictory and the exact date of Bactrian independence has not been settled . Somewhat simplified , there is a high chronology ( c. 255 BC ) and a low chronology ( c. 246 BC ) for Diodotos ' secession . The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king Antiochus II issued very few coins in Bactria , as Diodotos would have become independent there early in Antiochus ' reign . On the other hand , the low chronology , from the mid-240s BC , has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the Third Syrian War , a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire . Diodotus , the governor of the thousand cities of Bactria ( Latin : Theodotus , mille urbium Bactrianarum praefectus ) , defected and proclaimed himself king ; all the other people of the Orient followed his example and seceded from the Macedonians . -- ( Justin , XLI , 4 ) The new kingdom , highly urbanized and considered as one of the richest of the Orient ( opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium `` The extremely prosperous Bactrian empire of the thousand cities '' Justin , XLI , 1 ) , was to further grow in power and engage into territorial expansion to the east and the west : The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters , not only of Ariana , but also of India , as Apollodorus of Artemita says : and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander ... Their cities were Bactra ( also called Zariaspa , through which flows a river bearing the same name and emptying into the Oxus ) , and Darapsa , and several others . Among these was Eucratidia , which was named after its ruler . -- ( Strabo , XI. XI. I ) Corinthian capital , found at Ai - Khanoum , 2nd century BC When the ruler of neighbouring Parthia , the former satrap and self - proclaimed king Andragoras , was eliminated by Arsaces , the rise of the Parthian Empire cut off the Greco - Bactrians from direct contact with the Greek world . Overland trade continued at a reduced rate , while sea trade between Greek Egypt and Bactria developed . Diodotus was succeeded by his son Diodotus II , who allied himself with the Parthian Arsaces in his fight against Seleucus II : Soon after , relieved by the death of Diodotus , Arsaces made peace and concluded an alliance with his son , also by the name of Diodotus ; some time later he fought against Seleucos who came to punish the rebels , and he prevailed : the Parthians celebrated this day as the one that marked the beginning of their freedom -- ( Justin , XLI , 4 ) Euthydemus , a Magnesian Greek according to Polybius and possibly satrap of Sogdiana , overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BC and started his own dynasty . Euthydemus 's control extended to Sogdiana , going beyond the city of Alexandria Eschate founded by Alexander the Great in Ferghana : `` And they also held Sogdiana , situated above Bactriana towards the east between the Oxus River , which forms the boundary between the Bactrians and the Sogdians , and the Iaxartes River . And the Iaxartes forms also the boundary between the Sogdians and the nomads . -- Strabo XI. 11.2 Coin depicting the Greco - Bactrian king Euthydemus 230 -- 200 BC . The Greek inscription reads : ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ -- `` ( of ) King Euthydemus '' . Euthydemus was attacked by the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III around 210 BC . Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen , Euthydemus initially lost a battle on the Arius and had to retreat . He then successfully resisted a three - year siege in the fortified city of Bactra ( modern Balkh ) , before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler , and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus 's son Demetrius around 206 BC . Classical accounts also relate that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the original rebel Diodotus , and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts : ... for if he did not yield to this demand , neither of them would be safe : seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand , who were a danger to both ; and that if they admitted them into the country , it would certainly be utterly barbarised . -- ( Polybius , 11.34 ) Following the departure of the Seleucid army , the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded . In the west , areas in north - eastern Iran may have been absorbed , possibly as far as into Parthia , whose ruler had been defeated by Antiochus the Great . These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of Tapuria and Traxiane . To the north , Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana , and there are indications that from Alexandria Eschate the Greco - Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar and Ürümqi in Chinese Turkestan , leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC . The Greek historian Strabo too writes that : they extended their empire even as far as the Seres ( Chinese ) and the Phryni -- ( Strabo , XI. XI. I ) Possible statuette of a Greek soldier , wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet , from a 3rd - century BC burial site north of the Tian Shan , Xinjiang Region Museum , Urumqi . Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the Tien Shan , on the doorstep to China , and are today on display in the Xinjiang museum at Urumqi ( Boardman ) . Greek influences on Chinese art have also been suggested ( Hirth , Rostovtzeff ) . Designs with rosette flowers , geometric lines , and glass inlays , suggestive of Hellenistic influences , can be found on some early Han dynasty bronze mirrors . Numismatics also suggest that some technology exchanges may have occurred on these occasions : the Greco - Bactrians were the first in the world to issue cupro - nickel ( 75 / 25 ratio ) coins , an alloy technology only known by the Chinese at the time under the name `` White copper '' ( some weapons from the Warring States period were in copper - nickel alloy ) . The practice of exporting Chinese metals , in particular iron , for trade is attested around that period . Kings Euthydemus , Euthydemus II , Agathocles and Pantaleon made these coin issues around 170 BC and it has alternatively been suggested that a nickeliferous copper ore was the source from mines at Anarak . Copper - nickel would not be used again in coinage until the 19th century . The presence of Chinese people in the Indian subcontinent from ancient times is also suggested by the accounts of the `` Ciñas '' in the Mahabharata and the Manu Smriti . The Han Dynasty explorer and ambassador Zhang Qian visited Bactria in 126 BC , and reported the presence of Chinese products in the Bactrian markets : `` When I was in Bactria ( Daxia ) '' , Zhang Qian reported , `` I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu ( territories of southwestern China ) . When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles , they replied , `` Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu ( India ) . '' -- ( Shiji 123 , Sima Qian , trans . Burton Watson ) Upon his return , Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han Wudi of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana , Bactria and Parthia , who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them : The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus : Ferghana ( Dayuan ) and the possessions of Bactria ( Daxia ) and Parthia ( Anxi ) are large countries , full of rare things , with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people , and placing great value on the rich produce of China -- ( Hanshu , Former Han History ) A number of Chinese envoys were then sent to Central Asia , triggering the development of the Silk Road from the end of the 2nd century BC . Greco - Bactria and the city of Ai - Khanoum were located at the very doorstep of Mauryan India . The Khalsi rock edict of Ashoka , which mentions the Greek kings Antiochus , Ptolemy , Antigonus , Magas and Alexander by name , as recipients of his teachings . The Indian emperor Chandragupta , founder of the Mauryan dynasty , had re-conquered northwestern India upon the death of Alexander the Great around 322 BC . However , contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the Seleucid Empire , a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established ( described as an agreement on Epigamia in Ancient sources ) , and several Greeks , such as the historian Megasthenes , resided at the Mauryan court . Subsequently , each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court . Chandragupta 's grandson Ashoka converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism , directing his efforts towards the Indian and the Hellenistic worlds from around 250 BC . According to the Edicts of Ashoka , set in stone , some of them written in Greek , he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean . The edicts name each of the rulers of the Hellenistic world at the time . The conquest by Dharma has been won here , on the borders , and even six hundred yojanas ( 4,000 miles ) away , where the Greek king Antiochos rules , beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy , Antigonos , Magas and Alexander rule , likewise in the south among the Cholas , the Pandyas , and as far as Tamraparni . -- ( Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict , S. Dhammika ) Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism : Here in the king 's domain among the Greeks , the Kambojas , the Nabhakas , the Nabhapamkits , the Bhojas , the Pitinikas , the Andhras and the Palidas , everywhere people are following Beloved - of - the - Gods ' instructions in Dharma . -- ( Edicts of Ashoka , 13th Rock Edict , S. Dhammika ) Furthermore , according to Pali sources , some of Ashoka 's emissaries were Greek Buddhist monks , indicating close religious exchanges between the two cultures : When the thera ( elder ) Moggaliputta , the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror ( Ashoka ) , had brought the ( third ) council to an end ... he sent forth theras , one here and one there : ... and to Aparantaka ( the `` Western countries '' corresponding to Gujarat and Sindh ) he sent the Greek ( Yona ) named Dhammarakkhita ... and the thera Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona . -- ( Mahavamsa XII ) Greco - Bactrians probably received these Buddhist emissaries ( At least Maharakkhita , lit . `` The Great Saved One '' , who was `` sent to the country of the Yona '' ) and somehow tolerated the Buddhist faith , although little proof remains . In the 2nd century AD , the Christian dogmatist Clement of Alexandria recognized the existence of Buddhist Sramanas among the Bactrians ( `` Bactrians '' meaning `` Oriental Greeks '' in that period ) , and even their influence on Greek thought : Thus philosophy , a thing of the highest utility , flourished in antiquity among the barbarians , shedding its light over the nations . And afterwards it came to Greece . First in its ranks were the prophets of the Egyptians ; and the Chaldeans among the Assyrians ; and the Druids among the Gauls ; and the Sramanas among the Bactrians ( `` Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων '' ) ; and the philosophers of the Celts ; and the Magi of the Persians , who foretold the Saviour 's birth , and came into the land of Judea guided by a star . The Indian gymnosophists are also in the number , and the other barbarian philosophers . And of these there are two classes , some of them called Sramanas ( `` Σαρμάναι '' ) , and others Brahmins ( `` Βραφμαναι '' ) . -- Clement of Alexandria , `` The Stromata , or Miscellanies '' Book I , Chapter XV Rise of the Shungas ( 185 BC ) ( edit ) Shunga horseman , Bharhut . Main article : Shunga Empire In India , the Maurya Dynasty was overthrown around 185 BC when Pushyamitra Shunga , the commander - in - chief of Mauryan Imperial forces and a Brahmin , assassinated the last of the Mauryan emperors Brihadratha . Pushyamitra Shunga then ascended the throne and established the Shunga Empire , which extended its control as far west as the Punjab . Buddhist sources , such as the Ashokavadana , mention that Pushyamitra was hostile towards Buddhists and allegedly persecuted the Buddhist faith . A large number of Buddhist monasteries ( viharas ) were allegedly converted to Hindu temples , in such places as Nalanda , Bodhgaya , Sarnath or Mathura . While it is established by secular sources that Hinduism and Buddhism were in competition during this time , with the Shungas preferring the former to the latter , historians such as Etienne Lamotte and Romila Thapar argue that Buddhist accounts of persecution of Buddhists by Shungas are largely exaggerated . Some Puranic sources however also describe the resurgence of Brahmanism following the Maurya Dynasty , and the killing of millions of Buddhists , such as the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana : `` At this time ( after the rule of Chandragupta , Bindusara and Ashoka ) the best of the brahmanas , Kanyakubja , performed sacrifice on the top of a mountain named Arbuda . By the influence of Vedic mantras , four Kshatriyas appeared from the yajna ( sacrifice ) . ( ... ) They kept Ashoka under their control and annihilated all the Buddhists . It is said there were 4 million Buddhists and all of them were killed by uncommon weapons '' . -- Pratisarga Parva History of the Indo - Greek kingdom ( edit ) Main article : History of the Indo - Greek Kingdom Nature and quality of the sources ( edit ) Apollodotus I ( 180 -- 160 BC ) the first king who ruled in the subcontinent only , and therefore the founder of the proper Indo - Greek kingdom . Main article : Indo - Greeks ( sources ) Some narrative history has survived for most of the Hellenistic world , at least of the kings and the wars ; this is lacking for India . The main Greco - Roman source on the Indo - Greeks is Justin , who wrote an anthology drawn from the Roman historian Pompeius Trogus , who in turn wrote , from Greek sources , at the time of Augustus Caesar . In addition to these dozen sentences , the geographer Strabo mentions India a few times in the course of his long dispute with Eratosthenes about the shape of Eurasia . Most of these are purely geographical claims , but he does mention that Eratosthenes ' sources say that some of the Greek kings conquered further than Alexander ; Strabo does not believe them on this , but modern historians do ; nor does he believe that Menander and Demetrius son of Euthydemus conquered more tribes than Alexander There is half a story about Menander in one of the books of Polybius which has not come down to us intact . There are Indian literary sources , ranging from the Milinda Panha , a dialogue between a Buddhist sage Nagasena and King Menander I , which includes some incidental information on Menander 's biography and the geography and institutions of his kingdom , down to a sentence about Menander ( presumably the same Menander ) and his attack on Pataliputra which happens to have survived as a standard example in grammar texts ; none is a narrative history . Names in these sources are consistently Indianized , and there is some dispute whether , for example , Dharmamitra represents `` Demetrius '' or is an Indian prince with that name . There was also a Chinese expedition to Bactria by Chang - k'ien under the Emperor Wu of Han , recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of the Former Han , with additional evidence in the Book of the Later Han ; the identification of places and peoples behind transcriptions into Chinese is difficult , and several alternate interpretations have been proposed . There is also significant archaeological evidence , including some epigraphic evidence , for the Indo - Greek kings , such as the mention of the `` Yavana '' embassy of king Antialcidas on the Heliodorus pillar in Vidisha , or the Yavanarajya inscription indicating Indo - Greek rule in Mathura . But the chief archaeological evidence comes from the coins of the Indo - Greeks . Expansion of Demetrius into India ( edit ) The founder of the Indo - Greek Kingdom Demetrius I ( c. 205 -- c. 170 BC ) , wearing the scalp of an elephant , symbol of his conquests in India . Demetrius I , the son of Euthydemus is generally considered as the Greco - Bactrian king who first launched the Greek expansion into India . He is therefore the founder of the Indo - Greek realm . The true intents of the Greek kings in occupying India are unknown , but it is thought that the elimination of the Maurya Empire by the Sunga greatly encouraged this expansion . The Indo - Greeks , in particular Menander I who is said in the Milindapanha to have converted to Buddhism , also possibly received the help of Indian Buddhists . There is an inscription from his father 's reign already officially hailing Demetrius as victorious . He also has one of the few absolute dates in Indo - Greek history : after his father held off Antiochus III for two years , 208 -- 6 BC , the peace treaty included the offer of a marriage between Demetrius and Antiochus ' daughter . Coins of Demetrius I have been found in Arachosia and in the Kabul Valley ; the latter would be the first entry of the Greeks into India , as they defined it . There is also literary evidence for a campaign eastward against the Seres and the Phryni ; but the order and dating of these conquests is uncertain . Demetrius I seems to have conquered the Kabul valley , Arachosia and perhaps Gandhara ; he struck no Indian coins , so either his conquests did not penetrate that far into India or he died before he could consolidate them . On his coins , Demetrius I always carries the elephant - helmet worn by Alexander , which seems to be a token of his Indian conquests . Bopearachchi believes that Demetrius received the title of `` King of India '' following his victories south of the Hindu Kush . He was also given , though perhaps only posthumously , the title ανικητος ( `` Anicetos '' , lit . Invincible ) a cult title of Heracles , which Alexander had assumed ; the later Indo - Greek kings Lysias , Philoxenus , and Artemidorus also took it . Finally , Demetrius may have been the founder of a newly discovered Yavana era , starting in 186 / 5 BC . First bilingual monetary system ( edit ) See also : Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara Indian coinage of Agathocles , with lion and Lakshmi , a goddess of fortune and abundance for Buddhists and Hindus . After the death of Demetrius , the Bactrian kings Pantaleon and Agathocles struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila so in their time ( c. 185 -- 170 BC ) the Bactrian kingdom seems to have included Gandhara . These first bilingual coins used the Brahmi script , whereas later kings would generally use Kharoshthi . They also went as far as incorporating Indian deities , such as goddess Lakshmi and Hindu deities , as well as various Indian devices ( lion , elephant , zebu bull ) and symbols , which can also be seen in the Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara . Coin of Agathocles with Hindu deities : Balarama - Samkarshana ( left ) and Vasudeva - Krishna ( right ) . The Hinduist coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular . Six Indian - standard silver drachmas were discovered at Ai - Khanoum in 1970 , which depict Hindu deities . These are early Avatars of Vishnu : Balarama - Sankarshana with attributes consisting of the Gada mace and the plow , and Vasudeva - Krishna with the Vishnu attributes of the Shankha ( a pear - shaped case or conch ) and the Sudarshana Chakra wheel . These first attempts at incorporating Indian culture were only partly preserved by later kings : they all continued to struck bilingual coins , sometimes in addition to Attic coinage , but Greek deities remained prevalent . Indian animals however , such as the elephant , the bull or the lion , possibly with religious overtones , where used extensively in their Indian - standard square coinage . Several Bactrian kings followed after Demetrius ' death , and it seems likely that the civil wars between them made it possible for Apollodotus I ( from c. 180 / 175 BC ) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo - Greek king ( who did not rule from Bactria ) . Large numbers of his coins have been found in India , and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab . Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II , likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I . Conquests of Menander I ( edit ) Menander I ( 155 -- 130 BC ) is one of the few Indo - Greek kings mentioned in both Graeco - Roman and Indian sources . The Reh Inscription of Menander , near Kausambi , tends to confirm that Menander was at the head of the Indo - Greek forays into northern India . Indo - Greek arrowheads from Kausambi . The next important Indo - Greek king was Menander ( from c. 165 / 155 BC ) whose has been described as the greatest of the Indo - Greek Kings , his coins are frequently found even in eastern Punjab . Menander seems to have begun a second wave of conquests , and since he already ruled in India , it seems likely that the easternmost conquests were made by him . Thus from 161 B.C. onwards Menander was the ruler of Punjab until his death in 130 B.C. Menander made Sagala his capital , and after conquering the Punjab region he subsequently made an expedition across northern India and reached the Mauryan capital of Patna . Soon after , Eucratides I king of the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom began warring with the Indo - Greeks in the north western frontier . According to Apollodorus of Artemita , quoted by Strabo , the Indo - Greek territory for a while included the Indian coastal provinces of Sindh and possibly Gujarat . With archaeological methods , the Indo - Greek territory can however only be confirmed from the Kabul Valley to the eastern Punjab , so Greek presence outside was probably short - lived or less significant . Some sources also claim that the Indo - Greeks may have reached the Shunga capital Pataliputra in northeastern India . However , the nature of this expedition is a matter of controversy . One theory is that Indo - Greeks were invited to join a raid led by local Indian kings down the Ganges river . The other is that it was a campaign likely made by Menander . Irrespective it appears that Pataliputra , if at all captured , was not held for long as the expedition was forced to retreat , probably due to wars in their own territories . Menander 's reign saw the end of the Indo - Greek expansion . Archaeological remains ( edit ) The Reh Inscription of Menander , an inscription on a pillar discovered in Reh , Fatehpur district , Uttar Pradesh , in the Ganges valley 96 km west of Kausambi and 350 km south - east of Mathura , on the left bank of the Yamuna river , tends to confirm that Menander was at the head of the Indo - Greek forays into northern India , probably reaching with his armies the capital city of Pataliputra . Ai - Khanoum Taxila Sagala Mathura Pataliputra Gorakhpur Hastinapur Ujjain Kausambi Archaeological findings corresponding to an Indo - Greek invasion . Legend : Main Indo - Greek cities . Destruction layers associated with the Indo - Greeks ( circa 160 BCE ) . Finds of Indo - Greek arrowheads . Indo - Greek epigraphical remains : Yavanarajya inscription in Mathura , and Reh Inscription of Menander near Kausambi . Archaeological surveys in Kausambi , 96 kms to the east of the Reh inscription showed that Kausambi had been completely destroyed at one point , and that the archaeological layer corresponding to the destruction contained numerous double - tanged and some triple - tanged arrows , consisting in an adaptation of Western socketed designs rather than Eastern designs , and previously associated with the Greeks in Taxila . These arrows can therefore be associated with the Indo - Greek invasion in the 2nd century BCE . Such arrowheads have also been found at Sonkh ( near Borapa ) and Mathura . The Manhai pillar capital , as well as fortification walls nearby Kausambi consisting of large blocks joined together with iron clamps and nails , a mode of construction unknown at the time in the Ganges valley , and thought to be the work of Greek craftsmen , also point to the presence of the Indo - Greeks . Similar destruction layers corresponding to the same time period were also found in Ujjain and Pataliputra , also suggesting destructions brought by the Indo - Greeks , and giving an archaeological indication of the extent and the violence of their foray into India . These destructions also correspond to the end of the Northern Black Polished Ware pottery culture in northern India . Carbon dating also confirmed the general time period of these destruction layers to circa 160 BCE . Western accounts ( edit ) Greek presence in Arachosia , where Greek populations had been living since before the acquisition of the territory by Chandragupta from Seleucus , is mentioned by Isidore of Charax . He describes Greek cities there , one of them called Demetrias , probably in honour of the conqueror Demetrius . Apollodotus I ( and Menander I ) were mentioned by Pompeius Trogus as important Indo - Greek kings . It is theorized that Greek advances temporarily went as far as the Shunga capital Pataliputra ( today Patna ) in eastern India . Senior considers that these conquests can only refer to Menander : Against this , John Mitchener considers that the Greeks probably raided the Indian capital of Pataliputra during the time of Demetrius , though Mitchener 's analysis is not based on numismatic evidence . King Hippostratos riding a horse , circa 100 BCE ( coin detail ) . Of the eastern parts of India , then , there have become known to us all those parts which lie this side of the Hypanis , and also any parts beyond the Hypanis of which an account has been added by those who , after Alexander , advanced beyond the Hypanis , to the Ganges and Pataliputra . -- Strabo , 15 - 1 - 27 The seriousness of the attack is in some doubt : Menander may merely have joined a raid led by Indian Kings down the Ganges , as Indo - Greek presence has not been confirmed this far east . To the south , the Greeks may have occupied the areas of the Sindh and Gujarat , including the strategic harbour of Barygaza ( Bharuch ) , conquests also attested by coins dating from the Indo - Greek ruler Apollodotus I and by several ancient writers ( Strabo 11 ; Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , Chap. 41 / 47 ) : The Greeks ... took possession , not only of Patalene , but also , on the rest of the coast , of what is called the kingdom of Saraostus and Sigerdis . -- Strabo 11.11. 1 The Periplus further explains ancient Indo - Greek rule and continued circulation of Indo - Greek coinage in the region : `` To the present day ancient drachmae are current in Barygaza , coming from this country , bearing inscriptions in Greek letters , and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander , Apollodorus ( sic ) and Menander . '' -- Periplus Chap. 47 Narain however dismisses the account of the Periplus as `` just a sailor 's story '' , and holds that coin finds are not necessarily indicators of occupation . Coin hoards further suggest that in Central India , the area of Malwa may also have been conquered . Rule in Mathura ( edit ) The Mathura Herakles . A statue of Herakles strangling the Nemean lion from Mathura . Also : ( 15 ) . Today in the Kolkota Indian Museum . Slightly northwest of Mathura , numerous Indo - Greek coins were found in the city of Khokrakot ( modern Rohtak ) , belonging to as many as 14 different Indo - Greek kings , as well as coin molds in Naurangabad , suggesting Indo - Greek occupation of Haryana in the 2nd - 1st centuries BCE . From numismatic , literary and epigraphic evidence , it seems that the Indo - Greeks also had control over Mathura at some time , especially during the rule of Menander I ( 165 -- 135 BC ) . The control of Mathura seems to have continued for some time under the successors of Menander , with Strato I , Antimachus and Apollodotus II , where they were facing the territory of the Sungas , who are known to have been absent from Mathura ( no epigraphical or coin remains ) and only located eastward of the Mathura region . Coins of Menander and Strato can be found in the area of Mathura , and Ptolemy records Menander as having ruled as far as Mathura ( Μόδουρα ) in Book VII , I , 47 of his Geographia . The Yavanarajya inscription , dated to `` year 116 of Yavana hegemony '' , probably referring to the Yavana era , suggests Greek control in Mathura circa 70 or 69 BC . Mathura Museum . An inscription in Mathura discovered in 1988 , the Yavanarajya inscription , mentions `` The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony ( Yavanarajya ) '' , also suggesting the rule of the Indo - Greeks in the area in the 2nd -- 1st century BC in Mathura . The inscription would date to the 116th year of the Yavana era ( thought to start in 186 -- 185 BC ) which would give it a date of 70 or 69 BC . To the south , according to the dedication of the Heliodorus pillar , the Sungas definitely ruled in Vidisha around 120 BCE , where a king Bhagabhadra had established his court and Indo - Greek ambassador Heliodorus visited him . The son of Pushyamitra , Agnimitra , had also established his court in Vidisha as a viceroy . However , this choice of Vidisha as a provincial capital suggests that the Sungas had lost the old and traditional provincial capital of Ujjain about 100 km to the west . Indian sources ( edit ) Illustration of the possible forays of the Indo - Greeks into India , according to Indian sources . Various Indian records describe Yavana attacks on Mathura , Panchala , Saketa , and Pataliputra . The term Yavana is thought to be a transliteration of `` Ionians '' and is known to have designated Hellenistic Greeks ( starting with the Edicts of Ashoka , where Ashoka writes about `` the Yavana king Antiochus '' ) , but may have sometimes referred to other foreigners as well after the 1st century AD . Patanjali , a grammarian and commentator on Pāṇini around 150 BC , describes in the Mahābhāsya , the invasion in two examples using the imperfect tense of Sanskrit , denoting a recent event : `` Arunad Yavanah Sāketam '' ( `` The Yavanas ( Greeks ) were besieging Saketa '' ) `` Arunad Yavano Madhyamikām '' ( `` The Yavanas were besieging Madhyamika '' ( the `` Middle country '' ) ) . Also the Brahmanical text of the Yuga Purana , which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy , but is thought to be likely historical , relates the attack of the Indo - Greeks on the capital Pataliputra , a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to Megasthenes , and describes the ultimate destruction of the city 's walls : Then , after having approached Saketa together with the Panchalas and the Mathuras , the Yavanas , valiant in battle , will reach Kusumadhvaja ( `` The town of the flower - standard '' , Pataliputra ) . Then , once Puspapura ( another name of Pataliputra ) has been reached and its celebrated mud - walls cast down , all the realm will be in disorder . -- Yuga Purana , Paragraph 47 -- 48 , quoted in Mitchener , The Yuga Purana , 2002 edition Possible statue of a Yavana / Indo - Greek warrior with boots and chiton , from the Rani Gumpha or `` Cave of the Queen '' in the Udayagiri Caves on the east coast of India , where the Hathigumpha inscription was also found . 2nd or 1st century BCE . Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Shunga in Central India are also found in the Mālavikāgnimitram , a play by Kālidāsa which is thought to describe an encounter between a Greek cavalry squadron and Vasumitra , the grandson of Pushyamitra , during the latter 's reign , by the Sindh River or the Kali Sindh River . According to the Yuga Purana , the Yavanas thereafter retreated following internal conflicts : `` The Yavanas ( Greeks ) will command , the Kings will disappear . ( But ultimately ) the Yavanas , intoxicated with fighting , will not stay in Madhadesa ( the Middle Country ) ; there will be undoubtedly a civil war among them , arising in their own country ( Bactria ) , there will be a terrible and ferocious war . '' ( Gargi - Samhita , Yuga Purana chapter , No7 ) . Earlier authors such as Tarn have suggested that the raid on Pataliputra was made by Demetrius . According to Mitchener , the Hathigumpha inscription indicates the presence of the Greeks led by a `` Demetrius '' in eastern India ( Magadha ) during the 1st century BC , although this interpretation was previously disputed by Narain . `` Then in the eighth year , ( Kharavela ) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha ( Rajagriha ) . On account of the loud report of this act of valour , the Yavana ( Greek ) King Dimi ( ta ) retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army . '' -- Hathigumpha inscription , line 8 , probably in the 1st century BCE . Original text is in Brahmi script . But while this inscription may be interpreted as an indication that Demetrius I was the king who made conquests in Punjab , it is still true that he never issued any Indian - standard coins , only numerous coins with elephant symbolism , and the restoration of his name in Kharosthi on the Hathigumpha inscription : Di - Mi - Ta , has been doubted . The `` Di '' is a reconstruction , and it may be noted that the name of another Indo - Greek king , Amyntas , is spelt A-Mi - Ta in Kharosthi and may fit in . Therefore , Menander remains the likeliest candidate for any advance east of Punjab . Consolidation ( edit ) Menander I became the most important of the Indo - Greek rulers . Eucratides I toppled the Greco - Bactrian Euthydemid dynasty , and attacked the Indo - Greeks from the west . The important Bactrian king Eucratides seems to have attacked the Indo - Greek kingdom during the mid 2nd century BC . A Demetrius , called `` King of the Indians '' , seems to have confronted Eucratides in a four - month siege , reported by Justin , but he ultimately lost . In any case , Eucratides seems to have occupied territory as far as the Indus , between ca . 170 BC and 150 BC . His advances were ultimately checked by the Indo - Greek king Menander I , Menander is considered to have been probably the most successful Indo - Greek king , and the conqueror of the largest territory . The finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo - Greek kings . Menander is also remembered in Buddhist literature , where he is called Milinda , and is described in the Milinda Panha as a convert to Buddhism : he became an arhat whose relics were enshrined in a manner reminiscent of the Buddha . He also introduced a new coin type , with Athena Alkidemos ( `` Protector of the people '' ) on the reverse , which was adopted by most of his successors in the East . Fall of Bactria and death of Menander ( edit ) Silver drachm of Menander I ( 160 -- 145 BC ) Heliocles ( 145 -- 130 BC ) was the last Greek king in Bactria . From the mid-2nd century BC , the Scythians , in turn being pushed forward by the Yuezhi who were completing a long migration from the border of China , started to invade Bactria from the north . Around 130 BC the last Greco - Bactrian king Heliocles was probably killed during the invasion and the Greco - Bactrian kingdom proper ceased to exist . The Parthians also probably played a role in the downfall of the Bactrian kingdom . Coin of Zoilos I ( 130 -- 120 BC ) showing on the reverse the Heraklean club with the Scythian bow , inside a victory wreath . Immediately after the fall of Bactria , the bronze coins of Indo - Greek king Zoilos I ( 130 -- 120 BC ) , successor of Menander in the western part of the Indian territories , combined the club of Herakles with a Scythian - type bowcase and short recurve bow inside a victory wreath , illustrating interaction with horse - mounted people originating from the steppes , possibly either the Scythians ( future Indo - Scythians ) , or the Yuezhi ( future Kushans ) who had invaded Greco - Bactria . This bow can be contrasted to the traditional Hellenistic long bow depicted on the coins of the eastern Indo - Greek queen Agathokleia . It is now known that 50 years later , the Indo - Scythian Maues was in alliance with the Indo - Greek kings in Taxila , and one of those kings , Artemidoros seems to claim on his coins that he is the son of Maues , although this is now disputed . Preservation of the Indo - Greek realm ( edit ) The Indo - Greek states , shielded by the Hindu Kush range , were saved from the invasions , but the civil wars which had weakened the Greeks continued . Menander I died around the same time , and even though the king himself seems to have been popular among his subjects , his dynasty was at least partially dethroned ( see discussion under Menander I ) . Probable members of the dynasty of Menander include the ruling queen Agathokleia , her son Strato I , and Nicias , though it is uncertain whether they ruled directly after Menander . Coin of Antialcidas ( 105 -- 95 BC ) . Coin of Philoxenos ( 100 -- 95 BC ) . Other kings emerged , usually in the western part of the Indo - Greek realm , such as Zoilos I , Lysias , Antialcidas and Philoxenos . These rulers may have been relatives of either the Eucratid or the Euthydemid dynasties . The names of later kings were often new ( members of Hellenistic dynasties usually inherited family names ) but old reverses and titles were frequently repeated by the later rulers . While all Indo - Greek kings after Apollodotus I mainly issued bilingual ( Greek and Kharoshti ) coins for circulation in their own territories , several of them also struck rare Greek coins which have been found in Bactria . The later kings probably struck these coins as some kind of payment to the Scythian or Yuezhi tribes who now ruled there , though if as tribute or payment for mercenaries remains unknown . For some decades after the Bactrian invasion , relationships seem to have been peaceful between the Indo - Greeks and these relatively hellenised nomad tribes . There are however no historical recordings of events in the Indo - Greek kingdom after Menander 's death around 130 BC , since the Indo - Greeks had now become very isolated from the rest of the Graeco - Roman world . The later history of the Indo - Greek states , which lasted to around the shift BC / AD , is reconstructed almost entirely from archaeological and numismatical analyses . Interractions with Indian culture and religions ( edit ) Indo - Greeks in the regions of Vidisha and Sanchi ( 115 BC ) ( edit ) See also : Heliodorus pillar , Sanchi , and Sanchi Stupa No. 2 The Heliodorus pillar was established by Heliodoros , ambassador of king Antialkidas , in the city of Vidisha . It is around this time , in 115 BC , that the embassy of Heliodorus , from king Antialkidas to the court of the Sungas king Bhagabhadra in Vidisha , is recorded . In the Sunga capital , Heliodorus established the Heliodorus pillar in a dedication to Vāsudeva . This would indicate that relations between the Indo - Greeks and the Sungas had improved by that time , that people traveled between the two realms , and also that the Indo - Greeks readily followed Indian religions . Also around the same period , circa 115 BC , decorative reliefs were introduced for the first time at nearby Sanchi , 6 km away from Vidisha , by craftsmen from the northwest . These craftsmen left mason 's marks in Kharoshthi , mainly used in the area around Gandhara , as opposed to the local Brahmi script . This seems to imply that these foreign workers were responsible for some of the earliest motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa . These early reliefs at Sanchi , ( those of Sanchi Stupa No. 2 ) , are dated to 115 BC , while the more extensive pillar carvings are dated to 80 BC . These reliefs have been described as `` the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence '' . They are considered as the origin of Jataka illustrations in India . Early reliefs at Sanchi , Stupa No. 2 ( circa 115 BC ) Sanchi , Stupa No 2 Mason 's marks in Kharoshti point to craftsmen from the north - west ( region of Gandhara ) for the earliest reliefs at Sanchi , circa 115 BC . Foreigner on a horse . The medallions are dated circa 115 BC . Lakshmi with lotus and two child attendants , probably derived from similar images of Venus Griffin . Female riding a Centaur . Lotus within Hellenistic beads and reels motif . Floral motif . Indo - Greeks and Bharhut ( 100 - 75 BC ) ( edit ) See also : Bharhut and Bharhut Yavana The Bharhut Yavana , a possible Indian depiction of Menander , with the flowing head band of a Greek king , northern tunic with Hellenistic pleats , and Buddhist triratana symbol on his sword . Bharhut , 100 BC . Indian Museum , Calcutta . At Bharhut , the gateways were made by northwestern ( probably Gandharan ) masons using Kharosthi marks 100 - 75 BC . A warrior figure , the Bharhut Yavana , appeared prominently on a high relief on the railings of the stupa of Bharhut circa 100 BC . The warrior has the flowing head band of a Greek king , a northern tunic with Hellenistic pleats , he hold a grape in his hand , and has a Buddhist triratana symbol on his sword . He has the role of a dvarapala , a Guardian of the entrance of the Stupa . The warrior has been described as a Greek , Some have suggested that he might even represent king Menander . Also around that time , craftsmen from the Gandhara area are known to have been involved in the construction of the Buddhist torana gateways at Bharhut , which are dated to 100 - 75 BC : this is because mason 's marks in Kharosthi have been found on several elements of the Bharhut remains , indicating that some of the builders at least came from the north , particularly from Gandhara where the Kharoshti script was in use . Cunningham explained that the Kharosthi letters were found on the ballusters between the architraves of the gateway , but none on the railings which all had Indian markings , summarizing that the gateways , which are artistically more refined , must have been made by artists from the North , whereas the railings were made by local artists . Sanchi Yavanas ( 50 - 0 BC ) ( edit ) Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I at Sanchi . Again in Sanchi , but this time dating to the period of Satavahana rule circa 50 - 0 BC , one frieze can be observed which shows devotees in Greek attire making a dedication to the Great Stupa of Sanchi . The official notice at Sanchi describes `` Foreigners worshiping Stupa '' . The men are depicted with short curly hair , often held together with a headband of the type commonly seen on Greek coins . The clothing too is Greek , complete with tunics , capes and sandals , typical of the Greek travelling costume . The musical instruments are also quite characteristic , such as the double flute called aulos . Also visible are carnyx - like horns . They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa . Three inscriptions are also known from Yavana donors at Sanchi , the clearest of which reads `` Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam '' ( `` Gift of the Yona of Setapatha '' ) , Setapatha being an uncertain city . Decline ( edit ) King Philoxenus ( 100 -- 95 BC ) briefly occupied the whole Greek territory from the Paropamisadae to Western Punjab , after what the territories fragmented again between smaller Indo - Greek kings . Throughout the 1st century BC , the Indo - Greeks progressively lost ground to the Indians in the east , and the Scythians , the Yuezhi , and the Parthians in the West . About 20 Indo - Greek kings are known during this period , down to the last known Indo - Greek rulers , Strato II and Strato III , who ruled in the Punjab region until around 10 AD . Loss of Hindu Kush territories ( 70 BC - ) ( edit ) Main article : Yuezhi Hermaeus ( 90 -- 70 BC ) was the last Indo - Greek king in the Western territories ( Paropamisadae ) . Hermaeus posthumous issue struck by Indo - Scythians near Kabul , circa 80 -- 75 BCE . Around eight `` western '' Indo - Greek kings are known ; most of them are distinguished by their issues of Attic coins for circulation in the neighbouring region . One of the last important kings in the Paropamisadae ( part of the Hindu Kush ) was Hermaeus , who ruled until around 80 BC ; soon after his death the Yuezhi or Sakas took over his areas from neighbouring Bactria . When Hermaeus is depicted on his coins riding a horse , he is equipped with the recurve bow and bow - case of the steppes and RC Senior believes him to be of partly nomad origin . The later king Hippostratus may however also have held territories in the Paropamisadae . After the death of Hermaeus , the Yuezhi or Saka nomads became the new rulers of the Paropamisadae , and minted vast quantities of posthumous issues of Hermaeus up to around 40 AD , when they blend with the coinage of the Kushan king Kujula Kadphises . The first documented Yuezhi prince , Sapadbizes , ruled around 20 BC , and minted in Greek and in the same style as the western Indo - Greek kings , probably depending on Greek mints and celators . Loss of Central territories ( 48 / 47 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Scythians Tetradrachm of Hippostratos , reigned circa 65 -- 55 BC , was the last Indo - Greek king in Western Punjab . Hippostratos was replaced by the Indo - Scythian king Azes I ( r.c. 35 -- 12 BC ) . Around 80 BC , an Indo - Scythian king named Maues , possibly a general in the service of the Indo - Greeks , ruled for a few years in northwestern India before the Indo - Greeks again took control . He seems to have been married to an Indo - Greek princess named Machene . King Hippostratus ( 65 -- 55 BC ) seems to have been one of the most successful subsequent Indo - Greek kings until he lost to the Indo - Scythian Azes I , who established an Indo - Scythian dynasty in 48 / 47 BC . Various coins seem to suggest that some sort of alliance may have taken place between the Indo - Greeks and the Scythians . Although the Indo - Scythians clearly ruled militarily and politically , they remained surprisingly respectful of Greek and Indian cultures . Their coins were minted in Greek mints , continued using proper Greek and Kharoshthi legends , and incorporated depictions of Greek deities , particularly Zeus . The Mathura lion capital inscription attests that they adopted the Buddhist faith , as do the depictions of deities forming the vitarka mudra on their coins . Greek communities , far from being exterminated , probably persisted under Indo - Scythian rule . There is a possibility that a fusion , rather than a confrontation , occurred between the Greeks and the Indo - Scythians : in a recently published coin , Artemidorus seems to present himself as `` son of Maues '' ( but this is now disputed ) , and the Buner reliefs show Indo - Greeks and Indo - Scythians reveling in a Buddhist context . The last known mention of an Indo - Greek ruler is suggested by an inscription on a signet ring of the 1st century AD in the name of a king Theodamas , from the Bajaur area of Gandhara , in modern Pakistan . No coins of him are known , but the signet bears in kharoshthi script the inscription `` Su Theodamasa '' , `` Su '' being explained as the Greek transliteration of the ubiquitous Kushan royal title `` Shau '' ( `` Shah '' , `` King '' ) . Loss of eastern territories ( 10 AD ) ( edit ) Approximate region of East Punjab and Strato II 's capital Sagala . The last known Indo - Greek kings Strato II and Strato III , here on a joint coin ( 25 BC - 10 AD ) , were the last Indo - Greek king in eartern territories of Eastern Punjab . Strato II and Strato III were replaced by the Indo - Scythian Northern Satrap Rajuvula . The Indo - Greeks continued to rule a territory in the eastern Punjab for some time . They may have ruled as far as the area of Mathura from the time of Menander I until the middle of the 1st century BC : the Maghera inscription , from a village near Mathura , records the dedication of a well `` in the one hundred and sixteenth year of the reign of the Yavanas '' , which corresponds to circa 70 BC . Soon after 70 BC , however , they lost the area of Mathura and south - eastern Punjab ( modern day Southern Haryana ) , west of the Yamuna River , possibly to the Mitra rulers of Mathura , or more probably to the Indo - Scythian Northern Satraps . The Arjunayanas ( area of Mathura ) and Yaudheyas mention military victories on their coins ( `` Victory of the Arjunayanas '' , `` Victory of the Yaudheyas '' ) . During the 1st century BC , the Trigartas , Audumbaras and finally the Kunindas also started to mint their own coins , usually in a style highly reminiscent of Indo - Greek coinage . The Indo - Greeks continued to rule a territory in the eastern Punjab , until the kingdom of the last Indo - Greek kings Strato II and Strato III were taken over by the Indo - Scythian Northern Satrap ruler Rajuvula around 10 AD . Later contributions ( edit ) Some Greek nuclei may have continued to survive until the 2nd century AD . Yavanas from the region of Nashik are mentioned as donors for five structural pillars in the Great Buddhist Chaitya of the Karla Caves built and dedicated by Western Satraps ruler Nahapana in 120 CE , although they seem to have adopted Buddhist names . Nahapana had at his court a Greek writer named Yavanesvara ( `` Lord of the Greeks '' ) , who translated from Greek to Sanskrit the Yavanajataka ( `` Saying of the Greeks '' ) , an astrological treatise and India 's earliest Sanskrit work in horoscopy . One of the Buddhist caves ( Cave No. 17 ) in the Pandavleni caves complex near Nashik was built and dedicated by `` Indragnidatta the son of the Yavana Dharmadeva , a northerner from Dattamittri '' , in the 2nd century CE . The city of `` Dattamittri '' is thought to be the city of Demetrias in Arachosia , mentioned by Isidore of Charax . Three dedicatory inscriptions by Yavana donors for the usage of the monks of the Samgha have also been found in Cave No. 18 of the Lenyadri cave complex near Junnar . The `` Yavana cave '' , Cave No. 17 of Pandavleni caves , near Nashik ( 2nd century AD ) The `` Yavana '' inscription on the back wall of the veranda , Cave No. 17 , Nashik . Cave No. 17 has one inscription , mentioning the gift of the cave by Indragnidatta the son of the Yavana ( i.e. Greek or Indo - Greek ) Dharmadeva : `` Success ! ( The gift ) of Indragnidatta , son of Dhammadeva , the Yavana , a northerner from Dattamittri . By him , inspired by true religion , this cave has been caused to be excavated in mount Tiranhu , and inside the cave a Chaitya and cisterns . This cave made for the sake of his father and mother has been , in order to honor all Buddhas bestowed on the universal Samgha by monks together with his son Dhammarakhita . '' Inscription of Cave No. 17 , Nashik Exterior Entrance pillars Pillar capital Interior Standing Buddha Soon after , the Satavahana Gautamiputra Satakarni vanquished Nahapana , and claimed to have defeated a confederacy of Shakas ( Western Kshatrapas ) , Pahlavas ( Indo - Parthians ) , and Yavanas ( Indo - Greeks ) . Ideology ( edit ) Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros ( `` Zeus holding Nike '' ) on Indo - Greek coinage : from the Classical motif of Nike handing the wreath of victory to Zeus himself ( left , coin of Heliocles I 145 -- 130 BC ) , then to a baby elephant ( middle , coin of Antialcidas 115 -- 95 BC ) , and then to the Wheel of the Law , symbol of Buddhism ( right , coin of Menander II 90 -- 85 BC ) . Buddhism flourished under the Indo - Greek kings , and their rule , especially that of Menander , has been remembered as benevolent . It has been suggested , although direct evidence is lacking , that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the Mauryan empire which may have had a long history of marital alliances , exchange of presents , demonstrations of friendship , exchange of ambassadors and religious missions with the Greeks . The historian Diodorus even wrote that the king of Pataliputra had `` great love for the Greeks '' . The Greek expansion into Indian territory may have been intended to protect Greek populations in India , and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the Shungas . The city of Sirkap founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without signs of segregation between the two cultures . Indo - Corinthian capital representing a man wearing a Graeco - Roman - style coat with fibula , and making a blessing gesture . Butkara Stupa , National Museum of Oriental Art , Rome . The first Greek coins to be minted in India , those of Menander I and Apollodotus I bear the mention `` Saviour king '' ( ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ) , a title with high value in the Greek world which indicated an important deflective victory . For instance , Ptolemy I had been Soter ( saviour ) because he had helped save Rhodes from Demetrius the Besieger , and Antiochus I because he had saved Asia Minor from the Gauls . The title was also inscribed in Pali as ( `` Tratarasa '' ) on the reverse of their coins . Menander and Apollodotus may indeed have been saviours to the Greek populations residing in India , and to some of the Indians as well . Also , most of the coins of the Greek kings in India were bilingual , written in Greek on the front and in Pali on the back ( in the Kharosthi script , derived from Aramaic , rather than the more eastern Brahmi , which was used only once on coins of Agathocles of Bactria ) , a tremendous concession to another culture never before made in the Hellenic world . From the reign of Apollodotus II , around 80 BC , Kharosthi letters started to be used as mintmarks on coins in combination with Greek monograms and mintmarks , suggesting the participation of local technicians to the minting process . Incidentally , these bilingual coins of the Indo - Greeks were the key in the decipherment of the Kharoshthi script by James Prinsep ( 1799 -- 1840 ) . Kharoshthi became extinct around the 3rd century AD . In Indian literature , the Indo - Greeks are described as Yavanas ( in Sanskrit ) , or Yonas ( in Pali ) both thought to be transliterations of `` Ionians '' . In the Harivamsa the `` Yavana '' Indo - Greeks are qualified , together with the Sakas , Kambojas , Pahlavas and Paradas as Kshatriya - pungava i.e. foremost among the Warrior caste , or Kshatriyas . The Majjhima Nikaya explains that in the lands of the Yavanas and Kambojas , in contrast with the numerous Indian castes , there were only two classes of people , Aryas and Dasas ( masters and slaves ) . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religions of the Indo - Greeks See also : Greco - Buddhism Hellenistic temple with Ionic columns at Jandial near Sirkap , Taxila . Indian - standard coinage of Menander I. Obv ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ `` Of Saviour King Menander '' . Rev Palm of victory , Kharoshthi legend Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa , British Museum . Evolution of the Butkara stupa , a large part of which occurred during the Indo - Greek period , through the addition of Hellenistic architectural elements . In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins ( Zeus , Herakles , Athena , Apollo ... ) , the Indo - Greeks were involved with local faiths , particularly with Buddhism , but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism . Interactions with Buddhism ( edit ) After the Greco - Bactrians militarily occupied parts of northern India from around 180 BC , numerous instances of interaction between Greeks and Buddhism are recorded . Menander I , the `` Saviour king '' , seems to have converted to Buddhism , and is described as a great benefactor of the religion , on a par with Ashoka or the future Kushan emperor Kanishka . The wheel he represented on some of his coins was probably Buddhist , and he is famous for his dialogues with the Buddhist monk Nagasena , transmitted to us in the Milinda Panha , which explain that he became a Buddhist arhat : And afterwards , taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder , he ( Menander ) handed over his kingdom to his son , and abandoning the household life for the house-less state , grew great in insight , and himself attained to Arahatship ! -- The Questions of King Milinda , Translation by T.W. Rhys Davids . Another Indian text , the Stupavadana of Ksemendra , mentions in the form of a prophecy that Menander will build a stupa in Pataliputra . Plutarch also presents Menander as an example of benevolent rule , and explains that upon his death , the honour of sharing his remains was claimed by the various cities under his rule , and they were enshrined in `` monuments '' ( μνημεία , probably stupas ) , in a parallel with the historic Buddha : But when one Menander , who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians , died afterwards in the camp , the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals ; but coming to a contest about his relics , they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement , that his ashes being distributed , everyone should carry away an equal share , and they should all erect monuments to him . -- Plutarch , `` Political Precepts '' Praec . reip . ger. 28 , 6 ) . The Butkara stupa was `` monumentalized '' by the addition of Hellenistic architectural decorations during Indo - Greek rule in the 2nd century BC . A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum ( GSt 2 ) of the Butkara stupa suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander . It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa , following its initial construction during the Maurya empire . `` Followers of the Dharma '' ( edit ) Coin of Menander II ( 90 -- 85 BCE ) . `` King Menander , follower of the Dharma '' in Kharoshthi script , with Zeus holding Nike , who holds a victory wreath over an Eight - spoked wheel . Several Indo - Greek kings use the title `` Dharmikasa '' , i.e. `` Follower of the Dharma '' , in the Kharoshti script on the obverse of their coins . The corresponding legend in Greek is `` Dikaios '' ( `` The Just '' ) , a rather usual attribute on Greek coins . The expression `` Follower of the Dharma '' would of course resonate strongly with Indian subjects , used to this expression being employed by pious kings , especially since the time of Ashoka who advocated the Dharma in his inscriptions . The seven kings using `` Dharmakasa '' , i.e. `` Follower of the Dharma '' , are late Indo - Greek kings , from around 150 BCE , right after the reign of Menander I , and mainly associated with the area of Gandhara : Zoilos I ( 130 -- 120 BCE ) , Strato ( 130 -- 110 BCE ) , Heliokles II ( 95 -- 80 BCE ) , Theophilos ( 130 or 90 BCE ) , Menander II ( 90 -- 85 BCE ) , Archebios ( 90 -- 80 BCE ) and Peukolaos ( c. 90 BCE ) . The attribute of Dhramika was again used a century later by a known Buddhist practitioner , Indo - Scythian king Kharahostes , to extoll on his coins the virtues of his predecessor king Azes . Blessing gestures ( edit ) From the time of Agathokleia and Strato I , circa 100 BCE , kings and divinities are regularly show on coins making blessing gestures , which often seem similar to the Buddhist Vitarka mudra . As centuries past , the exact shapes taken by the hand becomes less clear . This blessing gesture was also often adopted by the Indo - Scythians . Philoxenus ( c. 100 BC ) , unarmed , making a blessing gesture . Nicias making a blessing gesture . Strato I in combat gear , making a blessing gesture , circa 100 BCE . Various blessing gestures : divinities ( top ) , kings ( bottom ) . Bhagavata cult ( edit ) The Heliodorus pillar is a stone column that was erected around 113 BCE in central India in Vidisha near modern Besnagar , by Heliodorus , a Greek ambassador of the Indo - Greek king Antialcidas to the court of the Shunga king Bhagabhadra . The pillar originally supported a statue of Garuda . In the dedication , the Indo - Greek ambassador explains he is a devotee of `` Vāsudeva , the God of Gods '' . Historically , it is the first known inscription related to the Bhagavata cult in India . Art ( edit ) Main articles : Hellenistic influence on Indian art and Art of the Indo - Greeks Greek Buddhist devotees , holding plantain leaves , in purely Hellenistic style , inside Corinthian columns , Buner relief , Victoria and Albert Museum . In general , the art of the Indo - Greeks is poorly documented , and few works of art ( apart from their coins and a few stone palettes ) are directly attributed to them . The coinage of the Indo - Greeks however is generally considered as some of the most artistically brilliant of Antiquity . The Hellenistic heritage ( Ai - Khanoum ) and artistic proficiency of the Indo - Greek world would suggest a rich sculptural tradition as well , but traditionally very few sculptural remains have been attributed to them . On the contrary , most Gandharan Hellenistic works of art are usually attributed to the direct successors of the Indo - Greeks in India in the 1st century AD , such as the nomadic Indo - Scythians , the Indo - Parthians and , in an already decadent state , the Kushans In general , Gandharan sculpture can not be dated exactly , leaving the exact chronology open to interpretation . Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent : Greek clothes , amphoras , wine and music ( Detail of Chakhil - i - Ghoundi stupa , Hadda , Gandhara , 1st century AD ) . The possibility of a direct connection between the Indo - Greeks and Greco - Buddhist art has been reaffirmed recently as the dating of the rule of Indo - Greek kings has been extended to the first decades of the 1st century AD , with the reign of Strato II in the Punjab . Also , Foucher , Tarn , and more recently , Boardman , Bussagli and McEvilley have taken the view that some of the most purely Hellenistic works of northwestern India and Afghanistan , may actually be wrongly attributed to later centuries , and instead belong to a period one or two centuries earlier , to the time of the Indo - Greeks in the 2nd -- 1st century BC : Standing Bodhisattva Gandhara at Guimet Museum , Paris , France . Ancient Greeks ( Indo - Greeks ) may have been the earliest features for the Buddhist culture in India . This is particularly the case of some purely Hellenistic works in Hadda , Afghanistan , an area which `` might indeed be the cradle of incipient Buddhist sculpture in Indo - Greek style '' . Referring to one of the Buddha triads in Hadda , in which the Buddha is sided by very Classical depictions of Herakles / Vajrapani and Tyche / Hariti , Boardman explains that both figures `` might at first ( and even second ) glance , pass as , say , from Asia Minor or Syria of the first or second century BC ( ... ) these are essentially Greek figures , executed by artists fully conversant with far more than the externals of the Classical style '' . Alternatively , it has been suggested that these works of art may have been executed by itinerant Greek artists during the time of maritime contacts with the West from the 1st to the 3rd century AD . The Greco - Buddhist art of Gandhara , beyond the omnipresence of Greek style and stylistic elements which might be simply considered as an enduring artistic tradition , offers numerous depictions of people in Greek Classical realistic style , attitudes and fashion ( clothes such as the chiton and the himation , similar in form and style to the 2nd century BC Greco - Bactrian statues of Ai - Khanoum , hairstyle ) , holding contraptions which are characteristic of Greek culture ( amphoras , `` kantaros '' Greek drinking cups ) , in situations which can range from festive ( such as Bacchanalian scenes ) to Buddhist - devotional . Seated Boddhisatva , Gandhara , 2nd century ( Ostasiatisches Museum , Berlin ) Uncertainties in dating make it unclear whether these works of art actually depict Greeks of the period of Indo - Greek rule up to the 1st century BC , or remaining Greek communities under the rule of the Indo - Parthians or Kushans in the 1st and 2nd century AD . Benjamin Rowland thinks that the Indo - Greeks , rather than the Indo - Scythians or the Kushans , may have been the models for the Bodhisattva statues of Gandhara Economy ( edit ) Very little is known about the economy of the Indo - Greeks , although it seems to have been rather vibrant . Coinage ( edit ) See also : Post-Mauryan coinage The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations , particularly in the mountainous area of the Hindu - Kush , and an important monetary economy . The Indo - Greek did strike bilingual coins both in the Greek `` round '' standard and in the Indian `` square '' standard , suggesting that monetary circulation extended to all parts of society . The adoption of Indo - Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms , such as the Kunindas to the east and the Satavahanas to the south , would also suggest that Indo - Greek coins were used extensively for cross-border trade . Tribute payments ( edit ) Stone palette depicting a mythological scene , 2nd -- 1st century BC . It would also seem that some of the coins emitted by the Indo - Greek kings , particularly those in the monolingual Attic standard , may have been used to pay some form of tribute to the Yuezhi tribes north of the Hindu - Kush . This is indicated by the coins finds of the Qunduz hoard in northern Afghanistan , which have yielded quantities of Indo - Greek coins in the Hellenistic standard ( Greek weights , Greek language ) , although none of the kings represented in the hoard are known to have ruled so far north . Conversely , none of these coins have ever been found south of the Hindu - Kush . Trade with China ( edit ) Cupro - nickel coins of king Pantaleon point to a Chinese origin of the metal . The Indo - Greek kings in Southern Asia issued the first known cupro - nickel coins , with Euthydemus II , dating from 180 to 170 BC , and his younger brothers Pantaleon and Agathocles around 170 BC . As only China was able to produce cupro - nickel at that time , and as the alloy ratios are exclusively similar , it has been suggested that the metal was the result of exchanges between China and Bactria . An indirect testimony by the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian , who visited Bactria around 128 BC , suggests that intense trade with Southern China was going through northern India . Zhang Qian explains that he found Chinese products in the Bactrian markets , and that they were transiting through northwestern India , which he incidentally describes as a civilization similar to that of Bactria : `` When I was in Bactria '' , Zhang Qian reported , `` I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth ( silk ? ) made in the province of Shu . When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles , they replied : `` Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu ( northwestern India ) . Shendu , they told me , lies several thousand li southeast of Bactria . The people cultivate land , and live much like the people of Bactria '' . -- Sima Qian , `` Records of the Great Historian '' , trans . Burton Watson , p. 236 . Recent excavations at the burial site of China 's first Emperor Qin Shi Huang , dating back to the 3rd century BCE , also suggest Greek influence in the artworks found there , including in the manufacture of the famous Terracotta army . It is also suggested that Greek artists may have come to China at that time to train local artisans in making sculptures . Indian Ocean trade ( edit ) See also : Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Maritime relations across the Indian Ocean started in the 3rd century BC , and further developed during the time of the Indo - Greeks together with their territorial expansion along the western coast of India . The first contacts started when the Ptolemies constructed the Red Sea ports of Myos Hormos and Berenike , with destination the Indus delta , the Kathiawar peninsula or Muziris . Around 130 BC , Eudoxus of Cyzicus is reported ( Strabo , Geog. II. 3.4 ) to have made a successful voyage to India and returned with a cargo of perfumes and gemstones . By the time Indo - Greek rule was ending , up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India ( Strabo Geog. II. 5.12 ) . Armed forces ( edit ) Athena in the art of Gandhara The coins of the Indo - Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons . Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted , with helmets being either round in the Greco - Bactrian style , or the flat kausia of the Macedonians ( coins of Apollodotus I ) . Military technology ( edit ) Their weapons were spears , swords , longbow ( on the coins of Agathokleia ) and arrows . Interestingly , around 130 BC , the Central Asian recurve bow of the steppes with its gorytos box started to appear for the first time on the coins of Zoilos I , suggesting strong interactions ( and apparently an alliance ) with nomadic peoples , either the Yuezhi or the Scythians . The recurve bow becomes a standard feature of Indo - Greek horsemen by 90 BC , as seen on some of the coins of Hermaeus . Generally , Indo - Greek kings are often represented riding horses , as early as the reign of Antimachus II around 160 BC . The equestrian tradition probably goes back to the Greco - Bactrians , who are said by Polybius to have faced a Seleucid invasion in 210 BC with 10,000 horsemen . Although war elephants are never represented on coins , a harness plate ( phalera ) dated to the 3 -- 2nd century BC , today in the Hermitage Museum , depicts a helmetted Greek combatant on an Indian war elephant . The Milinda Panha , in the questions of Nagasena to king Menander , provides a rare glimpse of the military methods of the period : - ( Nagasena ) Has it ever happened to you , O king , that rival kings rose up against you as enemies and opponents ? - ( Menander ) Yes , certainly . - Then you set to work , I suppose , to have moats dug , and ramparts thrown up , and watch towers erected , and strongholds built , and stores of food collected ? - Not at all . All that had been prepared beforehand . - Or you had yourself trained in the management of war elephants , and in horsemanship , and in the use of the war chariot , and in archery and fencing ? - Not at all . I had learnt all that before . - But why ? - With the object of warding off future danger . -- ( Milinda Panha , Book III , Chap 7 ) The Milinda Panha also describes the structure of Menander 's army : Now one day Milinda the king proceeded forth out of the city to pass in review the innumerable host of his mighty army in its fourfold array ( of elephants , cavalry , bowmen , and soldiers on foot ) . -- ( Milinda Panha , Book I ) Size of Indo - Greek armies ( edit ) Helmetted profile of Archebios ( 90 -- 80 BCE ) on one of his tetradrachms . King Strato I in combat gear , making a blessing gesture , circa 100 BCE . The armed forces of the Indo - Greeks engaged in important battles with local Indian forces . The ruler of Kalinga , Kharavela , claims in the Hathigumpha inscription that he led a `` large army '' in the direction of Demetrius ' own `` army '' and `` transports '' , and that he induced him to retreat from Pataliputra to Mathura . The Greek ambassador Megasthenes took special note of the military strength of Kalinga in his Indica in the middle of the 3rd century BC : The royal city of the Calingae ( Kalinga ) is called Parthalis . Over their king 60,000 foot - soldiers , 1,000 horsemen , 700 elephants keep watch and ward in `` procinct of war . '' -- Megasthenes fragm . LVI. in Plin . Hist . Nat . VI. 21 . 8 -- 23 . 11 . An account by the Roman writer Justin gives another hint of the size of Indo - Greek armies , which , in the case of the conflict between the Greco - Bactrian Eucratides and the Indo - Greek Demetrius II , he numbers at 60,000 ( although they allegedly lost to 300 Greco - Bactrians ) : Eucratides led many wars with great courage , and , while weakened by them , was put under siege by Demetrius , king of the Indians . He made numerous sorties , and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers , and thus liberated after four months , he put India under his rule -- Justin , XLI , 6 These are considerable numbers , as large armies during the Hellenistic period typically numbered between 20,000 and 30,000 . The Indo - Greeks were later confronted by the nomadic tribes from Central Asia ( Yuezhi and Scythians ) . According to Zhang Qian , the Yuezhi represented a considerable force of between 100,000 and 200,000 mounted archer warriors , with customs identical to those of the Xiongnu . Legacy of the Indo - Greeks ( edit ) Main article : Legacy of the Indo - Greeks The Indo - Scythian Taxila copper plate uses the Macedonian month of `` Panemos '' for calendrical purposes ( British Museum ) . From the 1st century AD , the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern South Asia lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the Yuezhi , apart from a short - lived invasion of the Indo - Parthian Kingdom . The Kushans founded the Kushan Empire , which was to prosper for several centuries . In the south , the Greeks were under the rule of the Western Kshatrapas . The Kalash tribe of the Chitral Valley claim to be descendants of the Indo - Greeks ; although this is disputed . Hellenistic couple from Taxila ( IV ) It is unclear how much longer the Greeks managed to maintain a distinct presence in the Indian sub-continent . The legacy of the Indo - Greeks was felt however for several centuries , from the usage of the Greek language and calendrical methods , to the influences on the numismatics of the Indian subcontinent , traceable down to the period of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century . The Greeks may also have maintained a presence in their cities until quite late . Isidorus of Charax in his 1st century AD `` Parthian stations '' itinerary described an `` Alexandropolis , the metropolis of Arachosia '' , thought to be Alexandria Arachosia , which he said was still Greek even at such a late time : Beyond is Arachosia . And the Parthians call this White India ; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias ; then Alexandropolis , the metropolis of Arachosia ; it is Greek , and by it flows the river Arachotus . As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians . The Indo - Greeks may also have had some influence on the religious plane as well , especially in relation to the developing Mahayana Buddhism . Mahayana Buddhism has been described as `` the form of Buddhism which ( regardless of how Hinduized its later forms became ) seems to have originated in the Greco - Buddhist communities of India , through a conflation of the Greek Democritean -- Sophistic -- Skeptical tradition with the rudimentary and unformalized empirical and skeptical elements already present in early Buddhism '' . Indo - Greek kings : their coins , territories and chronology ( edit ) The story of the Trojan horse was depicted in the art of Gandhara . British Museum . Today 36 Indo - Greek kings are known . Several of them are also recorded in Western and Indian historical sources , but the majority are known through numismatic evidence only . The exact chronology and sequencing of their rule is still a matter of scholarly inquiry , with adjustments regular being made with new analysis and coin finds ( overstrikes of one king over another 's coins being the most critical element in establishing chronological sequences ) . There is an important evolution of coin shape ( round to square ) and material ( from gold to silver to brass ) across the territories and the periods , and from Greek type to Indian type over a period of nearly 3 centuries . Also , the quality of coinage illustration decreases down to the 1st century CE . Coinage evolution is an important point of Indo - Greek history , and actually one of the most important since most of these kings are only known by their coins , and their chronology is mainly established by the evolution of the coin types . The system used here is adapted from Osmund Bopearachchi , supplemented by the views of RC Senior and occasionally other authorities . Greco - Bactrian and Indo - Greek kings , their coins , territories and chronology Based on Bopearachchi ( 1991 ) Greco - Bactrian kings Indo - Greek kings Territories / dates West Bactria East Bactria Paropamisade Arachosia Gandhara Western Punjab Eastern Punjab Mathura 326 -- 325 BCE Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India 312 BCE Creation of the Seleucid Empire 305 BCE Seleucid Empire after Mauryan war 280 BCE Foundation of Ai - Khanoum 255 -- 239 BCE Independence of the Greco - Bactrian kingdom Diodotus I 239 -- 223 BCE Diodotus II 230 -- 200 BCE Euthydemus I 200 -- 190 BCE Demetrius I 190 -- 185 BCE Euthydemus II 190 -- 180 BCE Agathocles Pantaleon 185 -- 170 BCE Antimachus I 180 -- 160 BCE Apollodotus I 175 -- 170 BCE Demetrius II 160 -- 155 BCE Antimachus II 170 -- 145 BCE Eucratides 155 -- 130 BCE Yuezhi occupation , loss of Ai - Khanoum Eucratides II Plato Heliocles I Menander I 130 -- 120 BCE Yuezhi occupation Zoilos I Agathokleia Yavanarajya inscription 120 -- 110 BCE Lysias Strato I 110 -- 100 BCE Antialcidas Heliokles II 100 BCE Polyxenos Demetrius III 100 -- 95 BCE Philoxenus 95 -- 90 BCE Diomedes Amyntas Epander 90 BCE Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso 90 -- 85 BCE Nicias Menander II Artemidoros 90 -- 70 BCE Hermaeus Archebius Yuezhi occupation Maues ( Indo - Scythian ) 75 -- 70 BCE Telephos Apollodotus II 65 -- 55 BCE Hippostratos Dionysios 55 -- 35 BCE Azes I ( Indo - Scythian ) Zoilos II 55 -- 35 BCE Apollophanes 25 BCE -- 10 CE Strato II and Strato III Zoilos III / Bhadayasa Rajuvula ( Indo - Scythian ) See also ( edit ) Classical Civilisation portal Greco - Bactrian Kingdom Seleucid Empire Greco - Buddhism Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kingdom Kushan Empire Roman commerce Timeline of Indo - Greek Kingdoms Gandhara Kingdom References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As in other compounds such as `` African - American '' , the area of origin usually comes first , and the area of arrival comes second , so that `` Greco - Indian '' is normally a more accurate nomenclature than `` Indo - Greek '' . The latter however has become the general usage , especially since the publication of Narain 's book The Indo - Greeks . Jump up ^ Euthydemus I was , according to Polybius 11.34 , a Magnesian Greek . His son , Demetrius I , founder of the Indo - Greek kingdom , was therefore of Greek ethnicity at least by his father . A marriage treaty was arranged for the same Demetrius with a daughter of the Seleucid ruler Antiochus III ( who had some Persian descent ) . Polybius 11.34 . The ethnicity of later Indo - Greek rulers is less clear ( `` Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India '' . W.W. Tarn . Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 22 ( 1902 ) , pp. 268 -- 293 ) . For example , Artemidoros ( 80 BC ) may have been of Indo - Scythian ascendency . Some level of inter-marriage may also have occurred , as exemplified by Alexander III of Macedon ( who married Roxana of Bactria ) or Seleucus ( who married Apama ) . Jump up ^ Mortimer Wheeler Flames over Persepolis ( London , 1968 ) . Pp. 112 ff . It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall 's excavations dates from the Indo - Greeks or from the Kushans , who would have encountered it in Bactria ; Tarn ( 1951 , pp. 137 , 179 ) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I , but sees this as `` not a Greek city but an Indian one '' ; not a polis or with a Hippodamian plan . Jump up ^ `` Menander had his capital in Sagala '' Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 83 . McEvilley supports Tarn on both points , citing Woodcock : `` Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty . His capital ( was ) at Sagala ( Sialkot ) in the Punjab , `` in the country of the Yonakas ( Greeks ) '' . '' McEvilley , p. 377 . However , `` Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot , it does not seem to be Menander 's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena , just as the Ganges flows to the sea . '' Jump up ^ 11.34 ^ Jump up to : Polybius 11.34 Jump up ^ `` Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India '' . W.W. Tarn . Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 22 ( 1902 ) , pages 268 -- 293 Jump up ^ `` A vast hoard of coins , with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols , along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila , Sirkap and Sirsukh , point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences '' , India , the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari , p. 130 Jump up ^ Ghose , Sanujit ( 2011 ) . `` Cultural links between India and the Greco - Roman world '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed , nor did they return to Greece . They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters ; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia . '' Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Concise Encyclopeida Of World History by Carlos Ramirez - Faria Jump up ^ India , the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari , p. 92 - 93 Jump up ^ : `` To the colonies settled in India , Python , the son of Agenor , was sent . '' Justin XIII. 4 Jump up ^ Chandragupta Maurya and His Times , Radhakumud Mookerji , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1966 , p. 26 - 27 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chandragupta Maurya and His Times , Radhakumud Mookerji , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1966 , p. 27 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ History Of The Chamar Dynasty , Raj Kumar , Gyan Publishing House , 2008 , p. 51 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Kusumapura was besieged from every direction by the forces of Parvata and Chandragupta : Shakas , Yavanas , Kiratas , Kambojas , Parasikas , Bahlikas and others , assembled on the advice of Chanakya '' in Mudrarakshasa 2 . Sanskrit original : `` asti tava Shaka - Yavana - Kirata - Kamboja - Parasika - Bahlika parbhutibhih Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama '' . From the French translation , in `` Le Ministre et la marque de l'anneau '' , ISBN 2 - 7475 - 5135 - 0 Jump up ^ India , the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari , p. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ `` Strabo 15.2. 1 ( 9 ) '' . Jump up ^ Barua , Pradeep . The State at War in South Asia . Vol. 2 . U of Nebraska Press , 2005 . pp13 - 15 via Project MUSE ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Foreign Influence on Ancient India , Krishna Chandra Sagar , Northern Book Centre , 1992 , p. 83 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Pratisarga Parva p. 18 . Original Sanskrit of the first two verses : `` Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam . Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar '' . Jump up ^ `` A minor rock edict , recently discovered at Kandahar , was inscribed in two scripts , Greek and Aramaic '' , India , the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari , p. 112 Jump up ^ India , the Ancient Past , Burjor Avari , p. 108 - 109 Jump up ^ `` Three Greek ambassadors are known by name : Megasthenes , ambassador to Chandragupta ; Deimachus , ambassador to Chandragupta 's son Bindusara ; and Dyonisius , whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka , Bindusara 's son '' , McEvilley , p. 367 Jump up ^ Classical sources have recorded that following their treaty , Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents , such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus : `` And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous . And Phylarchus confirms him , by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus , the king of the Indians , sent to Seleucus ; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection , while some , on the contrary , were to banish love '' Athenaeus of Naucratis , `` The deipnosophists '' Book I , chapter 32 Ath . Deip . I. 32 . Mentioned in McEvilley , p. 367 Jump up ^ `` The very fact that both Megasthenes and Kautilya refer to a state department run and maintained specifically for the purpose of looking after foreigners , who were mostly Yavanas and Persians , testifies to the impact created by these contacts . '' , Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' , p. 363 Jump up ^ `` It also explains ( ... ) random finds from the Sarnath , Basarth , and Patna regions of terra - cotta pieces of distinctive Hellenistic or with definite Hellenistic motifs and designs '' , Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 363 Jump up ^ `` The second Kandahar edict ( the purely Greek one ) of Ashoka is a part of the `` corpus '' known as the `` Fourteen - Rock - Edicts '' '' Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 452 Jump up ^ `` It is also in Kandahar that were found the fragments of a Greek translation of Edicts XII and XIII , as well as the Aramean translation of another edict of Ashoka '' , Bussagli , p. 89 Jump up ^ `` Within Ashoka 's domain Greeks may have had special privileges , perhaps ones established by the terms of the Seleucid alliance . Rock Edict Thirteen indicates the existence of a Greek principality in the northwest of Ashoka 's empire - perhaps Kandahar , or Alexandria - of - the - Arachosians - which was not ruled by him and for which he troubled to send Buddhist missionaries and published at least some of his edicts in Greek '' , McEvilley , p. 368 Jump up ^ `` Thirteen , the longest and most important of the edicts , contains the claim , seemingly outlandish t first glance , that Ashoka had sent missions to the lands of the Greek monarchs - not only those of Asia , such as the Seleucids , but those back in the Mediterranean also '' , McEvilley , p. 368 Jump up ^ `` When Ashoka was converted to Buddhism , his first thought was to despatch missionaries to his friends , the Greek monarchs of Egypt , Syria , and Macedonia '' , Rawlinson , Intercourse between India and the Western world , p. 39 , quoted in McEvilley , p. 368 Jump up ^ `` In Rock Edict Two Ashoka even claims to have established hospitals for men and beasts in the Hellenistic kingdoms '' , McEvilley , p. 368 Jump up ^ `` One of the most famous of these emissaries , Dharmaraksita , who was said to have converted thousands , was a Greek ( Mhv. XII. 5 and 34 ) '' , McEvilley , p. 370 Jump up ^ `` The Mahavamsa tells that `` the celebrated Greek teacher Mahadharmaraksita in the second century BC led a delegation of 30,000 monks from Alexandria - of - the - Caucasus ( Alexandra - of - the - Yonas , or of - the - Greeks , the Ceylonese text actually says ) to the opening of the great Ruanvalli Stupa at Anuradhapura '' `` , McEvilley , p. 370 , quoting Woodcock , `` The Greeks in India '' , p. 55 Jump up ^ Full text of the Mahavamsa Click chapter XII Jump up ^ `` The finest of the pillars were executed by Greek or Perso - Greek sculptors ; others by local craftsmen , with or without foreign supervision '' Marshall , `` The Buddhist art of Gandhara '' , p4 Jump up ^ `` A number of foreign artisans , such as the Persians or even the Greeks , worked alongside the local craftsmen , and some of their skills were copied with avidity '' Burjor Avari , `` India , The ancient past '' , p. 118 Jump up ^ Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar p. 138 Jump up ^ The Idea of Ancient India : Essays on Religion , Politics , and Archaeology by Upinder Singh p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Antiochos III , after having made peace with Euthydemus I after the aborted siege of Bactra , renewed with Sophagasenus the alliance concluded by his ancestor Seleucos I '' , Bopearachchi , Monnaies , p. 52 Jump up ^ Polybius ( 1962 ) ( 1889 ) . `` 11.39 '' . Histories . Evelyn S. Shuckburgh ( translator ) . Macmillan , Reprint Bloomington . Jump up ^ Polybius ; Friedrich Otto Hultsch ( 1889 ) . The Histories of Polybius . Macmillan and Company . p. 78 . Jump up ^ J.D. Lerner , The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau : the Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco - Bactria , ( Stuttgart 1999 ) Jump up ^ F.L. Holt , Thundering Zeus ( Berkeley 1999 ) Jump up ^ Justin XLI , paragraph 4 Jump up ^ Justin XLI , paragraph 1 ^ Jump up to : Strabo XI. XI. I Jump up ^ Justin XLI Jump up ^ Strabo 11.11. 2 Jump up ^ Polybius 10.49 , Battle of the Arius Jump up ^ Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra Jump up ^ On the image of the Greek kneeling warrior : `` A bronze figurine of a kneeling warrior , not Greek work , but wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet ... From a burial , said to be of the 4th century BC , just north of the Tien Shan range '' . Ürümqi Xinjiang Museum . ( Boardman `` The diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity '' ) Jump up ^ Notice of the British Museum on the Zhou vase ( 2005 , attached image ) : `` Red earthenware bowl , decorated with a slip and inlaid with glass paste . Eastern Zhou period , 4th -- 3rd century BC . This bowl was probably intended to copy a more precious and possibly foreign vessel in bronze or even silver . Glass was little used in China . Its popularity at the end of the Eastern Zhou period was probably due to foreign influence . '' Jump up ^ `` The things which China received from the Graeco - Iranian world - the pomegranate and other `` Chang - Kien '' plants , the heavy equipment of the cataphract , the traces of Greeks influence on Han art ( such as ) the famous white bronze mirror of the Han period with Graeco - Bactrian designs ( ... ) in the Victoria and Albert Museum '' ( Tarn , The Greeks in Bactria and India , pp. 363 -- 364 ) Jump up ^ Copper - Nickel coinage in Greco - Bactria . Jump up ^ Ancient Chinese weapons Archived 2005 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . A halberd of copper - nickel alloy , from the Warring States Period . Jump up ^ A.A. Moss pp317 - 318 Numismatic Chronicle 1950 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , Silk Road , North China , Megalithic Portal , ed . A. Burnham Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria `` The Stromata , or Miscellanies '' Book I , Chapter XV Jump up ^ `` General Pushyamitra , who is at the origin of the Shunga dynasty . He was supported by the Brahmins and even became the symbol of the Brahmanical turnover against the Buddhism of the Mauryas . The capital was then transferred to Pataliputra ( today 's Patna ) '' , Bussagli , p. 99 Jump up ^ Pushyamitra is described as a `` senapati '' ( Commander - in - chief ) of Brihadratha in the Puranas Jump up ^ E. Lamotte : History of Indian Buddhism , Institut Orientaliste , Louvain - la - Neuve 1988 ( 1958 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar , Oxford University Press , 1960 p. 200 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage , Anmol Publications , 2009 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Pratisarga Parva p. 18 Jump up ^ Jairazbhoy , Rafique Ali ( 1995 ) . Foreign influence in ancient Indo - Pakistan . Sind Book House . p. 100 . ISBN 969 - 8281 - 00 - 2 . Apollodotus , founder of the Graeco - Indian kingdom ( c. 160 BC ) . Jump up ^ See Polybius , Arrian , Livy , Cassius Dio , and Diodorus . Justin , who will be discussed shortly , provides a summary of the histories of Hellenistic Macedonia , Egypt , Asia , and Parthia . Jump up ^ For the date of Trogus , see the OCD on `` Trogus '' and Yardley / Develin , p. 2 ; since Trogus ' father was in charge of Julius Caesar 's diplomatic missions before the history was written ( Justin 43.5. 11 ) , Senior 's date in the following quotation is too early : `` The Western sources for accounts of Bactrian and Indo - Greek history are : Polybius , a Greek born c. 200 BC ; Strabo , a Roman who drew on the lost history of Apollodoros of Artemita ( c. 130 -- 87 BC ) , and Justin , who drew on Trogus , a post 87 BC writer '' , Senior , Indo - Scythian coins IV , p.x ; the extent to which Strabo is citing Apollodorus is disputed , beyond the three places he names Apollodorus ( and he may have those through Eratosthenes ) . Polybius speaks of Bactria , not of India . Jump up ^ Strabo , Geographia 11.11. 1 p. 516 Casaubon. 15.1. 2 , p. 686 Casaubon , `` tribes '' is Jones ' version of ethne ( Loeb ) Jump up ^ For a list of classical testimonia , see Tarn 's Index II ; but this covers India , Bactria , and several sources for the Hellenstic East as a whole . Jump up ^ Tarn , App . 20 ; Narain ( 1957 ) pp. 136 , 156 et alii . Jump up ^ `` The Besnagar Garuda pillar inscription witnesses to the presence of the Yavana Heliodorus son of Dion in Vidisa as an envoy from Taxila of king Antialkidas around 140 BC '' , Mitchener , The Yuga Purana , p. 64 Jump up ^ Senior , Indo - Scythian coins , p. xii Jump up ^ A Journey Through India 's Past Chandra Mauli Mani , Northern Book Centre , 2005 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Polybius 11.34 Jump up ^ The first conquests of Demetrius have usually been held to be during his father 's lifetime ; the difference has been over the actual date . Tarn and Narain agreed on having them begin around 180 ; Bopearachchi moved this back to 200 , and has been followed by much of the more recent literature , but see Brill 's New Pauly : Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World ( Boston , 2006 ) `` Demetrius '' § 10 , which places the invasion `` probably in 184 '' . D.H. MacDowall , `` The Role of Demetrius in Arachosia and the Kabul Valley '' , published in the volume : O. Bopearachchi , Landes ( ed ) , Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre L'Est Et L'Ouest , ( Brepols 2005 ) discusses an inscription dedicated to Euthydemus , `` Greatest of all kings '' and his son Demetrius , who is not called king but `` Victorious '' ( Kallinikos ) . This is taken to indicate that Demetrius was his father 's general during the first conquests . It is uncertain whether the Kabul valley or Arachosia were conquered first , and whether the latter province was taken from the Seleucids after their defeat by the Romans in 190 BC . Peculiar enough , more coins of Euthydemus I than of Demetrius I have been found in the mentioned provinces . The calendar of the `` Yonas '' is proven by an inscription giving a triple synchronism to have begun in 186 / 5 BC ; what event is commemorated is itself uncertain . Richard Salomon `` The Indo - Greek era of 186 / 5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription '' , in Afghanistan , Ancien Carrefour cited . Jump up ^ `` Demetrius occupied a large part of the Indus delta , Saurashtra and Kutch '' , Burjor Avari , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` It would be impossible to explain otherwise why in all his portraits Demetrios is crowned with an elephant scalp '' , Bopearachchi , Monnaies , p. 53 Jump up ^ `` We think that the conquests of these regions south of the Hindu Kush brought to Demetrius I the title of `` King of India '' given to him by Apollodorus of Artemita . '' Bopearachchi , p. 52 Jump up ^ For Heracles , see Lillian B. Lawler `` Orchesis Kallinikos '' Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association , Vol. 79 . ( 1948 ) , pp. 254 -- 267 , p. 262 ; for Artemidorus , see K. Walton Dobbins `` The Commerce of Kapisene and Gandhāra after the Fall of Indo - Greek Rule '' Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , Vol. 14 , No. 3 . ( Dec. , 1971 ) , pp. 286 -- 302 ( Both JSTOR ) . Tarn , p. 132 , argues that Alexander did not assume as a title , but was only hailed by it , but see Peter Green , The Hellenistic Age , p. 7 ; see also Senior , Indo - Scythian coins , p. xii . No undisputed coins of Demetrius I himself use this title , but it is employed on one of the pedigree coins issued by Agathocles , which bear on the reverse the classical profile of Demetrius crowned by the elephant scalp , with the legend DEMETRIOS ANIKETOS , and on the reverse Herakles crowning himself , with the legend `` Of king Agathocles '' ( Boppearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 179 and Pl 8 ) . Tarn , The Greeks in Bactria and India , Chap IV . Jump up ^ `` It now seems most likely that Demetrios was the founder of the newly discovered Greek Era of 186 / 5 '' , Senior , Indo - Scythian coins IV Jump up ^ MacDowall , 2004 Jump up ^ `` The only thing that seems reasonably sure is that Taxila was part of the domain of Agathocles '' , Bopearachchi , Monnaies , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Iconography of Balarāma , Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi , Abhinav Publications , 1979 , p. 22 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Bopearachchi , Monnaies , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Reh Inscription Of Menander And The Indo - greek Invasion Of The Ganga Valley , Sharma , G.R. , 1980 p. ix - x Jump up ^ `` Menander '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Menander , also spelled Minedra or Menadra , Pali Milinda ( flourished 160 BCE ? -- 135 BCE ? ) , the greatest of the Indo - Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors . He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work , the Milinda - panha ( `` The Questions of Milinda '' ) . Menander was born in the Caucasus , but the Greek biographer Plutarch calls him a king of Bactria , and the Greek geographer and historian Strabo includes him among the Bactrian Greeks `` who conquered more tribes than Alexander ( the Great ) . '' Jump up ^ `` There is certainly some truth in Apollodorus and Strabo when they attribute to Menander the advances made by the Greeks of Bactria beyond the Hypanis and even as far as the Ganges and Palibothra ( ... ) That the Yavanas advanced even beyond in the east , to the Ganges - Jamuna valley , about the middle of the second century BC is supported by the cumulative evidence provided by Indian sources '' , Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' p. 267 . Jump up ^ Ahir , D.C. ( 1971 ) . Buddhism in the Punjab , Haryana , and Himachal Pradesh . Maha Bodhi Society of India . p. 31 . OCLC 1288206 . Demetrius died in 166 B.C. , and Apollodotus , who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death , Menander carved out a kingdom in the Punjab . Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C. . Jump up ^ Magill , Frank Northen ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of World Biography , Volume 1 . Taylor & Francis . p. 717 . ISBN 9781579580407 . MENANDER Born : c. 210 B.C. ; probably Kalasi , Afghanistan Died : c. 135 B.C. ; probably in northwest India Areas of Achievement : Government and religion Contribution : Menander extended the Greco - Bactrian domains in India more than any other ruler . He became a legendary figure as a great patron of Buddhism in the Pali book the Milindapanha . Early Life -- Menander ( not to be confused with the more famous Greek dramatist of the same name ) was born somewhere in the fertile area to the south of the Paropaisadae or present Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan . The only reference to this location is in the semilegendary Milindapanha ( first or second century A.D. ) , which says that he was born in a village called Kalasi near Alasanda , some two hundred yojanas ( about eighteen miles ) from the town of Sagala ( probably Sialkot in the Punjab ) . The Alasanda refers to the Alexandria in Afghanistan and not the one in Egypt . Jump up ^ Hazel , John ( 2013 ) . Who 's Who in the Greek World . Routledge . p. 155 . ISBN 9781134802241 . Menander king in India , known locally as Milinda , born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda ( Alexandria - in - the - Caucasus ) , and who was himself the son of a king . After conquering the Punjab , where he made Sagala his capital , he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna , the capital of the Maurya empire , though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north - west frontier with Eucratides . Jump up ^ `` The Greeks ... took possession , not only of Patalena , but also , on the rest of the coast , of what is called the kingdom of Saraostus and Sigerdis . '' Strabo 11.11. 1 ( Strabo 11.11. 1 ) Jump up ^ The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places Educational Britannica Educational p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Shane Wallace Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India : Old Evidence and New Discoveries 2016 , p. 210 Jump up ^ `` The combination of textual and numismatic evidence allows to see what was the conflict between Eucratides and Menander . When Menander was engaged in a bloody conquest of the Ganges valley , Eucratides I would have taken advantage of this opportunity to invade his kingdom . This would be the `` civil war '' mentioned in the Yuga Purana ; this would explain that Menander had to stop his conquest of the Ganges valley , and had to return hastily to face the aggressor `` , Bopearachchi , Monnaies , p. 85 ^ Jump up to : Reh Inscription Of Menander And The Indo - greek Invasion Of The Ganga Valley , Sharma , G.R. , 1980 p. 12 - 44 summary : pp101 - 102 ^ Jump up to : Reh Inscription Of Menander And The Indo - greek Invasion Of The Ganga Valley , Sharma , G.R. , 1980 p. 13 ff Jump up ^ Reh Inscription Of Menander And The Indo - greek Invasion Of The Ganga Valley , by Sharma , G.R. , 1980 pp 22 - 24 Jump up ^ Reh Inscription Of Menander And The Indo - greek Invasion Of The Ganga Valley , Sharma , G.R. , 1980 p. 44 Jump up ^ In the 1st century BC , the geographer Isidorus of Charax mentions Parthians ruling over Greek populations and cities in Arachosia : `` Beyond is Arachosia . And the Parthians call this White India ; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias ; then Alexandropolis , the metropolis of Arachosia ; it is Greek , and by it flows the river Arachotus . As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians . '' `` Parthians stations '' , 1st century BC . Mentioned in Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies Greco - Bactriennes et Indo - Grecques '' , p52 . Original text in paragraph 19 of Parthian stations Jump up ^ Pompeius Trogus , Prologue to Book XLI . Jump up ^ `` When Strabo mentions that `` Those who after Alexander advanced beyond the Hypanis to the Ganges and Polibothra ( Pataliputra ) '' this can only refer to the conquests of Menander. `` , Senior , Indo - Scythian coins and history , p. XIV Jump up ^ Mitchener , The Yuga Purana , 2000 , p. 65 : `` In line with the above discussion , therefore , we may infer that such an event ( the incursions to Pataliputra ) took place , after the reign of Shalishuka Maurya ( c. 200 BC ) and before that of Pushyamitra Shunga ( 187 BC ) . This would accordingly place the Yavana incursions during the reign of the Indo - Greek kings Euthydemus ( c. 230 -- 190 BC ) or Demetrios ( c. 205 - 190 as co-regent , and 190 -- 171 BC as supreme ruler '' . Jump up ^ According to Tarn , the word used for `` advance '' ( Proelonthes ) can only mean a military expedition . The word generally means `` going forward '' ; according to the LSJ this can , but need not , imply a military expedition . See LSJ , sub προέρχομαι . Strabo 15 - 1 - 27 Jump up ^ A.K. Narain and Keay 2000 Jump up ^ `` Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India , including the whole of Saurashtra and the harbour Barukaccha . His territory also included Mathura , the Punjab , Gandhara and the Kabul Valley '' , Bussagli p101 ) Jump up ^ Tarn , p. 147 - 149 Jump up ^ Strabo on the extent of the conquests of the Greco - Bactrians / Indo - Greeks : `` They took possession , not only of Patalena , but also , on the rest of the coast , of what is called the kingdom of Saraostus and Sigerdis . In short , Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of Ariana as a whole ; and , more than that , they extended their empire even as far as the Seres and the Phryni . '' Strabo 11.11. 1 ( Strabo 11.11. 1 ) Jump up ^ Full text , Schoff 's 1912 translation Jump up ^ `` the account of the Periplus is just a sailor 's story '' , Narain ( p. 118 - 119 ) Jump up ^ `` A distinctive series of Indo - Greek coins has been found at several places in central India : including at Dewas , some 22 miles to the east of Ujjain . These therefore add further definite support to the likelihood of an Indo - Greek presence in Malwa '' Mitchener , `` The Yuga Purana '' , p. 64 Jump up ^ The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent , James C. Harle , Yale University Press , 1994 p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Coin - moulds of the Indo - Greeks have also been recovered from Ghuram and Naurangabad . '' Punjab History Conference , Punjabi University , 1990 , Proceedings , Volume 23 , p. 45 Jump up ^ History and Historians in Ancient India , Dilip Kumar Ganguly , Abhinav Publications , 1984 p. 108 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India , Volume 1 , Manohar Sajnani , Gyan Publishing House , 2001 p. 93 ^ Jump up to : History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura : Ca . 150 BCE -- 100 CE , Sonya Rhie Quintanilla , BRILL , 2007 , p. 8 - 10 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Published in `` L'Indo - Grec Menandre ou Paul Demieville revisite , '' Journal Asiatique 281 ( 1993 ) p. 113 ^ Jump up to : A History of India , Hermann Kulke , Dietmar Rothermund , Routledge , 2016 p. 138 ff Jump up ^ `` Because the Ionians were either the first or the most dominant group among the Greeks with whom people in the east came in contact , the Persians called all of them Yauna , and the Indians used Yona and Yavana for them '' , Narain , The Indo - Greeks , p. 249 Jump up ^ `` The term ( Yavana ) had a precise meaning until well into the Christian era , when gradually its original meaning was lost and , like the word Mleccha , it degenerated into a general term for a foreigner '' Narain , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Indo - Greek , Indo - Scythian and Indo - Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution '' , Bopearachchi , p16 . Jump up ^ Tarn , p. 145 - 146 Jump up ^ `` But the real story of the Indo - Greek invasion becomes clear only on the analysis of the material contained in the historical section of the Gargi Samhita , the Yuga Purana '' Narain , p110 , The Indo - Greeks . Also `` The text of the Yuga Purana , as we have shown , gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo - Greeks took part , for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra '' , Narain , p. 112 Jump up ^ `` For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo - Greeks or Indo - Scythians before the Christian Era , the Yuga Purana is an important source material '' Dilip Coomer Ghose , General Secretary , The Asiatic Society , Kolkata , 2002 Jump up ^ `` ... further weight to the likelihood that this account of a Yavana incursion to Saketa and Pataliputra - in alliance with the Pancalas and the Mathuras - is indeed historical '' Mitchener , The Yuga Purana , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` The advance of the Greek to Pataliputra is recorded from the Indian side in the Yuga - purana '' , Tarn , p. 145 Jump up ^ `` The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra , in the dominions of the Prasians ... Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia , and that its breadth was fifteen stadia , and that a ditch encompassed it all round , which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth , and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four - and - sixty gates . '' Arr . Ind . 10 . `` Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians . '' , quoting Megasthenes Text Archived December 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The text of the Yuga Purana , as we have shown , gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo - Greeks took part , for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra '' , Narain , The Indo - Greeks , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : The Sungas , Kanvas , Republican Kingdoms and Monarchies , Mahameghavahanas , Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti , p. 6 ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` The taut posture and location at the entrance of the cave ( Rani Gumpha ) suggests that the male figure is a guard or dvarapala . The aggressive stance of the figure and its western dress ( short kilt and boots ) indicates that the sculpture may be that of a Yavana , foreigner from the Graeco - Roman world . '' in Early Sculptural Art in the Indian Coastlands : A Study in Cultural Transmission and Syncretism ( 300 BCE - CE 500 ) , by Sunil Gupta , DK Printworld ( P ) Limited , 2008 , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Indo - Greek , Indo - Scythian and Indo - Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution '' , Bopearachchi , p16 . Also : `` Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra ( 5.15. 14 -- 24 ) that Puspamitra appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse , which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen - the later being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra . The `` Sindhu '' referred to in this context may refer the river Indus : but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely , and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central India - either the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the Yamuna , or the Kali - Sindhu river which is a tributary of the Chambal . '' The Yuga Purana , Mitchener , 2002 . ) '' Jump up ^ Tarn , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ `` The name Dimita is almost certainly an adaptation of `` Demetrios '' , and the inscription thus indicates a Yavana presence in Magadha , probably around the middle of the 1st century BC . '' Mitchener , The Yuga Purana , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` The Hathigumpha inscription seems to have nothing to do with the history of the Indo - Greeks ; certainly it has nothing to do with Demetrius I '' , Narain , The Indo - Greeks , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Translation in Epigraphia Indica 1920 p. 87 Jump up ^ P.L. Gupta : Kushâna Coins and History , D.K. Printworld , 1994 , p. 184 , note 5 Jump up ^ `` Numismats and historians all consider that Menander was one of the greatest , if not the greatest , and the most illustrious of the Indo - Greek kings '' , Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 76 Jump up ^ `` Justin refers to an incident in which Eucratides with a small force of 300 was besieged for four months by `` Demetrius , king of the Indians '' with a large army of 60,000 . The numbers are obviously an exaggeration . Eucratides managed to break out and went on to conquer India . '' It is uncertain who this Demetrius was , and when the siege happened . Some scholars believe that it was Demetrius I. `` ( Demetrius I ) was probably the Demetrius who besieged Eucratides for four months '' , D.W. Mac Dowall , p. 201 - 202 , Afghanistan , ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest . This analysis goes against Bopearachchi , who has suggested that Demetrius I died long before Eucratides came to power . Jump up ^ Bopearachchi , p. 72 Jump up ^ `` As Bopearachchi has shown , Menander was able to regroup and take back the territory that Eucratides I had conquered , perhaps after Eucratides had died ( 1991 , pp. 84 -- 6 ) . Bopearachchi demonstrates that the transition in Menander 's coin designs were in response to changes introduced by Eucratides '' . Jump up ^ `` Numismats and historians are unanimous in considering that Menander was one of the greatest , if not the greatest , and the most famous of the Indo - Greek kings . The coins to the name of Menander are incomparably more abundant than those of any other Indo - Greek king '' Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies Gréco - Bactriennes et Indo - Grecques '' , p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Menander , the probable conqueror of Pataliputra , seems to have been a Buddhist , and his name belongs in the list of important royal patrons of Buddhism along with Ashoka and Kanishka '' , McEvilley , p. 375 . Jump up ^ `` ( In the Milindapanha ) Menander is declared an arhat '' , McEvilley , p. 378 . Jump up ^ `` Plutarch , who talks of the burial of Menander 's relics under monuments or stupas , had obviously read or heard some Buddhist account of the Greek king 's death '' , McEvilley , p. 377 . Jump up ^ `` The statement of Plutarch that when Menander died `` the cities celebrated ( ... ) agreeing that they should divide ashes equally and go away and should erect monuments to him in all their cities '' , is significant and reminds one of the story of the Buddha `` , Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 123 , `` This is unmistakably Buddhist and recalls the similar situation at the time of the Buddha 's passing away '' , Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` By about 130 BC nomadic people from the Jaxartes region had overrun the northern boundary of Bactria itself '' , McEvilley , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Boot , Hooves and Wheels : And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare , Saikat K Bose , Vij Books India Pvt Ltd , 2015 , p. 226 ( 8 ) Jump up ^ On the Cusp of an Era : Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World , Doris Srinivasan , BRILL , 2007 , p. 101 ( 9 ) ^ Jump up to : Osmund Bopearachchi Was Indo - Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo - Sctythian Maues Jump up ^ Bopearachchi , Monnaies , p. 88 Jump up ^ Senior , Indo - Scythian coins and history IV , p. xi ^ Jump up to : `` P. Bernard thinks that these emissions were destined to commercial exchanges with Bactria , then controlled by the Yuezhi , and were post-Greek coins remained faithful to Greco - Bactrian coinage . In a slightly different perspective ( ... ) G. Le Rider considers that these emission were used to pay tribute to the nomads of the north , who were thus incentivized not to pursue their forays in the direction of the Indo - Greek realm '' , Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Senior , Indo - Scythian coins and history IV , p. xxxiii Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization , Sailendra Nath Sen , New Age International , 1999 p. 170 ^ Jump up to : An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology , by Amalananda Ghosh , BRILL p. 295 ^ Jump up to : Buddhist Landscapes in Central India : Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change , C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD , by Julia Shaw , Left Coast Press , 2013 p. 90 Jump up ^ `` The railing of Sanchi Stupa No. 2 , which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence , ( and ) dates from about the second century B.C.E '' Constituting Communities : Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia , John Clifford Holt , Jacob N. Kinnard , Jonathan S. Walters , SUNY Press , 2012 p. 197 Jump up ^ Didactic Narration : Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China , Alexander Peter Bell , LIT Verlag Münster , 2000 p. 15ff Jump up ^ Buddhist Landscapes in Central India : Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change , C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD , Julia Shaw , Left Coast Press , 2013 p. 88ff Jump up ^ An Indian Statuette From Pompeii , Mirella Levi D'Ancona , in Artibus Asiae , Vol. 13 , No. 3 ( 1950 ) p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Faces of Power : Alexander 's Image and Hellenistic Politics , Andrew Stewart , University of California Press , 1993 p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Popular Controversies in World History : Investigating History 's Intriguing Questions ( 4 volumes ) : Investigating History 's Intriguing Questions , Steven L. Danver , ABC - CLIO , 2010 p. 91 ^ Jump up to : Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh , Upto 8th Century A.D. , Omacanda Hāṇḍā , Indus Publishing , 1994 p. 48 ^ Jump up to : The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity , John Boardman , Princeton University Press , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : `` These little balusters are of considerable interest , as their sculptured statues are much superior in artistic design and execution to those of the railing pillars . They are further remarkable in having Arian letters engraved on their bases or capitals , a peculiarity which points unmistakably to the employment of Western artists , and which fully accounts for the superiority of their execution . The letters found are p , s , a , and b , of which the first three occur twice . Now , if the same sculptors had been employed on the railings , we might confidently expect to find the same alphabetical letters used as private marks . But the fact is just the reverse , for the whole of the 27 marks found on any portions of the railing are Indian letters . The only conclusion that I can come to from these facts is that the foreign artists who were employed on the sculptures of the gateways were certainly not engaged on any part of the railing . I conclude , therefore , that the Raja of Sungas , the donor of the gateways , must have sent his own party of workmen to make them , while the smaller gifts of pillars and rails were executed by the local artists . '' in The stūpa of Bharhut : a Buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustrative of Buddhist legend and history in the third century B. C , by Alexander Cunningham p. 8 ( Public Domain ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity , John Boardman , 1993 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Didactic Narration : Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China , Alexander Peter Bell , LIT Verlag Münster , 2000 p. 18 Jump up ^ Buddhist Architecture , Huu Phuoc Le , Grafikol , 2010 p. 149ff Jump up ^ `` There is evidence of Hellensitic scultors being in touch with Sanchi and Bharhut '' in The Buddha Image : Its Origin and Development , Yuvraj Krishan , Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , 1996 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Buddhist Architecture by Huu Phuoc Le p. 161 Jump up ^ `` A guide to Sanchi '' John Marshall . Jump up ^ These `` Greek - looking foreigners '' are also described in Susan Huntington , `` The art of ancient India '' , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` The Greeks evidently introduced the himation and the chiton seen in the terracottas from Taxila and the short kilt worn by the soldier on the Sanchi relief . '' in Foreign influence on Indian culture : from c. 600 B.C. to 320 A.D. , Manjari Ukil Originals , 2006 , p. 162 Jump up ^ `` The scene shows musicians playing a variety of instruments , some of them quite extraordinary such as the Greek double flute and wind instruments with dragon head from West Asia '' in The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia , Himanshu Prabha Ray , Cambridge University Press , 2003 p. 255 Jump up ^ The Idea of Ancient India : Essays on Religion , Politics , and Archaeology , Sage Publications India , Upinder Singh , 2016 p. 18 Jump up ^ `` During the century that followed Menander more than twenty rulers are known to have struck coins '' , Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Bernard ( 1994 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Kujula Kadphises , founder of the Kushan Empire , succeeded there ( in the Paropamisadae ) to the nomads who minted imitations of Hermaeus '' Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 117 Jump up ^ `` Maues himself issued joint coins with Machene , ( ... ) probably a daughter of one of the Indo - Greek houses '' Senior , Indo - Scythians , p. xxxvi Jump up ^ G.K. Jenkins , using overstrikes and monograms , showed that , contrary to what Narai would write two years later , Apollodotus II and Hippostratus were posterior , by far , to Maues . ( ... ) He reveals an overstike if Azes I over Hippostratus . ( ... ) Apollodotus and Hippostratus are thus posterior to Maues and anterior to Azes I , whose era we now starts in 57 BC . '' Bopearachchi , p. 126 - 127 . Jump up ^ `` It is curious that on his copper Zoilos used a bow and quiver as a type . A quiver was a badge used by the Parthians ( Scythians ) and had been used previously by Diodotos , who we know had made a treaty with them . Did Zoilos use Scythian mercenaries in his quest against Menander perhaps ? '' Senior , Indo - Scythian coins , p. xxvii Jump up ^ `` The Indo - Scythian conquerors , who , also they adopted the greek types , minted money with their own names '' . Bopearachchci , `` Monnaies '' , p. 121 Jump up ^ Described in R.C. Senior `` The Decline of the Indo - Greeks '' ( 10 ) . See also this source . Jump up ^ `` We get two Greeks of the Parthian period , the first half of the first century AD , who used the Indian form of their names , King Theodamas on his signet - ring found in Bajaur , and Thedorus son of Theoros on two silver bowls from Taxila . '' Tarn , p. 389 . ^ Jump up to : `` Around 10 AD , with the joint rule of Straton II and his son Straton in the area of Sagala , the last Greek kingdom succumbed to the attacks of Rajuvula , the Indo - Scythian satrap of Mathura . '' , Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 125 Jump up ^ The Sanskrit inscription reads `` Yavanarajyasya sodasuttare varsasate 100 10 6 '' . R. Salomon , `` The Indo - Greek era of 186 / 5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription '' , in `` Afghanistan , ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest '' , p373 Jump up ^ `` The coinage of the former ( the Audumbaras ) to whom their trade was of importance , starts somewhere in the first century BC ; they occasionally imitate the types of Demetrius and Apollodotus I '' , Tarn , p. 325 . Jump up ^ The Kunindas must have been included in the Greek empire , not only because of their geographical position , but because they started coining at the time which saw the end of Greek rule and the establishment of their independence `` , Tarn , p. 238 . Jump up ^ `` Further evidence of the commercial success of the Greek drachms is seen in the fact that they influenced the coinage of the Audumbaras and the Kunindas '' , Narain The Indo - Greeks , p. 114 Jump up ^ `` The wealthy Audumbaras ( ... ) some of their coins after Greek rule ended imitated Greek types '' , Tarn , p. 239 . Jump up ^ `` Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander 's empire - Audumbaras , Trigartas , Kunindas , Yaudheyas , Arjunayanas - began to coins in the first century BC , which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics . '' , Tarn , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` Later , in the first century a ruler of the Kunindas , Amogabhuti , issued a silver coinage `` which would compete in the market with the later Indo - Greek silver '' `` , Tarn , p. 325 . Jump up ^ World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India , Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd , Tabassum Javeed , Algora Publishing , 2008 p. 42 Jump up ^ * Inscription no. 7 : `` ( This ) pillar ( is ) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka '' in Problems of Ancient Indian History : New Perspectives and Perceptions , Shankar Goyal - 2001 , p. 104 * Inscription no. 4 : `` ( This ) pillar ( is ) the gift of the Yavana Dhammadhya from Dhenukataka '' Description in Hellenism in Ancient India by Gauranga Nath Banerjee p. 20 Jump up ^ Mc Evilley `` The shape of ancient thought '' , p385 ( `` The Yavanajataka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in astrology , and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy '' , himself quoting David Pingree `` The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja '' p5 ) ^ Jump up to : Epigraphia Indica p. 90ff Jump up ^ Hellenism in Ancient India , Gauranga Nath Banerjee p. 20 Jump up ^ The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean : The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa , Arabia and India , Raoul McLaughlin , Pen and Sword , 2014 p. 170 Jump up ^ `` The Junnar Cave 18 speaks of three Yavanas ... '' in Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture - D.R. Bhandarkar - 1989 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Religions and Trade : Religious Formation , Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West , BRILL , 2013 p. 97 Note 97 Jump up ^ Yavana ( Ionian ) donors of the Buddhist cave architecture in Western India ( AD 100 - AD 250 ) , Anuradha K. Ranade pp 829 - 831 Jump up ^ Upinder Singh ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1120 - 0 . p. 383 Jump up ^ Nasik cave inscription No 1 . `` ( Of him ) the Kshatriya , who flaming like the god of love , subdued the Sakas , Yavavas and Palhavas '' in Parsis of ancient India by Hodivala , Shapurji Kavasji p. 16 Jump up ^ Marital alliances : Discussion on the dynastic alliance in Tarn , pp. 152 -- 153 : `` It has been recently suggested that Ashoka was grandson of the Seleucid princess , whom Seleucus gave in marriage to Chandragupta . Should this far - reaching suggestion be well founded , it would not only throw light on the good relations between the Seleucid and Maurya dynasties , but would mean that the Maurya dynasty was descended from , or anyhow connected with , Seleucus ... when the Mauryan line became extinct , he ( Demetrius ) may well have regarded himself , if not as the next heir , at any rate as the heir nearest at hand '' . Also : `` The Seleucid and Maurya lines were connected by the marriage of Seleucus ' daughter ( or niece ) either to Chandragupta or his son Bindusara '' John Marshall , Taxila , p20 . This thesis originally appeared in `` The Cambridge Shorter History of India '' : `` If the usual oriental practice was followed and if we regard Chandragupta as the victor , then it would mean that a daughter or other female relative of Seleucus was given to the Indian ruler or to one of his sons , so that Ashoka may have had Greek blood in his veins . '' The Cambridge Shorter History of India , J. Allan , H.H. Dodwell , T. Wolseley Haig , p33 Source . Description of the 302 BC marital alliance in Strabo 15.2. 1 ( 9 ) : `` The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus , which formerly belonged to the Persians : Alexander deprived the Ariani of them , and established there settlements of his own . But Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus in consequence of a marriage contract , and received in return five hundred elephants . '' The ambassador Megasthenes was also sent to the Mauryan court on this occasion . Jump up ^ Exchange of presents : Classical sources have recorded that Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus : `` And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous . And Phylarchus confirms him , by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus , the king of the Indians , sent to Seleucus ; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection , while some , on the contrary , were to banish love '' Athenaeus of Naucratis , `` The deipnosophists '' Book I , chapter 32 Ath . Deip . I. 32 Ashoka claims he introduced herbal medicine in the territories of the Greeks , for the welfare of humans and animals ( Edict No2 ) . Bindusara asked Antiochus I to send him some sweet wine , dried figs and a sophist : `` But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men ( for really , as Aristophanes says , `` There 's really nothing nicer than dried figs '' ) , that even Amitrochates , the king of the Indians , wrote to Antiochus , entreating him ( it is Hegesander who tells this story ) to buy and send him some sweet wine , and some dried figs , and a sophist ; and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer , `` The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you ; but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece '' Athenaeus , `` Deipnosophistae '' XIV. 67 Athenaeus , `` Deipnosophistae '' XIV. 67 Jump up ^ Treaties of friendship : When Antiochos III , after having made peace with Euthydemus , went to India in 209 BC , he is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there and received presents from him : `` He crossed the Caucasus ( Hindu Kush ) and descended into India ; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians ; received more elephants , until he had a hundred and fifty altogether ; and having once more provisioned his troops , set out again personally with his army : leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him . '' Polybius 11.39 Jump up ^ Ambassadors : Known ambassadors to India are Megasthenes , Deimakos and Dionysius . Jump up ^ Religious missions : In the Edicts of Ashoka , king Ashoka claims to have sent Buddhist emissaries to the Hellenistic west around 250 BC . Jump up ^ The historian Diodorus wrote that the king of Pataliputra , apparently a Mauryan king , `` loved the Greeks '' : `` Iambulus , having found his way to a certain village , was then brought by the natives into the presence of the king of Palibothra , a city which was distant a journey of many days from the sea . And since the king loved the Greeks ( '' Philhellenos `` ) and devoted to learning he considered Iambulus worthy of cordial welcome ; and at length , upon receiving a permission of safe - conduct , he passed over first of all into Persia and later arrived safe in Greece '' Diodorus ii , 60 . Jump up ^ `` Diodorus testifies to the great love of the king of Palibothra , apparently a Mauryan king , for the Greeks '' Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' , p. 362 . Jump up ^ `` Obviously , for the Greeks who survived in India and suffered from the oppression of the Shunga ( for whom they were aliens and heretics ) , Demetrios must have appeared as a saviour '' Mario Bussagli , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` We can now , I think , see what the Greek ' conquest ' meant and how the Greeks were able to traverse such extraordinary distances . To parts of India , perhaps to large parts , they came , not as conquerors , but as friends or ' saviours ' ; to the Buddhist world in particular they appeared to be its champions '' ( Tarn , p. 180 ) Jump up ^ Tarn p. 175 . Also : `` The people to be ' saved ' were in fact usually Buddhists , and the common enmity of Greek and Buddhists to the Sunga king threw them into each other 's arms '' , Tarn p. 175 . `` Menander was coming to save them from the oppression of the Sunga kings '' , Tarn p. 178 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , `` Indo - Greek coins '' , p 3 - 8 Jump up ^ Bopearachchi p. 138 Jump up ^ Whitehead , p. vi . Jump up ^ `` These Indo - Greeks were called Yavanas in ancient Indian literature '' p. 9 + note 1 `` The term had a precise meaning until well into the Christian era , when gradually its original meaning was lost and , like the word Mleccha , it degenerated into a general term for a foreigner '' p. 18 , Narain `` The Indo - Greeks '' Jump up ^ `` All Greeks in India were however known as Yavanas '' , Burjor Avari , `` India , the ancient past '' , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` The term Yavana may well have been first applied by the Indians to the Greeks of various cities of Asia Minor who were settled in the areas contiguous to north - west India '' Narain `` The Indo - Greeks '' , p. 227 Jump up ^ `` Of the Sanskrit Yavana , there are other forms and derivatives , viz . Yona , Yonaka , Javana , Yavana , Jonon or Jononka , Ya - ba - na etc ... Yona is a normal Prakrit form from Yavana '' , Narain `` The Indo - Greeks '' , p. 228 Jump up ^ The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum , p. 50 and Pl . XII - 7 ( 11 ) ^ Jump up to : `` De l'Indus à l'Oxus : archéologie de l'Asie Centrale '' , Pierfrancesco Callieri , p212 : `` The diffusion , from the second century BC , of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of Swat is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of Butkara I , which saw its stupa `` monumentalized '' at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from Hellenistic architecture `` . Jump up ^ Tarn , p. 391 : `` Somewhere I have met with the zhole - hearted statement that every Greek in India ended by becoming a Buddhist ( ... ) Heliodorus the ambassador was a Bhagavatta , a worshiper of Vshnu - Krishna as the supreme deity ( ... ) Theodorus the meridrarch , who established some relics of the Buddha `` for the purpose of the security of many people '' , was undoubtedly Buddhist `` . Images of the Zoroastrian divinity Mithra -- depicted with a radiated phrygian cap -- appear extensively on the Indo - Greek coinage of the Western kings . This Zeus - Mithra is also the one represented seated ( with the gloriole around the head , and a small protrusion on the top of the head representing the cap ) on many coins of Hermaeus , Antialcidas or Heliokles II . Jump up ^ `` It is not unlikely that `` Dikaios '' , which is translated Dhramaika in the Kharosthi legend , may be connected with his adoption of the Buddhist faith . '' Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 124 Jump up ^ `` Menander , the probable conqueror of Pataliputra , seems to have been a Buddhist , and his name belongs in the list of important royal patrons of Buddhism along with Ashoka and Kanishka '' , McEvilley , p. 375 Jump up ^ `` It is probable that the wheel on some coins of Menander is connected with Buddhism '' , Narain , The Indo - Greeks , p. 122 Jump up ^ Stupavadana , Chapter 57 , v15 . Quotes in E. Seldeslachts . Jump up ^ McEvilley , p. 377 Jump up ^ Plutarch `` Political precepts '' , p147 -- 148 Full text Archived February 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Handbuch der Orientalistik , Kurt A. Behrendt , BRILL , 2004 , p. 49 sig Jump up ^ `` King Menander , who built the penultimate layer of the Butkara stupa in the first century BCE , was an Indo - Greek . '' in Empires of the Indus : The Story of a River , Alice Albinia -- 2012 Jump up ^ Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture ( c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D. ) Satyendra Nath Naskar , Abhinav Publications , 1996 , p. 69 ( 12 ) Jump up ^ The Crossroads of Asia , Elizabeth Errington , Ancient India and Iran Trust , Fitzwilliam Museum , Ancient India and Iran Trust , 1992 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Mentioned throughout `` Monnaies Greco - Bactriennes et Indo - Grecques '' , Osmund Bopearachchi , Bibliotheque Nationale , 1991 Jump up ^ Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia , Andrea L. Stanton , Edward Ramsamy , Peter J. Seybolt , Carolyn M. Elliott , SAGE Publications , 2012 p. 28 ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Osmund Bopearachchi , 2016 , Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India : Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence Jump up ^ `` The extraordinary realism of their portraiture . The portraits of Demetrius , Antimachus and of Eucratides are among the most remarkable that have come down to us from antiquity '' Hellenism in Ancient India , Banerjee , p134 Jump up ^ `` Just as the Frank Clovis had no part in the development of Gallo - Roman art , the Indo - Scythian Kanishka had no direct influence on that of Indo - Greek Art ; and besides , we have now the certain proofs that during his reign this art was already stereotyped , of not decadent '' Hellenism in Ancient India , Banerjee , p147 Jump up ^ `` The survival into the 1st century AD of a Greek administration and presumably some elements of Greek culture in the Punjab has now to be taken into account in any discussion of the role of Greek influence in the development of Gandharan sculpture '' , The Crossroads of Asia , p14 Jump up ^ On the Indo - Greeks and the Gandhara school : 1 ) `` It is necessary to considerably push back the start of Gandharan art , to the first half of the first century BC , or even , very probably , to the preceding century. ( ... ) The origins of Gandharan art ... go back to the Greek presence . ( ... ) Gandharan iconography was already fully formed before , or at least at the very beginning of our era '' Mario Bussagli `` L'art du Gandhara '' , p331 -- 332 2 ) `` The beginnings of the Gandhara school have been dated everywhere from the first century B.C. ( which was M. Foucher 's view ) to the Kushan period and even after it '' ( Tarn , p. 394 ) . Foucher 's views can be found in `` La vieille route de l'Inde , de Bactres a Taxila '' , pp340 -- 341 ) . The view is also supported by Sir John Marshall ( `` The Buddhist art of Gandhara '' , pp5 -- 6 ) . 3 ) Also the recent discoveries at Ai - Khanoum confirm that `` Gandharan art descended directly from Hellenized Bactrian art '' ( Chaibi Nustamandy , `` Crossroads of Asia '' , 1992 ) . 4 ) On the Indo - Greeks and Greco - Buddhist art : `` It was about this time ( 100 BC ) that something took place which is without parallel in Hellenistic history : Greeks of themselves placed their artistic skill at the service of a foreign religion , and created for it a new form of expression in art '' ( Tarn , p. 393 ) . `` We have to look for the beginnings of Gandharan Buddhist art in the residual Indo - Greek tradition , and in the early Buddhist stone sculpture to the South ( Bharhut etc ... ) '' ( Boardman , 1993 , p. 124 ) . `` Depending on how the dates are worked out , the spread of Gandhari Buddhism to the north may have been stimulated by Menander 's royal patronage , as may the development and spread of the Gandharan sculpture , which seems to have accompanied it '' McEvilley , 2002 , `` The shape of ancient thought '' , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Rowland JR , foreword to `` The Dyasntic art of the Kushan '' , John Rosenfield , 1967 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 141 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` Others , dating the work to the first two centuries A.D. , after the waning of Greek autonomy on the Northwest , connect it instead with the Roman Imperial trade , which was just then getting a foothold at sites like Barbaricum ( modern Karachi ) at the Indus - mouth . It has been proposed that one of the embassies from Indian kings to Roman emperors may have brought back a master sculptorto oversee work in the emerging Mahayana Buddhist sensibility ( in which the Buddha came to be seen as a kind of deity ) , and that `` bands of foreign workmen from the eastern centres of the Roman Empire '' were brought to India '' ( Mc Evilley `` The shape of ancient thought '' , quoting Benjamin Rowland `` The art and architecture of India '' p121 and A.C. Soper `` The Roman Style in Gandhara '' American Journal of Archaeology 55 ( 1951 ) pp. 301 -- 319 ) Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 115 Jump up ^ McEvilley , p. 388 - 390 Jump up ^ Boardman , 109 -- 153 Jump up ^ `` It is noteworthy that the dress of the Gandharan Bodhisattva statues has no resemblance whatever to that of the Kushan royal portrait statues , which has many affiliations with Parthian costume . The finery of the Gandhara images must be modeled on the dress of local native nobility , princes of Indian or Indo - Greek race , who had no blood connection with the Scythian rulers . It is also evident that the facial types are unrelated to the features of the Kushans as we know them from their coins and fragmentary portrait statues . '' , Benjamin Rowland JR , foreword to `` The Dyasntic art of the Kushan '' , John Rosenfield , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Those tiny territories of the Indo - Greek kings must have been lively and commercially flourishing places '' , India : The ancient past , Burjor Avari , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` No doubt the Greeks of Bactria and India presided over a flourishing economy . This is clearly indicated by their coinage and the monetary exchange they had established with other currencies . '' Narain , `` The Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 27 Jump up ^ Rapson , clxxxvi - Jump up ^ Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies '' , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Fussman , JA 1993 , p. 127 and Bopearachchi , `` Graeco - Bactrian issues of the later Indo - Greek kings '' , Num . Chron. 1990 , pp. 79 -- 104 ) ^ Jump up to : Science and civilisation in China : Chemistry and chemical technology by Joseph Needham , Gwei - Djen Lu p. 237ff Jump up ^ `` Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo , experts say '' . 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` The Mausoleum of China ' 's First Emperor Partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to Reveal Groundbreaking Evidence That China Was in Contact with the West During the Reign of the First Emperor '' . businesswire.com . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strabo II. 3.4 ‐ 5 on Eudoxus '' . Jump up ^ `` Since the merchants of Alexandria are already sailing with fleets by way of the Nile and of the Persian Gulf as far as India , these regions also have become far better known to us of today than to our predecessors . At any rate , when Gallus was prefect of Egypt , I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia , and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos for India , whereas formerly , under the Ptolemies , only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise . '' Strabo II. 5.12 Jump up ^ `` It is curious that on his copper Zoilos used a Bow and quiver as a type . A quiver was a badge used by the Parthians ( Scythians ) and had been used previously by Diodotos , who we know had made a treaty with them . Did Zoilos use Scythian mercenaries in his quest against Menander perhaps ? '' Senior , Indo - Scythian coins , p. xxvii Jump up ^ `` Polybius 10.49 , Battle of the Arius '' . Jump up ^ `` Megasthenes Indica '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Justin XLI '' . Jump up ^ On the size of Hellenistic armies , see accounts of Hellenistic battles by Diodorus , books XVIII and XIX Jump up ^ `` They are a nation of nomads , moving from place to place with their herds , and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu . They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors ... The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the Qilian or Heavenly mountains and Dunhuang , but after they were defeated by the Xiongnu they moved far away to the west , beyond Dayuan , where they attacked and conquered the people of Daxia ( Bactria ) and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui ( Oxus ) river '' ( `` Records of the Great Historian '' , Sima Qian , trans . Burton Watson , p234 ) Jump up ^ Tarn , p. 494 . Jump up ^ `` Though the Indo - Greek monarchies seem to have ended in the first century BC , the Greek presence in India and Bactria remained strong '' , McEvilley , p. 379 Jump up ^ `` The use of the Greek months by the Sakas and later rulers points to the conclusion that they employed a system of dating started by their predecessors . '' Narain , `` Indo - Greeks '' 2003 , p. 190 Jump up ^ `` Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps ... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters , while on the reverse , they substitute the Gupta type ( a peacock ) for the chaitya with crescent and star . '' in Rapson `` A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum . The Andhras etc ... '' , p. cli Jump up ^ `` Parthians stations '' , 1st century AD . Original text in paragraph 19 of Parthian stations Jump up ^ McEvilley , `` The Shape of Ancient Thought '' , p503 . Jump up ^ Under each king , information from Bopearachchi is taken from Monnaies Gréco - Bactriennes et Indo - Grecques , Catalogue Raisonné ( 1991 ) or occasionally SNG9 ( 1998 ) . Senior 's chronology is from The Indo - Greek and Indo - Scythian king sequences in the second and first centuries BC , ONS179 Supplement ( 2004 ) , whereas the comments ( down to the time of Hippostratos ) are from The decline of the Indo - Greeks ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ O. Bopearachchi , `` Monnaies gréco - bactriennes et indo - grecques , Catalogue raisonné '' , Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris , 1991 , p. 453 Jump up ^ History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura : Ca . 150 BCE -- 100 CE , Sonya Rhie Quintanilla , BRILL , 2007 , p. 9 ( 14 ) Works cited ( edit ) Avari , Burjor ( 2007 ) . India : The ancient past . A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35616 - 4 . Banerjee , Gauranga Nath ( 1961 ) . Hellenism in ancient India . Delhi : Munshi Ram Manohar Lal . OCLC 1837954 ISBN 0 - 8364 - 2910 - 9 . Bernard , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia . '' In : History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume II . The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations : 700 B.C. to A.D. 250 , pp. 99 -- 129 . Harmatta , János , ed. , 1994 . Paris : UNESCO Publishing . ISBN 92 - 3 - 102846 - 4 . Boardman , John ( 1994 ) . The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03680 - 2 . Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 1991 ) . Monnaies Gréco - Bactriennes et Indo - Grecques , Catalogue Raisonné ( in French ) . Bibliothèque Nationale de France . ISBN 2 - 7177 - 1825 - 7 . Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 1998 ) . SNG 9 . New York : American Numismatic Society . ISBN 0 - 89722 - 273 - 3 . Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 2003 ) . De l'Indus à l'Oxus , Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale ( in French ) . Lattes : Association imago - musée de Lattes . ISBN 2 - 9516679 - 2 - 2 . Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 1993 ) . Indo - Greek , Indo - Scythian and Indo - Parthian coins in the Smithsonian Institution . Washington : National Numismatic Collection , Smithsonian Institution . OCLC 36240864 . Bussagli , Mario ; Francine Tissot ; Béatrice Arnal ( 1996 ) . L'art du Gandhara ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie générale française . ISBN 2 - 253 - 13055 - 9 . Cambon , Pierre ( 2007 ) . Afghanistan , les trésors retrouvés ( in French ) . Musée Guimet . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 5218 - 5 . Errington , Elizabeth ; Joe Cribb ; Maggie Claringbull ; Ancient India and Iran Trust ; Fitzwilliam Museum ( 1992 ) . The Crossroads of Asia : transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan . Cambridge : Ancient India and Iran Trust . ISBN 0 - 9518399 - 1 - 8 . Faccenna , Domenico ( 1980 ) . Butkara I ( Swāt , Pakistan ) 1956 -- 1962 , Volume III 1 . Rome : IsMEO ( Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente ) . Foltz , Richard ( 2010 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : premodern patterns of globalization . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 . Keown , Damien ( 2003 ) . A Dictionary of Buddhism . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860560 - 9 . Lowenstein , Tom ( 2002 ) . The vision of the Buddha : Buddhism , the path to spiritual enlightenment . London : Duncan Baird . ISBN 1 - 903296 - 91 - 9 . Marshall , Sir John Hubert ( 2000 ) . The Buddhist art of Gandhara : the story of the early school , its birth , growth , and decline . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0967 - X . Marshall , John ( 1956 ) . Taxila . An illustrated account of archaeological excavations carried out at Taxila ( 3 volumes ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . McEvilley , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The Shape of Ancient Thought . Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies . Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 203 - 5 . Mitchiner , John E. ; Garga ( 1986 ) . The Yuga Purana : critically edited , with an English translation and a detailed introduction . Calcutta , India : Asiatic Society . OCLC 15211914 ISBN 81 - 7236 - 124 - 6 . Narain , A.K. ( 1957 ) . The Indo - Greeks . Oxford : Clarendon Press . reprinted by Oxford , 1962 , 1967 , 1980 ; reissued ( 2003 ) , `` revised and supplemented '' , by B.R. Publishing Corporation , New Delhi . Narain , A.K. ( 1976 ) . The coin types of the Indo - Greeks kings . Chicago , USA : Ares Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89005 - 109 - 7 . Puri , Baij Nath ( 2000 ) . Buddhism in Central Asia . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0372 - 8 . Rosenfield , John M. ( 1967 ) . The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0579 - 8 . Salomon , Richard . `` The `` Avaca '' Inscription and the Origin of the Vikrama Era `` . 102 . Seldeslachts , E. ( 2003 ) . The end of the road for the Indo - Greeks ? . ( Also available online ) : Iranica Antica , Vol XXXIX , 2004 . Senior , R.C. ( 2006 ) . Indo - Scythian coins and history . Volume IV . Classical Numismatic Group , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9709268 - 6 - 3 . Tarn , W.W. ( 1938 ) . The Greeks in Bactria and India . Cambridge University Press . Second edition , with addenda and corrigenda , ( 1951 ) . Reissued , with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt ( 1985 ) , Ares Press , Chicago ISBN 0 - 89005 - 524 - 6 Afghanistan , ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest ( in French and English ) . Belgium : Brepols. 2005 . ISBN 2 - 503 - 51681 - 5 . 東京国立博物館 ( Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) ; 兵庫県立美術館 ( Hyogo Kenritsu Bijutsukan ) ( 2003 ) . Alexander the Great : East - West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan . Tokyo : 東京国立博物館 ( Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) . OCLC 53886263 . Vassiliades , Demetrios ( 2000 ) . The Greeks in India -- A Survey in Philosophical Understanding . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Limited . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0921 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo - Greek Kingdom . Indo - Greek history and coins Ancient coinage of the Greco - Bactrian and Indo - Greek kingdoms Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims - Williams ( University of London ) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language . Wargame reconstitution of Indo - Greek armies Files dealing with Indo - Greeks & a genealogy of the Bactrian kings The impact of Greco - Indian Culture on Western Civilisation Some new hypotheses on the Greco - Bactrian and Indo - Greek kingdoms by Antoine Simonin Greco - Bactrian and Indo - Greek Kingdoms in Ancient Texts Ancient South Asia and Central Asia Archaeology and prehistory Proto - Indo - Iranians Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex ( BMAC ) Indo - Aryan migration theory Swat culture Genetics and archaeogenetics History of the horse Historical peoples and clans Saka Indo - Scythians Yuezhi Kambojas Sakaldwipiya Parsi Kidarites Alchon Huns Hephthalites Nezak Huns States Greco - Bactrian Kingdom Indo - Greek Kingdom Indo - Parthian Kingdom Kushan Empire Kamboja Kingdom Mythology and literature Shakdvipa Āryāvarta Indo - Scythians in Indian literature Uttaramadra Uttarakuru Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Western Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Northern India ( Central Gangetic Plain ) Northeastern India ( Northeast India ) IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire Kalinga HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta References and sources for table ( hide ) References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Hellenistic rulers Argeads Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Antigonids Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI ( pretender ) Ptolemies Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ( regent ) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion Kings of Cyrene Magas Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Seleucids Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Lysimachids Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos Antipatrids Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes Attalids Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III Greco - Bactrians Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I Indo - Greeks Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III Kings of Bithynia Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta ( regent ) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus Kings of Pontus Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II Kings of Commagene Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV Kings of Cappadocia Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus Kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus Paeirsades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon ( regent ) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius ' attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon with Pythodorida Aspurgus Mithridates III with Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Greek_Kingdom&oldid=802534569 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in Asia States and territories established in the 2nd century BC Indo - Greeks History of Central Asia History of South Asia Hellenistic states Ethnic groups in India Ancient peoples of Pakistan 180s BC establishments 10s disestablishments States and territories disestablished in the 1st century 1st - century disestablishments Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Former country articles requiring maintenance Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 19 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the indo greek rulers where did they come from	[ "The Indo-Greek Kingdom or Graeco-Indian Kingdom[1] was a Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of the northwest regions of South Asia (mainly modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) during the last two centuries BC and was ruled by more than thirty kings,[2] often in conflict with each other." ]	[ "was a Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of the northwest regions of South Asia (mainly modern Afghanistan and Pakistan)" ]
-6678799465101499528	List of countries by infant mortality rate	List of countries by infant mortality rate - wikipedia List of countries by infant mortality rate Jump to : navigation , search Infant mortality ( under 1 year ) rates , 2013 Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Lists 2.1 Under - five mortality from the World Health Organization 2.2 List by the CIA World Factbook 2.3 List by the United Nations population division 3 Notes 4 References Methodology ( edit ) Figures are from the United Nations World Population Prospects report , by five years averages , and the CIA World Factbook . The infant mortality rate ( IMR ) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births . This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country . The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 34.1 according to the CIA World Factbook . The under - 5 mortality rate of the world is 43 deaths per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization . Note that due to differences in reporting , these numbers may not be comparable across countries ; while the WHO recommendation is that all children who show signs of life should be recorded as live births , in many countries this standard is not followed , artificially lowering their infant mortality rates relative to countries which follow those standards . Lists ( edit ) Note : The last column in both tables enables interactive links between the tables ; also , the tables can be variously sorted using the icon . Under - five mortality from the World health Organization ( edit ) The following is a list of OECD countries by under - five mortality rate per 1000 live births as published by the WHO in 2015 . Rank Country Under - five mortality rate Relative under - five mortality rate Turkey 13.5 13.5 Mexico 13.2 13.2 Argentina 10.6 10.6 Slovakia 7.3 7.3 5 United States 6.5 6.5 6 Hungary 5.9 5.9 7 New Zealand 5.7 5.7 8 Poland 5.2 5.2 9 Canada 4.9 4.9 10 Greece 4.6 4.6 11 France 4.3 4.3 12 United Kingdom 4.2 4.2 13 Spain 4.1 4.1 14 Belgium 4.1 4.1 15 Israel 4.0 16 Switzerland 3.9 3.9 17 Australia 3.8 3.8 18 Netherlands 3.8 3.8 19 Germany 3.7 3.7 20 Portugal 3.6 3.6 21 Ireland 3.6 3.6 22 Italy 3.5 3.5 23 Denmark 3.5 3.5 24 Austria 3.5 3.5 25 Czech Republic 3.4 3.4 26 South Korea 3.4 3.4 27 Sweden 3.0 28 Estonia 2.9 2.9 29 Japan 2.7 2.7 30 Slovenia 2.6 2.6 31 Norway 2.6 2.6 32 Finland 2.3 2.3 33 Iceland 2.0 34 Luxembourg 1.9 1.9 List by the CIA World Factbook ( edit ) Infant mortality ( deaths / 1,000 live births ) -- 2016 estimates Country or territory CIA 2016 estimates - > UN Afghanistan 112.8 - > Albania 12.3 - > Algeria 20.3 - > American Samoa 8.5 - > Andorra 3.6 - > Angola 76.5 - > Anguilla 3.4 - > Antigua and Barbuda 12.5 - > Argentina 10.1 - > Armenia 13.1 - > Aruba 11 - > Australia 4.3 - > Austria 3.4 - > Azerbaijan 24.7 - > Bahamas , The 11.7 - > Bahrain 9.2 - > Bangladesh 32.9 - > Barbados 10.5 - > Belarus 3.6 - > Belgium 3.4 - > Belize 19.3 - > Benin 54.2 - > Bermuda 2.5 - > Bhutan 33.9 - > Bolivia 36.4 - > Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.6 - > Botswana 8.6 - > Brazil 12.8 - > British Virgin Islands 12.6 - > Brunei 9.9 - > Bulgaria 8.5 - > Burkina Faso 73.8 - > Burma 42.2 - > Burundi 60.4 - > Cape Verde 22.7 - > Cambodia 48.7 - > Cameroon 52.2 - > Canada 4.6 - > Cayman Islands 6 - > Central African Republic 88.4 - > Chad 87 - > Chile 6.7 - > China 12.2 - > Colombia 14.1 - > Comoros 61.8 - > Congo , Democratic Republic of the 69.8 - > Congo , Republic of the 56.4 - > Cook Islands 13.5 - > Costa Rica 8.3 - > Cote d'Ivoire 57.2 - > Croatia 9.5 - > Cuba 4.5 - > Cyprus 8.1 - > Czech Republic 2.6 - > Denmark - > Djibouti 47.2 - > Dominica 10.9 - > Dominican Republic 18.1 - > Ecuador 16.9 - > Egypt 19.7 - > El Salvador 17.3 - > Equatorial Guinea 67.2 - > Eritrea 45.6 - > Estonia 3.8 - > Ethiopia 51.1 - > European Union - > Faroe Islands 5.5 - > Fiji 9.7 - > Finland 2.5 - > France 3.3 - > French Polynesia 4.7 - > Gabon 45.1 - > Gambia , The 62 - > Gaza Strip 17.1 - > Georgia 15.6 - > Germany 3.4 - > Ghana 36.3 - > Gibraltar 6 - > Greece 4.6 - > Greenland 9 - > Grenada 9.9 - > Guam 5.3 - > Guatemala 22 - > Guernsey 3.4 - > Guinea - Bissau 87.5 - > Guinea 51.7 - > Guyana 31.5 - > Haiti 48.2 - > Honduras 17.7 - > Hong Kong 2.7 - > Hungary 5 - > Iceland 2.1 - > India 40.5 - > Indonesia 23.5 - > Iran 37.1 - > Iraq 37.5 - > Ireland 3.7 - > Isle of Man 4.1 - > Israel 3.5 - > Italy 3.3 - > Jamaica 13.1 - > Japan - > Jersey 3.8 - > Jordan 14.7 - > Kazakhstan 20.3 - > Kenya 38.3 - > Kiribati 33.2 - > Korea , North 22.9 - > Korea , South - > Kuwait 7.1 - > Kyrgyzstan 26.8 - > Laos 51.4 - > Latvia 5.3 - > Lebanon 7.6 - > Lesotho 47.6 - > Liberia 65.8 - > Libya 11.1 - > Liechtenstein 4.3 - > Lithuania 3.8 - > Luxembourg 3.4 - > Macau 3.1 - > Macedonia 7.5 - > Madagascar 42.4 - > Malawi 44.8 - > Malaysia 12.9 - > Maldives 22.9 - > Mali 100 - > Malta 3.5 - > Marshall Islands 20 - > Mauritania 53.3 - > Mauritius 10 - > Mexico 11.9 - > Micronesia , Federated States of 20.5 - > Moldova 12.3 - > Monaco 1.8 - > Mongolia 21.8 - > Montserrat 12.7 - > Morocco 22.7 - > Mozambique 67.9 - > Namibia 36.4 - > Nauru 7.9 - > Nepal 28.9 - > Netherlands 3.6 - > New Caledonia 5.3 - > New Zealand 4.5 - > Nicaragua 19 - > Nigeria 71.2 - > Niger 82.8 - > Northern Mariana Islands 5.3 - > Norway 2.5 - > Oman 13.2 - > Pakistan 53.9 - > Palau 10.9 - > Panama 10.1 - > Papua New Guinea 37.4 - > Paraguay 19.4 - > Peru 19 - > Philippines 21.9 - > Poland 4.5 - > Portugal 4.4 - > Puerto Rico 7.4 - > Qatar 6.2 - > Romania 9.6 - > Russia 6.9 - > Rwanda 56.8 - > Saint Helena 13.7 - > Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.6 - > Saint Lucia 11.2 - > Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.6 - > Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12.3 - > Samoa 19 - > San Marino 4.4 - > Sao Tome and Principe 46.6 - > Saudi Arabia 13.6 - > Senegal 50.3 - > Serbia 5.9 - > Seychelles 10.2 - > Sierra Leone 70 - > Singapore 2.4 - > Slovakia 5.2 - > Slovenia - > Solomon Islands 15.2 - > Somalia 96.6 - > South Africa 32 - > South Sudan 64.6 - > Spain 3.3 - > Sri Lanka 8.6 - > Sudan 50.2 - > Suriname 25.3 - > Svalbard NA - > Swaziland 50.4 - > Sweden 2.6 - > Switzerland 3.6 - > Syria 15.2 - > Taiwan 4.4 - > Tajikistan 32.8 - > Tanzania 41.2 - > Thailand 9.4 - > Timor - Leste 36.3 - > Togo 43.7 - > Tonga 11.6 - > Trinidad and Tobago 23 - > Tunisia 21.6 - > Turkey 18.2 - > Turkmenistan 35.5 - > Turks and Caicos Islands 10.4 - > Tuvalu 29.9 - > Uganda 57.6 - > Ukraine 8 - > United Arab Emirates 10.3 - > United Kingdom 4.3 - > United States 5.8 - > Uruguay 8.5 - > Uzbekistan 18.6 - > Vanuatu 15.1 - > Venezuela 12.5 - > Vietnam 17.8 - > U.S. Virgin Islands 6.5 - > Wallis and Futuna 4.4 - > West Bank 14.6 - > Western Sahara 53.3 - > Yemen 47.4 - > Zambia 62.9 - > Zimbabwe 25.9 - > List by the United Nations Population division ( edit ) Infant mortality ( deaths / 1,000 live births ) - longitudinal data - the 2015 revision ( Note to editors : This table should be modified so that values between 25 and 40 and values between 40 and 60 have a different background colours . ( All values > 25 are currently represented by the same colour . ) The colour scheme is unhelpful when well over 2 / 3 of the cells have the same background colour and the progress made by many countries is not reflected by the colours . ) # Country or territory 1950 / 1955 1955 / 1960 1960 / 1965 1965 / 1970 1970 / 1975 / 1980 1980 / 1985 1985 / 1990 / 1995 1995 / 2000 2000 / 2005 2005 / 2010 / 2015 < - CIA Singapore 60.99 43.2 28.62 23.79 19.35 12.85 8.76 5.48 4.64 4.08 2.5 2.16 1.77 < - '' Iceland 21.43 18.5 16.74 13.41 11.85 9.42 6.4 5.62 4.79 4.01 2.62 2.01 2.03 < - '' Japan 50.07 37.25 25.84 16.48 11.95 8.75 6.63 4.96 4.44 3.75 3.03 2.59 2.2 < - '' Finland 34.47 26.07 19.53 15.08 11.95 8.77 6.5 6.01 5.11 3.86 3.28 2.77 2.26 < - '' 5 Sweden 19.71 16.97 15.63 12.53 10.53 7.92 6.78 6.17 5.34 3.64 3.33 2.49 2.8 < - '' 6 Luxembourg 43.44 36.95 29.2 20.91 17.84 13.13 11.99 8.99 7.25 4.86 4.95 2.32 1.58 < - '' 7 Norway 22.3 18.9 16.82 13.92 11.31 9.03 7.47 8.47 5.91 4.01 3.52 3.03 2.5 < - '' 8 Czech Republic 46.27 24.33 20.11 21.88 20.29 17.84 14.81 11.5 9.41 5.81 4.01 3.15 2.46 < - '' 9 Slovenia 22.77 18.7 16.59 16.57 15.53 13.73 13.37 10.24 7.34 4.91 4.03 2.89 2.87 < - '' 10 Italy 60.41 48.64 40.97 33.19 26.73 17.95 12.93 9.65 7.59 5.64 4.23 3.48 2.3 < - '' 11 Spain 64.86 51.03 41.25 32.05 22.37 15.21 10.35 8.03 6.51 4.8 3.91 3.64 < - '' 12 Germany 46.4 38.56 30.24 22.64 20.8 15.53 11.07 8.28 6.19 4.84 4.2 3.7 3.1 < - '' 13 France 45.64 33.6 25.43 20.72 16.26 11.82 9.48 8.01 6.8 4.74 4.27 3.68 3.34 < - '' 14 Austria 55.11 43.2 32.78 26.43 24.32 16.9 12.55 9.47 7.12 4.81 4.52 3.78 3.09 < - '' 15 Portugal 92.86 88.61 78.88 61.21 47.16 31.48 20.34 14.49 9.54 6.49 4.75 3.38 3.29 < - '' 16 Belgium 46.02 35.45 27.71 22.52 18.84 14.05 11 9.31 7.96 5.38 4.33 3.82 3.33 < - '' 17 Greece 45.81 41.19 38.02 33.62 24.98 20.84 14.72 11.52 8.28 6.92 4.79 4.23 2.84 < - '' 18 Denmark 28.29 23.56 20.44 16.35 12.43 9.2 7.85 8.08 6.46 4.9 4.65 3.82 3.47 < - '' 19 Ireland 41.45 34.27 28.09 22.91 18.28 15.2 10.23 8.38 6.79 6.11 5.51 3.74 2.93 < - '' 20 Israel 38.93 33.06 28.32 24.33 20.67 17.09 13.72 10.78 8.36 6.46 5.01 3.9 3.48 < - '' 21 Netherlands 23 18.26 15.65 13.26 10.97 9.25 8.29 7.34 6.17 5.28 4.86 4.11 3.46 < - '' 22 Switzerland 29.03 23.54 20.91 16.83 13.68 9.7 7.8 7.03 6.07 4.77 4.56 4.21 3.68 < - '' 23 South Korea 138.12 114.47 89.74 64.21 38.11 33.23 24.61 14.86 9.75 6.61 5.32 4.6 2.91 < - '' 24 Australia 23.69 21.34 19.72 17.99 16.96 12.76 9.86 8.79 6.74 5.52 4.94 4.48 3.96 < - '' 25 Cyprus 64.93 51.14 40.18 31.51 24.68 19.3 15.09 11.79 9.19 7.16 5.59 4.35 4.2 < - '' 26 United Kingdom 28.68 24.26 22.18 19.02 17.3 14.13 10.84 9.12 6.88 5.9 5.34 4.9 4.19 < - '' 27 New Zealand 26.82 24.12 21 18.11 16.09 13.95 12.01 10.72 7.54 6.24 5.49 5.01 4.31 < - '' 28 Canada 38.5 32.59 26.53 21.27 16.77 12.61 9.24 7.51 6.33 5.47 5.24 5.13 4.73 < - '' 29 Estonia 84.91 50.12 33.44 23.49 21.14 21.85 20.31 18.26 16.34 11.99 7.26 4.75 3.2 < - '' 30 Croatia 95.53 70.76 49.72 34.94 25.38 21.9 18.25 13.52 10.21 7.11 6.52 5.75 3.95 < - '' 31 Cuba 80.69 69.93 59.45 49.69 38.49 22.34 17.65 13.01 9.94 7.98 6.13 5.68 5.5 < - '' 32 Lithuania 107.83 63.88 42.71 27.03 22.08 22.46 18.35 14.92 16.48 11.02 7.66 5.97 3.76 < - '' 33 Malta 50.52 33.15 27.88 23.43 19.68 16.53 13.88 11.64 9.77 8.19 6.87 5.76 4.83 < - '' 34 Hungary 71.89 54.73 42.93 37.25 35.99 25.86 19.99 17.06 13.17 9.59 7.43 5.59 4.62 < - '' 35 Poland 78.93 59.2 49.54 36.08 27.83 23.18 19.77 16.96 16.35 10.11 7.21 6.08 4.58 < - '' 36 Slovakia 73.9 36.74 26.55 25.3 24.62 22.19 17.94 13.88 11.59 9.03 7.27 6.25 4.91 < - '' 37 Brunei 81.36 66.53 49.09 39.33 31.49 25.18 20.12 16.06 12.82 10.22 8.15 6.49 4.19 < - '' 38 United States 30.48 27.33 25.39 22.68 18.4 14.34 11.6 10.37 8.81 7.47 6.99 6.87 5.97 < - '' 39 Belarus 95.68 56.56 37.76 25.79 21.19 21.92 19.55 16.41 15.09 14.91 9.59 6.27 3.99 < - '' 40 Malaysia 102.39 81.12 63.63 48.3 36.61 27.71 20.94 15.81 11.92 8.99 6.77 6.77 6.76 < - '' 41 Puerto Rico 63.42 51.43 44.8 33.29 25.31 19.72 17.2 13.81 11.61 10.94 8.01 7.01 6.25 < - '' 42 United Arab Emirates 181.08 143.4 110.53 78.9 56.99 41.11 29.56 21.68 16.47 12.38 9.22 6.88 6.23 < - '' 43 Qatar 106.02 87.16 68.74 50.76 36.65 29.15 23.17 18.41 14.72 11.78 9.41 7.51 6.45 < - '' 44 Chile 129.58 118.79 106.53 87.34 68.62 53.12 38.75 28.38 19.56 13.04 9.3 7.7 7.17 < - '' 45 Latvia 76.87 45.34 30.28 22.27 20.04 22.85 18.5 14.57 17.56 15.73 9.92 7.8 6.49 < - '' 46 Bahrain 172.56 146.78 105.44 70.81 47.47 31.96 23.14 18.54 14.85 11.98 9.76 7.96 6.91 < - '' 47 French Polynesia 129.63 99.86 89.05 79.47 71.35 58.61 34.75 19.67 18.06 10.18 9.4 8.77 6.91 < - '' 48 Bosnia and Herzegovina 188.6 135.73 98.06 72.64 49.21 34.03 25.61 17.56 18.42 11.14 9.86 9.03 7.6 < - '' 49 Montenegro 120.1 104.22 71.88 49.57 33.05 28.5 25.8 21.5 17.92 11.57 11.57 10.89 4.41 < - '' 50 Kuwait 123.8 93.82 70.7 53.94 41.53 33.07 23.9 16.27 12.69 10.88 10.22 9.65 8.63 < - '' 51 Costa Rica 103.32 92.72 82.13 69.77 56.36 35.15 22.65 17.38 14.57 12.37 10.89 10.02 9.33 < - '' 52 Bahamas 70.58 58.31 48.14 39.72 32.76 27 22.24 18.31 15.56 14.16 11.58 10.04 9.06 < - '' 53 Sri Lanka 89.05 73.73 61.51 52.96 44.43 35.79 29.22 24.25 19.99 16.21 13.08 10.05 8.23 < - '' 54 Oman 211 180.45 153.8 130.7 108.96 82.64 59.44 42.12 30.87 21.71 14.64 9.77 7.31 < - '' 55 Grenada 107.89 86.73 69.38 55.39 44.13 35.1 27.89 22.12 17.53 13.88 12.03 10.18 9.58 < - '' 56 Bulgaria 91.96 65.6 37.47 30.68 25.96 22.06 17.83 14.28 15.4 15.25 13.17 9.85 9.02 < - '' 57 Lebanon 68.44 59.74 52.95 47.26 41.73 38.06 34.97 30.43 25.13 18.84 13.81 10.6 9.29 < - '' 58 Republic of Macedonia 136.32 112.57 94.81 82.04 68.72 62.26 51.54 40.04 26.55 18.44 12.95 11.89 10.14 < - '' 59 Russia 100.51 59.43 39.68 31.25 26.41 28.8 25.93 23.65 21.95 20.97 16.17 10.68 8.25 < - '' 60 Serbia 117.61 103.36 88 68.62 50.83 40.19 34.79 22.37 17.16 16.11 14.14 12.45 9.77 < - '' 61 Ukraine 78.78 46.47 31 23.46 21 22.94 19.97 17.76 17.07 16.64 14.81 12.64 9.16 < - '' 62 Romania 90.94 80.43 53.98 51.03 39.28 30.86 25.68 25.55 22.99 20.28 16.95 11.97 9.64 < - '' 63 Uruguay 57.42 53.04 47.91 47.12 46.34 42.46 33.5 22.57 20.07 15.59 14.36 13.44 12.67 < - '' 64 Thailand 127.53 108.91 92.61 77.63 62.84 50.95 41.62 33.41 26.11 20.9 16.7 13.4 11.25 < - '' 65 Argentina 63.93 58.8 59.76 57.41 48.12 39.08 32.2 27.13 24.36 21.85 15.04 14.61 13.69 < - '' 66 Moldova 81.29 69.04 59.03 49.03 46.02 46.02 35.56 31.27 29 24.49 18.86 15.54 10.89 < - '' 67 Venezuela 108.04 91.06 74.26 61.05 49.24 40.7 33.36 27.77 23.35 21.08 18.14 15.9 13.78 < - '' 68 Saudi Arabia 201.93 180.95 160.62 137.49 105.28 76.95 56.2 41.15 30.4 23.15 18.81 16.23 15.34 < - '' 69 Syria 141.29 123.71 107.76 90.3 71.07 55.37 42.93 33.48 26.29 21.27 17.77 14.94 17.87 < - '' 70 Albania 144.92 124.94 98.95 76.97 57.99 46.85 43.2 37.84 30.74 26.3 20.25 16.11 14.42 < - '' 71 Belize 100.18 88.57 78.2 68.54 59.57 50.49 39.87 35.2 29.71 23.02 19.68 16.99 14.33 < - '' 72 Panama 85.74 73.72 61.91 51.87 43.12 36.13 34.12 29.82 26.29 23.31 19.85 16.84 15.16 < - '' 73 Jamaica 90 75.83 58.79 48.87 42.15 32.98 30.42 25.93 22.64 21.57 19.97 17.89 15.04 < - '' 74 China 128.9 131.06 135.04 93.86 72 54.98 44.67 42.29 40.46 34.25 25.32 16.74 11.65 < - '' 75 Turkey 217.77 201.77 179.03 160.01 145.42 120.41 94.72 73.21 56.19 37.02 24.72 16.39 12.61 < - '' 76 Colombia 123.22 105.39 92.13 82.21 73.06 56.73 42.98 35.36 27.64 23.99 20.48 19.05 17.92 < - '' 77 Iran 220.22 197.62 174.81 153.62 123.74 95.47 71.3 49.82 39.81 32.34 25.05 18.91 14.78 < - '' 78 Jordan 147.46 119.69 95.53 77.39 65.71 54.01 42.71 33.97 29.06 25.58 22.4 19.69 17.07 < - '' 79 Mexico 121.33 101.62 88.19 79.53 69.02 56.9 47.08 39.52 33.09 27.7 20.51 19.93 18.79 < - '' 80 Tunisia 232.38 218.03 195.46 173.31 139.95 97.28 65.84 48.79 35.19 28.64 23 18.7 18.7 < - '' 81 Armenia 83 78 73.01 68.01 62.99 57.99 52.98 47.99 44.12 35.02 27 21.01 13.22 < - '' 82 El Salvador 150.45 135.17 121.7 110.68 101.62 92.77 79.92 60.6 41.14 29.12 23.61 20.73 17.03 < - '' 83 Georgia 80.03 73.03 66.03 59.02 52.02 49.35 46.68 44.02 45.01 37.55 29.01 19.41 13.66 < - '' 84 Suriname 77.54 67.59 56.2 48.87 44.27 40.12 41.49 40.24 34.65 28.69 24.17 22.16 17.37 < - '' 85 Tonga 58.93 52.96 47.22 42.02 37.29 33.88 30.59 27.79 26.38 24.96 23.48 22.03 20.44 < - '' 86 Vietnam 103.62 81.47 66.72 56.82 54.23 45.62 41.16 37.13 33.76 29.02 25.28 22.18 19.32 < - '' 87 Peru 158.7 148.28 136.14 126.33 110.32 99.09 81.66 68.04 55.47 40.64 27.4 21 18.63 < - '' 88 Samoa 107.43 97.1 87.2 77.72 68.62 59.92 51.63 43.77 36.1 29.94 25.68 22.41 19.67 < - '' 89 Palestinian territories 140.29 131.1 117.06 99.42 82.71 66.23 51.4 40.12 33.08 27.86 25.01 23.07 20.63 < - '' 90 Nicaragua 172.41 150.77 131.39 113.83 97.92 90.19 79.83 65.02 48.02 33.59 26.45 24.02 19.96 < - '' 91 Ecuador 138.29 128.2 119.14 107.06 94.96 81.5 68.29 55.07 43.14 33.82 27.1 23.37 21.06 < - '' 92 Egypt 248.69 204.61 184.06 170.17 165.44 133.17 106.87 74.3 59.56 36.69 29.36 23.47 18.92 < - '' 93 Brazil 136.51 123.97 111.95 101.46 91.87 83.61 70.72 50.56 40.78 30.37 25.19 20.89 15.33 < - '' 94 Kazakhstan 110.12 101.79 93.46 85.17 76.89 68.6 60.31 52.01 51.06 43.47 32.04 27 14.12 < - '' 95 Libya 254.08 230.08 166.22 121.47 90.01 67.16 51.03 41.21 32.93 29.63 27.23 24.29 24.29 < - '' 96 North Korea 122.82 83.1 79.69 58.15 45.28 36.32 31.12 27.39 42.11 57.81 28.49 27.29 21.99 < - '' 97 Philippines 96.77 86.55 77.38 67.8 59.27 62.36 54.52 39.55 36.05 32.29 28.91 25.88 23.17 < - '' 98 Trinidad and Tobago 82.59 66.55 50.72 48.43 43.44 37.62 31.74 29.09 28.18 28.8 28.94 26.57 24.76 < - '' 99 Honduras 169.3 153.97 135.54 119.02 103.71 81.06 65.01 52.99 43.05 35.06 31.22 29.44 27.79 < - '' 100 Dominican Republic 153.23 138.72 123.99 109.02 95.97 86.02 75.23 62.94 47.65 41.35 34.96 29.59 25.09 < - '' 101 Indonesia 192.56 166.71 143.96 124.02 104.93 91.67 80.01 68.32 56.18 45.27 36.49 29.69 24.97 < - '' 102 Guatemala 140.91 133.85 126.78 115.53 102.48 90.96 79.34 67.08 54.82 45.54 38.66 30.14 22.64 < - '' 103 Morocco 151.25 143.08 132.95 122.68 113.14 102 83.85 66.58 53.01 44.05 37.94 31.78 26.3 < - '' 104 Kyrgyzstan 140.19 130.16 120.13 110.1 100.06 90.03 80.04 70.03 59.88 48.3 40.33 36.4 19.56 < - '' 105 Paraguay 73.44 69.73 62.28 58.56 53.1 51.04 48.9 46.71 42.94 39.21 35.55 32.04 28.79 < - '' 106 Mongolia 183.2 165.09 134.69 118.76 106.58 104.57 102.39 91.76 67.56 53.95 40.83 30.52 25.79 < - '' 107 Iraq 225.44 169.94 128.62 91.4 72.74 56.99 43.29 38.07 36.57 36.2 34.68 33.28 32.1 3 < - '' 108 Algeria 163.06 153.57 142.88 132.35 122.25 105.5 75.37 55.38 47.67 41.92 37.45 34.18 30.28 < - '' 109 Guyana 72.28 66.84 62.08 57.42 56 54.46 52.53 49.9 44.94 40.49 36.56 34.41 33.23 < - '' 110 Micronesia 96.52 86.52 76.9 67.65 58.32 49.35 47.02 44.63 42.29 39.98 37.93 34.86 32.66 < - '' 111 Bhutan 269.09 238.95 212.13 188.63 158.79 131.13 109.96 92.04 75.64 61.74 51.93 39.52 30.49 < - '' 112 Nepal 228.63 224.08 211.09 189.5 169.22 150.53 130.54 109.56 87.64 68.44 52.87 41.29 32.36 < - '' 113 Botswana 135.21 123.78 113.38 104.05 90.31 74.69 63.53 57.84 56.67 64.82 58.3 38.57 32.49 < - '' 114 Solomon Islands 146.15 131.62 117.53 104.1 91.33 79.13 75.71 89.84 77.89 65.13 51.37 42.86 38.04 < - '' 115 Bangladesh 220.69 189.2 165.88 152.39 183.19 139.68 125.88 108.86 90.3 72.57 56.01 43.31 33.1 < - '' 116 Azerbaijan 120.05 115.04 110.05 105.05 100.02 95.03 90 85 81.83 61.28 52.01 41.06 39.6 < - '' 117 Namibia 171.96 149.2 130.58 115.12 100.75 87.47 76.44 67.11 60.44 57.63 57.17 43.2 33.53 < - '' 118 Western Sahara 217.09 201.68 187.37 173.64 160.1 133.93 110.07 87.97 75.92 64.46 52.97 44.08 37.24 < - '' 119 Madagascar 182.76 168.65 156.52 144.72 133.91 122.45 109.09 107.88 100.09 77.76 57.99 45.5 36.78 < - '' 120 Cambodia 142.64 135.7 134.36 132.07 138.78 320.44 153.54 86 86.13 86.38 65.88 44.97 29.92 < - '' 121 Uzbekistan 125.15 114.95 104.72 94.51 84.32 77.89 71.46 65.03 59.45 54.77 49.91 47.13 44.02 < - '' 122 Sao Tome and Principe 124.52 112.38 99 88.13 76.06 64.93 63.63 60.54 57.53 54.64 51.86 46.05 43.51 < - '' 123 South Africa 110.47 98.54 91 83.61 77.17 70.63 60.72 52.11 48.28 53.35 57.16 51.91 38.32 < - '' 124 Tajikistan 160.17 151.29 142.42 133.55 124.67 115.8 106.94 98.04 88.19 79.65 63.06 45.14 39.88 < - '' 125 Turkmenistan 150.17 140.29 130.42 120.54 110.68 100.77 90.9 81.03 75.51 61.27 51.75 50.49 46.7 < - '' 126 India 186.18 170.44 157.54 146.79 135.78 120.67 105.65 93.15 81.93 71.01 59.94 50.11 41.36 < - '' 127 Papua New Guinea 158.08 145.66 132.66 113.81 99.28 87.29 74.47 72.97 66.75 61.72 56.19 50.07 47.58 < - '' 128 Bolivia 173.02 165.44 156.6 146.5 135.27 123.28 110.8 97.83 84.91 72.57 61.21 51.02 42.95 < - '' 129 Haiti 221.59 195.06 171.75 151.23 135.72 132.01 123.24 100.98 85.8 70.26 56.06 52.22 46.96 < - '' 130 Gabon 179.55 166.77 157.69 134.39 113.63 95.02 77.68 62.94 60.07 59.69 59.96 52.7 43.18 < - '' 131 Myanmar 213.87 175.82 156.25 124.12 111.72 100.6 90.51 81.29 72.8 65.24 57.9 52.25 46.47 < - '' 132 Gambia 156.29 150.08 144.18 127.49 113.46 100.97 89.96 81.57 75.21 69.62 60.04 50.95 47.07 < - '' 133 East Timor 264.61 241.82 220.83 201.22 183.36 253.8 183.65 141.46 118.77 84.75 63.99 50.16 43.91 < - '' 134 Tanzania 153.38 143.25 136.24 128.16 118.72 108.58 104.58 102.22 103.09 92.24 69.56 52.36 36.96 < - '' 135 Senegal 127.8 122.96 117.58 112.89 108.11 97.39 84.98 75.29 71.61 68.27 61.15 54.13 44.34 < - '' 136 Eritrea 199.88 190.35 179.09 161.49 140.38 125.32 116.03 104.65 89.89 73.27 61.79 53.91 46.49 < - '' 137 Ghana 147.49 133.57 122.09 113.31 106.54 99.27 92.7 82.76 72.51 66.91 60.91 55.35 51.08 < - '' 138 Laos 177.08 166.99 157.02 147.55 138.24 130.43 122.03 108.47 95.71 82.44 69.23 56.74 46.78 < - '' 139 Zimbabwe 114.59 105.19 96.71 89.58 82.75 74.27 62.75 57.11 58.88 67.24 69.29 61.79 48.42 < - '' 140 Kenya 147.17 133.79 117.09 104.48 91.6 80.47 69.89 67.81 71.71 74.32 67.87 59.27 52.48 < - '' 141 Sudan 134.73 121.59 111.31 102.17 93.35 89.09 87.02 84.12 79.95 73.83 66.83 59.66 53.32 < - '' 142 Yemen 251.32 251.32 251.32 212.89 180.06 147.32 116.97 95.36 84 75.36 67.96 61.31 53.55 < - '' 143 Djibouti 154.4 143.47 131.38 120.3 104.06 96.41 87.4 81.26 76.14 71.78 68.13 63.45 55.31 < - '' 144 Ethiopia 199.54 181.67 160.19 148.09 140.7 136.72 140.3 125.9 114.17 96.7 77.98 59.89 49.99 < - '' 145 Togo 186.36 164.28 145.04 128.11 112.92 100.71 92.31 87.19 83.46 80.25 77.37 64.33 50.18 < - '' 146 Congo 142.12 122.77 106.99 96.63 89.97 84.1 79.21 77.66 79.72 84.95 81.84 64.29 50.61 < - '' 147 Rwanda 160.54 151.8 143.23 137.18 135.17 128.27 108.78 113.65 288.71 116.33 89.88 58.83 49.21 < - '' 148 Niger 161.92 160.23 158.5 155.63 150.73 138.75 132.83 139 129.73 102.93 81.84 63.73 59.84 < - '' 149 Zambia 148.41 137.04 126.68 117.97 107.21 101.06 103.42 111.79 114.96 106.38 86.2 69.53 55.36 < - '' 150 Uganda 160.59 145.42 130.27 116.55 112.3 111.5 112.68 115.54 109.89 98.4 80.74 69.51 61.2 < - '' 151 Mauritania 147.98 135.49 122.8 113.65 106.18 98.88 89.25 82.7 79.68 76.12 75.63 72.66 67.27 < - '' 152 Lesotho 169.18 150.24 134.2 130.18 122.96 109.57 93.78 83.61 69.36 79.16 84.14 75.69 60.14 < - '' 153 Benin 209.68 192.46 176.9 162.61 147.91 134.17 122.33 112.75 102.58 92.06 82.37 73.78 68.7 < - '' 154 Swaziland 174.03 160.55 150.6 140.72 124.19 107.87 90.47 77.36 69.3 80.2 86.66 75.89 64.64 < - '' 155 Mozambique 220.37 201.6 184.98 172.23 158.55 147.98 151.87 146.14 135.42 111.43 89.28 73.8 64.42 < - '' 156 Liberia 224.45 218.49 212.21 194.99 177.64 163.83 154.23 157.78 154.59 128.82 96.88 71.8 61.18 < - '' 157 Pakistan 255.92 205.99 171.45 148.57 134.62 125.7 118.55 110.38 101.72 92.64 84.01 76.89 69.84 < - '' 158 Burkina Faso 228.22 209.14 192.24 172.16 153.56 133.04 119.31 109.73 104.02 99.51 90.01 78.16 66.54 < - '' 159 Guinea 207.04 200.11 195.12 192.29 185.54 171.49 156.56 142.47 128.31 111.79 95.25 80.99 59.2 < - '' 160 Afghanistan 280.98 256.27 234.26 216.07 198.77 180.32 159.16 134.14 111.31 98.68 89.53 79.51 71.12 < - '' 161 Equatorial Guinea 196.61 186.23 176.29 166.78 157.67 148.65 129.63 120.99 110.8 100.16 90.6 80.44 70.1 < - '' 162 Cameroon 169.54 157.85 144.97 133.08 120.01 107.57 98.35 93.41 89.85 88.19 86.78 82.47 73.51 < - '' 163 Malawi 197.97 192.55 185.92 180.1 168.94 159.37 152.56 150.57 139.24 121.43 105.13 79.65 60.09 < - '' 164 Côte d'Ivoire 268.03 236.91 200.22 169.47 144.21 124.87 112.62 106.63 103.27 99.25 91.63 84.61 73.43 < - '' 165 Congo_DR 166.75 157.67 151.31 143.56 133.79 129.22 121.55 116.08 109.77 112.95 99.57 83.87 73.18 < - '' 166 Burundi 166.77 157.68 148.9 140.51 136.68 125.14 117.26 112.39 120.61 102.74 94.6 86.26 77.87 < - '' 167 Somalia 200.17 186.23 173.24 160.69 147.53 136.83 127.82 123.28 129.6 105.17 97.02 89.78 79.47 < - '' 168 South Sudan 248.59 226.18 209.57 193.95 181.32 169.05 163.86 149.89 129.95 113.91 101.41 89.11 77.67 < - '' 169 Nigeria 200.68 186.61 172.91 159.63 147.3 134.23 125.33 126.02 125.99 118.61 104.03 89.93 76.31 < - '' 170 Mali 242.34 223.84 207.17 191.71 176.43 162.85 150.76 139.08 128.12 118.19 108.94 89.43 84 < - '' 171 Guinea - Bissau 180.38 174.45 167.95 159.18 152.27 143.01 134.83 128.53 121.55 114.96 108.05 101.94 91.87 < - '' 172 Central African Republic 204.13 189.59 175.86 159.77 138.46 119.22 110.39 109.05 111.63 113.83 112.79 105.76 93.47 < - '' 173 Chad 186.47 177.63 168.82 159.72 146.31 137.78 130.14 123.28 119.15 114.25 110.86 106.03 95.85 < - '' 174 Angola 230.82 215.04 200.16 186.2 173.03 160.95 157.11 153.18 150.66 138.01 116.05 104.35 96.22 < - '' 175 Sierra Leone 236.9 229.39 221.47 210.63 181.11 162.11 151.34 151.59 160.58 148.92 134.93 116.97 94.43 < - '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Countries are ranked based on last three columns average calculated in order to make the rank more independent from fluctuations in any single ( most recent ) column . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United Nations World Population Prospects : the 2015 Revision - an XLS file ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook : Infant Mortality Rate '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/mortality_under_five_text/en/ Jump up ^ http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-2-viz?lang=en ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate&oldid=805550345 '' Categories : Lists of countries Population Health by country Death by country Deaths by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Português Русский தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 03 : 12 . About Wikipedia	where does the united states rank in infant mortality rate	[ "\n\nRank\nCountry\nUnder-five mortality rate\nRelative under-five mortality rate\n\n\n1\n Turkey\n13.5\n13.5\n \n\n\n\n2\n Mexico\n13.2\n13.2\n \n\n\n\n3\n Argentina\n10.6\n10.6\n \n\n\n\n4\n Slovakia\n7.3\n7.3\n \n\n\n\n5\n United States\n6.5\n6.5\n \n\n\n\n6\n Hungary\n5.9\n5.9\n \n\n\n\n7\n New Zealand\n5.7\n5.7\n \n\n\n\n8\n Poland\n5.2\n5.2\n \n\n\n\n9\n Canada\n4.9\n4.9\n \n\n\n\n10\n Greece\n4.6\n4.6\n \n\n\n\n11\n France\n4.3\n4.3\n \n\n\n\n12\n United Kingdom\n4.2\n4.2\n \n\n\n\n13\n Spain\n4.1\n4.1\n \n\n\n\n14\n Belgium\n4.1\n4.1\n \n\n\n\n15\n Israel\n4.0\n4\n \n\n\n\n16\n Switzerland\n3.9\n3.9\n \n\n\n\n17\n Australia\n3.8\n3.8\n \n\n\n\n18\n Netherlands\n3.8\n3.8\n \n\n\n\n19\n Germany\n3.7\n3.7\n \n\n\n\n20\n Portugal\n3.6\n3.6\n \n\n\n\n21\n Ireland\n3.6\n3.6\n \n\n\n\n22\n Italy\n3.5\n3.5\n \n\n\n\n23\n Denmark\n3.5\n3.5\n \n\n\n\n24\n Austria\n3.5\n3.5\n \n\n\n\n25\n Czech Republic\n3.4\n3.4\n \n\n\n\n26\n South Korea\n3.4\n3.4\n \n\n\n\n27\n Sweden\n3.0\n3\n \n\n\n\n28\n Estonia\n2.9\n2.9\n \n\n\n\n29\n Japan\n2.7\n2.7\n \n\n\n\n30\n Slovenia\n2.6\n2.6\n \n\n\n\n31\n Norway\n2.6\n2.6\n \n\n\n\n32\n Finland\n2.3\n2.3\n \n\n\n\n33\n Iceland\n2.0\n2\n \n\n\n\n34\n Luxembourg\n1.9\n1.9\n \n\n\n" ]	[ "5" ]
-73662124529443996	History of bread	History of bread - wikipedia History of bread Jump to : navigation , search Slab stele from mastaba tomb of Itjer at Giza . 4th Dynasty , 2543 - 2435 BC . Itjer is seated at a table with slices of bread , shown vertical by convention . Egyptian Museum , Turin Bread was central to the formation of early human societies . From the western half of Asia , where wheat was domesticated , cultivation spread north and west , to Europe and North Africa . This in turn led to the formation of towns , as opposed to the nomadic lifestyle , and gave rise to more and more sophisticated forms of societal organization . Similar developments occurred in eastern Asia , centered on rice , and in the Americas with maize . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages 3 To the 19th century 4 Industrialization 5 See also 6 Notes Antiquity ( edit ) Conical loaves of bread as grave goods exactly as laid out in the Great Tomb , North Necropolis , Gebelein , 5th Dynasty ( Old Kingdom ) , 2435 - 2305 BC . Excavations by Ernesto Schiaparelli , 1911 . Egyptian Museum , Turin , S. 14051 - 14055 There is extensive evidence of breadmaking in Ancient Egypt in the form of artistic depictions , remains of structures and items used in bread making , and remains of the dough and bread itself . The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough ( with sugar and water in ) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter . Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce `` a lighter kind of bread than other peoples . '' Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting , or wheat bran steeped in wine , as a source for yeast . The idea of a free - standing oven that could be pre-heated , with a door for access , appears to have been Greek . Even in antiquity there were a wide variety of breads . In ancient times the Greek bread was barley bread : Solon declared that wheaten bread might only be baked for feast days . By the 5th century BC bread could be purchased in Athens from a baker 's shop , and in Rome , Greek bakers appeared in the 2nd century BC , as Hellenized Asia Minor was added to Roman dominion as the province of Asia ; the foreign bakers of bread were permitted to form a collegium . In the Deipnosophistae , the author Athenaeus ( c.A.D. 170 -- c. 230 ) describes some of the bread , cakes , and pastries available in the Classical world . Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes , honey - and - oil bread , mushroom - shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds , and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit . The type and quality of flours used to produce bread could also vary , as noted by Diphilus when he declared `` bread made of wheat , as compared with that made of barley , is more nourishing , more digestible , and in every way superior . '' In order of merit , the bread made from refined ( thoroughly sieved ) flour comes first , after that bread from ordinary wheat , and then the unbolted , made of flour that has not been sifted . '' The essentiality of bread in the diet was reflected in the name for the rest of the meal : ópson , `` condiment '' , i.e. bread 's accompaniment , whatever it might be . Middle ages ( edit ) Peasants sharing bread , from the Livre du roi Modus et de la reine Ratio , France , 14th century . ( Bibliothèque nationale ) In medieval Europe , bread served not only as a staple food but also as part of the table service . In the standard table setting of the day the trencher , a piece of stale bread roughly 6 inches by 4 inches ( 15 cm by 10 cm ) , was served as an absorbent plate . At the completion of a meal the trencher could then be eaten , given to the poor , or fed to the dogs . It was not until the 15th century that trenchers made of wood started to replace the bread variety . To the 19th century ( edit ) Up to the 19th century , bread in Europe was often adulterated with hazardous materials , including chalk , sawdust , alum , plaster , clay and ammonium carbonate . This gradually came to an end with government action , such as the 1860 and 1899 Food Adulteration Acts in Britain . America had a more difficult time ending these processes of adulteration however , as various states had varying policies regarding bread making . In the late 19th century , the British empire encouraged a noticeable increase in import of bread from the colonies . This was regarded as British bread despite its origins , and institutes such as the Imperial Economic Committee encouraged the consumption and trade of foods such as bread from across the empire as they viewed it as cementing Britain 's position in its colonies further . Advancements in refrigeration technology and techniques also encouraged an increase in the import of bread , as it could be preserved a lot longer than before and could be transported over longer distances . Bread was transported and stored using refrigeration more than most other foods , particularly in North America , as it was a staple food in most diets , more so than other staple foods like meat . Industrialization ( edit ) The industrialization of bread - baking was a formative step in the creation of the modern world . Otto Frederick Rohwedder is considered to be the father of sliced bread . In 1912 Rohwedder started work on inventing a machine that sliced bread , but bakeries were reluctant to use it since they were concerned the sliced bread would go stale . It was not until 1928 , when Rohwedder invented a machine that both sliced and wrapped the bread , that sliced bread caught on . A bakery in Chillicothe , Missouri was the first to use this machine to produce sliced bread . An automated bakery with industrial robots palletizing bread , Germany A major change was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood Bread Process . This used the intense mechanical working of dough , and control of gases touching dough , to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition . The process , whose high - energy mixing allows for the use of inferior grain , is now widely used around the world in large factories . In total contrast , traditional breadmaking is extremely time - consuming , as the dough is mixed with yeast and requires several cycles of kneading and resting in order to become ready for baking , and to produce the desired flavor and texture . For generations , white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark ( whole grain ) bread . However , in most western societies , the connotations reversed in the late 20th century , with whole grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while Chorleywood bread became associated with lower - class ignorance of nutrition . More recently , and especially in smaller retail bakeries , chemical additives are used that both speed up mixing time and reduce necessary fermentation time , so that a batch of bread may be mixed , made up , risen , and baked in fewer than three hours . Dough that does not require fermentation because of chemical additives is called `` quick bread '' by commercial bakers . Common additives include reducing agents such as L - cysteine or sodium metabisulfite , and oxidants such as potassium bromate or ascorbic acid ; this last ingredient is added to wholemeal bread , in order to increase the softness of the loaf . Calcium was added to flour in the UK to prevent rickets which had been detected as common in women who joined the World War 2 effort . Often these chemicals are added to dough in the form of a prepackaged base , which also contains most or all of the dough 's non-flour ingredients . Since 1986 , domestic breadmakers that automate the process of making bread have become popular in the home . See also ( edit ) Food portal Food history Cultural significance of bread Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel , Delwen ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Their staff of life : Initial investigations on ancient Egyptian bread baking '' . In KEMP , B.J. Amarna Reports ( PDF ) . 5 . London : Egypt Exploration Society . pp. 1253 -- 1290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85698 - 109 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez Carretero , Lara ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` 3,500 - year - old bread and beer from the New Kingdom , Egypt '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuel , D. ( 1994 ) . `` An archaeological study of baking and bread in New Kingdom Egypt ( doctoral thesis ) '' . Jump up ^ Samuel , Delwen ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 22 : Brewing and baking '' . In Nicholson , P.T. ; Shaw , I. Ancient Egyptian materials and technology ( PDF ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 537 -- 576 . ISBN 9780521452571 . Jump up ^ Samuel , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Baking and Brewing Methods by Correlative Microscopy '' . Science . 273 ( 5274 ) : 488 -- 490 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 273.5274. 488 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Delwen ( 2002 ) . `` Bread in archaeology '' . Civilisations ( 49 ) : 27 -- 36 . doi : 10.4000 / civilisations. 1353 . Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 68f . Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 204 gives a date of 168 for `` a considerable influx of craftsmen bakers ( pistores ) of Greek origin into Rome '' . Jump up ^ Chrysippus of Tyana gives a list of thirty kinds , without commentary ( Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 202 ) . Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 91 Jump up ^ Changes in diet are reflected in the modern significance of opson as fish ( Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 202 ) ; in Italy the contorni are now the accompaniment to meat rather than bread . Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 227 Jump up ^ `` The fight against food adulteration '' . Rsc.org . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ MS. , City Clerk 's Office , Record Book , 1814 - 1820 , pp. 3 , 5 . Jump up ^ The Trade Marks Journal . Jump up ^ It occupies a section in Sigfried Giedion , ( 1948 ) 1969 . Mechanization Takes Command ( New York Oxford University Press ) . Jump up ^ Criticisms of the Chorleywood bread process Archived 22 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christianne L.H. Hupkens , Ronald A. Knibbe and Maris J. Drop , for example analyzed social class variation in the intake of fat and fibre , including white bread consumption , in Maastricht , Liège and Aachen , `` Social Class Differences in Women 's Fat and Fibre Consumption : A Cross-National Study '' 1995 ; the literature on class perceptions and diet is enormous . Jump up ^ Pyler , Ernst John ( 1958 ) . Our Daily Bread . Siebel . p. 703 . Jump up ^ Elkassabany , M. ; Hoseney , R.C. ; Seib , P.A. ( 1980 ) . `` Ascorbic Acid as an Oxidant in Wheat Flour Dough . I. Conversion to Dehydroascorbic Acid '' ( PDF ) . Cereal Chem. 57 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : fob.co.uk : `` History of bread -- 20th century '' Jump up ^ Nonaka , I. and Takeuchi , H. ( 1995 ) , The Knowledge - Creating Company , Oxford University Press . ( hide ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_bread&oldid=841091067 '' Categories : Breads History of food and drink Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 01 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was bread invented and who created it	[ "There is extensive evidence of breadmaking in Ancient Egypt in the form of artistic depictions, remains of structures and items used in bread making, and remains of the dough and bread itself.[1][2][3][4][5][6]" ]	[ "Ancient Egypt" ]
6601396255144300421	Where the Heart Is (UK TV series)	Where the Heart is ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia Where the Heart is ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British TV series . For other uses , see Where the Heart Is . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Where the Heart Is Genre Family drama Created by Vicky Featherstone Ashley Pharoah Starring the cast Opening theme Prefab Sprout -- `` Where the Heart Is '' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 110 Production Producer ( s ) United Productions ( later Granada ) with : Anglia Television ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Meridian Broadcasting ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Granada Television ( 2006 ) Running time 60 minutes Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1997 ) 14 : 9 ( 1998 ) 16 : 9 ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Audio format Stereo Original release 6 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 06 ) -- 10 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) Where the Heart Is is a British television family drama series set in the Yorkshire town of Skelthwaite . First shown in 1997 , it was created by Ashley Pharoah and Vicky Featherstone and focuses on the professional and personal lives of the district nurses who work in the town . The original leads were Sarah Lancashire and Pam Ferris , who played sisters - in - law and colleagues at the Skelthwaite Health Centre . Both actresses had left the series by 2000 , but the format of at least two female leads continued with various actresses until the show 's end . A typical episode would focus on one or two medical storylines interwoven with personal stories featuring one or both nurses . One of ITV 's longest - running shows , Where the Heart Is was known for being what has been described as a haven for former soap stars , including Lancashire , Philip Middlemiss , Samantha Giles , Kerrie Taylor , Brian Capron and Shobna Gulati . In October 2006 , the series was cancelled after nine years , despite viewing figures of well over 7 million . The theme song `` Where the Heart is '' was performed by Prefab Sprout ( written and sung by Paddy McAloon ) . It was released as a single and appears on the band 's 38 Carat Collection . The series is currently being repeated on ITV3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Cast 3.1 Final cast 3.2 Notable ex-cast members 4 Episodes 4.1 Series One ( 1997 ) 4.2 Series Two ( 1998 ) 4.3 Series Three ( 1999 ) 4.4 Series Four ( 2000 ) 4.5 Series Five ( 2001 ) 4.6 Series Six ( 2002 ) 4.7 Series Seven ( 2003 ) 4.8 Series Eight ( 2004 ) 4.9 Series Nine ( 2005 ) 4.10 Series Ten ( 2006 ) 5 DVD release 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show follows the lives of the people of Skelthwaite , a fictional small Yorkshire town ; particularly the work of the district nurses at the town 's health centre . It originally focuses on the extended Snow and Goddard family -- sisters - in - law and close friends Peggy Snow ( Ferris ) and Ruth Goddard ( Lancashire ) who work together as district nurses , while Ruth 's husband and Peggy 's younger brother Simon ( Thomas Craig ) is the town 's main employer through his paper products factory . Peggy 's husband Vic ( Tony Haygarth ) and her children Stephen and Lucy provide family - focused storylines which sit alongside the medical - based plots . The programme underwent major changes at the end of series three and the beginning of series four , with first Lancashire and then Ferris departing . Ruth and Simon split , with Ruth moving to Australia , and Peggy tragically dies following a road accident involving a horse which also left her daughter Lucy fighting for her life . Storylines continued to focus on the rest of the family , with Simon and Vic adjusting to life as single men and for Vic , as a single father , whilst old friends Anna Kirkwall ( Lesley Dunlop ) and Karen Buckley ( Leslie Ash ) take over at the health centre . Anna begins a romance with Simon , but rejects him just before their wedding day , knowing that he wants to be with Ruth and Alfie in Australia . Karen 's marriage to her husband David ( Philip Middlemiss ) crumbles when she chooses to focus on helping her long - lost son recover from his drug addiction , leading to Ash 's departure from the series in 2003 . Anna and David later become a couple , marry and remain the show 's lead characters for the rest of its run . Several other nurses work alongside Anna during this time , most notably Sally Boothe ( Samantha Giles ) , whose family becomes the focus of many of the non-medical storylines after the remaining members of the Snow family departed in 2002 . In an echo of the Snow family 's development , Sally is also killed off , with later storylines focusing on her family 's attempts to cope without her . Over the years the cast was expanded and the show became more of an ensemble drama , with typically three major nurse characters at any one time alongside other townsfolk , usually workers at Goddard 's Paper Products and their families . Production ( edit ) The series was filmed in the Colne and Holme valleys of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire using the real life villages of Marsden , Golcar , Slaithwaite and Meltham for many of the external shots . The first series was mostly filmed in Slaithwaite , with some exterior shots filmed in the village of Baildon , but from series 2 onwards , Marsden was used as the principal filming location . Cast ( edit ) Final cast ( edit ) Lesley Dunlop as Anna Kirkwall / Buckley Jessica Childs - Cavill as Amy Kirkwall Molly Martin & Millie Martin as Rachel Kirkwall / Boothe Christian Cooke as Luke Kirkwall Philip Middlemiss as David Buckley Brian Capron as Ozias Harding Andrew Paul as Billy Boothe Holly Lucas as Megan Boothe / Kirkwall Adam Paul Harvey as Nathan Boothe Shobna Gulati as Nisha Clayton Ian Kelsey as Jack Clayton Fiona Wade as Rowan Clayton Richard Mylan as Danny Flint Taylor Bourke as Cady Flint Andrea Lowe as Zoë Phelps Joanna Riding as Terri Gough Wesley Nelson as Alfie Gough Tom Chadbon as Dr. Kenworthy Notable ex-cast members ( edit ) Denise van Outen as Kim Blakeney Geraldine Newman as Mrs Murfin Katie Riddoch as Molly Beresford Pam Ferris as Peggy Snow Tony Haygarth as Vic Snow Leslie Ash as Karen Buckley Keith Barron as Alan Boothe Georgia Moffett as Alice Harding Kelly Wenham as Jess Buckley Julian Lewis Jones as Tom Beresford Samantha Giles as Sally Boothe Thomas Craig as Simon Goddard Sarah Lancashire as Ruth Goddard Andrew Knott as Henry Green William Ash as Stephen Snow Jason Done as Stephen Snow Jessica Baglow as Lucy Snow Danny Seward as Joe Beresford Kerrie Taylor as Beth Enright / Beresford Holly Grainger as Megan Boothe ( first ) Marsha Thomason as Jacqui Richards / Snow Paulette P Williams as Jacqui Richards / Snow Matthew Lewis as Billy Bevan Vincenzo Pellegrino as Chris Eckersley William Travis as Dick Lampard Kathryn Hunt as Cheryl Lampard Phillippa Wilson as Cheryl Lampard Neil McCaul as Keith Harrison Melanie Kilburn as Sandra Harrison Alex Carter as Craig Harrison Episodes ( edit ) Series One ( 1997 ) ( edit ) `` Skelthwaite '' ( 6 April 1997 ) `` Things Fall Apart '' ( 13 April 1997 ) `` Summoned by Bells '' ( 20 April 1997 ) `` A Place in the World '' ( 27 April 1997 ) `` King Walter '' ( 4 May 1997 ) `` Dream '' ( 11 May 1997 ) Series Two ( 1998 ) ( edit ) `` The Final Curtain '' ( 19 April 1998 ) `` The Healing Game '' ( 26 April 1998 ) `` Fresh '' ( 3 May 1998 ) `` Gone Fishing '' ( 10 May 1998 ) `` Darkness Follows '' ( 17 May 1998 ) `` Family Matters '' ( 24 May 1998 ) `` Ice Pops '' ( 31 May 1998 ) `` No Place Like Home '' ( 7 June 1998 ) `` She Goes On '' ( 21 June 1998 ) `` Love '' ( 5 July 1998 ) Series Three ( 1999 ) ( edit ) `` Expansions '' ( 18 April 1999 ) `` Learning the Game '' ( 25 April 1999 ) `` Flesh and Blood '' ( 2 May 1999 ) `` Letting Go '' ( 9 May 1999 ) `` Moving On '' ( 16 May 1999 ) `` Home '' ( 23 May 1999 ) `` Reach for the Stars '' ( 30 May 1999 ) `` New Moon Arising '' ( 6 June 1999 ) `` Not My Brother '' ( 20 June 1999 ) `` A Special Language '' ( 27 June 1999 ) `` A Higher Duty '' ( 4 July 1999 ) `` Runaway '' ( 11 July 1999 ) `` Union '' ( 18 July 1999 ) `` The Letter '' ( 25 July 1999 ) Series Four ( 2000 ) ( edit ) `` Breaking the Ice '' ( 30 April 2000 ) `` No Regrets '' ( 7 May 2000 ) `` The Dead Zone '' ( 14 May 2000 ) `` Shifting Sands '' ( 21 May 2000 ) `` Visiting Rights '' ( 28 May 2000 ) `` The Leaving Party '' ( 4 June 2000 ) `` A Foreign Field '' ( 11 June 2000 ) `` Unforgettable '' ( 9 July 2000 ) `` A Good Day '' ( 16 July 2000 ) `` Friends in Need '' ( 23 July 2000 ) `` Idle Hands '' ( 30 July 2000 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' ( 6 August 2000 ) `` Modern Love '' ( 13 August 2000 ) `` Legacy '' ( 20 August 2000 ) `` Getting Better '' ( 27 August 2000 ) `` The Field '' ( 3 September 2000 ) Series Five ( 2001 ) ( edit ) `` Happiness '' ( 22 April 2001 ) `` Runaways '' ( 29 April 2001 ) `` Sanctuary '' ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Choices '' ( 13 May 2001 ) `` The Ties That Bind '' ( 20 May 2001 ) `` Home to Roost '' ( 27 May 2001 ) `` Faith '' ( 3 June 2001 ) `` Pound of Flesh '' ( 17 June 2001 ) `` Damage '' ( 24 June 2001 ) `` Too Much Too Young '' ( 1 July 2001 ) `` Temptation '' ( 8 July 2001 ) `` As Time Goes By '' ( 15 July 2001 ) `` Declaration '' ( 22 July 2001 ) `` Sticks and Stones '' ( 29 July 2001 ) `` Cats and Dogs '' ( 5 August 2001 ) `` The Team '' ( 12 August 2001 ) Series Six ( 2002 ) ( edit ) `` No Turning Back '' ( 21 April 2002 ) `` Relative Strangers '' ( 28 April 2002 ) `` Happy Returns '' ( 5 May 2002 ) `` Trust '' ( 12 May 2002 ) `` In Your Dreams '' ( 19 May 2002 ) `` United We Stand '' ( 26 May 2002 ) `` Hold My Hand '' ( 2 June 2002 ) `` Do n't Let Go '' ( 9 June 2002 ) `` Never Alone '' ( 16 June 2002 ) `` Flesh and Blood '' ( 23 June 2002 ) `` Count on Me '' ( 30 June 2002 ) `` Extra Time '' ( 7 July 2002 ) Series Seven ( 2003 ) ( edit ) `` My Way '' ( 6 July 2003 ) `` The Games We Play '' ( 13 July 2003 ) `` The Need Of You '' ( 20 July 2003 ) `` Love Hurts '' ( 27 July 2003 ) `` Not Waving But Drowning '' ( 3 August 2003 ) `` A Time To Dance '' ( 10 August 2003 ) `` Coming Home '' ( 17 August 2003 ) `` Mister And Missus '' ( 24 August 2003 ) `` Archangel '' ( 23 December 2003 ) Series Eight ( 2004 ) ( edit ) `` Bowl Of Cherries '' ( 11 July 2004 ) `` Stormy Weather '' ( 18 July 2004 ) `` Moon River '' ( 25 July 2004 ) `` The Games We Play '' ( 1 August 2004 ) `` Little Boy Blue '' ( 8 August 2004 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 15 August 2004 ) `` Body And Soul '' ( 22 August 2004 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 29 August 2004 ) Series Nine ( 2005 ) ( edit ) `` Care '' ( 26 June 2005 ) `` When All This Is Over '' ( 3 July 2005 ) `` Stamp Of Approval '' ( 10 July 2005 ) `` Sisters Under The Skin '' ( 17 July 2005 ) `` Together '' ( 24 July 2005 ) `` Legacy '' ( 31 July 2005 ) `` Brief Encounters '' ( 7 August 2005 ) `` Peaches And Cream '' ( 14 August 2005 ) `` So Long '' ( 21 August 2005 ) `` In A Perfect World '' ( 28 August 2005 ) Series Ten ( 2006 ) ( edit ) `` RSVP '' ( 16 July 2006 ) `` Greater Love '' ( 23 July 2006 ) `` Home Grown '' ( 30 July 2006 ) `` Walk Of Faith '' ( 6 August 2006 ) `` Closure '' ( 13 August 2006 ) `` Finding Heaven '' ( 20 August 2006 ) `` Do n't Look Back In Anger '' ( 27 August 2006 ) `` Flesh And Blood '' ( 3 September 2006 ) `` And On The Way I Dropped It '' ( 10 September 2006 ) DVD release ( edit ) DVDs of the series in the UK are listed below , released by Network DVD . So far Series 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 have been released . DVD Season Ep # Original aired Region 2 ( UK ) Series 1 6 6 April -- 11 May 1997 27 March 2006 Series 2 10 19 April -- 5 July 1998 21 May 2012 Series 3 14 18 April -- 25 July 1999 6 May 2013 Series 4 16 30 April -- 3 September 2000 10 March 2014 Series 5 16 22 April -- 12 August 2001 TBA Series 6 12 21 April -- 7 July 2002 TBA Series 7 9 6 July -- 23 December 2003 TBA Series 8 8 11 July -- 29 August 2004 TBA Series 9 10 26 June -- 28 August 2005 TBA Series 10 9 16 July -- 10 September 2006 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soaps -- News - ' Where The Heart Is ' axed after a decade -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy. 2006 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Where The Heart is -- The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Where the Heart Is : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Heart Is -- The Complete Series 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Pam Ferris , Tony Haygarth , William Ash , Jessica Baglow , Sarah Lancashire , A.J. Quinn , Nicholas Laughland '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Where The Heart Is -- The Complete Series 3 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Pam Ferris , Sarah Lancashire , Tony Haygarth , Thomas Craig , Jason Done , Christopher King , Indra Bhose , Mike '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Where the Heart Is - The Complete Series 4 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Pam Ferris , Tony Haygarth , Leslie Ash , Philip Middlemiss , Lesley Dunlop , Alan Dossor , David Thacker , Chris Bernard , David Agnew , Christopher King : DVD & Blu - ray '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Where the Heart Is on IMDb Where the Heart Is at epguides.com Where the Heart Is at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Heart_Is_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=801228847 '' Categories : 1990s British drama television series 2000s British drama television series 1997 British television programme debuts 2006 British television programme endings British television soap operas Huddersfield ITV television dramas Television shows set in Yorkshire Television series by ITV Studios Television programmes produced by Anglia Television Television programmes produced by Meridian Broadcasting English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played danny in where the heart is	[ "Richard Mylan as Danny Flint" ]	[ "Richard Mylan" ]
3455840755084213949	Texas Declaration of Independence	Texas declaration of Independence - wikipedia Texas declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search Texas Declaration of Independence 1836 facsimile of the Texas Declaration of Independence Created March 2 , 1836 Ratified March 3 , 1836 Location Engrossed copy : Texas State Library and Archives Commission Signatories 60 delegates to the Consultation Purpose To announce and explain separation from Mexico The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington - on - the - Brazos on March 2 , 1836 , and formally signed the next day after mistakes were noted in the text . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Development 3 Signatories 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In October 1835 , settlers in Mexican Texas launched the Texas Revolution . However , within Austin , many struggled with understanding what was the ultimate goal of the Revolution . Some believed that the goal should be total independence from Mexico , while others sought the reimplementation of the Mexican Constitution of 1824 ( which offered greater freedoms than the centralist government declared in Mexico the prior year ) . To settle the issue , a convention was called for March 1836 . This convention differed from the previous Texas councils of 1832 , 1833 , and the 1835 Consultation . Many of the delegates to the 1836 convention were young men who had only recently arrived in Texas from the United States , in violation of the immigration ban of April , 1830 , although many of them had participated in one of the battles in 1835 . The only two known native Texans to sign are Francisco Antonio Ruiz and Jose Antonio Navarro . Most of the delegates were members of the War Party and were adamant that Texas must declare its independence from Mexico . Forty - one delegates arrived in Washington - on - the - Brazos on February 28 . Development ( edit ) The convention was convened on March 1 with Richard Ellis as president . The delegates selected a committee of five to draft a declaration of independence ; the committee was led by George Childress and also included Edward Conrad , James Gaines , Bailey Hardeman , and Collin McKinney . The committee submitted its draft within a mere 24 hours , leading historians to speculate that Childress had written much of it before his arrival at the Convention . The declaration was approved on March 2 with no debate . Based primarily on the writings of John Locke and Thomas Jefferson , the declaration proclaimed that the Mexican government `` ceased to protect the lives , liberty , and property of the people , from whom its legitimate powers are derived '' and complained about `` arbitrary acts of oppression and tyranny '' . Throughout the declaration are numerous references to the United States laws , rights , and customs . Omitted from the declaration was the fact that the author and many of the signatories were occupying Texas illegally , and therefore had no legal rights in the government of Mexico . The declaration makes clear that the men were accustomed to the laws and privileges of the United States , and were unfamiliar with the language , religion , and traditions of the nation that they were rebelling against . The declaration officially established the Republic of Texas . Among others , the declaration mentions the following reasons for the separation : The 1824 Constitution of Mexico establishing a federal republic had been usurped and changed into a centralist military dictatorship by Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna . The Mexican government had invited settlers to Texas and promised them constitutional liberty and republican government , but then reneged on these guarantees . ( It did not mention that many settlers , including the author and majority of signatories , were factually uninvited , illegal trespassers . ) Texas was in union with the Mexican state of Coahuila as Coahuila y Tejas , with the capital in distant Saltillo , and thus the affairs of Texas were decided at a great distance from the province and in the Spanish language , which the immigrants called `` an unknown tongue '' . Political rights to which the settlers had previously been accustomed in the United States , such as the right to keep and bear arms and the right to trial by jury , were denied . No system of public education had been established . Attempts by the Mexican government to enforce import tariffs were called `` piratical attacks '' by `` foreign desperadoes '' . The settlers were not allowed freedom of religion . All legal settlers were required to convert to Catholicism . Based upon the United States Declaration of Independence , the Texas Declaration also contains many memorable expressions of American political principles : `` the right of trial by jury , that palladium of civil liberty , and only safe guarantee for the life , liberty , and property of the citizen . '' `` our arms ... are essential to our defence , the rightful property of freemen , and formidable only to tyrannical governments . '' Signatories ( edit ) Replica of the building at Washington - on - the - Brazos where the Texas Declaration was signed . An inscription reads : `` Here a Nation was born '' . The New Republic Sixty men signed the Texas Declaration of Independence . Three of them were born in Mexico . Fifty - seven of the sixty moved to Texas from the United States . Ten of them had lived in Texas for more than six years , while one - quarter of them had been in the province for less than a year . This is significant , because it indicates that the majority of signatories had moved to Texas after the Law of April 6 , 1830 , banning immigration , had taken effect , meaning that the majority were legally citizens of the United States , occupying Texas illegally . Fifty - nine of these men were delegates to the Convention , and one was the Convention Secretary , Herbert S. Kimble , who was not a delegate . Jesse B. Badgett George Washington Barnett Thomas Barnett Stephen W. Blount John W. Bower Asa Brigham Andrew Briscoe John Wheeler Bunton John S.D. Byrom Mathew Caldwell Samuel Price Carson George C. Childress William Clark , Jr . Robert M. Coleman James Collinsworth Edward Conrad William Carroll Crawford Lorenzo de Zavala Richard Ellis , President of the Convention and Delegate from Red River Stephen H. Everett John Fisher Samuel Rhoads Fisher Robert Thomas ' James ' Gaines Thomas J. Gazley Benjamin Briggs Goodrich Jesse Grimes Robert Hamilton Bailey Hardeman Augustine B. Hardin Sam Houston Herbert Simms Kimble , Secretary William D. Lacy Albert Hamilton Latimer Edwin O. Legrand Collin McKinney Samuel A. Maverick ( from Bejar ) Michel B. Menard William Menefee John W. Moore William Motley José Antonio Navarro Martin Parmer , Delegate from San Augustine Sydney O. Pennington Robert Potter James Power John S. Roberts Sterling C. Robertson José Francisco Ruiz Thomas Jefferson Rusk William . B. Scates George W. Smyth Elijah Stapp Charles B. Stewart James G. Swisher Charles S. Taylor David Thomas John Turner Edwin Waller Claiborne West James B. Woods See also ( edit ) Texas Independence Day Timeline of the Republic of Texas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts and Olson ( 2001 ) , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts and Olson ( 2001 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1982 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Roberts and Olson ( 2001 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Roberts and Olson ( 2001 ) , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Roberts and Olson ( 2001 ) , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Declaration of Independence '' . sonofthesouth.net . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . References ( edit ) Davis , Joe Tom ( 1982 ) . Legendary Texians. 1 . Austin , Texas : Eakin Press . ISBN 0 - 89015 - 336 - 1 . Roberts , Randy ; Olson , James S. ( 2001 ) . A Line in the Sand : The Alamo in Blood and Memory . The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83544 - 4 . Scott , Robert ( 2000 ) . After the Alamo . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55622 - 691 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Texas Declaration of Independence Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Declaration of Independence . Washington on the Brazos The Declaration of Independence , 1836 , from Gammel 's Laws of Texas , Vol . I. , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Declaration of Independence of Texas , 1836 broadside and original manuscript at the Texas State Library and Archives Commission Texas Independence Day , March 2 including Samuel A. Maverick 's broadside copy of the Texas Declaration of Independence . Lone Star Junction Site : copy of The Declaration of Independence , March 2 , 1836 Special Report : Texas Independence Day by Texas Cooking Texas Declaration of Independence from the Handbook of Texas Online School Lesson : Texas Declaration of Independence Descendants of the Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence History of Texas By period French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas By topic Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice By city Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo Lubbock San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas Government agency Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission Sam Houston Governor of Texas ( 1859 -- 1861 ) United States Senate ( 1846 -- 1859 ) President of the Republic of Texas ( 1836 -- 1838 ; 1841 -- 1844 ) Republic of Texas House of Representatives ( 1839 -- 1841 ) Texian Army Commander - in - chief ( 1835 -- 1836 ) Governor of Tennessee ( 1827 -- 1829 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1823 -- 1827 ) History Family and personal life Thomas Caruthers Price Daniel Jr . Andrew Jackson Houston Joshua Houston Margaret Bell Houston Margaret Lea Houston Temple Lea Houston John Jolly List of United States political families Homes Woodland ( Huntsville , Texas ) Texas Governor 's Mansion Steamboat House ( Huntsville , Texas ) Mrs. Sam Houston House Texas Revolution Battle of San Jacinto Consultation of 1835 Convention of 1836 Runaway Scrape Texas Declaration of Independence Treaties of Velasco Yellowstone steamboat Honors and memorials Tennessee Houston County Sam Houston Schoolhouse Texas Houston Fort Sam Houston Sam Houston Coliseum Houston County Sam Houston High School ( Arlington , Texas ) Sam Houston High School ( Houston ) The Sam Houston Hotel Sam Houston Math , Science , and Technology Center Sam Houston National Forest Sam Houston Park Sam Houston Race Park Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge Sam Houston State University Other places Houston County , Minnesota Houston , Mississippi Houston , Missouri Military Sam Houston Award Medal ( Texas ) USS Sam Houston ( SSBN - 609 ) Public art Sam Houston sculpture ( Houston , TX ) Sam Houston ( Ney ) ( Austin , TX & Washington , DC ) A Tribute to Courage statue ( Hunstville , TX ) Misc Sam Houston Zephyr Popular culture Television Gone to Texas Texas Rising Film The Alamo The Conqueror ( 1917 film ) The First Texan Man of Conquest Publications List of works on Sam Houston Actor portrayals Trevor Bardette Richard Boone Philip Bosco Sydney Bromley J.D. Cannon Robert Culp Richard Dix Sam Elliott William Farnum Lorne Greene Stacy Keach Joel McCrea Moroni Olsen Bill Paxton Edward Peil , Sr . Denver Pyle Dennis Quaid Hugh Sanders John Schneider Zachary Scott Tom Skerritt Robert Stack Don Taylor Tom Wilson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=813692804 '' Categories : Declarations of independence Texas Revolution 1836 in law 1836 in the Republic of Texas Sam Houston March 1836 events 1836 documents Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did members of the texas delegation meet to sign a declaration of independence from mexico	[ "\nLocation\nEngrossed copy: Texas State Library and Archives Commission\n" ]	[ "Texas State Library and Archives Commission" ]
6521770046533041254	Michigan Wolverines men's basketball	Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball - wikipedia Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball 2018 -- 19 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team University University of Michigan First season 1909 All - time record 1,474 -- 1,034 (. 588 ) Head coach John Beilein ( 12th season ) Conference Big Ten Location Ann Arbor , Michigan Arena Crisler Center ( Capacity : 12,707 ) Nickname Wolverines Student section Maize Rage Colors Maize and Blue Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament champions 1989 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1965 , 1976 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1964 , 1965 , 1976 , 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 * , 1998 * , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1998 * , 2017 , 2018 Conference regular season champions 1921 , 1926 , 1927 , 1929 , 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 2012 , 2014 * vacated by NCAA The Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Michigan . The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the university campus . Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments ( NIT ) , 14 Big Ten Conference championships and two Big Ten Tournament titles . In addition , it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions . The team is currently coached by John Beilein . Michigan has had 31 All - Americans , selected 44 times . Eight of these have been consensus All - Americans , which are Cazzie Russell ( two times ) , Rickey Green , Gary Grant , Chris Webber , Trey Burke , as well as Harry Kipke , Richard Doyle and Bennie Oosterbaan ( two - times ) who were retroactively selected by the Helms Foundation . Twelve All - Americans have been at least two - time honorees . Russell was the only three - time All - American . Michigan basketball players have been successful in professional basketball . Fifty - eight have been drafted into the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ; twenty - six of those were first round draft picks , including both Cazzie Russell and Chris Webber who were drafted first overall . The 1990 NBA draft in which Rumeal Robinson was selected 10th , Loy Vaught was selected 13th , and Terry Mills was selected 16th made Michigan the third of only ten schools that have ever had three or more players selected in the first round of the same draft . Five players have gone on to become NBA champions for a total of nine times and eight players have become NBA All - Stars a total of 17 times . Rudy Tomjanovich coached both the 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals Champions . Not only has Glen Rice won both an NBA and NCAA championship , he is also one of only nine basketball players to have won a state high school championship , NCAA title and NBA championship . During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal , described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history , when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $ 616,000 . Due to NCAA sanctions , records from the 1992 Final Four , the 1992 -- 93 season , and 1995 -- 99 seasons have been vacated . Throughout this article asterisks denote awards , records and honors that have been vacated . Contents ( hide ) 1 By the numbers 2 History 2.1 Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) 2.2 Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) 2.3 Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) 2.4 Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) 2.5 Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) 2.6 Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) 2.7 McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) 2.8 Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) 2.9 Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) 2.10 Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) 2.11 Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) 2.12 Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) 2.13 Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 2.14 Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) 2.15 Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) 3 Coaching Staff 4 Championships 4.1 NCAA National Championships 4.2 Big Ten Regular Season Championships 4.3 Big Ten Tournament Championships 5 Rivalries 5.1 Record against Big Ten opponents 6 Fab Five 7 Ed Martin scandal 8 Coaching records 9 Honored players and coaches 9.1 Retired numbers 9.2 Awards and honors 10 Postseason 10.1 NCAA Tournament results 10.2 NCAA Tournament seeding history 10.3 NCAA Tournament round history 10.4 NIT results 11 Statistics 12 Rankings 13 Notes 14 See also 15 References 16 External links By the numbers ( edit ) All - time Wins -- 1,474 All - time Winning Percentage -- . 588 NCAA National Championships -- 1 NCAA Final Fours -- 6 NCAA Elite Eight -- 13 NCAA Sweet Sixteen -- 14 NCAA Tournament Appearances -- 25 NCAA Tournament Wins -- 52 # 1 Seeds in NCAA Tournament -- 2 Conference Regular Season Championships -- 14 Conference Tournament Championships -- 2 30 Win Seasons -- 3 20 Win Seasons -- 25 Weeks Ranked # 1 In AP Poll -- 22 History ( edit ) See also : List of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball seasons Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) ( edit ) 1909 Michigan basketball team Richard Doyle , Michigan 's First All - American basketball player As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team , Michigan fielded a team of members of the then - current student body and achieved a 1 -- 4 record for the 1908 -- 09 season . However , after three years of demanding a basketball program , the student body did not attend the games and the program was terminated due to low attendance . Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the inaugural season of varsity basketball . The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural sports program at Michigan . The team finished 6 -- 12 overall ( 0 -- 10 , Big Ten ) . The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16 -- 8 ( 5 -- 5 ) record . Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) ( edit ) E.J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach . After inheriting Mitchell 's team , which he led to a 10 -- 13 overall ( 3 -- 9 , Big Ten ) record during the 1919 -- 20 season , he led the team to an 18 -- 4 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) record during the 1920 -- 21 season . This 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title . The team won back - to - back championships in 1925 -- 26 and 1926 -- 27 . The 1926 squad , which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the team 's first All - American , tied with Purdue , the Iowa Hawkeyes and Indiana Hoosiers for the conference championship . The 1927 team had a new All - American , Bennie Oosterbaan , and won the school 's first back - to - back championships and first outright championship with a 14 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . Mather died after a lengthy battle with cancer in August 1928 . Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) ( edit ) George F. Veenker compiled the highest overall and highest Big Ten winning percentages of any coach in school history during his three years as coach . He earned 1st ( tied ) , 3rd and 2nd ( tied ) finishes during his three seasons , which included the 1928 -- 29 conference championship . During Veenker 's first season his team compiled a 13 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record to win the conference , and Veenker continues to be the only coach in school history to win a conference championship in his first season . The championship team , which finished tied with Wisconsin , was captained by the school 's third All - American Ernie McCoy . Veenker resigned to become the Iowa State Cyclones football head coach . Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) ( edit ) Franklin Cappon had a long history of association with Michigan athletics starting with his service as a four - time letterman in football and basketball from 1919 to 1923 . In 1928 , he became assistant football and basketball coach and in 1929 he served as Fielding H. Yost 's assistant Athletic Director . Although the highlight of Cappon 's tenure as coach was a 16 -- 4 ( 9 -- 3 ) third place 1936 -- 37 Big Ten finish , he coached John Townsend who in his 1937 -- 38 senior season became last All - American for at least 10 years . The team finished third in two other seasons with less impressive records of 10 -- 8 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) in 1932 -- 33 and 15 -- 5 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) 1935 -- 36 , and Cappon 's overall record was 78 -- 57 overall ( 44 -- 40 , Big Ten ) . A notable captain during the Cappon era was 1933 -- 34 captain Ted Petoskey , a two - time football All - American end and eventual Major League Baseball player . Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) ( edit ) In 1938 Michigan coaching duties were assumed by one of its greatest athletes . Bennie Oosterbaan had been an All - American in both football and basketball and held various coaching positions at Michigan in both of those sports as well as baseball . In basketball , he implemented a fast - paced attack as coach , and his teams ' best overall record was 13 -- 7 in 1939 -- 40 . That season he tied with his final season for his best Big Ten record at 6 -- 6 . He resigned after eight seasons to concentrate on his football coaching duties . Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Under Ozzie Cowles , during the 1947 -- 48 season , Michigan ended the longest ( 19 years ) consecutive year period without a conference championship in school history . They also became the first contestants in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament during Cowles second of two seasons . The 1947 -- 48 team posted a 16 -- 6 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . This team also posted the first undefeated home performance in school history with a 9 -- 0 overall ( 6 -- 0 , Big Ten ) record . McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) ( edit ) Ernie McCoy became the second former All - American Wolverine player to coach the team . Like Oosterbaan before him , he became a football and baseball coach at Michigan . He also served as assistant Athletic Director under Fritz Crisler . During his four seasons as basketball coach , Michigan 's best finish was during the 1948 -- 49 season when they finished 15 -- 6 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) and earned a third place Big Ten Conference finish . He coached Michigan 's first All - Big Ten basketball players that season in Pete Elliot and captain Bob Harrison who were both selected to the first team . Harrison returned the following season as the first repeat first - team All - Big Ten basketball player and Elliot was a second - team honoree . McCoy served as a football scout at the same time . Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) ( edit ) Bill Perigo took over the Michigan coaching job after having served three seasons as Western Michigan basketball coach . Despite previous success as a conference basketball champion coach at Western and subsequent success as a Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) champion basketball coach , his Michigan teams endured several mediocre seasons . His best Big Ten records came in 1956 -- 57 and 1958 -- 59 when his teams compiled 8 -- 6 conference records . The latter team was tied for second in the conference and was 15 -- 7 overall ( 8 -- 6 , Big Ten ) . It also had Perigo 's only first - team All - Big Ten athlete in M.C. Burton . Team captain and two - time football consensus All - American Ron Kramer was third - team All - Big Ten in 1957 after being second - team All - Big Ten in both 1955 and 1956 . Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) ( edit ) Dave Strack , a former team 1945 -- 46 captain , had become the freshman basketball team coach in 1948 and later had become a variety assistant to Perigo . He led the team to three consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1963 -- 66 and a third - place finish in the 1964 NCAA tournament . During 1964 -- 65 the team compiled a 24 -- 4 overall ( 13 -- 1 , Big Ten ) record while completing an undefeated 11 -- 0 overall ( 7 -- 0 , Big Ten ) home season and was the national runner - up , falling to John Wooden 's UCLA in the 1965 championship game . Strack earned United Press International ( UPI ) National Coach of the Year honors . The team ended the season listed number one in both the UPI and Associated Press ( AP ) national rankings . He recruited All - Americans Russell and Buntin to anchor his mid-1960s teams . Tomjanovich also became a Wolverine at the end of Strack 's career and became second team All - Big Ten in 1968 subsequent later stardom . The 1964 team , which went 23 -- 5 overall ( 11 -- 3 , Big Ten ) , tied with Ohio State with sophomore Russell and junior Buntin . In 1965 , Buntin became the first Wolverine to be drafted by the NBA . In 1966 , Russell led the team to its third straight conference championship and NCAA selection on his way to National Player of the Year honors . Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) ( edit ) In Johnny Orr 's twelve seasons , he twice ( 1973 -- 74 and 1976 -- 77 ) earned Big Ten Coach of the Year honors with Big Ten championships . His teams earned four consecutive NCAA selections from 1974 -- 77 . The 25 -- 7 overall ( 14 -- 4 , Big Ten ) 1976 team lost to an undefeated Indiana team in the NCAA championship game , and Orr earned National Association of Basketball Coaches Coach of the Year honors that season . The 26 -- 4 overall ( 16 -- 2 , Big Ten ) 1977 team finished first in both the AP and UPI national rankings , and Orr won Basketball Weekly National Coach of the Year honors . During Orr 's tenure , six players earned a total of seven All - American recognitions , which is the most of any Michigan coach . Steve Grote became Michigan 's only three - time first - team Academic All - American from 1975 -- 77 and with a second team All Big Ten as well as three honorable mentions was the first four - time All - Big Ten honoree . Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Bill Frieder , who had been an assistant coach for seven years , took over from Orr in 1980 . He coached the school 's first post-season basketball champions during the 1983 -- 84 season and the following two teams were back - to - back conference champions . The 1983 -- 84 team compiled a 24 -- 9 overall ( 11 -- 7 , Big Ten ) record on their way to a NIT championship victory over Notre Dame . The 1984 -- 85 team went 26 -- 4 overall ( 16 -- 2 , Big Ten ) , which earned Frieder Big Ten and AP National Coach of the Year honors . The 1985 -- 86 team , which finished 28 -- 5 overall ( 14 -- 4 , Big Ten ) , started the season with sixteen victories to make a total of thirty - three consecutive regular season victories . Frieder earned five of Michigan 's six consecutive NCAA births from 1985 -- 90 , currently the longest streak in program history . Roy Tarpley led the 1985 team as Big Ten MVP . Frieder resigned , upon request , immediately prior to the 1989 NCAA tournament to assume the coaching job for the Arizona State Sun Devils men 's basketball team . Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Steve Fisher assumed the coaching position immediately before the 1989 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament from Frieder after having served and led the team to six straight victories and the championship . Fisher also signed the most famous recruiting class known as the Fab Five ( Chris Webber , Juwan Howard , Jalen Rose , Jimmy King and Ray Jackson ) . He would take these players to the NCAA championship game as Freshmen and Sophomores . In their sophomore 1992 -- 93 season they compiled a 31 -- 5 overall ( 15 -- 3 , Big Ten ) record , which has since been vacated . Fisher also won the 1997 NIT tournament with a team that compiled a 25 -- 9 overall ( 11 -- 5 ) record . Many of Fisher 's accomplishments were tarnished by NCAA sanctions . He left the job due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal . Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Brian Ellerbe assumed the title of interim coach less than five months after becoming an assistant coach . He was named full - time coach following the 25 -- 9 ( 11 -- 5 ) 1997 -- 98 season in which he led the team to victories over Iowa , Minnesota and Purdue to capture the Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament championship . His subsequent teams never finished better than seventh in the conference . Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Tommy Amaker inherited a team that imposed sanctions on itself after his first year at the helm of the program . Nonetheless , he coached the team to the postseason three times including both an NIT championship in 2004 and a runner - up finish in 2006 . During the 2005 -- 06 , when the team compiled a 22 -- 11 overall ( 8 -- 8 , Big Ten ) record , he led them to their first national ranking in eight years when they reached the # 20 position . Despite his successes , the team never won a Big Ten Championship and never made the NCAA tournament , which led to his firing after six seasons . Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) John Beilein 's 10 -- 22 overall ( 5 -- 13 Big Ten ) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan 's history . However , in Beilein 's second season , the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top - five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke . Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament , its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995 . After upsetting Clemson in the first round , the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73 -- 63 . Following a disappointing 15 -- 17 season in 2009 -- 10 , the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011 , advancing to the round of 32 before losing to top - seeded Duke , 73 -- 71 . The 2010 -- 11 Wolverines , who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997 , finished the season 21 -- 14 . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans . It was the program 's first Big Ten title for Michigan since 1986 . The Wolverines finished the season 24 - 10 and 13 - 5 in conference play , losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament . The 2012 -- 13 Michigan team earned a # 1 ranking in the AP Poll on January 28 , 2013 , marking the first time since November 30 , 1992 , that Michigan held that position . The team also made program history for the best season start , at 21 -- 2 . On March 31 , The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79 -- 59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992 -- 93 season . The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61 -- 56 in the Final Four . In the 2013 National Championship game , the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82 -- 76 . The 2013 -- 14 team had another strong season , winning Michigan 's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament , where it lost to Kentucky , 75 -- 72 . During the 2016 -- 17 season , Beilein became the winningest coach in school history , passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win , 75 -- 55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament . Michigan went on to win the tournament , its first since the vacated 1998 title , winning four games in four days as the # 8 seed and capping it off with a 71 -- 56 championship victory over Wisconsin . During the 2017 -- 18 season , Beilein 's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back - to - back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history . The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State , 58 - 54 . The win improved the team 's record to 32 - 7 , marking a new school record for victories . The 2017 -- 18 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship , where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79 - 62 . Coaching Staff ( edit ) As of March 3 , 2018 Name Position coached Consecutive season at Michigan in current position John Beilein Head coach 11th Saddi Washington Assistant Coach 2nd DeAndre Haynes Assistant Coach 1st Luke Yaklich Assistant Coach 1st Chris Hunter Director of Basketball Operations 1st Jon Sanderson Head Strength and Conditioning Coach 7th Alex Wong , Mississippi , AT , ATC Athletic Trainer 3rd Bryan Smothers Graduate Assistant Devon Mulry Graduate Manager Reference : Championships ( edit ) NCAA National Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Opponent Score Site Overall Record Big Ten Record 1989 Steve Fisher Seton Hall 80 -- 79 ( OT ) Seattle 30 -- 7 12 -- 6 National Championships Big Ten Regular Season Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1921 § E.J. Mather 18 -- 4 8 -- 4 1926 § E.J. Mather 12 -- 5 8 -- 4 1927 E.J. Mather 14 -- 3 10 -- 2 1929 § George Veenker 13 -- 3 10 -- 2 1948 Ozzie Cowles 16 -- 6 10 -- 2 1964 § Dave Strack 23 -- 5 11 -- 3 1965 Dave Strack 24 -- 4 13 -- 1 1966 Dave Strack 18 -- 8 11 -- 3 1974 § Johnny Orr 22 -- 5 12 -- 2 1977 Johnny Orr 26 -- 4 16 -- 2 1985 Bill Frieder 26 -- 4 16 -- 2 1986 Bill Frieder 28 -- 5 14 -- 4 2012 § John Beilein 24 -- 10 13 -- 5 2014 John Beilein 28 -- 9 15 -- 3 Big Ten Regular Season Championships 14 § -- Conference co-champions Big Ten Tournament Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Opponent Score Site Overall Record Big Ten Record 2017 John Beilein Wisconsin 71 -- 56 Washington , D.C. 26 -- 12 10 -- 8 2018 John Beilein Purdue 75 -- 66 New York City 33 -- 8 13 -- 5 Big Ten Tournament Championships * Later vacated by NCAA Rivalries ( edit ) Duke -- Michigan basketball rivalry Michigan -- Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan -- Ohio State basketball rivalry Record against Big Ten opponents ( edit ) Opponent Series record Illinois 84 * -- 87 ( 80 -- 87 ) Indiana 61 * -- 106 ( 58 -- 106 ) Iowa 94 * -- 63 ( 90 -- 63 ) Maryland 6 -- 6 Michigan State 100 * -- 81 ( 93 -- 81 ) Minnesota 93 * -- 66 ( 87 -- 66 ) Nebraska 15 * -- 3 ( 14 -- 3 ) Northwestern 112 * -- 59 ( 106 -- 59 ) Ohio State 78 * -- 102 ( 72 -- 102 ) Penn State 35 * -- 12 ( 29 -- 12 ) Purdue 71 * -- 88 ( 66 -- 88 ) Rutgers 10 -- 0 Wisconsin 94 * -- 71 ( 87 -- 71 ) Total 853 * -- 745 ( 798 -- 745 ) Totals through March 4 , 2018 Fab Five ( edit ) The Fab Five during their sophomore year , Crisler Arena , Ann Arbor , Michigan . From left to right , Jimmy King , Jalen Rose , Chris Webber , Ray Jackson , Juwan Howard . The Fab Five , the 1991 recruiting class of five freshman starters , were Chris Webber , Juwan Howard , Jalen Rose , Jimmy King , and Ray Jackson . They were notable for having gone to the championship game of the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament as freshmen and sophomores , for having started the trend of wearing baggy gym shorts , which was later popularized by Michael Jordan , and for wearing black athletic socks . Due to the Ed Martin scandal , the records from their 1992 Final Four appearance and the entire following season have been forfeited . Although Webber was the only member of the Fab Five officially implicated with the scandal , the reputation of the whole group has been tarnished . Webber ( 1993 ) , Howard ( 1994 ) and Rose ( 1992 , 1994 ) were college basketball All - Americans . and both King ( 1995 3rd team and 1993 & 1994 honorable mention ) and Jackson ( 1995 2nd team & 1994 honorable mention ) achieved All - Big Ten honors . All but Jackson played in the NBA . They were the subject of Mitch Albom 's book entitled Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , the American Dream , which at one point was under development by Fox Television as a made - for - television movie . In March 2011 ESPN broadcast a documentary , Fab Five , that was the network 's highest - rated in its history . Ed Martin scandal ( edit ) Main article : University of Michigan basketball scandal During the University of Michigan basketball scandal the Big Ten Conference , National Collegiate Athletic Association , Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service , and United States Department of Justice investigated the relationship between the University of Michigan , its men 's basketball teams and basketball team booster Ed Martin . The program was punished for NCAA rules violations , principally involving payments booster Martin made to several players to launder money from an illegal gambling operation . It is one of the largest incidents involving payments to college athletes in American collegiate history . It was described as one of the three or four worst violations of NCAA bylaws in history up to that time by the NCAA infractions committee chairman and the largest athlete payment scandal ever by ESPN . The case began when the investigation of an automobile rollover accident during Mateen Cleaves ' 1996 Michigan Wolverines recruiting trip revealed a curious relationship between Martin and the team . Several Michigan basketball players were implicated over the next few years and by 1999 several were called before a federal grand jury . Four eventual professional basketball players ( Chris Webber , Maurice Taylor , Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock ) were discovered to have borrowed a total of $616,000 from Martin . During the investigation , Webber claimed not to have had any financial relationship with Martin . Eventually he confessed to having accepted some of the money he was charged with having borrowed . For his perjury during a federal grand jury investigation , he was both fined in the legal system and briefly suspended by National Basketball Association after performing public service . In 2002 , the University punished itself when it became apparent that its players were guilty by declaring itself ineligible for post season play immediately , returning post season play monetary rewards , vacating five seasons of games , removing commemorative banners , and placing itself on a two - year probation . The following year , the NCAA accepted these punishments , doubled both the probation period and the post-season ineligibility , penalized the school one scholarship for four seasons , and ordered disassociation from the four guilty players until 2012 . The disasociation formally ended on May 8 , 2013 . The additional year of post-season ineligibility was overturned on appeal . The punishment cost the 17 -- 13 2002 -- 03 team its post-season eligibility , cost past teams the 1997 National Invitation Tournament and the 1998 Big Ten Tournament championships as well as 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Final Four recognition . It cost Traylor his MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten Tournament , as well as Bullock 's standing as the school 's third all - time leading scorer and all - time leader in 3 - point field goals . Steve Fisher lost his job as Michigan head coach as a result of the scandal . Coaching records ( edit ) Overall Conference Coach Years Record Pct . Record Pct . Note George D. Corneal 1908 -- 09 1 -- 4 . 200 Elmer Mitchell 1917 -- 19 22 -- 20 . 524 5 -- 15 . 250 E.J. Mather 1919 -- 28 108 -- 53 . 671 64 -- 43 . 598 3 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championships ( 1921 , 1926 , 1927 ) George Veenker 1928 -- 31 35 -- 12 . 745 24 -- 10 . 706 1929 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championship Frank Cappon 1931 -- 38 78 -- 57 . 578 44 -- 40 . 524 Bennie Oosterbaan 1938 -- 46 81 -- 72 . 529 40 -- 59 . 404 Osborne Cowles 1946 -- 48 28 -- 14 . 667 16 -- 8 . 667 1948 Western ( Big Nine ) Conference Championship Ernest McCoy 1948 -- 52 40 -- 47 . 460 18 -- 34 . 346 William Perigo 1952 -- 60 78 -- 100 . 438 38 -- 78 . 328 Dave Strack 1960 -- 68 113 -- 89 . 559 58 -- 54 . 518 3 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) , 2 Final Fours ( 1964 , 1965 ) Johnny Orr 1968 -- 80 209 -- 113 . 649 120 -- 72 . 625 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1974 , 1977 ) , 1976 Final Four Bill Frieder 1980 -- 89 191 -- 87 . 687 98 -- 64 . 605 1984 National Invitation Tournament Championship , 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 1985 , 1986 ) Steve Fisher 1989 -- 97 184 * -- 82 * 108 -- 53 . 692 * . 671 88 * -- 56 * 54 -- 36 . 611 * . 600 1989 NCAA Tournament Championship , 3 Final Fours ( 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * ) , 1997 National Invitation Tournament Championship * Brian Ellerbe 1997 -- 2001 62 * -- 60 * 25 -- 32 . 508 * . 439 26 * -- 38 * 10 -- 22 . 406 * . 313 1998 Big Ten Tournament Championship * Tommy Amaker 2001 -- 07 109 -- 83 . 568 43 -- 53 . 448 2004 National Invitation Tournament Championship John Beilein 2007 -- present 248 -- 143 . 634 111 -- 87 . 561 2 Big Ten Conference Championships ( 2012 , 2014 ) , 2 Big Ten Tournament Championships ( 2017 , 2018 ) , 2 Final Fours ( 2013 , 2018 ) Total 1908 -- 09 1917 -- present 1587 -- 1038 * 1474 -- 1034 . 605 * . 588 793 * -- 711 * 744 -- 711 . 527 * . 511 Honored players and Coaches ( edit ) Below are lists of important players and coaches in the history of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball . It includes lists of major awards and retired numbers . The honors include : Helms Foundation Player of the Year , UPI Player of the Year , Sporting News Player of the Year , Naismith Trophy , Wooden Award , Associated Press Player of the Year , NABC Player of the Year , Oscar Robertson Trophy , NCAA Tournament MOP , National Invitation Tournament MVP , Big Ten Tournament MVP , Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball , Big Ten Player of the Year , All - America , Wayman Tisdale Award , Bob Cousy Award , UPI Coach of the Year , Henry Iba Award , NABC Coach of the Year , AP Coach of the Year . Retired numbers ( edit ) Michigan Wolverines retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 22 Bill Buntin PF , C 1962 -- 65 January 7 , 2006 33 Cazzie Russell SG , SF 1963 -- 66 December 11 , 1993 35 Phil Hubbard PF , C 1975 -- 79 January 11 , 2004 41 Glen Rice SF 1985 -- 89 February 20 , 2005 45 Rudy Tomjanovich PF 1967 -- 70 February 8 , 2003 Awards and honors ( edit ) National Player of the Year 1966 -- Cazzie Russell ( AP , USBWA , UPI , Helms , The Sporting News ) 2013 -- Trey Burke ( AP , USBWA , NABC , Naismith , Wooden ) Wayman Tisdale Award 1992 -- Chris Webber Bob Cousy Award 2013 -- Trey Burke NCAA Tournament MOP 1989 -- Glen Rice National Invitation Tournament MVP 1984 -- Tim McCormick 1997 -- Robert Traylor * 2004 -- Daniel Horton Big Ten Tournament MVP 1998 -- Robert Traylor * 2017 -- Derrick Walton 2018 -- Moe Wagner Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball 1965 -- Cazzie Russell 1966 -- Cazzie Russell 1974 -- Campy Russell 1985 -- Roy Tarpley 1988 -- Gary Grant 1989 -- Glen Rice Big Ten Player of the Year 1985 -- Roy Tarpley 1988 -- Gary Grant 1989 -- Glen Rice 2013 -- Trey Burke 2014 -- Nik Stauskas Big Ten Freshman of the Year 1985 -- Gary Grant 1992 -- Chris Webber 1995 -- Maurice Taylor 2000 -- LaVell Blanchard 2003 -- Daniel Horton 2012 -- Trey Burke Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year 1987 -- Gary Grant 1988 -- Gary Grant All - Americans 1924 -- Harry Kipke ( c 1924 ) 1926 -- Richard Doyle ( c 1926 ) 1927 -- 28 -- Bennie Oosterbaan ( c 1927 , 1928 ) 1929 -- Ernie McCoy 1929 -- Joseph Truskowski 1937 -- 38 -- John Townsend 1948 -- Pete Elliott 1957 -- Ron Kramer 1964 -- 65 -- Bill Buntin 1964 -- 66 -- Cazzie Russell ( c 1965 , 1966 ) 1970 -- Rudy Tomjanovich 1971 -- 72 -- Henry Wilmore 1974 -- Campy Russell 1975 -- C.J. Kupec 1976 -- 77 -- Rickey Green ( c 1977 ) 1977 -- Phil Hubbard 1981 -- Mike McGee 1981 -- Eric Turner 1985 -- 86 -- Roy Tarpley 1987 -- 88 -- Gary Grant ( c 1988 ) 1988 -- 89 -- Glen Rice 1990 -- Terry Mills 1990 -- Rumeal Robinson 1990 -- Loy Vaught 1992 -- Jalen Rose 1992 -- 93 -- Chris Webber ( c 1993 ) 1994 -- Juwan Howard 1994 -- Jalen Rose 1998 -- Louis Bullock 1998 -- Robert Traylor 2012 -- 13 -- Trey Burke ( c 2013 ) 2014 -- Nik Stauskas National Coach of the Year 1965 -- Dave Strack ( UPI ) 1976 -- Johnny Orr ( NABC , USBWA ) 1977 -- Johnny Orr ( Basketball Weekly ) 1985 -- Bill Frieder ( AP , Basketball Weekly ) 1992 -- Steve Fisher ( Basketball Times ) Big Ten Coach of the Year 1974 -- Johnny Orr 1977 -- Johnny Orr 1985 -- Bill Frieder 2014 -- John Beilein Post-season ( edit ) NCAA Tournament results ( edit ) The University of Michigan has an all - time 59 -- 27 * ( 52 -- 23 ) record overall and 1 -- 6 * ( 1 -- 4 ) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28 * ( 24 ) appearances . Glen Rice holds the NCAA single - tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989 . The 1992 Final Four and all 1993 , 1996 , & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions . Year Round Opponent Result 1948 Elite Eight Regional Third Place Holy Cross Columbia L 43 -- 63 W 66 -- 49 1964 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Third Place Loyola - Chicago Ohio Duke Kansas State W 84 -- 80 W 69 -- 57 L 80 -- 91 W 100 -- 90 1965 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Dayton Vanderbilt Princeton UCLA W 98 -- 71 W 87 -- 85 W 93 -- 76 L 80 -- 91 1966 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Western Kentucky Kentucky W 80 -- 79 L 77 -- 84 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Notre Dame Marquette W 77 -- 68 L 70 -- 72 First Round UCLA L 91 -- 103 1976 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Wichita State Notre Dame Missouri Rutgers Indiana W 74 -- 73 W 80 -- 76 W 95 -- 88 W 86 -- 70 L 68 -- 86 1977 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Holy Cross Detroit Charlotte W 92 -- 81 W 86 -- 81 L 68 -- 75 1985 First Round Second Round Fairleigh Dickinson Villanova W 59 -- 55 L 55 -- 59 1986 First Round Second Round Akron Iowa State W 70 -- 64 L 69 -- 72 First Round Second Round Navy North Carolina W 97 -- 82 L 97 -- 109 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Boise State Florida North Carolina W 63 -- 58 W 108 -- 85 L 69 -- 78 1989 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Xavier South Alabama North Carolina Virginia Illinois Seton Hall W 92 -- 87 W 91 -- 82 W 92 -- 87 W 102 -- 65 W 83 -- 81 W 80 -- 79 First Round Second Round Illinois State Loyola Marymount W 76 -- 70 L 115 -- 149 1992 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Temple East Tennessee State Oklahoma State Ohio State Cincinnati Duke W 73 -- 66 W 102 -- 90 W 75 -- 72 W 75 -- 71 W 76 -- 72 L 51 -- 71 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Coastal Carolina UCLA George Washington Temple Kentucky North Carolina W 84 -- 53 W 86 -- 84 W 72 -- 64 W 77 -- 72 W 81 -- 78 L 71 -- 77 1994 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Pepperdine Texas Maryland Arkansas W 78 -- 74 W 84 -- 79 W 78 -- 71 L 68 -- 76 1995 First Round Western Kentucky L 76 -- 82 First Round Texas L 76 -- 80 1998 First Round Second Round Davidson UCLA W 80 -- 61 L 82 -- 85 2009 First Round Second Round Clemson Oklahoma W 62 -- 59 L 63 -- 73 2011 Second Round Third Round Tennessee Duke W 75 -- 45 L 71 -- 73 2012 Second Round Ohio L 60 -- 65 2013 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship South Dakota State VCU Kansas Florida Syracuse Louisville W 71 -- 56 W 78 -- 53 W 87 -- 85 W 79 -- 59 W 61 -- 56 L 76 -- 82 2014 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Wofford Texas Tennessee Kentucky W 57 -- 40 W 79 -- 65 W 73 -- 71 L 72 -- 75 2016 First Four First Round Tulsa Notre Dame W 67 -- 62 L 63 -- 70 2017 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Oklahoma State Louisville Oregon W 92 -- 91 W 73 -- 69 L 68 -- 69 2018 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Montana Houston Texas A&M Florida State Loyola - Chicago Villanova W 61 -- 47 W 64 -- 63 W 99 -- 72 W 58 -- 54 W 69 -- 57 L 62 -- 79 1989 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 14 Xavier 92 -- 87 Round # 2 # 11 South Alabama 91 -- 82 Sweet 16 # 2 North Carolina 92 -- 87 Elite 8 # 5 Virginia 102 -- 65 Final 4 # 1 Illinois 83 -- 81 Championship # 3 Seton Hall 80 -- 79 ( OT ) NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition . The 64 - team field started in 1985 , which guaranteed that a championship team had to win six games . Years → ' 85 ' 86 ' 87 ' 88 ' 89 ' 90 ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 95 ' 96 ' 98 ' 09 ' 11 ' 12 ' 13 ' 14 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds → 9 6 9 7 10 8 11 7 NCAA Tournament round history ( edit ) Round Record Most Recent Appearance National Championship 1 -- 6 2018 National Third Place 1 -- 0 1964 Final Four 7 -- 1 2018 Elite Eight 8 -- 6 2018 Regional Third Place 1 -- 0 1948 Sweet Sixteen 13 -- 2 2018 Round of 32 11 -- 8 2018 Round of 64 17 -- 4 2018 First Four 1 -- 0 2016 NIT results ( edit ) In 10 * ( 9 ) National Invitation Tournament appearances , Michigan is 25 * -- 7 ( 20 -- 7 ) overall all - time and 3 * -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 ) in the championship game . 16 * -- 0 ( 14 -- 0 ) at Crisler Arena and 8 * -- 2 ( 6 -- 2 ) at Madison Square Garden . The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions . Year Round Opponent Result 1971 First Round Quarterfinals Syracuse Georgia Tech W 86 -- 76 L 70 -- 78 1980 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Nebraska UTEP Virginia W 76 -- 69 W 75 -- 65 L 68 -- 79 1981 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Duquesne Toledo Syracuse W 74 -- 58 W 80 -- 68 L 76 -- 91 1984 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Wichita State Marquette Xavier Virginia Tech Notre Dame W 94 -- 70 W 83 -- 70 W 63 -- 62 W 78 -- 75 W 83 -- 63 1991 First Round Colorado L 64 -- 71 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Miami FL Oklahoma State Notre Dame Arkansas Florida State W 76 -- 63 W 75 -- 65 W 67 -- 66 W 77 -- 62 W 82 -- 73 2000 First Round Notre Dame L 65 -- 75 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Missouri Oklahoma Hawaii Oregon Rutgers W 65 -- 64 W 63 -- 52 W 88 -- 73 W 78 -- 53 W 62 -- 55 2006 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals UTEP Notre Dame Miami FL Old Dominion South Carolina W 82 -- 67 W 87 -- 84 W 71 -- 65 W 66 -- 43 L 64 -- 76 2007 First Round Second Round Utah State Florida State W 68 -- 58 L 66 -- 87 Statistics ( edit ) National records Most different players to make a Three - point field goal in game : 9 vs. Eastern Michigan , December 13 , 2008 ( tied Dartmouth , 1993 ) Combined team rebounds : 152 , Michigan ( 57 ) vs. Indiana ( 95 ) March 11 , 1961 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Tournament records Single - game rebounds ( Since 1973 ) : 26 -- Phil Hubbard , Michigan vs. Detroit , RSF , Mar 17 , 1977 Single - year points 184 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Single - year field goals made 75 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Single - year three - point field goals made 27 -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1989 ( 6 games ) Career three - point field goals percentage ( Minimum 30 made ) 56.5 % ( 35 -- 62 ) -- Glen Rice , Michigan , 1986 -- 89 ( 13 games ) Single - game points , Both Teams 264 -- Loyola Marymount ( 149 ) vs. Michigan ( 115 ) , 2nd R , Mar 18 , 1990 Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( in a final four ) : 0 , * Michigan vs. Kentucky , NSF , March 4 , 1993 ( ot ) Fewest single - game three point field goals attempted , team ( final four ) : 4 , * Michigan vs. Kentucky , NSF , March 4 , 1993 ( ot ) Single - game assists ( in a championship game ) : 11 , Rumeal Robinson , Michigan vs. Seton Hall , March 4 , 1989 ( ot ) Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( championship game ) : 1 , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 Fewest single - game free throws made ( in a win ) , team : 0 , Michigan vs. Tennessee , Mar 18 , 2011 Lowest single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( championship game ) : 9.1 % ( 1 -- 11 ) , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 Biggest margin of victory in 8 vs. 9 match - up : 30 , Michigan vs. Tennessee , Mar 18 , 2011 Single - year two - game assists ( final four ) : 23 , Rumeal Robinson , Michigan , 1989 Selected former NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Tournament records Single - game free throws made ( final four ) : 15 , Bill Buntin , Michigan vs. Kansas State , N3d , Mar 21 , 1964 ( broken Mar 20 , 1965 ) Fewest single - game three point field goals made , team ( final four ) : 1 , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 ( broken March 4 , 1993 ) Lowest single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( final four ) : 9.1 % ( 1 -- 11 ) , * Michigan vs. Duke , CH , June 4 , 1992 ( broken January 4 , 2006 ) Most single - game players disqualified , team ( championship game ) : 3 , Michigan vs. UCLA , Mar 20 , 1965 ( broken Mar 31 , 1997 ) Single - year two - game assists , team ( final four ) : 42 , Michigan , 1989 ( broken 1990 ) National statistical champions Team field goal percentage : 54.6 % ( 1198 of 2196 ) , 1988 ; 56.6 % ( 1325 of 2341 ) , 1989 Selected notable statistics 30 - win seasons : 2018 ( 33 ) , 2013 ( 31 ) , 1993 * ( 31 ) , 1989 ( 30 ) 1989 team continues to rank second in single - season team field goal percentage : 56.6 % ( 1325 of 2341 ) . Current Big Ten records Career field goals attempted : Mike McGee ( 2077 , 1978 -- 81 ) Career three point field goals made : Louis Bullock ( 339 * , 1996 -- 99 ) Single - game three point field goals percentage ( 100 % most made ) : Glen Rice ( 7 of 7 , vs. Wisconsin February 25 , 1989 ) Single - season points , team : ( 3393 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game field goals made , team : ( 55 , vs. Iowa October 3 , 1990 ) Single - season field goals made , team : ( 1325 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goals attempted , team : ( 2341 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goal percentage , team : (. 566 , 1,325 of 2,341 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - season field goal percentage , team ( conference games only ) : (. 561 , 606 of 1,080 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game three point field goals attempted , team : ( 42 , vs. Florida Gulf Coast December 22 , 2008 ) Single - game three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 40 , at Indiana 1 / 7 / 09 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team : ( 912 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 471 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season rebounds , team : ( 1521 , 1964 -- 65 ) Single - game assists , team : ( 37 , vs. Western Michigan July 12 , 1987 and vs. Eastern Michigan December 12 , 1987 ) Single - game assists , team ( conference games only ) : ( 36 , vs. Iowa March 2 , 1988 ) Single - season assists , team : ( 745 , 1988 -- 89 ) Single - game blocked shots , team : ( 18 , vs. Florida Southern July 12 , 1985 ) Single - season free throw percentage ( conference games only ) : Daniel Horton (. 978 ( 89 of 91 ) , 2006 ) Single - season personal fouls , team : ( 456 , 1953 ) Single - season overtime games : ( 6 , 1981 ) Selected former Big Ten records Career points : Mike McGee ( 2439 , 1977 -- 81 , broken in 1989 ) , Glen Rice ( 2442 , 1985 -- 89 , broken in 1993 ) Career points ( conference games only ) : McGee ( 1503 , 1977 -- 81 , broken in 1995 ) Single - game field goals made : John Tidwell ( 20 , vs. Minnesota April 3 , 1961 , broken February 16 , 1963 ) Single - season field goals made : Cazzie Russell ( 308 , 1965 -- 66 , broken 1981 ) , McGee ( 309 , 1980 -- 81 , broken in 1986 ) Career field goals made : Russell ( 839 , 1964 -- 66 , broken 1970 ) , McGee ( 1010 , 1978 -- 81 , broken in 1993 ) Single - game three point field goals made : Garde Thompson ( 9 , vs. Navy December 3 , 1987 , broken February 23 , 2003 ) Single - game points , team : 128 ( vs. Purdue February 19 , 1966 , broken December 30 , 2006 ) Single - game field goals made , team : ( 52 , vs. Purdue February 19 , 1966 , broken December 19 , 1972 ) Single - season field goals made , team : ( 1198 , 1987 -- 88 , broken 1989 ) Single - season assists , team : ( 694 , 1987 -- 88 , broken 1989 ) Single - season blocked shots , team : ( 193 , 1992 -- 93 * , surpassed 2000 ) Single - season field goals made per game ( conference games only ) : Russell ( 13.0 ( 182 in 14 ) , 1966 , broken 1969 ) Single - season rebounds ( total and per game ) ( conference games only ) : M.C. Burton ( 249 in 14 games , 1959 , broken 1960 ) Single - season points per game , team ( conference games only ) : 92.9 ( 1965 ( 1,300 in 14 ) , broken 1966 ) Single - season points per game , team ( conference games only ) : 95.4 ( 1966 ( 1,336 in 14 ) , broken 1969 ) Single - season three point field goals attempted , team ( conference games only ) : ( 434 , 2007 -- 08 ) Single - game three point field goal percentage , team ( conference games only ) :. 875 ( 7 of 8 , vs. Iowa March 2 , 1988 , broken April 2 , 1988 ) Big Ten statistical champions ( individual ) Scoring ( Conference games only until 1990 ) : 1928 Bennie Oosterbaan 129 ; 1959 M.C. Burton 22.6 ; 1966 Cazzie Russell 33.2 ; 1974 Campy Russell 24.0 ; 1988 Glen Rice 22.9 ; 1989 Rice 24.8 Field goal Percentage ( Conference games only until 1990 ) : 1966 Cazzie Russell . 542 ; 1967 Dave McClellan . 588 ; 1971 Ken Brady . 617 ; 1975 John Robinson . 603 ; 1979 Marty Bodnar . 603 ; 1989 Loy Vaught . 677 ; 2001 Chris Young . 640 ( all games ) ; 2006 Courtney Sims . 633 ( all games ) Three point field goals : 1989 Glen Rice 55 ( conference games ) ; 1991 Demetrius Calip 48 ( conference games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock 51 * ( conference games ) ; 1999 Robbie Reid 49 ( conference games ) ; 1997 Louis Bullock 101 * ( all games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock 93 * ( all games ) Three point field goal percentage : 1998 Louis Bullock . 481 * ( conference games ) ; 1999 Robbie Reid . 458 ( conference games ) ; 2003 LaVell Blanchard . 433 ( conference games ) Free throw percentage : 1975 C.J. Kupec . 880 ( conference games ) ; 1997 Louis Bullock . 893 * ( conference games ) ; 2006 Daniel Horton . 978 ( conference games ) ; 2007 Dion Harris . 873 ( conference games ) ; 1998 Louis Bullock . 911 * ( all games ) ; 1999 Louis Bullock . 864 * ( all games ) ; 2006 Daniel Horton . 901 ( all games ) Rebounds : 1959 M.C. Burton 17.8 ( conference games ) ; 1963 Bill Buntin 15.4 ( conference games ) ; 1969 Rudy Tomjanovich 12.8 ( conference games ) ; 1970 Rudy Tomjanovich 16.2 ( conference games ) ; 1985 Roy Tarpley 9.9 ( conference games ) ; 1990 Loy Vaught 10.7 ( conference games ) ; 1992 Chris Webber - FR 9.8 * ( conference games ) ; 1993 Chris Webber 9.7 * ( conference games ) ; 1990 Loy Vaught 11.2 ; 1992 Chris Webber - FR 10.0 * ; 1993 Chris Webber 10.1 * Assists : 1988 Gary Grant 6.5 ( conference games ) ; 1990 Rumeal Robinson 6.1 ( all games ) ; 2013 Trey Burke 6.7 ( all games ) Steals : 1987 Gary Grant 2.67 ( conference games ) ; 1988 Gary Grant 2.72 ( conference games ) Blocked shots : 1986 Roy Tarpley 2.50 ( conference games ) ; 1989 Terry Mills 1.22 ( conference games ) ; 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.67 ( conference games ) ; 2004 Courtney Sims 2.00 ( all games ) ; 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.88 ( all games ) Big Ten statistical champions ( team , conference games only ) Scoring offense : 1946 55.1 , 1965 92.9 , 1966 95.4 , 1971 88.4 , 1972 81.8 , 1976 85.8 , 1977 83.2 , 1987 86.7 , 1989 87.8 , 1997 * 73.3 , Scoring defense : 1948 46.3 , 1952 56.2 , 1964 75.5 Scoring margin : 1948 7.6 , 1964 10.3 , 1965 12.2 , 1966 9.9 , 1977 9.4 , 1985 8.8 , 1986 10.6 , 1989 10.3 Field goal percentage offense : 1966 48.9 , 1972 45.3 , 1976 52.1 , 1989 56.1 , 2013 46.9 , 2017 48.3 Field goal percentage defense : 1995 39.4 Three point field goals : 1987 89 , 1989 103 , 1991 118 , 1998 * 121 , 2009 151 Three point field goal percentage : 1998 40.1 , 2003 37.5 Free throw percentage : 1958 73.4 , 1975 75.8 , 2017 77.9 Rebounds : 1963 49.0 , 1965 49.5 , 1972 51.6 , 1983 34.4 , 1986 35.1 , 1992 38.2 , 1993 * 40.9 Rebounding margin : 1986 5.8 , 1992 5.8 , 1993 * 7.6 , 2004 3.4 Steals : 1986 8.61 Blocked shots : 1986 3.94 , 1993 * 5.0 , 2004 4.31 , 2008 4.28 Turnover margin : 2017 3.4 Rankings ( edit ) Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013 . Entering the 2013 -- 14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana ( 54 ) and Ohio State ( 37 ) . Two Michigan teams ( December 14 , 1964 87 -- 85 over Wichita State at Detroit and December 13 , 1997 81 -- 73 over Duke at home ) have defeated the number one ranked team . The following table summarizes Michigan history in the AP Poll : ' Preseason Peak Final Weeks ranked Weeks @ # 1 Top 10 Poll 1963 -- 64 8 15 / 15 0 1964 -- 65 15 / 15 10 1965 -- 66 9 10 / 15 0 1966 -- 67 NR 5 NR 3 / 15 0 Top 20 Poll 1970 -- 71 NR 12 NR 4 / 16 0 1971 -- 72 13 9 NR 4 / 16 0 1972 -- 73 19 18 NR 3 / 16 0 1973 -- 74 NR 6 6 12 / 18 0 1974 -- 75 17 11 19 8 / 19 0 1975 -- 76 16 9 9 16 / 17 0 1976 -- 77 17 / 17 8 1977 -- 78 13 9 NR 4 / 17 0 1978 -- 79 8 6 NR 8 / 17 0 1980 -- 81 NR 9 NR 11 / 16 0 1983 -- 84 NR 15 NR 2 / 17 0 1984 -- 85 NR 12 / 17 0 1985 -- 86 5 17 / 17 0 1987 -- 88 9 7 10 17 / 17 0 1988 -- 89 10 18 / 18 0 Top 25 Poll 1989 -- 90 13 17 / 17 0 1991 -- 92 20 11 15 18 / 18 0 1992 -- 93 18 / 18 1993 -- 94 5 11 18 / 18 0 1994 -- 95 16 13 NR 5 / 18 0 1995 -- 96 17 16 NR 13 / 18 0 1996 -- 97 9 NR 16 / 18 0 1997 -- 98 NR 12 12 12 / 18 0 2005 -- 06 NR 21 NR 2 / 19 0 2008 -- 09 NR 23 NR 3 / 19 0 2009 -- 10 15 15 NR 3 / 20 0 2011 -- 12 18 10 13 19 / 19 0 2012 -- 13 5 T -- 10 19 / 19 2013 -- 14 7 7 7 13 / 19 0 2014 -- 15 24 17 NR 4 / 19 0 2015 -- 16 25 24 NR 2 / 19 0 2016 -- 17 NR 23 23 2 / 19 0 2017 -- 18 NR 7 7 9 / 19 0 Notes ( edit ) ^ a : * designates records and awards forfeited due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by coach NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school and conference NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament all - time team records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Style Guide : Colors '' . Office of Global Communications , University of Michigan . July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 22 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History : Triple Crown '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amaker fired : Failure to reach NCAA tourney costs Michigan coach '' . SI.com . March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 192 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 192 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 193 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 147 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 195 -- 6 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 196 -- 8 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 146 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Frieder Is Dropped For Taking A New Job '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 200 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher fired , basketball program needs higher standards , Goss says '' . Ann Arbor News . Michigan Live LLC . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan forfeits victories from five seasons '' . ESPN . November 11 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Places Seven Teams in NCAA Championship : Illinois , Michigan , Michigan State , Minnesota , Ohio State , Purdue , and Wisconsin all selected to participate '' . CBS Interactive . March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Oklahoma 73 , Michigan 63 ( recap ) '' . ESPN . March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan earns No. 1 spot for first time since 1992 -- 93 '' . Michigan Daily . Jan 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Men 's Basketball Coaches '' . MGoBlue.com . University of Michigan . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Fab Five anniversary falls short of fondness '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mizell , Hubert ( November 17 , 2002 ) . `` Fab Five glory has turned into gloomy story at Michigan '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fab Five Legacy Hides in a Historical Library '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Connor ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Reflecting on the Fab Five '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Forgetting The Fab Five Is Impossible '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 13 -- 21 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 24 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Fab Five : Basketball , Trash Talk , the American Dream '' . Barnesandnoble.com llc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Author of the Month : Mitch Albom '' . AuthorsOnTheWeb.com . September 2003 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( August 30 , 2003 ) . `` Scandal wo n't keep Amaker from rebuilding Michigan '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hakim , Danny ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` COLLEGES ; N.C.A.A. Bars Michigan From Next Postseason '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ROUNDUP : N.B.A. ; Anthony Leads Nuggets To Victory Over 76ers '' . The New York Times . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS BRIEFING : BASKETBALL -- Finley Picks Spurs '' . The New York Times . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Michigan Punishes Basketball Program '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` NCAA slaps U-M with more penalties '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rohan , Tim ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` A Fresh Five Push Michigan Into the Title Picture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NCAA 's Infractions Appeals Committee : Recent Case History ( and Now a New Chapter ? ) '' . Berkeley Electronic Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heuser , John ( September 25 , 2003 ) . `` U-M basketball wins NCAA appeal : Team will be allowed to play postseason games in 2004 '' . Ann Arbor News . Michigan Live LLC . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Blue retires Rice 's jersey '' , The Michigan Daily , February 21 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : 2007 -- 08 Men 's Basketball Media Guide . University of Michigan . 2007 . pp. 150 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Tournament History '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History : Individual records -- single Tournament '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NCAA Tournament '' ( PDF ) . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourney History -- NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship '' . ncaahistory.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Harold , Nick Loucks and Chris Fallica ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Counting down the most prestigious programs since 1984 -- 85 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 14 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 4 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 10 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 12 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 13 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 17 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 9 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 49 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 16 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 43 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 26 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 28 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 31 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 29 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 32 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 30 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 39 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 33 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 34 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 35 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 36 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 37 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Basketball 2009 -- 10 Media Guide '' . CBS Interactive . p. 38 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 63 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . pp. 63 -- 66 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . pp. 68 -- 83 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball Venues Waterman Gymnasium ( 1908 -- 1923 ) Fielding H. 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time michigan was in the national championship game	[ "\n\nYear\nRound\nOpponent\nResult\n\n\n1948\nElite Eight\nRegional Third Place\nHoly Cross\nColumbia\nL 43–63\nW 66–49\n\n\n1964\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Third Place\nLoyola-Chicago\nOhio\nDuke\nKansas State\nW 84–80\nW 69–57\nL 80–91\nW 100–90\n\n\n1965\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nDayton\nVanderbilt\nPrinceton\nUCLA\nW 98–71\nW 87–85\nW 93–76\nL 80–91\n\n\n1966\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nWestern Kentucky\nKentucky\nW 80–79\nL 77–84\n\n\n1974\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nNotre Dame\nMarquette\nW 77–68\nL 70–72\n\n\n1975\nFirst Round\nUCLA\nL 91–103OT\n\n\n1976\nFirst Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nWichita State\nNotre Dame\nMissouri\nRutgers\nIndiana\nW 74–73\nW 80–76\nW 95–88\nW 86–70\nL 68–86\n\n\n1977\nFirst Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nHoly Cross\nDetroit\nCharlotte\nW 92–81\nW 86–81\nL 68–75\n\n\n1985\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nFairleigh Dickinson\nVillanova\nW 59–55\nL 55–59\n\n\n1986\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nAkron\nIowa State\nW 70–64\nL 69–72\n\n\n1987\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nNavy\nNorth Carolina\nW 97–82\nL 97–109\n\n\n1988\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nBoise State\nFlorida\nNorth Carolina\nW 63–58\nW 108–85\nL 69–78\n\n\n1989\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nXavier\nSouth Alabama\nNorth Carolina\nVirginia\nIllinois\nSeton Hall\nW 92–87\nW 91–82\nW 92–87\nW 102–65\nW 83–81\nW 80–79OT\n\n\n1990\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nIllinois State\nLoyola Marymount\nW 76–70\nL 115–149\n\n\n1992\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nTemple\nEast Tennessee State\nOklahoma State\nOhio State\nCincinnati\nDuke\nW 73–66\nW 102–90\nW 75–72\nW 75–71\nW 76–72\nL 51–71\n\n\n1993\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nCoastal Carolina\nUCLA\nGeorge Washington\nTemple\nKentucky\nNorth Carolina\nW 84–53\nW 86–84OT\nW 72–64\nW 77–72\nW 81–78OT\nL 71–77\n\n\n1994\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nPepperdine\nTexas\nMaryland\nArkansas\nW 78–74OT\nW 84–79\nW 78–71\nL 68–76\n\n\n1995\nFirst Round\nWestern Kentucky\nL 76–82OT\n\n\n1996\nFirst Round\nTexas\nL 76–80\n\n\n1998\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nDavidson\nUCLA\nW 80–61\nL 82–85\n\n\n2009\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nClemson\nOklahoma\nW 62–59\nL 63–73\n\n\n2011\nSecond Round\nThird Round\nTennessee\nDuke\nW 75–45\nL 71–73\n\n\n2012\nSecond Round\nOhio\nL 60–65\n\n\n2013\nSecond Round\nThird Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nSouth Dakota State\nVCU\nKansas\nFlorida\nSyracuse\nLouisville\nW 71–56\nW 78–53\nW 87–85OT\nW 79–59\nW 61–56\nL 76–82\n\n\n2014\nSecond Round\nThird Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nWofford\nTexas\nTennessee\nKentucky\nW 57–40\nW 79–65\nW 73–71\nL 72–75\n\n\n2016\nFirst Four\nFirst Round\nTulsa\nNotre Dame\nW 67–62\nL 63–70\n\n\n2017\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nOklahoma State\nLouisville\nOregon\nW 92–91\nW 73–69\nL 68–69\n\n\n2018\nFirst Round\nSecond Round\nSweet Sixteen\nElite Eight\nFinal Four\nNational Championship\nMontana\nHouston\nTexas A&M\nFlorida State\nLoyola-Chicago\nVillanova\nW 61–47\nW 64–63\nW 99–72\nW 58–54\nW 69–57\nL 62–79\n\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
3033373972207950821	Alcatraz Island	Alcatraz island - wikipedia Alcatraz island Jump to : navigation , search `` Alcatraz '' redirects here . For the former high - security prison on the island which existed from 1934 to 1963 , see Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary . For other uses , see Alcatraz ( disambiguation ) . Alcatraz Island IUCN category V ( protected landscape / seascape ) Alcatraz Island , San Francisco Bay , July 2 , 2017 Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location San Francisco Bay , California , US Nearest city San Francisco , California Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 37.82667 ° N 122.423333 ° W / 37.82667 ; - 122.423333 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 37.82667 ° N 122.423333 ° W / 37.82667 ; - 122.423333 Area 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) Established 1934 ( 1934 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Alcatraz Island Alcatraz U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District The Social Hall , destroyed by fire during the Native American occupation . Area 47 acres ( 19 ha ) Built 1847 Architect U.S. Army , Bureau of Prisons ; U.S. Army Architectural style Mission / Spanish Revival NRHP reference # 76000209 Significant dates Added to NRHP June 23 , 1976 Designated NHLD January 17 , 1986 Alcatraz Island ( / ˈælkəˌtræz / ) is located in San Francisco Bay , 1.25 miles ( 2.01 km ) offshore from San Francisco , California , United States . The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse , a military fortification , a military prison ( 1868 ) , and a federal prison from 1934 until 1963 . Beginning in November 1969 , the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans from San Francisco , who were part of a wave of Native activism across the nation , with public protests through the 1970s . In 1972 , Alcatraz became part of a national recreation area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . Today , the island 's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area ; it is open to tours . Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33 , near Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco . Hornblower Cruises and Events , operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises , is the official ferry provider to and from the island . Alcatraz Island is home to the abandoned prison , the site of the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States , early military fortifications , and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony ( mostly western gulls , cormorants , and egrets ) . According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz , the island measures 1,675 feet ( 511 m ) by 590 feet ( 180 m ) and is 135 feet ( 41 m ) at highest point during mean tide . However , the total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) . Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse , Dining Hall , Library , Lighthouse , the ruins of the Warden 's House and Officers ' Club , Parade Grounds , Building 64 , Water Tower , New Industries Building , Model Industries Building , and the Recreation Yard . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Military garrison 1.1. 1 Military prison 1.2 Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary 2 Post-prison years 2.1 Native American occupation 3 Landmarks 4 Development 5 Art 6 Fauna and flora 6.1 Habitat 6.2 Flora 7 In popular culture 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Alcatraz Island on a clear day Alcatraz Island , 1895 . Alcatraz in the dawn mist , from the east . The `` parade ground '' is at left . Alcatraz Island and lighthouse at sunset The water tower and powerhouse ( at right ) , which generated electricity for the island . A model of Military Point Alcatraz , 1866 -- 1868 , now on display at Alcatraz Island The first Spaniard to document the island was Juan Manuel de Ayala in 1775 , who charted San Francisco Bay and named one of the three islands he identified as the `` La Isla de los Alcatraces , '' which translates as `` The Island of the Pelicans , '' from the archaic Spanish alcatraz ( `` pelican '' ) . Over the years , the Spanish version `` Alcatraz '' became popular and is now widely used . In August 1827 , French Captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut - Cilly wrote `` ... running past Alcatraze 's ( Pelicans ) Island ... covered with a countless number of these birds . A gun fired over the feathered legions caused them to fly up in a great cloud and with a noise like a hurricane . '' The California brown pelican ( Pelecanus occidentalis californicus ) is not known to nest on the island today . The Spanish built several small buildings on the island and other minor structures . Military garrison ( edit ) The earliest recorded owner of the island of Alcatraz is Julian Workman , to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June 1846 , with the understanding that Workman would build a lighthouse on it . Julian Workman is the baptismal name of William Workman , co-owner of Rancho La Puente and personal friend of Pio Pico . Later in 1846 , acting in his capacity as Military Governor of California , John C. Frémont , champion of Manifest Destiny and leader of the Bear Flag Republic , bought the island for $5,000 in the name of the United States government from Francis Temple . In 1850 , President Millard Fillmore ordered that Alcatraz Island be set aside specifically as a United States military reservation , for military purposes based upon the U.S. acquisition of California from Mexico following the Mexican -- American War . Frémont had expected a large compensation for his initiative in purchasing and securing Alcatraz Island for the U.S. government , but the U.S. government later invalidated the sale and paid Frémont nothing . Frémont and his heirs sued for compensation during protracted but unsuccessful legal battles that extended into the 1890s . The lighthouse tower adjacent to the prison cell house Following the acquisition of California by the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) which ended the Mexican -- American War , and the onset of the California Gold Rush the following year , the U.S. Army began studying the suitability of Alcatraz Island for the positioning of coastal batteries to protect the approaches to San Francisco Bay . In 1853 , under the direction of Zealous B. Tower , the United States Army Corps of Engineers began fortifying the island , work which continued until 1858 , eventuating in Fortress Alcatraz . The island 's first garrison at Camp Alcatraz , numbering about 200 soldiers and 11 cannons , arrived at the end of that year . When the American Civil War broke out in 1861 , the island mounted 85 cannons ( increased to 105 cannons by 1866 ) in casemates around its perimeter , though the small size of the garrison meant only a fraction of the guns could be used at one time . At this time it also served as the San Francisco Arsenal for storage of firearms to prevent them falling into the hands of Confederate sympathizers . Alcatraz , built as a `` heavily fortified military site on the West Coast '' , formed a `` triangle of defense '' along with Fort Point and Lime Point , and ensured security to the bay . The island was also the site of the first operational lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States . Alcatraz never fired its guns offensively , though during the war it was used to imprison Confederate sympathizers and privateers on the west coast . Military prison ( edit ) Main article : Alcatraz Citadel Because of its isolation from the outside by the cold , strong , hazardous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay , Alcatraz was used to house Civil War prisoners of war ( POWs ) as early as 1861 . Following the war in 1866 , the army determined the fortifications and guns were being rapidly rendered obsolete by advances in military technology . Modernization efforts , including an ambitious plan to level the entire island and construct shell - proof underground magazines and tunnels , were undertaken between 1870 and 1876 but never completed ( the so - called `` parade ground '' on the southern tip of the island represents the extent of the flattening effort ) . Instead , the army switched the focus of its plans for Alcatraz from coastal defense to detention , a task for which it was well suited because of its isolation . In 1867 , a brick jailhouse was built ( previously inmates had been kept in the basement of the guardhouse ) , and in 1868 , Alcatraz was officially designated a long - term detention facility for military prisoners . The facility was later discontinued for POWs in 1946 . Among those incarcerated at Alcatraz were Confederates caught on the West Coast , and some Hopi Native American men in the 1870s . In 1898 , the Spanish -- American War increased the prison population from 26 to over 450 , and from 1905 to 1907 it was commanded by U.S. Army General George W. McIver . After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement . On March 21 , 1907 , Alcatraz was officially designated as the Western U.S. Military Prison , later Pacific Branch , U.S. Disciplinary Barracks , 1915 . In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block , designed by Major Reuben Turner , which remains the island 's dominant feature . It was completed in 1912 . To accommodate the new cell block , the Citadel , a three - story barracks , was demolished down to the first floor , which was actually below ground level . The building had been constructed in an excavated pit ( creating a dry `` moat '' ) to enhance its defensive potential . The first floor was then incorporated as a basement to the new cell block , giving rise to the popular legend of `` dungeons '' below the main cell block . The Fortress was deactivated as a military prison in October 1933 and transferred to the Bureau of Prisons . During World War I , the prison held conscientious objectors , including Philip Grosser , who wrote a pamphlet entitled Uncle Sam 's Devil 's Island about his experiences . Alcatraz federal Penitentiary ( edit ) Main article : Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary An exterior view of the Alcatraz main cell block from the exercise yard . The United States Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12 , 1933 , and the island became a federal prison in August 1934 . Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons . At 9 : 40 am on August 11 , 1934 , the first batch of 137 prisoners arrived at Alcatraz , arriving by railroad from the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth , Kansas at Santa Venetia , California , before being escorted to Alcatraz , handcuffed in high security coaches and guarded by some 60 special FBI agents , U.S. Marshals and railway security officials . Most of the prisoners were notorious bank robbers and murderers . The prison initially had a staff of 155 , including the first warden James A. Johnston and associate warden J.E. Shuttleworth , both considered to be `` iron men '' . The staff were highly trained in security , but not rehabilitation . Cell 181 in Alcatraz where Al Capone was imprisoned During the 29 years it was in use , the jail held some of the most notorious criminals in American history , such as Al Capone , Robert Franklin Stroud ( the `` Birdman of Alcatraz '' ) , George `` Machine Gun '' Kelly , Bumpy Johnson , Rafael Cancel Miranda ( a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the United States Capitol building in 1954 ) , Mickey Cohen , Arthur R. `` Doc '' Barker , James `` Whitey '' Bulger , and Alvin `` Creepy '' Karpis ( who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate ) . It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families . During its 29 years of operation , the penitentiary claimed that no prisoner successfully escaped . A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts , two men trying twice ; 23 were caught alive , six were shot and killed during their escape , two drowned , and five are listed as `` missing and presumed drowned '' . The most violent occurred on May 2 , 1946 , when a failed escape attempt by six prisoners led to the Battle of Alcatraz . On June 11 , 1962 , Frank Morris , John Anglin , and Clarence Anglin carried out one of the most intricate escapes ever devised . Post-prison years ( edit ) Because the penitentiary cost much more to operate than other prisons ( nearly $10 per prisoner per day , as opposed to $3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta ) , and half a century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings , then Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the penitentiary closed on March 21 , 1963 . In addition , citizens were increasingly protesting the environmental effects of sewage released into San Francisco Bay from the approximately 250 inmates and 60 Bureau of Prisons families on the island . That year , the United States Penitentiary in Marion , Illinois , on land , opened as the replacement facility for Alcatraz . Native American occupation ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of Alcatraz A lingering sign of the 1969 -- 71 Native American occupation ( 2006 Photograph ) . Alcatraz Island was occupied by Native American activists for the first time on March 8 , 1964 . The event was reported by , among others , the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Examiner . Beginning on November 20 , 1969 , a group of Native Americans called United Indians of All Tribes , mostly college students from San Francisco , occupied the island to protest federal policies related to American Indians . Some of them were children of Indians who had relocated in the city as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs ' ( BIA ) Indian termination policy , which was a series of laws and policies aimed at the assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream American society , particularly by encouraging Indians to move away from the Indian reservations and into cities . A number of employees of the Bureau of Indian Affairs also occupied Alcatraz at that time , including Doris Purdy , an amateur photographer , who later produced footage of her stay on the island . The occupiers , who stayed on the island for nearly two years , demanded the island 's facilities be adapted and new structures built for an Indian education center , ecology center and cultural center . The American Indians claimed the island by provisions of the Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) between the U.S. and the Sioux ; they said the treaty promised to return all retired , abandoned or out - of - use federal lands to the Native peoples from whom it was acquired . ( Note : The Treaty of 1868 stated that all abandoned or unused federal land adjacent to the Great Sioux Reservation could be reclaimed by descendants of the Sioux Nation . ) Indians of All Tribes then claimed Alcatraz Island by the `` Right of Discovery '' , as indigenous peoples knew it thousands of years before any Europeans had come to North America . Begun by urban Indians of San Francisco , the occupation attracted other Native Americans from across the country , including American Indian Movement ( AIM ) urban activists from Minneapolis . The Alcatraz cellhouse , lighthouse , and Warden 's House which was burned out during the 1969 -- 71 Native American occupation . The Native Americans demanded reparation for the many treaties broken by the US government and for the lands which were taken from so many tribes . In discussing the Right of Discovery , the historian Troy R. Johnson states in The Occupation of Alcatraz Island , that indigenous peoples knew about Alcatraz at least 10,000 years before any European knew about any part of North America . During the nineteen months and nine days of occupation by the American Indians , several buildings at Alcatraz were damaged or destroyed by fire , including the recreation hall , the Coast Guard quarters and the warden 's home . The origin of the fires is disputed . The U.S. government demolished a number of other buildings ( mostly apartments ) after the occupation had ended . Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation are still visible at many locations on the island . During the occupation , President Richard Nixon rescinded the Indian termination policy , designed by earlier administrations to end federal recognition of tribes and their special relationship with the US government . He established a new policy of self - determination , in part as a result of the publicity and awareness created by the occupation . The occupation ended on June 11 , 1971 . Landmarks ( edit ) Main article : List of Alcatraz Island features The entire Alcatraz Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 , and was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . In 1993 , the National Park Service published a plan entitled Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessment . This plan , approved in 1980 , doubled the amount of Alcatraz accessible to the public to enable visitors to enjoy its scenery and bird , marine , and animal life . Map of Alcatraz Baker Beach Boat Dock Building 64 Citadel Dining Hall Former Military Chapel ( Bachelor Quarters ) Helipad Library Lighthouse Main Cellhouse Model Industries Building Morgue New Industries Building Officers ' Club Parade Grounds Power House Recreation Yard Wardens House Water Tower Development ( edit ) Today , American Indigenous groups , such as the International Indian Treaty Council , hold ceremonies on the island , most notably , their `` Sunrise Gatherings '' every Columbus Day and Thanksgiving Day . The Global Peace Foundation proposed to raze the prison and build a peace center in its place . During the previous year , supporters collected 10,350 signatures that placed it on the presidential primary ballots in San Francisco for February 5 , 2008 . The proposed plan was estimated at $ 1 billion . For the plan to pass , Congress would have to have taken Alcatraz out of the National Park Service . Critics of the plan said that Alcatraz is too rich in history to be destroyed . On February 6 , 2008 , the Alcatraz Island Global Peace Center Proposition C failed to pass , with 72 % of voters rejecting the proposition . Art ( edit ) Recently , Alcatraz has been home to several art installations . The famous Chinese artist / dissident Ai Weiwei staged an exhibition which explored `` questions about human rights and freedom of expression '' called @ Large . This 2014 , exhibit included Lego portraits of famous political prisoners . In 2016 , Nelson Saiers used math and prison slang as central elements in a six - month installation that addressed irrationally long prison sentences . Fauna and flora ( edit ) Habitat ( edit ) Brandt 's cormorant nesting on Alcatraz Island Cisterns . A bluff that , because of its moist crevices , is believed to be an important site for California slender salamanders . Cliff tops at the island 's north end . Containing a onetime manufacturing building and a plaza , the area is listed as important to nesting and roosting birds . The powerhouse area . A steep embankment where native grassland and creeping wild rye support a habitat for deer mice . Tide pools . A series of them , created by long - ago quarrying activities , contains still - unidentified invertebrate species and marine algae . They form one of the few tide - pool complexes in the bay , according to the report . Western cliffs and cliff tops . Rising to heights of nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) , they provide nesting and roosting sites for seabirds including pigeon guillemots , cormorants , Heermann 's gulls , and western gulls . Harbor seals can occasionally be seen on a small beach at the base . The parade grounds . Carved from the hillside during the late 19th century and covered with rubble since the government demolished guard housing in 1971 , the area has become a habitat and breeding ground for black - crowned night herons , western gulls , slender salamanders , and deer mice . The Agave Path , a trail named for its dense growth of agave . Located atop a shoreline bulkhead on the south side , it provides a nesting habitat for night herons . Alcatraz prison and its surroundings . Flora ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flowers on Alcatraz Gardens planted by families of the original Army post , and later by families of the prison guards , fell into neglect after the prison closure in 1963 . After 40 years , they are being restored by a paid staff member and many volunteers , thanks to funding by the Garden Conservancy and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy . The untended gardens had become severely overgrown and had developed into a nesting habitat and sanctuary for numerous birds . Now , areas of bird habitat are being preserved and protected , while many of the gardens are being restored to their original state . In clearing out the overgrowth , workers found that many of the original plants were growing where they had been planted -- some more than 100 years ago . Numerous heirloom rose hybrids , including a Welsh rose ( Bardou Job ) that had been believed to be extinct , have been discovered and propagated . Many species of roses , succulents , and geraniums are growing among apple and fig trees , banks of sweet peas , manicured gardens of cutting flowers , and wildly overgrown sections of native grasses with blackberry and honeysuckle . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Alcatraz Island in popular culture Alcatraz Island appears often in media and popular culture , including films dating from 1962 : The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) , X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , The Rock ( 1996 ) , Murder in the First ( 1995 ) , Escape from Alcatraz ( 1979 ) , The Enforcer ( 1976 ) , Point Blank ( 1967 ) , Birdman of Alcatraz ( 1962 ) and J.J. Abrams ' 2012 television series Alcatraz . It also was featured in the Yu - Gi - Oh ! Duel Monsters anime , in the book Al Capone Does My Shirts , in the video game Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 4 as a playable level , and in the video game Call of Duty : Black Ops II in a downloadable zombie survival map called `` Mob of the Dead '' . It is also featured as a playable racetrack in the 1996 arcade racing video game San Francisco Rush : Extreme Racing . Alcatraz has also been portrayed often as a safe haven or base of operations in many post-apocalyptic movies , such as The Book of Eli . Alcatraz is featured in the episode `` Bird Mummy of Alcatraz '' in the children 's program , Mummies Alive ! and was also featured in a mission in the video game `` Watch Dogs 2 '' . Alcatraz has also been featured as a map in the game `` The Escapists '' , as downloadable content Gallery ( edit ) A panorama of Alcatraz as viewed from San Francisco Bay , facing east . Sather Tower and UC Berkeley are visible in the background on the right . ( Drag image left and right to show full panorama . ) Different view of the Water Tower built in 1940 . Alcatraz Utility House and Power Plant Chimney , built in 1939 . School House ( two story building in the middle ) and the Electric Repair shop ( foreground ) built in 1930s . Views of both long sides of the island . Alcatraz Island harbor guards tower . Alcatraz Island view from the West . Image shot from an altitude of approximately 1,800 ft ( 549 m ) . Alcatraz entrance . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Government of the United States portal Prisons portal Islands portal Asinara Château d'If Devil 's Island List of islands of California Robben Island Cellular Jail References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alcatraz Island '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcatraz Island '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcatraz Island '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Odier , Odier ( 1982 ) . The Rock : A History of Alcatraz : The Fort / The Prison . L'Image Odier . ISBN 0 - 9611632 - 0 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is An Alcatraz Documentary ( Part 1 ) '' . Narrated by Howard Duff . 1971 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The March of Portolá and the Log of the San Carlos -- Zoeth S. Eldredge & E.J. Molera -- Log of the San Carlos '' . Books-about-california.com . Archived from the original on 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Alcatraz Island '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History : Military Fortress '' . Alcatrazcruises.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` BOP : Alcatraz '' . Bop.gov . Archived from the original on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Island -- History & Culture ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2010 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Auguste Duhaut - Cilly ( 1999 ) . A Voyage to California , the Sandwich Islands , and Around the World in the Years 1826 -- 1829 . University of California Press . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21752 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Rock ( 1915 ) . `` A Brief History of the Island of Alcatraz '' . The Rock . Improvement Fund , Pacific Branch United States Disciplinary Barracks , Alcatraz , California . 1 ( January ) : 3 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` The expeditions of John Charles Frémont '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous Hauntings '' . Sgha.net . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` h2g2 -- Alcatraz , San Francisco , California , USA '' . BBC . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcatraz - World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hannings , Bud ( March 2005 ) . Forts of the United States : An Historical Dictionary , 16th Through 19th Centuries . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1796 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Posts , Camps , Stations and Airfields : Post at Alcatraz Island '' . Militarymuseum.org . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Alcatraz Preservation Project : Exposing the Layers of An American Landmark ( pamphlet ) , Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The most painful story of resistance to assimilation programs and compulsory school attendance laws involved the Hopis in Arizona , who surrendered a group of men to the military rather than voluntarily relinquish their children . The Hopi men served time in federal prison at Alcatraz '' . Child , Brenda J. ( February 2000 ) . Boarding School Seasons : American Indian Families , 1900 -- 1940 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6405 - 4 . Jump up ^ Grosser , P. , Block , H. , Blackwell , A.S. , & Berkman , A. ( 1933 ) . Uncle Sam 's Devil 's Island : Experiences of a Conscientious Objector in America during the World War . Boston : Published by a Group of friends . OCLC 13728108 Jump up ^ Oliver , Marilyn Tower ( 1998 ) . Alcatraz Prison in American HIstory . Berkley Heights , NJ : Enslow Publishers Inc. p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 89490 - 990 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` For Desperate or Irredeemable Types United States Federal Penitentiary Alcatraz '' . A History of Alcatraz Island , 1847 -- 1972 , Historic Resources Study . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former Alcatraz inmate speaks about his time '' , San Francisco Examiner , by D. Morita ; October 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape Attempts '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ocean View Publishing Company . `` A Brief History of Alcatraz , p. 5 '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Occupation of Alcatraz , 11 - 29 - 1969 . YouTube . 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Alcatraz Island Archived 2006 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , California State University Long Beach Jump up ^ Indians of All Tribes , Alcatraz Is Not an Island , Berkeley , Wingbow Press , 1972 Jump up ^ Stephen A. Haller ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Alcatraz Island / La Isla de los Alcatraces / Fort Alcatraz / The Post at Alcatraz / Pacific Branch , U.S. Military Prison / U.S. Disciplinary Barracks , Alcatraz Island / United States Penitentiary ad Alcatraz Island '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . and Accompanying 18 photos , exterior and interior , from 1985 , 1980 , and undated . ( 4.03 MB ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20061015075505/http://www.nps.gov/archive/goga/admin/planning/alca-eis/doc/chap1.doc Jump up ^ Adams , Gerald D. , Alcatraz Proposal Highlights Wildlife Plan Would Open Up More of Rock , San Francisco Examiner ( July 27 , 1993 ) , News section , p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Voters consider changing Alcatraz to peace center '' . Reuters . February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Locke , Michelle ( 2008 - 02 - 02 ) . `` LJWorld.com / Activist wants to transform Alcatraz into global peace center '' ... ljworld.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Elections and Results KNTV Bay Area '' . NBC 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` @ Large Ai Weiwei on Alcatraz '' . NPS.GOV . Jump up ^ Levi , Ryan . `` Alcatraz Displays Irrational Numbers & Irrationally Long Prison Sentences '' . KQED.ORG . Jump up ^ Andrews , David . `` ' Hung Out to Dry ' : New Alcatraz art exhibit examines prison industrial complex '' . SFGATE.COM . Further reading ( edit ) Erwin N. Thompson . `` The Rock : A history of Alcatraz Island , 1847 -- 1972 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . United States Department of Interior . The Rock ( 1915 ) . `` A Brief History of the Island of Alcatraz ( continued in multiple issues ) '' . The Rock . Improvement Fund , Pacific Branch United States Disciplinary Barracks , Alcatraz , California . 1 ( January ) : 3 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Alcatraz Island . Official website NPS.gov : `` Federal Prison Period '' from the Photographs of Alcatraz collection NPS.gov : Alcatraz Island Virtual Museum Exhibit -- National Park Service , Park Museum Management Program . NPS.gov : `` Early History of the California Coast -- National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary . AlcatrazHistory.com : Alcatraz History website -- homepage Alldocumentaries.org : Alcatraz History documentary movie Google.com/books : Popular Science -- `` American Devils Island Holds Toughest Prisoners '' ( February 1935 ) . Federal Bureau of Prisons.gov : `` A Brief History of Alcatraz '' California State Military Museum.org : The Post at Alcatraz Island 2012 KDRTradio.org : Interview with former Alcatraz convict Robert Luke Report on the 1962 Alcatraz escape incident -- ( from the FBI FOIA electronic reading room ) . Mapicurious.com : Map of Alcatraz -- with marker pictures . Alcatraz : A Prison as Disneyland . Chris Hedges ( December 2014 ) . Alcatraz Island , Part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area , National Park Service at Google Cultural Institute Alcatraz Island General Fort Alcatraz General McPherson ( ship ) Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Battle of Alcatraz June 1962 escape from Alcatraz ( book film ) Occupation of Alcatraz Alcatraz Island in popular culture Legends of Alcatraz Buildings Main Cellhouse Dining Hall Hospital Library Warden 's House Building 64 Former Military Chapel ( Bachelor Quarters ) Social Hall Morgue New Industries Building Model Industries Building Lighthouse Power House Water Tower Grounds Baker Beach Parade Grounds Little Alcatraz Recreation Yard Wharf Lists Features Inmates Escape attempts People Fort commanders James B. McPherson Joseph Stewart William A. Winder Wardens James A. Johnston ( 1934 -- 1948 ) Edwin B. Swope ( 1948 -- 1955 ) Paul J. Madigan ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Olin G. Blackwell ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Associate wardens Cecil J. Shuttleworth ( 1934 -- 1937 ) Edward J. Miller ( 1937 -- 1947 ) Paul J. Madigan ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Olin G. Blackwell ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Arthur M. Dollison ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Richard J. Willard ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Notable inmates Harvey Bailey ( `` The Dean of American Bank Robbers '' ) Basil Banghart ( `` The Owl '' ) Arthur Barker ( `` Doc '' ) Albert L. Bates Joseph Bowers ( `` Dutch '' ) James Bulger ( `` Whitey '' ) Al Capone ( `` Scarface '' ) Meyer Cohen ( `` Mickey '' ) Theodore Cole ( `` Ted '' ) Bernard Coy Joseph Cretzer Volney Davis ( `` Curley '' ) Herbert Farmer ( `` Deafy '' ) Rufus Franklin John Giles Ellsworth Raymond Johnson ( `` Bumpy '' ) Alvin Francis Karpavicz ( `` Creepy Karpis '' ) George Celino Barnes ( `` Machine Gun Kelly '' ) Thomas Limerick James Lucas ( `` Texas Bank Robber '' ) Rafael Cancel Miranda Rufus McCain Rufe Persful Ralph Roe Sam Shockley Robert Stroud ( `` Birdman of Alcatraz '' ) Henri Young Golden Gate National Recreation Area Parks Marin County Muir Woods National Monument Muir Beach Olema Valley Stinson Beach Bolinas Ridge Tennessee Valley Oakwood Valley Marin Headlands Point Bonita Fort Baker Fort Barry Fort Cronkhite San Francisco Presidio of San Francisco Alcatraz Lands End Sutro Baths Fort Miley Sutro Heights Ocean Beach Fort Funston Crissy Field Fort Point Fort Mason San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park San Mateo County Mori Point Sweeney Ridge Milagra Ridge Rancho Corral de Tierra Phleger Estate People Ohlone People Coast Miwok John Muir William Kent Natural Settings San Francisco Bay Area Climate Geology Ecosystems Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve Natural Disasters Cosco Busan oil spill History Marincello Founding and Growth Bay Area Parks Golden Gate Park Park Presidio Marin Municipal Water District Bay Area Ridge Trail San Francisco Bay Trail Mount Tamalpais State Park Point Reyes National Seashore Pinnacles National Park Administration National Park Service Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy Presidio Trust Related Dipsea Race Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts 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Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Water Trail Estuary Partnership Leslie Salt Portal Category National Register of Historic Places in California Lists by county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles County Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Lists by city Los Angeles Pasadena San Francisco Other lists Bridges California Historical Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcatraz_Island&oldid=800655091 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Alcatraz Island Islands of San Francisco Islands of San Francisco Bay Golden Gate National Recreation Area Parks in San Francisco Forts in California National Historic Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco National Park Service areas in California 1850 establishments in California Protected areas established in 1972 1972 establishments in California Landmarks in San Francisco Tourist attractions in the San Francisco Bay Area Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша لۊری شومالی Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the prison island in san francisco bay	[ "Alcatraz Island (/ˈælkəˌtræz/) is located in San Francisco Bay, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States.[2] The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1934 until 1963.[5] Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans from San Francisco, who were part of a wave of Native activism across the nation, with public protests through the 1970s. In 1972, Alcatraz became part of a national recreation area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986." ]	[ "Alcatraz Island" ]
3955197462792332983	Rural Electrification Act	Rural Electrification Act - wikipedia Rural Electrification Act Jump to : navigation , search Rural Electrification Act Other short titles Rural Electrification and Telephone Service Act of 1936 Long title An Act to provide for rural electrification , and for other purposes . Nicknames Rural Electrification Act of 1936 Enacted by the 74th United States Congress Effective May 20 , 1936 Citations Public law 74 - 605 Statutes at Large 49 Stat. 1363 Codification Titles amended 7 U.S.C. : Agriculture U.S.C. sections created 7 U.S.C. ch. 31 § 901 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 3483 by George W. Norris ( I -- NE ) on February 17 , 1936 Committee consideration by Senate Agriculture and Forestry , House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Passed the Senate on March 5 , 1936 ( Passed ) Passed the House on April 9 , 1936 ( Passed ) Reported by the joint conference committee on April 13 , 1936 ; agreed to by the House on May 14 , 1936 ( Agreed ) and by the Senate on May 15 , 1936 ( Agreed ) Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 20 , 1936 Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( center ) signs the Rural Electrification Act with Representative John Rankin ( left ) and Senator George William Norris ( right ) The Rural Electrification Act of 1936 , enacted on May 20 , 1936 , provided federal loans for the installation of electrical distribution systems to serve isolated rural areas of the United States . The funding was channeled through cooperative electric power companies , most of which still exist today . These member - owned cooperatives purchased power on a wholesale basis and distributed it using their own network of transmission and distribution lines . The Rural Electrification Act was also an attempt made by FDR 's New Deal to deal with high unemployment . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Technical issues 3 Wiring homes and farms 4 Later amendments 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) On May 11 , 1935 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7037 , which created the Rural Electrification Administration . In 1936 , the Congress endorsed Roosevelt 's action by passing the Rural Electrification Act . At the time the Rural Electrification Act was passed , electricity was commonplace in cities but largely unavailable in farms , ranches , and other rural places . Representative John E. Rankin and Senator George William Norris were supporters of the Rural Electrification Act , which was signed into law by Roosevelt on May 20 , 1936 . Technical issues ( edit ) In the 1930s , the provision of power to remote areas was not thought to be economically feasible . A 2300 volt distribution system was then used in cities . This relatively low voltage could only be carried about 4 miles before the voltage drop became unacceptable . REA cooperatives used a 7200 volt distribution network , which could support much longer runs ( up to about 40 miles ) . Despite requiring more expensive transformers at each home , the overall system cost was manageable . Wiring homes and farms ( edit ) REA crews traveled through the American countryside , bringing teams of electricians along with them . The electricians added wiring to houses and barns to utilize the newly available power provided by the line crews . A standard REA installation in a house consisted of : A 60 amp , 230 volt fuse panel , with : A 60 amp range circuit A 20 amp kitchen circuit Two or three 15 amp lighting circuits A ceiling - mounted light fixture was installed in each room , usually controlled by a single switch mounted near a door . At most , one outlet was installed per room , since plug - connected appliances were expensive and uncommon . Wiring was performed using type NM ( nonmetallic sheathed cable ) , insulated with asbestos - reinforced rubber covered with jute and tar . Many of these installations still exist today , though most have been augmented to support a greater number and variety of appliances . Later amendments ( edit ) Some amendments to the Rural Electrification Act include : 1944 - loan terms increased to 35 years , the act is made permanent 1949 - extended the act to allow loans to telephone companies wishing to extend their connections to unconnected rural areas 1993 - Provisions to restructure the direct loan programs for rural electricity , telephone cooperatives , and energy conservation market December 8 , 1993 - `` North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act '' - The `` Buy American '' provision to now include Mexico and Canada . 2008 - Provisions for access to rural broadband telecommunications network and rural internet 2014 - Pilot program for rural gigabit broadband network Date of Enactment Public Law Number U.S. Statute Citation U.S. Legislative Bill U.S. Presidential Administration September 21 , 1944 P.L. 78 - 425 58 Stat. 734 H.R. 4278 Franklin D. Roosevelt October 28 , 1949 P.L. 81 - 423 63 Stat. 948 H.R. 2960 Harry S. Truman June 15 , 1955 P.L. 84 - 70 69 Stat. 131 S. 153 Dwight D. Eisenhower October 23 , 1962 P.L. 87 - 862 76 Stat. 1140 H.R. 10708 John F. Kennedy May 7 , 1971 P.L. 92 - 12 85 Stat. 29 S. 70 Richard M. Nixon June 30 , 1972 P.L. 92 - 324 86 Stat. 390 H.R. 14423 Richard M. Nixon May 11 , 1973 P.L. 93 - 32 87 Stat. 65 S. 394 Richard M. Nixon November 4 , 1975 P.L. 94 - 124 89 Stat. 677 H.R. 4799 Gerald R. Ford October 20 , 1976 P.L. 94 - 570 90 Stat. 2701 H.R. 12207 Gerald R. Ford May 25 , 1984 P.L. 98 - 300 98 Stat. 215 H.R. 2211 Ronald W. Reagan October 21 , 1992 P.L. 102 - 428 106 Stat. 2183 H.R. 5237 George H.W. Bush November 1 , 1993 P.L. 103 - 129 107 Stat. 1356 H.R. 3123 William J. Clinton December 17 , 1993 P.L. 103 - 201 107 Stat. 2342 H.R. 3514 William J. Clinton June 18 , 2008 P.L. 110 - 246 122 Stat. 1651 H.R. 6124 George W. Bush February 7 , 2014 P.L. 113 - 79 128 Stat. 649 H.R. 2642 Barack H. Obama II See also ( edit ) List of utility cooperatives Rural Utilities Service The Great Depression References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rural Electrification Act . Ohio History Central . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : `` Executive Order 7037 Establishing the Rural Electrification Administration. , '' May 11 , 1935 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : `` Statement on Signing a Rural Electrification Bill. , '' September 22 , 1944 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Harry S. Truman : `` Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Providing for Improved Rural Telephone Facilities. , '' October 28 , 1949 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` William J. Clinton : `` Statement on Signing the Rural Electrification Loan Restructuring Act of 1993 , '' November 1 , 1993 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Full text of the original Rural Electrification Act of 1936 Rural Electrification Act of 1936 With Amendments as Approved through December 31 , 2000 ( hide ) New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_Electrification_Act&oldid=826615779 '' Categories : United States federal energy legislation 1936 in law 74th United States Congress New Deal legislation Rural electrification in the United States 1935 in the United States Electric cooperatives of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the rural electrification administration provide electricity to	[ "The Rural Electrification Act of 1936, enacted on May 20, 1936, provided federal loans for the installation of electrical distribution systems to serve isolated rural areas of the United States." ]	[ "isolated rural areas of the United States" ]
-855214407310450670	Susan Boyle	Susan Boyle - Wikipedia Susan Boyle Jump to : navigation , search `` SuBo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Subo ( disambiguation ) . Susan Boyle Susan Boyle in front of fans and paparazzi , November 2009 Background information Birth name Susan Magdalane Boyle ( 1961 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1961 ( age 56 ) Origin Blackburn , West Lothian , Scotland Genres Operatic pop Occupation ( s ) Singer actress Instruments Vocals Years active 2009 -- present Labels Sony Music Syco Columbia Associated acts Elaine Paige Geraldine McQueen Emeli Sandé Elaine C. Smith Donny Osmond Website susanboylemusic.com Susan Magdalane Boyle ( born 1 April 1961 ) is a Scottish singer who came to international attention when she appeared as a contestant on the TV programme Britain 's Got Talent on 11 April 2009 , singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' from Les Misérables . Her first album , I Dreamed a Dream , was released in November 2009 and became the UK 's best - selling debut album of all time , beating the previous record held by Spirit by Leona Lewis . I Dreamed a Dream set a record for biggest first week sales by a debut album , according to the Official Chart Company in the United Kingdom . Topping the Billboard 200 for six weeks , it was the second best - selling album of 2009 in the US . In her first year of fame , Boyle made £ 5 million ( £ 6.0 million today ) with the release of I Dreamed a Dream and its lead - off singles , `` I Dreamed a Dream '' and `` Wild Horses '' . The success was continued with her second album , The Gift ( 2010 ) , where she became only the third act ever to top both the UK and US album charts twice in the same year , and was followed by Boyle 's third album , Someone to Watch Over Me ( debuted at # 1 on UK charts , # 4 on US charts ) , released on 31 October 2011 . Boyle subsequently released her fourth album Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( reached # 7 in UK , # 12 in US ) in 2012 , her fifth album Home for Christmas ( fifth consecutive top ten on UK charts ) in 2013 , and her sixth album Hope ( sixth consecutive top twenty on UK and US charts ) in 2014 . On 12 May 2012 , Boyle returned to Britain 's Got Talent to perform as a guest in the final , singing `` You 'll See '' . The following day , she performed at Windsor Castle for the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Pageant singing `` Mull of Kintyre '' . Having performed `` I Know Him So Well '' in a duet with one of her idols Elaine Paige in London in December 2009 , Boyle performed with her other musical idol Donny Osmond in Las Vegas in November 2012 , singing `` This is the Moment '' , a duet from her album Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs From the Stage . Boyle played her first Susan Boyle in Concert solo tour in July 2013 with 7 concert dates in Scotland . Boyle 's net worth was estimated at £ 22 million in April 2012 . She is known for supporting various charitable causes , and has appeared on the UK charity telethons BBC Children in Need and Comic Relief . As of 2013 , she had sold over 19 million albums worldwide and received two Grammy Awards nominations . On 21 July 2014 , Boyle carried the Queen 's Baton for the 2014 Commonwealth Games which would be held in Glasgow . She picked up the baton at Yorkhill Royal Hospital for Sick Children and then took it to show to children in one of the wards . On 23 July , Boyle performed `` Mull of Kintyre '' at the Opening Ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in front of the Queen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life and childhood 1.2 Early musical training and career 1.3 Britain 's Got Talent ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1.4 I Dreamed a Dream and tour ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.5 The Gift ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 1.6 Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) 1.7 Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) 1.8 Acting debut and Home for Christmas ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1.9 Hope ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 1.10 Return to music and A Wonderful World ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Media impact 3 Stage musical 4 Social analyses 4.1 Judging by appearance 4.2 Feminist view 4.3 American Dream 5 Personal life 6 Philanthropy 6.1 Charity performances 6.2 Community and faith 6.3 Other 7 In popular culture 8 Discography 8.1 Studio albums 9 Concert tours 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Guinness World Records 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Life and career Early life and childhood Boyle was raised in Blackburn , West Lothian . Her father , Patrick Boyle , was a miner and veteran of the Second World War who also worked as a singer at the Bishop 's Blaize ; her mother Bridget was a shorthand typist . Both her parents were born in Motherwell , Lanarkshire , but also have family links to County Donegal in Ireland . Born when her mother was 45 years old , Boyle was the youngest of four brothers and five sisters . She was raised thinking that she had been briefly deprived of oxygen during a difficult birth resulting in a learning disability . However , she was told in 2012 - 13 that she had been misdiagnosed and has Asperger syndrome with an IQ `` above average '' . Boyle says she was bullied as a child , and was nicknamed `` Susie Simple '' at school . After leaving school with few qualifications , Boyle was employed for the only time in her life as a trainee cook in the kitchen of West Lothian College for six months , took part in government training programmes , and performed at local venues . Early musical training and career Boyle took singing lessons from vocal coach Fred O'Neil . She attended Edinburgh Acting School and took part in the Edinburgh Fringe . Prior to Britain 's Got Talent , her main experience had come from singing in her local Catholic church , Our Lady of Lourdes , in local choirs , and in karaoke performances at pubs in and around her village . She had also auditioned several times for My Kind of People . She also long participated in her parish church 's pilgrimages to the Knock Shrine , County Mayo , Ireland , and sang there at the Marian basilica . Boyle 's repertoire through the years included songs such as `` The Way We Were '' and `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him . '' British tabloids claimed `` exclusives '' of video clips of some early performances . In 1995 , her audition for Michael Barrymore 's My Kind of People at the Olympia Shopping Centre in East Kilbride was filmed -- the amateur video shows Barrymore was more interested in mocking her than in her ability to sing . In 1999 , Boyle submitted a track for a charity CD to commemorate the Millennium produced at a West Lothian school . Only 1,000 copies of the CD , Music for a Millennium Celebration , Sounds of West Lothian , were pressed . An early review by Amber McNaught in the West Lothian Herald & Post said Boyle 's rendition of `` Cry Me a River '' was `` heartbreaking '' and `` had been on repeat in my CD player ever since I got this CD ... '' The recording found its way onto the internet following her first televised appearance and the New York Post said it showed that Boyle was `` not a one - trick pony . '' Hello ! said the recording `` cement ( ed ) her status '' as a singing star . In 1998 , Boyle recorded three tracks -- `` Cry Me A River '' , `` Killing Me Softly '' , and `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' -- at Heartbeat Studio , Midlothian . She used all her savings to pay for a professionally cut demo , copies of which she later sent to record companies , radio talent competitions , local and national TV . The demo consisted of her versions of `` Cry Me a River '' and `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ; the songs were uploaded to the Internet after her BGT audition . After Boyle won several local singing competitions , her mother urged her to enter Britain 's Got Talent and take the risk of singing in front of an audience larger than her parish church . Former coach O'Neil said Boyle abandoned an audition for The X Factor because she believed people were being chosen for their looks . She almost abandoned her plan to enter Britain 's Got Talent believing she was too old , but O'Neil persuaded her to audition nevertheless . Boyle said that she was motivated to seek a musical career to pay tribute to her mother . Her performance on the show was the first time she had sung in public since her mother died . Britain 's Got Talent ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Main article : Britain 's Got Talent In August 2008 , Boyle applied for an audition for the third series of Britain 's Got Talent ( as contestant number 43212 ) and was accepted after a preliminary audition in Glasgow . When Boyle first appeared on Britain 's Got Talent at the city 's Clyde Auditorium , she said that she aspired to become a professional singer `` as successful as Elaine Paige '' . Boyle sang `` I Dreamed a Dream '' from Les Misérables in the first round , which was watched by over 10 million viewers when it aired on 11 April 2009 . Programme judge Amanda Holden remarked upon the audience 's initially cynical attitude , and the subsequent `` biggest wake - up call ever '' upon hearing her performance . I know what they were thinking , but why should it matter as long as I can sing ? It 's not a beauty contest . `` '' Susan Boyle , The Sunday Times Boyle was `` absolutely gobsmacked '' by the strength of the reaction to her appearance . Afterwards , Paige expressed interest in singing a duet with Boyle , and called her `` a role model for everyone who has a dream '' . Boyle 's rendition of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was credited with causing a surge in ticket sales in the Vancouver production of Les Misérables . Cameron Mackintosh , the producer of the musical , also praised the performance , as `` heart - touching , thrilling and uplifting '' . Jennifer Byrne , an 18 - year - old Glasgow girl who was filmed rolling her eyes at Boyle before she sang , was subjected to an aggressive hate campaign , receiving `` horrible '' online threats from around the world . She defended herself by saying that her reaction reflected the initial perception of most of the audience . Boyle was one of 40 acts that were put through to the semi-finals . She appeared last on the first semi-final on 24 May 2009 , performing `` Memory '' from the musical Cats . In the public vote , she was the act to receive the highest number of votes to go through to the final . She was the clear favourite to win the final , but ended up in second place to dance troupe Diversity ; the UK TV audience was a record of 17.3 million viewers . The Press Complaints Commission ( PCC ) became concerned by press reports about Boyle 's erratic behaviour and speculation about her mental condition and wrote to remind editors about clause 3 ( privacy ) of their code of press conduct . The day after the final , Boyle was admitted to The Priory , a private psychiatric clinic in London , Talkback Thames explained , `` Following Saturday night 's show , Susan is exhausted and emotionally drained . '' Her stay in hospital attracted widespread attention , with Prime Minister Gordon Brown wishing her well . Cowell offered to waive Boyle 's contractual obligation to take part in the BGT tour . Her family said `` she 's been battered non-stop for the last seven weeks and it has taken its toll ( ... but ... ) her dream is very much alive , '' as she had been invited to the Independence Day celebrations at the White House . Boyle left the clinic three days after her admission and said she would participate in the BGT tour . Despite health concerns , she appeared in 20 of the 24 dates of the tour , and was well received in cities including Aberdeen , Edinburgh , Dublin , Sheffield , Coventry , Birmingham and London . The Belfast Telegraph stated that `` Despite reports of crumbling under the pressure ... , she exuded a confidence resembling that of a veteran who has been performing for years '' . I Dreamed a Dream and tour ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Main article : I Dreamed a Dream Boyle 's first album , I Dreamed a Dream , was released on 23 November 2009 . The album includes covers of `` Wild Horses '' and `` You 'll See '' as well as `` I Dreamed a Dream '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' . I Dreamed a Dream became Amazon. com 's best - selling album in pre-sales on 4 September 2009 , nearly three months before the scheduled release . In Britain , Boyle 's debut album was recognised as the fastest selling UK debut album of all time selling 411,820 copies , beating the previous fastest selling debut of all time , Spirit by Leona Lewis . I Dreamed a Dream also outsold the rest of the top 5 albums combined in its first week . In the U.S. , the album sold 701,000 copies in its first week , the best opening week for a debut artist in over a decade . It topped the Billboard chart for six straight weeks and although it narrowly failed to become the best - selling album of 2009 , with sales of 3,104,000 compared to 3,217,000 for Taylor Swift 's Fearless , it was one of only two albums to sell over 3 million copies in the U.S. , and was also the top selling `` physical '' album of 2009 , with only 86,000 of its sales coming from digital downloads . This has in turn garnered more media attention , as mentioned by People magazine . In Italy , it was the first album of the month in the Italian No. 1 Account by a non-Italian artist ever . In only a week , it sold more than 2 million copies worldwide , becoming the fastest selling global female debut album . Boyle gave a U.S. promotional tour in November as a lead - up to the album release . On 13 December 2009 she appeared in her own television special `` I Dreamed a Dream : the Susan Boyle Story '' , featuring a duet with Elaine Paige . It got ratings of 10 million viewers in the United Kingdom and in America was the TV Guide Network 's highest rated television special in its history . In November 2009 it was reported that Boyle 's rendition of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' would be the theme song of the anime movie Eagle Talon The Movie 3 which was later released in Japan on 16 January 2010 . Boyle performed for Pope Benedict XVI on his tour of Britain in 2010 . In May 2010 , Susan Boyle was voted by Time magazine as the seventh most influential person in the world . Boyle 's original song `` Who I Was Born To Be '' was the theme song of anime film Welcome to the Space Show , which opened in Japan on 26 June 2010 . The Gift ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Main article : The Gift On 9 July 2010 , Boyle announced that her second album would be a Christmas album entitled The Gift . As part of the lead - up to the album , she held a competition called Susan 's Search , the winner of which sang a duet with her on her new CD . The album was released on 8 November 2010 . The album was produced by Steve Mac , who said that `` Now Susan 's used to the studio and the recording process , this time round we might go even further down a traditional route of recording by getting a band together and rehearsing songs before we go into the studio to see what works , how she reacts with certain parts , and so we can change the arrangements that way . I think that 's going to work much better ... With Susan it 's very important she connects with the public and the public connect with her . She does n't want to sing anything that has n't happened to her or she ca n't relate to . '' Boyle has suggested the album will include some jazz numbers now she 's `` a bit more content '' within herself . `` My next album has to have an element of surprise in it again . I 'm hoping to make it better and a bit extra special . '' In November 2010 , Boyle became one of only three acts ever to top both the UK and US album charts twice in the same year . On 30 November 2010 , in the United States , Boyle performed on ABC 's The View singing `` O Holy Night '' and then on NBC 's Christmas at Rockefeller Center program performing `` Perfect Day '' and `` Away in a Manger '' . During her appearance on The View she was unable to finish her song , stating that she had a `` frog in her throat '' ; she wanted to start the song over but was not allowed to . The audience applauded her anyway and she later performed an unaired version of the song which was uploaded to The View 's YouTube account . In October 2010 Boyle 's autobiography The Woman I Was Born To Be - My Story was published . Someone to watch over Me ( 2011 ) Main article : Someone to Watch Over Me Emeli Sandé was reported to have written a song for Boyle 's third studio album , which was released on 31 October 2011 . Boyle performed on the second semi-final results show of the sixth season of America 's Got Talent , which aired on 31 August 2011 . Boyle made her first appearance in Australia , on X Factor Australia , on 8 November 2011 and sang `` Autumn Leaves '' . Standing Ovation : the Greatest Songs from the stage ( 2012 ) Main article : Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage Boyle released her fourth album Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage in November 2012 . She reportedly took piano lessons as she planned on playing it for the album . A reporter told The Sun `` Susan loves the piano and always dreamed of being able to reach a standard which would allow her to play on stage and on her albums . '' In two of the songs , she collaborates with Donny Osmond . In October 2012 renowned opera star Placido Domingo released his album Songs which included a duet with Boyle of Shania Twain 's `` From This Moment On '' . Acting debut and home for Christmas ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Main article : Home for Christmas Boyle made her first acting appearance as Eleanor Hopewell in The Christmas Candle . The film is based on a book written by author Max Lucado about a 19th - century village of simple people in the English Cotswolds in need of a miracle . The film was released on 22 November 2013 in the U.S. and 29 November 2013 in the U.K. Talking about her first acting role , Susan Boyle said , `` I ca n't believe I 'm making a film . I 'm very excited to be a part of The Christmas Candle . Everyone on set is a delight to work with and it 's a fantastic experience to be part of the team . '' In the movie Boyle sings an original song , `` Miracle Hymn '' , the anthem for the film and a track from her album Home for Christmas , which also featured a duet with Elvis Presley singing `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' . The album was released on 29 October 2013 in the U.S. Previously in television , Boyle starred as herself in I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story and in a 2011 documentary titled Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar . Boyle also starred in a second documentary titled There 's Something About Susan in the UK , which first aired on ITV on 12 December 2013 . It aired in the US on Ovation Channel under the title Susan Boyle Her Secret Struggle with the premiere on 9 April 2014 . In October 2013 American vocalist Johnny Mathis released an album titled Sending You a Little Christmas . The album includes `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' a duet performed with Susan Boyle . Hope ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Main article : Hope Boyle released her sixth album , Hope , in October 2014 in the US and in November 2014 in the UK . The album , whose theme is hope and inspiration , includes a recorded live performance by Boyle of `` You Raise Me Up '' with the Lakewood Church choir . The album spent 35 weeks at # 1 on the Billboard Top Inspirational Albums chart . Return to Music and a Wonderful World ( 2016 -- present ) Following the release of previous album , Hope in 2014 , Susan Boyle took a break during 2015 to `` take a little me time and spend time at home with family and friends '' , and thus the recording of her seventh studio album was postponed to 2016 . In October 2016 , Susan Boyle announced the release of A Wonderful World . Boyle said of the album : `` I wanted to create an album that families could enjoy , something for everyone , an album that can be played all year and evoke memories . Anyone who knows me knows I 'm a huge Madonna fan and to be able to perform ' Like A Prayer ' was a real highlight '' . The album features a `` virtual duet '' with late singer Nat King Cole , a first for a British artist . Media impact Websites such as YouTube , Facebook and Twitter have been crucial in facilitating Boyle 's rapid rise to fame : The most popular YouTube video submission of her audition garnered nearly 2.5 million views in the first 72 hours . On the day following the performance , the YouTube video was the most popular article on Digg and made the front page of Reddit . Within a week , the audition performance had been viewed more than 66 million times , setting an online record , while on Wikipedia her biographical article attracted nearly half a million page views . A total of 103 million video views on 20 different Web sites was reached within nine days . The Los Angeles Times wrote that her popularity on YouTube may in part be due to the broad range of emotion packed into a short clip which was `` perfect for the Internet '' . In December 2009 , her audition was named the most watched YouTube video of the year with over 120 million viewings , more than three times higher than the second most popular video . Additionally , Boyle 's first on camera interview with Scots journalist Richard Mooney for her local newspaper the West Lothian Courier , was named as YouTube 's Most Memorable Video of 2009 . The video went viral after being uploaded to YouTube on 14 April 2009 . Many newspapers around the world ( including China , Brazil and the Middle East ) carried articles on Boyle 's performance . British tabloid The Sun gave her the nickname `` Paula Potts '' in reference to the first series ' winner Paul Potts . Later , the British press took to referring to her by a short - form of her name , ' SuBo ' . In the U.S. , several commentators also drew parallels between Boyle 's performance and that of Potts . ABC News hailed `` Britain 's newest pop sensation '' , and its Entertainment section headlined Boyle as `` The Woman Who Shut Up Simon Cowell '' . Within the week following her performance on Britain 's Got Talent , Boyle was a guest on STV 's The Five Thirty Show . She was interviewed via satellite on CBS 's The Early Show , Good Morning America , NBC 's Today , FOX 's America 's Newsroom. and The Oprah Winfrey Show . Via satellite on Larry King Live , Boyle performed an a cappella verse of `` My Heart Will Go On '' . She was also portrayed in drag by Jay Leno , who joked that they were related through his mother 's Scottish heritage . At the invitation of NHK , a major Japanese broadcaster , Boyle appeared as a guest singer for the 2009 edition of Kōhaku Uta Gassen , annual songfest on 31 December in Tokyo . She was introduced as the ōen kashu ( 応援歌手 , lit . `` cheering singer '' ) by the MCs and appeared on the stage escorted by Takuya Kimura , and sang `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . Although Boyle was not eligible for the 2010 Grammy Awards , its host Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Boyle at the ceremony , telling its audience `` you may be the coolest people in the world , but this year your industry was saved by a 48 - year - old Scottish cat lady in sensible shoes . '' There was also earlier controversy , when Boyle was not nominated in any of the categories for the 2010 Brit Awards . Stage musical Main article : I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) A stage musical of Boyle 's life was originally planned with Boyle appearing as herself . She said she hated `` having to sit watching people up there '' who are actors . However it was later decided that actress Elaine C. Smith would portray her and Boyle would join the cast of I Dreamed a Dream for a cameo appearance . I Dreamed a Dream opened on 27 March 2012 with fans from all over the world occupying the Theatre Royal , Newcastle , for the opening week . The musical received generally warm reviews . The musical toured the UK and Ireland in 2012 . Boyle said she was initially upset by the show , because she was `` not used to it '' . She called it `` surreal '' , but later changed her mind and found it `` clever and amusing '' . Fox Searchlight have bought life rights to Susan Boyle along with rights to the musical I Dreamed a Dream . They plan to develop a film version of the musical . Social analyses Judging by appearance The Huffington Post noted that the producers of the show would have anticipated the potential of this story arc , by deliberately presenting Boyle in a manner that would enhance this initial reaction . The Herald described Boyle 's story as a modern parable and a rebuke to people 's tendency to judge others based on their physical appearance . Similarly , Entertainment Weekly said that Boyle 's performance was a victory for talent and artistry in a culture obsessed with physical attractiveness and presentation . In an interview with The Washington Post , Boyle said : Modern society is too quick to judge people on their appearances ... There is not much you can do about it ; it is the way they think ; it is the way they are . But maybe this could teach them a lesson , or set an example . The Washington Post believed that her initial demeanour and homely appearance caused the judges and audience to be `` waiting for her to squawk like a duck '' . New York 's Daily News said that an underdog being ridiculed or humiliated but then enjoying an unexpected triumph is a common trope in literature , and the stark contrast between the audience 's low expectations and the quality of her singing made Boyle 's performance such an engaging piece of television . Feminist View R.M. Campbell , music critic for The Gathering Note , compared her to Ella Fitzgerald , in that `` ( it is ) really , really hard to make a career if a woman is n't attractive '' . In another Huffington Post article , Letty Cottin Pogrebin wrote that although people may `` weep for the years of wasted talent '' , Boyle 's performance was a triumph for `` women of a certain age '' over a youth culture that often dismisses middle - aged women . Tanya Gold wrote in The Guardian that the difference between Boyle 's hostile reception and the more neutral response to Paul Potts in his first audition reflected society 's expectation that women be both good - looking and talented , with no such expectation existing for men . Los Angeles vocal coach Eric Vetro stated , `` She 's an Everywoman as opposed to an untouchable fantasy goddess , so maybe that 's why people react to her . '' American Dream Several media sources have commented that Boyle 's success seemed to have particular resonance in the United States . An American entertainment correspondent was quoted in The Scotsman comparing Boyle 's story to the American Dream , as representing talent overcoming adversity and poverty . The Associated Press described this as Boyle 's `` hardscrabble story '' , dwelling on her modest lifestyle and what they characterised as urban deprivation in her home town . Similarly , The Independent 's New York correspondent David Usborne wrote that the United States will always respond to `` the fairy tale where the apparently unprepossessing suddenly becomes pretty , from Shrek to My Fair Lady '' . Personal life Boyle still lives in the family home , a four - bedroom ex-council house in Blackburn which she purchased from her earnings in 2010 . Her father died in the 1990s , and her siblings had left home . Boyle has never married , and she dedicated herself to caring for her ageing mother until her death in 2007 at the age of 91 . A neighbour reported that when Bridget Boyle died , her daughter `` would n't come out for three or four days or answer the door or phone '' . Boyle is a practising Roman Catholic and sang in her church choir at her church in Blackburn . Boyle remains active as a volunteer at her church , visiting elderly members of the congregation in their homes . On a 2010 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show , Boyle summarised that her daily life was `` mundane '' and `` routine '' prior to stardom . Boyle has purchased a £ 300,000 house but also plans to keep the council house where she grew up . In 2012 , Boyle was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome . She made her diagnosis public in a BBC interview in December 2013 . In November 2012 , when asked if she had tried to find love through Internet dating , Boyle said she was too scared , saying : `` Knowing my luck I 'd go out on a date and you 'd find my limbs scattered around various Blackburn dustbins ! '' In July 2013 , Susan Boyle endorsed the Better Together campaign to keep Scotland as part of the United Kingdom in the 2014 independence referendum . In so doing , she stated , `` I am a proud , patriotic Scot , passionate about my heritage and my country . But I am not a nationalist '' , going on to say , `` We have still been able to retain our proud identity whilst being a part of Britain . '' As of November 2014 , Susan Boyle is dating her first boyfriend , who is `` around the same age '' as she is . Philanthropy Charity performances On 26 January 2010 , Boyle sang together with other major artists on the charity recording `` Everybody Hurts '' put together by Simon Cowell for Haiti Relief for the victims of the Haiti earthquake . On 30 January 2010 , Boyle performed at the Indsamling Charity Gala , a telethon for Haiti and Africa held at the Tivoli Concert Hall in Copenhagen , Denmark . Boyle has appeared on the three major UK charity telethons . On 19 March 2010 she sang for the Sports Relief charity on BBC1 . On 18 March 2011 she sang a duet of `` I Know Him So Well '' with Peter Kay on the BBC 's Comic Relief ; in addition to the television performance , the duet was sold on CD , DVD , and MP3 download to raise more money for charity . The CD was # 21 on the all - time Comic Relief CDs sold . She has performed for BBC Children in Need telethon five times thus far : on 19 November 2010 ; on18 November 2011 , and on 16 November 2012 . on 16 November 2013 . on 14 November 2014 . On 10 November 2010 , Boyle performed at the Pride of Britain Awards in London and on 16 December 2010 at the Royal Variety Performance held at the London Palladium . On 19 March 2011 in Glasgow at the Scottish Variety Awards Boyle performed ; the money raised was donated to Cash for Kids Charity . On 28 August 2013 Boyle travelled down with the Lothian Special Olympics Team to the Special Olympics Great Britain National Summer games in Bath . In the evening she performed at the Opening Ceremony of the Special Olympics GB at the Royal Crescent in Bath , England and also stayed to watch the events and hand out medals to the first day 's winners . On 14 August 2013 it was announced that Boyle would sing at the Prince & Princess of Wales Hospice 30th Anniversary Variety Performance at the Clyde Auditorium in Glasgow on 27 October 2013 . Community and faith On 16 September 2010 Susan Boyle sang at the Papal Mass performed for Pope Benedict XVI in Glasgow at Bellahouston Park in front of a crowd of 65,000 . For three years Susan Boyle has launched the Wee Box campaign for the Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund ( SCIAF ) in Glasgow , on 9 March 2011 , on 21 February 2012 , and on 12 February 2013 . In May 2012 it was reported that Susan Boyle would become patron of the struggling Regal Theatre , Bathgate where she first performed `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . On 24 October 2012 Susan Boyle , together with the West of Scotland and Edinburgh Garrison Military Wives choirs , launched the Poppy Scotland appeal on the steps of the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall . On 2 May 2013 it was reported that Susan Boyle was backing the public appeal to help rebuild the fire - hit Five Sisters Zoo with a `` substantial donation '' to the fund to repair the West Calder attraction . Other In January 2012 , Susan Boyle donated a performance dress , which she had worn on America 's Got Talent on 31 August 2011 , to The Laura McPhee Memorial Fund ( Asthma ) UK Charity . The dress was sold at auction for £ 521 and helped raise awareness of the charity . In July 2012 Susan Boyle donated a performance dress designed by Suzanne Neville , which she had worn at performances in Madrid on the Ana Rosa Show on 12 February 2010 and in Paris on Vivement Dimanche on 17 February 2010 . £ 6,523 was raised and presented to the Prince 's Trust . Also in June 2013 Susan Boyle donated for auction a performance dress which she had worn on The Oprah Show on 19 October 2010 , with proceeds of the auction going to Metro Radio Newcastle England 's Cash For Kids Campaign , with all funds raised going to disadvantaged kids across the region . The winning bid was £ 400 . Prior to performing at the International Music Festival `` White Nights of St. Petersburg '' , at the Ice Palace in St. Petersburg , Russia , on 13 June 2013 , Susan Boyle visited Children 's Hospital Number 17 and presented to the hospital a gift of an anesthetic machine . It was announced 28 October 2013 that Boyle is a new ambassador for Save the Children UK . Boyle released a music video 8 December 2013 featuring children from the FAST program singing `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' with Elvis Presley . All royalties will go towards Save the Children UK and money raised in the USA will be donated to the Elvis Presley Charitable Foundation . In popular culture The American cartoon show South Park made a reference to the Susan Boyle craze in the episode `` Fatbeard '' , which aired on 22 April 2009 . The Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show aired a comedy sketch showing the `` feel good '' effect that Susan Boyle 's performance has had on people . The Simpsons aired a new commercial for its 20th - anniversary show `` Springfield 's Got Talent '' , in which Homer Simpson talks about his dreams `` to be a great singer like Boyle '' . A European trailer for the video game The Sims 3 includes a character mocked up as Boyle . In June 2009 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a short story called `` I Dreamed a Dream '' that was based on a combination of Boyle 's appearances on Britain 's Got Talent and the political difficulties of the then UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown . The 5 November 2009 episode of the show 30 Rock showed recurring character Kathy Geiss ( Marceline Hugot ) -- who has a dowdy appearance -- singing in the style of Susan Boyle as Liz Lemon and Jack Donaghy teared up . In the 2010 episode of Futurama , Attack of the Killer App , it is revealed that Leela has a singing boil named Susan on her butt , who sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' and `` Amazing Grace '' . In 2016 Susan made a cameo appearance in Zoolander 2 where she is ambushed by paparazzi . Discography Main article : Susan Boyle discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home for Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Concert tours 2013 -- 2014 Susan Boyle in Concert Awards and Nominations Year Association Category Result 2009 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards Top Scot of the Year Won World Music Awards Best New Artist Nominated World Music Awards World 's Best Album - I Dreamed a Dream Nominated World Music Awards World 's Best Selling British Artist Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Breakout Music Artist Nominated Japan Gold Disc Award Best New Artist International Won Juno Award Canada International Album of the Year Nominated ARIA Music Awards Australia Most Popular International Artist Nominated Scotscare Scot of the Year Won 2011 Billboard Music Awards Top Billboard 200 Album Nominated 2011 Billboard Music Awards Top Billboard 200 Artist Nominated 2011 Scottish Variety Awards Outstanding Achievement Award Won 2011 53rd Grammy Awards Best Pop Vocal Album -- I Dreamed a Dream Nominated 2012 54th Grammy Awards Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album -- The Gift Nominated 2013 Radio Forth Awards Icon Award Won 2013 Scottish Music Awards Fans Choice Award Won In 2012 Boyle was awarded an honorary doctorate for her contribution to the creative industries from Edinburgh 's Queen Margaret University , where she obtained a Certificate of Higher Education in caring . In 2015 Boyle was awarded an honorary doctorate in the field of music from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland , Glasgow . Guinness World Records In September 2010 Susan Boyle was presented with three Guinness World Records which were featured in the Guinness World Records 2011 edition published 16 September 2010 . The three records were for Fastest - selling Album by a Female ( UK ) , Most Successful First Week UK Debut Album Sales , as well as Oldest Artist to Reach No. 1 with a Debut Album ( US & UK ) . On 20 November 2010 Boyle achieved another World Record for Oldest Female at No. 1 on UK Albums Chart with her second album The Gift . On 20 November 2010 Boyle received two other Guinness World Records due to the success of The Gift , one record being `` Only British female artist to top both the US and UK album charts with two releases '' and the other being `` Most successful Christmas album in the UK '' -- `` On 20 November 2010 , Susan Boyle 's ( UK ) album The Gift became the first Christmas album to ever top the UK chart . '' References ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Susan 's brother Gerry Boyle on RadioLive NZ '' . Radio Live . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Susan Boyle : Albums , Songs , Bios , Photos from Amazon.com with middle name spelling ' Magdalane ' . Jump up ^ The Correct Spelling of Susan 's Middle Name email from Gerry Boyle on forum.susan-boyle.com Archived 17 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Scottish genealogist Caroline Gerard found her official birth entry at New Register House in Edinburgh Susan Boyle 's Astrology Horoscope ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Boyle beats Leona Lewis , Arctic Monkeys to ' biggest first week sales for UK debut album ' title News '' . NME . UK . 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Boyle made £ 5m in first year of her fame '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Boyle album is transatlantic No. 1 '' . BBC News . 18 November 2010 ... The others are the Beatles and Monkees . Jump up ^ `` ' Someone To Watch Over Me ' Will Be Released November 1 '' . digtriad.com. 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Announces Tracks for Upcoming Album Standing Ovation '' . Playbill . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Announces Special Christmas Chorus Competition '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle announces new album ' Hope ' '' . Pressparty . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent Final : Susan Boyle Returns To The Stage Where It All Began '' . Huffington Post . 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth watches huge jubilee horse pageant '' . AFP . 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle performs ' dream ' duet with Elaine Paige '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2015 Jump up ^ As she meets her idol Donny Osmond in Las Vegas . Mail Online . November 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 Jump up ^ Singing sensation Susan Boyle wows crowd . Daily Record . 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` News : exclusive stories and unique insight - Mirror Online '' . people.co.uk . Jump up ^ Munro , Alistair . `` Susan Boyle 's first live tour nears sell - out '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Relishes Baton Journey '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart and Susan Boyle perform at Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony '' . NME . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Gillian ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` She who laughs last -- songstress Susan Boyle '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Anderson , Niamh ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` SuBo considering a move to Ireland '' . Deadline News . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bremner , Charles ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Profile : Susan Boyle -- Britain 's got the unlikeliest angel '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Holmwood , Leigh ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle : a dream come true '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Deveney , Catherine ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` Susan Boyle : my relief at discovering that I have Asperger 's '' . The Observer . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McConville , Ben ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Singing ' spinster ' strikes chord in talent contest '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Natalie ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` ' They called me Susie Simple ' , but singing superstar Susan Boyle is the one laughing now '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Stephen ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Singing Angel Susan Boyle 's family photo album '' . Daily Mirror . UK . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Sammon , Angela ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle has Mayo connection '' . The Irish World . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video exclusive : Susan Boyle 's earliest singing performance on film revealed '' . Daily Record . 30 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle singing aged 25 : World exclusive video of Britain 's Got Talent star performing at family party '' . Daily Mirror . UK . 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : We reveal Susan Boyle 's first TV talent show audition -- for Michael Barrymore '' . Daily Record . 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Harry ( 16 April 2009 ) . She Dreamed A Dream ( Television ) . CBS News . Archived from the original ( streaming ) on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sue Bigger than Britney ! '' . Daily Star . 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Parry , Chris ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle charity CD auction price hits $2000 on eBay '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McNaught , Amber ( 2000 ) . `` Amber 's Reviews '' . West Lothian Herald & Post . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle : No One - Trick Pony '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New recording cements Talent show sensation Susan 's status '' . Hello ! . 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbeatstudio '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Leach , Ben ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Early recording of Britain 's Got Talent 's Susan Boyle unearthed '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ McGinty , Stephen ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Campbell has new spin on Susan Boyle phenomenon '' . The Scotsman . UK . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Stuart ( 12 April 2009 ) . `` Secret sadness of Britain 's Got Talent star '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McConville , Ben ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Singing ' spinster ' strikes chord in talent contest '' . Associated Press via SignonSanDiego.com . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Caroline ; Kelbie , Paul ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Reality TV star Susan Boyle set for duet with idol Elaine Paige '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Producer Mackintosh `` Gob - Smacked '' By Boyle 's `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ; Song Is YouTube Hit `` . Playbill News . 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ McMartin , Pete ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` Beautiful blondes , a Boyle and lingering ideas about sexuality '' . The Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish singer ' gobsmacked ' by overnight stardom '' . CNN . 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Paige salutes Talent star Boyle '' . BBC News . 19 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Bart ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` YouTube sensation Susan Boyle sends ticket sales rocketing for Vancouver Les Misérables '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle sensation sends sales of Vancouver production of Les Miserables through the roof '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . 17 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Steve ( 22 November 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Agony of TV teenager filmed sneering during Susan Boyle 's debut '' . Daily Record . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Boyle reaches Talent semis '' . BBC News . 23 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Ian ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle sings again on Britain 's Got Talent '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lizzie ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle thrills as she joins dance group diversity in Britain 's Got Talent final '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle wins first ' Britain 's Got Talent ' semi-final singing ' Memory ' from ' Cats ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brook , Stephen ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle : press warned to back off Britain 's Got Talent star '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Alastair ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle could be in Priory clinic for weeks , says doctor '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Talent star Boyle taken to clinic '' . BBC News . 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Veronica ( 5 June 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle leaves The Priory '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' TALENT ' Star Susan Boyle Records First Song For Debut Album '' . Broadwayworld.com. 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Talent show stars wow Granite City audience '' . Press and Journal . 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle live performance '' . Edinburgh Evening News . 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' TALENT ' Star Susan Boyle Records First Song For Debut Album '' . IrishCentral. 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Touch and go as Boyle joins tour '' . BBC News . 13 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent stars wow Coventry 's Ricoh Arena '' . The Coventry Telegraph . 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle on form on Britain 's Got Talent tour in Birmingham '' . Birmingham Mail . 17 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Hail Subo For Live Show '' . The Sun . London . 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No theatrics , just a spotlight and Susan Boyle 's soaring voice '' . Belfast Telegraph . 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle ( Britain 's Got Talent ) - I Dreamed A Dream '' . m / Play.com. 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle / Music '' . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Mark ( 4 September 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle 's debut album at number one -- three months before its released '' . Daily Mirror . UK . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leona Lewis 's ' Spirit ' becomes Britain 's fastest - selling debut album '' . m / Highbeam.com. 17 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Boyle Makes Music History as the `` Fastest Selling Worldwide Female Debut Ever '' `` . 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( 2 December 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle , Top Seller , Shakes Up CD Trends '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 6 January 2010 ) . `` Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle For 2009 's Top - Selling Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who 'll Lead Record Sales , Susan Boyle or Taylor Swift ? - Music News , Susan Boyle , Taylor Swift : People.com '' . People . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle set to take US by storm '' . Mirror.co.uk News . 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US TV special details Boyle 's Cinderella story '' . The Press and Journal . 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 13 December 2009 ) . `` The X Factor : more than 19m watch Joe McElderry win '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 15 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dexter '' Season Finale Slashes Records `` . ABC News . 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent 's Boyle Sings in Eagle Talon Anime '' . Anime News Network . 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Talon The Movie 3 Moviegoers Get 10,000 Free DVDs '' . Anime News Network . 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle To Perform For pope During UK Tour '' . Billboard . AP . 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boyle beats Obama in ' most influential ' poll '' . The Scotsman . UK . 2 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle more important than Obama '' . News of The World . 2 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Sings Welcome to the Space Show '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Recording Christmas Album : Sources '' . Billboard. 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` Susan Boyle launches contest to find duet partner '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle : Gift ( 2010 ) '' . HMV Group . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouwman , Kimbel . `` Interview with Steve Mac , producer for Susan Boyle , JLS , Il Divo , The Saturdays '' . HitQuarters . Jump up ^ Robertson , Colin ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` Intruder Scared The Living Daylights Out Of Me '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Woman I Was Born To Be My Story '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved 27 November 2010 ... Jump up ^ Gordon Smart ( 13 August 2011 ) . `` Susan Boyle on R&B adventure '' . The Sun . UK . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Snags Nicki Minaj , Tony Bennett and Susan Boyle '' . Hollywood Reporter. 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shows '' . STV Shows . Jump up ^ Anisiobi , JJ ( 6 October 2012 ) . `` ' I still ca n't take it in ... he was awesome ' : Susan Boyle is emotionally overcome after duet with idol Donny Osmond '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Placido Domingo On Pop Singers And Karaoke '' . NPR . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EchoLight Studios to Release the Next Holiday Classic , ' The Christmas Candle , ' in Theaters this November '' . Standard Newswire . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Samantha Barks and Susan Boyle start shoot on Christmas Candle '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syco / Columbia Records to Release Home For Christmas the Highly Anticipated Fifth Album From Susan Boyle Featuring a Duet With Elvis Presley '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle to Release Christmas Album - Featuring Elvis Presley '' . The Scene Magazine . Jump up ^ `` US TV special details Boyle 's Cinderella story '' . The Press and Journal . 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar '' . The Mirror. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Susan '' . ITV . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Her Secret Struggle '' . OvationTV . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sending You a Little Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SYCO / COLUMBIA RECORDS TO RELEASE HOPE , INSPIRATIONAL SIXTH ALBUM FROM TOP SELLING INTERNATIONAL ARTIST SUSAN BOYLE '' . Columbia Records . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AsOne Album Debuts # 1 Billboard Top Inspirational Albums '' . The Christian Beat . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Update For All of You ! '' . Sony Music Entertainment ( UK ) Ltd. 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Douglas ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` When I fall in love : Susan Boyle 's duet with song legend Nat King Cole on new album '' . The Scottish Sun . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Leigh Holmwood Susan Boyle : a dream come true The Guardian 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Khan , Urmee ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent church worker Susan Boyle becomes YouTube hit '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` Never - kissed singer an instant Web star '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ QueenZ ( 12 April 2009 ) . `` never judge a book by its cover - amazing singer Susan Boyle '' . Reddit.com . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle breaks past 100 million online views '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; Stobart , Janet ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` Talent trumps all for YouTube sensation Susan Boyle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Bunz , Mercedes ( 16 December 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle on Britain 's Got Talent is YouTube 's top video of 2009 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tamlyn ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Weekly 's SuBo interview in YouTube favourites '' . London : Hold The Front Page . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Rifkind , Hugo ( 21 May 2009 ) . `` S In search of Susan Boyle '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Susan 's stardom to be turned into film '' . The Times of India . India . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Die Maus , die Brüllte '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 April 2009 ) . 英国 47 岁无业女子参加电视选秀节目一唱成名图 ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` A feia que encantou a Grã - Bretanha '' . Zero Hora ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Melamed , Arianna ( 19 April 2009 ) . זה קול הסיפור . Ynet ( in Hebrew ) . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle , stunned the world after the vote as a mockery of the public '' . Al Arabiya ( in Arabic ) . 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Colin ( 10 April 2009 ) . `` Paula Potts '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle aims to turn celebrity into album sales '' . Reuters. 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ram , Vidya ( 17 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle Could Make Millions '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Farhanghi , Hoda ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` The Woman Who Shut Up Simon Cowell '' . ABC News . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent star Susan Boyle 's promise to mum '' . STV.tv. 14 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Richard ; Revoir , Paul ; Smith , Lizzie ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Thumbs - up as Britain 's Got Talent sensation Susan discovers she 's an international star ... with 18m YouTube hits '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hemmer , Bill ; Kelly , Megyn ( 16 April 2009 ) . Hitting Her High Note ( streaming ) ( Television ) . FOX News . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` How Susan Boyle won over the world '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Singing sensation Susan Boyle gets dream offer from star Elaine Paige '' . The Sunday Mail . Archived from the original on 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` Jay Leno performs in drag as Susan Boyle '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ スーザン・ボイルさん紅白に、美声も披露 ( Susan Boyle will be in Kōhaku Uta Gassen , and introduce beautiful voice . ) . Yomiuri Shimbun ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Yomiuri Shimbun , 25 December 2009 , Ver. 13S p. 25 Jump up ^ recorded broadcast on TV Japan , 31 December 2009 Jump up ^ staff ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Grammy Nominations Poll Results : How Did We Do ? '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ David Gunn ( 1 February 2010 ) . `` Grammys host pays tribute to Susan Boyle , ' the Scottish cat lady ' '' . The Scotsman . UK . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Why the Brits snubbed Susan Boyle '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Singing Sensation Susan Boyle To Play Herself in a New Musical '' . Broadway.com. 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle The Musical coming to the stage '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 17 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle fans travel to see I Dreamed A Dream '' . ChronicleLive.co.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ See Cavendish , Dominic ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Susan Boyle Musical : I Dreamed a Dream , Theatre Royal , Newcastle , review '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ; `` I Dreamed A Dream ( Newcastle ) '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ; Marmion , Patrick ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Standing Ovation for SuBo '' . MailOnline . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . ; and Hickling , Alfred . `` I Dreamed a Dream -- review '' , 28 March 2012 , accessed 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Joins Cast of New Musical I Dreamed a Dream -- -- News '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle : ' I Dreamed A Dream musical upset me ' '' . 3 News NZ. 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nany . `` Fox Searchlight to develop Susan Boyle story based on musical ' I Dreamed a Dream ' '' . Deadline London . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , Mark ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Two Reasons Susan Boyle Means So Much to Us '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Home , Collette ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` The beauty that matters is always on the inside '' . The Herald . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' breakout Susan Boyle : Why we watch ... and weep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary . The Scot Heard Round the World , The Washington Post , 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ McManus , Jeanne ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` The Dream She Dreamed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle was the golden ticket of reality TV '' . Daily News . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Richman , Dan ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` Do n't call Susan Boyle ' pitchy ' ! ( p. 2 ) '' . MSNBC . p. 2 . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Letty Cottin ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Why Susan Boyle Makes Us Cry '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Gold , Tanya ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` It was n't singer Susan Boyle who was ugly on Britain 's Got Talent so much as our reaction to her '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Richman , Dan . `` Do n't call Susan Boyle ' pitchy ' ! Voice coaches , critics say ' Talent ' contestant really is a talented singer '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Craig ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` A dream comes true as singer Susan becomes instant hit with American fans '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Usborne , David ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Dreams come true for overnight star '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jack , Mathieson . `` Susan Boyle buys plush new £ 300K home -- but ca n't bear to give up £ 30K council house '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle ' has been kissed ' , neighbour claims '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Parish choir singer Susan Boyle becomes overnight sensation '' . Catholic News Agency . 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle is too scared to try internet dating '' . 3 News NZ. 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Susan Boyle on why she 's backing Scotland 's place in the UK Better Together Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Has Her First Boyfriend at Age 53 '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle to Sing ' Everybody Hurts ' to Help Haiti '' . People . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle at Haiti Charity Gala concert '' . Glamour Magazine . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Doran , Carl . `` Celebrating Sport Relief 's historic achievement '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa . `` Comic Relief : Susan Boyle and Peter Kay ( Geraldine McQueen ) sing I Know Him So Well '' . UnrealityTV . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel . `` Comic Relief 's biggest selling singles revealed ! '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children in Need appeal raises £ 18 million '' . The Telegraph . London . 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Children In Need 2011 -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Children in Need 2012 -- the stars of Appeal Night revealed '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Children in Need 2013 Highlights in Scotland '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Children in Need Susan Boyle : Wish You Were Here '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson . `` Susan Boyle 's Golden Moments of 2010 '' . BBC America . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane . `` Royal Variety Performance '' . Mirror . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Variety Awards 2011 '' . M&H Logistics Limited . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle travels with Lothian Special Olympics Team '' . Midlothian . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle at the Special Olympics '' . ITV . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince and Princess of Wales Hospice '' . TicketSoup.com . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Beacom , Brian . `` Subo tops the bill at hospice variety show '' . Evening Times . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Sings at Papal Mass in Scotland '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 24 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Today , Christian . `` Susan Boyle Gives Up Treats , Donates Money for Lent '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SCIAF -- WEE BOX , BIG Change Launch 2012 with Susan Boyle '' . Storify . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SCIAF launches WEE BOX 2013 '' . SCIAF . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mathieson , Jack . `` Susan Boyle to become patron of theatre where first performed her trademark song I Dreamed A Dream '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , Alistair . `` Regal Theatre makes plans for permanent Susan Boyle exhibition '' . West Lothian Courier . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Launches Poppy Scotland Appeal '' . Zimbio . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle launches 2012 poppy appeal '' . The Herald Scotland . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle supporting fire hit Five Sisters Zoo '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donations to fund rebuild at blaze - struck Five Sisters Zoo top £ 90k '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUSAN BOYLES ACTUAL X FACTOR DRESS FOR AUCTION '' . The Laura McPhee Memorial Fund ( Asthma ) UK CHARITY . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fordham , Amy . `` Susan Boyle fans from around the world club together to buy singing star 's dress '' . EDP24 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memorabilia Auction '' . Cash for Kids . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Сьюзан Бойл подарила петербургской больнице наркозный аппарат '' . RG RU . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Звезды мировой сцены посетили юных пациентов в Петербурге '' . mr7 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUSAN BOYLE LAUNCHES CHARITY CHRISTMAS SINGLE '' . Save the Children . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Cara ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` Susan Boyle makes South Park sick '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Beth ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 's Susan Boyle makes it onto South Park '' . Daily Mirror . UK . Retrieved 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Makes Everything Better '' . 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Springfield 's Got Talent '' . Simpsons Channel . 15 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle mentioned in Simpsons '' . BBC News . 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Conner , Alice ( 22 May 2009 ) . `` The Sims 3 Trailer Stars Susan Boyle '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Neate , Patrick ( 6 June 2009 ) . `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 19 February 2011 ) . `` ' 30 Rock ' recap : Do the Robot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Susan , Boyle. `` 2016 Update For All of You ! '' . Susan Boyle . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle wins Top Scot award at Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards '' . Scotsman . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Music Awards '' . Awards and Winners . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full List of People 's Choice Awards 2010 Winners '' . The Hollywood Gossip . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Won Big at the Tokyo 's Gold Disc Awards ? '' . Japanator . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Album of the Year '' . Juno Awards . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 ARIA Awards Nominations and Artisan Award Winners Announced '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Media Release : Susan Boyle wins Scot of the Year with 95 per cent of the vote '' . allmediascotland.com . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Billboard Music Awards Winners List '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Variety Awards 2011 '' . The Scottish Sun . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners '' . GRAMMY.com . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners '' . GRAMMY.com . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forth Awards : SuBo , Boy George , JLS , Tom Odell '' . Edinburgh Evening News . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle scoops top fans ' favourite award '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle : Honorary doctorate for singer '' . BBC News . 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Boyle : Susan picks up honorary doctorate for her contribution to music '' . STV News . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle 's delight at her honorary degree '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Triple - world - record - breaker in new Guinness World Records 2011 Book '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Female at No. 1 on UK Albums Chart '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Only British Female Artist To Top Both the US and UK Album Charts with Two Releases '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Successful Christmas Album in the UK '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Further reading Boyle , Susan . The Woman I Was Born To Be - My Story ( 2010 ) Atria Books ISBN 1 - 4516 - 0925 - 6 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Susan Boyle Wikimedia Commons has media related to Susan Boyle . Official website Susan Boyle at AllMusic Works by or about Susan Boyle in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Susan Boyle at DMOZ Susan Boyle on IMDb Susan Boyle Discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home For Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Singles `` Wild Horses '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Perfect Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` You 'll See '' Featured singles `` Everybody Hurts '' `` A Mother 's Prayer '' Other songs `` Who I Was Born to Be '' Television Britain 's Got Talent I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story ( 2009 ) Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar ( 2011 ) Theatre I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) Concert tours Susan Boyle in Concert ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related articles Syco Music Columbia Records Britain 's Got Talent Episodes Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Winners Paul Potts George Sampson Diversity Spelbound Jai McDowall Ashleigh and Pudsey Attraction Collabro Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse Richard Jones Tokio Myers Other notable contestants Series 1 Damon Scott Bessie Cursons Connie Talbot Bar Wizards Jake Pratt Series 2 Signature Andrew Johnston Escala Faryl Smith Kate and Gin Charlie Green Charlie Wernham Series 3 Susan Boyle Julian Smith Stavros Flatley Aidan Davis Hollie Steel Shaheen Jafargholi Callum Francis DJ Talent Flawless John Farnworth Sue Son . Megan McKenna Elliot Evans Series 4 Twist and Pulse Paul Burling ReConnected Myles and Connor Kev Orkian Stevie Starr Cheeky Girls and Darius Matthew Ahmet Series 5 Ronan Parke Out of the Blue Series 6 Jonathan and Charlotte Only Boys Aloud Loveable Rogues Ryan O'Shaughnessy The Mend The Zimmers Series 7 Jack Carroll Richard & Adam Steve Hewlett Luminites Gabz Francine Lewis James More Aaron Crow MckNasty Freelusion AJ & Chloe Series 8 Bars and Melody Jon Clegg Paddy & Nico Ed Drewett Light Balance Series 9 Côr Glanaethwy Old Men Grooving Isaac Waddington Calum Scott Lorraine Bowen Ruby Red Performers Alison Jiear Series 10 Alex Magala Rachael Wooding Series 11 Destiny Chukunyere Jess Robinson Category Syco Syco Music People Simon Cowell Sir Philip Green SYCOtv American Inventor Celebrity Duets Food Glorious Food Got Talent Red or Black ? The X Factor UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) 1990 : ... But Seriously ( Phil Collins ) 1991 : Stars ( Simply Red ) 1992 : Stars ( Simply Red ) 1993 : Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( Meat Loaf ) 1994 : Cross Road ( Bon Jovi ) 1995 : Robson & Jerome ( Robson & Jerome ) 1996 : Jagged Little Pill ( Alanis Morissette ) 1997 : Be Here Now ( Oasis ) 1998 : Talk on Corners ( The Corrs ) 1999 : Come On Over ( Shania Twain ) 2000 : 1 ( The Beatles ) 2001 : No Angel ( Dido ) 2002 : Escapology ( Robbie Williams ) 2003 : Life for Rent ( Dido ) 2004 : Scissor Sisters ( Scissor Sisters ) 2005 : Back to Bedlam ( James Blunt ) 2006 : Eyes Open ( Snow Patrol ) 2007 : Back to Black ( Amy Winehouse ) 2008 : Rockferry ( Duffy ) 2009 : I Dreamed a Dream ( Susan Boyle ) Complete list ( 1956 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2029 ) Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele VIAF : 102640881 LCCN : no2009186090 ISNI : 0000 0001 1479 0611 GND : 139794700 SUDOC : 159213274 BNF : cb16185940r ( data ) BIBSYS : 14013092 MusicBrainz : eefcf168 - 6b1b - 46ec - 9b75 - f8a01161abb5 Susan Boyle Famous people with Asperger Syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Boyle&oldid=800728807 '' Categories : Susan Boyle 1961 births 20th - century British singers 21st - century Scottish singers 21st - century Scottish actresses Alumni of Queen Margaret University Britain 's Got Talent contestants Columbia Records artists Living people People from Blackburn , West Lothian Scottish mezzo - sopranos Scottish people of Irish descent Scottish pop singers Scottish Roman Catholics Torch singers Viral videos People with Asperger syndrome People with epilepsy World Music Awards winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2013 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Hebrew - language script ( he ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with DMOZ links Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the lady that sings wild horses	[ "Susan Magdalane Boyle (born 1 April 1961)[1][4] is a Scottish singer who came to international attention when she appeared as a contestant on the TV programme Britain's Got Talent on 11 April 2009, singing \"I Dreamed a Dream\" from Les Misérables." ]	[ "Susan Magdalane Boyle" ]
7123622691962155253	Ms.	Ms - wikipedia Ms . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the title . For the magazine , see Ms. ( magazine ) . For other uses , see MS ( disambiguation ) . `` Ms '' or `` Ms . '' ( normally / ˈmɪz / , but also / məz / , or / məs / when unstressed ) is an English honorific used with the last name or full name of a woman , intended as a default form of address for women regardless of their marital status . Like `` Miss '' and `` Mrs . '' , the term `` Ms . '' has its origins in the female English title once used for all women , `` Mistress '' . It has its origin in the 17th century and was revived into mainstream usage in the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical development and revival of the term 2 Usage 3 Notes 4 External links Historical development and revival of the term ( edit ) `` Ms . '' began to be used as early as the 17th century , along with `` Miss '' and `` Mrs . '' , as a title derived from the then formal `` Mistress '' , which , like Mister , did not originally indicate marital status . `` Ms . '' , however , fell into disuse in favor of the other two titles and was not revived until the 20th century . The earliest known proposal for the modern revival of `` Ms . '' as a title appeared in The Republican of Springfield , Massachusetts , on November 10 , 1901 : There is a void in the English language which , with some diffidence , we undertake to fill . Every one has been put in an embarrassing position by ignorance of the status of some woman . To call a maiden Mrs is only a shade worse than to insult a matron with the inferior title Miss . Yet it is not always easy to know the facts ... Now , clearly , what is needed is a more comprehensive term which does homage to the sex without expressing any views as to their domestic situation , and what could be simpler or more logical than the retention of what the two doubtful terms have in common . The abbreviation `` Ms '' is simple , it is easy to write , and the person concerned can translate it properly according to circumstances . For oral use it might be rendered as `` Mizz , '' which would be a close parallel to the practice long universal in many bucolic regions , where a slurred Mis ' does duty for Miss and Mrs alike . The term was again suggested as a convenience to writers of business letters by such publications as the Bulletin of the American Business Writing Association ( 1951 ) and The Simplified Letter , issued by the National Office Management Association ( 1952 ) . In 1961 , Sheila Michaels attempted to put the term into use when she saw what she thought was a typographical error on the address label of a copy of News & Letters sent to her roommate . Michaels `` was looking for a title for a woman who did not ' belong ' to a man . '' She knew the separation of the now common terms Miss and Mrs. had derived from `` Mistress '' , but one could not suggest that women use the original title with its now louche connotations . Her efforts to promote use of a new honorific were at first ignored . Around 1971 , in a lull during a WBAI - radio interview with The Feminists group , Michaels suggested the use of Ms. A friend of Gloria Steinem heard the interview and suggested it as a title for her new magazine . Ms. magazine 's popularity finally allowed the term to enjoy widespread usage . In February 1972 , the US Government Printing Office approved using `` Ms . '' in official government documents . In 1976 Marvel Comics introduced a new superhero named `` Ms. Marvel '' , billing her as the `` first feminist superhero '' . Even several public opponents of `` non-sexist language '' , such as William Safire , were finally convinced that Ms. had earned a place in English by the case of US Congresswoman Geraldine A. Ferraro . Ferraro , a United States vice-presidential candidate in 1984 , was a married woman who used her birth surname professionally rather than her husband 's ( `` Zaccaro '' ) . Safire pointed out that it would be equally incorrect to call her `` Miss Ferraro '' ( as she was married ) or `` Mrs. Ferraro '' ( as her husband was not `` Mr. Ferraro '' ) -- and that calling her `` Mrs. Zaccaro '' would confuse the reader . Usage ( edit ) Suggestions about how Ms. should be used , or whether it should be used at all , are varied , and often reflects ideological outlooks . The right - leaning Daily Telegraph states in its style guide that Ms should only be used if a subject requests it herself and it `` should not be used merely because we do not know whether the woman is Mrs or Miss '' . On the other hand , the left - liberal Guardian , which restricts its use of honorific titles to leading articles , states in its style guide : `` use Ms for women ... unless they have expressed a preference for Miss or Mrs '' . The Economist states that it generally uses the title a person adopts but warns that Ms. is an `` ugly '' title . A BBC Academy style guide states , `` In choosing between Miss , Mrs and Ms , try to find out what the person herself uses , and stick to that . '' The New York Times embraces the use of all three : Mrs. Miss and Ms. , and will follow the individual 's preferences . Some etiquette writers and famous figures do not support the use of Ms. , including Charles Kidd , the current editor of Debrett 's Peerage and Baronetage , who claims the usage is `` not very helpful '' and that he had been `` brought up to address a married woman as Mrs John Smith , for example '' . Debrett 's itself , concerning the case of a married woman who chooses not to take her husband 's name , states , `` The ugly - sounding Ms is problematic . Although many women have assumed this bland epithet , it remains incorrect to use it when addressing a social letter . '' The former British Conservative Party MP Ann Widdecombe has stated `` I ca n't see the point of Ms and I do n't see it as an issue '' , whilst author and journalist Jessica Fellowes describes the title Ms. as `` ghastly '' . The Queen 's English Society has criticised the use of Ms as `` an abbreviation that is not short for anything '' , describing it as a `` linguistic misfit ( that ) came about because certain women suddenly became sensitive about revealing their marital status '' . On the other hand , the default use of Ms. , especially for business purposes , is championed by some American sources , including Judith Martin ( a.k.a. `` Miss Manners '' ) , Concerning business , the Emily Post Institute states that , `` Ms. is the default form of address , unless you know positively that a woman wishes to be addressed as Mrs . '' The American Heritage Book of English Usage states that , `` Using Ms. obviates the need for the guesswork involved in figuring out whether to address someone as Mrs. or Miss : you ca n't go wrong with Ms. Whether the woman you are addressing is married or unmarried , has changed her name or not , Ms. is always correct . '' Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary online , Ms , n. . Etymology : An orthographic and phonetic blend of Mrs n . and miss n . Compare mizz n . The pronunciation with final / - z / would appear to have arisen as a result of deliberate attempts to distinguish between this word and miss n. ; compare mizz n. , and perhaps also Miz n . -- ( mizz n. : Etymology : Representing the spoken realization of Ms n . ( see discussion at that entry ) . ) Accessed 2012 - 07 - 25 Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary r . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 463 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . entry `` Ms '' . It may be pronounced with schwa even in stressed situation . Jump up ^ `` Emily Post 's Guide to Addressing Correspondence : Addressing a Woman '' . The Emily Post Institute . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Ben ( 2009 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Hunting the Elusive First ' Ms . ' '' . Word Routes . The Visual Thesaurus . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Spender , Dale ( 1981 ) . Man Made Language . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 0675 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stannard , Una ( 1977 ) . Mrs Man . San Francisco : Germainbooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914142 - 02 - 7 . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` What 's in a name ? '' . Miss Manners . Buffalo News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith . Miss Manners ' Guide for the Turn of the Millennium . New York , New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 72228 - X . Jump up ^ `` Ms . '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeffs , Angela ( November 5 , 2000 ) . `` Missing piece of puzzle in story of ' Ms . ' '' . The Japan Times Online . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sheila ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Forty Years of Defying the Odds '' . Solidarity Webzine . Solidarity . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kay , Eve ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Call Me Ms '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fishko , Sara ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Fishko Files : Ms . '' . WNYC . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) . `` On Language : Ms . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 246 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Safire , William . `` On Language : Goodbye Sex , Hello Gender '' , The New York Times , August 5 , 1984 , Section 6 p. 8 . Jump up ^ Grigg , John ( 1991 - 11 - 02 ) . `` The Times '' . Most married women are still addressed , and wish to be addressed , as Mrs , while most unmarried women are still addressed as Miss . Ms is used by feminists to make their point , or by male chauvinists trying to make the opposite point , though of course it is also used by unprejudiced correspondents in a state of doubt . quoted in Burchfield , R.W. ( 1996 ) . The New Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 512 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 969036 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph style book : names and titles '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian Style Guide : Mr , Ms , Mrs , Miss '' . The Guardian . August 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Titles '' . Style Guide . The Economist . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Names '' . BBC Academy . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben . `` On Language ; Ms . '' New York Times ' '. 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Allan M. , Connolly , William G. `` Courtesy title '' . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage : The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World 's Most Authoritative News Organization . Random House USA Incorporated , 2015 . ISBN 9781101905449 . Page 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- Mrs ? Or is that Ms , Miss ? '' . ^ Jump up to : Fellowes , By Jessica . `` Etiquette : Mind your ' please ' and cues '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100806111200/http://www.queens-english-society.com/errors_ms.html . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , Judith . `` Miss Manners : How and When to Use ' Ms . ' in Business Correspondence '' . Lifestyle . MSN . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Addressing Correspondence '' . Jump up ^ `` The American Heritage Book of English Usage '' . 31 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Look up Ms in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The Times style guide The Guardian style guide ( hide ) English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ms.&oldid=795306074 '' Categories : Honorifics Women 's social titles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the title ms come into use	[ "\"Ms\" or \"Ms.\" (normally /ˈmɪz/, but also /məz/, or /məs/ when unstressed)[1][2] is an English honorific used with the last name or full name of a woman, intended as a default form of address for women regardless of their marital status.[3] Like \"Miss\" and \"Mrs.\", the term \"Ms.\" has its origins in the female English title once used for all women, \"Mistress\". It has its origin in the 17th century and was revived into mainstream usage in the 20th century.[4][1]" ]	[ "in the 17th century" ]
8352853245118920397	Anthony of Padua	Anthony of Padua - wikipedia Anthony of Padua For the Italian film , see Anthony of Padua ( film ) . For others known as Saint Anthony , see Saint Anthony . Saint Anthony of Padua Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Francisco de Zurbarán , 1627 -- 1630 Evangelical Doctor Hammer of Heretics Professor of Miracles 15 August 1195 Lisbon , Portugal 13 June 1231 ( 1231 - 06 - 13 ) ( aged 35 ) Padua , Italy Venerated in Catholic Church Beatified 30 May 1232 Canonized 30 May 1232 , Spoleto , Italy by Pope Gregory IX Major shrine Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua , Italy Feast 13 June Attributes Book ; bread ; Infant Jesus ; lily ; fish ; flaming heart Patronage Lisbon , Lost items , lost people , lost souls , American Indians ; amputees ; animals ; barrenness ; Brazil ; elderly people ; faith in the Blessed Sacrament ; fishermen ; Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land ; harvests ; horses ; lost articles ; lower animals ; mail ; mariners ; oppressed people ; poor people ; Portugal ; pregnant women ; seekers of lost articles ; shipwrecks ; starvation ; sterility ; swineherds ; Tigua Indians ; travel hostesses ; travellers ; Tuburan , Cebu ; Watermen ; runts of litters ; counter-revolutionaries ; San Antonio De Padua Parish , Taytay , Rizal Saint Anthony of Padua ( Portuguese : St. António de Lisboa ) , born Fernando Martins de Bulhões ( 15 August 1195 -- 13 June 1231 ) , also known as Anthony of Lisbon , was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order . He was born and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon , Portugal , and died in Padua , Italy . Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching , expert knowledge of scripture , and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick , he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history . He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946 . He is also the patron saint of lost things . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 Joining the Franciscans 1.3 Preaching and teaching 1.4 Death 2 Saint and Doctor of the Church 3 Veneration as patron saint 3.1 North America 3.2 Brazil and Europe 3.3 Asia 4 In art 5 In films 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life ( edit ) Church of Saint Anthony , in Lisbon , Portugal , the birthplace of Saint Anthony of Padua Early years ( edit ) Fernando Martins was born in Lisbon , Portugal . While fifteenth century writers state that his parents were Vicente Martins and Teresa Pais Taveira , and that his father was the brother of Pedro Martins de Bulhões , the ancestor of the Bulhão or Bulhões family , Niccolò Dal - Gal views this as less certain . His wealthy and noble family arranged for him to be instructed at the local cathedral school . At the age of fifteen , he entered the community of Canons Regular at the Augustinian Abbey of Saint Vincent on the outskirts of Lisbon . In 1212 , distracted by frequent visits from family and friends , he asked to be transferred to the motherhouse of the congregation , the Abbey of Santa Cruz in Coimbra , then the capital of Portugal . There the young Fernando studied theology and Latin . Joining the Franciscans ( edit ) In Alvise Vivarini 's painting , Anthony is distinguished from the other saints by his attributes , the book and the white lily stalk . After his ordination to the priesthood , Fernando was named guestmaster and placed in charge of hospitality for the abbey . While he was in Coimbra , some Franciscan friars arrived and settled at a small hermitage outside Coimbra dedicated to Saint Anthony of Egypt . Fernando was strongly attracted to the simple , evangelical lifestyle of the friars , whose order had been founded only eleven years prior . News arrived that five Franciscans had been beheaded in Morocco , the first of their order to be killed . King Afonso ransomed their bodies to be returned and buried as martyrs in the Abbey of Santa Cruz . Inspired by their example , Fernando obtained permission from church authorities to leave the Canons Regular to join the new Franciscan Order . Upon his admission to the life of the friars , he joined the small hermitage in Olivais , adopting the name Anthony ( from the name of the chapel located there , dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great ) , by which he was to be known . Anthony then set out for Morocco , in fulfillment of his new vocation . However , he fell seriously ill in Morocco and set sail back for Portugal in hope of regaining his health . On the return voyage the ship was blown off course and landed in Sicily . From Sicily he made his way to Tuscany where he was assigned to a convent of the order , but he met with difficulty on account of his sickly appearance . He was finally assigned to the rural hermitage of San Paolo near Forlì , Romagna , a choice made after considering his poor health . There he had recourse to a cell one of the friars had made in a nearby cave , spending time in private prayer and study . Preaching and teaching ( edit ) Saint Anthony of Padua Holding Baby Jesus by Strozzi , c. 1625 ; the white lily represents purity . One day , in 1222 , in the town of Forlì , on the occasion of an ordination , a number of visiting Dominican friars were present , and there was some misunderstanding over who should preach . The Franciscans naturally expected that one of the Dominicans would occupy the pulpit , for they were renowned for their preaching ; the Dominicans , on the other hand , had come unprepared , thinking that a Franciscan would be the homilist . In this quandary , the head of the hermitage , who had no one among his own humble friars suitable for the occasion , called upon Anthony , whom he suspected was most qualified , and entreated him to speak whatever the Holy Spirit should put into his mouth . Anthony objected but was overruled , and his sermon created a deep impression . Not only his rich voice and arresting manner , but the entire theme and substance of his discourse and his moving eloquence , held the attention of his hearers . Everyone was impressed with his knowledge of scripture , acquired during his years as an Augustinian friar . At that point , Anthony was sent by Brother Gratian , the local Minister Provincial , to the Franciscan province of Romagna , based in Bologna . He soon came to the attention of the founder of the order , Francis of Assisi . Francis had held a strong distrust of the place of theological studies in the life of his brotherhood , fearing that it might lead to an abandonment of their commitment to a life of real poverty . In Anthony , however , he found a kindred spirit for his vision , who was also able to provide the teaching needed by young members of the order who might seek ordination . In 1224 he entrusted the pursuit of studies for any of his friars to the care of Anthony . St Anthony holding Baby Jesus The reason St. Anthony 's help is invoked for finding things lost or stolen is traced to an incident that occurred in Bologna . According to the story , Anthony had a book of psalms that was of some importance to him as it contained the notes and comments he had made to use in teaching his students . A novice who had decided to leave took the psalter with him . Prior to the invention of the printing press , any book was an item of value . Upon noticing it was missing , Anthony prayed it would be found or returned . The thief was moved to restore the book to Anthony and return to the Order . The stolen book is said to be preserved in the Franciscan friary in Bologna . Occasionally he took another post , as a teacher , for instance , at the universities of Montpellier and Toulouse in southern France , but it was as a preacher that Anthony revealed his supreme gift . According to historian Sophronius Clasen , Anthony preached the grandeur of Christianity . His method included allegory and symbolical explanation of Scripture . In 1226 , after attending the General Chapter of his order held at Arles , France , and preaching in the French region of Provence , Anthony returned to Italy and was appointed provincial superior of northern Italy . He chose the city of Padua as his location . In 1228 he served as envoy from the general chapter to Pope Gregory IX . At the Papal court , his preaching was hailed as a `` jewel case of the Bible '' and he was commissioned to produce his collection of sermons , Sermons for Feast Days ( Sermones in Festivitates ) . Gregory IX himself described him as the `` Ark of the Testament '' ( Doctor Arca testamenti ) . Death ( edit ) Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda , detail Anthony became sick with ergotism in 1231 , and went to the woodland retreat at Camposampiero with two other friars for a respite . There he lived in a cell built for him under the branches of a walnut tree . Anthony died on the way back to Padua on 13 June 1231 at the Poor Clare monastery at Arcella ( now part of Padua ) , aged 35 . According to the request of Anthony , he was buried in the small church of Santa Maria Mater Domini , probably dating from the late 12th century and near a convent which had been founded by him in 1229 . Nevertheless , due to his increased notability , construction of a large Basilica began around 1232 -- although it was not completed until 1301 . The smaller church was incorporated into structure as the Cappella della Madonna Mora ( Chapel of the Dark Madonna ) . The basilica is commonly known today as `` Il Santo '' . Various legends surround the death of Anthony . One holds that when he died , the children cried in the streets and that all the bells of the churches rang of their own accord . Another legend regards his tongue . Anthony is buried in a chapel within the large basilica built to honor him , where his tongue is displayed for veneration in a large reliquary along with his jaw and his vocal cords . When his body was exhumed thirty years after his death , it was found turned to dust , but the tongue was claimed to have glistened and looked as if it was still alive and moist ; apparently a further claim was made that this was a sign of his gift of preaching . On 1 January 1981 , Pope Saint John Paul II authorized a scientific team to study the saint 's remains and the tomb was opened on 6 January . Saint and Doctor of the church ( edit ) St Anthony of Padua and St Francis of Assisi by Friedrich Pacher Anthony was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 30 May 1232 , at Spoleto , Italy , less than one year after his death . `` The richness of spiritual teaching contained in the Sermons was so great that in ( 16 January ) 1946 Venerable Pope Pius XII proclaimed Anthony a Doctor of the Church , attributing to him the title Doctor Evangelicus ( '' Evangelical Doctor `` ) , since the freshness and beauty of the Gospel emerge from these writings . '' Veneration as patron Saint ( edit ) El Greco 's painting , 1580 , shows the book with an image of the Christ child on the page . Anthony 's fame spread through Portuguese evangelization , and he has been known as the most celebrated of the followers of Saint Francis of Assisi . He is the patron saint of Lisbon , Padua and many places in Portugal and in the countries of the former Portuguese Empire . He is especially invoked and venerated all over the world as the patron saint for the recovery of lost items and is credited with many miracles involving lost people , lost things and even lost spiritual goods . North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1692 Spanish missionaries came across a small Payaya Indian community along what was then known as the Yanaguana River on the feast day of Saint Anthony , 13 June . The Franciscan chaplain , Father Damien Massanet , with agreement General Domingo de Teran , renamed the rivers in his honor , and eventually a mission built nearby as well . This mission became the focal point of a small community that eventually grew in size and scope to become the seventh largest city in the country , the U.S. city of San Antonio , Texas . In New York City , the Shrine Church of St. Anthony in Greenwich Village , Manhattan celebrates his feast day , starting with the traditional novena of prayers asking for his intercession on the thirteen Tuesdays preceding his feast . This culminates with a week - long series of services and a street fair . A traditional Italian - style procession is held that day through the streets of its South Village neighborhood , in which a relic of the saint is carried for veneration . Miraculous Image of Saint Anthony , by Franciszek Lekszycki OFM , 1649 , Przeworsk , Poland Each year on the weekend of the last Sunday in August , Boston 's North End holds a feast in honor of Saint Anthony . Referred to as the `` Feast of All Feasts '' , Saint Anthony 's Feast in Boston 's North End was begun in 1919 by Italian immigrants from Montefalcione , a small town near Naples , where the tradition of honoring Saint Anthony goes back to 1688 . Each year the Sandia Pueblo along with Santa Clara Pueblo celebrate the feast day of Saint Anthony with traditional Native American dances . On 27 January 1907 , in Beaumont , Texas , a church was dedicated and named in honor of Saint Anthony . The church was later designated a cathedral in 1966 with the formation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont , but was not formally consecrated . On 28 April 1974 , St. Anthony Cathedral was dedicated and consecrated by Bishop Warren Boudreaux . In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI granted the cathedral the designation of minor basilica . St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica celebrated its 100th anniversary on 28 January 2007 . St. Anthony gives his name to Mission San Antonio de Padua , the third Franciscan mission dedicated along El Camino Real in California in 1771 . In Ellicott City , Maryland , southwest of Baltimore , the Conventual Franciscans of the St. Anthony Province dedicated their old novitiate house as The Shrine of St. Anthony which since 1 July 2004 serves as the official Shrine to Saint Anthony for the Archdiocese of Baltimore , the nation 's `` premier see '' and oldest diocese / first bishop . A large relic of Saint Anthony was donated to the shrine in 1995 by the friars in Padua as well as copies of thirteen original paintings detailing particularly important moments in the life of St. Anthony . The Shrine of Saint Anthony is modeled upon the `` Sacro Convento '' in Assisi , Italy and situated upon land once owned in a large estate by Charles Carroll of Carrollton , the only Roman Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence for Maryland and then wealthiest man in America . Maryland had been founded as an English colony and a haven for Catholics in 1634 . In addition to daily Mass and regular confession schedule , the Shrine of St. Anthony also offers retreat spaces for outside guests and hosts an annual pilgrimage in mid-June in honor of the Feast Day of St. Anthony of Padua . Brazil and europe ( edit ) Santo Antônio ( Saint Anthony ) Church in Teresópolis , Brazil Saint Anthony is known in Portugal , Spain and Brazil as a marriage saint , because there are legends of him reconciling couples . His feast day , 13 June , is Lisbon 's municipal holiday , celebrated with parades and marriages ( the previous day , 12 June , is the Dia dos Namorados in Brazil ) . He is one of the saints celebrated in the Brazilian Festa Junina ( also known as the `` Santo Antônio '' ) , along with John the Baptist and Saint Peter . He is venerated in Mogán Village in Gran Canaria where his feast day is celebrated every year with oversized objects carried through the streets for the fiesta . In the town of Brusciano , Italy , located near Naples , an annual feast in honor of Saint Anthony is held in late August . This tradition dates back to 1875 . The tradition started when a man prayed to Saint Anthony for his sick son to get better . He vowed that if his son would become healthy that he would build and dance a giglio like the people of Nola do for their patron San Paolino during the annual Fest Dei Gigli . ( A giglio is a tall tower topped with a statue of the saint that is carried through the streets in carefully choreographed maneuvers that resemble a dance . ) The celebration has grown over the years to include six giglio towers built in honor of the saint . This tradition has also carried over to America , specifically the East Harlem area of New York where the immigrants from the town of Brusciano formed the Giglio Society of East Harlem and have been holding their annual feast since the early 1900s . In Poland he is the patron saint of Przeworsk . The icon of Saint Anthony , dating from 1649 , is housed in a local ( Franciscan church , Kaplica Świętego Antoniego w Przeworsku ( pl ) ) . Asia ( edit ) St. Anthony of Padua in St. Joseph 's Church , Macao Devotion to Saint Anthony is popular throughout all of India . In Uvari , in Tamil Nadu , India , the church of Saint Anthony is home to an ancient wooden statue that is said to have cured the entire crew of a Portuguese ship suffering from cholera . Saint Anthony is said to perform many miracles daily , and Uvari is visited by pilgrims of different religions from all over South India . Christians in Tamil Nadu have great reverence for Saint Anthony and he is a popular saint there , where he is called `` The Miracle Saint . '' Also in India , a small crusady known with the name of Saint Anthony is located in the village called Pothiyanvilai , state of Tamil Nadu Kanyakumari district near Thengapattinam , where thousands of devotees attend every Tuesday and Friday to receive his blessings , miracles and guidings directly from St. Anthony 's soul entering in the body of a holy person for the last 34 years . The southern Indian state of Karnataka is also a holy pilgrimage center in honor of Saint Anthony ( specifically located in the small village of Dornahalli , near Mysore ) . Local lore holds that a farmer there unearthed a statue that was later identified as being that of Saint Anthony . The statue was deemed miraculous and an incident of divine intervention . A church was then erected to honor the saint . Additionally , Saint Anthony is highly venerated in Sri Lanka , and the nation 's Saint Anthony National Shrine in Kochikade , Colombo , receives many devotees of Saint Anthony , both Catholic and non-Catholic . In the Philippines , the devotion to St. Anthony of Padua began in the year 1581 , in the town of Pila , Laguna where Franciscans established the very first church in the whole country dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua , now it is elevated as the Diocesan Shrine of St. Anthony of Padua under the Diocese of San Pablo . In Siolim , a village in the Indian state of Goa , St. Anthony is always shown holding a serpent on a stick . This is a depiction of the incident which occurred during the construction of the church wherein a snake was disrupting construction work . The people turned to St. Anthony for help and placed his statue at the construction site . The next morning , the snake was found caught in the cord placed in the statue 's hand . In Art ( edit ) Giacomo Farelli -- St. Antony of Padua As the number of Franciscan saints increased , iconography struggled to distinguish Anthony from the others . Because of a legend that he had once preached to the fish , this was sometimes used as his attribute . He is also often seen with a white lily stalk , representing his purity . Other conventions referred to St. Anthony 's visionary fervor . Thus , one attribute in use for some time was a flaming heart . In 1511 , Titian painted three large frescoes in the Scuola del Santo in Padua , depicting scenes of the miracles from the life of Saint Anthony : The Miracle of the Jealous Husband , which depicts the murder of a young woman by her husband ; A Child Testifying to Its Mother 's Innocence ; and The Saint Healing the Young Man with a Broken Limb . Another key pattern has him meditating on an open book in which the Christ Child himself appears , as in the El Greco above . Over time the child came to be shown considerably larger than the book and some images even do without the book entirely . He typically appears carrying the infant Jesus and holding a cross . Anthony of Padua in Art An early work by Raphael , 1503 , at the Dulwich Picture Gallery , London , UK Baby Jesus with St. Anthony of Padua , Elisabetta Sirani , 1656 , Bologna , Italy Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda St Antony Reading by Marco Antonio Bassetti Triptych of Saint Antonius by Ambrosius Benson Saint Anthony of Padua with the Infant Christ by Guercino , 1656 , Bologna , Italy Vision of Saint Anthony , by Alonso Cano St. Antony with Christ Child , from , Carinthia , in Austria In films ( edit ) The 1931 silent film Saint Anthony of Padua ( Antonio di Padova , il santo dei miracoli ) directed by Giulio Antamoro . He was played in the 1949 Italian film Anthony of Padua by Aldo Fiorelli Umberto Marino 's 2002 Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony : The Miracle Worker of Padua is an Italian TV movie about the saint . While the VHS format is without English subtitles , the DVD version released in 2005 is simply called Saint Anthony and is subtitled . Saint Anthony , The Faithful Knight . Antonello Belluco 's 2006 Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony , Warrior of God is a biopic about the saint . João Pedro Rodrigues directed the 2016 film The Ornithologist , a sort of modern - day fantastic allegory of the life of St. Anthony . 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Saint Anthony and His Times . Garden City , New York : Hanover House . pp. 19 , 275 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dal - Gal , Niccolò ( 1907 ) . `` St. Anthony of Padua '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Monti , Dominic V. ( O.F.M. ) ( 2008 ) . Francis and His Brothers . A Popular History of the Franciscan Friars . Cincinnati , Ohio : Franciscan Media . ISBN 0 - 86716855 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 867 - 16855 - 6 . Excerpt . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ José Manuel Azevedo Silva ( 2011 ) , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Wintz O.F.M. , Jack . `` Anthony of Padua : The Italian Years '' , St. Anthony Messenger , Franciscan Media ^ Jump up to : Foley , Leonard . `` Who Is St. Anthony ? '' . American Catholic . Archived from the original on 17 October 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Perry O.F.M. , Norman . Anthony of Padua : The Story of His Life and Popular Devotions Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` GENERAL AUDIENCE '' . Vatican City : Holy See . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton of St Anthony goes on display to public more than 750 years after his death '' . Daily Mail . 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When Anthony spoke again '' . Messenger of Saint Anthony . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` GENERAL AUDIENCE '' . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Anthony of Padua , Saint '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Novena to Saint Anthony to Find a Lost Article - Prayer to Saint Anthony of Padua - Novena to Find a Lost Item '' . 14 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` San Antonio : The City of St. Anthony '' . St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online . Americancatholic.org . June 2004 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Schedule '' . stanthonynyc.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Aluia , Jason ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) . `` 94th St. Anthony 's Feast Schedule Highlights -- Friday , August 23 -- Monday , August 26 , 2013 '' . North End Waterfront.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Jill Drayson ( 2004 ) . Dances of the Tewa Pueblo Indians : expressions of new life . Santa Fe : School of American Research Press . ISBN 1 - 930618 - 29 - 8 . Jump up ^ Media , Mogan . `` Church of San Antonio El Chico '' . www.moganguide.com . Jump up ^ Green , Frank . `` Parishioners will hoist nearly 4 - ton wooden tower during Dance of the Giglio Festival '' , , Daily News , August 07 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Siolim The Village Everyone Loves St. Mary 's Goan Community Dubai '' . 6 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Morosini , Sergio Rossetti ( March 1999 ) . `` New Findings in Titian 's Fresco Technique at the Scuola del Santo in Padua '' . The Art Bulletin . New York . 81 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Chong , Alan , ed . Christianity in Asia : Sacred Art and Visual Splendour . Printed in Singapore for the Asian Civilisations Museum : Dominie Press , 2016 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony : The Miracle Worker of Padua at IMDb . Jump up ^ VHS on Amazon . Jump up ^ DVD on Amazon . Jump up ^ DVD on Amazon with English subtitles . Jump up ^ Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony , Warrior of God at IMDb . References ( edit ) St. Anthony , Doctor of the Church , Franciscan Institute Publications , 1973 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8199 - 0458 - 4 Anthony of Padua , Sermones for the Easter Cycle , Franciscan Institute Publications , 1994 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57659 - 041 - 6 Attwater , Donald ; John , Catherine Rachel ( 1993 ) , The Penguin Dictionary of Saints ( 3rd ed . ) , New York , New York : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 051312 - 4 Silva , José Manuel Azevedo ( 2011 ) , Câmara Municipal , ed. , A criação da freguesia de Santo António dos Olivais : Visão Histórica e Perspectivas Actuais ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) , Santo António dos Olivias ( Coimbra ) , Portugal : Câmara Municipal de Santo António dos Olivais , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 December 2011 , retrieved 5 September 2011 External links ( edit ) Media related to Saint Anthony of Padua at Wikimedia Commons St. Anthony Basilica official website Representations of Anthony of Padua `` Saint Anthony of Padua '' at the Christian 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the patron saint for lost things	[ "Saint Anthony of Padua (Portuguese: St. António de Lisboa), born Fernando Martins de Bulhões (15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231),[1] also known as Anthony of Lisbon, was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order. He was born and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in Padua, Italy. Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching, expert knowledge of scripture, and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick, he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history. He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946. He is also the patron saint of lost things." ]	[ "Saint Anthony of Padua" ]
-8519527237277252574	School of Rock	School of Rock - wikipedia School of Rock Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the television series based on the film , see School of Rock ( TV series ) . For other uses , see School of Rock ( disambiguation ) . School of Rock Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard Linklater Produced by Scott Rudin Written by Mike White Starring Jack Black Joan Cusack Mike White Sarah Silverman Miranda Cosgrove Joey Gaydos Jr . Music by Craig Wedren Cinematography Rogier Stoffers Edited by Sandra Adair Production company Scott Rudin Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 03 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Germany Language English Budget $35 million Box office $131.3 million School of Rock is a 2003 musical comedy film directed by Richard Linklater , produced by Scott Rudin , and written by Mike White . The film stars Jack Black , Joan Cusack , Mike White , Sarah Silverman , Joey Gaydos Jr. and Miranda Cosgrove . Black plays struggling rock singer and guitarist Dewey Finn , who is kicked out of his band and subsequently disguises as a substitute teacher at a prestigious prep school . After witnessing the musical talent in his students in their music class , Dewey forms a band of fourth - graders to attempt to win the upcoming Battle of the Bands and pay off his rent . School of Rock was released on October 3 , 2003 by Paramount Pictures , grossing $131 million worldwide on a $35 million budget . It was the highest grossing musical comedy of all time until it was overtaken in 2015 by Pitch Perfect 2 . A stage musical adaptation opened on Broadway in December 2015 , and a television adaptation for Nickelodeon premiered on March 12 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Songs featured in the film 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Legacy 6.1 Possible sequel 6.2 Stage adaptation 6.3 10 - year reunion 6.4 Television adaptation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) No Vacancy , a rock band , performs at a nightclub three weeks before auditioning for the Battle of the Bands . Guitarist Dewey Finn creates on - stage antics , including a stage dive that abruptly ends the performance . The next morning , Dewey wakes in the apartment he lives in with Ned Schneebly and his girlfriend , Patty Di Marco . They inform him he must make up for his share of the rent or move out . When Dewey meets No Vacancy at a rehearsal session , he finds out that he has been replaced by another guitarist named Spider . Later , while attempting to sell some of his equipment for rent money , Dewey answers a phone call from Rosalie Mullins , the principal of the Horace Green prep school , inquiring for Ned about a short - term position as a substitute teacher . Desperate for money , Dewey impersonates Ned and is hired . On his first day at the school , Dewey adopts the name `` Mr. S '' and spends his first day behaving erratically , much to the class 's confusion . The next day , Dewey overhears a music class and devises a plan to form them into a new band to audition for Battle of the Bands . He casts Zack Mooneyham as lead guitarist , Freddy Jones as drummer , cello player Katie on bass , Lawrence on keyboard , and himself as lead vocalist and guitarist . He assigns the rest of the class to various roles of backup singers , groupies , roadies , with Summer Hathaway as band manager . The project takes over normal lessons , but helps the students to embrace their talents and overcome their problems . He reassures Lawrence , who feels nerdy , and is worried about not being cool enough for the band , Zack , whose overbearing father disapproves of rock , and Tomika , an overweight girl who is too self - conscious to even audition for backup singer despite an amazing voice . During one eloquent lesson , he teaches the kids that rock and roll is the way to `` Stick it to the Man '' and stand up for themselves . Band `` groupies '' Michelle and Eleni , with Summer 's approval , pitch the band name `` The School of Rock . '' Two weeks into his hiring , Dewey sneaks his key band members out of school to audition for a spot in the competition , while the rest of the class stay behind to maintain cover . When Freddy wanders off , Dewey retrieves him but the group is rejected because the bill is full . After Summer tricks the staff into thinking that they have a terminal illness , the band is auditioned . The next day , Mullins decides to check on Dewey 's teaching progress , forcing Dewey to teach the actual material . Mullins explains that a parents ' night will take place at the school the day before Battle of the Bands , rendering Dewey somewhat concerned . As Dewey prepares for the parents ' night , Ned receives a paycheck from the school via mail , soon realizing that Dewey impersonated him . During the parents ' meeting , the parents question what Dewey was teaching the kids until Ned , Patty and the police confront Dewey . With Mullins bursting in to question what is going on , Dewey reveals his true identity , admits he 's not a licensed teacher and flees to his apartment . He and Patty argue and Ned intervenes ; however , Ned suggests Dewey should move out . The next morning , the parents go on an uproar in front of Mullins at her office , while the kids decide not to let their hard work go to waste . When the new substitute discovers that the kids are missing , she informs Mullins , and Mullins and the parents race to the competition . A school bus comes to pick up Dewey , who leads the kids to the Battle of the Bands and decides that they play the song written by Zack earlier in the film . Initially dismissed as a gimmick , the band wins over the entire crowd . Much to Dewey 's dismay , No Vacancy wins , but the audience chant for School of Rock and demand an encore . Some time later , an after school program known as the School of Rock has opened as Dewey continues to coach the students he played with before while Ned teaches beginners . Cast ( edit ) Jack Black as Dewey Finn ( lead singer , guitar ) an energetic , down - on - his - luck guitarist slacker Joan Cusack as Principal Rosalie `` Roz '' Mullins Mike White as Ned Schneebly , Dewey 's responsible but submissive roommate and best friend Sarah Silverman as Patty Di Marco , Ned 's domineering girlfriend Miranda Cosgrove as Summer `` Tinkerbell '' Hathaway ( band manager ) , the class president Joey Gaydos Jr. as Zack `` Zack - Attack '' Mooneyham ( lead guitar ) Kevin Clark as Freddy `` Spazzy McGee '' Jones ( drums ) Rebecca Brown as Katie `` Posh Spice '' ( bass ) Robert Tsai as Lawrence `` Mr. Cool '' ( keyboards ) Maryam Hassan as Tomika `` Turkey Sub '' ( second singer , lead choir ) Caitlin Hale as Marta `` Blondie '' ( choir ) Aleisha Allen as Alicia `` Brace Face '' ( choir ) Brian Falduto as Billy `` Fancy Pants '' ( band stylist ) Zachary Infante as Gordon `` Roadrunner '' ( assistant , lights ) James Hosey as Marco `` Carrot Top '' ( assistant , special effects ) Angelo Massagli as Frankie `` Tough Guy '' ( security ) Cole Hawkins as Leonard `` Short Stop '' ( security ) Jordan - Claire Green as Michelle ( groupie ) Veronica Afflerbach as Eleni ( groupie ) Adam Pascal as Theo Lucas Babin as Spider Pierre Leen as Neil ( keyboard ) Shawn Rodney as Shawn Production ( edit ) Screenwriter Mike White 's concept for the film was inspired by the Langley Schools Music Project . Various aspects of the plot were recognized as being similar to the 1957 Broadway hit The Music Man . Jack Black once witnessed a stage dive gone wrong involving Ian Astbury of rock band The Cult , which made its way into the film ; `` I went to see a reunion , in Los Angeles , of The Cult ... it was just a bunch of jaded Los Angelinos out there , and they did n't catch him and he plummeted straight to the ground . Later I thought it was so hilarious . So that was put into the script . '' Many scenes from the movie were shot around the New York City area . The school portrayed in School of Rock is actually Main Hall at Wagner College in Staten Island , New York . In the commentary , the kids say that all of the hallway scenes were shot in one hallway . One of the theaters used in many of the shots was at Union County Performing Arts Center located in Rahway , New Jersey . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : School of Rock ( soundtrack ) The eponymous album was released on September 30 , 2003 . Sammy James Jr. of the band The Mooney Suzuki penned the title track with screenwriter Mike White , and the band backed up Jack Black and the child musicians on the soundtrack recording of the song . The film 's director , Richard Linklater , scouted the country for talented 13 - year - old musicians to play the rock and roll music featured on the soundtrack and in the film . The soundtrack includes `` Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin , a band that has rarely granted permission for use of their songs in film and television . Richard Linklater came up with the idea to shoot a video on the stage used at the end of the film , with Jack Black begging the band for permission with the crowd extras cheering and chanting behind him . The video was sent directly to the living members of Led Zeppelin , and permission was granted for the song . The video is included on the DVD . Songs featured in the film ( edit ) `` For Those About to Rock ( We Salute You ) '' by AC / DC ( Dewey uses the lyrics in a speech to the class ) `` Fight '' by No Vacancy * `` Stay Free '' by The Clash `` Touch Me '' by The Doors ( Dewey sings this to Lawrence ) * `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' Ramones cover by Kiss `` Sunshine of Your Love '' by Cream * `` Back in Black '' by AC / DC `` Iron Man '' by Black Sabbath ( riff Dewey plays to Zack ) `` Highway to Hell '' by AC / DC ( riff Dewey plays to Zack ) `` Smoke on the Water '' by Deep Purple ( riff Dewey plays to Zack ) `` Substitute '' by The Who * `` Greatest Love of All '' by George Benson ( Dewey mentions the lyrics as his reason for no testing ) `` Roadrunner '' by The Modern Lovers `` My Brain Is Hanging Upside Down ( Bonzo Goes to Bitburg ) '' by Ramones * `` The Wait '' ( Killing Joke cover ) '' by Metallica `` In the Ancient Times '' by School of Rock `` Sad Wings '' by Brand New Sin `` Mouthful of Love '' by Young Heart Attack `` Black Shuck '' by The Darkness `` Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin * `` Set You Free '' by The Black Keys * `` Edge of Seventeen '' by Stevie Nicks * `` Ballrooms of Mars '' by T. Rex * `` Moonage Daydream '' by David Bowie `` TV Eye '' by The Stooges * `` Ride into the Sun '' by The Velvet Underground `` Heal Me , I 'm Heartsick '' by No Vacancy * `` School of Rock '' by School of Rock * `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( AC / DC cover ) by School of Rock * ( featuring The Mooney Suzuki ) `` Math Is a Wonderful Thing '' by Jack Black and Mike White * * Featured on the Soundtrack album Reception ( edit ) School of Rock received an approval rating of 92 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 192 reviews with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Black 's exuberant , gleeful performance turns School of Rock into a hilarious , rocking good time . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Box Office performance ( edit ) School of Rock opened at # 1 with a weekend gross of $19,622,714 from 2,614 theaters for an average of $7,507 per venue . In its second weekend , the film declined just 21 percent , earning another $15,487,832 after expanding to 2,929 theaters , averaging $5,288 per venue , and bringing the 10 - day gross to $39,671,396 . In its third weekend , it dropped only 28 percent , making another $11,006,233 after expanding once again to 2,951 theaters , averaging $3,730 per venue , and bringing the 17 - day gross to $54,898,025 . It spent a total of six weeks among the Top 10 films and eventually grossed $81,261,177 in the United States and Canada and another $50,015,772 in international territories for a total gross of $131,282,949 worldwide , almost four times its budget of $35 million . This made School of Rock the highest - grossing musical comedy of all time , until it was overtaken in 2015 by Pitch Perfect 2 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The film was nominated for several awards , including Black receiving a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor -- Comedy or Musical ( which he lost to Bill Murray for Lost in Translation ) , and winning an MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance . Legacy ( edit ) Possible sequel ( edit ) In 2008 , Jack Black said that a sequel was being considered . It was later reported that director Richard Linklater and producer Scott Rudin would return . Mike White was returning as screenwriter , titled School of Rock 2 : America Rocks , which picks up with Finn leading a group of summer school students on a cross-country field trip that delves into the history of rock ' n ' roll . In 2012 , Black stated that he believed the sequel was unlikely . `` I tried really hard to get all the pieces together , '' he said . `` I would n't want to do it without the original writer and director , and we never all got together and saw eye - to - eye on what the script would be . It was not meant to be , unfortunately , '' but added , `` never say never '' . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Main article : School of Rock ( musical ) On April 5 , 2013 , Andrew Lloyd Webber announced that he had bought the rights to School of Rock to a stage musical . On December 18 , 2014 , the musical was officially confirmed and it was announced that the show would receive its world premiere on Broadway in autumn 2015 , at the Winter Garden Theatre . The musical has a book by Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes. and is directed by Laurence Connor , with choreography by JoAnn M. Hunter , set and costume design by Anna Louizos and lighting by Natasha Katz . The musical features an original score composed by Lloyd Webber , with lyrics by Glenn Slater and sound design by Mick Potter , in addition to music from the original film . School of Rock became Lloyd Webber 's first show opening on Broadway before London since Jesus Christ Superstar in 1971 . 10 - year Reunion ( edit ) On August 29 , 2013 , a 10 - year anniversary screening of the film was held in Austin , Texas at the Paramount Theatre . Those in attendance included director Richard Linklater , Jack Black , Mike White , Miranda Cosgrove and the rest of the young cast members except for Cole Hawkins ( who played Leonard ) . The event , hosted by the Austin Film Society and Cirrus Logic , included a red carpet , a full cast and crew Q&A after the screening , where the now - grown child stars discussed their current pursuits in life , and a VIP after - party performance by the School of Rock band during which `` School of Rock '' and `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' were played . Television adaptation ( edit ) Main article : School of Rock ( TV series ) On August 4 , 2014 , Nickelodeon announced that they were working with Paramount Television on a television show adaptation of the film . Production started in the fall and the series premiered in 2016 . It stars Breanna Yde , Ricardo Hurtado , Jade Pettyjohn , Lance Lim , Aidan Miner , and Tony Cavalero . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SCHOOL OF ROCK ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 8 , 2003 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The School of Rock ( EN ) '' . Lumiere . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` School of Rock ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' School of Rock ' musical opening on Broadway in 2015 '' . Los Angeles Times . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ High Fidelity : Jack Black stays true to his ' School , ' Jim DeRogatis , September 28 , 2003 Jump up ^ Green , Jesse ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Theater Review : For Those About to Attend School of Rock , We Salute You '' . Vulture.com . New York Media LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Black Interview , indielondon , Q and A '' . IndieLondon.co.uk . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balsamini , Dean ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Wagner College to celebrate 125th anniversary '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` School of Rock ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Rock ( 2003 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munoz , Lorenza ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` ' School of Rock ' opens with honors '' . latimes . Jump up ^ `` Jack Black to return to class for School of Rock sequel '' . Adfero.co.uk . July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Paramount goes back to School '' . Variety . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Jack Black Set for School of Rock 2 '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JACK BLACK PLANNING SCHOOL OF ROCK REUNION '' . Hollywood.com . October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber to stage School of Rock musical '' . BBC.co.uk/news . BBC News . April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber to stage School of Rock '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber To Bring SCHOOL OF ROCK To The Stage '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' School of Rock ' Will Rock Broadway with Andrew Lloyd Webber '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber kicks out the jams with School of Rock musical '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's School of Rock Will Shake Up Broadway Next Fall '' . playbill.com . Playbill . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The School of Rock ' to be adapted into Broadway musical '' . nydailynews.com . Daily News . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's School of Rock to open on Broadway next December '' . thestage.co.uk . The Stage . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` School of Rock Musical To Have World Premiere On Broadway ! '' . reallyuseful.com . Really Useful Group . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber Will Pen Tunes for School of Rock Musical '' . time.com . Time Magazine . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's School of Rock will open on Broadway this year '' . londonboxoffice.co.uk . London Box Office . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew , Jacobs ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' School Of Rock ' Reunion Brings Jack Black , Miranda Cosgrove , Richard Linklater And More Together 10 Years Later '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' School of Rock ' cast including Jack Black , Miranda Cosgrove reunites for 10 year anniversary '' . New York : NY Daily News . August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Long Way To The Top '' - School of Rock Reunion Concert LIVE `` . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' School of Rock TV Series Coming to Nickelodeon '' . roosterteeth.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' School of Rock ' Series : Nickelodeon Announces Cast for TV Movie Adaptation - Variety '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Official website School of Rock on IMDb School of Rock at Box Office Mojo School of Rock at Rotten Tomatoes School of Rock at Metacritic `` Video plea to Led Zeppelin '' on YouTube Films directed by Richard Linklater It 's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books ( 1988 ) Slacker ( 1991 ) Dazed and Confused ( 1993 ) Before Sunrise ( 1995 ) subUrbia ( 1996 ) The Newton Boys ( 1998 ) Waking Life ( 2001 ) Tape ( 2001 ) School of Rock ( 2003 ) Before Sunset ( 2004 ) Bad News Bears ( 2005 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Fast Food Nation ( 2006 ) Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Bernie ( 2011 ) Before Midnight ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Everybody Wants Some ! ! ( 2016 ) Last Flag Flying ( 2017 ) Where 'd You Go , Bernadette ( 2018 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Isle of Dogs Mid-90s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_of_Rock&oldid=810228946 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s musical films American films American musical comedy films American rock music films Films directed by Richard Linklater Films about educators Films about music and musicians Films adapted into television programs Films produced by Scott Rudin Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in schools Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in New York ( state ) Paramount Pictures films German films German musical comedy films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song in school of rock	[ "The eponymous album was released on September 30, 2003. Sammy James Jr. of the band The Mooney Suzuki penned the title track with screenwriter Mike White, and the band backed up Jack Black and the child musicians on the soundtrack recording of the song. The film's director, Richard Linklater, scouted the country for talented 13-year-old musicians to play the rock and roll music featured on the soundtrack and in the film. The soundtrack includes \"Immigrant Song\" by Led Zeppelin, a band that has rarely granted permission for use of their songs in film and television. Richard Linklater came up with the idea to shoot a video on the stage used at the end of the film, with Jack Black begging the band for permission with the crowd extras cheering and chanting behind him. The video was sent directly to the living members of Led Zeppelin, and permission was granted for the song. The video is included on the DVD.", "The eponymous album was released on September 30, 2003. Sammy James Jr. of the band The Mooney Suzuki penned the title track with screenwriter Mike White, and the band backed up Jack Black and the child musicians on the soundtrack recording of the song. The film's director, Richard Linklater, scouted the country for talented 13-year-old musicians to play the rock and roll music featured on the soundtrack and in the film. The soundtrack includes \"Immigrant Song\" by Led Zeppelin, a band that has rarely granted permission for use of their songs in film and television. Richard Linklater came up with the idea to shoot a video on the stage used at the end of the film, with Jack Black begging the band for permission with the crowd extras cheering and chanting behind him. The video was sent directly to the living members of Led Zeppelin, and permission was granted for the song. The video is included on the DVD." ]	[ "Sammy James Jr.", "Mike White" ]
9047960449605975447	Printing press	Printing press - wikipedia Printing press Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg . For the modern technology of printing , see printing . Recreated Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum , Carson , California Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium ( such as paper or cloth ) , thereby transferring the ink . It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth , paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink , and accelerated the process . Typically used for texts , the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium . Johannes Gutenberg , a goldsmith by profession , developed , circa 1439 , a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes , as well as making inventions of his own . Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty , and in Europe , woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century . Gutenberg 's most important innovation was the development of hand - molded metal printing matrices , thus producing a movable type based printing press system . His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities . Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe . In Europe , the two inventions , the hand mould and the printing press , together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents , particularly in short print runs . The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries . By 1500 , printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes . In the 16th century , with presses spreading further afield , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing , and lent its name to a new branch of media , `` the press '' . In Renaissance Europe , the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication , which permanently altered the structure of society . The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ( revolutionary ) ideas transcended borders , captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities . The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class . Across Europe , the increasing cultural self - awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto - nationalism , and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages , to the detriment of Latin 's status as lingua franca . In the 19th century , the replacement of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press by steam - powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Economic conditions and intellectual climate 1.2 Technological factors 2 Function and approach 3 Gutenberg 's press 4 The Printing Revolution 4.1 Mass production and spread of printed books 4.2 Circulation of information and ideas 5 Industrial printing presses 5.1 Rotary press 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History Main article : History of printing Economic conditions and intellectual climate See also : History of capitalism and Medieval university Medieval university class ( 1350s ) The rapid economic and socio - cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg 's improved version of the printing press : the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production , fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work - processes . The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time - consuming hand - copying method fell far short of accommodating . Technological factors See also : History of Western typography and Medieval technology Technologies preceding the press that led to the press 's invention included : manufacturing of paper , development of ink , woodblock printing , and distribution of eyeglasses . At the same time , a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes . Gutenberg took up these far - flung strands , combined them into one complete and functioning system , and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own : Early modern wine press . Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press . The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat - plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg 's time and was used for a wide range of tasks . Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans , it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and ( olive ) oil fruit , both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet . The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns . Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles . Gutenberg adopted the basic design , thereby mechanizing the printing process . Printing , however , put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing . Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity . To speed up the printing process , he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed . Movable type sorted in a letter case and loaded in a composing stick on top The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century ; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty , and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty , where metal movable - type printing technology was developed in 1234 . In Europe , sporadic evidence that the typographical principle , the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters , was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before . The known examples range from Germany ( Prüfening inscription ) to England ( letter tiles ) to Italy . However , the various techniques employed ( imprinting , punching and assembling individual letters ) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted . Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps . A goldsmith by profession , he created his type pieces from a lead - based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today . The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould , the matrix . The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because , in contrast to logographic writing systems , it allowed the type - setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters . Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex , which had originated in the Roman period . Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself , the codex had completely replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages ( 500 AD ) . The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format ; it is more convenient to read ( by turning pages ) , is more compact , less costly , and , in particular , unlike the scroll , both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing . A paper codex of the acclaimed 42 - line Bible , Gutenberg 's major work A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture . The introduction of water - powered paper mills , the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282 , allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking . Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy , reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further ; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later . Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable - type printing . It is notable that codices of parchment , which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material , still had a substantial share in Gutenberg 's edition of the 42 - line Bible . After much experimentation , Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water - based inks caused by soaking the paper , and found the formula for an oil - based ink suitable for high - quality printing with metal type . Function and approach This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text - blocks . Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day , printing around 3,600 pages in the process . A printing press , in its classical form , is a standing mechanism , ranging from 5 to 7 feet ( 1.5 to 2.1 m ) long , 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide , and 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) tall . Type , small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end , is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme , which itself is placed onto a flat stone , ' bed , ' or ' coffin . ' The text is inked using two balls , pads mounted on handles . The balls were made of dog skin leather , because it has no pores , and stuffed with sheep 's wool and were inked . This ink was then applied to the text evenly . One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan . The paper was damp as this lets the type ' bite ' into the paper better . Small pins hold the paper in place . The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan ( two frames covered with paper or parchment ) . These are folded down , so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type . The bed is rolled under the platen , using a windlass mechanism . A small rotating handle is used called the ' rounce ' to do this , and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen . To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned . This is known as the bar or ' Devil 's Tail . ' In a well - set - up press , the springiness of the paper , frisket , and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen , the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position , the tympan and frisket raised and opened , and the printed sheet removed . Such presses were always worked by hand . After around 1800 , iron presses were developed , some of which could be operated by steam power . Gutenberg 's press See also : Letterpress printing Johannes Gutenberg 's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn -- a man who had previously instructed in gem - cutting -- and Andreas Heilmann , owner of a paper mill . However , it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record existed ; witnesses ' testimony discussed Gutenberg 's types , an inventory of metals ( including lead ) , and his type molds . Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith , Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman . He was the first to make type from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony , which was critical for producing durable type that produced high - quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials . To create these lead types , Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions , a special matrix enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template . His type case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes , most of which were required for special characters , ligatures , punctuation marks , and so forth . Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil - based ink which was more durable than the previously used water - based inks . As printing material he used both paper and vellum ( high - quality parchment ) . In the Gutenberg Bible , Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the page headings , present only in some copies . A later work , the Mainz Psalter of 1453 , presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer , had elaborate red and blue printed initials . The printing Revolution The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas , acting as an `` agent of change '' through the societies that it reached . ( Eisenstein ( 1980 ) ) Mass production and spread of printed books See also : Global spread of the printing press and List of early modern newspapers Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz , Germany The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries . The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades . From a single print shop in Mainz , Germany , printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central , Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century . As early as 1480 , there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany , Italy , France , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland , England , Bohemia and Poland . From that time on , it is assumed that `` the printed book was in universal use in Europe '' . In Italy , a center of early printing , print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500 . At the end of the following century , 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities , with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active . Despite this proliferation , printing centres soon emerged ; thus , one third of the Italian printers published in Venice . By 1500 , the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies . In the following century , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing about 1,500 impressions per workday . By comparison , book printing in East Asia , did not use presses and was solely done by block printing . Of Erasmus 's work , at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone ( 1469 -- 1536 ) . In the early days of the Reformation , the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise . In the period from 1518 to 1524 , the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold ; between 1518 and 1520 , Luther 's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies . The rapidity of typographical text production , as well as the sharp fall in unit costs , led to the issuing of the first newspapers ( see Relation ) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up - to - date information to the public . Incunable are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America . Circulation of information and ideas See also : The Gutenberg Galaxy `` Modern Book Printing '' sculpture , commemorating Gutenberg 's invention on the occasion of the 2006 World Cup in Germany The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals , helping to bring on the scientific revolution . Because of the printing press , authorship became more meaningful and profitable . It was suddenly important who had said or written what , and what the precise formulation and time of composition was . This allowed the exact citing of references , producing the rule , `` One Author , one work ( title ) , one piece of information '' ( Giesecke , 1989 ; 325 ) . Before , the author was less important , since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna . For many works prior to the printing press , the name of the author has been entirely lost . Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages , page numbering , tables of contents , and indices became common , though they previously had not been unknown . The process of reading also changed , gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent , private reading . Over the next 200 years , the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe . The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge . Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press , the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ( Eisenstein , 1969 ; 52 ) . More people had access to knowledge both new and old , more people could discuss these works . Book production became more commercialised , and the first copyright laws were passed . On the other hand , the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have been incorrect . A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works , to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area , increasing the variety of published works . The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars , in effect ' decreasing ' their variability . This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe . A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy . The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth . The publication of trade related manuals and books teaching techniques like double - entry bookkeeping increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders . Industrial printing presses See also : History of printing At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution , the mechanics of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press were still essentially unchanged , although new materials in its construction , amongst other innovations , had gradually improved its printing efficiency . By 1800 , Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which reduced the force required by 90 % , while doubling the size of the printed area . With a capacity of 480 pages per hour , the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press . Nonetheless , the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious . Koenig 's 1814 steam - powered printing press Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically : First , the use of steam power for running the machinery , and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders . Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818 . Having moved to London in 1804 , Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807 . Patented in 1810 , Koenig had designed a steam press `` much like a hand press connected to a steam engine . '' The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811 . He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer . Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814 , capable of 1,100 impressions per hour . The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814 . They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once . This began the long process of making newspapers available to a mass audience ( which in turn helped spread literacy ) , and from the 1820s changed the nature of book production , forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata . Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world 's largest manufacturers of printing presses today . Rotary press The steam powered rotary printing press , invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe , allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day . Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper , as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace . By the late 1930s or early 1940s , rotary presses had increased substantially in efficiency : a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour . Also , in the middle of the 19th century , there was a separate development of jobbing presses , small presses capable of printing small - format pieces such as billheads , letterheads , business cards , and envelopes . Jobbing presses were capable of quick set - up ( average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes ) and quick production ( even on treadle - powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour ( iph ) with one pressman , with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work ) . Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost - effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time . Gallery Model of the Common Press , used from 1650 to 1850 Printing press from 1811 Stanhope press from 1842 Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 See also General Imprimatur Printing Typography Printing presses Adana Printing Presses Albion press Columbian Printing Press Flexography Vertical print press Other inventions Color printing Lithography Offset printing Desktop publishing Electronic publishing Computer printer Composing stick Notes Jump up ^ For example , in 1999 , the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no . 1 on their `` People of the Millennium '' countdown . In 1997 , Time -- Life magazine picked Gutenberg 's invention as the most important of the second millennium Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years , 1,000 People : Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium . The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era . Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962 ; Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 ^ Jump up to : Tsien Tsuen - Hsuin ; Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Science and Civilisation in China . 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 158,201 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1976 ) : `` The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 '' , London : New Left Books , quoted in : Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 58f . Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , p. 387 : At the same time , then , as the printing press in the physical , technological sense was invented , ' the press ' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage . The phenomenon of publishing was born . Jump up ^ Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Gerhardt 1978 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 Jump up ^ Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43294 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 21 -- 35 Jump up ^ Onken 2009 ; White 1984 , pp. 31f. ; Schneider 2007 , pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Schneider 2007 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Schulte 1939 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39f . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Germany : Brekle 1995 , pp. 23 -- 26 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Brekle 2005 , p. 25 ; England : Lehmann - Haupt 1940 , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Italy : Lipinsky 1986 , pp. 75 -- 80 ; Koch 1994 , p. 213 . Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in Constantinople from the 10th to 12th century and that the Venetians received it from there ( p. 78 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' , retrieved 27 November 2006 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 ; Hellinga 2007 , p. 208 : Gutenberg 's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 24 -- 30 Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 1 , 38 -- 67 , 75 : The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex ; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material , folded double and fastened together at the back or spine , and usually protected by covers . ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 45 -- 53 . Technically speaking , a scroll could be written on its back side , too , but the very few ancient specimen found indicate that this was never considered a viable option . ( p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 418 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Tsien 1985 , p. 68 − 73 ; Lucas 2005 , p. 28 , fn. 70 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Burns 1996 , pp. 414 -- 417 Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 417 Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997 , pp. 41 -- 44 ; Burns 1996 , p. 419 : In the West , the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself . With his mechanization by movable - type printing in the 1440s , the manufacture of paper , until then relatively confined , began to spread very widely . The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 7f. : Despite all that has been said above , even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man . It is immensely strong , remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions , does not deteriorate with age , and possesses a smooth , even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination . Jump up ^ The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 ( Hanebutt - Benz 2000 , pp. 158 -- 189 ) . Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 67f. : From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600 , assuming a fifteen - hour workday , was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) RIND Survey ( The Press Institute of India - Research Institute for Newspaper Development ) June 2015 , p14 ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 58 -- 69 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Mahnke 2009 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Buringh & van Zanden 2009 , p. 417 , table 2 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Borsa 1976 , p. 314 ; Borsa 1977 , p. 166 − 169 Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The performance of the wooden printing press '' . The library quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 264 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham 1965 , p. 211 : The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw - presses from China , but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture . Widmann 1974 , p. 34 , fn. 14 : In East Asia , both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques , that is hand printing . Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 ; Man 2002 , pp. 112 -- 115 : Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block - printing ; there were no screw - based presses in the east , because they were not wine - drinkers , did n't have olives , and used other means to dry their paper . Jump up ^ Issawi 1980 , pp. 492 Jump up ^ Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , pp. 387f . Jump up ^ The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue gives 29,777 separate editions ( not copies ) as of 8 January 2008 , which however includes some print items from the 16th century ( retrieved 11 March 2010 ) . According to Bettina Wagner : `` Das Second - Life der Wiegendrucke . Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek '' , in : Griebel , Rolf ; Ceynowa , Klaus ( eds . ) : `` Information , Innovation , Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek '' , KG Saur , München 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11772 - 5 , pp. 207 -- 224 ( 207f . ) , the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue lists 28,107 editions published before 1501 . Jump up ^ Peck , Josh . `` The State of Publishing : Literacy Rates . '' McSweeney 's Internet Tendency . McSweeney , 5 July 2011 . Web . 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Malte Herwig , `` Google 's Total Library '' , Spiegel Online International , Mar. 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howard Rheingold , `` Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism '' , Online Journalism Review , Jul. 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eshgh , Amy . `` Copyright Timeline : A History of Copyright in the United States Association of Research Libraries ® ARL ® '' . www.arl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Julia C. Crick ; Alexandra Walsham ( 2004 ) . The uses of script and print , 1300 -- 1700 . Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81063 - 0 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Bilton ( 14 September 2010 ) . I Live in the Future & Here 's How It Works : Why Your World , Work , and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59111 - 1 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Dittmar . `` Information technology and economic change : The impact of the printing press '' . VoxEU . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prateek Raj . `` How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets '' . Evonomics . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 130 -- 133 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. ( 1998 ) . A History of Graphic Design ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29198 - 5 . References On the effects of the printing press Boruchoff , David A. ( 2012 ) , `` The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times : An Idea and Its Public '' , in Klaus Hock ; Gesa Mackenthun , Entangled Knowledge : Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference , Münster : Waxmann , pp. 133 -- 163 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8309 - 2729 - 7 Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) , `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 , doi : 10.1017 / s0022050709000837 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 1980 ) , The Printing Press as an Agent of Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 2005 ) , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe ( 2nd , rev . ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 60774 - 4 ( More recent , abridged version ) Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1997 ) , The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 , London : Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 108 - 2 Man , John ( 2002 ) , The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World , London : Headline Review , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 McLuhan , Marshall ( 1962 ) , The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1st ed . ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6041 - 9 Technology of printing Bechtel , G. ( 1992 ) , Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie , Paris : Fayard , ISBN 2 - 213 - 02865 - 6 Bolza , Hans ( 1967 ) , `` Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine '' , Technikgeschichte , 34 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1976 ) , `` Druckorte in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 311 -- 314 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1977 ) , `` Drucker in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 166 -- 169 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1995 ) , `` Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12 . Jahrhundert '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 70 : 23 -- 26 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1997 ) , `` Das typographische Prinzip . Versuch einer Begriffsklärung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 72 : 58 -- 63 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 2005 ) , Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119 . Eine paläographisch - typographische Untersuchung ( brief summary ) , Regensburg : Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft , ISBN 3 - 937527 - 06 - 0 Burns , Robert I. ( 1996 ) , `` Paper comes to the West , 800 -- 1400 '' , in Lindgren , Uta , Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400 . Tradition und Innovation ( 4th ed . ) , Berlin : Gebr . Mann Verlag , pp. 413 -- 422 , ISBN 3 - 7861 - 1748 - 9 Childress , Diana ( 2008 ) , Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press , Minneapolis : Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 4024 - 9 Ch'on Hye - bong : `` Typography in Korea '' , Koreana , Vol. 7 , No. 2 ( 1993 ) , pp. 10 -- 19 Stearns , Peter N ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of World History ( 6 ed . ) . The Houghton Mifflin Company / Bartleby.com . Citation Crompton , Samuel Willard ( 2004 ) , The Printing Press . Transforming Power of Technology , Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7451 - X Duchesne , Ricardo ( 2006 ) , `` Asia First ? '' , The Journal of the Historical Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 91 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5923.2006. 00168. x Fontaine , Jean - Paul ( 1999 ) , L'aventure du livre : Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours , Paris : Bibliothèque de l'image Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1971 ) , `` Warum wurde die Gutenberg - Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 57 Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1978 ) , `` Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 212 -- 217 Hanebutt - Benz , Eva - Maria ( 2000 ) , `` Gutenbergs Erfindungen '' , Gutenberg . Aventur und Kunst : Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution , Mainz : Stadt Mainz , pp. 158 -- 189 Hellinga , Lotte ( 2007 ) , `` The Gutenberg Revolutions '' , in Eliot , Simon ; Rose , Jonathan , A Companion to the History of the Book , Blackwell Publishing , pp. 207 -- 220 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2765 - 3 Hind , Arthur M. , An Introduction to a History of Woodcut , Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 ( in USA ) , reprinted Dover Publications , 1963 ISBN 0 - 486 - 20952 - 0 Issawi , Charles ( 1980 ) , `` Europe , the Middle East and the Shift in Power : Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History , 22 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 504 , doi : 10.1017 / s001041750000949x Kapr , Albert ( 1996 ) , Johannes Gutenberg . The Man and his Invention , Aldershot : Scolar , ISBN 1 - 85928 - 114 - 1 Koch , Walter ( 1994 ) , Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik ( 1985 -- 1991 ) , Monumenta Germaniae Historica : Hilfsmittel , 14 , München , p. 213 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88612 - 114 - 4 Lehmann - Haupt , Hellmut ( 1940 ) , `` Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII . Jahrhunderts '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 93 -- 97 Lipinsky , Angelo ( 1986 ) , `` La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili '' , Ateneo Veneto , 24 : 75 -- 80 Lucas , Adam Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds . A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe '' , Technology and Culture , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 , doi : 10.1353 / tech. 2005.0026 Mahnke , Helmut ( 2009 ) , Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst , Norderstedt : Books on Demand , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 5041 - 7 Needham , Joseph : `` Science and Civilisation in China '' , Physics and Physical Technology ( Vol. 4 ) , Mechanical Engineering ( Part 2 ) , Cambridge University Press , 1965 Onken , Björn ( 2009 ) , `` Presses '' , in Cancik , Hubert ; Schneider , Helmuth , Brill 's New Pauly Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 Roberts , Colin H. ; Skeat , T.C. ( 1983 ) , The Birth of the Codex , London : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 726024 - 1 Schneider , Helmuth ( 2007 ) , `` Technology '' , in Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , pp. 144 -- 171 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Schulte , Alfred ( 1939 ) , `` Papierpresse , Druckerpresse und Kelter '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 52 -- 56 Thompson , Susan ( 1978 ) , `` Paper Manufacturing and Early Books '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 314 : 167 -- 176 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1978. tb47791. x Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) , Paper and Printing , Science and Civilisation in China , Chemistry and Chemical Technology ( Vol. 5 , Part 1 ) , Cambridge University Press Weber , Johannes ( 2006 ) , `` Strassburg , 1605 : The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe '' , German History , 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 412 , doi : 10.1191 / 0266355406gh380oa White , K.D. ( 1984 ) , Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson Widmann , Hans ( 1974 ) , `` Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 32 -- 34 Wolf , Hans - Jürgen ( 1974 ) , Geschichte der Druckpressen ( 1st ed . ) , Frankfurt / Main : Interprint External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing press . Centre for the History of the Book Gutenberg printing − Photos of Incunabula and the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) Internet Archive : Printing ( 1947 ) − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry ( hide ) Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking GND : 4523304 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_press&oldid=832353244 '' Categories : Printing Johannes Gutenberg 1445 introductions Textual scholarship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the first printing press and in what year	[ "Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty,[3][4] and in Europe, woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century. Gutenberg's most important innovation was the development of hand-molded metal printing matrices, thus producing a movable type based printing press system. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs.", "Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty,[3][4] and in Europe, woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century. Gutenberg's most important innovation was the development of hand-molded metal printing matrices, thus producing a movable type based printing press system. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs." ]	[ "Johannes Gutenberg", "circa 1439" ]
-98029397346866852	List of New York Knicks seasons	List of New York Knicks seasons - wikipedia List of New York Knicks seasons Madison Square Garden is the home arena of the Knicks . The New York Knickerbockers , better known as the New York Knicks , are a professional basketball team based in New York City that competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . An original member of the NBA , the Knicks play in the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division . In its 72 seasons , the franchise has reached the NBA Finals eight times and won two championships . As of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season , New York has won more than 2,700 regular season games , and the team has the fourth - highest victory total in NBA history . Since 1968 , the Knicks have played home games at Madison Square Garden . One of the Basketball Association of America 's ( BAA ) eleven teams during its inaugural season , the Knicks won the league 's first game , defeating the Toronto Huskies 68 -- 66 on November 1 , 1946 . The club qualified for the playoffs in the league 's first three seasons before the BAA merged with the National Basketball League in 1949 to form the NBA . Following the merger , New York extended its streak of playoff appearances to nine consecutive years , and reached the NBA Finals each year from 1952 to 1954 . The Knicks returned to the Finals in 1970 and defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games for the team 's first title . New York and Los Angeles faced each other again in the 1972 Finals , a series that the Lakers won four games to one . The Knicks earned their second NBA championship the following year , as they won a rematch with Los Angeles in five games . From 1988 to 2001 , the franchise reached the playoffs in fourteen consecutive seasons , but did not win an NBA title . The team reached its first NBA Finals in twenty - one seasons during the 1993 -- 94 season , but lost to the Houston Rockets in seven games . Five years later , New York again lost in the NBA Finals , this time in a five - game series against the San Antonio Spurs . After the 2000 -- 01 season , the Knicks had nine consecutive losing seasons between 2001 -- 02 and 2009 -- 10 . The Knicks made the postseason in the next three seasons , but declined to their worst - ever record of 65 losses in 2014 -- 15 . In the most recent season , 2017 -- 18 , New York missed the playoffs with a 29 -- 53 win -- loss record . Contents 1 Table key 2 Seasons 2.1 All - time records 3 Notes 4 References Table key ( edit ) Bill Bradley was a member of the Knicks ' 1969 -- 70 and 1972 -- 73 championship - winning teams . NBA champions ( 1947 -- present ) † Division / Conference champions ( 1947 -- 1970 / 1971 -- present ) * Division champions ( 1971 -- present ) ^ Playoff berth ( 1947 -- present ) ¤ AMVP NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Conf . finish Final position in conference standings COY Coach of the Year Div . finish Final position in division standings DPOY Defensive Player of the Year FMVP NBA Finals Most Valuable Player GB Games behind first - place team in division Italics Season in progress JWKC J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Number of regular season losses MVP Most Valuable Player Ref . Reference ROY Rookie of the Year SIX Sixth Man of the Year Number of regular season wins Seasons ( edit ) Note : Statistics are correct as of the 2017 -- 18 season . Season Conf . Conf . finish Div . Div . finish Win % GB Playoffs Awards Head coach Ref . 1946 -- 47 -- -- Eastern 3rd ¤ 33 27 . 550 16 Won Quarterfinals vs. Cleveland Rebels , 2 -- 1 Lost Semifinals to Philadelphia Warriors , 2 -- 0 -- Neil Cohalan 1947 -- 48 -- -- Eastern 2nd ¤ 26 22 . 542 Lost Quarterfinals to Baltimore Bullets , 2 -- 1 -- Joe Lapchick 1948 -- 49 -- -- Eastern 2nd ¤ 32 28 . 533 6 Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 2 -- 1 Lost Division Finals to Washington Capitols , 2 -- 1 -- Joe Lapchick 1949 -- 50 -- -- Eastern 2nd ¤ 40 28 . 588 13 Won Division Semifinals vs. Washington Capitols , 2 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to Syracuse Nationals , 2 -- 1 -- Joe Lapchick 1950 -- 51 -- -- Eastern * 3rd ¤ 36 30 . 545 Won Division Semifinals vs. Boston Celtics , 2 -- 0 Won Division Finals vs. Syracuse Nationals , 3 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals to Rochester Royals , 4 -- 3 * -- Joe Lapchick 1951 -- 52 -- -- Eastern * 3rd ¤ 37 29 . 561 Won Division Semifinals vs. Boston Celtics , 2 -- 1 Won Division Finals vs. Syracuse Nationals , 3 -- 1 Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers , 4 -- 3 * -- Joe Lapchick 1952 -- 53 -- -- Eastern * 1st ¤ 47 23 . 671 -- Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 2 -- 0 Won Division Finals vs. Boston Celtics , 3 -- 1 Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers , 4 -- 1 * -- Joe Lapchick 1953 -- 54 -- -- Eastern 1st ¤ 44 28 . 611 -- Lost round - robin to Boston Celtics and Syracuse Nationals , 4 -- 0 -- Joe Lapchick 1954 -- 55 -- -- Eastern 2nd ¤ 38 34 . 528 5 Lost Division Semifinals to Boston Celtics , 2 -- 1 -- Joe Lapchick 1955 -- 56 -- -- Eastern 4th ¤ 35 37 . 486 10 Lost Division third - place tiebreaker to Syracuse Nationals , 1 -- 0 -- Joe Lapchick Vince Boryla 1956 -- 57 -- -- Eastern 4th 36 36 . 500 8 -- -- Vince Boryla 1957 -- 58 -- -- Eastern 4th 35 37 . 486 14 -- -- Vince Boryla Andrew Levane 1958 -- 59 -- -- Eastern 2nd ¤ 40 32 . 556 12 Lost Division Semifinals to Syracuse Nationals , 2 -- 0 -- Andrew Levane 1959 -- 60 -- -- Eastern 4th 27 48 . 360 32 -- -- Andrew Levane Carl Braun 1960 -- 61 -- -- Eastern 4th 21 58 . 266 36 -- -- Carl Braun 1961 -- 62 -- -- Eastern 4th 29 51 . 363 31 -- -- Eddie Donovan 1962 -- 63 -- -- Eastern 4th 21 59 . 263 37 -- -- Eddie Donovan 1963 -- 64 -- -- Eastern 4th 22 58 . 275 37 -- -- Eddie Donovan 1964 -- 65 -- -- Eastern 4th 31 49 . 388 31 -- Willis Reed ( ROY ) Eddie Donovan Harry Gallatin 1965 -- 66 -- -- Eastern 4th 30 50 . 375 25 -- -- Dick McGuire 1966 -- 67 -- -- Eastern 4th ¤ 36 45 . 444 32 Lost Division Semifinals to Boston Celtics , 3 -- 1 -- Dick McGuire 1967 -- 68 -- -- Eastern 3rd ¤ 43 39 . 524 19 Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers , 4 -- 2 -- Dick McGuire Red Holzman 1968 -- 69 -- -- Eastern 3rd ¤ 54 28 . 659 Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to Boston Celtics , 4 -- 2 -- Red Holzman 1969 -- 70 -- -- Eastern * 1st ¤ 60 22 . 732 -- Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4 -- 3 Won Division Finals vs. Milwaukee Bucks , 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 4 -- 3 Red Holzman ( COY ) Willis Reed ( AMVP , FMVP & MVP ) Red Holzman 1970 -- 71 Eastern 1st ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st 52 30 . 634 -- Won Conference Semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Baltimore Bullets , 4 -- 3 -- Red Holzman 1971 -- 72 Eastern * 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 48 34 . 585 8 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. Boston Celtics , 4 -- 1 Lost Finals to Los Angeles Lakers , 4 -- 1 * -- Red Holzman 1972 -- 73 Eastern * 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 57 25 . 695 11 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Boston Celtics , 4 -- 3 Won Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 4 -- 1 Willis Reed ( FMVP ) Red Holzman 1973 -- 74 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 49 33 . 598 7 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Capital Bullets , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Celtics , 4 -- 1 -- Red Holzman 1974 -- 75 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 40 42 . 488 20 Lost First Round to Houston Rockets , 2 -- 1 Walt Frazier ( AMVP ) Red Holzman 1975 -- 76 Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th 38 44 . 463 16 -- -- Red Holzman 1976 -- 77 Eastern 7th Atlantic 3rd 40 42 . 488 10 -- -- Red Holzman 1977 -- 78 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 43 39 . 524 12 Won First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 2 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers , 4 -- 0 -- Willis Reed 1978 -- 79 Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th 31 51 . 378 23 -- -- Willis Reed Red Holzman 1979 -- 80 Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th 39 43 . 476 22 -- -- Red Holzman 1980 -- 81 Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 50 32 . 610 12 Lost First Round to Chicago Bulls , 2 -- 0 Mike Glenn ( JWKC ) Red Holzman 1981 -- 82 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 33 49 . 402 30 -- -- Red Holzman 1982 -- 83 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 4th 44 38 . 537 21 Won First Round vs. New Jersey Nets , 2 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers , 4 -- 0 -- Hubie Brown 1983 -- 84 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 47 35 . 573 15 Won First Round vs. Detroit Pistons , 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Boston Celtics , 4 -- 3 -- Hubie Brown 1984 -- 85 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 24 58 . 293 39 -- -- Hubie Brown 1985 -- 86 Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th 23 59 . 280 44 -- Patrick Ewing ( ROY ) Rory Sparrow ( JWKC ) Hubie Brown 1986 -- 87 Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th 24 58 . 293 35 -- -- Hubie Brown Bob Hill 1987 -- 88 Eastern 8th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 38 44 . 463 19 Lost First Round to Boston Celtics , 3 -- 1 Mark Jackson ( ROY ) Rick Pitino 1988 -- 89 Eastern 2nd ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st 52 30 . 634 -- Won First Round vs. Philadelphia 76ers , 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 2 -- Rick Pitino 1989 -- 90 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 45 37 . 549 8 Won First Round vs. Boston Celtics , 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Detroit Pistons , 4 -- 1 -- Stu Jackson 1990 -- 91 Eastern 8th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 39 43 . 476 17 Lost First Round to Chicago Bulls , 3 -- 0 -- Stu Jackson John MacLeod 1991 -- 92 Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 51 31 . 622 -- Won First Round vs. Detroit Pistons , 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 3 -- Pat Riley 1992 -- 93 Eastern 1st ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st 60 22 . 732 -- Won First Round vs. Indiana Pacers , 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Charlotte Hornets , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 2 Pat Riley ( COY ) Pat Riley 1993 -- 94 Eastern * 2nd ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st 57 25 . 695 -- Won First Round vs. New Jersey Nets , 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals vs. Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 3 Lost NBA Finals to Houston Rockets , 4 -- 3 * -- Pat Riley 1994 -- 95 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 55 27 . 671 Won First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 3 Anthony Mason ( SIX ) Pat Riley 1995 -- 96 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 47 35 . 573 13 Won First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls , 4 -- 1 -- Don Nelson Jeff Van Gundy 1996 -- 97 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round vs. Charlotte Hornets , 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals to Miami Heat , 4 -- 3 John Starks ( SIX ) Jeff Van Gundy 1997 -- 98 Eastern 7th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 43 39 . 524 12 Won First Round vs. Miami Heat , 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 1 -- Jeff Van Gundy 1998 -- 99 Eastern * 8th ¤ Atlantic 4th 27 23 . 540 6 Won First Round vs. Miami Heat , 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks , 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals vs. Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 2 Lost Finals to San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 1 * -- Jeff Van Gundy 1999 -- 00 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 50 32 . 610 Won First Round vs. Toronto Raptors , 3 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Miami Heat , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals to Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 2 -- Jeff Van Gundy 2000 -- 01 Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 48 34 . 585 5 Lost First Round to Toronto Raptors , 3 -- 2 -- Jeff Van Gundy 2001 -- 02 Eastern 13th Atlantic 7th 30 52 . 366 22 -- -- Jeff Van Gundy Don Chaney 2002 -- 03 Eastern 10th Atlantic 6th 37 45 . 451 12 -- -- Don Chaney 2003 -- 04 Eastern 7th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 39 43 . 476 8 Lost First Round to New Jersey Nets , 4 -- 0 -- Don Chaney Herb Williams Lenny Wilkens 2004 -- 05 Eastern 12th Atlantic 5th 33 49 . 402 12 -- -- Lenny Wilkens Herb Williams 2005 -- 06 Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 23 59 . 280 26 -- -- Larry Brown 2006 -- 07 Eastern 12th Atlantic 4th 33 49 . 402 14 -- -- Isiah Thomas 2007 -- 08 Eastern 14th Atlantic 5th 23 59 . 280 43 -- -- Isiah Thomas 2008 -- 09 Eastern 14th Atlantic 5th 32 50 . 390 30 -- -- Mike D'Antoni 2009 -- 10 Eastern 11th Atlantic 3rd 29 53 . 354 21 -- -- Mike D'Antoni 2010 -- 11 Eastern 6th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 42 40 . 512 14 Lost First Round to Boston Celtics , 4 -- 0 -- Mike D'Antoni 2011 -- 12 Eastern 7th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 36 30 . 545 14 Lost First Round to Miami Heat , 4 -- 1 Tyson Chandler ( DPOY ) Mike D'Antoni Mike Woodson 2012 -- 13 Eastern 2nd ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st 54 28 . 659 -- Won First Round vs Boston Celtics , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 2 J.R. Smith ( SIX ) Mike Woodson 2013 -- 14 Eastern 9th Atlantic 3rd 37 45 . 451 11 -- -- Mike Woodson 2014 -- 15 Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 17 65 . 207 32 -- -- Derek Fisher 2015 -- 16 Eastern 13th Atlantic 3rd 32 50 . 390 24 -- -- Derek Fisher Kurt Rambis 2016 -- 17 Eastern 12th Atlantic 3rd 31 51 . 378 22 -- -- Jeff Hornacek 2017 -- 18 Eastern 11th Atlantic 4th 29 53 . 354 30 -- -- Jeff Hornacek All - time records ( edit ) Statistic Wins Losses W -- L % New York Knicks regular season record ( 1946 -- present ) 2,732 2,825 . 492 New York Knicks postseason record ( 1946 -- present ) 186 190 . 495 All - time regular and postseason record 2,918 3,015 . 492 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The formula is as follows : G a m e s B e h i n d = ( T e a m A W i n s − T e a m B W i n s ) + ( T e a m B L o s s e s − T e a m A L o s s e s ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Games ) \ \ mathrm ( Behind ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( TeamA_ ( Wins ) ) - \ mathrm ( TeamB_ ( Wins ) ) ) + ( \ mathrm ( TeamB_ ( Losses ) ) - \ mathrm ( TeamA_ ( Losses ) ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( 2 ) ) ) ) ^ Jump up to : The Conf . finish and Div . finish columns list regular season results and exclude postseason play . ^ Jump up to : The Wins and Losses columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Regular and postseason records are combined only below the table . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Syracuse in the Eastern Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished fourth . Jump up ^ Before the 1970 -- 71 season , the NBA realigned into Eastern and Western conferences , with four divisions between them . As a result of the realignment , New York was placed in the Eastern Conference as a member of the Atlantic Division . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Washington in the Atlantic Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished fourth . Jump up ^ Sparrow and Michael Cooper were co-winners of the award . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as New Jersey in the Atlantic Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished fifth . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Washington in the Atlantic Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished third . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Boston in the Atlantic Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished second . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as the Washington Wizards in the Atlantic Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished sixth . Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Toronto in the Atlantic Division , they lost the tiebreaker and finished fifth . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . References ( edit ) General `` New York Knickerbockers '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . `` Knicks Season - by - Season Records '' . New York Knicks . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Team Index '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Square Garden given 10 - year lease limit '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` This Day In History Aug 3 , 1949 : NBA is born '' . History . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 BAA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 BAA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 BAA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 -- 51 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 -- 52 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1955 -- 56 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 -- 57 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 58 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 -- 59 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 -- 59 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 -- 60 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 -- 61 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 -- 62 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 -- 63 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 -- 64 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willis Reed Bio '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 -- 65 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 -- 66 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 -- 67 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 -- 67 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 -- 68 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 -- 68 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 -- 69 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 -- 69 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 -- 70 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` William `` Red '' Holzman `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 -- 70 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Season Overview : Kareem Rules the League '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History Of The New York Knicks '' . New York Knicks . Turner Sports Interactive . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 72 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 -- 73 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 -- 74 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game : Year - by - Year Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 -- 76 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 -- 77 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 79 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1979 -- 80 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 82 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Playoff Results '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 -- 85 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown 's Patrick Ewing Inducted into Basketball Hall of Fame '' . CBS College Sports Network . September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1986 -- 87 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 -- 88 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( May 7 , 1988 ) . `` At End , Knicks Look Forward '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Jackson '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Playoff Summary '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 -- 89 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( May 1 , 1991 ) . `` Basketball ; No - Good - Knicks : Bulls Complete a Playoff Sweep '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 91 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1991 -- 92 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Riley '' . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 New York Knickerbockers Statistics '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 -- 99 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carter inspires Toronto triumph '' . BBC Sport . May 5 , 2001 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 01 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 -- 03 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` K - Mart 's 36 lead NJ 's closeout agenda '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 25 , 2004 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 24 , 2011 ) . `` Knicks Fall , but Not Without a Fight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Roller Coaster Stops '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Defensive Player of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- 13 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 17 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs New York Knicks Founded in 1946 Based in New York City , New York Franchise Franchise All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Madison Square Garden III 69th Regiment Armory Madison Square Garden IV Personnel Owner The Madison Square Garden Company President Steve Mills General manager Scott Perry Head coach David Fizdale Culture Dancing Harry Eddie Spike Lee Diedrich Knickerbocker Whatever Happened to Micheal Ray ? Mike Walczewski George Kalinsky Lore Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen John Starks ' 2 - for - 18 in Game 7 of the 1994 Finals June 17th , 1994 Knicks -- Nuggets brawl Linsanity Rivals Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets Chicago Bulls Indiana Pacers Miami Heat Retired numbers 10 12 15 15 19 22 24 33 613 NBA G League affiliate Westchester Knicks NBA Championships ( 2 ) 1970 1973 Eastern Conference Championships ( 8 ) 1951 1952 1953 1970 1972 1973 1994 1999 Division titles ( 5 ) 1971 1994 2013 Media TV MSG Network Radio WEPN - FM Announcers Mike Breen Walt Frazier Kenny Albert Wally Szczerbiak New York Knicks seasons Franchise History Seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 - 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_York_Knicks_seasons&oldid=839685473 '' Categories : New York Knicks seasons New York Knicks lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 01 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when's the last time the knicks made the playoffs	[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nConf.\n\nConf. finish[b]\n\nDiv.\n\nDiv. finish[b]\n\nW[c]\n\nL[c]\n\nWin%\n\nGB\n\nPlayoffs\n\nAwards\n\nHead coach\n\nRef.\n\n\n1946–47\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\n33\n\n27\n\n.550\n\n16\n\nWon Quarterfinals vs. Cleveland Rebels, 2–1Lost Semifinals to Philadelphia Warriors, 2–0[5]\n\n—\n\nNeil Cohalan\n\n[6]\n\n\n1947–48\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\n26\n\n22\n\n.542\n\n1\n\nLost Quarterfinals to Baltimore Bullets, 2–1[7]\n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[8]\n\n\n1948–49\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\n32\n\n28\n\n.533\n\n6\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 2–1Lost Division Finals to Washington Capitols, 2–1[9]\n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[10]\n\n\n1949–50\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\n40\n\n28\n\n.588\n\n13\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Washington Capitols, 2–0Lost Division Finals to Syracuse Nationals, 2–1[11]\n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[12]\n\n\n1950–51\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern \n\n3rd ¤\n\n36\n\n30\n\n.545\n\n4\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Boston Celtics, 2–0Won Division Finals vs. Syracuse Nationals, 3–2Lost NBA Finals to Rochester Royals, 4–3[13] \n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[14]\n\n\n1951–52\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern \n\n3rd ¤\n\n37\n\n29\n\n.561\n\n3\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Boston Celtics, 2–1Won Division Finals vs. Syracuse Nationals, 3–1Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers, 4–3[15] \n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[16]\n\n\n1952–53\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern \n\n1st ¤\n\n47\n\n23\n\n.671\n\n—\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 2–0Won Division Finals vs. Boston Celtics, 3–1Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers, 4–1[17] \n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[18]\n\n\n1953–54\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n1st ¤\n\n44\n\n28\n\n.611\n\n—\n\nLost round-robin to Boston Celtics and Syracuse Nationals, 4–0[19]\n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[20]\n\n\n1954–55\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\n38\n\n34\n\n.528\n\n5\n\nLost Division Semifinals to Boston Celtics, 2–1[21]\n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick\n\n[22]\n\n\n1955–56\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th[d] ¤\n\n35\n\n37\n\n.486\n\n10\n\nLost Division third-place tiebreaker to Syracuse Nationals, 1–0[24]\n\n—\n\nJoe Lapchick Vince Boryla\n\n[23]\n\n\n1956–57\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n36\n\n36\n\n.500\n\n8\n\n—\n\n—\n\nVince Boryla\n\n[25]\n\n\n1957–58\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n35\n\n37\n\n.486\n\n14\n\n—\n\n—\n\nVince Boryla Andrew Levane\n\n[26]\n\n\n1958–59\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\n40\n\n32\n\n.556\n\n12\n\nLost Division Semifinals to Syracuse Nationals, 2–0[27]\n\n—\n\nAndrew Levane\n\n[28]\n\n\n1959–60\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n27\n\n48\n\n.360\n\n32\n\n—\n\n—\n\nAndrew Levane Carl Braun\n\n[29]\n\n\n1960–61\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n21\n\n58\n\n.266\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\nCarl Braun\n\n[30]\n\n\n1961–62\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n29\n\n51\n\n.363\n\n31\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEddie Donovan\n\n[31]\n\n\n1962–63\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n21\n\n59\n\n.263\n\n37\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEddie Donovan\n\n[32]\n\n\n1963–64\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n22\n\n58\n\n.275\n\n37\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEddie Donovan\n\n[33]\n\n\n1964–65\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n31\n\n49\n\n.388\n\n31\n\n—\n\nWillis Reed[34] (ROY)\n\nEddie Donovan Harry Gallatin\n\n[35]\n\n\n1965–66\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th\n\n30\n\n50\n\n.375\n\n25\n\n—\n\n—\n\nDick McGuire\n\n[36]\n\n\n1966–67\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n4th ¤\n\n36\n\n45\n\n.444\n\n32\n\nLost Division Semifinals to Boston Celtics, 3–1[37]\n\n—\n\nDick McGuire\n\n[38]\n\n\n1967–68\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\n43\n\n39\n\n.524\n\n19\n\nLost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers, 4–2[39]\n\n—\n\nDick McGuire Red Holzman\n\n[40]\n\n\n1968–69\n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\n54\n\n28\n\n.659\n\n3\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–0Lost Division Finals to Boston Celtics, 4–2[41]\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[42]\n\n\n1969–70 \n\n—\n\n—\n\nEastern \n\n1st ¤\n\n60\n\n22\n\n.732\n\n—\n\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–3Won Division Finals vs. Milwaukee Bucks, 4–1Won NBA Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers, 4–3[43] \n\nRed Holzman[44] (COY)Willis Reed[34] (AMVP, FMVP & MVP)\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[45]\n\n\n1970–71\n\nEastern\n\n1st ¤\n\nAtlantic[e] ^\n\n1st\n\n52\n\n30\n\n.634\n\n—\n\nWon Conference Semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks, 4–1Lost Conference Finals to Baltimore Bullets, 4–3[48]\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[49]\n\n\n1971–72\n\nEastern \n\n3rd ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n48\n\n34\n\n.585\n\n8\n\nWon Conference Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–2Won Conference Finals vs. Boston Celtics, 4–1Lost Finals to Los Angeles Lakers, 4–1[50] \n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[51]\n\n\n1972–73 \n\nEastern \n\n3rd ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n57\n\n25\n\n.695\n\n11\n\nWon Conference Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–1Won Conference Finals vs. Boston Celtics, 4–3Won Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers, 4–1[52] \n\nWillis Reed[34] (FMVP)\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[53]\n\n\n1973–74\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n49\n\n33\n\n.598\n\n7\n\nWon Conference Semifinals vs. Capital Bullets, 4–3Lost Conference Finals to Boston Celtics, 4–1[54]\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[55]\n\n\n1974–75\n\nEastern\n\n5th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n40\n\n42\n\n.488\n\n20\n\nLost First Round to Houston Rockets, 2–1[56]\n\nWalt Frazier[57] (AMVP)\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[58]\n\n\n1975–76\n\nEastern\n\n7th\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th\n\n38\n\n44\n\n.463\n\n16\n\n—\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[59]\n\n\n1976–77\n\nEastern\n\n7th\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n40\n\n42\n\n.488\n\n10\n\n—\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[60]\n\n\n1977–78\n\nEastern\n\n5th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n43\n\n39\n\n.524\n\n12\n\nWon First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers, 2–0Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers, 4–0[61]\n\n—\n\nWillis Reed\n\n[62]\n\n\n1978–79\n\nEastern\n\n7th\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th\n\n31\n\n51\n\n.378\n\n23\n\n—\n\n—\n\nWillis Reed Red Holzman\n\n[63]\n\n\n1979–80\n\nEastern\n\n7th\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th[f]\n\n39\n\n43\n\n.476\n\n22\n\n—\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[64]\n\n\n1980–81\n\nEastern\n\n4th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n50\n\n32\n\n.610\n\n12\n\nLost First Round to Chicago Bulls, 2–0[65]\n\nMike Glenn[66] (JWKC)\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[67]\n\n\n1981–82\n\nEastern\n\n10th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n33\n\n49\n\n.402\n\n30\n\n—\n\n—\n\nRed Holzman\n\n[68]\n\n\n1982–83\n\nEastern\n\n5th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th\n\n44\n\n38\n\n.537\n\n21\n\nWon First Round vs. New Jersey Nets, 2–0Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers, 4–0[69]\n\n—\n\nHubie Brown\n\n[70]\n\n\n1983–84\n\nEastern\n\n5th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n47\n\n35\n\n.573\n\n15\n\nWon First Round vs. Detroit Pistons, 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals to Boston Celtics, 4–3[71]\n\n—\n\nHubie Brown\n\n[72]\n\n\n1984–85\n\nEastern\n\n10th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n24\n\n58\n\n.293\n\n39\n\n—\n\n—\n\nHubie Brown\n\n[73]\n\n\n1985–86\n\nEastern\n\n11th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n23\n\n59\n\n.280\n\n44\n\n—\n\nPatrick Ewing[74] (ROY)Rory Sparrow[66][g](JWKC)\n\nHubie Brown\n\n[75]\n\n\n1986–87\n\nEastern\n\n11th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th[h]\n\n24\n\n58\n\n.293\n\n35\n\n—\n\n—\n\nHubie Brown Bob Hill\n\n[76]\n\n\n1987–88\n\nEastern\n\n8th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd[i]\n\n38\n\n44\n\n.463\n\n19\n\nLost First Round to Boston Celtics, 3–1[78]\n\nMark Jackson[79] (ROY)\n\nRick Pitino\n\n[77]\n\n\n1988–89\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\nAtlantic ^\n\n1st\n\n52\n\n30\n\n.634\n\n—\n\nWon First Round vs. Philadelphia 76ers, 3–0Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls, 4–2[80]\n\n—\n\nRick Pitino\n\n[81]\n\n\n1989–90\n\nEastern\n\n5th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n45\n\n37\n\n.549\n\n8\n\nWon First Round vs. Boston Celtics, 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals to Detroit Pistons, 4–1[82]\n\n—\n\nStu Jackson\n\n[83]\n\n\n1990–91\n\nEastern\n\n8th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n39\n\n43\n\n.476\n\n17\n\nLost First Round to Chicago Bulls, 3–0[84]\n\n—\n\nStu Jackson John MacLeod\n\n[85]\n\n\n1991–92\n\nEastern\n\n4th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd[j]\n\n51\n\n31\n\n.622\n\n—\n\nWon First Round vs. Detroit Pistons, 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls, 4–3[87]\n\n—\n\nPat Riley\n\n[86]\n\n\n1992–93\n\nEastern\n\n1st ¤\n\nAtlantic ^\n\n1st\n\n60\n\n22\n\n.732\n\n—\n\nWon First Round vs. Indiana Pacers, 3–1Won Conference Semifinals vs. Charlotte Hornets, 4–1Lost Conference Finals to Chicago Bulls, 4–2[88]\n\nPat Riley[89] (COY)\n\nPat Riley\n\n[90]\n\n\n1993–94\n\nEastern \n\n2nd ¤\n\nAtlantic ^\n\n1st\n\n57\n\n25\n\n.695\n\n—\n\nWon First Round vs. New Jersey Nets, 3–1Won Conference Semifinals vs. Chicago Bulls, 4–3Won Conference Finals vs. Indiana Pacers, 4–3Lost NBA Finals to Houston Rockets, 4–3[91] \n\n—\n\nPat Riley\n\n[92]\n\n\n1994–95\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n55\n\n27\n\n.671\n\n2\n\nWon First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers, 3–1Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers, 4–3[93]\n\nAnthony Mason[94](SIX)\n\nPat Riley\n\n[95]\n\n\n1995–96\n\nEastern\n\n5th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n47\n\n35\n\n.573\n\n13\n\nWon First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers, 3–0Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls, 4–1[96]\n\n—\n\nDon Nelson Jeff Van Gundy\n\n[97]\n\n\n1996–97\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n57\n\n25\n\n.695\n\n4\n\nWon First Round vs. Charlotte Hornets, 3–0Lost Conference Semifinals to Miami Heat, 4–3[98]\n\nJohn Starks[94] (SIX)\n\nJeff Van Gundy\n\n[99]\n\n\n1997–98\n\nEastern\n\n7th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n43\n\n39\n\n.524\n\n12\n\nWon First Round vs. Miami Heat, 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers, 4–1[100]\n\n—\n\nJeff Van Gundy\n\n[101]\n\n\n1998–99[k]\n\nEastern \n\n8th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th\n\n27\n\n23\n\n.540\n\n6\n\nWon First Round vs. Miami Heat, 3–2Won Conference Semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks, 4–0Won Conference Finals vs. Indiana Pacers, 4–2Lost Finals to San Antonio Spurs, 4–1[104] \n\n—\n\nJeff Van Gundy\n\n[103]\n\n\n1999–00\n\nEastern\n\n3rd ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n50\n\n32\n\n.610\n\n2\n\nWon First Round vs. Toronto Raptors, 3–0Won Conference Semifinals vs. Miami Heat, 4–3Lost Conference Finals to Indiana Pacers, 4–2[105]\n\n—\n\nJeff Van Gundy\n\n[106]\n\n\n2000–01\n\nEastern\n\n4th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n48\n\n34\n\n.585\n\n5\n\nLost First Round to Toronto Raptors, 3–2[107]\n\n—\n\nJeff Van Gundy\n\n[108]\n\n\n2001–02\n\nEastern\n\n13th\n\nAtlantic\n\n7th\n\n30\n\n52\n\n.366\n\n22\n\n—\n\n—\n\nJeff Van Gundy Don Chaney\n\n[109]\n\n\n2002–03\n\nEastern\n\n10th\n\nAtlantic\n\n6th[l]\n\n37\n\n45\n\n.451\n\n12\n\n—\n\n—\n\nDon Chaney\n\n[110]\n\n\n2003–04\n\nEastern\n\n7th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n39\n\n43\n\n.476\n\n8\n\nLost First Round to New Jersey Nets, 4–0[111]\n\n—\n\nDon Chaney Herb Williams Lenny Wilkens\n\n[112]\n\n\n2004–05\n\nEastern\n\n12th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th[m]\n\n33\n\n49\n\n.402\n\n12\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLenny Wilkens Herb Williams\n\n[113]\n\n\n2005–06\n\nEastern\n\n15th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n23\n\n59\n\n.280\n\n26\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLarry Brown\n\n[114]\n\n\n2006–07\n\nEastern\n\n12th\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th\n\n33\n\n49\n\n.402\n\n14\n\n—\n\n—\n\nIsiah Thomas\n\n[115]\n\n\n2007–08\n\nEastern\n\n14th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n23\n\n59\n\n.280\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\nIsiah Thomas\n\n[116]\n\n\n2008–09\n\nEastern\n\n14th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n32\n\n50\n\n.390\n\n30\n\n—\n\n—\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n[117]\n\n\n2009–10\n\nEastern\n\n11th\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n29\n\n53\n\n.354\n\n21\n\n—\n\n—\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n[118]\n\n\n2010–11\n\nEastern\n\n6th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n42\n\n40\n\n.512\n\n14\n\nLost First Round to Boston Celtics, 4–0[119]\n\n—\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n[120]\n\n\n2011–12[n]\n\nEastern\n\n7th ¤\n\nAtlantic\n\n2nd\n\n36\n\n30\n\n.545\n\n14\n\nLost First Round to Miami Heat, 4–1[123]\n\nTyson Chandler[124] (DPOY)\n\nMike D'Antoni Mike Woodson\n\n[122]\n\n\n2012–13\n\nEastern\n\n2nd ¤\n\nAtlantic ^\n\n1st\n\n54\n\n28\n\n.659\n\n—\n\nWon First Round vs Boston Celtics, 4–2 Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers, 4–2\n\nJ. R. Smith[94] (SIX)\n\nMike Woodson\n\n[125]\n\n\n2013–14\n\nEastern\n\n9th\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n37\n\n45\n\n.451\n\n11\n\n—\n\n—\n\nMike Woodson\n\n[126]\n\n\n2014–15\n\nEastern\n\n15th\n\nAtlantic\n\n5th\n\n17\n\n65\n\n.207\n\n32\n\n—\n\n—\n\nDerek Fisher\n\n[127]\n\n\n2015–16\n\nEastern\n\n13th\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n32\n\n50\n\n.390\n\n24\n\n—\n\n—\n\nDerek FisherKurt Rambis\n\n[128]\n\n\n2016–17\n\nEastern\n\n12th\n\nAtlantic\n\n3rd\n\n31\n\n51\n\n.378\n\n22\n\n—\n\n—\n\nJeff Hornacek\n\n[129]\n\n\n2017–18\n\nEastern\n\n11th\n\nAtlantic\n\n4th\n\n29\n\n53\n\n.354\n\n30\n\n—\n\n—\n\nJeff Hornacek\n\n[130]\n" ]	[ "2012–13" ]
-7953169030320303737	List of most-liked Instagram pictures	List of most - liked Instagram pictures - wikipedia List of most - liked Instagram pictures Jump to : navigation , search Kylie Jenner currently has the most - liked picture on Instagram . This list contains the top ten pictures with the most likes on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram ; Instagram does not provide an official list . As of February 2018 , the name announcement of Kylie Jenner 's first child is the most - liked picture with over 17 million likes . Additionally , Kylie Jenner has the most pictures in the top ten with five , including the top three overall . Most of Jenner 's top pictures feature her newborn daughter , Stormi Webster . Top pictures ( edit ) Rank Account name Owner Post description Likes ( millions ) Date posted 1 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner Stormi Webster 's name announcement 17.9 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2018 2 . Selfies with her daughter Stormi 14.4 000000002018 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2018 3 . First picture with her daughter Stormi 13.0 000000002018 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2018 4 . @ cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Fourth child 's birth announcement 11.3 000000002017 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2017 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé , Beyoncé Twins pregnancy announcement 11.2 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2017 6 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner Pregnancy / birth announcement 10.6 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 7 . @ selenagomez Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez Kidney transplant 10.5 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 8 . @ beyonce Beyoncé , Beyoncé Twins birth announcement 10.3 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 9 . @ selenagomez Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber 's birthday post 9.4 000000002018 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2018 10 . @ kyliejenner Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner Out walking with her daughter Stormi 9.3 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2018 As of April 15 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - liked tweets List of most - retweeted tweets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most Liked Pictures - Popular Chips Instagram Stats Instagram Statistics '' . Popular Chips . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kylie Jenner baby pic causes social media Storm ( i ) '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies - Day , Rachel ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner 's First Photo Of Daughter Stormi Just Became The Most Liked Instagram Photo Ever '' . MTV ( UK ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Feb 6 , 2018 at 3 : 42pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie March 23 , 2018 '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` my angel baby is 1 month old today '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Cristiano Ronaldo Nov 12 , 2017 at 8 : 19pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Beyoncé Feb 1 , 2017 at 6 : 39pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Jenner February 4 , 2018 at 5 : 21pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez September 14 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé on Instagram : `` Sir Carter and Rumi 1 month today '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez Mar 1 , 2018 at 5 : 43am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` stormi strolls '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-liked_Instagram_pictures&oldid=837088250 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 16 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most likes on instagram picture	[ "This list contains the top ten pictures with the most likes on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram;[1] Instagram does not provide an official list. As of February 2018, the name announcement of Kylie Jenner's first child is the most-liked picture with over 17 million likes.[2][3] Additionally, Kylie Jenner has the most pictures in the top ten with five, including the top three overall. Most of Jenner's top pictures feature her newborn daughter, Stormi Webster." ]	[ "Kylie Jenner" ]
-6667696388602927336	Theory of tides	Theory of tides - wikipedia Theory of tides Jump to : navigation , search High and low tide in the Bay of Fundy The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans ( especially Earth 's Ocean ) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies ( especially the Moon ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kepler 2 Galileo 's attempt to explain the tides 3 Newton 4 The dynamic theory of Laplace 5 Laplace 's tidal equations 6 Tidal analysis and prediction 6.1 Harmonic analysis 6.2 Tidal constituents 6.2. 1 Higher harmonics 6.2. 2 Semi-diurnal 6.2. 3 Diurnal 6.2. 4 Long period 7 See also 8 References and notes 9 External links Kepler ( edit ) In 1609 Johannes Kepler correctly suggested that the gravitation of the Moon causes the tides , basing his argument upon ancient observations and correlations . The influence of the Moon on tides was mentioned in Ptolemy 's Tetrabiblos as having derived from ancient observation . Galileo 's attempt to explain the tides ( edit ) Justus Sustermans -- Portrait of Galileo Galilei , 1636 `` The greater circle represents the orbit of the Earth around the Sun ... while the smaller one is the rotating Earth itself '' ( Palmeri 1998 , p. 229 ) . In 1616 , Galileo Galilei wrote Discourse on the Tides ( Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare ) , in a letter to Cardinal Orsini . In this discourse , he tried to explain the occurrence of the tides as the result of the Earth 's rotation and revolution around the Sun . Galileo believed that the oceans moved like water in a large basin : as the basin moves , so does the water . Therefore , as the Earth revolves , the force of the Earth 's rotation causes the oceans to `` alternately accelerate and retardate '' . His view on the oscillation and `` alternately accelerated and retardated '' motion of the Earth 's rotation is a `` dynamic process '' that deviated from the previous dogma , which proposed `` a process of expansion and contraction of seawater . '' However , Galileo 's theory was erroneous . In subsequent centuries , further analysis led to the current tidal physics . Galileo rejected Kepler 's explanation of the tides . Newton ( edit ) Newton , in the Principia , provided a correct explanation for the tidal force , which can be used to explain tides on a planet covered by a uniform ocean , but which takes no account of the distribution of the continents or ocean bathymetry . The dynamic theory of Laplace ( edit ) The dynamic theory of tides describes and predicts the actual real behavior of ocean tides . While Newton explained the tides by describing the tide - generating forces and Bernoulli gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on Earth to the tidal potential , the dynamic theory of tides , developed by Pierre - Simon Laplace in 1775 , describes the ocean 's real reaction to tidal forces . Laplace 's theory of ocean tides took into account friction , resonance and natural periods of ocean basins . It predicted the large amphidromic systems in the world 's ocean basins and explains the oceanic tides that are actually observed . The equilibrium theory , based on the gravitational gradient from the Sun and Moon but ignoring the Earth 's rotation , the effects of continents , and other important effects , could not explain the real ocean tides . Since measurements have confirmed the theory , many things have possible explanations now , like how the tides interact with deep sea ridges and chains of seamounts give rise to deep eddies that transport nutrients from the deep to the surface . The equilibrium tide theory calculates the height of the tide wave of less than half a meter , while the dynamic theory explains why tides are up to 15 meters . Satellite observations confirm the accuracy of the dynamic theory , and the tides worldwide are now measured to within a few centimeters . Measurements from the CHAMP satellite closely match the models based on the TOPEX data . Accurate models of tides worldwide are essential for research since the variations due to tides must be removed from measurements when calculating gravity and changes in sea levels . Laplace 's tidal equations ( edit ) A. Lunar gravitational potential : this depicts the Moon directly over 30 ° N ( or 30 ° S ) viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere . B . This view shows same potential from 180 ° from view A. Viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere . Red up , blue down . In 1776 , Pierre - Simon Laplace formulated a single set of linear partial differential equations , for tidal flow described as a barotropic two - dimensional sheet flow . Coriolis effects are introduced as well as lateral forcing by gravity . Laplace obtained these equations by simplifying the fluid dynamic equations . But they can also be derived from energy integrals via Lagrange 's equation . For a fluid sheet of average thickness D , the vertical tidal elevation ζ , as well as the horizontal velocity components u and v ( in the latitude φ and longitude λ directions , respectively ) satisfy Laplace 's tidal equations : ∂ ζ ∂ t + 1 a cos ⁡ ( φ ) ( ∂ ∂ λ ( u D ) + ∂ ∂ φ ( v D cos ⁡ ( φ ) ) ) = 0 , ∂ u ∂ t − v ( 2 Ω sin ⁡ ( φ ) ) + 1 a cos ⁡ ( φ ) ∂ ∂ λ ( g ζ + U ) = 0 and ∂ v ∂ t + u ( 2 Ω sin ⁡ ( φ ) ) + 1 a ∂ ∂ φ ( g ζ + U ) = 0 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( \ partial \ zeta ) ( \ partial t ) ) & + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a \ cos ( \ varphi ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial \ lambda ) ) ( uD ) + ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial \ varphi ) ) \ left ( vD \ cos ( \ varphi ) \ right ) \ right ) = 0 , \ \ ( 2ex ) ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial t ) ) & - v \ left ( 2 \ Omega \ sin ( \ varphi ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a \ cos ( \ varphi ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial \ lambda ) ) \ left ( g \ zeta + U \ right ) = 0 \ qquad ( \ text ( and ) ) \ \ ( 2ex ) ( \ frac ( \ partial v ) ( \ partial t ) ) & + u \ left ( 2 \ Omega \ sin ( \ varphi ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial \ varphi ) ) \ left ( g \ zeta + U \ right ) = 0 , \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where Ω is the angular frequency of the planet 's rotation , g is the planet 's gravitational acceleration at the mean ocean surface , a is the planetary radius , and U is the external gravitational tidal - forcing potential . William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) rewrote Laplace 's momentum terms using the curl to find an equation for vorticity . Under certain conditions this can be further rewritten as a conservation of vorticity . Tidal analysis and prediction ( edit ) Harmonic analysis ( edit ) Fourier transform of tides measured at Ft . Pulaski in 2012 . Data downloaded from http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datums.html?id=8670870 Fourier transform computed with https://sourceforge.net/projects/amoreaccuratefouriertransform/ Laplace 's improvements in theory were substantial , but they still left prediction in an approximate state . This position changed in the 1860s when the local circumstances of tidal phenomena were more fully brought into account by William Thomson 's application of Fourier analysis to the tidal motions as harmonic analysis . Thomson 's work in this field was then further developed and extended by George Darwin , applying the lunar theory current in his time . Darwin 's symbols for the tidal harmonic constituents are still used . Darwin 's harmonic developments of the tide - generating forces were later improved when AT Doodson , applying the lunar theory of EW Brown , developed the tide - generating potential ( TGP ) in harmonic form , distinguishing 388 tidal frequencies . Doodson 's work was carried out and published in 1921 . Doodson devised a practical system for specifying the different harmonic components of the tide - generating potential , the Doodson numbers , a system still in use . Since the mid-twentieth century further analysis has generated many more terms than Doodson 's 388 . About 62 constituents are of sufficient size to be considered for possible use in marine tide prediction , but sometimes many fewer can predict tides to useful accuracy . The calculations of tide predictions using the harmonic constituents are laborious , and from the 1870s to about the 1960s they were carried out using a mechanical tide - predicting machine , a special - purpose form of analog computer now superseded in this work by digital electronic computers that can be programmed to carry out the same computations . Tidal constituents ( edit ) Tidal constituents combine to give an endlessly varying aggregate because of their different and incommensurable frequencies : the effect is visualized in an animation of the American Mathematical Society illustrating the way in which the components used to be mechanically combined in the tide - predicting machine . Amplitudes of tidal constituents are given below for six example locations : Eastport , Maine ( ME ) , Biloxi , Mississippi ( MS ) , San Juan , Puerto Rico ( PR ) , Kodiak , Alaska ( AK ) , San Francisco , California ( CA ) , and Hilo , Hawaii ( HI ) . Higher harmonics ( edit ) Darwin Period Speed Doodson coefficients Doodson Amplitude at example location ( cm ) NOAA Species Symbol ( hr ) rate ( ° / hr ) n ( L ) n ( m ) n ( y ) n ( mp ) number ME MS PR AK CA HI order Shallow water overtides of principal lunar 6.210300601 57.9682084 455.555 6.0 0.6 0.9 2.3 5 Shallow water overtides of principal lunar 4.140200401 86.9523127 6 655.555 5.1 0.1 1.0 7 Shallow water terdiurnal MK 8.177140247 44.0251729 365.555 0.5 1.9 8 Shallow water overtides of principal solar 6 60 - 4 491.555 0.1 9 Shallow water quarter diurnal MN 6.269173724 57.4238337 - 1 445.655 2.3 0.3 0.9 10 Shallow water overtides of principal solar 90 6 6 - 6 * 0.1 12 Lunar terdiurnal 8.280400802 43.4761563 355.555 0.5 32 Shallow water terdiurnal 2 `` MK 8.38630265 42.9271398 - 1 345.555 0.5 0.5 1.4 34 Shallow water eighth diurnal 3.105150301 115.9364166 8 855.555 0.5 0.1 36 Shallow water quarter diurnal MS 6.103339275 58.9841042 - 2 473.555 1.8 0.6 1.0 37 Semi-diurnal ( edit ) Darwin Period Speed Doodson coefficients Doodson Amplitude at example location ( cm ) NOAA Species Symbol ( hr ) ( ° / hr ) n ( L ) n ( m ) n ( y ) n ( mp ) number ME MS PR AK CA HI order Principal lunar semidiurnal 12.4206012 28.9841042 255.555 268.7 3.9 15.9 97.3 58.0 23.0 Principal solar semidiurnal 12 30 - 2 273.555 42.0 3.3 2.1 32.5 13.7 9.2 Larger lunar elliptic semidiurnal 12.65834751 28.4397295 - 1 245.655 54.3 1.1 3.7 20.1 12.3 4.4 Larger lunar evectional ν 12.62600509 28.5125831 - 1 - 1 247.455 12.6 0.2 0.8 3.9 2.6 0.9 11 Variational MU 12.8717576 27.9682084 - 2 237.555 2.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 13 Lunar elliptical semidiurnal second - order 2 `` N 12.90537297 27.8953548 - 2 235.755 6.5 0.1 0.5 2.4 1.4 0.6 14 Smaller lunar evectional λ 12.22177348 29.4556253 - 2 263.655 5.3 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 16 Larger solar elliptic 12.01644934 29.9589333 - 3 272.555 3.7 0.2 0.1 1.9 0.9 0.6 27 Smaller solar elliptic 11.98359564 30.0410667 - 1 274.555 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 28 Shallow water semidiurnal 2SM 11.60695157 31.0158958 - 4 291.555 0.5 31 Smaller lunar elliptic semidiurnal 12.19162085 29.5284789 - 1 265.455 13.5 0.1 0.5 2.4 1.6 0.5 33 Lunisolar semidiurnal 11.96723606 30.0821373 275.555 11.6 0.9 0.6 9.0 4.0 2.8 35 Diurnal ( edit ) Darwin Period Speed Doodson coefficients Doodson Amplitude at example location ( cm ) NOAA Species Symbol ( hr ) ( ° / hr ) n ( L ) n ( m ) n ( y ) n ( mp ) number ME MS PR AK CA HI order Lunar diurnal 23.93447213 15.0410686 165.555 15.6 16.2 9.0 39.8 36.8 16.7 Lunar diurnal 25.81933871 13.9430356 - 1 145.555 11.9 16.9 7.7 25.9 23.0 9.2 6 Lunar diurnal OO 22.30608083 16.1391017 185.555 0.5 0.7 0.4 1.2 1.1 0.7 15 Solar diurnal 24 15 - 1 164.555 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.3 17 Smaller lunar elliptic diurnal 24.84120241 14.4920521 155.555 0.6 1.2 0.5 1.4 1.1 0.5 18 Smaller lunar elliptic diurnal 23.09848146 15.5854433 - 1 175.455 0.9 1.3 0.6 2.3 1.9 1.1 19 Larger lunar evectional diurnal ρ 26.72305326 13.4715145 - 2 - 1 137.455 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.3 25 Larger lunar elliptic diurnal Q 26.868350 13.3986609 - 2 135.655 2.0 3.3 1.4 4.7 4.0 1.6 26 Larger elliptic diurnal 2Q 28.00621204 12.8542862 - 3 125.755 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 29 Solar diurnal 24.06588766 14.9589314 - 2 163.555 5.2 5.4 2.9 12.6 11.6 5.1 30 Long period ( edit ) Darwin Period Speed Doodson coefficients Doodson Amplitude at example location ( cm ) NOAA Species Symbol ( hr ) ( ° / hr ) n ( L ) n ( m ) n ( y ) n ( mp ) number ME MS PR AK CA HI order Lunar monthly 661.3111655 0.5443747 0 - 1 65.455 0.7 1.9 20 Solar semiannual 4383.076325 0.0821373 0 57.555 1.6 2.1 1.5 3.9 21 Solar annual 8766.15265 0.0410686 0 56.555 5.5 7.8 3.8 4.3 22 Lunisolar synodic fortnightly 354.3670666 1.0158958 0 - 2 73.555 1.5 23 Lunisolar fortnightly 327.8599387 1.0980331 0 75.555 1.4 2.0 0.7 24 See also ( edit ) Kelvin wave References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler , Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , p. 5 of the Introductio in hoc opus ^ Jump up to : Rice University : Galileo 's Theory of the Tides , by Rossella Gigli , retrieved 10 March 2010 Jump up ^ Tyson , Peter . `` Galileo 's Big Mistake '' . NOVA . PBS . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Palmieri , Paolo ( 1998 ) . Re-examining Galileo 's Theory of Tides . Springer - Verlag . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Paolo ( 1998 ) . Re-examining Galileo 's Theory of Tides . Springer - Verlag . p. 227 . Jump up ^ http://web.vims.edu/physical/research/TCTutorial/static.htm Jump up ^ http://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0132401223.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.preservearticles.com/2011112017524/short-notes-on-the-dynamical-theory-of-laplace.html Jump up ^ `` Shelf and Coastal Oceanography '' . Es.flinders.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/luanne/pages/ocean420/notes/tidedynamics.pdf Jump up ^ http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/kess/JGGHBA/2009/v30n5/JGGHBA_2009_v30n5_671.pdf Jump up ^ Tidal theory website South African Navy Hydrographic Office Jump up ^ `` Dynamic theory for tides '' . Oberlin.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic Theory of Tides '' . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic Tides -- In contrast to `` static '' theory , the dynamic theory of tides recognizes that water covers only three - quarters o `` . Web.vims.edu . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dynamic Theory of Tides '' . Coa.edu . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://beacon.salemstate.edu/~lhanson/gls214/gls214_tides Jump up ^ `` Tides -- building , river , sea , depth , oceans , effects , important , largest , system , wave , effect , marine , Pacific '' . Waterencyclopedia.com. 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` TIDES '' . Ocean.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Floor Anthoni . `` Tides '' . Seafriends.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Cause & Nature of Tides '' . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Visualization Studio TOPEX / Poseidon images '' . Svs.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` TOPEX / Poseidon Western Hemisphere : Tide Height Model : NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ TOPEX data used to model actual tides for 15 days from the year 2000 url = http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001300/a001332/ Jump up ^ http://www.geomag.us/info/Ocean/m2_CHAMP+longwave_SSH.swf Jump up ^ `` OSU Tidal Data Inversion '' . Volkov.oce.orst.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic and residual ocean tide analysis for improved GRACE de-aliasing ( DAROTA ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Laplace Tidal Equations and Atmospheric Tides '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ DE Cartwright , `` Tides : a scientific history '' , Cambridge University Press 2001 , at pages 163 - 4 . Jump up ^ S Casotto , F Biscani , `` A fully analytical approach to the harmonic development of the tide - generating potential accounting for precession , nutation , and perturbations due to figure and planetary terms '' , AAS Division on Dynamical Astronomy , April 2004 , vol. 36 ( 2 ) , 67 . Jump up ^ AT Doodson ( 1921 ) , `` The Harmonic Development of the Tide - Generating Potential '' , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series A , Vol. 100 , No. 704 ( Dec. 1 , 1921 ) , pp. 305 - 329 . Jump up ^ See e.g. TD Moyer ( 2003 ) , `` Formulation for observed and computed values of Deep Space Network data types for navigation '' , vol. 3 in Deep - space communications and navigation series , Wiley ( 2003 ) , e.g. at pp. 126 - 8 . Jump up ^ NOAA . `` Eastport , ME Tidal Constituents '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Theory of tides Arctic and Antarctic Barotropic Tide Models Amphidrome Equilibrium Theory of Tides Dynamic Tides Annual amphidromes : a common feature in the ocean ? http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/news/idm/2000/oct-2000-sun-and-moon-shape-tides-on-earth/ Tides Contributions of satellite laser ranging to the studies of earth tides Sun and Moon shape tides on Earth Study of harmonic site position variations determined by very long baseline interferometry https://web.archive.org/web/20131219161027/http://www.coa.edu/stodd/oceanweb/oceanography/Oceanlectures02/Lecture8/sld014.htm Dynamic Theory of Tides Tidal Observations Myths about Gravity and Tides https://books.google.com/books?id=3mGZUHDuEdwC&lpg=PA150&ots=soMAFKsRkc&dq=number%20of%20amphidromes&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q=amphidrome&f=false Publications from NOAA 's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services Understanding Tides 150 Years of Tides on the Western Coast Our Relentless Tides U. Manna , J.L. Menaldi and S.S. Sritharan : Stochastic Analysis of Tidal Dynamics Equation in Infinite Dimensional Stochastic Analysis , edited by A.N. Sengupta and P. Sundar , World Scientific Publishers , 2008 . M. Suvinthra , S.S. Sritharan and K. Balachandran : ( 1 ) Large Deviations of Stochastic Tidal Dynamics Equation , in Communications on Stochastic Analysis , Vol. 9 , No. 4 ( 2015 ) 477 - 502 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_tides&oldid=823040184 '' Categories : Tides Geophysics Oceanography Continuum mechanics Fluid dynamics Fluid mechanics Planetary science Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was it discovered that the moon controls the tides	[ "In 1609 Johannes Kepler correctly suggested that the gravitation of the Moon causes the tides,[1] basing his argument upon ancient observations and correlations. The influence of the Moon on tides was mentioned in Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos as having derived from ancient observation." ]	[ "1609" ]
-3054053032049520335	List of Prime Ministers of India	List of Prime Ministers of India - Wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of India Jump to : navigation , search Narendra Modi is the current ( 14th ) Prime Minister of India , since 26 May 2014 . The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India . In India 's parliamentary system , the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure , but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers . Appointed and sworn - in by the President , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's Parliament . Since 1947 , India has had fourteen Prime Ministers , fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role . The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party , who was sworn - in on 15 August 1947 , when India gained independence from the British . Serving until his death in May 1964 , Nehru remains India 's longest - serving prime minister . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri , whose 19 - month term also ended in death . Indira Gandhi , Nehru 's daughter , succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country 's first woman premier . Eleven years later , she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party , whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister . After he resigned in 1979 , his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later . Indira Gandhi 's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984 , when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards . That evening , her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn - in as India 's youngest premier , and the third from his family . Thus far , members of Nehru -- Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days . Rajiv 's five - year term ended with his former cabinet colleague , V.P. Singh of the Janata Dal , forming the year - long National Front coalition government in 1989 . A six - month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed , after which the Congress party returned to power , forming the government under P.V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991 . Rao 's five - year term was succeeded by four short - lived governments -- the Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996 , a year each under United Front prime ministers H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral , and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998 -- 99 . After Vajpayee was sworn - in for the third time , in 1999 , he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government to a full five - year term , the first non-Congressman to do so . Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh , the first Sikh premier , whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014 . The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP - led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India 's first non-Congress single party majority government . Prime Ministers of India ( by state of birth ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers of India 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Key ( edit ) Colour key for party of the prime ministers Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress designated Indian National Congress ( I ) 1977 -- 1996 Janata Dal Janata Party Janata Party ( Secular ) Samajwadi Janata Party Other key No : Incumbent number Assassinated or died in office Returned to office after a previous term Resigned Resigned following a no - confidence motion Prime Ministers of India ( edit ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Elections ( Lok Sabha ) Ministry Appointed by Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Indian freedom fighter Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 7003613000000000000 ♠ 16 years , 286 days -- Nehru I Lord Mountbatten 1952 ( 1st ) Nehru II Rajendra Prasad 1957 ( 2nd ) Nehru III 1962 ( 3rd ) Nehru IV -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days ( 3rd ) ( acting ) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 7002581000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 216 days ( 3rd ) Shastri -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days ( 3rd ) ( acting ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 24 March 1977 7003407700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 59 days ( 3rd ) I. Gandhi I Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Rae Bareli , Uttar Pradesh 1967 ( 4th ) Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 1971 ( 5th ) I. Gandhi II V.V. Giri Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 126 days 1977 ( 6th ) Desai B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days -- ( 6th ) C. Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 3 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 7003175200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 291 days 1980 ( 7th ) I. Gandhi III 6 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 2 December 1989 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 32 days ( 7th ) R. Gandhi Zail Singh Former Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 1984 ( 8th ) 7 Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days 1989 ( 9th ) V.P. Singh R. Venkataraman 8 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days ( 9th ) Chandra Shekhar 9 Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 7003179100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 330 days 1991 ( 10th ) Rao 10 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days 1996 ( 11th ) Vajpayee I Shankar Dayal Sharma 11 Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days ( 11th ) Deve Gowda 12 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days ( 11th ) Gujral ( 10 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 22 May 7003225600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 64 days 1998 ( 12th ) Vajpayee II K.R. Narayanan Former Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 1999 ( 13th ) Vajpayee III 13 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 26 May 2014 7003365600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 4 days 2004 ( 14th ) M. Singh I A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Former Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) 2009 ( 15th ) M. Singh II Pratibha Patil 14 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 7003130200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 206 days 2014 ( 16th ) Modi Pranab Mukherjee Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991 , but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him . Timeline See also ( edit ) Government of India portal India portal Prime Minister 's Office List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity List of Presidents of India References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Former Prime Minister 's of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . `` Gallery of Prime Ministers '' . Press Information Burea . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Brass , Paul R. ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521459709 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In India , next generation of Gandhi dynasty '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Ankit Panda , The . `` BJP , Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers '' . PM India . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister , swearing in on May 26 '' . The Times of India . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India&oldid=815992951 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of India Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was longest serving prime minister of india	[ "Since 1947, India has had fourteen Prime Ministers, fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role. The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party, who was sworn-in on 15 August 1947, when India gained independence from the British. Serving until his death in May 1964, Nehru remains India's longest-serving prime minister. He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri, whose 19-month term also ended in death. Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country's first woman premier. Eleven years later, she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party, whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister. After he resigned in 1979, his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later. Indira Gandhi's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984, when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards. That evening, her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn-in as India's youngest premier, and the third from his family. Thus far, members of Nehru–Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days.[1]" ]	[ "Jawaharlal Nehru" ]
7791503695051829057	Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot - wikipedia Judas Iscariot This article is about the biblical figure . For the band , see Judas Iscariot ( band ) . `` Judas '' and `` Iscariot '' redirect here . For other uses , see Judas ( disambiguation ) and Iscariot ( disambiguation ) . Judas Iscariot ( right ) , retiring from the Last Supper , painting by Carl Bloch , late 19th century Judas Iscariot ( died c. 30 -- c. 33 AD ) was a disciple and one of the original Twelve Disciples of Jesus Christ . According to all four canonical gospels , Judas betrayed Jesus to the Sanhedrin in the Garden of Gethsemane by kissing him and addressing him as `` Rabbi '' to reveal his identity to the crowd who had come to arrest him . His name is often used synonymously with betrayal or treason . Judas 's epithet Iscariot most likely means he came from the village of Kerioth , but this explanation is not universally accepted and many other possibilities have been suggested . The Gospel of Mark , the earliest gospel , gives no motive for Judas 's betrayal , but does present Jesus predicting it in advance at the Last Supper , an event also described in all the later gospels . The Gospel of Matthew 26 : 15 states that Judas committed the betrayal in exchange for thirty pieces of silver . The Gospel of Luke 22 : 3 and the Gospel of John 13 : 27 instead suggest that he was possessed by Satan . According to Matthew 27 : 1 -- 10 , after learning that Jesus was to be crucified , Judas attempted to return the money he had been paid for his betrayal to the chief priests and committed suicide by hanging . The priests used the money to buy a field to bury strangers in , which was called the `` Field of Blood '' because it had been bought with blood money . The Book of Acts 1 : 18 quotes Peter as saying that Judas used the money to buy the field himself and , as he was walking through it , he `` ( fell ) headlong ... burst asunder in the midst , and all his bowels gushed out . '' His place among the Twelve Apostles was later filled by Matthias . Despite his notorious role in the gospel narratives , Judas remains a controversial figure in Christian history . For instance , Judas 's betrayal is seen as setting in motion the events that led to Jesus 's crucifixion and resurrection , which , according to traditional Christian theology , brought salvation to humanity . The Gnostic Gospel of Judas -- rejected by the mainstream Church as heretical -- praises Judas for his role in triggering humanity 's salvation and exalts Judas as the best of the apostles . Since the Middle Ages , Judas has been portrayed as a personification of the Jewish people and his betrayal has been used to justify Christian antisemitism . Contents 1 Historicity 2 Life 2.1 Name and background 2.2 Role as an apostle 2.3 Death 3 Theology 3.1 Betrayal of Jesus 4 Role in apocrypha 4.1 Gospel of Judas 4.2 Gospel of Barnabas 5 Representations and symbolism 6 Art and literature 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Historicity ( edit ) Although Judas Iscariot 's historical existence is generally widely accepted among secular historians , this relative consensus has not gone entirely unchallenged . The earliest possible allusion to Judas comes from the First Epistle to the Corinthians 11 : 23 - 24 , in which Paul the Apostle does not mention Judas by name , but uses the passive voice of the Greek word paradidōmi ( παραδίδωμι ) , which most Bible translations render as `` was betrayed '' : `` ... the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took a loaf of bread ... '' Nonetheless , many biblical scholars argue that the word paradidōmi should be translated as `` was handed over '' . This translation could still refer to Judas , but it could also instead refer to God metaphorically `` handing Jesus over '' to the Romans . In his book Antisemitism and Modernity ( 2006 ) , the Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby suggests that , in the New Testament , the name `` Judas '' was constructed as an attack on the Judaeans or on the Judaean religious establishment held responsible for executing Jesus . In his book The Sins of Scripture ( 2009 ) , John Shelby Spong concurs with this argument , insisting , `` The whole story of Judas has the feeling of being contrived ... The act of betrayal by a member of the twelve disciples is not found in the earliest Christian writings . Judas is first placed into the Christian story by the Gospel of Mark ( 3 : 19 ) , who wrote in the early years of the eighth decade of the Common Era . '' Most scholars reject these arguments for non-historicity , noting that there is nothing in the gospels to associate Judas with Judeans except his name , which was an extremely common one for Jewish men during the first century , and that numerous other figures named `` Judas '' are mentioned throughout the New Testament , none of whom are portrayed negatively . Positive figures named Judas mentioned in the New Testament include the prophet Judas Barsabbas ( Acts 15 : 22 - 33 ) , Jesus 's brother Jude ( Mark 6 : 3 ; Matt 13 : 55 ; Jude 1 ) , and the apostle Judas the son of James ( Luke 6 : 14 - 16 ; Acts 1 : 13 ; John 14 : 22 ) . B.J. Oropeza argues that Christians should not repeat the historic tragedy of associating Judas Iscariot with the Judeans but regard him instead as an emergent Christian apostate , and hence , one of their own . His betrayal over a sum of money warns auditors against the vice of greed . Life ( edit ) Name and background ( edit ) Judas Iscariot ( between 1886 and 1894 ) by James Tissot The name Judas ( Ὶούδας ) is a Greek rendering of the Hebrew name Judah ( יהודה , Y hûdâh , Hebrew for `` God is praised '' ) , which was an extremely common name for Jewish men during the first century AD , due to the renowned hero Judas Maccabeus . Consequently , numerous other figures with this name are mentioned throughout the New Testament . In the Gospel of Mark 3 : 13 - 19 , the earliest of all the gospels , which was written in the mid 60s or early 70s AD , Judas Iscariot is the only apostle named Judas . Matthew 10 : 2 - 4 follows this portrayal . The Gospel of Luke 6 : 12 - 19 , however , replaces the apostle whom Mark and Matthew call `` Thaddeus '' with `` Judas son of James '' . Peter Stanford suggests that this renaming may represent an effort by the author of the Gospel of Luke to create a `` good Judas '' in contrast to the betrayer Judas Iscariot . Judas 's epithet Iscariot ( Ὶσκάριωθ or Ὶσκαριώτης ) , which distinguishes him from the other people named Judas in the gospels , is usually thought to be a Greek rendering of the Hebrew phrase איש ־ קריות , ( Îš - Qrîyôt ) , meaning `` the man from Kerioth '' . This interpretation is supported by the statement in the Gospel of John 6 : 71 that Judas was `` the son of Simon Iscariot '' . Nonetheless , this interpretation of the name is not fully accepted by all scholars . One of the most popular alternative explanations holds that Iscariot ( ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ ' Skaryota ' in Syriac Aramaic , per the Peshitta text ) may be a corruption of the Latin word sicarius , meaning `` dagger man '' , Roth bar Raphael , Andrew Gabriel - Yizkhak . Aramaic English New Testament ( 5 ed . ) . Netzari Press . ISBN 978 - 1934916421 . ; Sedro - Woolley , Wash. : Netzari Press , 2012 ) , 278fn177. < / ref > which referred to a member of the Sicarii ( סיקריים in Aramaic ) , a group of Jewish rebels who were known for committing acts of terrorism in the 40s and 50s AD by assassinating people in crowds using long knives hidden under their cloaks . This interpretation is problematic , however , because there is nothing in the gospels to associate Judas with the Sicarii , and there is no evidence that the cadre existed during the 30s AD when Judas was alive . A possibility advanced by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg is that Iscariot means `` the liar '' or `` the false one , '' perhaps from the Aramaic אִשְׁקַרְיָא . Stanford rejects this , noting that the gospel - writers follow Judas 's name with the statement that he betrayed Jesus , so it would be redundant for them to call him `` the false one '' before immediately stating that he was a traitor . Some have proposed that the word derives from an Aramaic word meaning `` red color , '' from the root סקר . Another hypothesis holds that the word derives from one of the Aramaic roots סכר or סגר . This would mean `` to deliver , '' based on the LXX rendering of Isaiah 19 : 4 -- a theory advanced by J. Alfred Morin . The epithet could also be associated with the manner of Judas 's death , i.e. , hanging . This would mean Iscariot derives from a kind of Greek - Aramaic hybrid : אִסְכַּרְיוּתָא , Iskarioutha , `` chokiness '' or `` constriction . '' This might indicate that the epithet was applied posthumously by the remaining disciples , but Joan E. Taylor has argued that it was a descriptive name given to Judas by Jesus , since other disciples such as Simon Peter / Cephas ( Kephas `` rock '' ) were also given such names . Role as an apostle ( edit ) Calling of the Apostles ( 1481 ) by Domenico Ghirlandaio One of the best - attested and most reliable statements made by Jesus in the gospels comes from the Gospel of Matthew 19 : 28 , in which Jesus tells his apostles : `` in the new world , when the Son of Man shall sit on his glorious throne , you will also sit on twelve thrones , judging the twelve tribes of Israel . '' New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman concludes , `` This is not a tradition that was likely to have been made up by a Christian later , after Jesus 's death -- since one of these twelve had abandoned his cause and betrayed him . No one thought that Judas Iscariot would be seated on a glorious throne in the Kingdom of God . That saying , therefore appears to go back to Jesus , and indicates , then , that he had twelve close disciples , whom he predicted would reign in the coming Kingdom . '' Although the canonical gospels frequently disagree on the names of some of the minor apostles , all four of them list Judas Iscariot as one of them . The Synoptic Gospels state that Jesus sent out `` the twelve '' ( including Judas ) with power over unclean spirits and with a ministry of preaching and healing : Judas clearly played an active part in this apostolic ministry alongside the other eleven . However , in John 's Gospel , Judas 's outlook was differentiated - many of Jesus ' disciples abandoned him because of the difficulty of accepting his teachings , and Jesus asked the twelve if they would also leave him . Simon Peter spoke for the twelve : `` Lord , to whom shall we go ? You have the words of eternal life , '' but Jesus observed then that although Judas was one of the twelve whom he had chosen , he was `` a devil . '' A sixteenth - century fresco depicting Judas being paid the 30 pieces of silver The Kiss of Judas ( between 1304 and 1306 ) by Giotto di Bondone Matthew directly states that Judas betrayed Jesus for a bribe of `` thirty pieces of silver '' by identifying him with a kiss -- `` the kiss of Judas '' -- to arresting soldiers of the High Priest Caiaphas , who then turned Jesus over to Pontius Pilate 's soldiers . Mark 's Gospel states that the chief priests were looking for a way to arrest Jesus . They decided not to do so during the feast ( of the Passover ) , since they were afraid that people would riot ; instead , they chose the night before the feast to arrest him . According to Luke 's account , Satan entered Judas at this time . According to the account in the Gospel of John , Judas carried the disciples ' money bag or box ( Greek : γλωσσόκομον , glōssokomon ) , but John 's Gospel makes no mention of the thirty pieces of silver as a fee for betrayal . The evangelist comments in John 12 : 5 -- 6 that Judas spoke fine words about giving money to the poor , but the reality was `` not that he cared for the poor , but ( that ) he was a thief , and had the money box ; and he used to take what was put in it . '' However , in John 13 : 27 -- 30 , when Judas left the gathering of Jesus and his disciples with betrayal in mind , some ( of the disciples ) thought that Judas might have been leaving to buy supplies or on a charitable errand . Ehrman argues that Judas 's betrayal `` is about as historically certain as anything else in the tradition '' , pointing out that the betrayal is independently attested in the Gospel of Mark , in the Gospel of John , and in the Book of Acts . Ehrman also contends that it is highly unlikely that early Christians would have made the story of Judas 's betrayal up , since it reflects poorly on Jesus 's judgement in choosing him as an apostle . Nonetheless , Ehrman argues that what Judas actually told the authorities was not Jesus 's location , but rather Jesus 's secret teaching that he was the Messiah . This , he holds , explains why the authorities did not try to arrest Jesus prior to Judas 's betrayal . John P. Meier sums up the historical consensus , stating , `` We only know two basic facts about ( Judas ) : ( 1 ) Jesus chose him as one of the Twelve , and ( 2 ) he handed over Jesus to the Jerusalem authorities , thus precipitating Jesus ' execution . '' Death ( edit ) Sixteenth - century fresco from Tarzhishte Monastery , Strupets , Bulgaria , showing Judas hanging himself as described in Matthew 27 : 1 -- 10 Many different accounts of Judas ' death have survived from antiquity , both within and outside the New Testament . Matthew 27 : 1 -- 10 states that , after learning that Jesus was to be crucified , Judas was overcome by remorse and attempted to return the 30 pieces of silver to the priests , but they would not accept them because they were blood money , so he threw them on the ground and left . Afterwards , he committed suicide by hanging himself . The priests used the money to buy a potter 's field , which became known as `` the Field of Blood '' because it had been bought with blood money . Acts 1 : 18 states that Judas himself used the money to buy a field , but , as he was walking through it , he `` ( fell ) headlong ... burst asunder in the midst , and all his bowels gushed out . '' The field became known as Akeldama , which means `` the Field of Blood '' in Aramaic , because it was covered in Judas 's blood , and it was used to bury strangers . In this account , Judas ' death is apparently by accident and he shows no signs of remorse . The early Church Father Papias of Hierapolis ( c. 60 -- 130 AD ) recorded in his Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord , which was probably written during the first decade of the second century AD , that Judas was afflicted by God 's wrath ; his body became so enormously bloated that he could not pass through a street with buildings on either side . His face became so swelled up that a doctor could not even identify the location of his eyes using an optical instrument . Judas ' genitals became enormously swollen and oozed with pus and worms . Finally , he killed himself on his own land by pouring out his innards onto the ground , which stank so horribly that , even in Papias ' own time a century later , people still could not pass the site without holding their noses . This story was well - known among Christians in antiquity and was often told in competition with the two conflicting stories from the New Testament . According to the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus , which was probably written in the fourth century AD , Judas was overcome with remorse and went home to tell his wife , who was roasting a chicken on a spit over a charcoal fire , that he was going to kill himself , because he knew Jesus would rise from the dead and , when he did , he would punish him . Judas 's wife laughed and told him that Jesus could no more rise from the dead than he could resurrect the chicken she was cooking . Immediately , the chicken was restored to life and began to crow . Judas then ran away and hanged himself . In the apocryphal Gospel of Judas , Judas has a vision of the disciples stoning and persecuting him . The obvious discrepancy between the two radically different accounts of Judas 's death in Matthew 27 : 1 -- 10 and Acts 1 : 18 has proven to be a serious challenge to those who support the idea of Biblical inerrancy . This problem was one of the points leading C.S. Lewis , for example , to reject the view `` that every statement in Scripture must be historical truth '' . Nonetheless , various attempts at harmonization have been suggested . Generally they have followed literal interpretations such as that of Augustine of Hippo , which suggest that these simply describe different aspects of the same event -- that Judas hanged himself in the field , and the rope eventually snapped and the fall burst his body open , or that the accounts of Acts and Matthew refer to two different transactions . Some have taken the descriptions as figurative : that the `` falling prostrate '' was Judas in anguish , and the `` bursting out of the bowels '' is pouring out emotion . Modern scholars reject these approaches . Arie W. Zwiep states that `` neither story was meant to be read in light of the other '' and that `` the integrity of both stories as complete narratives in themselves is seriously disrespected when the two separate stories are being conflated into a third , harmonized version . '' David A. Reed argues that the Matthew account is a midrashic exposition that allows the author to present the event as a fulfillment of prophetic passages from the Old Testament . They argue that the author adds imaginative details such as the thirty pieces of silver , and the fact that Judas hangs himself , to an earlier tradition about Judas 's death . Matthew 's description of the death as fulfilment of a prophecy `` spoken through Jeremiah the prophet '' has caused difficulties , since it does not clearly correspond to any known version of the Book of Jeremiah but does appear to refer to a story from the Book of Zechariah which describes the return of a payment of thirty pieces of silver . Even writers such as Jerome and John Calvin concluded that this was obviously an error . Modern scholars however have usually explained apparent discrepancies of this sort as arising from a Jewish practice of citing the Major Prophet in a scroll group to refer to the whole content of the scroll group , including books written by minor prophets placed in the grouping . More recently , scholars have suggested that the Gospel writer may also have had a passage from Jeremiah in mind , such as chapters 18 : 1 -- 4 and 19 : 1 -- 13 which refer to a potter 's jar and a burial place , and chapter 32 : 6 -- 15 which refers to a burial place and an earthenware jar . Raymond Brown suggested , `` the most plausible ( explanation ) is that Matthew 27 : 9 -- 10 is presenting a mixed citation with words taken both from Zechariah and Jeremiah , and ... he refers to that combination by one name . Jeremiah 18 -- 9 concerns a potter ( 18 : 2 -- ; 19 : 1 ) , a purchase ( 19 : 1 ) , the Valley of Hinnom ( where the Field of Blood is traditionally located , 19 : 2 ) , ' innocent blood ' ( 19 : 4 ) , and the renaming of a place for burial ( 19 : 6 , 11 ) ; and Jer 32 : 6 -- 5 tells of the purchase of a field with silver . '' Randel Helms gives this as an example of the ' fictional and imaginative ' use by early Christians of the Old Testament : `` Matthew 's source has blended Jeremiah 's buying of a field and placing the deed in a pot with Zechariah 's casting of thirty pieces of silver down in the temple and the purchase of the Potter 's Field . '' Theology ( edit ) Betrayal of Jesus ( edit ) The Betrayal Peter raises his sword ; Judas hangs himself . Illumination from a western manuscript , c. 1504 The Kiss of Judas Iscariot , coloured engraving , 15th century . There are several explanations as to why Judas betrayed Jesus . In the earliest account , in the Gospel of Mark , when he goes to the chief priests to betray Jesus , he is offered money as a reward , but it is not clear that money is his motivation . In the Gospel of Matthew account , on the other hand , he asks what they will pay him for handing Jesus over . In the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John , the devil enters into Judas , causing him to offer to betray Jesus . The Gospel of John account has Judas complaining that money has been spent on expensive perfumes to anoint Jesus which could have been spent on the poor , but adds that he was the keeper of the apostles ' purse and used to steal from it . One suggestion has been that Judas expected Jesus to overthrow Roman rule of Judea . In this view , Judas is a disillusioned disciple betraying Jesus not so much because he loved money , but because he loved his country and thought Jesus had failed it . Another is that Jesus was causing unrest likely to increase tensions with the Roman authorities and they thought he should be restrained until after the Passover , when everyone had gone back home and the commotion had died down . The Gospels suggest that Jesus foresaw ( John 6 : 64 , Matthew 26 : 25 ) and allowed Judas ' betrayal ( John 13 : 27 -- 28 ) . One explanation is that Jesus allowed the betrayal because it would allow God 's plan to be fulfilled . Another is that regardless of the betrayal , Jesus was ultimately destined for crucifixion . In April 2006 , a Coptic papyrus manuscript titled the Gospel of Judas from 200 AD was translated , suggesting that Jesus told Judas to betray him , although some scholars question the translation . Judas is the subject of philosophical writings . Origen of Alexandria , in his Commentary on John 's Gospel , reflected on Judas 's interactions with the other apostles and Jesus ' confidence in him prior to his betrayal . Other philosophical reflections on Judas include The Problem of Natural Evil by Bertrand Russell and `` Three Versions of Judas , '' a short story by Jorge Luis Borges . They allege various problematic ideological contradictions with the discrepancy between Judas ' actions and his eternal punishment . Bruce Reichenbach argues that if Jesus foresees Judas ' betrayal , then the betrayal is not an act of free will , and therefore should not be punishable . Conversely , it is argued that just because the betrayal was foretold , it does not prevent Judas from exercising his own free will in this matter . Other scholars argue that Judas acted in obedience to God 's will . The gospels suggest that Judas is apparently bound up with the fulfillment of God 's purposes ( John 13 : 18 , John 17 : 12 , Matthew 26 : 23 -- 25 , Luke 22 : 21 -- 22 , Matt 27 : 9 -- 10 , Acts 1 : 16 , Acts 1 : 20 ) , yet `` woe is upon him '' , and he would `` have been better unborn '' ( Matthew 26 : 23 -- 25 ) . The difficulty inherent in the saying is its paradox : if Judas had not been born , the Son of Man would apparently no longer do `` as it is written of him . '' The consequence of this apologetic approach is that Judas ' actions come to be seen as necessary and unavoidable , yet leading to condemnation . Another explanation is that Judas ' birth and betrayal did not necessitate the only way the Son of Man could have suffered and been crucified . The earliest churches believed `` as it is written of him '' to be prophetic , fulfilling Scriptures such as that of the suffering servant in Isaiah 52 - 53 and the righteous one in Psalm 22 , which do not require betrayal ( at least by Judas ) as the means to the suffering . Regardless of any necessity , Judas is held responsible for his act ( Mark 14 : 21 ; Luke 22 : 22 ; Matt 26 : 24 ) . Erasmus believed that Judas was free to change his intention , but Martin Luther argued in rebuttal that Judas ' will was immutable . John Calvin states that Judas was predestined to damnation , but writes on the question of Judas ' guilt : `` surely in Judas ' betrayal , it will be no more right , because God himself willed that his son be delivered up and delivered him up to death , to ascribe the guilt of the crime to God than to transfer the credit for redemption to Judas . '' The Catholic Church has no view on his damnation . The Vatican only proclaims individuals ' Eternal Salvation through the Canon of Saints . There is no ' Canon of the Damned ' , nor any official proclamation of the damnation of Judas . It is speculated that Judas 's damnation , which seems possible from the Gospels ' text , may not stem from his betrayal of Christ , but from the despair which caused him to subsequently commit suicide . In his book The Passover Plot ( 1965 ) , British New Testament scholar Hugh J. Schonfield suggested that the crucifixion of Christ was a conscious re-enactment of Biblical prophecy and that Judas acted with the full knowledge and consent of Jesus in `` betraying '' him to the authorities . The book has been variously described as ' factually groundless ' , based on ' little data ' and ' wild suppositions ' , ' disturbing ' and ' tawdry ' . Role in apocrypha ( edit ) Judas has been a figure of great interest to esoteric groups , such as many Gnostic sects . Irenaeus records the beliefs of one Gnostic sect , the Cainites , who believed that Judas was an instrument of the Sophia , Divine Wisdom , thus earning the hatred of the Demiurge . His betrayal of Jesus thus was a victory over the materialist world . The Cainites later split into two groups , disagreeing over the ultimate significance of Jesus in their cosmology . Gospel of Judas ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Judas ( Page 33 of Codex Tchacos ) Main article : Gospel of Judas During the 1970s , a Coptic papyrus codex ( book ) was discovered near Beni Masah , Egypt . It appeared to be a 3rd - or 4th - century - AD copy of a 2nd - century original , relating a series of conversations in which Jesus and Judas interact and discuss the nature of the universe from a Gnostic viewpoint . The discovery was given dramatic international exposure in April 2006 when the US National Geographic magazine published a feature article entitled `` The Gospel of Judas '' with images of the fragile codex and analytical commentary by relevant experts and interested observers ( but not a comprehensive translation ) . The article 's introduction stated : `` An ancient text lost for 1,700 years says Christ 's betrayer was his truest disciple . '' The article points to some evidence that the original document was extant in the 2nd century : `` Around A.D. 180 , Irenaeus , Bishop of Lyon in what was then Roman Gaul , wrote a massive treatise called Against Heresies ( in which he attacked ) a ' fictitious history , ' which ' they style the Gospel of Judas . ' '' Before the magazine 's edition was circulated , other news media gave exposure to the story , abridging and selectively reporting it . In December 2007 , a New York Times op - ed article by April DeConick asserted that the National Geographic 's translation is badly flawed : For example , in one instance the National Geographic transcription refers to Judas as a `` daimon , '' which the society 's experts have translated as `` spirit . '' However , the universally accepted word for `` spirit '' is `` pneuma '' -- in Gnostic literature `` daimon '' is always taken to mean `` demon . '' The National Geographic Society responded that `` Virtually all issues April D. DeConick raises about translation choices are addressed in footnotes in both the popular and critical editions . '' In a later review of the issues and relevant publications , critic Joan Acocella questioned whether ulterior intentions had not begun to supersede historical analysis , e.g. , whether publication of The Gospel of Judas could be an attempt to roll back ancient anti-semitic imputations . She concluded that the ongoing clash between scriptural fundamentalism and attempts at revision were childish because of the unreliability of the sources . Therefore , she argued , `` People interpret , and cheat . The answer is not to fix the Bible but to fix ourselves . '' Other scholars have questioned the initial translation and interpretation of the Gospel of Judas by the National Geographic team of experts . Gospel of Barnabas ( edit ) Main article : Gospel of Barnabas See also : Islamic view of Jesus ' death According to medieval copies ( the earliest copies from the 15th century ) of the Gospel of Barnabas it was Judas , not Jesus , who was crucified on the cross . This work states that Judas 's appearance was transformed to that of Jesus ' , when the former , out of betrayal , led the Roman soldiers to arrest Jesus who by then was ascended to the heavens . This transformation of appearance was so identical that the masses , followers of Christ , and even the Mother of Jesus , Mary , initially thought that the one arrested and crucified was Jesus himself . The gospel then mentions that after three days since burial , Judas ' body was stolen from his grave , and then the rumors spread of Jesus being risen from the dead . When Jesus was informed in the third heaven about what happened , he prayed to God to be sent back to the earth , and descended and gathered his mother , disciples , and followers , and told them the truth of what happened . He then ascended back to the heavens , and will come back at the end of times as a just king . This Gospel is considered by the majority of Christians to be late and pseudepigraphical ; however , some academics suggest that it may contain some remnants of an earlier apocryphal work ( perhaps Gnostic , Ebionite or Diatessaronic ) , redacted to bring it more in line with Islamic doctrine . Some Muslims consider the surviving versions as transmitting a suppressed apostolic original . Some Islamic organizations cite it in support of the Islamic view of Jesus . Representations and symbolism ( edit ) A red - haired Judas betrays Jesus with a kiss in a Spanish paso figure . The term Judas has entered many languages as a synonym for betrayer , and Judas has become the archetype of the traitor in Western art and literature . Judas is given some role in virtually all literature telling the Passion story , and appears in numerous modern novels and movies . In the Eastern Orthodox hymns of Holy Wednesday ( the Wednesday before Pascha ) , Judas is contrasted with the woman who anointed Jesus with expensive perfume and washed his feet with her tears . According to the Gospel of John , Judas protested at this apparent extravagance , suggesting that the money spent on it should have been given to the poor . After this , Judas went to the chief priests and offered to betray Jesus for money . The hymns of Holy Wednesday contrast these two figures , encouraging believers to avoid the example of the fallen disciple and instead to imitate Mary 's example of repentance . Also , Wednesday is observed as a day of fasting from meat , dairy products , and olive oil throughout the year in memory of the betrayal of Judas . The prayers of preparation for receiving the Eucharist also make mention of Judas 's betrayal : `` I will not reveal your mysteries to your enemies , neither like Judas will I betray you with a kiss , but like the thief on the cross I will confess you . '' Judas Iscariot is often shown with red hair in Spanish culture and by William Shakespeare . The practice is comparable to the Renaissance portrayal of Jews with red hair , which was then regarded as a negative trait and which may have been used to correlate Judas Iscariot with contemporary Jews . In the Church of St John the Baptist , Yeovil , one stained glass window depicts Judas with a black halo . In paintings depicting the Last Supper , Judas is occasionally depicted with a dark - colored halo ( contrasting with the lighter halos of the other apostles ) to signify his former status as an apostle . More commonly , however , he is the only one at the table without one . In some church stained glass windows he is also depicted with a dark halo such as in one of the windows of the Church of St John the Baptist , Yeovil . Art and literature ( edit ) Cathédrale Saint - Lazare , Autun . Judas hangs himself Judas is the subject of one of the oldest surviving English ballads , which dates from the 13th century . In the ballad , the blame for the betrayal of Christ is placed on his sister . In Dante 's Inferno , Judas is condemned to the lowest circle of Hell : the Ninth Circle of Traitors , also known as the frozen lake , Cocytus . He is one of three sinners deemed evil enough to be doomed to an eternity of being chewed in the mouths of the triple - headed Satan ( the others being Brutus and Cassius , the assassins of Julius Caesar ) . Dante writes that Judas -- having committed the ultimate act of treachery by betraying the Son of God Himself -- is trapped in the jaws of Satan 's central head , said to be the most vicious of the three , by his head , leaving his back to be raked by the fallen angel 's claws . In art , one of the most famous depictions of Judas Iscariot and his kiss of betrayal of Jesus is The Taking of Christ by Italian Baroque artist , Caravaggio , done in 1602 . In Memoirs of Judas ( 1867 ) by Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina , he is seen as a leader of the Jewish revolt against the rule of Romans . Edward Elgar 's oratorio , The Apostles , depicts Judas as wanting to force Jesus to declare his divinity and establish the kingdom on earth . In Trial of Christ in Seven Stages ( 1909 ) by John Brayshaw Kaye , the author did not accept the idea that Judas intended to betray Christ , and the poem is a defence of Judas , in which he adds his own vision to the biblical account of the story of the trial before the Sanhedrin and Caiaphas . In Mikhail Bulgakov 's novel The Master and Margarita , Judas is paid by the high priest of Judaea to testify against Jesus , who had been inciting trouble among the people of Jerusalem . After authorizing the crucifixion , Pilate suffers an agony of regret and turns his anger on Judas , ordering him assassinated . The story within a story appears as a counter-revolutionary novel in the context of Moscow in the 1920s -- 1930s . `` Tres versiones de Judas '' ( English title : `` Three Versions of Judas '' ) is a short story by Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges . It was included in Borges ' anthology , Ficciones , published in 1944 , and revolves around the main character 's doubts about the canonical story of Judas who instead creates three alternative versions . On April 17 , 1945 , the radio program Inner Sanctum broadcast the story `` The Judas Clock '' , in which the cursed title object , a 16th century Italian marble longcase clock , is unable to run without the thirty silver coins of Judas being placed in its hollow weights . The episode 's main character , played by Berry Kroeger , recites the fate of Judas from Matthew 27 : 5 ( King James version ) at the episode 's conclusion . The 1971 novel I , Judas by Taylor Caldwell and Jess Stearn ( ISBN 978 - 0451121134 ) was one of the first published novels to portray Judas in a more sympathetic light . In Martin Scorsese 's 1988 film The Last Temptation of Christ , based on the novel by Nikos Kazantzakis , Judas Iscariot 's only motivation in betraying Jesus to the Romans was to help him accomplish his mission by mutual agreement , making Judas the catalyst for the event later interpreted as bringing about humanity 's salvation . In The Last Days of Judas Iscariot ( 2005 ) , a critically acclaimed play by Stephen Adly Guirgis , Judas is given a trial in Purgatory . In C.K. Stead 's 2006 novel My Name Was Judas , Judas , who was then known as Idas of Sidon , recounts the story of Jesus as recalled by him some forty years later . In September 2017 , Boom Studios announced a four - issue comics Judas , written by Jeff Loveness and Jakub Rebelka . In March 2018 , BBC Radio 4 's 15 Minute Drama broadcast Judas , written by Lucy Gannon , in 5 episodes with Damien Molony in the title role . In the March 2018 film Mary Magdalene , written by Helen Edmundson , Judas is played by Tahar Rahim . Judas is a lead role in Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice 's Jesus Christ Superstar . In the original concept album , the role is sung by Murray Head . In the original 1971 Broadway production , Judas was portrayed by Ben Vereen . In the 1973 film adaptation , Judas is portrayed by Carl Anderson . Zubin Varla played Judas in the 1996 London revival . For the 1996 BBC Radio 2 production , Roger Daltrey portrayed Judas . The 2000 film version , based on the stage production , featured Jérôme Pradon as Judas . In the 2012 Arena Tour , which was videotaped and released on DVD / Blu - ray , Judas was portrayed by Tim Minchin . In Jesus Christ Superstar Live , Judas is portrayed by Brandon Victor Dixon . See also ( edit ) Book : Apostle ( Christian ) Christianity portal `` Three Versions of Judas '' Judas goat Judas tree Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biblical Hebrew : יהודה ‎ Yehûdâh , `` God is praised '' ; Greek : Ὶούδας Jump up ^ The Monthly Christian Spectator 1851 -- 1859 p. 459 `` while some writers regard the account of Judas 's death as simply figurative ... seized with preternatural anguish for his crime and its consequences his bowels gushed out . '' Jump up ^ Clarence Jordan The Substance of Faith : and Other Cotton Patch Sermons p. 148 `` Greeks thought of the bowels as being the seat of the emotions , the home of the soul . It 's like saying that all of Judas 's motions burst out , burst asunder . '' Jump up ^ Frederick Dale Bruner , Matthew : A Commentary ( Eerdmans , 2004 ) , p. 710 ; Jerome , Epistolae 57.7 : `` This passage is not found in Jeremiah but in Zechariah , in quite different words and a different order '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . ; John Calvin , Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists , Matthew , Mark and Luke , 3 : 177 : `` The passage itself plainly shows that the name of Jeremiah has been put down by mistake , instead of Zechariah , for in Jeremiah we find nothing of this sort , nor any thing that even approaches to it . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew 26 : 14 , Matthew 26 : 47 , Mark 14 : 10 , Mark 14 : 42 , Luke 22 : 1 , Luke 22 : 47 , John 13 : 18 , John 18 : 1 ^ Jump up to : Ehrman 1999 , pp. 216 -- 217 . ^ Jump up to : Gubar 2009 , pp. 31 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Robert H. ( 2009 ) . `` Criteria for the Gospels ' Authenticity '' . In Paul Copan ; William Lane Craig . Contending with Christianity 's Critics : Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors . Nashville , Tennessee : B&H Publishing Group . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0805449365 . Jump up ^ Meier , John P. ( 2005 ) . `` Criteria : How Do We Decide What Comes from Jesus ? '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; McKnight , Scot . The Historical Jesus in Recent Research . Warsaw , Indiana : Eisenbrauns . pp. 127 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 1575061009 . ^ Jump up to : Gubar 2009 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Stanford 2015 . Jump up ^ Maccoby , Hyam ( 2006 ) . Antisemitism And Modernity . London , England : Routledge . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0415553889 . Jump up ^ Gubar 2009 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Spong , John Shelby ( 2009 ) . The Sins of Scripture . New York City : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0060778408 . Jump up ^ Gubar 2009 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Oropeza , B.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Judas ' Death and Final Destiny in the Gospels and Earliest Christian Writings '' . Neotestamentica . Pretoria , South Africa : New Testament Society of Southern Africa ( 44.2 ) : 342 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Tropenza , B.J. ( 2011 ) . In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors : Apostasy in the New Testament Communities Volume 1 : The Gospels , Acts , and Johannine Letters . Eugene , Oregon : Cascade / Wipf & Stock . pp. 149 -- 50 , 230 . Jump up ^ Gubar 2009 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Gubar 2009 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Bauckham , Richard ( 2006 ) . Jesus and the Eyewitnesses : The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0802874313 . Jump up ^ van Iersel , Bastiaan ( 1998 ) . Mark : A Reader - Response Commentary . Danbury , Connecticut : Continuum International . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 1850758297 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . The Death of the Messiah : From Gethsemane to the Grave : A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels v. 1 pp. 688 -- 92 . New York : Doubleday / The Anchor Bible Reference Library . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49448 - 3 ; Meier , John P. A Marginal Jew : Rethinking the Historical Jesus ( 2001 ) . v. 3 , p. 210 . New York : Doubleday / The Anchor Bible Reference Library . ISBN 0 - 385 - 46993 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Joan E. `` The name ' Iskarioth ' ( Iscariot ) '' . Journal of Biblical Literature . New York City : Society of Biblical Literature. 129 ( 2 ) : 367 -- 383 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Katie ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Why Judas was actually more of a saint , than a sinner '' . The Conversation . Melbourne , Australia : The Conversation Trust . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gubar 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ See Mark 6 : 6 ; Matthew 10 : 5 -- 10 ; and Luke 9 : 1 Jump up ^ John 6 : 67 -- 71 Jump up ^ These `` pieces of silver '' were most likely intended to be understood as silver Tyrian shekels . Jump up ^ Matthew 26 : 14 Jump up ^ Mark 14 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway.com -- Passage Lookup : Luke 22 : 3 '' . BibleGateway . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ John 12 : 6 and John 13 : 29 Jump up ^ John 13 : 2 , Jerusalem Bible translation Jump up ^ Gubar 2009 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Gubar 2009 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman 2016 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Zwiep 2004 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Zwiep 2004 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 October 2008 ) . The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot : A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed . Oxfordshire , England : Oxford University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534351 - 9 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman 2016 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Zwiep 2004 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman 2016 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Gospel of Judas 44 -- 45 Archived 2011 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Zwiep , Arie W. ( 2004 ) . Judas and the choice of Matthias : a study on context and concern of Acts 1 : 15 -- 26 . Heidelberg , Germany : Mohr Siebeck Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3161484520 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Letter to Clyde S. Kilby , 7 May 1959 , quoted in Michael J. Christensen , C.S. Lewis on Scripture , Abingdon , 1979 , Appendix A . Jump up ^ Zwiep , Arie W. Judas and the choice of Matthias : a study on context and concern of Acts 1 : 15 -- 26 . p. 109 . Jump up ^ `` Easton 's Bible Dictionary : Judas '' . christnotes.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The purchase of `` the potter 's field , '' Appendix 161 of the Companion Bible `` . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Raymond E. Brown , An Introduction to the New Testament , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Charles Talbert , Reading Acts : A Literary and Theological Commentary , Smyth & Helwys ( 2005 ) p. 15 . Jump up ^ Frederick Dale Bruner , Matthew : A Commentary , Eerdmans ( 2004 ) , p. 703 . Jump up ^ Reed , David A. ( 2005 ) . `` ' Saving Judas ' : A Social Scientific Approach to Judas ' Suicide in Matthew 27 : 3 -- 10 '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Theology Bulletin . 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zechariah 11 : 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Vincent P. Branick , Understanding the New Testament and Its Message , ( Paulist Press , 1998 ) , pp. 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ James R. White , The King James Only Controversy , Bethany House Publishers ( 2009 ) p. 213 - 215 , 316 . Jump up ^ Donald Senior , The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew ( Liturgical Press , 1985 ) , pp. 107 -- 08 ; Anthony Cane , The Place of Judas Iscariot in Christology ( Ashgate Publishing , 2005 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Menken , Maarten JJ ( 2002 ) . `` The Old Testament Quotation in Matthew 27 , 9 -- 10 ' '' . Biblica . Colorado Springs , Colorado : Peeters Publishing ( 83 ) : 9 -- 10 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond ( December 1 , 1998 ) . The Death of the Messiah , From Gethsemane to the Grave , Volume 1 : A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . p. 912 . ISBN 0300140096 . Jump up ^ Helms , Randall ( 1988 ) . Gospel Fictions . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 1615922932 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Joel B. ; McKnight , Scot ; Marshall , I. Howard ( 1992 ) . Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . pp. 406 -- 407 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1777 - 1 . Jump up ^ ( Mark 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Jump up ^ ( Matthew 26 : 14 -- 16 ) Jump up ^ Luke 22 : 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ John 13 : 27 Jump up ^ John 12 : 1 -- 6 Jump up ^ Dimont , Max I. ( 1962 ) . Jews , God & History ( 2 ed . ) . New York City : New American Library . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0451146946 . Jump up ^ Did Judas betray Jesus Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance , April 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Ancient Manuscript Suggests Jesus Asked Judas to Betray Him '' . Fox News . New York City : News Corp . Associated Press . April 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gagné , André ( June 2007 ) . `` A Critical Note on the Meaning of APOPHASIS in Gospel of Judas 33 : 1 '' ( PDF ) . Laval théologique et philosophique . Quebec City , Quebec , Canada : Université Laval. 63 ( 2 ) : 377 -- 83 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Deconick , April D. ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` Gospel Truth '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laeuchli , Samuel ( 1953 ) . `` Origen 's Interpretation of Judas Iscariot '' . Church History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Cambridge University Press . 22 ( 4 ) : 253 -- 268 . doi : 10.2307 / 3161779 . JSTOR 3161779 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , John S. ; Basinger , David ( 2001 ) . Predestination & free will : four views of divine sovereignty & human freedom . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Kregel Publications . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8254 - 3489 - 1 . Jump up ^ Phillips , John ( 1986 ) . Exploring the gospel of John : an expository commentary . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87784 - 567 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chilton , Bruce ; Evans , Craig A. ( 2002 ) . Authenticating the activities of Jesus . Leiden , Netherlands : Brill Publishers . ISBN 0391041649 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cane , Anthony ( 2005 ) . The place of Judas Iscariot in Christology . Farnham , England : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0754652847 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oropeza , B.J. ( 2011 ) . In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors : The Gospels , Acts , and Johannine Letters. 1 . Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock . pp. 145 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 1610972895 . Jump up ^ David L. Jeffrey ( 1992 ) . A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature . Books.google.ca . ISBN 9780802836342 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ David L. Jeffrey ( 1992 ) . A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature . Books.google.ca . ISBN 9780802836342 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Robinson , John A.T. ; Habermas , Gary R. ( 1996 ) . `` Can We Trust the New Testament ? '' . The Historical Jesus : Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ . Joplin , Missouri : College Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0899007328 . Jump up ^ Spong , John Shelby ( 2010 ) . The Easter Moment . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0899007328 . Jump up ^ Susan Gubar , Judas : A Biography ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2009 ) pp. 298 -- 99 ( referring to several books , including this one ) . Jump up ^ Timeline of early Christianity Archived 2006 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . at National Geographic Jump up ^ `` Judas ' helped Jesus save mankind ' Archived 2009 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . '' BBC News , 7 May 2006 ( following National Geographic publication ) Jump up ^ Cockburn A `` The Gospel of Judas Archived 2013 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . '' National Geographic ( USA ) May 2006 Jump up ^ Cockburn A at p. 3 Archived 2009 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Deconick AD `` Gospel Truth Archived 2017 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . '' New York Times 1 December 2007 Jump up ^ Statement from National Geographic in Response to April DeConick 's New York Times Op - Ed `` Gospel Truth '' Archived 2012 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Acocella J. `` Betrayal : Should we hate Judas Iscariot ? Archived 2009 - 08 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' The New Yorker 3 August 2009 Jump up ^ pelo de Judas Archived 2010 - 12 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( `` Judas hair '' ) in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española . Jump up ^ Page 314 Archived 2017 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . of article Red Hair from Bentley 's Miscellany , July 1851 . The eclectic magazine of foreign literature , science , and art , Volumen 2 ; Volumen 23 , Leavitt , Trow , & Co. , 1851 . ^ Jump up to : p. 256 Archived 2017 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . of Letters from Spain , Joseph Blanco White , H. Colburn , 1825 . Jump up ^ Judas colour Archived 2017 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . in p. 473 of A glossary : or , Collection of words , phrases , names , and allusions to customs , proverbs , etc. , which have been thought to require illustration , in the words of English authors , particularly Shakespeare , and his contemporaries , Volumen 1 . Robert Nares , James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Thomas Wright . J.R. Smith , 1859 Jump up ^ Judas ' Red Hair and The Jews , Journal of Jewish Art ( 9 ) , 1982 , Melinnkoff R.M Jump up ^ Baum , Paull Franklin ( 1916 ) . `` The English Ballad of Judas Iscariot '' . PMLA. 31 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 189 . doi : 10.2307 / 456954 . JSTOR 456954 . Jump up ^ `` Dante 's Inferno -- Circle 9 -- Cantos 31 -- 34 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NGA -- Caravaggio 's The Taking of Christ '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Baldassare Labanca , Gesù Cristo nella letteratura contemporanea , straniera e italiana , Fratelli Bocca , 1903 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Adams , Byron , ed. ( 2007 ) , Edward Elgar and His World , Princeton University Press , pp. 140 -- 41 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13446 - 8 Jump up ^ The Magazine of poetry , Volume 2 , Issues 1 -- 4 ( 1890 ) Charles Wells Moulton , Buffalo , New York `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Equinox -- Books -- Book Details Archived 2012 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Steven D. Greydanus . `` The Last Temptation of Christ : An Essay in Film Criticism and Faith '' . Decent Films . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ben Brantley ( 3 March 2005 ) . `` THEATER REVIEW ; Judas Gets His Day in Court , but Satan Is on the Witness List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Diski , Jenny ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Review : My Name Was Judas by CK Stead '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.boom-studios.com/2017/09/13/the-story-of-judas-is-unveiled-at-boom-studios/ Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09xy93q Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07mqkng Bibliography ( edit ) Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1999 ) , Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium , Oxford , England : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195124743 Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2016 ) , Jesus Before the Gospels : How the Earliest Christians Remembered , Changed , and Invented their Stories of the Savior , New York City , New York : HarperOne , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 228520 - 1 Gubar , Susan ( 2009 ) , Judas : A Biography , New York City , New York and London , England : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06483 - 4 Stanford , Peter ( 2015 ) , Judas : The Most Hated Name in History , Berkeley , California : Counterpoint , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61902 - 750 - 3 Zwiep , Arie W. ( 2004 ) , Judas and the Choice of Matthias : A Study on Context and Concern of Acts 1 : 15 - 26 , Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2 . Reihe , 187 , Tübingen , Germany : Mohr Siebeck , ISBN 3 - 16 - 148452 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Judas Iscariot Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Judas Iscariot ( category ) The Prophecy of Judas in Psalm 41 Video Judas Iscariot : Catholic Encyclopedia article published 1910 Jewish Encyclopedia : Judas Iscariot Gospel Truth Twelve Apostles of Jesus Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus the Less the Just James of Zebedee the Greater John Beloved Evangelist Patmos Judas Iscariot replaced by Matthias Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon BNE : XX983970 GND : 118558536 ISNI : 0000 0001 0784 1951 LCCN : n82053231 SELIBR : 252941 VIAF : 78757239 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&oldid=853627740 '' Categories : 30s deaths Judas Iscariot 1st - century Jews Ancient people who committed suicide Male suicides Roman - era Jews Suicides by hanging in Israel Twelve Apostles Hidden categories : Articles containing Biblical Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Pages with numeric Bible version references Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Pangasinan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 01 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who becomes a member of the twelve after judas betrays jesus	[ "The Gospel of Mark, the earliest gospel, gives no motive for Judas's betrayal, but does present Jesus predicting it in advance at the Last Supper, an event also described in all the later gospels. The Gospel of Matthew 26:15 states that Judas committed the betrayal in exchange for thirty pieces of silver. The Gospel of Luke 22:3 and the Gospel of John 13:27 instead suggest that he was possessed by Satan. According to Matthew 27:1–10, after learning that Jesus was to be crucified, Judas attempted to return the money he had been paid for his betrayal to the chief priests and committed suicide by hanging. The priests used the money to buy a field to bury strangers in, which was called the \"Field of Blood\" because it had been bought with blood money. The Book of Acts 1:18 quotes Peter as saying that Judas used the money to buy the field himself and, as he was walking through it, he \"[fell] headlong... burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.\" His place among the Twelve Apostles was later filled by Matthias.\n" ]	[ "Matthias" ]
5119136809893529503	The Hunchback of Notre-Dame	The Hunchback of Notre - Dame - wikipedia The Hunchback of Notre - Dame This article is about the Victor Hugo novel . For other uses , see The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( disambiguation ) . The Hunchback of Notre - Dame 1st edition cover Author Victor Hugo Original title Notre - Dame de Paris Translator Frederic Shoberl ( English ) Illustrator Luc - Olivier Merson ( original ) Country France Language French Genre Romanticism , Gothic fiction Set in Paris , 1482 Publisher Gosselin Publication date 16 March 1831 Published in English 1833 Media type Hardback Pages 940 , in 3 volumes Dewey Decimal 843.7 The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( French : Notre - Dame de Paris , `` Our Lady of Paris '' ) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo , published in 1831 . Contents 1 Title 2 Background 3 Plot 4 Characters 4.1 Major 4.2 Minor 5 Major themes 5.1 Architecture 6 Literary significance and reception 7 Allusions and references 7.1 Allusions to actual history , geography and current science 7.2 Allusions in other works 8 Drama adaptations 8.1 Comics 8.2 Films 8.3 Television 8.4 Theatre 8.5 Music 8.6 Musical theatre 8.7 Ballet 8.8 Radio 9 Video games 10 Translation history 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Title ( edit ) The novel 's original French title , Notre - Dame de Paris , is a metaphor : it refers to Notre Dame Cathedral , on which the story is centered , and Esmeralda , the novel 's main character who is `` our lady of Paris '' and the center of the human drama within the story . Frederic Shoberl 's 1833 English translation was published as The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( which became the generally used title in English ) , which refers to Quasimodo , the novel 's other main character . Background ( edit ) Illustration from Victor Hugo et son temps ( 1881 ) Victor Hugo began writing Notre - Dame de Paris in 1829 , largely to make his contemporaries more aware of the value of the Gothic architecture , which was neglected and often destroyed to be replaced by new buildings or defaced by replacement of parts of buildings in a newer style . For instance , the medieval stained glass panels of Notre - Dame de Paris had been replaced by white glass to let more light into the church . This explains the large descriptive sections of the book , which far exceed the requirements of the story . A few years earlier , Hugo had already published a paper entitled Guerre aux Démolisseurs ( War to the Demolishers ) specifically aimed at saving Paris ' medieval architecture . The agreement with his original publisher , Gosselin , was that the book would be finished that same year , but Hugo was constantly delayed due to the demands of other projects . In the summer of 1830 , Gosselin demanded that Hugo complete the book by February 1831 . Beginning in September 1830 , Hugo worked nonstop on the project thereafter . The book was finished six months later . Plot ( edit ) The story is set in Paris in 1482 during the reign of Louis XI . The gypsy Esmeralda ( born as Agnes ) captures the hearts of many men , including those of Captain Phoebus and Pierre Gringoire , but especially Quasimodo and his guardian Archdeacon Claude Frollo . Frollo is torn between his obsessive lust for Esmeralda and the rules of Notre Dame Cathedral . He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her , but Quasimodo is captured by Phoebus and his guards , who save Esmeralda . Gringoire , who attempted to help Esmeralda but was knocked out by Quasimodo , is about to be hanged by beggars when Esmeralda saves him by agreeing to marry him for four years . The following day , Quasimodo is sentenced to be flogged and turned on the pillory for one hour , followed by another hour 's public exposure . He calls for water . Esmeralda , seeing his thirst , approaches the public stocks and offers him a drink of water . It saves him , and she captures his heart . Later , Esmeralda is arrested and charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus , whom Frollo actually attempted to kill in jealousy after seeing him trying to seduce Esmeralda . She is sentenced to death by hanging . As she is being led to the gallows , Quasimodo swings down by the bell rope of Notre - Dame and carries her off to the cathedral under the law of sanctuary , temporarily protecting her from arrest . Frollo later informs Gringoire that the Court of Parlement has voted to remove Esmeralda 's right to the sanctuary so she can no longer seek shelter in the Cathedral and will be taken away to be killed . Clopin , the leader of the Gypsies , hears the news from Gringoire and rallies the citizens of Paris to charge the cathedral and rescue Esmeralda . When Quasimodo sees the Gypsies , he assumes they are there to hurt Esmeralda , so he drives them off . Likewise , he thinks the King 's men want to rescue her , and tries to help them find her . She is rescued by Frollo and Gringoire . But after yet another failed attempt to win her love , Frollo betrays Esmeralda by handing her to the troops and watches while she is being hanged . When Frollo laughs during Esmeralda 's hanging , Quasimodo pushes him from the height of Notre Dame to his death . Quasimodo goes to the cemetery , hugs Esmeralda 's body , and dies of starvation with her . Years later they are discovered and , while trying to separate them , Quasimodo 's bones turn to dust . Characters ( edit ) Major ( edit ) Quasimodo is the male protagonist of the novel . He is the bell - ringer of Notre Dame and a barely verbal and half - blind hunchback . Ringing the church bells has also made him deaf . Abandoned by his mother as a baby , he was adopted by Claude Frollo . Quasimodo 's life within the confines of the cathedral and his only two outlets -- ringing the bells and his love and devotion for Frollo -- are described . He rarely ventures outside the Cathedral because the citizens of Paris despise and shun him for his appearance . The notable occasions when he does leave include taking part in the Festival of Fools ( which is celebrated on January 6 ) -- during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness -- and his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda , his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows , his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda , and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel . It is revealed in the story that the baby Quasimodo was left by the Gypsies in place of Esmeralda , whom they abducted . Esmeralda ( born Agnes ) is a beautiful 16 - year - old Gypsy street dancer who is naturally compassionate and kind . She is the novel 's female protagonist . A popular focus of the citizens ' attentions , she experiences their changeable attitudes , being first adored as an entertainer , then hated as a witch , before being lauded again by Quasimodo . She is loved by both Quasimodo and Claude Frollo , but , unfortunately she falls hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus , a handsome soldier whom she believes will rightly protect her but who simply wants to seduce her . She is one of the few characters to show Quasimodo a moment of human kindness , as when she gives him water after the hunchback 's flogging . She is eventually revealed to not actually be a gypsy , but to have been kidnapped by them and replaced by the deformed Quasimodo . Claude Frollo , the novel 's main antagonist , is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame . His dour attitude and his alchemical experiments have alienated him from the Parisians , who believe him a sorcerer . His parents having died of plague when he was a young man , he is without family save for Quasimodo , for whom he cares , and his dissolute younger brother Jehan , whom he unsuccessfully attempts to reform towards a better life . Frollo 's numerous sins include lechery , failed alchemy and other listed vices . His mad attraction to Esmeralda sets off a chain of events , including her attempted abduction , leading to Quasimodo 's sentence to be lashed in the square , and Frollo almost murdering Phoebus in a jealous rage , leading to Esmeralda 's execution . Pierre Gringoire is a struggling poet . He mistakenly finds his way into the `` Court of Miracles '' , the domain of the Truands . In order to preserve the secrecy , Gringoire must either be killed by hanging , or marry a Gypsy . Although Esmeralda does not love him , and in fact believes him to be a coward rather than a true man , she takes pity on his plight and marries him . But , because she is already in love with Phoebus , much to his disappointment , she will not let him touch her . Phoebus de Chateaupers is the Captain of the King 's Archers , and a minor antagonist in the novel . After he saves Esmeralda from abduction , she becomes infatuated with him , and he is intrigued by her . Already betrothed to the beautiful but spiteful Fleur - de-Lys , he wants to lie with Esmeralda nonetheless but is prevented when Frollo stabs him . Phoebus survives , but Esmeralda is taken to be the attempted assassin by all , including Phoebus himself , who no longer wants her . He is condemned to a miserable married life with Fleur - de-Lys . Clopin Trouillefou is the King of Truands . He sentences Gringoire to be hanged , and presides over his `` wedding '' to Esmeralda . He rallies the Court of Miracles to rescue Esmeralda from Notre Dame after the idea is suggested by Gringoire . He is eventually killed during the attack by the King 's soldiers . Minor ( edit ) Jehan Frollo `` du Moulin '' ( alternately named Joannes Frollo `` de Molendino '' ) is Claude Frollo 's 16 - year - old dissolute younger brother . He is a troublemaker and a student at the university . He is dependent on his brother for money , which he then proceeds to squander on alcohol . After his brother stops giving him money , he becomes rogue . He briefly enters the cathedral by ascending one of the towers with a borrowed ladder , but Quasimodo sees him and throws him down to his death . Fleur - de-Lys de Gondelaurier is a beautiful and wealthy noblewoman engaged to Phoebus . Phoebus 's attentions to Esmeralda make her insecure and jealous , and she and her friends respond by treating Esmeralda with contempt and spite . Fleur - de-Lys later neglects to inform Phoebus that Esmeralda has not been executed , which serves to deprive the pair of any further contact -- though as Phoebus no longer loves Esmeralda by this time , this does not matter . The novel ends with their wedding . Madame de Gondelaurier is Fleur - de-Lys ' mother . Sister Gudule , also known as Sachette and formerly named Paquette Guybertaut `` la Chantefleurie '' , is an anchoress , who lives in seclusion in an exposed cell in central Paris . She is tormented by the loss of her daughter Agnes , whom she believes to have been cannibalised by Gypsies as a baby , and devotes her life to mourning her . Her long - lost daughter turns out to be Esmeralda , a fact she discovers only moments before Esmeralda is hanged . Gudule is accidentally killed by one of the King 's soldiers while attempting to prevent them from taking her daughter . Djali is Esmeralda 's pet goat . In addition to dancing with Esmeralda , Djali can do tricks for money , such as tell time , spell Phoebus ' name , and do impressions of public figures . Later during Esmeralda 's trial when Esmeralda is falsely accused of the stabbing of Phoebus , Djali is falsely accused of being the devil in disguise . In the end of the novel , Djali is saved by Gringoire ( who has become fond of the goat during his marriage to Esmeralda ) after Esmeralda is captured and hanged . Louis XI is the King of France . He appears as an old and sick man , but his personality is very sly and Machiavellian , as well as self - centred . He appears briefly when he is brought the news of the rioting at Notre Dame . He orders his guard to kill the rioters , and also the `` witch '' Esmeralda , because of being misinformed about the reason of rioting . Tristan l'Hermite is a friend of King Louis XI . He leads the band that goes to capture Esmeralda . Henriet Cousin is the city executioner , who hangs Esmeralda . Florian Barbedienne is the judge who sentences Quasimodo to be tortured . He is also deaf . Jacques Charmolue is Claude Frollo 's friend in charge of torturing prisoners . He gets Esmeralda to falsely confess to killing Phoebus . He then has her imprisoned . Jacques Coppenole is a man who appears in the beginning of the novel as one of the Flemish guests at the Feast of Fools . He convinces the Parisians to select the Pope of Fools . Pierrat Torterue is the torturer who tortures Esmeralda after her interrogation . He hurts Esmeralda so badly she falsely confesses , sealing her own fate . He was also the official who administered the savage flogging administered to Quasimodo by Barbedienne . Robin Poussepain is Jehan Frollo 's companion who appears with him during the Feast of Fools and Quasimodo 's flogging in the public square . Olivier le Mauvais ( literally `` Olivier the Evil '' ) is King Louis XI 's close advisor . Major themes ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The novel 's original French title , Notre - Dame de Paris , indicates that the cathedral itself is the most significant aspect of the novel , both the main setting and the focus of the story 's themes . The building had fallen into disrepair at the time of writing , which was something Hugo felt strongly about . The book portrays the Romantic era as one of the extremes in architecture , passion , and religion . The theme of determinism ( fate and destiny , as set up in the preface of the novel through the introduction of the word `` ANANKE '' ) is explored , as well as revolution and social strife . Architecture ( edit ) Architecture is a major concern of Hugo 's in Notre - Dame de Paris , not just as embodied in the cathedral itself , but as representing throughout Paris and the rest of Europe an artistic genre which , Hugo argued , was about to disappear with the arrival of the printing press . Claude Frollo 's portentous phrase , ' Ceci tuera cela ' ( `` This will kill that '' , as he looks from a printed book to the cathedral building ) , sums up this thesis , which is expounded on in Book V , chapter 2 . Hugo writes that ' quiconque naissait poète se faisait architecte ' ( `` whoever was born a poet became an architect '' ) , arguing that while the written word was heavily censored and difficult to reproduce , architecture was extremely prominent and enjoyed considerable freedom . Il existe à cette époque , pour la pensée écrite en pierre , un privilège tout - à - fait comparable à notre liberté actuelle de la presse . C'est la liberté de l'architecture . There exists in this era , for thoughts written in stone , a privilege absolutely comparable to our current freedom of the press . It is the freedom of architecture . -- Book V , Chapter 2 With the recent introduction of the printing press , it became possible to reproduce one 's ideas much more easily on paper , and Hugo considered this period to represent the last flowering of architecture as a great artistic form . As with many of his books , Hugo was interested in a time which seemed to him to be on the cusp between two types of society . The major theme of the third book is that over time the cathedral has been repaired , but the repairs and additions have made the cathedral worse : `` And who put the cold , white panes in the place of those windows '' and `` ... who substituted for the ancient Gothic altar , splendidly encumbered with shrines and reliquaries , that heavy marble sarcophagus , with angels ' heads and clouds '' are a few examples of this . This chapter also discusses how , after repairs to the cathedral after the French Revolution , there was not a significant style in what was added . It seems as if the new architecture is actually now uglier and worse than it was before the repairing . Literary significance and reception ( edit ) Hugo introduced with this work the concept of the novel as Epic Theatre . A giant epic about the history of a whole people , incarnated in the figure of the great cathedral as witness and silent protagonist of that history . The whole idea of time and life as an ongoing , organic panorama centered on dozens of characters caught in the middle of that history . It is the first novel to have beggars as protagonists . Notre Dame de Paris was the first work of fiction to encompass the whole of life , from the King of France to Paris sewer rats , in a manner later co-opted by Honoré de Balzac , Gustave Flaubert and many others , including Charles Dickens . The enormous popularity of the book in France spurred the nascent historical preservation movement in that country and strongly encouraged Gothic revival architecture . Ultimately it led to major renovations at Notre - Dame in the 19th century led by Eugène Viollet - le - Duc . Much of the cathedral 's present appearance is a result of this renovation . Allusions and references ( edit ) Allusions to actual history , geography and current science ( edit ) In The Hunchback of Notre - Dame , Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris . He also mentions the invention of the printing press , when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of `` the German pest . '' In 2010 , British archivist Adrian Glew discovered references to a real - life hunchback who was a foreman of a government sculpting studio in Paris in the 1820s who worked on post-Revolution restorations to the Cathedral . Allusions in other works ( edit ) The name Quasimodo has become synonymous with `` a courageous heart beneath a grotesque exterior . '' Drama adaptations ( edit ) To date , all of the film and TV adaptations have strayed somewhat from the original plot , some going as far as to give it a happy ending , as in the classic 1939 film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda ( although Quasimodo loses her to Gringoire in this version ) . The 1956 French film , starring Anthony Quinn and Gina Lollobrigida , is one of the few versions to end almost exactly like the novel , although it changes other sections of the story . Unlike most adaptations , the 1996 Disney version has an ending that is inspired by an opera created by Hugo himself . Comics ( edit ) Artists like Noel Gloesner , Andrew Dickson , Robin Recht , Tim Conrad , Gilbert Bloch , George Evans Dick Briefer have all created comic strip and book adaptations of The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Paulo Borges , Gustavo Machado and Dan Spiegle have drawn comic strip versions based on the 1996 Disney movie adaptation . Films ( edit ) Esmeralda , a 1905 French short silent film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1911 silent film The Darling of Paris , a 1917 silent film Esmeralda , a 1922 British silent film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1923 silent film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1939 sound film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1956 film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1986 Australian - American fantasy animated film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1996 animated film by Walt Disney Pictures The Secret of the Hunchback The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a Golden Films film The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Jetlag Productions animated film Quasimodo d'El Paris , a 1999 parody film Television ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1966 miniseries The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1977 miniseries The Hunchback of Notre Dame , a 1982 British - American film The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo , a 1996 series The Hunchback , a 1997 television film Theatre ( edit ) In 1977 , an adaptation by Ken Hill was commissioned and staged by the National Theatre in London . In 2010 , an adaptation by Pip Utton was staged at The Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . In 2010 , an original adaptation by Myriad Theatre & Film was staged in London and then toured South England . In 2012 , an adaptation by Belt Up Theatre was staged in Selby Abbey . In 2013 , an adaptation by James Villafuerte was staged in Tanghalang Pasigueño Villa Teatro . Music ( edit ) In 1977 , a lush orchestral disco 28 minute epic re-telling the tale of Quasimodo and Esmeralda , by Alec R. Costandinos and the Syncophonic Orchestra . In 1996 , a recording of music written by Styx singer Dennis DeYoung for his musical adaptation of the novel . In 1996 , the soundtrack to the Disney film , released by Walt Disney Records . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( Studio Cast Recording ) , a 2016 musical album based on Victor Hugo 's novel and songs from the Disney film version . Musical Theatre ( edit ) La Esmeralda , opera by Louise Bertin ( 1836 ) , libretto by Victor Hugo . Esmeralda , opera by Alexander Dargomyzhsky ( 1847 ) based on the Victor Hugo novel . Notre - Dame of Paris , opera by William Henry Fry ( 1864 ) with libretto by his brother Joseph Reese Fry based on the Victor Hugo novel . First performance : Academy of Music , Philadelphia , 4 May 1864 , conducted by Theodore Thomas . Esmeralda , opera by Arthur Goring Thomas ( 1883 ) , also based on the same Victor Hugo novel . Notre Dame , romantic Opera in two acts by Franz Schmidt , text after Victor Hugo by Schmidt and Leopold Wilk ; composed : 1902 -- 4 , 1st perf. : Vienna 1914 . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1993 ) , an Off Broadway musical with music by Byron Janis , lyrics by Hal Hackady and book by Anthony Scully . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1993 ) , a dramatic sung - through musical with book and lyrics by Gary Sullivan and music by John Trent Wallace . After a production at the Mermaid Theatre in London it was published by Samuel French Ltd in 1997 and has received several UK productions as well as productions in New Zealand and Australia . In 2010 it was re-written as a conventional musical , with the new title Notre Dame . El Jorobado de París ( 1993 ) , an Argentinian sung - through musical with book and lyrics by Pepe Cibrián Campoy and music by Ángel Mahler . Revised versions opened in 1995 , 2006 and 2013 . Notre - Dame de Paris is an operatic melodrama by Zigmars Liepiņš based on the novel . In 1998 , Notre - Dame de Paris opened in Paris and became an instant success . It is considered the most successful adaptation of any novel except for `` The Phantom of the Opera '' and `` Les Misérables . '' It was also adapted for the stage by Nicholas DeBaubien . From 1999 to 2002 , the Disney film was adapted into a darker , more Gothic musical production called Der Glöckner von Notre Dame ( translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame ) in Berlin . A cast recording was also recorded in German . The musical received an American remake in 2014 . A rock musical version was released in Seattle , Washington in 1998 titled `` Hunchback '' with music and script by C. Rainey Lewis . A musical version , scored by Dennis DeYoung , opened in Chicago at the Bailiwick Repertory in the summer of 2008 . A re-adaptation of the piece entitled Our Lady of Paris , with music and lyrics by David Levinson and book by Stacey Weingarten , was produced in a reading format in Manhattan . It re-sets the action to 1954 at the beginning of the French Algerian conflict . After the first reading , the piece underwent revisions ; a second reading was produced in January 2011 under the musical 's new title , Les Enfants de Paris . Ballet ( edit ) La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) - choreography by Jules Perrot , music by Cesare Pugni . First performed at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London . The ballet has a long performance history in Russia via the revivals of the choreographer Marius Petipa in St. Petersburg throughout the late 19th century . Gudule 's Daughter , or Esmiralda ( 1902 ) -- choreography by Alexander Alexeyevich Gorsky , music by Antoine Simon Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1965 ) -- choreography by Roland Petit , first performed by the Paris Opera Ballet . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1998 ) -- choreography and direction by Michael Pink and original music score by Philip Feeney ; currently in the repertoire of Milwaukee Ballet , Boston Ballet , Royal New Zealand Ballet , Atlanta Ballet and Colorado Ballet . Ringaren i Notre Dame ( The Bellringer of Notre Dame ; 2009 ) -- choreography by Pär Isberg and original music score by Stefan Nilsson , first performed on Friday , April 3 , by the Royal Swedish Ballet . Radio ( edit ) The book was twice adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as its Classic Serial : in 5 parts from 6 January to 3 February 1989 , with Jack Klaff as Quasimodo in 2 parts on 30 November and 7 December 2008 , with deaf actor David Bower playing Quasimodo . Video games ( edit ) Hunchback , a 1983 arcade video game developed by Century Electronics , starring Quasimodo and Esmeralda . Translation history ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame has been translated into English many times . Translations are often reprinted in various imprints . Some translations have been revised over time . 1833 . Translated by Frederic Shoberl as The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Later revisions . 1833 . Translated by William Hazlitt as Notre Dame : A Tale of the Ancien Régime . Later revisions . 1888 . Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood as Notre - Dame de Paris . 1895 . Translated by M.W. Artois et al. , part of the 28 - vol The Novels of Victor Hugo , re-printed in the 20th century under other titles . 1956 . Translated by Lowell Bair , for Bantam Books and included in Bantam Classics 1964 . Translated by Walter J. Cobb . In multiple editions , see for example Signet Classics ISBN 0 - 451 - 52788 - 7 1978 . Translated by John Sturrock . In multiple editions , see for example Penguin Classics ISBN 0 - 14 - 044353 - 3 1993 . Translated by Alban J. Krailsheimer as Notre - Dame de Paris . See Oxford World 's Classics ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955580 - 2 2002 . Revised translation by Catherine Liu of an anonymous 19th century translation . See Modern Library Classics ISBN 0 - 679 - 64257 - 9 This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ fr : Cathédrale Notre - Dame de Paris Jump up ^ fr : Notre - Dame de Paris ( roman ) # cite note - 21 Jump up ^ Zaretsky , Rob . `` Victor Hugo and Architecture '' , Engines of our Ingenuity . Accessed 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sparknotes.com '' . Sparknotes.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Online-literature.com '' . Online-literature.com. 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life Quasimodo uncovered in Tate archives '' , Roya Nikkhah , The Daily Telegraph , 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Webber , Elizabeth ; Mike Feinsilber ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions . Merriam - Webster . p. 592 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 628 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gloesner_noel.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dickson_andrew.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/recht_robin.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/conrad_tim.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bloch_gilbert.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/evans.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/briefer_dick.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/borges_paulo.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/machado_gustavo.htm Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/spiegle_d.htm Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Sanctuary ! THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME Cast Album Released Today '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ `` The Hunchback of Notre Dame '' . Lortel.org . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johntrentwallace.com '' . Johntrentwallace.com. 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notre-dame.co.uk '' . Notre-dame.co.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainstage 1997 -- Nicholas De Beabien 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame , sacred.fools.org Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne . `` Amazon.com '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunchback '' . Hunchback . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical By Styx Front - Man to Play Chicago 's Bailiwick '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rebello , Stephen . The Art of The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ed . ) . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6208 - 4 . Pascal Tonazzi , Florilège de Notre - Dame de Paris ( anthologie ) , Editions Arléa , Paris , 2007 , ISBN 2 - 86959 - 795 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notre - Dame de Paris ( Victor Hugo ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hunchback of Notre - Dame Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Hunchback of Notre Dame The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books , multiple English translations ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) Notre - Dame De Paris at Project Gutenberg , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood ( plain text and HTML ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame public domain audiobook at LibriVox , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood and French available Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics Notre - Dame de Paris at Wikisource ( HTML ) ( in French ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame by Victor Hugo Characters Quasimodo Esmeralda Claude Frollo Captain Phoebus Clopin Trouillefou Pierre Gringoire Films Esmeralda ( 1905 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1911 ) The Darling of Paris ( 1917 ) Esmeralda ( 1922 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1956 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1977 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1982 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) The Hunchback ( 1997 ) Quasimodo d'El Paris ( 1999 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Television series The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1966 ) The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo ( 1996 ) Opera La Esmeralda ( 1836 ) Esmeralda ( 1883 ) Notre Dame ( 1914 ) Ballet La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) Notre Dame de Paris ( 1967 ) Musicals Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1998 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Klokkeren fra Notre Dame ( 2002 ) Music `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` Topsy Turvy '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Heaven 's Light '' `` Hellfire '' `` A Guy Like You '' `` Someday '' `` Made of Stone '' Video games Hunchback ( 1983 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame : Topsy Turvy Games ( 1996 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Related Disney franchise Victor Hugo Novels Han d'Islande ( 1823 ) Bug - Jargal ( 1826 ) The Last Day of a Condemned Man ( 1829 ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( 1831 ) Les Misérables ( 1862 ) Toilers of the Sea ( 1866 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1869 ) Ninety - Three ( 1874 ) Plays Inez de Castro ( 1820 ; published in 1863 ) Cromwell ( 1827 ) Hernani ( 1830 ) Marion de Lorme ( 1831 ) Le roi s'amuse ( 1832 ) Lucrezia Borgia ( 1833 ) Marie Tudor ( 1833 ) Angelo , Tyrant of Padua ( 1835 ) La Esmeralda ( 1836 ; libretto only ) Ruy Blas ( 1838 ) Les Burgraves ( 1843 ) Torquemada ( 1882 ) Short stories `` Claude Gueux '' ( 1834 ) Poetry collections Odes et poésies diverses ( 1822 ) Nouvelles Odes ( 1824 ) Odes et Ballades ( 1828 ) Les Orientales ( 1829 ) Les Feuilles d'automne ( 1831 ) Les Chants du crépuscule ( 1835 ) Les Voix intérieures ( 1837 ) Les Rayons et les Ombres ( 1840 ) Les Châtiments ( 1853 ) Les Contemplations ( 1856 ) La Légende des siècles ( Part One 1859 ) Les Chansons des rues et des bois ( 1865 ) L'Année terrible ( 1872 ) L'Art d'être grand - père ( 1877 ) La Légende des siècles ( Part Two 1877 ) Le Pape ( 1878 ) La Pitié suprême ( 1879 ) L'Âne ( 1880 ) Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit ( 1881 ) Final part of La Légende des siècles ( 1883 ) La Fin de Satan ( 1886 ) Dieu ( 1891 , 1941 ) Toute la Lyre ( 1888 , 1893 , 1897 , 1935 - 1937 ) Les Années funestes ( 1898 ) Dernière Gerbe ( 1902 , 1941 ) Océan , Tas de pierres ( 1942 ) Le Verso de la page ( 1960 ) Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse , 1814 - 20 ( juvenilia , 1964 ) Other writings Le Rhin ( 1842 ) Napoléon le Petit ( 1852 pamphlet ) William Shakespeare ( 1864 essay ) Actes et Paroles ( 1875 ) Religions et religion ( 1880 ) Related Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale Berne Convention Hauteville House Maison de Victor Hugo Léopoldine Hugo ( daughter ) François - Victor Hugo ( son ) Adèle Hugo ( daughter ) Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo ( father ) Juliette Drouet Avenue Victor - Hugo ( Paris ) France portal French and Francophone literature portal BNF : cb119675961 ( data ) GND : 4342614 - 1 VIAF : 310912222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame&oldid=856409509 '' Categories : The Hunchback of Notre - Dame 1831 French novels Cathedrals in fiction Notre Dame de Paris Novels about cities French novels adapted into films French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into ballets Novels adapted into operas Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into video games Novels by Victor Hugo Novels set in Paris Novels set in the Middle Ages Novels set in the 15th century 1480s in fiction French Gothic novels Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Incomplete lists from May 2010 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული لۊری شومالی Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the hunchback of notre dame take place	[ "The story is set in Paris in 1482 during the reign of Louis XI. The gypsy Esmeralda (born as Agnes) captures the hearts of many men, including those of Captain Phoebus and Pierre Gringoire, but especially Quasimodo and his guardian Archdeacon Claude Frollo. Frollo is torn between his obsessive lust for Esmeralda and the rules of Notre Dame Cathedral. He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her, but Quasimodo is captured by Phoebus and his guards, who save Esmeralda. Gringoire, who attempted to help Esmeralda but was knocked out by Quasimodo, is about to be hanged by beggars when Esmeralda saves him by agreeing to marry him for four years.\n" ]	[ "Paris" ]
5475375785390827462	2018 NFL Draft	2018 NFL draft - wikipedia 2018 NFL draft Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NFL Draft General Information Date ( s ) April 26 -- 28 , 2018 Location AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas TV coverage ( US ) ESPN / ABC , ESPN2 , Fox / NFL Network Overview 256 total selections in 7 rounds First selection Baker Mayfield , QB Cleveland Browns Mr. Irrelevant Trey Quinn , WR Washington Redskins Most selections ( 12 ) Baltimore Ravens Fewest selections ( 4 ) Tennessee Titans ← 2017 NFL Drafts 2019 → The 2018 NFL Draft was the 83rd annual meeting of National Football League ( NFL ) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2018 NFL season . The draft was held on April 26 -- 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , and was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium and the first to be held in Texas , which won out in a fourteen city bid . In order to be eligible to enter the draft , players must be at least three years removed from high school . The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15 , 2018 . Five quarterbacks were selected in the first round for only the third time in the history of the draft ; the first since the 1999 NFL Draft . Also , a pair of siblings -- safety Terrell Edmunds and linebacker Tremaine Edmunds -- were both drafted in the first round , marking the first time brothers have been selected in the opening round of the same draft . Early entrants Main article : List of 2018 NFL Draft early entrants In order to be eligible to enter the draft , players must be at least three years removed from high school . The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15 , 2018 . The following is the breakdown of the 256 players selected by position : 39 Linebackers 33 Wide receivers 29 Cornerbacks 23 Defensive ends 21 Running backs 20 Defensive tackles 20 Offensive tackles 18 Safeties 14 Tight ends 13 Quarterbacks 10 Offensive guards 8 Centers 4 Punters 2 Placekickers 2 Fullbacks 1 Long snapper Player selections Main article : List of 2018 NFL Draft early entrants Jump to round : 2 3 4 5 6 7 * = compensatory selection † = Pro Bowler Positions key Center CB Cornerback DB Defensive back DE Defensive end DL Defensive lineman DT Defensive tackle FB Fullback FS Free safety Guard HB Halfback Placekicker KR Kick returner LB Linebacker LS Long snapper OT Offensive tackle OL Offensive lineman NT Nose tackle Punter PR Punt returner QB Quarterback RB Running back Safety SS Strong safety TB Tailback TE Tight end WR Wide receiver Rnd . Pick # NFL team Player Pos . College Conf . Notes Cleveland Browns Mayfield , Baker Baker Mayfield QB Oklahoma Big 12 2017 Heisman Trophy winner New York Giants Barkley , Saquon Saquon Barkley RB Penn State Big Ten New York Jets Darnold , Sam Sam Darnold QB USC Pac - 12 from Indianapolis Cleveland Browns Ward , Denzel Denzel Ward CB Ohio State Big Ten from Houston 5 Denver Broncos Chubb , Bradley Bradley Chubb DE NC State ACC 6 Indianapolis Colts Nelson , Quenton Quenton Nelson Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) from NY Jets 7 Buffalo Bills Allen , Josh Josh Allen QB Wyoming MW from Tampa Bay 8 Chicago Bears Smith , Roquan Roquan Smith LB Georgia SEC 9 San Francisco 49ers McGlinchey , Mike Mike McGlinchey OT Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) 10 Arizona Cardinals Rosen , Josh Josh Rosen QB UCLA Pac - 12 from Oakland 11 Miami Dolphins Fitzpatrick , Minkah Minkah Fitzpatrick Alabama SEC 12 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Vea , Vita Vita Vea DT Washington Pac - 12 from Cincinnati via Buffalo 13 Washington Redskins Payne , Da'Ron Da'Ron Payne DT Alabama SEC 14 New Orleans Saints Davenport , Marcus Marcus Davenport DE UTSA C - USA from Green Bay 15 Oakland Raiders Miller , Kolton Kolton Miller OT UCLA Pac - 12 from Arizona 16 Buffalo Bills Edmunds , Tremaine Tremaine Edmunds LB Virginia Tech ACC from Baltimore 17 Los Angeles Chargers James , Derwin Derwin James Florida State ACC 18 Green Bay Packers Alexander , Jaire Jaire Alexander CB Louisville ACC from Seattle 19 Dallas Cowboys Vander Esch , Leighton Leighton Vander Esch LB Boise State MW 20 Detroit Lions Ragnow , Frank Frank Ragnow Arkansas SEC 21 Cincinnati Bengals Price , Billy Billy Price Ohio State Big Ten from Buffalo 22 Tennessee Titans Evans , Rashaan Rashaan Evans LB Alabama SEC from Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore 23 New England Patriots Wynn , Isaiah Isaiah Wynn OT Georgia SEC from LA Rams 24 Carolina Panthers Moore , D.J. D.J. Moore WR Maryland Big Ten 25 Baltimore Ravens Hurst , Hayden Hayden Hurst TE South Carolina SEC from Tennessee 26 Atlanta Falcons Ridley , Calvin Calvin Ridley WR Alabama SEC 27 Seattle Seahawks Penny , Rashaad Rashaad Penny RB San Diego State MW from New Orleans via Green Bay 28 Pittsburgh Steelers Edmunds , Terrell Terrell Edmunds Virginia Tech ACC 29 Jacksonville Jaguars Bryan , Taven Taven Bryan DT Florida SEC 30 Minnesota Vikings Hughes , Mike Mike Hughes CB UCF The American 31 New England Patriots Michel , Sony Sony Michel RB Georgia SEC 32 Baltimore Ravens Jackson , Lamar Lamar Jackson QB Louisville ACC from Philadelphia 2016 Heisman Trophy winner 33 Cleveland Browns Corbett , Austin Austin Corbett Nevada MW 34 New York Giants Hernandez , Will Will Hernandez UTEP C - USA 35 Cleveland Browns Chubb , Nick Nick Chubb RB Georgia SEC from Houston 36 Indianapolis Colts Leonard , Darius Darius Leonard LB South Carolina State MEAC 37 Indianapolis Colts Smith , Braden Braden Smith Auburn SEC from NY Jets 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jones , Ronald Ronald Jones RB USC Pac - 12 39 Chicago Bears Daniels , James James Daniels Iowa Big Ten 40 Denver Broncos Sutton , Courtland Courtland Sutton WR SMU The American 41 Tennessee Titans Landry , Harold Harold Landry LB Boston College ACC from Oakland 42 Miami Dolphins Gesicki , Mike Mike Gesicki TE Penn State Big Ten 43 Detroit Lions Johnson , Kerryon Kerryon Johnson RB Auburn SEC from San Francisco via New England 44 San Francisco 49ers Pettis , Dante Dante Pettis WR Washington Pac - 12 from Washington 45 Green Bay Packers Jackson , Josh Josh Jackson CB Iowa Big Ten 46 Kansas City Chiefs Speaks , Breeland Breeland Speaks LB Ole Miss SEC from Cincinnati 47 Arizona Cardinals Kirk , Christian Christian Kirk WR Texas A&M SEC 48 Los Angeles Chargers Nwosu , Uchenna Uchenna Nwosu LB USC Pac - 12 49 Philadelphia Eagles Goedert , Dallas Dallas Goedert TE South Dakota State MVFC from Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis 50 Dallas Cowboys Williams , Connor Connor Williams Texas Big 12 51 Chicago Bears Miller , Anthony Anthony Miller WR Memphis The American from Detroit via New England 52 Indianapolis Colts Turay , Kemoko Kemoko Turay DE Rutgers Big Ten from Baltimore via Philadelphia 53 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Stewart , M.J. M.J. Stewart CB North Carolina ACC from Buffalo 54 Cincinnati Bengals Bates III , Jessie Jessie Bates III Wake Forest ACC from Kansas City 55 Carolina Panthers Jackson , Donte Donte Jackson CB LSU SEC 56 New England Patriots Dawson , Duke Duke Dawson CB Florida SEC from LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay 57 Oakland Raiders Hall , P.J. P.J. Hall DT Sam Houston State Southland from Tennessee 58 Atlanta Falcons Oliver , Isaiah Isaiah Oliver CB Colorado Pac - 12 59 Washington Redskins Guice , Derrius Derrius Guice RB LSU SEC from New Orleans via San Francisco 60 Pittsburgh Steelers Washington , James James Washington WR Oklahoma State Big 12 61 Jacksonville Jaguars Chark , DJ DJ Chark WR LSU SEC 62 Minnesota Vikings O'Neill , Brian Brian O'Neill OT Pittsburgh ACC 63 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Davis , Carlton Carlton Davis CB Auburn SEC from New England 64 Indianapolis Colts Lewis , Tyquan Tyquan Lewis DE Ohio State Big Ten from Philadelphia via Cleveland 65 Oakland Raiders Parker , Brandon Brandon Parker OT North Carolina A&T MEAC from Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore 66 New York Giants Carter , Lorenzo Lorenzo Carter LB Georgia SEC 67 Cleveland Browns Thomas , Chad Chad Thomas DE Miami ( FL ) ACC from Indianapolis 68 Houston Texans Reid , Justin Justin Reid Stanford Pac - 12 69 New York Giants Hill , B.J. B.J. Hill DT NC State ACC from Tampa Bay 70 San Francisco 49ers Warner , Fred Fred Warner LB BYU Ind . ( FBS ) from Chicago 71 Denver Broncos Freeman , Royce Royce Freeman RB Oregon Pac - 12 72 New York Jets Shepherd , Nathan Nathan Shepherd DT Fort Hays State MIAA ( D - II ) 73 Miami Dolphins Baker , Jerome Jerome Baker LB Ohio State Big Ten 74 Washington Redskins Christian , Geron Geron Christian OT Louisville ACC from San Francisco 75 Kansas City Chiefs Nnadi , Derrick Derrick Nnadi DT Florida State ACC from Oakland via Baltimore 76 Pittsburgh Steelers Rudolph , Mason Mason Rudolph QB Oklahoma State Big 12 from Green Bay via Seattle 77 Cincinnati Bengals Hubbard , Sam Sam Hubbard DE Ohio State Big Ten 78 Cincinnati Bengals Jefferson , Malik Malik Jefferson LB Texas Big 12 from Washington via Kansas City 79 Seattle Seahawks Green , Rasheem Rasheem Green DE USC Pac - 12 from Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh 80 Houston Texans Rankin , Martinas Martinas Rankin OT Mississippi State SEC from Seattle 81 Dallas Cowboys Gallup , Michael Michael Gallup WR Colorado State MW 82 Detroit Lions Walker , Tracy Tracy Walker Louisiana Sun Belt 83 Baltimore Ravens Brown Jr. , Orlando Orlando Brown Jr . OT Oklahoma Big 12 84 Los Angeles Chargers Jones , Justin Justin Jones DT NC State ACC 85 Carolina Panthers Gaulden , Rashaan Rashaan Gaulden CB Tennessee SEC from Buffalo 86 Baltimore Ravens Andrews , Mark Mark Andrews TE Oklahoma Big 12 from Kansas City 87 Oakland Raiders Key , Arden Arden Key DE LSU SEC from LA Rams 88 Green Bay Packers Burks , Oren Oren Burks LB Vanderbilt SEC from Carolina 89 Los Angeles Rams Noteboom , Joseph Joseph Noteboom OT TCU Big 12 from Tennessee via Oakland 90 Atlanta Falcons Senat , Deadrin Deadrin Senat DT South Florida The American 91 New Orleans Saints Smith , Tre'Quan Tre'Quan Smith WR UCF The American 92 Pittsburgh Steelers Okorafor , Chukwuma Chukwuma Okorafor OT Western Michigan MAC 93 Jacksonville Jaguars Harrison , Ronnie Ronnie Harrison Alabama SEC 94 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cappa , Alex Alex Cappa OT Humboldt State GNAC from Minnesota 95 San Francisco 49ers Moore , Tarvarius Tarvarius Moore Southern Miss C - USA from New England 96 Buffalo Bills Phillips , Harrison Harrison Phillips DT Stanford Pac - 12 from Philadelphia 3 * 97 Arizona Cardinals Cole , Mason Mason Cole Michigan Big Ten 3 * 98 Houston Texans Akins , Jordan Jordan Akins TE UCF The American 3 * 99 Denver Broncos Yiadom , Isaac Isaac Yiadom CB Boston College ACC 3 * 100 Kansas City Chiefs O'Daniel , Dorian Dorian O'Daniel LB Clemson ACC from Cincinnati 101 Carolina Panthers Thomas , Ian Ian Thomas TE Indiana Big Ten from Cleveland via Green Bay 102 Minnesota Vikings Holmes , Jalyn Jalyn Holmes DE Ohio State Big Ten from NY Giants via Tampa Bay 103 Houston Texans Coutee , Keke Keke Coutee WR Texas Tech Big 12 104 Indianapolis Colts Hines , Nyheim Nyheim Hines RB NC State ACC 105 Cleveland Browns Callaway , Antonio Antonio Callaway WR Florida SEC from Chicago via New England 106 Denver Broncos Jewell , Josey Josey Jewell LB Iowa Big Ten 107 New York Jets Herndon , Chris Chris Herndon TE Miami ( FL ) ACC 108 New York Giants Lauletta , Kyle Kyle Lauletta QB Richmond CAA from Tampa Bay 109 Washington Redskins Apke , Troy Troy Apke Penn State Big Ten from San Francisco via Denver 110 Oakland Raiders Nelson , Nick Nick Nelson CB Wisconsin Big Ten 111 Los Angeles Rams Allen , Brian Brian Allen Michigan State Big Ten From Miami 112 Cincinnati Bengals Walton , Mark Mark Walton RB Miami ( FL ) ACC 113 Denver Broncos Hamilton , DaeSean DaeSean Hamilton WR Penn State Big Ten from Washington 114 Detroit Lions Hand , Da'Shawn Da'Shawn Hand DE Alabama SEC from Green Bay via Cleveland and New England 115 Chicago Bears Iyiegbuniwe , Joel Joel Iyiegbuniwe LB Western Kentucky C - USA from Arizona 116 Dallas Cowboys Armstrong , Dorance Dorance Armstrong DE Kansas Big 12 117 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Whitehead , Jordan Jordan Whitehead Pittsburgh ACC from Detroit via New England 118 Baltimore Ravens Averett , Anthony Anthony Averett CB Alabama SEC 119 Los Angeles Chargers White , Kyzir Kyzir White West Virginia Big 12 120 Seattle Seahawks Dissly , Will Will Dissly TE Washington Pac - 12 121 Buffalo Bills Johnson , Taron Taron Johnson CB Weber State Big Sky 122 Baltimore Ravens Young , Kenny Kenny Young LB UCLA Pac - 12 from Kansas City 123 Miami Dolphins Smythe , Durham Durham Smythe TE Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) from Carolina via Cleveland 124 Kansas City Chiefs Watts , Armani Armani Watts Texas A&M SEC from LA Rams 125 Philadelphia Eagles Maddox , Avonte Avonte Maddox CB Pittsburgh ACC from Tennessee via Baltimore 126 Atlanta Falcons Smith , Ito Ito Smith RB Southern Miss C - USA 127 New Orleans Saints Leonard , Rick Rick Leonard OT Florida State ACC 128 San Francisco 49ers Street , Kentavius Kentavius Street DE NC State ACC from Pittsburgh 129 Jacksonville Jaguars Richardson , Will Will Richardson OT NC State ACC 130 Philadelphia Eagles Sweat , Josh Josh Sweat DE Florida State ACC from Minnesota 131 Miami Dolphins Ballage , Kalen Kalen Ballage RB Arizona State Pac - 12 from New England via Philadelphia 132 Baltimore Ravens Scott , Jaleel Jaleel Scott WR New Mexico State Sun Belt from Philadelphia 4 * 133 Green Bay Packers Moore , J'Mon J'Mon Moore WR Missouri SEC 4 * 134 Arizona Cardinals Edmonds , Chase Chase Edmonds RB Fordham Patriot 4 * 135 Los Angeles Rams Franklin - Myers , John John Franklin - Myers DE Stephen F. Austin Southland from NY Giants 4 * 136 Carolina Panthers Haynes , Marquis Marquis Haynes DE Ole Miss SEC from New England via LA Rams 4 * 137 Dallas Cowboys Schultz , Dalton Dalton Schultz TE Stanford Pac - 12 5 138 Green Bay Packers Madison , Cole Cole Madison Washington State Pac - 12 from Cleveland 5 139 New York Giants McIntosh , R.J. R.J. McIntosh DT Miami ( FL ) ACC 5 140 Oakland Raiders Hurst , Maurice Maurice Hurst DT Michigan Big Ten from Indianapolis 5 141 Seattle Seahawks Griffin , Shaquem Shaquem Griffin LB UCF The American from Houston 5 142 San Francisco 49ers Reed , D.J. D.J. Reed CB Kansas State Big 12 from Denver via Washington 5 143 New England Patriots Bentley , Ja'Whaun Ja'Whaun Bentley LB Purdue Big Ten from San Francisco via NY Jets 5 144 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Watson , Justin Justin Watson WR Penn Ivy 5 145 Chicago Bears Nichols , Bilal Bilal Nichols DT Delaware CAA 5 146 Seattle Seahawks Flowers , Tre Tre Flowers Oklahoma State Big 12 from Oakland 5 147 Los Angeles Rams Kiser , Micah Micah Kiser LB Virginia ACC from Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay 5 148 Pittsburgh Steelers Allen , Marcus Marcus Allen Penn State Big Ten from San Francisco 5 149 Seattle Seahawks Dickson , Michael Michael Dickson Texas Big 12 from Washington via Denver 5 150 Cleveland Browns Avery , Genard Genard Avery LB Memphis The American from Green Bay 5 151 Cincinnati Bengals Harris , Davontae Davontae Harris CB Illinois State MVFC 5 152 Tennessee Titans Cruikshank , Dane Dane Cruikshank CB Arizona Pac - 12 from Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore 5 153 Detroit Lions Crosby , Tyrell Tyrell Crosby OT Oregon Pac - 12 5 154 Buffalo Bills Neal , Siran Siran Neal CB Jacksonville State OVC from Baltimore 5 155 Los Angeles Chargers Quessenberry , Scott Scott Quessenberry UCLA Pac - 12 5 156 Denver Broncos Fumagalli , Troy Troy Fumagalli TE Wisconsin Big Ten from Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle 5 157 Minnesota Vikings Conklin , Tyler Tyler Conklin TE Central Michigan MAC from Dallas via NY Jets 5 158 Cincinnati Bengals Brown , Andrew Andrew Brown DE Virginia ACC from Buffalo 5 159 Indianapolis Colts Fountain , Daurice Daurice Fountain WR Northern Iowa MVFC from Kansas City via Cleveland , New England , and Oakland 5 160 Los Angeles Rams Okoronkwo , Ogbonnia Ogbonnia Okoronkwo LB Oklahoma Big 12 from LA Rams via Denver 5 161 Carolina Panthers Carter Jr. , Jermaine Jermaine Carter Jr . LB Maryland Big Ten 5 162 Baltimore Ravens Lasley , Jordan Jordan Lasley WR UCLA Pac - 12 from Tennessee 5 163 Washington Redskins Settle , Tim Tim Settle DT Virginia Tech ACC from Atlanta via Denver 5 164 New Orleans Saints Jamerson , Natrell Natrell Jamerson Wisconsin Big Ten 5 165 Pittsburgh Steelers Samuels , Jaylen Jaylen Samuels FB NC State ACC 5 166 Buffalo Bills Teller , Wyatt Wyatt Teller Virginia Tech ACC from Jacksonville 5 167 Minnesota Vikings Carlson , Daniel Daniel Carlson Auburn SEC from Minnesota via NY Jets 5 168 Seattle Seahawks Jones , Jamarco Jamarco Jones OT Ohio State Big Ten from New England 5 169 Indianapolis Colts Wilkins , Jordan Jordan Wilkins RB Ole Miss SEC from Philadelphia 5 * 170 Cincinnati Bengals Phillips , Darius Darius Phillips CB Western Michigan MAC 5 * 171 Dallas Cowboys White , Mike Mike White QB Western Kentucky C - USA 5 * 172 Green Bay Packers Scott , JK JK Scott Alabama SEC 5 * 173 Oakland Raiders Townsend , Johnny Johnny Townsend Florida SEC from Dallas 5 * 174 Green Bay Packers Valdes - Scantling , Marquez Marquez Valdes - Scantling WR South Florida The American 6 175 Cleveland Browns Ratley , Damion Damion Ratley WR Texas A&M SEC 6 176 Los Angeles Rams Kelly , John John Kelly RB Tennessee SEC from NY Giants 6 177 Houston Texans Ejiofor , Duke Duke Ejiofor DE Wake Forest ACC 6 178 New England Patriots Sam , Christian Christian Sam LB Arizona State Pac - 12 from Indianapolis via Cleveland 6 179 New York Jets Nickerson , Parry Parry Nickerson CB Tulane The American 6 180 New York Jets Fatukasi , Folorunso Folorunso Fatukasi DT Connecticut The American from Tampa Bay via Minnesota 6 181 Chicago Bears Fitts , Kylie Kylie Fitts DE Utah Pac - 12 6 182 Arizona Cardinals Campbell , Chris Chris Campbell CB Penn State Big Ten from Denver 6 183 Denver Broncos Jones , Sam Sam Jones Arizona State Pac - 12 from Miami via LA Rams 6 184 San Francisco 49ers Harris , Marcell Marcell Harris Florida SEC 6 185 Indianapolis Colts Cain , Deon Deon Cain WR Clemson ACC from Oakland 6 186 Seattle Seahawks Martin , Jacob Jacob Martin LB Temple The American from Green Bay 6 187 Buffalo Bills McCloud , Ray - Ray Ray - Ray McCloud WR Clemson ACC from Cincinnati 6 188 Cleveland Browns Thomas , Simeon Simeon Thomas CB Louisiana Sun Belt from Washington 6 189 New Orleans Saints Moore , Kamrin Kamrin Moore CB Boston College ACC from Arizona 6 190 Baltimore Ravens Elliott , DeShon DeShon Elliott Texas Big 12 6 191 Los Angeles Chargers Cantrell , Dylan Dylan Cantrell WR Texas Tech Big 12 6 192 Los Angeles Rams Demby , Jamil Jamil Demby OT Maine CAA from Seattle via Oakland and Dallas 6 193 Dallas Cowboys Covington , Chris Chris Covington LB Indiana Big Ten 6 194 Atlanta Falcons Gage , Russell Russell Gage WR LSU SEC from Detroit via LA Rams 6 195 Los Angeles Rams Joseph , Sebastian Sebastian Joseph DT Rutgers Big Ten from Buffalo 6 196 Kansas City Chiefs Smith , Tremon Tremon Smith CB Central Arkansas Southland from LA Rams via Kansas City 6 197 Washington Redskins Hamilton , Shaun Dion Shaun Dion Hamilton LB Alabama SEC from Carolina via LA Rams 6 198 Kansas City Chiefs McKenzie , Kahlil Kahlil McKenzie DT Tennessee SEC from LA Rams via New England 6 199 Tennessee Titans Falk , Luke Luke Falk QB Washington State Pac - 12 6 200 Atlanta Falcons Oluokun , Foyesade Foyesade Oluokun Yale Ivy 6 201 New Orleans Saints Scott , Boston Boston Scott RB Louisiana Tech C - USA 6 202 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cichy , Jack Jack Cichy LB Wisconsin Big Ten from Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh 6 203 Jacksonville Jaguars Lee , Tanner Tanner Lee QB Nebraska Big Ten 6 204 New York Jets Cannon , Trenton Trenton Cannon RB Virginia State CIAA from Minnesota 6 205 Los Angeles Rams Young , Trevon Trevon Young DE Louisville ACC from New England via Cleveland and Washington 6 206 Philadelphia Eagles Pryor , Matt Matt Pryor OT TCU Big 12 6 * 207 Green Bay Packers St. Brown , Equanimeous Equanimeous St. Brown WR Notre Dame Ind . ( FBS ) 6 * 208 Dallas Cowboys Wilson Jr. , Cedrick Cedrick Wilson Jr . WR Boise State MW 6 * 209 Miami Dolphins Armstrong , Cornell Cornell Armstrong CB Southern Miss C - USA from Kansas City 6 * 210 New England Patriots Berrios , Braxton Braxton Berrios WR Miami ( FL ) ACC from Oakland 6 * 211 Houston Texans Thomas , Jordan Jordan Thomas TE Mississippi State SEC 6 * 212 Baltimore Ravens Senat , Greg Greg Senat OT Wagner NEC from Oakland 6 * 213 Minnesota Vikings Gossett , Colby Colby Gossett Appalachian State Sun Belt 6 * 214 Houston Texans Kalambayi , Peter Peter Kalambayi LB Stanford Pac - 12 6 * 215 Baltimore Ravens Bozeman , Bradley Bradley Bozeman Alabama SEC from Baltimore via Tennessee 6 * 216 Oakland Raiders Victor , Azeem Azeem Victor LB Washington Pac - 12 6 * 217 Denver Broncos Bierria , Keishawn Keishawn Bierria LB Washington Pac - 12 from Oakland via LA Rams 6 * 218 Minnesota Vikings Aruna , Ade Ade Aruna DE Tulane The American 7 219 New England Patriots Etling , Danny Danny Etling QB LSU SEC from Cleveland 7 220 Seattle Seahawks McGough , Alex Alex McGough QB Florida International C - USA from NY Giants via Pittsburgh 7 221 Indianapolis Colts Adams , Matthew Matthew Adams LB Houston The American 7 222 Houston Texans Kelly , Jermaine Jermaine Kelly CB San Jose State MW 7 223 San Francisco 49ers Taylor , Jullian Jullian Taylor DT Temple The American from Tampa Bay via Miami 7 224 Chicago Bears Wims , Javon Javon Wims WR Georgia SEC 7 225 Minnesota Vikings Downs , Devante Devante Downs LB California Pac - 12 from Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets 7 226 Denver Broncos Williams , David David Williams RB Arkansas SEC from NY Jets via Seattle 7 227 Miami Dolphins Poling , Quentin Quentin Poling LB Ohio MAC from San Francisco 7 228 Oakland Raiders Ateman , Marcell Marcell Ateman WR Oklahoma State Big 12 7 229 Miami Dolphins Sanders , Jason Jason Sanders New Mexico MW 7 230 Jacksonville Jaguars Jacobs , Leon Leon Jacobs OLB Wisconsin Big Ten from Cincinnati 7 231 Los Angeles Rams Howard , Travin Travin Howard LB TCU Big 12 from Washington 7 232 Green Bay Packers Looney , James James Looney DE California Pac - 12 7 233 Philadelphia Eagles Mailata , Jordan Jordan Mailata from Arizona via Kansas City and New England Australian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL 7 234 Carolina Panthers Smith , Andre Andre Smith ILB North Carolina ACC from LA Chargers via Buffalo 7 235 Indianapolis Colts Franklin , Zaire Zaire Franklin LB Syracuse ACC from Seattle via NY Jets 7 236 Dallas Cowboys Scarbrough , Bo Bo Scarbrough RB Alabama SEC 7 237 Detroit Lions Bawden , Nick Nick Bawden FB San Diego State MW 7 238 Baltimore Ravens Sieler , Zach Zach Sieler DE Ferris State GLIAC from Arizona via Baltimore 7 239 Green Bay Packers Bradley , Hunter Hunter Bradley LS Mississippi State SEC from Buffalo 7 240 San Francisco 49ers James , Richie Richie James WR Middle Tennessee C - USA from Kansas City 7 241 Washington Redskins Stroman , Greg Greg Stroman CB Virginia Tech ACC from LA Rams 7 242 Carolina Panthers Norton , Kendrick Kendrick Norton DT Miami ( FL ) ACC 7 243 New England Patriots Crossen , Keion Keion Crossen CB Western Carolina SoCon from Tennessee via Kansas City 7 244 Los Angeles Rams Lawler , Justin Justin Lawler DE SMU The American from Atlanta 7 245 New Orleans Saints Clapp , Will Will Clapp LSU SEC 7 246 Pittsburgh Steelers Frazier , Joshua Joshua Frazier DT Alabama SEC 7 247 Jacksonville Jaguars Cooke , Logan Logan Cooke Mississippi State SEC 7 248 Green Bay Packers Donnerson , Kendall Kendall Donnerson OLB Southeast Missouri State OVC from Seattle via Minnesota 7 249 Cincinnati Bengals Woodside , Logan Logan Woodside QB Toledo MAC from New England 7 250 New England Patriots Izzo , Ryan Ryan Izzo TE Florida State ACC from Philadelphia via Seattle , New England , Seattle , and Philadelphia 7 * 251 Los Angeles Chargers Jackson , Justin Justin Jackson RB Northwestern Big Ten 7 * 252 Cincinnati Bengals Taylor , Rod Rod Taylor Ole Miss SEC 7 * 253 Cincinnati Bengals Tate , Auden Auden Tate WR Florida State ACC 7 * 254 Arizona Cardinals Cunningham , Korey Korey Cunningham OT Cincinnati The American 7 * 255 Buffalo Bills Proehl , Austin Austin Proehl WR North Carolina ACC from Tampa Bay 7 * 256 Washington Redskins Quinn , Trey Trey Quinn WR SMU The American Mr. Irrelevant from Falcons via LA Rams Trades In the explanations below , ( PD ) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft ( i.e. Pre-Draft ) , while ( D ) denotes trades that took place during the 2018 draft . Round one Jump up ^ No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets ( PD ) . Indianapolis traded their first - round selection ( 3rd ) to the Jets in exchange for the Jets ' first - round selection ( 6th ) , two second - round selections ( 37th and 49th ) , and their second - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 4 : Houston → Cleveland ( PD ) . Houston traded their first - round selection ( 4th ) and their first - round selection in 2017 ( 25th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's first - round selection in 2017 ( 12th ) . With the trade , Houston selected Deshaun Watson . Jump up ^ No. 6 : NY Jets → Indianapolis ( PD ) . see No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets . Jump up ^ No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo ( D ) . Tampa Bay traded their first - and seventh - round selections ( 7th and 255th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first - round selection ( 12th ) and two second - round selections ( 53rd and 56th ) . Jump up ^ No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona ( D ) . Oakland traded their first - round selection ( 10th ) to Arizona in exchange for Arizona 's first - , third - , and fifth - round selections ( 15th , 79th , and 152nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 12 : multiple trades : No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo ( PD ) . Cincinnati traded their first - and sixth - round selections ( 12th and 187th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first - and fifth - round selection ( 21st and 158th ) and offensive tackle Cordy Glenn . No. 12 : Buffalo → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 14 : Green Bay → New Orleans ( D ) . Green Bay traded their first - round selection ( 14th ) to New Orleans in exchange for New Orleans 's first - and fifth - round selections ( 27th and 147th ) and a first - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 15 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona . Jump up ^ No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo ( D ) . Baltimore traded their first - and fifth - round selections ( 16th and 154th ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first and third round selections ( 22nd and 65th ) . Jump up ^ No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay ( D ) . Seattle traded their first - and seventh - round selections ( 18th and 248th ) to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay 's first - , third - , and sixth - round selections ( 27th , 76th , and 186th ) . Jump up ^ No. 21 : Buffalo → Cincinnati ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 22 : multiple trades : No. 22 : Kansas City → Buffalo ( PD ) . Kansas City traded their first - round selection ( 22nd ) as well as their first - and third - round selections in 2017 ( 27th and 91st ) to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's first - round selection in 2017 ( 10th ) . With the trade , Kansas City selected Patrick Mahomes II . No. 22 : Buffalo → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo . No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee ( D ) . Baltimore traded their first - and sixth - round selections ( 22nd and 215th ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's first - and fourth - round selections ( 25th and 125th ) . Jump up ^ No. 23 : LA Rams → New England ( PD ) . The Rams traded their first - and sixth - round selections ( 23rd and 198th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's fourth - round selection ( 136th ) and wide receiver Brandin Cooks . Jump up ^ No. 25 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 27 : multiple trades : No. 27 : New Orleans → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 14 : Green Bay → New Orleans . No. 27 : Green Bay → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore ( D ) . Philadelphia traded their first - and fourth - round selections ( 32nd and 132nd ) to Baltimore in exchange for Baltimore 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 52nd and 125th ) and a second - round selection in 2019 . Round two Jump up ^ No. 35 : Houston → Cleveland ( PD ) . Houston traded their second - round selection ( 35th ) , their sixth - round selection in 2017 ( 188th ) , and quarterback Brock Osweiler to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's fourth - round selection in 2017 ( 142nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 37 : NY Jets → Indianapolis ( PD ) . see No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets . Jump up ^ No. 41 : Oakland → Tennessee ( D ) . Oakland traded their second - round selection ( 41st ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's second - and third - round selection ( 57th and 89th ) . Jump up ^ No. 43 : multiple trades : No. 43 : San Francisco → New England ( PD ) . San Francisco traded their second - round selection ( 43rd ) to New England in exchange for quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo . No. 43 : New England → Detroit ( D ) . New England traded a second - round selection ( 43rd ) to Detroit in exchange for Detroit 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 51st and 117th ) Jump up ^ No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco ( D ) . Washington traded their second - and fifth - round selection ( 44th and 142nd ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's second - and third - round selection ( 59th and 74th ) . Jump up ^ No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City ( D ) . Cincinnati traded their second - and fifth - round selection ( 46th and 100nd ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's second - and third - round selection ( 54th and 78th ) . Jump up ^ No. 49 : multiple trades : No. 49 : Seattle → NY Jets ( PD ) . Seattle traded their second - and seventh - round selections ( 49th and 235th ) , as well as wide receiver Jermaine Kearse to the Jets in exchange for the Jets seventh - round selection ( 226th ) and defensive end Sheldon Richardson . No. 49 : NY Jets → Indianapolis ( PD ) . see No. 3 : Indianapolis → NY Jets . No. 49 : Indianapolis → Philadelphia ( D ) . Indianapolis traded their second - round selection ( 49th to the Philadelphia in exchange for the Philadelphia 's second - and fifth - round selections ( 52nd and 169th ) . Jump up ^ No. 51 : multiple trades : No. 51 : Detroit → New England ( D ) . see No. 43 : New England → Detroit . No. 51 : New England → Chicago ( D ) . New England traded a second - round selection ( 51st ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's fourth - round selection ( 105th ) and second - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 52 : multiple trades : No. 52 : Baltimore → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . No. 52 : Philadelphia → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 49 : Indianapolis → Philadelphia . Jump up ^ No. 53 : Buffalo → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 54 : Kansas City → Cincinnati ( D ) . see No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 56 : multiple trades : No. 56 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo ( PD ) . The Rams traded their second - round selection ( 56th ) and cornerback E.J. Gaines to Buffalo in exchange for Buffalo 's sixth - round selection ( 195th ) and wide receiver Sammy Watkins . No. 56 : Buffalo → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . No. 56 : Tampa Bay → New England ( D ) . Tampa Bay traded this second - round selection ( 56th ) to New England in exchange for New England 's second - and fourth - round selections ( 63rd and 117th ) . Jump up ^ No. 57 : Tennessee → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 41 : Oakland → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 59 : multiple trades : No. 59 : New Orleans → San Francisco ( PD ) . New Orleans traded their second - round selection ( 59th ) as well as a seventh - round selection in 2017 ( 229th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's third - round selection in 2017 ( 67th ) . No. 59 : San Francisco → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 63 : New England → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 56 : Tampa Bay → New England . Jump up ^ No. 64 : multiple trades : No. 64 : Philadelphia → Cleveland ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded their second - round selection ( 64th ) as well as a first - , third - , and fourth - round selections in 2016 ( 8th , 77th , and 100th ) and their first - round selection in 2017 to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's first - round selection in 2016 ( 2nd ) and a fourth - round selection in 2017 . No. 64 : Cleveland → Indianapolis ( D ) . Cleveland traded their second - round selection ( 64th ) to Indianapolis in exchange for Indianpolis ' third - and sixth - round selection ( 67th and 178th ) . Round three Jump up ^ No. 65 : multiple trades : No. 65 : Cleveland → Buffalo ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their third - round selection ( 65th ) to Buffalo in exchange for quarterback Tyrod Taylor . No. 65 : Buffalo → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo . No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland ( D ) . Baltimore traded this third - round selection ( 65th ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's third - , fifth - , and sixth - round selections ( 75th , 152nd , and 212th ) . Jump up ^ No. 67 : Indianapolis → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 64 : Cleveland → Indianapolis . Jump up ^ No. 69 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants ( PD ) . Tampa Bay traded their third - and fourth - round selections ( 69th and 108th ) to the Giants in exchange for the Giants ' fourth - round selection ( 102nd ) and defensive end Jason Pierre - Paul . Jump up ^ No. 70 : Chicago → San Francisco ( PD ) . Chicago traded their third - round selection ( 70th ) as well as their first - , third - , and fourth - round selections in 2017 ( 3rd , 67th , and 111th ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's first - round selection in 2017 ( 2nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 74 : San Francisco → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 75 : multiple trades : No. 75 : Oakland → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland . No. 75 : Baltimore → Kansas City ( D ) . Baltimore traded their third - round selection ( 75th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's third - and fourth - round selection ( 86th and 122nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 76 : multiple trades : No. 76 : Green Bay → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . No. 76 : Seattle → Pittsburgh ( D ) . Seattle traded this third - round selection ( 76th ) to Pittsburgh in exchange for Pittsburgh 's third - and seventh - round selection ( 79th and 220th ) . Jump up ^ No. 78 : multiple trades : No. 78 : Washington → Kansas City ( PD ) . The Redskins traded their third - round selection ( 78th ) and cornerback Kendall Fuller to the Chiefs in exchange for quarterback Alex Smith . No. 78 : Kansas City → Cincinnati ( D ) . see No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 79 : multiple trades : No. 79 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona . No. 79 : Oakland → Pittsburgh ( D ) . Oakland traded a third - round selection ( 79th to Pittsburgh in exchange for wide receiver Martavis Bryant . No. 79 : Pittsburgh → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 76 : Seattle → Pittsburgh . Jump up ^ No. 80 : Seattle → Houston ( PD ) . Seattle traded their third - round selection ( 80th ) as well as a second - round selection in 2019 to Houston in exchange for Houston 's fifth - round selection ( 141st ) and offensive tackle Duane Brown . This trade originally included cornerback Jeremy Lane but was revised after Lane failed his physical . Jump up ^ No. 85 : Buffalo → Carolina ( PD ) . Buffalo traded their third - round selection ( 85th ) as well as their 2018 seventh - round selection ( previously acquired from the LA Chargers ) to Carolina in exchange for wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin . Jump up ^ No. 86 : Kansas City → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 75 : Baltimore → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 87 : LA Rams → Oakland ( D ) . The Rams traded their third - round selection ( 87th ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's third - and seventh - round selections ( 89th and 217th ) . Jump up ^ No. 88 : Carolina → Green Bay ( D ) . Carolina traded their third - round selection ( 88th ) to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 101st and 147th ) . Jump up ^ No. 89 : multiple trades : No. 89 : Tennessee → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 41 : Oakland → Tennessee . No. 89 : Oakland → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 87 : LA Rams → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 94 : Minnesota → Tampa Bay ( D ) . Minnesota traded their third - round selection ( 94th ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for Tampa Bay 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 102nd and 180th ) . Jump up ^ No. 96 : Philadelphia → Buffalo ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded their third - round selection ( 96th ) and wide receiver Jordan Matthews to Buffalo in exchange for cornerback Ronald Darby . Jump up ^ No. 100 : Cincinnati → Kansas City ( D ) . see No. 46 : Cincinnati → Kansas City . Round four Jump up ^ No. 101 : multiple trades : No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay ( PD ) . Cleveland traded their fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 101st and 138th ) , and quarterback DeShone Kizer to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 114th and 150th ) , and cornerback Damarious Randall . No. 101 : Green Bay → Carolina ( D ) . see No. 88 : Carolina → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 102 : multiple trades : No. 102 : NY Giants → Tampa Bay ( PD ) . see No. 69 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants . No. 102 : Tampa Bay → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 94 : Minnesota → Tampa Bay . Jump up ^ No. 105 : multiple trades : No. 105 : Chicago → New England ( D ) . see No. 51 : New England → Chicago . No. 105 : New England → Cleveland ( D ) . New England traded their fourth - round selection ( 105th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 114th and 178th ) . Jump up ^ No. 108 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants ( PD ) . see No. 69 : Tampa Bay → NY Giants . Jump up ^ No. 109 : multiple trades : No. 109 : San Francisco → Denver ( PD ) . San Francisco traded their fourth - round selection ( 109th ) to Denver in exchange for running back Kapri Bibbs and their fifth - round selection in 2017 ( 177th ) . No. 109 : Denver → Washington ( PD ) . Denver traded a fourth - and two fifth - round selections ( 109th , 142nd , and 163rd ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's fourth - and fifth - round selections ( 113th and 149th ) and safety Su'a Cravens . Washington will also receive Denver 's sixth - round selection in 2020 if Cravens appears in a playoff game with the Broncos . Jump up ^ No. 111 : Miami → LA Rams ( PD ) . The Dolphins traded their fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 111th and 183rd ) to New England in exchange for Robert Quinn . Jump up ^ No. 113 : Washington → Denver ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 114 : multiple trades : No. 114 : Green Bay → Cleveland ( PD ) . see No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay . No. 114 : Cleveland → New England ( D ) . see No. 105 : New England → Cleveland . No. 114 : New England → Detroit ( D ) . New England traded a fourth - round selection ( 114th ) to Detroit in exchange for Detroit 's third - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 115 : Arizona → Chicago ( PD ) . Arizona traded their fourth - round selection ( 115th ) as well as their second - , fourth - , and sixth - round selections in 2017 ( 45th , 119th , 197th ) to Chicago in exchange for Chicago 's second - round selection in 2017 ( 36th ) . Jump up ^ No. 117 : multiple trades : No. 117 : Detroit → New England ( D ) . see No. 43 : New England → Detroit . No. 117 : New England → Tampa Bay ( D ) . see No. 56 : Tampa Bay → New England . Jump up ^ No. 122 : Kansas City → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 75 : Baltimore → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 123 : multiple trades : No. 123 : Carolina → Cleveland ( PD ) . Carolina traded their fourth - round selection and punter Kasey Redfern to Cleveland in exchange for punter Andy Lee and Cleveland 's 2017 seventh - round selection in a late August 2016 trade . No. 123 : Cleveland → Miami ( PD ) . Cleveland traded this fourth - round selection to Miami in exchange for wide receiver Jarvis Landry in 2018 . Jump up ^ No. 124 : LA Rams → Kansas City ( PD ) . The Rams traded their fourth - round selection ( 124th ) and second - round selection in 2019 to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's sixth - round selection ( 196th ) and cornerback Marcus Peters . Jump up ^ No. 125 : multiple trades : No. 125 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee . No. 125 : Baltimore → Philadelphia ( D ) . see No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . Jump up ^ No. 128 : Pittsburgh → San Francisco ( PD ) . Pittsburgh traded their fourth - round selection ( 128th ) to San Francisco in exchange for tight end Vance McDonald and San Francisco 's fifth - round selection ( 148th ) . Jump up ^ No. 130 : Minnesota → Philadelphia ( PD ) . Minnesota traded their fourth - round selection ( 130th ) as well as a their first - round selection in 2017 to Philadelphia in exchange for quarterback Sam Bradford . Jump up ^ No. 131 : multiple trades : No. 131 : New England → Philadelphia ( PD ) . New England traded their fourth - round selection to Philadelphia in exchange for cornerback Eric Rowe . The fourth - round selection would have become a third - round selection if Rowe had played more than 50 percent of the defensive snaps in 2016 or 2017 , but he did not . No. 131 : Philadelphia → Miami ( PD ) . Philadelphia traded this fourth - round selection to Miami in exchange for running back Jay Ajayi . Jump up ^ No. 132 : Philadelphia → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 32 : Philadelphia → Baltimore . Jump up ^ No. 135 : NY Giants → LA Rams ( PD ) . The Giants traded their fourth - and sixth - round selections ( 135th and 176th ) to the Rams in exchange for the Rams ' seventh - round selection in 2019 and linebacker Alec Ogletree . Jump up ^ No. 136 : multiple trades : No. 136 : New England → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 23 : LA Rams → New England . No. 136 : LA Rams → Carolina ( D ) . The Rams traded their fourth - round selections ( 136th ) to Carolina in exchange for the Carolina 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 147th and 197th ) . Round five Jump up ^ No. 138 : Cleveland → Green Bay ( PD ) . see No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 140 : Indianapolis → Oakland ( D ) . Indianapolis traded their fifth - round selection ( 140th ) to Oakland in exchange for the Oakland 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 159th and 185th ) . Jump up ^ No. 141 : Houston → Seattle ( PD ) . see No. 80 : Seattle → Houston . Jump up ^ No. 142 : multiple trades : No. 142 : Denver → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . No. 142 : Washington → San Francisco ( PD ) . see No. 44 : Washington → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 143 : New York Jets → San Francisco ( PD ) . The Jets traded their fifth - round selection ( 143rd ) to San Francisco in exchange for cornerback Rashard Robinson . Jump up ^ No. 146 : Oakland → Seattle ( PD ) . Oakland traded their fifth - round selection ( 146th ) to Seattle in exchange for running back Marshawn Lynch and Seattle 's sixth - round selection ( 192nd ) . Jump up ^ No. 147 : multiple trades : No. 147 : Miami → New Orleans ( PD ) . Miami traded their fifth - round selection ( 147th ) to New Orleans in exchange for linebacker Stephone Anthony . No. 147 : New Orleans → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 14 : Green Bay → New Orleans . No. 147 : Green Bay → Carolina ( D ) . see No. 88 : Carolina → Green Bay . No. 147 : Carolina → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 136 : LA Rams → Carolina . Jump up ^ No. 148 : San Francisco → Pittsburgh ( PD ) . see No. 128 : Pittsburgh → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 149 : multiple trades : No. 149 : Washington → Denver ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . No. 149 : Denver → Seattle ( D ) . Denver traded their fifth - round selection ( 149th ) to Seattle in exchange for Seattle 's fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 156th and 226th ) . Jump up ^ No. 150 : Green Bay → Cleveland ( PD ) . see No. 101 : Cleveland → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 152 : multiple trades : No. 152 : Arizona → Oakland ( D ) . see No. 10 : Oakland → Arizona . No. 152 : Oakland → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland . No. 152 : Baltimore → Tennessee ( D ) . Baltimore traded their fifth - round selection ( 152nd ) to Tennessee in exchange for Tennessee 's fifth - and sixth - round selections ( 162nd and 215th ) Jump up ^ No. 154 : Baltimore → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 16 : Baltimore → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 156 : multiple trades : No. 156 : Seattle → Philadelphia ( PD ) Seattle traded a fifth - round selection ( 156th ) to Philadelphia in exchange for offensive tackle Matt Tobin and Philadelphia 's seventh - round selection ( 250th ) . No. 156 : Philadelphia → Seattle ( PD ) Philadelphia traded a fifth - round selection ( 156th ) and wide receiver Marcus Johnson to Seattle in exchange for defensive end Michael Bennett and Seattle 's seventh - round selection ( 250th ) . No. 156 : Seattle → Denver ( D ) . see No. 149 : Denver → Seattle . Jump up ^ No. 157 : multiple trades : No. 157 : Dallas → NY Jets ( PD ) . Dallas traded their fifth - round selection ( 157th ) to the Jets in exchange for the Jets ' sixth - round selection in 2017 ( 191st ) . No. 157 : NY Jets → Minnesota ( D ) . The Jets traded their fifth - round selection ( 157th ) to the Minnesota in exchange for the Minnesota 's fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 167th and 225th ) . Jump up ^ No. 158 : Buffalo → Cincinnati ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 159 : multiple trades : No. 159 : Kansas City → Cleveland ( PD ) . Kansas City traded their fifth - round selection ( 159th ) to Cleveland in exchange for offensive tackle Cameron Erving . No. 159 : Cleveland → New England ( PD ) . Cleveland traded a fifth - round selection ( 159th ) and defensive tackle Danny Shelton to New England in exchange for New England 's third - round selection in 2019 . No. 159 : New England → Oakland ( PD ) . New England traded a fifth - round selection ( 159th ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's sixth - round selection ( 210th ) and wide receiver Cordarrelle Patterson . No. 159 : Oakland → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 140 : Indianapolis → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 160 : multiple trades : No. 160 : LA Rams → Denver ( PD ) . The Rams traded their fifth - round selection ( 160th ) to Denver in exchange for cornerback Aqib Talib . No. 160 : Denver → LA Rams ( D ) . Denver traded their fifth - round selection ( 160th ) to the Rams in exchange for the Rams ' two sixth - round selections ( 183th and 217th ) . Jump up ^ No. 162 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 152 : Baltimore → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 163 : multiple trades : No. 163 : Atlanta → Denver ( PD ) . Atlanta traded their fifth - round selection ( 163rd ) to Denver in exchange for offensive tackle Ty Sambrailo . No. 163 : Denver → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 109 : Denver → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 166 : Jacksonville → Buffalo ( PD ) Jacksonville traded their sixth - round selection to Buffalo in exchange for defensive tackle Marcell Dareus . This pick became a fifth - rounds selection ( 166th ) after Dareus remained on Jacksonville 's roster for the remainder of the 2017 season and the Jaguars made the playoffs . Jump up ^ No. 167 : multiple trades : No. 167 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 157 : NY Jets → Minnesota . No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota ( D ) The Jets traded their fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 167th and 225th ) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota 's two sixth - round selections ( 180th and 204th ) . Jump up ^ No. 168 : New England → Seattle ( PD ) . New England traded their fifth - and seventh - round selections ( 168th and 250th ) to Seattle in exchange for defensive end Cassius Marsh . Jump up ^ No. 169 : Philadelphia → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 49 : Indianapolis → Philadelphia . Jump up ^ No. 173 : Dallas → Oakland ( PD ) . Dallas traded a fifth - round selection ( 173rd ) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland 's sixth - round selection ( 192nd ) and fullback Jamize Olawale . Round six Jump up ^ No. 176 : NY Giants → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 135 : NY Giants → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 178 : Indianapolis → Cleveland ( D ) . see No. 64 : Cleveland → Indianapolis . No. 178 : Cleveland → New England ( D ) . see No. 105 : New England → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 180 : multiple trades : No. 180 : Tampa Bay → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 94 : Minnesota → Tampa Bay . No. 180 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 182 : Denver → Arizona ( PD ) . Denver traded their sixth - round selection ( 182nd ) to Arizona in exchange for offensive tackle Jared Veldheer . Jump up ^ No. 183 : multiple trades : No. 183 : Miami → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 111 : Miami → LA Rams . No. 183 : LA Rams → Denver ( D ) . see No. 160 : Denver → LA Rams . Jump up ^ No. 185 : Oakland → Indianapolis ( D ) . see No. 140 : Indianapolis → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 186 : Green Bay → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 187 : Cincinnati → Buffalo ( PD ) . see No. 12 : Cincinnati → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 188 : Washington → Cleveland ( PD ) . Washington traded their sixth - round selection ( 188th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's sixth - round selection ( 205th ) and quarterback Kevin Hogan . Jump up ^ No. 189 : Arizona → New Orleans ( PD ) . Arizona traded their sixth - round selection ( 189th ) to New Orleans in exchange for running back Adrian Peterson . Jump up ^ No. 192 : multiple trades : No. 192 : Seattle → Oakland ( PD ) . see No. 146 : Oakland → Seattle . No. 192 : Oakland → Dallas ( PD ) . see No. 173 : Dallas → Oakland . No. 192 : Dallas → LA Rams ( D ) . Dallas traded their sixth - round selection ( 189th ) to the Rams in exchange for wide receiver Tavon Austin . Jump up ^ No. 194 : multiple trades : No. 194 : Detroit → LA Rams ( PD ) . Detroit traded their sixth - round selection ( 194th ) to the Rams in exchange for offensive tackle Greg Robinson . No. 194 : LA Rams → Atlanta ( D ) . The Rams traded their sixth - round selection ( 194th ) to Atlanta in exchange for Atlanta 's two seventh - round selections ( 244th and 256th . ) Jump up ^ No. 195 : Buffalo → Los Angeles Rams ( PD ) . see No. 56 : Los Angeles Rams → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 196 : Kansas City → LA Rams ( PD ) . see No. 124 : LA Rams → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 197 : multiple trades : No. 197 : Carolina → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 136 : LA Rams → Carolina . No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington ( D ) . The Rams traded their sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 197th and 256th ) to Washington in exchange for Washington 's sixth - and seventh - round selections ( 205th and 231st ) . Jump up ^ No. 198 : multiple trades : No. 198 : LA Rams → New England ( PD ) . see No. 23 : LA Rams → New England . No. 198 : New England → Kansas City ( D ) . New England traded their sixth - round selection ( 198th ) to Kansas City in exchange for Kansas City 's two seventh - round selections ( 233th and 243rd ) . Jump up ^ No. 202 : multiple trades : No. 202 : Pittsburgh → Cleveland ( PD ) . Pittsburgh traded their sixth - round selection ( 202nd ) to Cleveland in exchange for cornerback Justin Gilbert . No. 202 : Cleveland → Pittsburgh ( PD ) . Cleveland traded this sixth - round selection back to Pittsburgh in exchange for wide receiver Sammie Coates and Pittsburgh 's seventh - round selection in 2019 . No. 202 : Pittsburgh → Tampa Bay ( PD ) . Pittsburgh then traded their sixth - round selection to Tampa Bay in exchange for free safety J.J. Wilcox and Tampa Bay 's seventh - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 204 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 205 : multiple trades : No. 205 : New England → Cleveland ( PD ) . New England traded their sixth - round selection ( 205th ) to Cleveland in exchange for Cleveland 's seventh - round selection ( 219th ) and cornerback Jason McCourty . No. 205 : Cleveland → Washington ( PD ) . see No. 188 : Washington → Cleveland . No. 205 : Washington → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 210 : Oakland → New England ( PD ) . see No. 159 : New England → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 212 : Oakland → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 65 : Baltimore → Oakland . Jump up ^ No. 215 : multiple trades : No. 215 : Baltimore → Tennessee ( D ) . see No. 22 : Baltimore → Tennessee . No. 215 : Tennessee → Baltimore ( D ) . see No. 152 : Baltimore → Tennessee . Jump up ^ No. 217 : multiple trades : No. 217 : Oakland → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 87 : LA Rams → Oakland . No. 217 : LA Rams → Denver ( D ) . see No. 160 : Denver → LA Rams . Round seven Jump up ^ No. 219 : Cleveland → New England ( PD ) . see No. 205 : New England → Cleveland . Jump up ^ No. 220 : multiple trades : No. 220 : NY Giants → Pittsburgh ( PD ) . The Giants traded their seventh - round selection ( 220th ) to Pittsburgh in exchange for cornerback Ross Cockrell . No. 79 : Pittsburgh → Seattle ( D ) . see No. 76 : Seattle → Pittsburgh . Jump up ^ No. 223 : multiple trades : No. 223 : Tampa Bay → Miami ( PD ) . Tampa Bay traded their seventh - round selection ( 223rd ) as well as their seventh - round selection in 2017 ( 237th ) to Miami in exchange for Miami 's seventh - round selection in 2017 ( 223rd ) . No. 223 : Miami → San Fracisco ( PD ) . Miami traded this seventh - round selection ( 223rd ) to San Francisco in exchange for San Francisco 's seventh - round selection ( 227th ) and center Daniel Kilgore . Jump up ^ No. 225 : multiple trades : No. 225 : Denver → Minnesota ( PD ) . Denver traded their seventh - round selection ( 225th ) and quarterback Trevor Siemian to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota 's fifth - round selection in 2019 . No. 225 : Minnesota → NY Jets ( D ) . see No. 157 : NY Jets → Minnesota . No. 225 : NY Jets → Minnesota ( D ) . see No. 167 : NY Jets → Minnesota . Jump up ^ No. 226 : multiple trades : No. 226 : New York Jets → Seattle ( PD ) . see No. 49 : Seattle → New York Jets . No. 226 : Seattle → Denver ( D ) . see No. 149 : Denver → Seattle . Jump up ^ No. 227 : San Francisco → Miami ( PD ) . see No. 223 : Miami → San Francisco . Jump up ^ No. 230 : Cincinnati → Jacksonville ( PD ) . Cincinnati traded a conditional selection to Jacksonville in exchange for defensive end Chris Smith . The conditions were that the Jaguars would acquire the Bengals ' seventh - round selection if Smith was on the Bengals ' active roster for at least 6 games during the 2017 season , which he was . Jump up ^ No. 231 : Washington → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington . Jump up ^ No. 233 : multiple trades : No. 233 : Arizona → Kansas City ( PD ) . Arizona traded their seventh - round selection ( 233rd ) to Kansas City in exchange for cornerback Marcus Cooper . No. 233 : Kansas City → New England ( D ) . see No. 198 : New England → Kansas City . No. 233 : New England → Philadelphia ( D ) . New England traded their seventh - round selection ( 233rd ) to Philadelphia in exchange for Philadelphia 's seventh - round selection ( 250th ) and their seventh - round selection in 2019 . Jump up ^ No. 234 : multiple trades : No. 234 : LA Chargers → Buffalo ( PD ) . The Chargers traded their seventh - round selection ( 234rd ) to Buffalo in exchange for quarterback Cardale Jones . No. 234 : Buffalo → Carolina ( PD ) . see No. 85 : Buffalo → Carolina . Jump up ^ No. 235 : multiple trades : No. 235 : Seattle → New York Jets ( PD ) . see No. 49 : Seattle → New York Jets . No. 235 : New York Jets → Indianapolis ( D ) . The Jets traded their seventh - round selection ( 235th ) to Indianapolis in exchange for defensive end Henry Anderson . Jump up ^ No. 238 : Baltimore → Arizona ( PD ) . Baltimore traded a seventh - round selection ( 238th ) to Arizona in exchange for center Tony Bergstrom . Jump up ^ No. 239 : Buffalo → Green Bay ( PD ) . Buffalo traded their seventh - round selection ( 239th ) to Green Bay in exchange for linebacker Lerentee McCray . Jump up ^ No. 240 : Kansas City → San Francisco ( PD ) . Kansas City traded their seventh - round selection ( 240th ) to San Francisco in exchange for cornerback Kenneth Acker . Jump up ^ No. 241 : Los Angeles Rams → Washington ( PD ) . The Rams traded their seventh - round selection ( 241st ) to Washington in exchange for tight end Derek Carrier . Jump up ^ No. 243 : multiple trades : No. 243 : Tennessee → Kansas City ( PD ) . Tennessee traded their seventh - round selection ( 243th ) to Kansas City in exchange for defensive lineman David King . No. 233 : Kansas City → New England ( D ) . see No. 198 : New England → Kansas City . Jump up ^ No. 244 : Atlanta → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 194 : LA Rams → Atlanta . Jump up ^ No. 248 : multiple trades : No. 248 : Minnesota → Seattle ( PD ) . Minnesota traded their seventh - round selection ( 248th ) to Seattle in exchange for cornerback Tramaine Brock . No. 248 : Seattle → Green Bay ( D ) . see No. 18 : Seattle → Green Bay . Jump up ^ No. 249 : New England → Cincinnati ( PD ) . New England traded their seventh - round selection ( 249th ) to Cincinnati in exchange for linebacker Marquis Flowers . Jump up ^ No. 250 : multiple trades : No. 250 : Philadelphia → Seattle ( PD ) . see No. 156 : Seattle → Philadelphia . No. 250 : Seattle → New England ( PD ) . Seattle traded this seventh - round pick to New England in exchange for cornerback Justin Coleman . No. 250 : New England → Seattle ( PD ) see No. 168 : New England → Seattle . No. 250 : Seattle → Philadelphia ( PD ) . see No. 156 : Seattle → Philadelphia . No. 250 : Philadelphia → New England ( D ) see No. 233 : New England → Philadelphia . Jump up ^ No. 255 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo ( D ) . see No. 7 : Tampa Bay → Buffalo . Jump up ^ No. 256 : multiple trades : No. 256 : Atlanta → LA Rams ( D ) . see No. 194 : LA Rams → Atlanta . No. 256 : LA Rams → Washington ( D ) . see No. 197 : LA Rams → Washington . Media coverage Coverage of the draft was broadcast NFL Network and ESPN , with Fox also simulcasting NFL Network 's coverage of the first two rounds ( serving as a prelude for Fox 's acquisition of Thursday Night Football for the 2018 season ) . ESPN aired coverage of the last four rounds on ABC , and aired secondary broadcasts of the first round on ESPN2 ( featuring the panel of ESPN 's College GameDay , which also broadcast a special edition from outside AT&T Stadium as a pre-show for ESPN 's coverage ) and in Spanish on ESPN Deportes . Telecasts of the first round across all three broadcasters ( which included the expansion of coverage to broadcast television ) drew a combined Nielsen overnight household rating of 8.4 , and total viewership of 11.214 million , making it the most - watched opening round since 2014 . ESPN drew the largest single audience , with 5.336 million viewers , while Fox and NFL Network had a combined viewership of 5.74 million across both channels ( 3.776 and 2.005 million individually ) . Summary Selections by college athletic conference Conference Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total NCAA Division I FBS football conferences AAC 0 5 18 ACC 6 7 9 6 6 7 45 Big 12 5 20 Big Ten 5 7 7 5 33 C - USA 10 Ind . ( FBS ) 0 0 0 5 MAC 0 0 0 0 5 MW 0 0 9 Pac - 12 5 7 30 SEC 10 10 6 6 8 9 53 Sun Belt 0 0 0 0 NCAA Division I FCS football conferences Big Sky 0 0 0 0 0 0 CAA 0 0 0 0 IVY 0 0 0 0 0 MEAC 0 0 0 0 0 MVFC 0 0 0 0 0 NEC 0 0 0 0 0 0 OVC 0 0 0 0 0 Patriot 0 0 0 0 0 0 SoCon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Southland 0 0 0 0 Non-Division I football conferences CIAA ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLIAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 GNAC ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIAA ( DII ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Non-College Selections NRL 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schools with multiple draft selections Selections Schools 12 Alabama 7 LSU , NC State , Ohio State 6 Florida State , Georgia , Miami ( FL ) , Penn State 5 Florida , UCLA , Virginia Tech , Washington , Wisconsin Auburn , Louisville , Mississippi State , Notre Dame , Oklahoma , Oklahoma State , Ole Miss , Stanford , Texas , UCF , USC Arizona State , Boston College , Clemson , Iowa , North Carolina , Pittsburgh , SMU , Southern Miss , TCU , Tennessee , Texas A&M Arkansas , Boise State , California , Indiana , Louisiana , Maryland , Memphis , Michigan , Oregon , Rutgers , San Diego State , South Florida , Temple , Texas Tech , Tulane , Virginia , Wake Forest , Washington State , Western Kentucky , Western Michigan Selections by position Position Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total Center 8 Cornerback 6 5 6 29 Defensive end 7 23 Defensive tackle 6 0 20 Fullback 0 0 0 0 0 Guard 0 0 10 Kicker 0 0 0 0 0 Linebacker 6 6 8 8 39 Long snapper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offensive tackle 7 20 Punter 0 0 0 0 0 Quarterback 5 0 13 Running back 5 20 Safety 0 18 Tight end 5 14 Wide receiver 6 5 8 6 33 Position Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Total Offense 17 18 14 19 14 20 18 120 Defense 15 14 22 18 19 24 17 129 Special teams 0 0 0 0 0 7 Notes Jump up ^ Players are identified as Pro Bowlers if they were selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career . References Trade references ^ Jump up to : Cimini , Rich ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Jets move up to No. 3 pick , ship No. 6 , three second - rounders to Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 NFL Draft trade tracker : Details of all the moves '' . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 NFL Draft trade tracker : Details of all the moves '' . NFL.com. April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bouda , Nate ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Bills Trading LT Cordy Glenn To Bengals '' . NFLTradeRumors.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reiss , Mike ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Brandin Cooks dashes to Rams as part of big trade with Patriots '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shefter , Adam ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Texans trade Brock Osweiler , 2018 second - round pick to Browns '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots deal QB Jimmy Garoppolo to 49ers for 2018 draft pick '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seahawks trade WR Jermaine Kearse for Sheldon Richardson '' . ESPN . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Bills trade Sammy Watkins to Rams , acquire Matthews '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles acquire No. 2 overall draft pick from Browns '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Josh ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Report : Browns trade for QB Tyrod Taylor '' . 247Sports.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants trade Jason Pierre - Paul , 4th - rounder to Bucs for picks in 3rd , 4th '' . ESPN.com . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Report : Alex Smith , Redskins Agree to New 4 - Year Contract After Chiefs Trade '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Steelers trade Martavis Bryant to Raiders , get third - round pick in 2018 NFL Draft '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Brady ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Seahawks - Texans trade amended after CB Jeremy Lane fails physical '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rodak , Mike ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Bills acquire WR Kelvin Benjamin in trade with Panthers '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Florjancic , Matthew ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` It 's official ! Cleveland Browns add Jarvis Landry , Tyrod Taylor , Damarious Randall in trades '' . wkyc.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broncos trade for Redskins safety Su'a Cravens '' . kdvr.com . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers trade for Browns punter Andy Lee '' . Panthers.com . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thorman , Joel ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Marcus Peters trade details are out and it does n't look any better for the Chiefs '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Steelers trade for McDonald '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Vikings trade for Eagles QB Sam Bradford '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Eagles trade CB Eric Rowe to Patriots '' . SI.com . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gowton , Brandon Lee . `` Jay Ajayi Trade : Eagles acquire Dolphins running back in exchange for draft pick '' . www.bleedinggreennation.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . https://twitter.com/RapSheet/status/925355940462907392 ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Rams to trade Alec Ogletree to Giants for two picks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rashard Robinson trade took Todd Bowles by surprise '' . November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Seahawks Trade Marshawn Lynch To Raiders '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saints trade Stephone Anthony to Dolphins for 2018 pick '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Seahawks acquire Matt Tobin from Eagles in trade '' . NFL.com . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seahawks trading DE Michael Bennett to Eagles '' . NFL.com . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade former first - round pick Cam Erving to Chiefs '' . USAToday.com . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Browns agree to trade Danny Shelton to Patriots '' . NFL.com . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL announces details of Cordarrelle Patterson trade ; Patriots to receive 210th overall draft pick '' . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos agree to trade Aqib Talib to Rams '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos trade tackle Ty Sambrailo to Falcons for future draft pick '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Two - time Pro Bowler Marcell Dareus goes from Bills to Jaguars in surprising trade '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reiss , Mike ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots deal 2 late - rounders to bolster edge with Seahawks ' Cassius Marsh '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Raiders trading FB Jamize Olawale to Dallas Cowboys '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos acquire T Jared Veldheer in trade with Cardinals '' . DenverBroncos.com . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Edward ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Cleveland Browns trade QB Kevin Hogan to Redskins '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Cardinals trade for Adrian Peterson , cut Chris Johnson '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` OT Greg Robinson traded to Lions '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Browns trade Justin Gilbert to Pittsburgh Steelers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Steelers trade Coates to Browns '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Steelers trade for Wilcox '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade veteran CB Jason McCourty to Patriots '' . NFL.com . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers trade Cockrell to Giants '' . Steelers.com . September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49ers trade center Daniel Kilgore to Dolphins '' . Sacramento Bee . March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor Siemian Trade : Final details , including draft picks '' . DailyNorseman.com . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jaguars trade pass - rusher Chris Smith to Bengals '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jay ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Jags acquire Bengals ' 2018 seventh - round pick from Chris Smith trade '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinals acquire CB Marcus Cooper from Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Bills trade Cardale Jones to Chargers for draft pick '' . NFL.com . August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Ethan . `` Jets Acquire DE Henry Anderson from Colts '' . NYJets.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Ravens release former OL starter Jeremy Zuttah '' . espn.com . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Ryan ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Packers deal McCray to Bills for draft pick '' . PackersNews.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosinski , Bobby ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` 49ers trade CB Kenneth Acker to Chiefs for seventh - round pick '' . ESPNCharlotte.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rams acquire TE Derek Carrier from Redskins for draft pick '' . Rams Wire . USA Today . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Jim ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Titans Trade for Chiefs DL David King '' . TitansOnline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Brady ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Source : CB Tramaine Brock to Vikings ; Seahawks get 7th - round pick '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Bengals trade Marquis Flowers to Patriots for seventh - round pick '' . ProFootballTalk.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yates , Field ; Reiss , Mike ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots trade CB Justin Coleman to Seahawks for late - round pick '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . General references Jump up ^ `` NFL expanding television coverage for 2018 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Draper , Kevin ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fox to Broadcast N.F.L. Draft for First Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philly tried , but Dallas will host the 2018 NFL draft '' . philly.com . October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dallas selected as host of 2018 NFL Draft '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas , AT&T Stadium chosen as site of 2018 NFL draft '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 National Football League Important Dates '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NFL draft Round 1 recap , analysis : Ravens take Lamar Jackson ; Bills trade up for Josh Allen ; Browns take Baker Mayfield No. 1 '' . The Washington Post . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Terrell and Tremaine Edmunds are first brothers drafted in first round '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking underclassmen intentions for 2018 NFL Draft '' . NFL.com . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live From the NFL Draft : College GameDay Joins the Party for ESPN in Arlington '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fox , ESPN expand coverage of NFL draft '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox bringing out its best to steal NFL draft viewers from ESPN '' . New York Post . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft draws best TV ratings since ' Johnny Football ' in 2014 '' . Sporting News . 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN tops Fox and NFL Network in the great NFL Draft ratings battle of 2018 '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NFL_Draft&oldid=839379543 '' Categories : National Football League Draft 2018 in sports in Texas 2018 National Football League season 21st century in Arlington , Texas American football in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex April 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk View source About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Fulfulde Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the first 5 picks in the nfl draft	[ "\n\n\nRnd.\nPick #\nNFL team\nPlayer\nPos.\nCollege\nConf.\nNotes\n\n\n\n1\n1\nCleveland Browns\nMayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield \nQB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n2017 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n1\n2\nNew York Giants\nBarkley, SaquonSaquon Barkley \nRB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n3\nNew York Jets\nDarnold, SamSam Darnold \nQB\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis [R1 - 1]\n\n\n\n1\n4\nCleveland Browns\nWard, DenzelDenzel Ward \nCB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Houston [R1 - 2]\n\n\n\n1\n5\nDenver Broncos\nChubb, BradleyBradley Chubb \nDE\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n6\nIndianapolis Colts\nNelson, QuentonQuenton Nelson \nG\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom NY Jets [R1 - 3]\n\n\n\n1\n7\nBuffalo Bills\nAllen, JoshJosh Allen \nQB\nWyoming\nMW\nfrom Tampa Bay [R1 - 4]\n\n\n\n1\n8\nChicago Bears\nSmith, RoquanRoquan Smith \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n9\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMcGlinchey, MikeMike McGlinchey \nOT\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n1\n10\nArizona Cardinals\nRosen, JoshJosh Rosen \nQB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland [R1 - 5]\n\n\n\n1\n11\nMiami Dolphins\nFitzpatrick, MinkahMinkah Fitzpatrick \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n12\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nVea, VitaVita Vea \nDT\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Cincinnati via Buffalo [R1 - 6]\n\n\n\n1\n13\nWashington Redskins\nPayne, Da'RonDa'Ron Payne \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n14\nNew Orleans Saints\nDavenport, MarcusMarcus Davenport \nDE\nUTSA\nC-USA\nfrom Green Bay [R1 - 7]\n\n\n\n1\n15\nOakland Raiders\nMiller, KoltonKolton Miller \nOT\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona [R1 - 8]\n\n\n\n1\n16\nBuffalo Bills\nEdmunds, TremaineTremaine Edmunds \nLB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Baltimore [R1 - 9]\n\n\n\n1\n17\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJames, DerwinDerwin James \nS\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n18\nGreen Bay Packers\nAlexander, JaireJaire Alexander \nCB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Seattle [R1 - 10]\n\n\n\n1\n19\nDallas Cowboys\nVander Esch, LeightonLeighton Vander Esch \nLB\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n1\n20\nDetroit Lions\nRagnow, FrankFrank Ragnow \nC\nArkansas\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n21\nCincinnati Bengals\nPrice, BillyBilly Price \nC\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R1 - 11]\n\n\n\n1\n22\nTennessee Titans\nEvans, RashaanRashaan Evans \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore [R1 - 12]\n\n\n\n1\n23\nNew England Patriots\nWynn, IsaiahIsaiah Wynn \nOT\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R1 - 13]\n\n\n\n1\n24\nCarolina Panthers\nMoore, D. J.D. J. Moore \nWR\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n25\nBaltimore Ravens\nHurst, HaydenHayden Hurst \nTE\nSouth Carolina\nSEC\nfrom Tennessee [R1 - 14]\n\n\n\n1\n26\nAtlanta Falcons\nRidley, CalvinCalvin Ridley \nWR\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n27\nSeattle Seahawks\nPenny, RashaadRashaad Penny \nRB\nSan Diego State\nMW\nfrom New Orleans via Green Bay [R1 - 15]\n\n\n\n1\n28\nPittsburgh Steelers\nEdmunds, TerrellTerrell Edmunds \nS\nVirginia Tech\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n29\nJacksonville Jaguars\nBryan, TavenTaven Bryan \nDT\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n30\nMinnesota Vikings\nHughes, MikeMike Hughes \nCB\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n1\n31\nNew England Patriots\nMichel, SonySony Michel \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n32\nBaltimore Ravens\nJackson, LamarLamar Jackson \nQB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia [R1 - 16]\n2016 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n2\n33\nCleveland Browns\nCorbett, AustinAustin Corbett \nG\nNevada\nMW\n\n\n\n\n2\n34\nNew York Giants\nHernandez, WillWill Hernandez \nG\nUTEP\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n2\n35\nCleveland Browns\nChubb, NickNick Chubb \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom Houston [R2 - 1]\n\n\n\n2\n36\nIndianapolis Colts\nLeonard, DariusDarius Leonard \nLB\nSouth Carolina State\nMEAC\n\n\n\n\n2\n37\nIndianapolis Colts\nSmith, BradenBraden Smith \nG\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets [R2 - 2]\n\n\n\n2\n38\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nJones, RonaldRonald Jones \nRB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n39\nChicago Bears\nDaniels, JamesJames Daniels \nC\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n40\nDenver Broncos\nSutton, CourtlandCourtland Sutton \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n2\n41\nTennessee Titans\nLandry, HaroldHarold Landry \nLB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R2 - 3]\n\n\n\n2\n42\nMiami Dolphins\nGesicki, MikeMike Gesicki \nTE\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n43\nDetroit Lions\nJohnson, KerryonKerryon Johnson \nRB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom San Francisco via New England [R2 - 4]\n\n\n\n2\n44\nSan Francisco 49ers\nPettis, DanteDante Pettis \nWR\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Washington [R2 - 5]\n\n\n\n2\n45\nGreen Bay Packers\nJackson, JoshJosh Jackson \nCB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n46\nKansas City Chiefs\nSpeaks, BreelandBreeland Speaks \nLB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Cincinnati [R2 - 6]\n\n\n\n2\n47\nArizona Cardinals\nKirk, ChristianChristian Kirk \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n48\nLos Angeles Chargers\nNwosu, UchennaUchenna Nwosu \nLB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n49\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nGoedert, DallasDallas Goedert \nTE\nSouth Dakota State\nMVFC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis [R2 - 7]\n\n\n\n2\n50\nDallas Cowboys\nWilliams, ConnorConnor Williams \nG\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n51\nChicago Bears\nMiller, AnthonyAnthony Miller \nWR\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Detroit via New England [R2 - 8]\n\n\n\n2\n52\nIndianapolis Colts\nTuray, KemokoKemoko Turay \nDE\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Baltimore via Philadelphia [R2 - 9]\n\n\n\n2\n53\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nStewart, M. J.M. J. Stewart \nCB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R2 - 10]\n\n\n\n2\n54\nCincinnati Bengals\nBates III, JessieJessie Bates III \nS\nWake Forest\nACC\nfrom Kansas City [R2 - 11]\n\n\n\n2\n55\nCarolina Panthers\nJackson, DonteDonte Jackson \nCB\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n56\nNew England Patriots\nDawson, DukeDuke Dawson \nCB\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay [R2 - 12]\n\n\n\n2\n57\nOakland Raiders\nHall, P. J.P. J. Hall \nDT\nSam Houston State\nSouthland\nfrom Tennessee [R2 - 13]\n\n\n\n2\n58\nAtlanta Falcons\nOliver, IsaiahIsaiah Oliver \nCB\nColorado\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n59\nWashington Redskins\nGuice, DerriusDerrius Guice \nRB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom New Orleans via San Francisco [R2 - 14]\n\n\n\n2\n60\nPittsburgh Steelers\nWashington, JamesJames Washington \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n61\nJacksonville Jaguars\nChark, DJDJ Chark \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n62\nMinnesota Vikings\nO'Neill, BrianBrian O'Neill \nOT\nPittsburgh\nACC\n\n\n\n\n2\n63\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nDavis, CarltonCarlton Davis \nCB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom New England [R2 - 15]\n\n\n\n2\n64\nIndianapolis Colts\nLewis, TyquanTyquan Lewis \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Philadelphia via Cleveland [R2 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n65\nOakland Raiders\nParker, BrandonBrandon Parker \nOT\nNorth Carolina A&T\nMEAC\nfrom Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore [R3 - 1]\n\n\n\n3\n66\nNew York Giants\nCarter, LorenzoLorenzo Carter \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n67\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, ChadChad Thomas \nDE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Indianapolis [R3 - 2]\n\n\n\n3\n68\nHouston Texans\nReid, JustinJustin Reid \nS\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n69\nNew York Giants\nHill, B. J.B. J. Hill \nDT\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R3 - 3]\n\n\n\n3\n70\nSan Francisco 49ers\nWarner, FredFred Warner \nLB\nBYU\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Chicago [R3 - 4]\n\n\n\n3\n71\nDenver Broncos\nFreeman, RoyceRoyce Freeman \nRB\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n72\nNew York Jets\nShepherd, NathanNathan Shepherd \nDT\nFort Hays State\nMIAA (D-II)\n\n\n\n\n3\n73\nMiami Dolphins\nBaker, JeromeJerome Baker \nLB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n74\nWashington Redskins\nChristian, GeronGeron Christian \nOT\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom San Francisco [R3 - 5]\n\n\n\n3\n75\nKansas City Chiefs\nNnadi, DerrickDerrick Nnadi \nDT\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Oakland via Baltimore [R3 - 6]\n\n\n\n3\n76\nPittsburgh Steelers\nRudolph, MasonMason Rudolph \nQB\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Green Bay via Seattle [R3 - 7]\n\n\n\n3\n77\nCincinnati Bengals\nHubbard, SamSam Hubbard \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n78\nCincinnati Bengals\nJefferson, MalikMalik Jefferson \nLB\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Kansas City [R3 - 8]\n\n\n\n3\n79\nSeattle Seahawks\nGreen, RasheemRasheem Green \nDE\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh [R3 - 9]\n\n\n\n3\n80\nHouston Texans\nRankin, MartinasMartinas Rankin \nOT\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Seattle [R3 - 10]\n\n\n\n3\n81\nDallas Cowboys\nGallup, MichaelMichael Gallup \nWR\nColorado State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n3\n82\nDetroit Lions\nWalker, TracyTracy Walker \nS\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n3\n83\nBaltimore Ravens\nBrown Jr., OrlandoOrlando Brown Jr. \nOT\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n3\n84\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJones, JustinJustin Jones \nDT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n85\nCarolina Panthers\nGaulden, RashaanRashaan Gaulden \nCB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R3 - 11]\n\n\n\n3\n86\nBaltimore Ravens\nAndrews, MarkMark Andrews \nTE\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom Kansas City [R3 - 12]\n\n\n\n3\n87\nOakland Raiders\nKey, ArdenArden Key \nDE\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R3 - 13]\n\n\n\n3\n88\nGreen Bay Packers\nBurks, OrenOren Burks \nLB\nVanderbilt\nSEC\nfrom Carolina [R3 - 14]\n\n\n\n3\n89\nLos Angeles Rams\nNoteboom, JosephJoseph Noteboom \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Tennessee via Oakland [R3 - 15]\n\n\n\n3\n90\nAtlanta Falcons\nSenat, DeadrinDeadrin Senat \nDT\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n91\nNew Orleans Saints\nSmith, Tre'QuanTre'Quan Smith \nWR\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n92\nPittsburgh Steelers\nOkorafor, ChukwumaChukwuma Okorafor \nOT\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n3\n93\nJacksonville Jaguars\nHarrison, RonnieRonnie Harrison \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n94\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCappa, AlexAlex Cappa \nOT\nHumboldt State\nGNAC\nfrom Minnesota [R3 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n95\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMoore, TarvariusTarvarius Moore \nS\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom New England\n\n\n\n3\n96\nBuffalo Bills\nPhillips, HarrisonHarrison Phillips \nDT\nStanford\nPac-12\nfrom Philadelphia [R3 - 17]\n\n\n\n3\n97\nArizona Cardinals\nCole, MasonMason Cole \nC\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n98\nHouston Texans\nAkins, JordanJordan Akins \nTE\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n99\nDenver Broncos\nYiadom, IsaacIsaac Yiadom \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n100\nKansas City Chiefs\nO'Daniel, DorianDorian O'Daniel \nLB\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R3 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n101\nCarolina Panthers\nThomas, IanIan Thomas \nTE\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nfrom Cleveland via Green Bay [R4 - 1]\n\n\n\n4\n102\nMinnesota Vikings\nHolmes, JalynJalyn Holmes \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom NY Giants via Tampa Bay [R4 - 2]\n\n\n\n4\n103\nHouston Texans\nCoutee, KekeKeke Coutee \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n104\nIndianapolis Colts\nHines, NyheimNyheim Hines \nRB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n105\nCleveland Browns\nCallaway, AntonioAntonio Callaway \nWR\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Chicago via New England [R4 - 3]\n\n\n\n4\n106\nDenver Broncos\nJewell, JoseyJosey Jewell \nLB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n107\nNew York Jets\nHerndon, ChrisChris Herndon \nTE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n108\nNew York Giants\nLauletta, KyleKyle Lauletta \nQB\nRichmond\nCAA\nfrom Tampa Bay [R4 - 4]\n\n\n\n4\n109\nWashington Redskins\nApke, TroyTroy Apke \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via Denver [R4 - 5]\n\n\n\n4\n110\nOakland Raiders\nNelson, NickNick Nelson \nCB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n111\nLos Angeles Rams\nAllen, BrianBrian Allen \nC\nMichigan State\nBig Ten\nFrom Miami [R4 - 6]\n\n\n\n4\n112\nCincinnati Bengals\nWalton, MarkMark Walton \nRB\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n113\nDenver Broncos\nHamilton, DaeSeanDaeSean Hamilton \nWR\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Washington [R4 - 7]\n\n\n\n4\n114\nDetroit Lions\nHand, Da'ShawnDa'Shawn Hand \nDE\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Green Bay via Cleveland and New England [R4 - 8]\n\n\n\n4\n115\nChicago Bears\nIyiegbuniwe, JoelJoel Iyiegbuniwe \nLB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\nfrom Arizona [R4 - 9]\n\n\n\n4\n116\nDallas Cowboys\nArmstrong, DoranceDorance Armstrong \nDE\nKansas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n117\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWhitehead, JordanJordan Whitehead \nS\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Detroit via New England [R4 - 10]\n\n\n\n4\n118\nBaltimore Ravens\nAverett, AnthonyAnthony Averett \nCB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n119\nLos Angeles Chargers\nWhite, KyzirKyzir White \nS\nWest Virginia\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n120\nSeattle Seahawks\nDissly, WillWill Dissly \nTE\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n4\n121\nBuffalo Bills\nJohnson, TaronTaron Johnson \nCB\nWeber State\nBig Sky\n\n\n\n\n4\n122\nBaltimore Ravens\nYoung, KennyKenny Young \nLB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Kansas City [R4 - 11]\n\n\n\n4\n123\nMiami Dolphins\nSmythe, DurhamDurham Smythe \nTE\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Carolina via Cleveland [R4 - 12]\n\n\n\n4\n124\nKansas City Chiefs\nWatts, ArmaniArmani Watts \nS\nTexas A&M\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R4 - 13]\n\n\n\n4\n125\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMaddox, AvonteAvonte Maddox \nCB\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Tennessee via Baltimore [R4 - 14]\n\n\n\n4\n126\nAtlanta Falcons\nSmith, ItoIto Smith \nRB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n4\n127\nNew Orleans Saints\nLeonard, RickRick Leonard \nOT\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n128\nSan Francisco 49ers\nStreet, KentaviusKentavius Street \nDE\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Pittsburgh [R4 - 15]\n\n\n\n4\n129\nJacksonville Jaguars\nRichardson, WillWill Richardson \nOT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n130\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nSweat, JoshJosh Sweat \nDE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Minnesota [R4 - 16]\n\n\n\n4\n131\nMiami Dolphins\nBallage, KalenKalen Ballage \nRB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom New England via Philadelphia [R4 - 17]\n\n\n\n4\n132\nBaltimore Ravens\nScott, JaleelJaleel Scott \nWR\nNew Mexico State\nSun Belt\nfrom Philadelphia [R4 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n133\nGreen Bay Packers\nMoore, J'MonJ'Mon Moore \nWR\nMissouri\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n134\nArizona Cardinals\nEdmonds, ChaseChase Edmonds \nRB\nFordham\nPatriot\n\n\n\n\n4\n135\nLos Angeles Rams\nFranklin-Myers, JohnJohn Franklin-Myers \nDE\nStephen F. Austin\nSouthland\nfrom NY Giants [R4 - 19]\n\n\n\n4\n136\nCarolina Panthers\nHaynes, MarquisMarquis Haynes \nDE\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom New England via LA Rams [R4 - 20]\n\n\n\n4\n137\nDallas Cowboys\nSchultz, DaltonDalton Schultz \nTE\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n138\nGreen Bay Packers\nMadison, ColeCole Madison \nG\nWashington State\nPac-12\nfrom Cleveland [R5 - 1]\n\n\n\n5\n139\nNew York Giants\nMcIntosh, R. J.R. J. McIntosh \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n140\nOakland Raiders\nHurst, MauriceMaurice Hurst \nDT\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nfrom Indianapolis [R5 - 2]\n\n\n\n5\n141\nSeattle Seahawks\nGriffin, ShaquemShaquem Griffin \nLB\nUCF\nThe American\nfrom Houston [R5 - 3]\n\n\n\n5\n142\nSan Francisco 49ers\nReed, D. J.D. J. Reed \nCB\nKansas State\nBig 12\nfrom Denver via Washington [R5 - 4]\n\n\n\n5\n143\nNew England Patriots\nBentley, Ja'WhaunJa'Whaun Bentley \nLB\nPurdue\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via NY Jets [R5 - 5]\n\n\n\n5\n144\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWatson, JustinJustin Watson \nWR\nPenn\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n5\n145\nChicago Bears\nNichols, BilalBilal Nichols \nDT\nDelaware\nCAA\n\n\n\n\n5\n146\nSeattle Seahawks\nFlowers, TreTre Flowers \nS\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Oakland [R5 - 6]\n\n\n\n5\n147\nLos Angeles Rams\nKiser, MicahMicah Kiser \nLB\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay [R5 - 7]\n\n\n\n5\n148\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAllen, MarcusMarcus Allen \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco [R5 - 8]\n\n\n\n5\n149\nSeattle Seahawks\nDickson, MichaelMichael Dickson \nP\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Denver [R5 - 9]\n\n\n\n5\n150\nCleveland Browns\nAvery, GenardGenard Avery \nLB\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R5 - 10]\n\n\n\n5\n151\nCincinnati Bengals\nHarris, DavontaeDavontae Harris \nCB\nIllinois State\nMVFC\n\n\n\n\n5\n152\nTennessee Titans\nCruikshank, DaneDane Cruikshank \nCB\nArizona\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore [R5 - 11]\n\n\n\n5\n153\nDetroit Lions\nCrosby, TyrellTyrell Crosby \nOT\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n154\nBuffalo Bills\nNeal, SiranSiran Neal \nCB\nJacksonville State\nOVC\nfrom Baltimore [R5 - 12]\n\n\n\n5\n155\nLos Angeles Chargers\nQuessenberry, ScottScott Quessenberry \nC\nUCLA\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n156\nDenver Broncos\nFumagalli, TroyTroy Fumagalli \nTE\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle [R5 - 13]\n\n\n\n5\n157\nMinnesota Vikings\nConklin, TylerTyler Conklin \nTE\nCentral Michigan\nMAC\nfrom Dallas via NY Jets [R5 - 14]\n\n\n\n5\n158\nCincinnati Bengals\nBrown, AndrewAndrew Brown \nDE\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R5 - 15]\n\n\n\n5\n159\nIndianapolis Colts\nFountain, DauriceDaurice Fountain \nWR\nNorthern Iowa\nMVFC\nfrom Kansas City via Cleveland, New England, and Oakland [R5 - 16]\n\n\n\n5\n160\nLos Angeles Rams\nOkoronkwo, OgbonniaOgbonnia Okoronkwo \nLB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom LA Rams via Denver [R5 - 17]\n\n\n\n5\n161\nCarolina Panthers\nCarter Jr., JermaineJermaine Carter Jr. \nLB\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n162\nBaltimore Ravens\nLasley, JordanJordan Lasley \nWR\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Tennessee [R5 - 18]\n\n\n\n5\n163\nWashington Redskins\nSettle, TimTim Settle \nDT\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Atlanta via Denver [R5 - 19]\n\n\n\n5\n164\nNew Orleans Saints\nJamerson, NatrellNatrell Jamerson \nS\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n165\nPittsburgh Steelers\nSamuels, JaylenJaylen Samuels \nFB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n166\nBuffalo Bills\nTeller, WyattWyatt Teller \nG\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Jacksonville [R5 - 20]\n\n\n\n5\n167\nMinnesota Vikings\nCarlson, DanielDaniel Carlson \nK\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom Minnesota via NY Jets [R5 - 21]\n\n\n\n5\n168\nSeattle Seahawks\nJones, JamarcoJamarco Jones \nOT\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom New England [R5 - 22]\n\n\n\n5\n169\nIndianapolis Colts\nWilkins, JordanJordan Wilkins \nRB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Philadelphia [R5 - 23]\n\n\n\n5\n170\nCincinnati Bengals\nPhillips, DariusDarius Phillips \nCB\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n5\n171\nDallas Cowboys\nWhite, MikeMike White \nQB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n5\n172\nGreen Bay Packers\nScott, JKJK Scott \nP\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n5\n173\nOakland Raiders\nTownsend, JohnnyJohnny Townsend \nP\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Dallas [R5 - 24]\n\n\n\n5\n174\nGreen Bay Packers\nValdes-Scantling, MarquezMarquez Valdes-Scantling \nWR\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n175\nCleveland Browns\nRatley, DamionDamion Ratley \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n176\nLos Angeles Rams\nKelly, JohnJohn Kelly \nRB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom NY Giants [R6 - 1]\n\n\n\n6\n177\nHouston Texans\nEjiofor, DukeDuke Ejiofor \nDE\nWake Forest\nACC\n\n\n\n\n6\n178\nNew England Patriots\nSam, ChristianChristian Sam \nLB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis via Cleveland [R6 - 2]\n\n\n\n6\n179\nNew York Jets\nNickerson, ParryParry Nickerson \nCB\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n180\nNew York Jets\nFatukasi, FolorunsoFolorunso Fatukasi \nDT\nConnecticut\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Minnesota [R6 - 3]\n\n\n\n6\n181\nChicago Bears\nFitts, KylieKylie Fitts \nDE\nUtah\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n182\nArizona Cardinals\nCampbell, ChrisChris Campbell \nCB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Denver [R6 - 4]\n\n\n\n6\n183\nDenver Broncos\nJones, SamSam Jones \nG\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Miami via LA Rams [R6 - 5]\n\n\n\n6\n184\nSan Francisco 49ers\nHarris, MarcellMarcell Harris \nS\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n185\nIndianapolis Colts\nCain, DeonDeon Cain \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 6]\n\n\n\n6\n186\nSeattle Seahawks\nMartin, JacobJacob Martin \nLB\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R6 - 7]\n\n\n\n6\n187\nBuffalo Bills\nMcCloud, Ray-RayRay-Ray McCloud \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R6 - 8]\n\n\n\n6\n188\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, SimeonSimeon Thomas \nCB\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\nfrom Washington [R6 - 9]\n\n\n\n6\n189\nNew Orleans Saints\nMoore, KamrinKamrin Moore \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Arizona [R6 - 10]\n\n\n\n6\n190\nBaltimore Ravens\nElliott, DeShonDeShon Elliott \nS\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n191\nLos Angeles Chargers\nCantrell, DylanDylan Cantrell \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n192\nLos Angeles Rams\nDemby, JamilJamil Demby \nOT\nMaine\nCAA\nfrom Seattle via Oakland and Dallas [R6 - 11]\n\n\n\n6\n193\nDallas Cowboys\nCovington, ChrisChris Covington \nLB\nIndiana\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n194\nAtlanta Falcons\nGage, RussellRussell Gage \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Detroit via LA Rams [R6 - 12]\n\n\n\n6\n195\nLos Angeles Rams\nJoseph, SebastianSebastian Joseph \nDT\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R6 - 13]\n\n\n\n6\n196\nKansas City Chiefs\nSmith, TremonTremon Smith \nCB\nCentral Arkansas\nSouthland\nfrom LA Rams via Kansas City [R6 - 14]\n\n\n\n6\n197\nWashington Redskins\nHamilton, Shaun DionShaun Dion Hamilton \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Carolina via LA Rams [R6 - 15]\n\n\n\n6\n198\nKansas City Chiefs\nMcKenzie, KahlilKahlil McKenzie \nDT\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via New England [R6 - 16]\n\n\n\n6\n199\nTennessee Titans\nFalk, LukeLuke Falk \nQB\nWashington State\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n200\nAtlanta Falcons\nOluokun, FoyesadeFoyesade Oluokun \nS\nYale\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n6\n201\nNew Orleans Saints\nScott, BostonBoston Scott \nRB\nLouisiana Tech\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n6\n202\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCichy, JackJack Cichy \nLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh [R6 - 17]\n\n\n\n6\n203\nJacksonville Jaguars\nLee, TannerTanner Lee \nQB\nNebraska\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n204\nNew York Jets\nCannon, TrentonTrenton Cannon \nRB\nVirginia State\nCIAA\nfrom Minnesota [R6 - 18]\n\n\n\n6\n205\nLos Angeles Rams\nYoung, TrevonTrevon Young \nDE\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom New England via Cleveland and Washington [R6 - 19]\n\n\n\n6\n206\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nPryor, MattMatt Pryor \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n207\nGreen Bay Packers\nSt. Brown, EquanimeousEquanimeous St. Brown \nWR\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n6\n208\nDallas Cowboys\nWilson Jr., CedrickCedrick Wilson Jr. \nWR\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n6\n209\nMiami Dolphins\nArmstrong, CornellCornell Armstrong \nCB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City\n\n\n\n6\n210\nNew England Patriots\nBerrios, BraxtonBraxton Berrios \nWR\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 20]\n\n\n\n6\n211\nHouston Texans\nThomas, JordanJordan Thomas \nTE\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n212\nBaltimore Ravens\nSenat, GregGreg Senat \nOT\nWagner\nNEC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 21]\n\n\n\n6\n213\nMinnesota Vikings\nGossett, ColbyColby Gossett \nG\nAppalachian State\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n6\n214\nHouston Texans\nKalambayi, PeterPeter Kalambayi \nLB\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n215\nBaltimore Ravens\nBozeman, BradleyBradley Bozeman \nC\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Baltimore via Tennessee [R6 - 22]\n\n\n\n6\n216\nOakland Raiders\nVictor, AzeemAzeem Victor \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n217\nDenver Broncos\nBierria, KeishawnKeishawn Bierria \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via LA Rams [R6 - 23]\n\n\n\n6\n218\nMinnesota Vikings\nAruna, AdeAde Aruna \nDE\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n219\nNew England Patriots\nEtling, DannyDanny Etling \nQB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Cleveland [R7 - 1]\n\n\n\n7\n220\nSeattle Seahawks\nMcGough, AlexAlex McGough \nQB\nFlorida International\nC-USA\nfrom NY Giants via Pittsburgh [R7 - 2]\n\n\n\n7\n221\nIndianapolis Colts\nAdams, MatthewMatthew Adams \nLB\nHouston\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n222\nHouston Texans\nKelly, JermaineJermaine Kelly \nCB\nSan Jose State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n223\nSan Francisco 49ers\nTaylor, JullianJullian Taylor \nDT\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Miami [R7 - 3]\n\n\n\n7\n224\nChicago Bears\nWims, JavonJavon Wims \nWR\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n225\nMinnesota Vikings\nDowns, DevanteDevante Downs \nLB\nCalifornia\nPac-12\nfrom Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets [R7 - 4]\n\n\n\n7\n226\nDenver Broncos\nWilliams, DavidDavid Williams \nRB\nArkansas\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets via Seattle [R7 - 5]\n\n\n\n7\n227\nMiami Dolphins\nPoling, QuentinQuentin Poling \nLB\nOhio\nMAC\nfrom San Francisco [R7 - 6]\n\n\n\n7\n228\nOakland Raiders\nAteman, MarcellMarcell Ateman \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n7\n229\nMiami Dolphins\nSanders, JasonJason Sanders \nK\nNew Mexico\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n230\nJacksonville Jaguars\nJacobs, LeonLeon Jacobs \nOLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Cincinnati [R7 - 7]\n\n\n\n7\n231\nLos Angeles Rams\nHoward, TravinTravin Howard \nLB\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Washington [R7 - 8]\n\n\n\n7\n232\nGreen Bay Packers\nLooney, JamesJames Looney \nDE\nCalifornia\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n7\n233\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMailata, JordanJordan Mailata \nT\n \n \nfrom Arizona via Kansas City and New England [R7 - 9]\nAustralian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL\n\n\n\n7\n234\nCarolina Panthers\nSmith, AndreAndre Smith \nILB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom LA Chargers via Buffalo [R7 - 10]\n\n\n\n7\n235\nIndianapolis Colts\nFranklin, ZaireZaire Franklin \nLB\nSyracuse\nACC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets [R7 - 11]\n\n\n\n7\n236\nDallas Cowboys\nScarbrough, BoBo Scarbrough \nRB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n237\nDetroit Lions\nBawden, NickNick Bawden \nFB\nSan Diego State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n238\nBaltimore Ravens\nSieler, ZachZach Sieler \nDE\nFerris State\nGLIAC\nfrom Arizona via Baltimore [R7 - 12]\n\n\n\n7\n239\nGreen Bay Packers\nBradley, HunterHunter Bradley \nLS\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R7 - 13]\n\n\n\n7\n240\nSan Francisco 49ers\nJames, RichieRichie James \nWR\nMiddle Tennessee\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City [R7 - 14]\n\n\n\n7\n241\nWashington Redskins\nStroman, GregGreg Stroman \nCB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom LA Rams [R7 - 15]\n\n\n\n7\n242\nCarolina Panthers\nNorton, KendrickKendrick Norton \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n243\nNew England Patriots\nCrossen, KeionKeion Crossen \nCB\nWestern Carolina\nSoCon\nfrom Tennessee via Kansas City [R7 - 16]\n\n\n\n7\n244\nLos Angeles Rams\nLawler, JustinJustin Lawler \nDE\nSMU\nThe American\nfrom Atlanta [R7 - 17]\n\n\n\n7\n245\nNew Orleans Saints\nClapp, WillWill Clapp \nC\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n246\nPittsburgh Steelers\nFrazier, JoshuaJoshua Frazier \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n247\nJacksonville Jaguars\nCooke, LoganLogan Cooke \nP\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n248\nGreen Bay Packers\nDonnerson, KendallKendall Donnerson \nOLB\nSoutheast Missouri State\nOVC\nfrom Seattle via Minnesota [R7 - 18]\n\n\n\n7\n249\nCincinnati Bengals\nWoodside, LoganLogan Woodside \nQB\nToledo\nMAC\nfrom New England [R7 - 19]\n\n\n\n7\n250\nNew England Patriots\nIzzo, RyanRyan Izzo \nTE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia via Seattle, New England, Seattle, and Philadelphia [R7 - 20]\n\n\n\n7\n251\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJackson, JustinJustin Jackson \nRB\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n7\n252\nCincinnati Bengals\nTaylor, RodRod Taylor \nG\nOle Miss\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n253\nCincinnati Bengals\nTate, AudenAuden Tate \nWR\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n254\nArizona Cardinals\nCunningham, KoreyKorey Cunningham \nOT\nCincinnati\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n255\nBuffalo Bills\nProehl, AustinAustin Proehl \nWR\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R7 - 21]\n\n\n\n7\n256\nWashington Redskins\nQuinn, TreyTrey Quinn \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\nMr. Irrelevant\nfrom Falcons via LA Rams [R7 - 22]\n\n", "\n\n\nRnd.\nPick #\nNFL team\nPlayer\nPos.\nCollege\nConf.\nNotes\n\n\n\n1\n1\nCleveland Browns\nMayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield \nQB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n2017 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n1\n2\nNew York Giants\nBarkley, SaquonSaquon Barkley \nRB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n3\nNew York Jets\nDarnold, SamSam Darnold \nQB\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis [R1 - 1]\n\n\n\n1\n4\nCleveland Browns\nWard, DenzelDenzel Ward \nCB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Houston [R1 - 2]\n\n\n\n1\n5\nDenver Broncos\nChubb, BradleyBradley Chubb \nDE\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n6\nIndianapolis Colts\nNelson, QuentonQuenton Nelson \nG\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom NY Jets [R1 - 3]\n\n\n\n1\n7\nBuffalo Bills\nAllen, JoshJosh Allen \nQB\nWyoming\nMW\nfrom Tampa Bay [R1 - 4]\n\n\n\n1\n8\nChicago Bears\nSmith, RoquanRoquan Smith \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n9\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMcGlinchey, MikeMike McGlinchey \nOT\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n1\n10\nArizona Cardinals\nRosen, JoshJosh Rosen \nQB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland [R1 - 5]\n\n\n\n1\n11\nMiami Dolphins\nFitzpatrick, MinkahMinkah Fitzpatrick \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n12\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nVea, VitaVita Vea \nDT\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Cincinnati via Buffalo [R1 - 6]\n\n\n\n1\n13\nWashington Redskins\nPayne, Da'RonDa'Ron Payne \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n14\nNew Orleans Saints\nDavenport, MarcusMarcus Davenport \nDE\nUTSA\nC-USA\nfrom Green Bay [R1 - 7]\n\n\n\n1\n15\nOakland Raiders\nMiller, KoltonKolton Miller \nOT\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona [R1 - 8]\n\n\n\n1\n16\nBuffalo Bills\nEdmunds, TremaineTremaine Edmunds \nLB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Baltimore [R1 - 9]\n\n\n\n1\n17\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJames, DerwinDerwin James \nS\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n18\nGreen Bay Packers\nAlexander, JaireJaire Alexander \nCB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Seattle [R1 - 10]\n\n\n\n1\n19\nDallas Cowboys\nVander Esch, LeightonLeighton Vander Esch \nLB\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n1\n20\nDetroit Lions\nRagnow, FrankFrank Ragnow \nC\nArkansas\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n21\nCincinnati Bengals\nPrice, BillyBilly Price \nC\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R1 - 11]\n\n\n\n1\n22\nTennessee Titans\nEvans, RashaanRashaan Evans \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore [R1 - 12]\n\n\n\n1\n23\nNew England Patriots\nWynn, IsaiahIsaiah Wynn \nOT\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R1 - 13]\n\n\n\n1\n24\nCarolina Panthers\nMoore, D. J.D. J. Moore \nWR\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n25\nBaltimore Ravens\nHurst, HaydenHayden Hurst \nTE\nSouth Carolina\nSEC\nfrom Tennessee [R1 - 14]\n\n\n\n1\n26\nAtlanta Falcons\nRidley, CalvinCalvin Ridley \nWR\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n27\nSeattle Seahawks\nPenny, RashaadRashaad Penny \nRB\nSan Diego State\nMW\nfrom New Orleans via Green Bay [R1 - 15]\n\n\n\n1\n28\nPittsburgh Steelers\nEdmunds, TerrellTerrell Edmunds \nS\nVirginia Tech\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n29\nJacksonville Jaguars\nBryan, TavenTaven Bryan \nDT\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n30\nMinnesota Vikings\nHughes, MikeMike Hughes \nCB\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n1\n31\nNew England Patriots\nMichel, SonySony Michel \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n32\nBaltimore Ravens\nJackson, LamarLamar Jackson \nQB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia [R1 - 16]\n2016 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n2\n33\nCleveland Browns\nCorbett, AustinAustin Corbett \nG\nNevada\nMW\n\n\n\n\n2\n34\nNew York Giants\nHernandez, WillWill Hernandez \nG\nUTEP\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n2\n35\nCleveland Browns\nChubb, NickNick Chubb \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom Houston [R2 - 1]\n\n\n\n2\n36\nIndianapolis Colts\nLeonard, DariusDarius Leonard \nLB\nSouth Carolina State\nMEAC\n\n\n\n\n2\n37\nIndianapolis Colts\nSmith, BradenBraden Smith \nG\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets [R2 - 2]\n\n\n\n2\n38\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nJones, RonaldRonald Jones \nRB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n39\nChicago Bears\nDaniels, JamesJames Daniels \nC\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n40\nDenver Broncos\nSutton, CourtlandCourtland Sutton \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n2\n41\nTennessee Titans\nLandry, HaroldHarold Landry \nLB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R2 - 3]\n\n\n\n2\n42\nMiami Dolphins\nGesicki, MikeMike Gesicki \nTE\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n43\nDetroit Lions\nJohnson, KerryonKerryon Johnson \nRB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom San Francisco via New England [R2 - 4]\n\n\n\n2\n44\nSan Francisco 49ers\nPettis, DanteDante Pettis \nWR\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Washington [R2 - 5]\n\n\n\n2\n45\nGreen Bay Packers\nJackson, JoshJosh Jackson \nCB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n46\nKansas City Chiefs\nSpeaks, BreelandBreeland Speaks \nLB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Cincinnati [R2 - 6]\n\n\n\n2\n47\nArizona Cardinals\nKirk, ChristianChristian Kirk \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n48\nLos Angeles Chargers\nNwosu, UchennaUchenna Nwosu \nLB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n49\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nGoedert, DallasDallas Goedert \nTE\nSouth Dakota State\nMVFC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis [R2 - 7]\n\n\n\n2\n50\nDallas Cowboys\nWilliams, ConnorConnor Williams \nG\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n51\nChicago Bears\nMiller, AnthonyAnthony Miller \nWR\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Detroit via New England [R2 - 8]\n\n\n\n2\n52\nIndianapolis Colts\nTuray, KemokoKemoko Turay \nDE\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Baltimore via Philadelphia [R2 - 9]\n\n\n\n2\n53\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nStewart, M. J.M. J. Stewart \nCB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R2 - 10]\n\n\n\n2\n54\nCincinnati Bengals\nBates III, JessieJessie Bates III \nS\nWake Forest\nACC\nfrom Kansas City [R2 - 11]\n\n\n\n2\n55\nCarolina Panthers\nJackson, DonteDonte Jackson \nCB\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n56\nNew England Patriots\nDawson, DukeDuke Dawson \nCB\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay [R2 - 12]\n\n\n\n2\n57\nOakland Raiders\nHall, P. J.P. J. Hall \nDT\nSam Houston State\nSouthland\nfrom Tennessee [R2 - 13]\n\n\n\n2\n58\nAtlanta Falcons\nOliver, IsaiahIsaiah Oliver \nCB\nColorado\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n59\nWashington Redskins\nGuice, DerriusDerrius Guice \nRB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom New Orleans via San Francisco [R2 - 14]\n\n\n\n2\n60\nPittsburgh Steelers\nWashington, JamesJames Washington \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n61\nJacksonville Jaguars\nChark, DJDJ Chark \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n62\nMinnesota Vikings\nO'Neill, BrianBrian O'Neill \nOT\nPittsburgh\nACC\n\n\n\n\n2\n63\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nDavis, CarltonCarlton Davis \nCB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom New England [R2 - 15]\n\n\n\n2\n64\nIndianapolis Colts\nLewis, TyquanTyquan Lewis \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Philadelphia via Cleveland [R2 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n65\nOakland Raiders\nParker, BrandonBrandon Parker \nOT\nNorth Carolina A&T\nMEAC\nfrom Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore [R3 - 1]\n\n\n\n3\n66\nNew York Giants\nCarter, LorenzoLorenzo Carter \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n67\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, ChadChad Thomas \nDE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Indianapolis [R3 - 2]\n\n\n\n3\n68\nHouston Texans\nReid, JustinJustin Reid \nS\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n69\nNew York Giants\nHill, B. J.B. J. Hill \nDT\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R3 - 3]\n\n\n\n3\n70\nSan Francisco 49ers\nWarner, FredFred Warner \nLB\nBYU\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Chicago [R3 - 4]\n\n\n\n3\n71\nDenver Broncos\nFreeman, RoyceRoyce Freeman \nRB\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n72\nNew York Jets\nShepherd, NathanNathan Shepherd \nDT\nFort Hays State\nMIAA (D-II)\n\n\n\n\n3\n73\nMiami Dolphins\nBaker, JeromeJerome Baker \nLB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n74\nWashington Redskins\nChristian, GeronGeron Christian \nOT\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom San Francisco [R3 - 5]\n\n\n\n3\n75\nKansas City Chiefs\nNnadi, DerrickDerrick Nnadi \nDT\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Oakland via Baltimore [R3 - 6]\n\n\n\n3\n76\nPittsburgh Steelers\nRudolph, MasonMason Rudolph \nQB\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Green Bay via Seattle [R3 - 7]\n\n\n\n3\n77\nCincinnati Bengals\nHubbard, SamSam Hubbard \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n78\nCincinnati Bengals\nJefferson, MalikMalik Jefferson \nLB\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Kansas City [R3 - 8]\n\n\n\n3\n79\nSeattle Seahawks\nGreen, RasheemRasheem Green \nDE\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh [R3 - 9]\n\n\n\n3\n80\nHouston Texans\nRankin, MartinasMartinas Rankin \nOT\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Seattle [R3 - 10]\n\n\n\n3\n81\nDallas Cowboys\nGallup, MichaelMichael Gallup \nWR\nColorado State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n3\n82\nDetroit Lions\nWalker, TracyTracy Walker \nS\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n3\n83\nBaltimore Ravens\nBrown Jr., OrlandoOrlando Brown Jr. \nOT\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n3\n84\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJones, JustinJustin Jones \nDT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n85\nCarolina Panthers\nGaulden, RashaanRashaan Gaulden \nCB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R3 - 11]\n\n\n\n3\n86\nBaltimore Ravens\nAndrews, MarkMark Andrews \nTE\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom Kansas City [R3 - 12]\n\n\n\n3\n87\nOakland Raiders\nKey, ArdenArden Key \nDE\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R3 - 13]\n\n\n\n3\n88\nGreen Bay Packers\nBurks, OrenOren Burks \nLB\nVanderbilt\nSEC\nfrom Carolina [R3 - 14]\n\n\n\n3\n89\nLos Angeles Rams\nNoteboom, JosephJoseph Noteboom \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Tennessee via Oakland [R3 - 15]\n\n\n\n3\n90\nAtlanta Falcons\nSenat, DeadrinDeadrin Senat \nDT\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n91\nNew Orleans Saints\nSmith, Tre'QuanTre'Quan Smith \nWR\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n92\nPittsburgh Steelers\nOkorafor, ChukwumaChukwuma Okorafor \nOT\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n3\n93\nJacksonville Jaguars\nHarrison, RonnieRonnie Harrison \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n94\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCappa, AlexAlex Cappa \nOT\nHumboldt State\nGNAC\nfrom Minnesota [R3 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n95\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMoore, TarvariusTarvarius Moore \nS\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom New England\n\n\n\n3\n96\nBuffalo Bills\nPhillips, HarrisonHarrison Phillips \nDT\nStanford\nPac-12\nfrom Philadelphia [R3 - 17]\n\n\n\n3\n97\nArizona Cardinals\nCole, MasonMason Cole \nC\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n98\nHouston Texans\nAkins, JordanJordan Akins \nTE\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n99\nDenver Broncos\nYiadom, IsaacIsaac Yiadom \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n100\nKansas City Chiefs\nO'Daniel, DorianDorian O'Daniel \nLB\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R3 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n101\nCarolina Panthers\nThomas, IanIan Thomas \nTE\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nfrom Cleveland via Green Bay [R4 - 1]\n\n\n\n4\n102\nMinnesota Vikings\nHolmes, JalynJalyn Holmes \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom NY Giants via Tampa Bay [R4 - 2]\n\n\n\n4\n103\nHouston Texans\nCoutee, KekeKeke Coutee \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n104\nIndianapolis Colts\nHines, NyheimNyheim Hines \nRB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n105\nCleveland Browns\nCallaway, AntonioAntonio Callaway \nWR\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Chicago via New England [R4 - 3]\n\n\n\n4\n106\nDenver Broncos\nJewell, JoseyJosey Jewell \nLB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n107\nNew York Jets\nHerndon, ChrisChris Herndon \nTE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n108\nNew York Giants\nLauletta, KyleKyle Lauletta \nQB\nRichmond\nCAA\nfrom Tampa Bay [R4 - 4]\n\n\n\n4\n109\nWashington Redskins\nApke, TroyTroy Apke \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via Denver [R4 - 5]\n\n\n\n4\n110\nOakland Raiders\nNelson, NickNick Nelson \nCB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n111\nLos Angeles Rams\nAllen, BrianBrian Allen \nC\nMichigan State\nBig Ten\nFrom Miami [R4 - 6]\n\n\n\n4\n112\nCincinnati Bengals\nWalton, MarkMark Walton \nRB\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n113\nDenver Broncos\nHamilton, DaeSeanDaeSean Hamilton \nWR\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Washington [R4 - 7]\n\n\n\n4\n114\nDetroit Lions\nHand, Da'ShawnDa'Shawn Hand \nDE\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Green Bay via Cleveland and New England [R4 - 8]\n\n\n\n4\n115\nChicago Bears\nIyiegbuniwe, JoelJoel Iyiegbuniwe \nLB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\nfrom Arizona [R4 - 9]\n\n\n\n4\n116\nDallas Cowboys\nArmstrong, DoranceDorance Armstrong \nDE\nKansas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n117\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWhitehead, JordanJordan Whitehead \nS\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Detroit via New England [R4 - 10]\n\n\n\n4\n118\nBaltimore Ravens\nAverett, AnthonyAnthony Averett \nCB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n119\nLos Angeles Chargers\nWhite, KyzirKyzir White \nS\nWest Virginia\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n120\nSeattle Seahawks\nDissly, WillWill Dissly \nTE\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n4\n121\nBuffalo Bills\nJohnson, TaronTaron Johnson \nCB\nWeber State\nBig Sky\n\n\n\n\n4\n122\nBaltimore Ravens\nYoung, KennyKenny Young \nLB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Kansas City [R4 - 11]\n\n\n\n4\n123\nMiami Dolphins\nSmythe, DurhamDurham Smythe \nTE\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Carolina via Cleveland [R4 - 12]\n\n\n\n4\n124\nKansas City Chiefs\nWatts, ArmaniArmani Watts \nS\nTexas A&M\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R4 - 13]\n\n\n\n4\n125\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMaddox, AvonteAvonte Maddox \nCB\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Tennessee via Baltimore [R4 - 14]\n\n\n\n4\n126\nAtlanta Falcons\nSmith, ItoIto Smith \nRB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n4\n127\nNew Orleans Saints\nLeonard, RickRick Leonard \nOT\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n128\nSan Francisco 49ers\nStreet, KentaviusKentavius Street \nDE\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Pittsburgh [R4 - 15]\n\n\n\n4\n129\nJacksonville Jaguars\nRichardson, WillWill Richardson \nOT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n130\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nSweat, JoshJosh Sweat \nDE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Minnesota [R4 - 16]\n\n\n\n4\n131\nMiami Dolphins\nBallage, KalenKalen Ballage \nRB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom New England via Philadelphia [R4 - 17]\n\n\n\n4\n132\nBaltimore Ravens\nScott, JaleelJaleel Scott \nWR\nNew Mexico State\nSun Belt\nfrom Philadelphia [R4 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n133\nGreen Bay Packers\nMoore, J'MonJ'Mon Moore \nWR\nMissouri\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n134\nArizona Cardinals\nEdmonds, ChaseChase Edmonds \nRB\nFordham\nPatriot\n\n\n\n\n4\n135\nLos Angeles Rams\nFranklin-Myers, JohnJohn Franklin-Myers \nDE\nStephen F. Austin\nSouthland\nfrom NY Giants [R4 - 19]\n\n\n\n4\n136\nCarolina Panthers\nHaynes, MarquisMarquis Haynes \nDE\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom New England via LA Rams [R4 - 20]\n\n\n\n4\n137\nDallas Cowboys\nSchultz, DaltonDalton Schultz \nTE\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n138\nGreen Bay Packers\nMadison, ColeCole Madison \nG\nWashington State\nPac-12\nfrom Cleveland [R5 - 1]\n\n\n\n5\n139\nNew York Giants\nMcIntosh, R. J.R. J. McIntosh \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n140\nOakland Raiders\nHurst, MauriceMaurice Hurst \nDT\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nfrom Indianapolis [R5 - 2]\n\n\n\n5\n141\nSeattle Seahawks\nGriffin, ShaquemShaquem Griffin \nLB\nUCF\nThe American\nfrom Houston [R5 - 3]\n\n\n\n5\n142\nSan Francisco 49ers\nReed, D. J.D. J. Reed \nCB\nKansas State\nBig 12\nfrom Denver via Washington [R5 - 4]\n\n\n\n5\n143\nNew England Patriots\nBentley, Ja'WhaunJa'Whaun Bentley \nLB\nPurdue\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via NY Jets [R5 - 5]\n\n\n\n5\n144\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWatson, JustinJustin Watson \nWR\nPenn\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n5\n145\nChicago Bears\nNichols, BilalBilal Nichols \nDT\nDelaware\nCAA\n\n\n\n\n5\n146\nSeattle Seahawks\nFlowers, TreTre Flowers \nS\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Oakland [R5 - 6]\n\n\n\n5\n147\nLos Angeles Rams\nKiser, MicahMicah Kiser \nLB\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay [R5 - 7]\n\n\n\n5\n148\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAllen, MarcusMarcus Allen \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco [R5 - 8]\n\n\n\n5\n149\nSeattle Seahawks\nDickson, MichaelMichael Dickson \nP\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Denver [R5 - 9]\n\n\n\n5\n150\nCleveland Browns\nAvery, GenardGenard Avery \nLB\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R5 - 10]\n\n\n\n5\n151\nCincinnati Bengals\nHarris, DavontaeDavontae Harris \nCB\nIllinois State\nMVFC\n\n\n\n\n5\n152\nTennessee Titans\nCruikshank, DaneDane Cruikshank \nCB\nArizona\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore [R5 - 11]\n\n\n\n5\n153\nDetroit Lions\nCrosby, TyrellTyrell Crosby \nOT\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n154\nBuffalo Bills\nNeal, SiranSiran Neal \nCB\nJacksonville State\nOVC\nfrom Baltimore [R5 - 12]\n\n\n\n5\n155\nLos Angeles Chargers\nQuessenberry, ScottScott Quessenberry \nC\nUCLA\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n156\nDenver Broncos\nFumagalli, TroyTroy Fumagalli \nTE\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle [R5 - 13]\n\n\n\n5\n157\nMinnesota Vikings\nConklin, TylerTyler Conklin \nTE\nCentral Michigan\nMAC\nfrom Dallas via NY Jets [R5 - 14]\n\n\n\n5\n158\nCincinnati Bengals\nBrown, AndrewAndrew Brown \nDE\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R5 - 15]\n\n\n\n5\n159\nIndianapolis Colts\nFountain, DauriceDaurice Fountain \nWR\nNorthern Iowa\nMVFC\nfrom Kansas City via Cleveland, New England, and Oakland [R5 - 16]\n\n\n\n5\n160\nLos Angeles Rams\nOkoronkwo, OgbonniaOgbonnia Okoronkwo \nLB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom LA Rams via Denver [R5 - 17]\n\n\n\n5\n161\nCarolina Panthers\nCarter Jr., JermaineJermaine Carter Jr. \nLB\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n162\nBaltimore Ravens\nLasley, JordanJordan Lasley \nWR\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Tennessee [R5 - 18]\n\n\n\n5\n163\nWashington Redskins\nSettle, TimTim Settle \nDT\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Atlanta via Denver [R5 - 19]\n\n\n\n5\n164\nNew Orleans Saints\nJamerson, NatrellNatrell Jamerson \nS\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n165\nPittsburgh Steelers\nSamuels, JaylenJaylen Samuels \nFB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n166\nBuffalo Bills\nTeller, WyattWyatt Teller \nG\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Jacksonville [R5 - 20]\n\n\n\n5\n167\nMinnesota Vikings\nCarlson, DanielDaniel Carlson \nK\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom Minnesota via NY Jets [R5 - 21]\n\n\n\n5\n168\nSeattle Seahawks\nJones, JamarcoJamarco Jones \nOT\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom New England [R5 - 22]\n\n\n\n5\n169\nIndianapolis Colts\nWilkins, JordanJordan Wilkins \nRB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Philadelphia [R5 - 23]\n\n\n\n5\n170\nCincinnati Bengals\nPhillips, DariusDarius Phillips \nCB\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n5\n171\nDallas Cowboys\nWhite, MikeMike White \nQB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n5\n172\nGreen Bay Packers\nScott, JKJK Scott \nP\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n5\n173\nOakland Raiders\nTownsend, JohnnyJohnny Townsend \nP\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Dallas [R5 - 24]\n\n\n\n5\n174\nGreen Bay Packers\nValdes-Scantling, MarquezMarquez Valdes-Scantling \nWR\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n175\nCleveland Browns\nRatley, DamionDamion Ratley \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n176\nLos Angeles Rams\nKelly, JohnJohn Kelly \nRB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom NY Giants [R6 - 1]\n\n\n\n6\n177\nHouston Texans\nEjiofor, DukeDuke Ejiofor \nDE\nWake Forest\nACC\n\n\n\n\n6\n178\nNew England Patriots\nSam, ChristianChristian Sam \nLB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis via Cleveland [R6 - 2]\n\n\n\n6\n179\nNew York Jets\nNickerson, ParryParry Nickerson \nCB\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n180\nNew York Jets\nFatukasi, FolorunsoFolorunso Fatukasi \nDT\nConnecticut\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Minnesota [R6 - 3]\n\n\n\n6\n181\nChicago Bears\nFitts, KylieKylie Fitts \nDE\nUtah\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n182\nArizona Cardinals\nCampbell, ChrisChris Campbell \nCB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Denver [R6 - 4]\n\n\n\n6\n183\nDenver Broncos\nJones, SamSam Jones \nG\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Miami via LA Rams [R6 - 5]\n\n\n\n6\n184\nSan Francisco 49ers\nHarris, MarcellMarcell Harris \nS\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n185\nIndianapolis Colts\nCain, DeonDeon Cain \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 6]\n\n\n\n6\n186\nSeattle Seahawks\nMartin, JacobJacob Martin \nLB\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R6 - 7]\n\n\n\n6\n187\nBuffalo Bills\nMcCloud, Ray-RayRay-Ray McCloud \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R6 - 8]\n\n\n\n6\n188\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, SimeonSimeon Thomas \nCB\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\nfrom Washington [R6 - 9]\n\n\n\n6\n189\nNew Orleans Saints\nMoore, KamrinKamrin Moore \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Arizona [R6 - 10]\n\n\n\n6\n190\nBaltimore Ravens\nElliott, DeShonDeShon Elliott \nS\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n191\nLos Angeles Chargers\nCantrell, DylanDylan Cantrell \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n192\nLos Angeles Rams\nDemby, JamilJamil Demby \nOT\nMaine\nCAA\nfrom Seattle via Oakland and Dallas [R6 - 11]\n\n\n\n6\n193\nDallas Cowboys\nCovington, ChrisChris Covington \nLB\nIndiana\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n194\nAtlanta Falcons\nGage, RussellRussell Gage \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Detroit via LA Rams [R6 - 12]\n\n\n\n6\n195\nLos Angeles Rams\nJoseph, SebastianSebastian Joseph \nDT\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R6 - 13]\n\n\n\n6\n196\nKansas City Chiefs\nSmith, TremonTremon Smith \nCB\nCentral Arkansas\nSouthland\nfrom LA Rams via Kansas City [R6 - 14]\n\n\n\n6\n197\nWashington Redskins\nHamilton, Shaun DionShaun Dion Hamilton \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Carolina via LA Rams [R6 - 15]\n\n\n\n6\n198\nKansas City Chiefs\nMcKenzie, KahlilKahlil McKenzie \nDT\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via New England [R6 - 16]\n\n\n\n6\n199\nTennessee Titans\nFalk, LukeLuke Falk \nQB\nWashington State\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n200\nAtlanta Falcons\nOluokun, FoyesadeFoyesade Oluokun \nS\nYale\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n6\n201\nNew Orleans Saints\nScott, BostonBoston Scott \nRB\nLouisiana Tech\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n6\n202\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCichy, JackJack Cichy \nLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh [R6 - 17]\n\n\n\n6\n203\nJacksonville Jaguars\nLee, TannerTanner Lee \nQB\nNebraska\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n204\nNew York Jets\nCannon, TrentonTrenton Cannon \nRB\nVirginia State\nCIAA\nfrom Minnesota [R6 - 18]\n\n\n\n6\n205\nLos Angeles Rams\nYoung, TrevonTrevon Young \nDE\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom New England via Cleveland and Washington [R6 - 19]\n\n\n\n6\n206\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nPryor, MattMatt Pryor \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n207\nGreen Bay Packers\nSt. Brown, EquanimeousEquanimeous St. Brown \nWR\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n6\n208\nDallas Cowboys\nWilson Jr., CedrickCedrick Wilson Jr. \nWR\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n6\n209\nMiami Dolphins\nArmstrong, CornellCornell Armstrong \nCB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City\n\n\n\n6\n210\nNew England Patriots\nBerrios, BraxtonBraxton Berrios \nWR\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 20]\n\n\n\n6\n211\nHouston Texans\nThomas, JordanJordan Thomas \nTE\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n212\nBaltimore Ravens\nSenat, GregGreg Senat \nOT\nWagner\nNEC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 21]\n\n\n\n6\n213\nMinnesota Vikings\nGossett, ColbyColby Gossett \nG\nAppalachian State\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n6\n214\nHouston Texans\nKalambayi, PeterPeter Kalambayi \nLB\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n215\nBaltimore Ravens\nBozeman, BradleyBradley Bozeman \nC\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Baltimore via Tennessee [R6 - 22]\n\n\n\n6\n216\nOakland Raiders\nVictor, AzeemAzeem Victor \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n217\nDenver Broncos\nBierria, KeishawnKeishawn Bierria \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via LA Rams [R6 - 23]\n\n\n\n6\n218\nMinnesota Vikings\nAruna, AdeAde Aruna \nDE\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n219\nNew England Patriots\nEtling, DannyDanny Etling \nQB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Cleveland [R7 - 1]\n\n\n\n7\n220\nSeattle Seahawks\nMcGough, AlexAlex McGough \nQB\nFlorida International\nC-USA\nfrom NY Giants via Pittsburgh [R7 - 2]\n\n\n\n7\n221\nIndianapolis Colts\nAdams, MatthewMatthew Adams \nLB\nHouston\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n222\nHouston Texans\nKelly, JermaineJermaine Kelly \nCB\nSan Jose State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n223\nSan Francisco 49ers\nTaylor, JullianJullian Taylor \nDT\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Miami [R7 - 3]\n\n\n\n7\n224\nChicago Bears\nWims, JavonJavon Wims \nWR\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n225\nMinnesota Vikings\nDowns, DevanteDevante Downs \nLB\nCalifornia\nPac-12\nfrom Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets [R7 - 4]\n\n\n\n7\n226\nDenver Broncos\nWilliams, DavidDavid Williams \nRB\nArkansas\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets via Seattle [R7 - 5]\n\n\n\n7\n227\nMiami Dolphins\nPoling, QuentinQuentin Poling \nLB\nOhio\nMAC\nfrom San Francisco [R7 - 6]\n\n\n\n7\n228\nOakland Raiders\nAteman, MarcellMarcell Ateman \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n7\n229\nMiami Dolphins\nSanders, JasonJason Sanders \nK\nNew Mexico\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n230\nJacksonville Jaguars\nJacobs, LeonLeon Jacobs \nOLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Cincinnati [R7 - 7]\n\n\n\n7\n231\nLos Angeles Rams\nHoward, TravinTravin Howard \nLB\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Washington [R7 - 8]\n\n\n\n7\n232\nGreen Bay Packers\nLooney, JamesJames Looney \nDE\nCalifornia\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n7\n233\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMailata, JordanJordan Mailata \nT\n \n \nfrom Arizona via Kansas City and New England [R7 - 9]\nAustralian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL\n\n\n\n7\n234\nCarolina Panthers\nSmith, AndreAndre Smith \nILB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom LA Chargers via Buffalo [R7 - 10]\n\n\n\n7\n235\nIndianapolis Colts\nFranklin, ZaireZaire Franklin \nLB\nSyracuse\nACC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets [R7 - 11]\n\n\n\n7\n236\nDallas Cowboys\nScarbrough, BoBo Scarbrough \nRB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n237\nDetroit Lions\nBawden, NickNick Bawden \nFB\nSan Diego State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n238\nBaltimore Ravens\nSieler, ZachZach Sieler \nDE\nFerris State\nGLIAC\nfrom Arizona via Baltimore [R7 - 12]\n\n\n\n7\n239\nGreen Bay Packers\nBradley, HunterHunter Bradley \nLS\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R7 - 13]\n\n\n\n7\n240\nSan Francisco 49ers\nJames, RichieRichie James \nWR\nMiddle Tennessee\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City [R7 - 14]\n\n\n\n7\n241\nWashington Redskins\nStroman, GregGreg Stroman \nCB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom LA Rams [R7 - 15]\n\n\n\n7\n242\nCarolina Panthers\nNorton, KendrickKendrick Norton \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n243\nNew England Patriots\nCrossen, KeionKeion Crossen \nCB\nWestern Carolina\nSoCon\nfrom Tennessee via Kansas City [R7 - 16]\n\n\n\n7\n244\nLos Angeles Rams\nLawler, JustinJustin Lawler \nDE\nSMU\nThe American\nfrom Atlanta [R7 - 17]\n\n\n\n7\n245\nNew Orleans Saints\nClapp, WillWill Clapp \nC\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n246\nPittsburgh Steelers\nFrazier, JoshuaJoshua Frazier \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n247\nJacksonville Jaguars\nCooke, LoganLogan Cooke \nP\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n248\nGreen Bay Packers\nDonnerson, KendallKendall Donnerson \nOLB\nSoutheast Missouri State\nOVC\nfrom Seattle via Minnesota [R7 - 18]\n\n\n\n7\n249\nCincinnati Bengals\nWoodside, LoganLogan Woodside \nQB\nToledo\nMAC\nfrom New England [R7 - 19]\n\n\n\n7\n250\nNew England Patriots\nIzzo, RyanRyan Izzo \nTE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia via Seattle, New England, Seattle, and Philadelphia [R7 - 20]\n\n\n\n7\n251\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJackson, JustinJustin Jackson \nRB\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n7\n252\nCincinnati Bengals\nTaylor, RodRod Taylor \nG\nOle Miss\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n253\nCincinnati Bengals\nTate, AudenAuden Tate \nWR\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n254\nArizona Cardinals\nCunningham, KoreyKorey Cunningham \nOT\nCincinnati\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n255\nBuffalo Bills\nProehl, AustinAustin Proehl \nWR\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R7 - 21]\n\n\n\n7\n256\nWashington Redskins\nQuinn, TreyTrey Quinn \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\nMr. Irrelevant\nfrom Falcons via LA Rams [R7 - 22]\n\n", "\n\n\nRnd.\nPick #\nNFL team\nPlayer\nPos.\nCollege\nConf.\nNotes\n\n\n\n1\n1\nCleveland Browns\nMayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield \nQB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n2017 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n1\n2\nNew York Giants\nBarkley, SaquonSaquon Barkley \nRB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n3\nNew York Jets\nDarnold, SamSam Darnold \nQB\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis [R1 - 1]\n\n\n\n1\n4\nCleveland Browns\nWard, DenzelDenzel Ward \nCB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Houston [R1 - 2]\n\n\n\n1\n5\nDenver Broncos\nChubb, BradleyBradley Chubb \nDE\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n6\nIndianapolis Colts\nNelson, QuentonQuenton Nelson \nG\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom NY Jets [R1 - 3]\n\n\n\n1\n7\nBuffalo Bills\nAllen, JoshJosh Allen \nQB\nWyoming\nMW\nfrom Tampa Bay [R1 - 4]\n\n\n\n1\n8\nChicago Bears\nSmith, RoquanRoquan Smith \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n9\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMcGlinchey, MikeMike McGlinchey \nOT\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n1\n10\nArizona Cardinals\nRosen, JoshJosh Rosen \nQB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland [R1 - 5]\n\n\n\n1\n11\nMiami Dolphins\nFitzpatrick, MinkahMinkah Fitzpatrick \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n12\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nVea, VitaVita Vea \nDT\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Cincinnati via Buffalo [R1 - 6]\n\n\n\n1\n13\nWashington Redskins\nPayne, Da'RonDa'Ron Payne \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n14\nNew Orleans Saints\nDavenport, MarcusMarcus Davenport \nDE\nUTSA\nC-USA\nfrom Green Bay [R1 - 7]\n\n\n\n1\n15\nOakland Raiders\nMiller, KoltonKolton Miller \nOT\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona [R1 - 8]\n\n\n\n1\n16\nBuffalo Bills\nEdmunds, TremaineTremaine Edmunds \nLB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Baltimore [R1 - 9]\n\n\n\n1\n17\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJames, DerwinDerwin James \nS\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n18\nGreen Bay Packers\nAlexander, JaireJaire Alexander \nCB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Seattle [R1 - 10]\n\n\n\n1\n19\nDallas Cowboys\nVander Esch, LeightonLeighton Vander Esch \nLB\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n1\n20\nDetroit Lions\nRagnow, FrankFrank Ragnow \nC\nArkansas\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n21\nCincinnati Bengals\nPrice, BillyBilly Price \nC\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R1 - 11]\n\n\n\n1\n22\nTennessee Titans\nEvans, RashaanRashaan Evans \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore [R1 - 12]\n\n\n\n1\n23\nNew England Patriots\nWynn, IsaiahIsaiah Wynn \nOT\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R1 - 13]\n\n\n\n1\n24\nCarolina Panthers\nMoore, D. J.D. J. Moore \nWR\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n25\nBaltimore Ravens\nHurst, HaydenHayden Hurst \nTE\nSouth Carolina\nSEC\nfrom Tennessee [R1 - 14]\n\n\n\n1\n26\nAtlanta Falcons\nRidley, CalvinCalvin Ridley \nWR\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n27\nSeattle Seahawks\nPenny, RashaadRashaad Penny \nRB\nSan Diego State\nMW\nfrom New Orleans via Green Bay [R1 - 15]\n\n\n\n1\n28\nPittsburgh Steelers\nEdmunds, TerrellTerrell Edmunds \nS\nVirginia Tech\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n29\nJacksonville Jaguars\nBryan, TavenTaven Bryan \nDT\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n30\nMinnesota Vikings\nHughes, MikeMike Hughes \nCB\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n1\n31\nNew England Patriots\nMichel, SonySony Michel \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n32\nBaltimore Ravens\nJackson, LamarLamar Jackson \nQB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia [R1 - 16]\n2016 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n2\n33\nCleveland Browns\nCorbett, AustinAustin Corbett \nG\nNevada\nMW\n\n\n\n\n2\n34\nNew York Giants\nHernandez, WillWill Hernandez \nG\nUTEP\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n2\n35\nCleveland Browns\nChubb, NickNick Chubb \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom Houston [R2 - 1]\n\n\n\n2\n36\nIndianapolis Colts\nLeonard, DariusDarius Leonard \nLB\nSouth Carolina State\nMEAC\n\n\n\n\n2\n37\nIndianapolis Colts\nSmith, BradenBraden Smith \nG\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets [R2 - 2]\n\n\n\n2\n38\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nJones, RonaldRonald Jones \nRB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n39\nChicago Bears\nDaniels, JamesJames Daniels \nC\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n40\nDenver Broncos\nSutton, CourtlandCourtland Sutton \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n2\n41\nTennessee Titans\nLandry, HaroldHarold Landry \nLB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R2 - 3]\n\n\n\n2\n42\nMiami Dolphins\nGesicki, MikeMike Gesicki \nTE\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n43\nDetroit Lions\nJohnson, KerryonKerryon Johnson \nRB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom San Francisco via New England [R2 - 4]\n\n\n\n2\n44\nSan Francisco 49ers\nPettis, DanteDante Pettis \nWR\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Washington [R2 - 5]\n\n\n\n2\n45\nGreen Bay Packers\nJackson, JoshJosh Jackson \nCB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n46\nKansas City Chiefs\nSpeaks, BreelandBreeland Speaks \nLB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Cincinnati [R2 - 6]\n\n\n\n2\n47\nArizona Cardinals\nKirk, ChristianChristian Kirk \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n48\nLos Angeles Chargers\nNwosu, UchennaUchenna Nwosu \nLB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n49\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nGoedert, DallasDallas Goedert \nTE\nSouth Dakota State\nMVFC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis [R2 - 7]\n\n\n\n2\n50\nDallas Cowboys\nWilliams, ConnorConnor Williams \nG\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n51\nChicago Bears\nMiller, AnthonyAnthony Miller \nWR\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Detroit via New England [R2 - 8]\n\n\n\n2\n52\nIndianapolis Colts\nTuray, KemokoKemoko Turay \nDE\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Baltimore via Philadelphia [R2 - 9]\n\n\n\n2\n53\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nStewart, M. J.M. J. Stewart \nCB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R2 - 10]\n\n\n\n2\n54\nCincinnati Bengals\nBates III, JessieJessie Bates III \nS\nWake Forest\nACC\nfrom Kansas City [R2 - 11]\n\n\n\n2\n55\nCarolina Panthers\nJackson, DonteDonte Jackson \nCB\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n56\nNew England Patriots\nDawson, DukeDuke Dawson \nCB\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay [R2 - 12]\n\n\n\n2\n57\nOakland Raiders\nHall, P. J.P. J. Hall \nDT\nSam Houston State\nSouthland\nfrom Tennessee [R2 - 13]\n\n\n\n2\n58\nAtlanta Falcons\nOliver, IsaiahIsaiah Oliver \nCB\nColorado\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n59\nWashington Redskins\nGuice, DerriusDerrius Guice \nRB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom New Orleans via San Francisco [R2 - 14]\n\n\n\n2\n60\nPittsburgh Steelers\nWashington, JamesJames Washington \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n61\nJacksonville Jaguars\nChark, DJDJ Chark \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n62\nMinnesota Vikings\nO'Neill, BrianBrian O'Neill \nOT\nPittsburgh\nACC\n\n\n\n\n2\n63\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nDavis, CarltonCarlton Davis \nCB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom New England [R2 - 15]\n\n\n\n2\n64\nIndianapolis Colts\nLewis, TyquanTyquan Lewis \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Philadelphia via Cleveland [R2 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n65\nOakland Raiders\nParker, BrandonBrandon Parker \nOT\nNorth Carolina A&T\nMEAC\nfrom Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore [R3 - 1]\n\n\n\n3\n66\nNew York Giants\nCarter, LorenzoLorenzo Carter \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n67\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, ChadChad Thomas \nDE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Indianapolis [R3 - 2]\n\n\n\n3\n68\nHouston Texans\nReid, JustinJustin Reid \nS\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n69\nNew York Giants\nHill, B. J.B. J. Hill \nDT\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R3 - 3]\n\n\n\n3\n70\nSan Francisco 49ers\nWarner, FredFred Warner \nLB\nBYU\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Chicago [R3 - 4]\n\n\n\n3\n71\nDenver Broncos\nFreeman, RoyceRoyce Freeman \nRB\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n72\nNew York Jets\nShepherd, NathanNathan Shepherd \nDT\nFort Hays State\nMIAA (D-II)\n\n\n\n\n3\n73\nMiami Dolphins\nBaker, JeromeJerome Baker \nLB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n74\nWashington Redskins\nChristian, GeronGeron Christian \nOT\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom San Francisco [R3 - 5]\n\n\n\n3\n75\nKansas City Chiefs\nNnadi, DerrickDerrick Nnadi \nDT\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Oakland via Baltimore [R3 - 6]\n\n\n\n3\n76\nPittsburgh Steelers\nRudolph, MasonMason Rudolph \nQB\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Green Bay via Seattle [R3 - 7]\n\n\n\n3\n77\nCincinnati Bengals\nHubbard, SamSam Hubbard \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n78\nCincinnati Bengals\nJefferson, MalikMalik Jefferson \nLB\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Kansas City [R3 - 8]\n\n\n\n3\n79\nSeattle Seahawks\nGreen, RasheemRasheem Green \nDE\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh [R3 - 9]\n\n\n\n3\n80\nHouston Texans\nRankin, MartinasMartinas Rankin \nOT\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Seattle [R3 - 10]\n\n\n\n3\n81\nDallas Cowboys\nGallup, MichaelMichael Gallup \nWR\nColorado State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n3\n82\nDetroit Lions\nWalker, TracyTracy Walker \nS\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n3\n83\nBaltimore Ravens\nBrown Jr., OrlandoOrlando Brown Jr. \nOT\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n3\n84\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJones, JustinJustin Jones \nDT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n85\nCarolina Panthers\nGaulden, RashaanRashaan Gaulden \nCB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R3 - 11]\n\n\n\n3\n86\nBaltimore Ravens\nAndrews, MarkMark Andrews \nTE\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom Kansas City [R3 - 12]\n\n\n\n3\n87\nOakland Raiders\nKey, ArdenArden Key \nDE\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R3 - 13]\n\n\n\n3\n88\nGreen Bay Packers\nBurks, OrenOren Burks \nLB\nVanderbilt\nSEC\nfrom Carolina [R3 - 14]\n\n\n\n3\n89\nLos Angeles Rams\nNoteboom, JosephJoseph Noteboom \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Tennessee via Oakland [R3 - 15]\n\n\n\n3\n90\nAtlanta Falcons\nSenat, DeadrinDeadrin Senat \nDT\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n91\nNew Orleans Saints\nSmith, Tre'QuanTre'Quan Smith \nWR\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n92\nPittsburgh Steelers\nOkorafor, ChukwumaChukwuma Okorafor \nOT\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n3\n93\nJacksonville Jaguars\nHarrison, RonnieRonnie Harrison \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n94\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCappa, AlexAlex Cappa \nOT\nHumboldt State\nGNAC\nfrom Minnesota [R3 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n95\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMoore, TarvariusTarvarius Moore \nS\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom New England\n\n\n\n3\n96\nBuffalo Bills\nPhillips, HarrisonHarrison Phillips \nDT\nStanford\nPac-12\nfrom Philadelphia [R3 - 17]\n\n\n\n3\n97\nArizona Cardinals\nCole, MasonMason Cole \nC\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n98\nHouston Texans\nAkins, JordanJordan Akins \nTE\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n99\nDenver Broncos\nYiadom, IsaacIsaac Yiadom \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n100\nKansas City Chiefs\nO'Daniel, DorianDorian O'Daniel \nLB\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R3 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n101\nCarolina Panthers\nThomas, IanIan Thomas \nTE\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nfrom Cleveland via Green Bay [R4 - 1]\n\n\n\n4\n102\nMinnesota Vikings\nHolmes, JalynJalyn Holmes \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom NY Giants via Tampa Bay [R4 - 2]\n\n\n\n4\n103\nHouston Texans\nCoutee, KekeKeke Coutee \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n104\nIndianapolis Colts\nHines, NyheimNyheim Hines \nRB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n105\nCleveland Browns\nCallaway, AntonioAntonio Callaway \nWR\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Chicago via New England [R4 - 3]\n\n\n\n4\n106\nDenver Broncos\nJewell, JoseyJosey Jewell \nLB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n107\nNew York Jets\nHerndon, ChrisChris Herndon \nTE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n108\nNew York Giants\nLauletta, KyleKyle Lauletta \nQB\nRichmond\nCAA\nfrom Tampa Bay [R4 - 4]\n\n\n\n4\n109\nWashington Redskins\nApke, TroyTroy Apke \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via Denver [R4 - 5]\n\n\n\n4\n110\nOakland Raiders\nNelson, NickNick Nelson \nCB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n111\nLos Angeles Rams\nAllen, BrianBrian Allen \nC\nMichigan State\nBig Ten\nFrom Miami [R4 - 6]\n\n\n\n4\n112\nCincinnati Bengals\nWalton, MarkMark Walton \nRB\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n113\nDenver Broncos\nHamilton, DaeSeanDaeSean Hamilton \nWR\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Washington [R4 - 7]\n\n\n\n4\n114\nDetroit Lions\nHand, Da'ShawnDa'Shawn Hand \nDE\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Green Bay via Cleveland and New England [R4 - 8]\n\n\n\n4\n115\nChicago Bears\nIyiegbuniwe, JoelJoel Iyiegbuniwe \nLB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\nfrom Arizona [R4 - 9]\n\n\n\n4\n116\nDallas Cowboys\nArmstrong, DoranceDorance Armstrong \nDE\nKansas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n117\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWhitehead, JordanJordan Whitehead \nS\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Detroit via New England [R4 - 10]\n\n\n\n4\n118\nBaltimore Ravens\nAverett, AnthonyAnthony Averett \nCB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n119\nLos Angeles Chargers\nWhite, KyzirKyzir White \nS\nWest Virginia\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n120\nSeattle Seahawks\nDissly, WillWill Dissly \nTE\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n4\n121\nBuffalo Bills\nJohnson, TaronTaron Johnson \nCB\nWeber State\nBig Sky\n\n\n\n\n4\n122\nBaltimore Ravens\nYoung, KennyKenny Young \nLB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Kansas City [R4 - 11]\n\n\n\n4\n123\nMiami Dolphins\nSmythe, DurhamDurham Smythe \nTE\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Carolina via Cleveland [R4 - 12]\n\n\n\n4\n124\nKansas City Chiefs\nWatts, ArmaniArmani Watts \nS\nTexas A&M\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R4 - 13]\n\n\n\n4\n125\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMaddox, AvonteAvonte Maddox \nCB\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Tennessee via Baltimore [R4 - 14]\n\n\n\n4\n126\nAtlanta Falcons\nSmith, ItoIto Smith \nRB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n4\n127\nNew Orleans Saints\nLeonard, RickRick Leonard \nOT\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n128\nSan Francisco 49ers\nStreet, KentaviusKentavius Street \nDE\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Pittsburgh [R4 - 15]\n\n\n\n4\n129\nJacksonville Jaguars\nRichardson, WillWill Richardson \nOT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n130\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nSweat, JoshJosh Sweat \nDE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Minnesota [R4 - 16]\n\n\n\n4\n131\nMiami Dolphins\nBallage, KalenKalen Ballage \nRB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom New England via Philadelphia [R4 - 17]\n\n\n\n4\n132\nBaltimore Ravens\nScott, JaleelJaleel Scott \nWR\nNew Mexico State\nSun Belt\nfrom Philadelphia [R4 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n133\nGreen Bay Packers\nMoore, J'MonJ'Mon Moore \nWR\nMissouri\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n134\nArizona Cardinals\nEdmonds, ChaseChase Edmonds \nRB\nFordham\nPatriot\n\n\n\n\n4\n135\nLos Angeles Rams\nFranklin-Myers, JohnJohn Franklin-Myers \nDE\nStephen F. Austin\nSouthland\nfrom NY Giants [R4 - 19]\n\n\n\n4\n136\nCarolina Panthers\nHaynes, MarquisMarquis Haynes \nDE\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom New England via LA Rams [R4 - 20]\n\n\n\n4\n137\nDallas Cowboys\nSchultz, DaltonDalton Schultz \nTE\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n138\nGreen Bay Packers\nMadison, ColeCole Madison \nG\nWashington State\nPac-12\nfrom Cleveland [R5 - 1]\n\n\n\n5\n139\nNew York Giants\nMcIntosh, R. J.R. J. McIntosh \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n140\nOakland Raiders\nHurst, MauriceMaurice Hurst \nDT\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nfrom Indianapolis [R5 - 2]\n\n\n\n5\n141\nSeattle Seahawks\nGriffin, ShaquemShaquem Griffin \nLB\nUCF\nThe American\nfrom Houston [R5 - 3]\n\n\n\n5\n142\nSan Francisco 49ers\nReed, D. J.D. J. Reed \nCB\nKansas State\nBig 12\nfrom Denver via Washington [R5 - 4]\n\n\n\n5\n143\nNew England Patriots\nBentley, Ja'WhaunJa'Whaun Bentley \nLB\nPurdue\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via NY Jets [R5 - 5]\n\n\n\n5\n144\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWatson, JustinJustin Watson \nWR\nPenn\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n5\n145\nChicago Bears\nNichols, BilalBilal Nichols \nDT\nDelaware\nCAA\n\n\n\n\n5\n146\nSeattle Seahawks\nFlowers, TreTre Flowers \nS\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Oakland [R5 - 6]\n\n\n\n5\n147\nLos Angeles Rams\nKiser, MicahMicah Kiser \nLB\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay [R5 - 7]\n\n\n\n5\n148\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAllen, MarcusMarcus Allen \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco [R5 - 8]\n\n\n\n5\n149\nSeattle Seahawks\nDickson, MichaelMichael Dickson \nP\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Denver [R5 - 9]\n\n\n\n5\n150\nCleveland Browns\nAvery, GenardGenard Avery \nLB\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R5 - 10]\n\n\n\n5\n151\nCincinnati Bengals\nHarris, DavontaeDavontae Harris \nCB\nIllinois State\nMVFC\n\n\n\n\n5\n152\nTennessee Titans\nCruikshank, DaneDane Cruikshank \nCB\nArizona\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore [R5 - 11]\n\n\n\n5\n153\nDetroit Lions\nCrosby, TyrellTyrell Crosby \nOT\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n154\nBuffalo Bills\nNeal, SiranSiran Neal \nCB\nJacksonville State\nOVC\nfrom Baltimore [R5 - 12]\n\n\n\n5\n155\nLos Angeles Chargers\nQuessenberry, ScottScott Quessenberry \nC\nUCLA\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n156\nDenver Broncos\nFumagalli, TroyTroy Fumagalli \nTE\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle [R5 - 13]\n\n\n\n5\n157\nMinnesota Vikings\nConklin, TylerTyler Conklin \nTE\nCentral Michigan\nMAC\nfrom Dallas via NY Jets [R5 - 14]\n\n\n\n5\n158\nCincinnati Bengals\nBrown, AndrewAndrew Brown \nDE\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R5 - 15]\n\n\n\n5\n159\nIndianapolis Colts\nFountain, DauriceDaurice Fountain \nWR\nNorthern Iowa\nMVFC\nfrom Kansas City via Cleveland, New England, and Oakland [R5 - 16]\n\n\n\n5\n160\nLos Angeles Rams\nOkoronkwo, OgbonniaOgbonnia Okoronkwo \nLB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom LA Rams via Denver [R5 - 17]\n\n\n\n5\n161\nCarolina Panthers\nCarter Jr., JermaineJermaine Carter Jr. \nLB\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n162\nBaltimore Ravens\nLasley, JordanJordan Lasley \nWR\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Tennessee [R5 - 18]\n\n\n\n5\n163\nWashington Redskins\nSettle, TimTim Settle \nDT\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Atlanta via Denver [R5 - 19]\n\n\n\n5\n164\nNew Orleans Saints\nJamerson, NatrellNatrell Jamerson \nS\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n165\nPittsburgh Steelers\nSamuels, JaylenJaylen Samuels \nFB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n166\nBuffalo Bills\nTeller, WyattWyatt Teller \nG\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Jacksonville [R5 - 20]\n\n\n\n5\n167\nMinnesota Vikings\nCarlson, DanielDaniel Carlson \nK\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom Minnesota via NY Jets [R5 - 21]\n\n\n\n5\n168\nSeattle Seahawks\nJones, JamarcoJamarco Jones \nOT\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom New England [R5 - 22]\n\n\n\n5\n169\nIndianapolis Colts\nWilkins, JordanJordan Wilkins \nRB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Philadelphia [R5 - 23]\n\n\n\n5\n170\nCincinnati Bengals\nPhillips, DariusDarius Phillips \nCB\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n5\n171\nDallas Cowboys\nWhite, MikeMike White \nQB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n5\n172\nGreen Bay Packers\nScott, JKJK Scott \nP\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n5\n173\nOakland Raiders\nTownsend, JohnnyJohnny Townsend \nP\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Dallas [R5 - 24]\n\n\n\n5\n174\nGreen Bay Packers\nValdes-Scantling, MarquezMarquez Valdes-Scantling \nWR\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n175\nCleveland Browns\nRatley, DamionDamion Ratley \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n176\nLos Angeles Rams\nKelly, JohnJohn Kelly \nRB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom NY Giants [R6 - 1]\n\n\n\n6\n177\nHouston Texans\nEjiofor, DukeDuke Ejiofor \nDE\nWake Forest\nACC\n\n\n\n\n6\n178\nNew England Patriots\nSam, ChristianChristian Sam \nLB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis via Cleveland [R6 - 2]\n\n\n\n6\n179\nNew York Jets\nNickerson, ParryParry Nickerson \nCB\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n180\nNew York Jets\nFatukasi, FolorunsoFolorunso Fatukasi \nDT\nConnecticut\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Minnesota [R6 - 3]\n\n\n\n6\n181\nChicago Bears\nFitts, KylieKylie Fitts \nDE\nUtah\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n182\nArizona Cardinals\nCampbell, ChrisChris Campbell \nCB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Denver [R6 - 4]\n\n\n\n6\n183\nDenver Broncos\nJones, SamSam Jones \nG\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Miami via LA Rams [R6 - 5]\n\n\n\n6\n184\nSan Francisco 49ers\nHarris, MarcellMarcell Harris \nS\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n185\nIndianapolis Colts\nCain, DeonDeon Cain \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 6]\n\n\n\n6\n186\nSeattle Seahawks\nMartin, JacobJacob Martin \nLB\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R6 - 7]\n\n\n\n6\n187\nBuffalo Bills\nMcCloud, Ray-RayRay-Ray McCloud \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R6 - 8]\n\n\n\n6\n188\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, SimeonSimeon Thomas \nCB\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\nfrom Washington [R6 - 9]\n\n\n\n6\n189\nNew Orleans Saints\nMoore, KamrinKamrin Moore \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Arizona [R6 - 10]\n\n\n\n6\n190\nBaltimore Ravens\nElliott, DeShonDeShon Elliott \nS\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n191\nLos Angeles Chargers\nCantrell, DylanDylan Cantrell \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n192\nLos Angeles Rams\nDemby, JamilJamil Demby \nOT\nMaine\nCAA\nfrom Seattle via Oakland and Dallas [R6 - 11]\n\n\n\n6\n193\nDallas Cowboys\nCovington, ChrisChris Covington \nLB\nIndiana\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n194\nAtlanta Falcons\nGage, RussellRussell Gage \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Detroit via LA Rams [R6 - 12]\n\n\n\n6\n195\nLos Angeles Rams\nJoseph, SebastianSebastian Joseph \nDT\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R6 - 13]\n\n\n\n6\n196\nKansas City Chiefs\nSmith, TremonTremon Smith \nCB\nCentral Arkansas\nSouthland\nfrom LA Rams via Kansas City [R6 - 14]\n\n\n\n6\n197\nWashington Redskins\nHamilton, Shaun DionShaun Dion Hamilton \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Carolina via LA Rams [R6 - 15]\n\n\n\n6\n198\nKansas City Chiefs\nMcKenzie, KahlilKahlil McKenzie \nDT\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via New England [R6 - 16]\n\n\n\n6\n199\nTennessee Titans\nFalk, LukeLuke Falk \nQB\nWashington State\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n200\nAtlanta Falcons\nOluokun, FoyesadeFoyesade Oluokun \nS\nYale\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n6\n201\nNew Orleans Saints\nScott, BostonBoston Scott \nRB\nLouisiana Tech\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n6\n202\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCichy, JackJack Cichy \nLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh [R6 - 17]\n\n\n\n6\n203\nJacksonville Jaguars\nLee, TannerTanner Lee \nQB\nNebraska\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n204\nNew York Jets\nCannon, TrentonTrenton Cannon \nRB\nVirginia State\nCIAA\nfrom Minnesota [R6 - 18]\n\n\n\n6\n205\nLos Angeles Rams\nYoung, TrevonTrevon Young \nDE\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom New England via Cleveland and Washington [R6 - 19]\n\n\n\n6\n206\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nPryor, MattMatt Pryor \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n207\nGreen Bay Packers\nSt. Brown, EquanimeousEquanimeous St. Brown \nWR\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n6\n208\nDallas Cowboys\nWilson Jr., CedrickCedrick Wilson Jr. \nWR\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n6\n209\nMiami Dolphins\nArmstrong, CornellCornell Armstrong \nCB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City\n\n\n\n6\n210\nNew England Patriots\nBerrios, BraxtonBraxton Berrios \nWR\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 20]\n\n\n\n6\n211\nHouston Texans\nThomas, JordanJordan Thomas \nTE\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n212\nBaltimore Ravens\nSenat, GregGreg Senat \nOT\nWagner\nNEC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 21]\n\n\n\n6\n213\nMinnesota Vikings\nGossett, ColbyColby Gossett \nG\nAppalachian State\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n6\n214\nHouston Texans\nKalambayi, PeterPeter Kalambayi \nLB\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n215\nBaltimore Ravens\nBozeman, BradleyBradley Bozeman \nC\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Baltimore via Tennessee [R6 - 22]\n\n\n\n6\n216\nOakland Raiders\nVictor, AzeemAzeem Victor \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n217\nDenver Broncos\nBierria, KeishawnKeishawn Bierria \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via LA Rams [R6 - 23]\n\n\n\n6\n218\nMinnesota Vikings\nAruna, AdeAde Aruna \nDE\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n219\nNew England Patriots\nEtling, DannyDanny Etling \nQB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Cleveland [R7 - 1]\n\n\n\n7\n220\nSeattle Seahawks\nMcGough, AlexAlex McGough \nQB\nFlorida International\nC-USA\nfrom NY Giants via Pittsburgh [R7 - 2]\n\n\n\n7\n221\nIndianapolis Colts\nAdams, MatthewMatthew Adams \nLB\nHouston\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n222\nHouston Texans\nKelly, JermaineJermaine Kelly \nCB\nSan Jose State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n223\nSan Francisco 49ers\nTaylor, JullianJullian Taylor \nDT\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Miami [R7 - 3]\n\n\n\n7\n224\nChicago Bears\nWims, JavonJavon Wims \nWR\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n225\nMinnesota Vikings\nDowns, DevanteDevante Downs \nLB\nCalifornia\nPac-12\nfrom Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets [R7 - 4]\n\n\n\n7\n226\nDenver Broncos\nWilliams, DavidDavid Williams \nRB\nArkansas\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets via Seattle [R7 - 5]\n\n\n\n7\n227\nMiami Dolphins\nPoling, QuentinQuentin Poling \nLB\nOhio\nMAC\nfrom San Francisco [R7 - 6]\n\n\n\n7\n228\nOakland Raiders\nAteman, MarcellMarcell Ateman \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n7\n229\nMiami Dolphins\nSanders, JasonJason Sanders \nK\nNew Mexico\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n230\nJacksonville Jaguars\nJacobs, LeonLeon Jacobs \nOLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Cincinnati [R7 - 7]\n\n\n\n7\n231\nLos Angeles Rams\nHoward, TravinTravin Howard \nLB\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Washington [R7 - 8]\n\n\n\n7\n232\nGreen Bay Packers\nLooney, JamesJames Looney \nDE\nCalifornia\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n7\n233\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMailata, JordanJordan Mailata \nT\n \n \nfrom Arizona via Kansas City and New England [R7 - 9]\nAustralian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL\n\n\n\n7\n234\nCarolina Panthers\nSmith, AndreAndre Smith \nILB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom LA Chargers via Buffalo [R7 - 10]\n\n\n\n7\n235\nIndianapolis Colts\nFranklin, ZaireZaire Franklin \nLB\nSyracuse\nACC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets [R7 - 11]\n\n\n\n7\n236\nDallas Cowboys\nScarbrough, BoBo Scarbrough \nRB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n237\nDetroit Lions\nBawden, NickNick Bawden \nFB\nSan Diego State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n238\nBaltimore Ravens\nSieler, ZachZach Sieler \nDE\nFerris State\nGLIAC\nfrom Arizona via Baltimore [R7 - 12]\n\n\n\n7\n239\nGreen Bay Packers\nBradley, HunterHunter Bradley \nLS\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R7 - 13]\n\n\n\n7\n240\nSan Francisco 49ers\nJames, RichieRichie James \nWR\nMiddle Tennessee\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City [R7 - 14]\n\n\n\n7\n241\nWashington Redskins\nStroman, GregGreg Stroman \nCB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom LA Rams [R7 - 15]\n\n\n\n7\n242\nCarolina Panthers\nNorton, KendrickKendrick Norton \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n243\nNew England Patriots\nCrossen, KeionKeion Crossen \nCB\nWestern Carolina\nSoCon\nfrom Tennessee via Kansas City [R7 - 16]\n\n\n\n7\n244\nLos Angeles Rams\nLawler, JustinJustin Lawler \nDE\nSMU\nThe American\nfrom Atlanta [R7 - 17]\n\n\n\n7\n245\nNew Orleans Saints\nClapp, WillWill Clapp \nC\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n246\nPittsburgh Steelers\nFrazier, JoshuaJoshua Frazier \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n247\nJacksonville Jaguars\nCooke, LoganLogan Cooke \nP\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n248\nGreen Bay Packers\nDonnerson, KendallKendall Donnerson \nOLB\nSoutheast Missouri State\nOVC\nfrom Seattle via Minnesota [R7 - 18]\n\n\n\n7\n249\nCincinnati Bengals\nWoodside, LoganLogan Woodside \nQB\nToledo\nMAC\nfrom New England [R7 - 19]\n\n\n\n7\n250\nNew England Patriots\nIzzo, RyanRyan Izzo \nTE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia via Seattle, New England, Seattle, and Philadelphia [R7 - 20]\n\n\n\n7\n251\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJackson, JustinJustin Jackson \nRB\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n7\n252\nCincinnati Bengals\nTaylor, RodRod Taylor \nG\nOle Miss\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n253\nCincinnati Bengals\nTate, AudenAuden Tate \nWR\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n254\nArizona Cardinals\nCunningham, KoreyKorey Cunningham \nOT\nCincinnati\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n255\nBuffalo Bills\nProehl, AustinAustin Proehl \nWR\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R7 - 21]\n\n\n\n7\n256\nWashington Redskins\nQuinn, TreyTrey Quinn \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\nMr. Irrelevant\nfrom Falcons via LA Rams [R7 - 22]\n\n", "\n\n\nRnd.\nPick #\nNFL team\nPlayer\nPos.\nCollege\nConf.\nNotes\n\n\n\n1\n1\nCleveland Browns\nMayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield \nQB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n2017 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n1\n2\nNew York Giants\nBarkley, SaquonSaquon Barkley \nRB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n3\nNew York Jets\nDarnold, SamSam Darnold \nQB\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis [R1 - 1]\n\n\n\n1\n4\nCleveland Browns\nWard, DenzelDenzel Ward \nCB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Houston [R1 - 2]\n\n\n\n1\n5\nDenver Broncos\nChubb, BradleyBradley Chubb \nDE\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n6\nIndianapolis Colts\nNelson, QuentonQuenton Nelson \nG\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom NY Jets [R1 - 3]\n\n\n\n1\n7\nBuffalo Bills\nAllen, JoshJosh Allen \nQB\nWyoming\nMW\nfrom Tampa Bay [R1 - 4]\n\n\n\n1\n8\nChicago Bears\nSmith, RoquanRoquan Smith \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n9\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMcGlinchey, MikeMike McGlinchey \nOT\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n1\n10\nArizona Cardinals\nRosen, JoshJosh Rosen \nQB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland [R1 - 5]\n\n\n\n1\n11\nMiami Dolphins\nFitzpatrick, MinkahMinkah Fitzpatrick \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n12\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nVea, VitaVita Vea \nDT\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Cincinnati via Buffalo [R1 - 6]\n\n\n\n1\n13\nWashington Redskins\nPayne, Da'RonDa'Ron Payne \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n14\nNew Orleans Saints\nDavenport, MarcusMarcus Davenport \nDE\nUTSA\nC-USA\nfrom Green Bay [R1 - 7]\n\n\n\n1\n15\nOakland Raiders\nMiller, KoltonKolton Miller \nOT\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona [R1 - 8]\n\n\n\n1\n16\nBuffalo Bills\nEdmunds, TremaineTremaine Edmunds \nLB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Baltimore [R1 - 9]\n\n\n\n1\n17\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJames, DerwinDerwin James \nS\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n18\nGreen Bay Packers\nAlexander, JaireJaire Alexander \nCB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Seattle [R1 - 10]\n\n\n\n1\n19\nDallas Cowboys\nVander Esch, LeightonLeighton Vander Esch \nLB\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n1\n20\nDetroit Lions\nRagnow, FrankFrank Ragnow \nC\nArkansas\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n21\nCincinnati Bengals\nPrice, BillyBilly Price \nC\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R1 - 11]\n\n\n\n1\n22\nTennessee Titans\nEvans, RashaanRashaan Evans \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore [R1 - 12]\n\n\n\n1\n23\nNew England Patriots\nWynn, IsaiahIsaiah Wynn \nOT\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R1 - 13]\n\n\n\n1\n24\nCarolina Panthers\nMoore, D. J.D. J. Moore \nWR\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n25\nBaltimore Ravens\nHurst, HaydenHayden Hurst \nTE\nSouth Carolina\nSEC\nfrom Tennessee [R1 - 14]\n\n\n\n1\n26\nAtlanta Falcons\nRidley, CalvinCalvin Ridley \nWR\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n27\nSeattle Seahawks\nPenny, RashaadRashaad Penny \nRB\nSan Diego State\nMW\nfrom New Orleans via Green Bay [R1 - 15]\n\n\n\n1\n28\nPittsburgh Steelers\nEdmunds, TerrellTerrell Edmunds \nS\nVirginia Tech\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n29\nJacksonville Jaguars\nBryan, TavenTaven Bryan \nDT\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n30\nMinnesota Vikings\nHughes, MikeMike Hughes \nCB\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n1\n31\nNew England Patriots\nMichel, SonySony Michel \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n32\nBaltimore Ravens\nJackson, LamarLamar Jackson \nQB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia [R1 - 16]\n2016 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n2\n33\nCleveland Browns\nCorbett, AustinAustin Corbett \nG\nNevada\nMW\n\n\n\n\n2\n34\nNew York Giants\nHernandez, WillWill Hernandez \nG\nUTEP\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n2\n35\nCleveland Browns\nChubb, NickNick Chubb \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom Houston [R2 - 1]\n\n\n\n2\n36\nIndianapolis Colts\nLeonard, DariusDarius Leonard \nLB\nSouth Carolina State\nMEAC\n\n\n\n\n2\n37\nIndianapolis Colts\nSmith, BradenBraden Smith \nG\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets [R2 - 2]\n\n\n\n2\n38\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nJones, RonaldRonald Jones \nRB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n39\nChicago Bears\nDaniels, JamesJames Daniels \nC\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n40\nDenver Broncos\nSutton, CourtlandCourtland Sutton \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n2\n41\nTennessee Titans\nLandry, HaroldHarold Landry \nLB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R2 - 3]\n\n\n\n2\n42\nMiami Dolphins\nGesicki, MikeMike Gesicki \nTE\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n43\nDetroit Lions\nJohnson, KerryonKerryon Johnson \nRB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom San Francisco via New England [R2 - 4]\n\n\n\n2\n44\nSan Francisco 49ers\nPettis, DanteDante Pettis \nWR\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Washington [R2 - 5]\n\n\n\n2\n45\nGreen Bay Packers\nJackson, JoshJosh Jackson \nCB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n46\nKansas City Chiefs\nSpeaks, BreelandBreeland Speaks \nLB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Cincinnati [R2 - 6]\n\n\n\n2\n47\nArizona Cardinals\nKirk, ChristianChristian Kirk \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n48\nLos Angeles Chargers\nNwosu, UchennaUchenna Nwosu \nLB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n49\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nGoedert, DallasDallas Goedert \nTE\nSouth Dakota State\nMVFC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis [R2 - 7]\n\n\n\n2\n50\nDallas Cowboys\nWilliams, ConnorConnor Williams \nG\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n51\nChicago Bears\nMiller, AnthonyAnthony Miller \nWR\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Detroit via New England [R2 - 8]\n\n\n\n2\n52\nIndianapolis Colts\nTuray, KemokoKemoko Turay \nDE\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Baltimore via Philadelphia [R2 - 9]\n\n\n\n2\n53\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nStewart, M. J.M. J. Stewart \nCB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R2 - 10]\n\n\n\n2\n54\nCincinnati Bengals\nBates III, JessieJessie Bates III \nS\nWake Forest\nACC\nfrom Kansas City [R2 - 11]\n\n\n\n2\n55\nCarolina Panthers\nJackson, DonteDonte Jackson \nCB\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n56\nNew England Patriots\nDawson, DukeDuke Dawson \nCB\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay [R2 - 12]\n\n\n\n2\n57\nOakland Raiders\nHall, P. J.P. J. Hall \nDT\nSam Houston State\nSouthland\nfrom Tennessee [R2 - 13]\n\n\n\n2\n58\nAtlanta Falcons\nOliver, IsaiahIsaiah Oliver \nCB\nColorado\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n59\nWashington Redskins\nGuice, DerriusDerrius Guice \nRB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom New Orleans via San Francisco [R2 - 14]\n\n\n\n2\n60\nPittsburgh Steelers\nWashington, JamesJames Washington \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n61\nJacksonville Jaguars\nChark, DJDJ Chark \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n62\nMinnesota Vikings\nO'Neill, BrianBrian O'Neill \nOT\nPittsburgh\nACC\n\n\n\n\n2\n63\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nDavis, CarltonCarlton Davis \nCB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom New England [R2 - 15]\n\n\n\n2\n64\nIndianapolis Colts\nLewis, TyquanTyquan Lewis \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Philadelphia via Cleveland [R2 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n65\nOakland Raiders\nParker, BrandonBrandon Parker \nOT\nNorth Carolina A&T\nMEAC\nfrom Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore [R3 - 1]\n\n\n\n3\n66\nNew York Giants\nCarter, LorenzoLorenzo Carter \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n67\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, ChadChad Thomas \nDE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Indianapolis [R3 - 2]\n\n\n\n3\n68\nHouston Texans\nReid, JustinJustin Reid \nS\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n69\nNew York Giants\nHill, B. J.B. J. Hill \nDT\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R3 - 3]\n\n\n\n3\n70\nSan Francisco 49ers\nWarner, FredFred Warner \nLB\nBYU\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Chicago [R3 - 4]\n\n\n\n3\n71\nDenver Broncos\nFreeman, RoyceRoyce Freeman \nRB\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n72\nNew York Jets\nShepherd, NathanNathan Shepherd \nDT\nFort Hays State\nMIAA (D-II)\n\n\n\n\n3\n73\nMiami Dolphins\nBaker, JeromeJerome Baker \nLB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n74\nWashington Redskins\nChristian, GeronGeron Christian \nOT\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom San Francisco [R3 - 5]\n\n\n\n3\n75\nKansas City Chiefs\nNnadi, DerrickDerrick Nnadi \nDT\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Oakland via Baltimore [R3 - 6]\n\n\n\n3\n76\nPittsburgh Steelers\nRudolph, MasonMason Rudolph \nQB\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Green Bay via Seattle [R3 - 7]\n\n\n\n3\n77\nCincinnati Bengals\nHubbard, SamSam Hubbard \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n78\nCincinnati Bengals\nJefferson, MalikMalik Jefferson \nLB\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Kansas City [R3 - 8]\n\n\n\n3\n79\nSeattle Seahawks\nGreen, RasheemRasheem Green \nDE\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh [R3 - 9]\n\n\n\n3\n80\nHouston Texans\nRankin, MartinasMartinas Rankin \nOT\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Seattle [R3 - 10]\n\n\n\n3\n81\nDallas Cowboys\nGallup, MichaelMichael Gallup \nWR\nColorado State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n3\n82\nDetroit Lions\nWalker, TracyTracy Walker \nS\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n3\n83\nBaltimore Ravens\nBrown Jr., OrlandoOrlando Brown Jr. \nOT\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n3\n84\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJones, JustinJustin Jones \nDT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n85\nCarolina Panthers\nGaulden, RashaanRashaan Gaulden \nCB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R3 - 11]\n\n\n\n3\n86\nBaltimore Ravens\nAndrews, MarkMark Andrews \nTE\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom Kansas City [R3 - 12]\n\n\n\n3\n87\nOakland Raiders\nKey, ArdenArden Key \nDE\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R3 - 13]\n\n\n\n3\n88\nGreen Bay Packers\nBurks, OrenOren Burks \nLB\nVanderbilt\nSEC\nfrom Carolina [R3 - 14]\n\n\n\n3\n89\nLos Angeles Rams\nNoteboom, JosephJoseph Noteboom \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Tennessee via Oakland [R3 - 15]\n\n\n\n3\n90\nAtlanta Falcons\nSenat, DeadrinDeadrin Senat \nDT\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n91\nNew Orleans Saints\nSmith, Tre'QuanTre'Quan Smith \nWR\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n92\nPittsburgh Steelers\nOkorafor, ChukwumaChukwuma Okorafor \nOT\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n3\n93\nJacksonville Jaguars\nHarrison, RonnieRonnie Harrison \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n94\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCappa, AlexAlex Cappa \nOT\nHumboldt State\nGNAC\nfrom Minnesota [R3 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n95\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMoore, TarvariusTarvarius Moore \nS\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom New England\n\n\n\n3\n96\nBuffalo Bills\nPhillips, HarrisonHarrison Phillips \nDT\nStanford\nPac-12\nfrom Philadelphia [R3 - 17]\n\n\n\n3\n97\nArizona Cardinals\nCole, MasonMason Cole \nC\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n98\nHouston Texans\nAkins, JordanJordan Akins \nTE\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n99\nDenver Broncos\nYiadom, IsaacIsaac Yiadom \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n100\nKansas City Chiefs\nO'Daniel, DorianDorian O'Daniel \nLB\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R3 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n101\nCarolina Panthers\nThomas, IanIan Thomas \nTE\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nfrom Cleveland via Green Bay [R4 - 1]\n\n\n\n4\n102\nMinnesota Vikings\nHolmes, JalynJalyn Holmes \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom NY Giants via Tampa Bay [R4 - 2]\n\n\n\n4\n103\nHouston Texans\nCoutee, KekeKeke Coutee \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n104\nIndianapolis Colts\nHines, NyheimNyheim Hines \nRB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n105\nCleveland Browns\nCallaway, AntonioAntonio Callaway \nWR\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Chicago via New England [R4 - 3]\n\n\n\n4\n106\nDenver Broncos\nJewell, JoseyJosey Jewell \nLB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n107\nNew York Jets\nHerndon, ChrisChris Herndon \nTE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n108\nNew York Giants\nLauletta, KyleKyle Lauletta \nQB\nRichmond\nCAA\nfrom Tampa Bay [R4 - 4]\n\n\n\n4\n109\nWashington Redskins\nApke, TroyTroy Apke \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via Denver [R4 - 5]\n\n\n\n4\n110\nOakland Raiders\nNelson, NickNick Nelson \nCB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n111\nLos Angeles Rams\nAllen, BrianBrian Allen \nC\nMichigan State\nBig Ten\nFrom Miami [R4 - 6]\n\n\n\n4\n112\nCincinnati Bengals\nWalton, MarkMark Walton \nRB\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n113\nDenver Broncos\nHamilton, DaeSeanDaeSean Hamilton \nWR\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Washington [R4 - 7]\n\n\n\n4\n114\nDetroit Lions\nHand, Da'ShawnDa'Shawn Hand \nDE\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Green Bay via Cleveland and New England [R4 - 8]\n\n\n\n4\n115\nChicago Bears\nIyiegbuniwe, JoelJoel Iyiegbuniwe \nLB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\nfrom Arizona [R4 - 9]\n\n\n\n4\n116\nDallas Cowboys\nArmstrong, DoranceDorance Armstrong \nDE\nKansas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n117\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWhitehead, JordanJordan Whitehead \nS\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Detroit via New England [R4 - 10]\n\n\n\n4\n118\nBaltimore Ravens\nAverett, AnthonyAnthony Averett \nCB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n119\nLos Angeles Chargers\nWhite, KyzirKyzir White \nS\nWest Virginia\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n120\nSeattle Seahawks\nDissly, WillWill Dissly \nTE\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n4\n121\nBuffalo Bills\nJohnson, TaronTaron Johnson \nCB\nWeber State\nBig Sky\n\n\n\n\n4\n122\nBaltimore Ravens\nYoung, KennyKenny Young \nLB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Kansas City [R4 - 11]\n\n\n\n4\n123\nMiami Dolphins\nSmythe, DurhamDurham Smythe \nTE\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Carolina via Cleveland [R4 - 12]\n\n\n\n4\n124\nKansas City Chiefs\nWatts, ArmaniArmani Watts \nS\nTexas A&M\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R4 - 13]\n\n\n\n4\n125\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMaddox, AvonteAvonte Maddox \nCB\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Tennessee via Baltimore [R4 - 14]\n\n\n\n4\n126\nAtlanta Falcons\nSmith, ItoIto Smith \nRB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n4\n127\nNew Orleans Saints\nLeonard, RickRick Leonard \nOT\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n128\nSan Francisco 49ers\nStreet, KentaviusKentavius Street \nDE\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Pittsburgh [R4 - 15]\n\n\n\n4\n129\nJacksonville Jaguars\nRichardson, WillWill Richardson \nOT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n130\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nSweat, JoshJosh Sweat \nDE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Minnesota [R4 - 16]\n\n\n\n4\n131\nMiami Dolphins\nBallage, KalenKalen Ballage \nRB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom New England via Philadelphia [R4 - 17]\n\n\n\n4\n132\nBaltimore Ravens\nScott, JaleelJaleel Scott \nWR\nNew Mexico State\nSun Belt\nfrom Philadelphia [R4 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n133\nGreen Bay Packers\nMoore, J'MonJ'Mon Moore \nWR\nMissouri\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n134\nArizona Cardinals\nEdmonds, ChaseChase Edmonds \nRB\nFordham\nPatriot\n\n\n\n\n4\n135\nLos Angeles Rams\nFranklin-Myers, JohnJohn Franklin-Myers \nDE\nStephen F. Austin\nSouthland\nfrom NY Giants [R4 - 19]\n\n\n\n4\n136\nCarolina Panthers\nHaynes, MarquisMarquis Haynes \nDE\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom New England via LA Rams [R4 - 20]\n\n\n\n4\n137\nDallas Cowboys\nSchultz, DaltonDalton Schultz \nTE\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n138\nGreen Bay Packers\nMadison, ColeCole Madison \nG\nWashington State\nPac-12\nfrom Cleveland [R5 - 1]\n\n\n\n5\n139\nNew York Giants\nMcIntosh, R. J.R. J. McIntosh \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n140\nOakland Raiders\nHurst, MauriceMaurice Hurst \nDT\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nfrom Indianapolis [R5 - 2]\n\n\n\n5\n141\nSeattle Seahawks\nGriffin, ShaquemShaquem Griffin \nLB\nUCF\nThe American\nfrom Houston [R5 - 3]\n\n\n\n5\n142\nSan Francisco 49ers\nReed, D. J.D. J. Reed \nCB\nKansas State\nBig 12\nfrom Denver via Washington [R5 - 4]\n\n\n\n5\n143\nNew England Patriots\nBentley, Ja'WhaunJa'Whaun Bentley \nLB\nPurdue\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via NY Jets [R5 - 5]\n\n\n\n5\n144\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWatson, JustinJustin Watson \nWR\nPenn\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n5\n145\nChicago Bears\nNichols, BilalBilal Nichols \nDT\nDelaware\nCAA\n\n\n\n\n5\n146\nSeattle Seahawks\nFlowers, TreTre Flowers \nS\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Oakland [R5 - 6]\n\n\n\n5\n147\nLos Angeles Rams\nKiser, MicahMicah Kiser \nLB\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay [R5 - 7]\n\n\n\n5\n148\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAllen, MarcusMarcus Allen \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco [R5 - 8]\n\n\n\n5\n149\nSeattle Seahawks\nDickson, MichaelMichael Dickson \nP\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Denver [R5 - 9]\n\n\n\n5\n150\nCleveland Browns\nAvery, GenardGenard Avery \nLB\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R5 - 10]\n\n\n\n5\n151\nCincinnati Bengals\nHarris, DavontaeDavontae Harris \nCB\nIllinois State\nMVFC\n\n\n\n\n5\n152\nTennessee Titans\nCruikshank, DaneDane Cruikshank \nCB\nArizona\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore [R5 - 11]\n\n\n\n5\n153\nDetroit Lions\nCrosby, TyrellTyrell Crosby \nOT\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n154\nBuffalo Bills\nNeal, SiranSiran Neal \nCB\nJacksonville State\nOVC\nfrom Baltimore [R5 - 12]\n\n\n\n5\n155\nLos Angeles Chargers\nQuessenberry, ScottScott Quessenberry \nC\nUCLA\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n156\nDenver Broncos\nFumagalli, TroyTroy Fumagalli \nTE\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle [R5 - 13]\n\n\n\n5\n157\nMinnesota Vikings\nConklin, TylerTyler Conklin \nTE\nCentral Michigan\nMAC\nfrom Dallas via NY Jets [R5 - 14]\n\n\n\n5\n158\nCincinnati Bengals\nBrown, AndrewAndrew Brown \nDE\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R5 - 15]\n\n\n\n5\n159\nIndianapolis Colts\nFountain, DauriceDaurice Fountain \nWR\nNorthern Iowa\nMVFC\nfrom Kansas City via Cleveland, New England, and Oakland [R5 - 16]\n\n\n\n5\n160\nLos Angeles Rams\nOkoronkwo, OgbonniaOgbonnia Okoronkwo \nLB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom LA Rams via Denver [R5 - 17]\n\n\n\n5\n161\nCarolina Panthers\nCarter Jr., JermaineJermaine Carter Jr. \nLB\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n162\nBaltimore Ravens\nLasley, JordanJordan Lasley \nWR\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Tennessee [R5 - 18]\n\n\n\n5\n163\nWashington Redskins\nSettle, TimTim Settle \nDT\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Atlanta via Denver [R5 - 19]\n\n\n\n5\n164\nNew Orleans Saints\nJamerson, NatrellNatrell Jamerson \nS\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n165\nPittsburgh Steelers\nSamuels, JaylenJaylen Samuels \nFB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n166\nBuffalo Bills\nTeller, WyattWyatt Teller \nG\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Jacksonville [R5 - 20]\n\n\n\n5\n167\nMinnesota Vikings\nCarlson, DanielDaniel Carlson \nK\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom Minnesota via NY Jets [R5 - 21]\n\n\n\n5\n168\nSeattle Seahawks\nJones, JamarcoJamarco Jones \nOT\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom New England [R5 - 22]\n\n\n\n5\n169\nIndianapolis Colts\nWilkins, JordanJordan Wilkins \nRB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Philadelphia [R5 - 23]\n\n\n\n5\n170\nCincinnati Bengals\nPhillips, DariusDarius Phillips \nCB\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n5\n171\nDallas Cowboys\nWhite, MikeMike White \nQB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n5\n172\nGreen Bay Packers\nScott, JKJK Scott \nP\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n5\n173\nOakland Raiders\nTownsend, JohnnyJohnny Townsend \nP\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Dallas [R5 - 24]\n\n\n\n5\n174\nGreen Bay Packers\nValdes-Scantling, MarquezMarquez Valdes-Scantling \nWR\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n175\nCleveland Browns\nRatley, DamionDamion Ratley \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n176\nLos Angeles Rams\nKelly, JohnJohn Kelly \nRB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom NY Giants [R6 - 1]\n\n\n\n6\n177\nHouston Texans\nEjiofor, DukeDuke Ejiofor \nDE\nWake Forest\nACC\n\n\n\n\n6\n178\nNew England Patriots\nSam, ChristianChristian Sam \nLB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis via Cleveland [R6 - 2]\n\n\n\n6\n179\nNew York Jets\nNickerson, ParryParry Nickerson \nCB\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n180\nNew York Jets\nFatukasi, FolorunsoFolorunso Fatukasi \nDT\nConnecticut\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Minnesota [R6 - 3]\n\n\n\n6\n181\nChicago Bears\nFitts, KylieKylie Fitts \nDE\nUtah\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n182\nArizona Cardinals\nCampbell, ChrisChris Campbell \nCB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Denver [R6 - 4]\n\n\n\n6\n183\nDenver Broncos\nJones, SamSam Jones \nG\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Miami via LA Rams [R6 - 5]\n\n\n\n6\n184\nSan Francisco 49ers\nHarris, MarcellMarcell Harris \nS\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n185\nIndianapolis Colts\nCain, DeonDeon Cain \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 6]\n\n\n\n6\n186\nSeattle Seahawks\nMartin, JacobJacob Martin \nLB\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R6 - 7]\n\n\n\n6\n187\nBuffalo Bills\nMcCloud, Ray-RayRay-Ray McCloud \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R6 - 8]\n\n\n\n6\n188\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, SimeonSimeon Thomas \nCB\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\nfrom Washington [R6 - 9]\n\n\n\n6\n189\nNew Orleans Saints\nMoore, KamrinKamrin Moore \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Arizona [R6 - 10]\n\n\n\n6\n190\nBaltimore Ravens\nElliott, DeShonDeShon Elliott \nS\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n191\nLos Angeles Chargers\nCantrell, DylanDylan Cantrell \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n192\nLos Angeles Rams\nDemby, JamilJamil Demby \nOT\nMaine\nCAA\nfrom Seattle via Oakland and Dallas [R6 - 11]\n\n\n\n6\n193\nDallas Cowboys\nCovington, ChrisChris Covington \nLB\nIndiana\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n194\nAtlanta Falcons\nGage, RussellRussell Gage \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Detroit via LA Rams [R6 - 12]\n\n\n\n6\n195\nLos Angeles Rams\nJoseph, SebastianSebastian Joseph \nDT\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R6 - 13]\n\n\n\n6\n196\nKansas City Chiefs\nSmith, TremonTremon Smith \nCB\nCentral Arkansas\nSouthland\nfrom LA Rams via Kansas City [R6 - 14]\n\n\n\n6\n197\nWashington Redskins\nHamilton, Shaun DionShaun Dion Hamilton \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Carolina via LA Rams [R6 - 15]\n\n\n\n6\n198\nKansas City Chiefs\nMcKenzie, KahlilKahlil McKenzie \nDT\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via New England [R6 - 16]\n\n\n\n6\n199\nTennessee Titans\nFalk, LukeLuke Falk \nQB\nWashington State\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n200\nAtlanta Falcons\nOluokun, FoyesadeFoyesade Oluokun \nS\nYale\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n6\n201\nNew Orleans Saints\nScott, BostonBoston Scott \nRB\nLouisiana Tech\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n6\n202\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCichy, JackJack Cichy \nLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh [R6 - 17]\n\n\n\n6\n203\nJacksonville Jaguars\nLee, TannerTanner Lee \nQB\nNebraska\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n204\nNew York Jets\nCannon, TrentonTrenton Cannon \nRB\nVirginia State\nCIAA\nfrom Minnesota [R6 - 18]\n\n\n\n6\n205\nLos Angeles Rams\nYoung, TrevonTrevon Young \nDE\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom New England via Cleveland and Washington [R6 - 19]\n\n\n\n6\n206\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nPryor, MattMatt Pryor \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n207\nGreen Bay Packers\nSt. Brown, EquanimeousEquanimeous St. Brown \nWR\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n6\n208\nDallas Cowboys\nWilson Jr., CedrickCedrick Wilson Jr. \nWR\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n6\n209\nMiami Dolphins\nArmstrong, CornellCornell Armstrong \nCB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City\n\n\n\n6\n210\nNew England Patriots\nBerrios, BraxtonBraxton Berrios \nWR\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 20]\n\n\n\n6\n211\nHouston Texans\nThomas, JordanJordan Thomas \nTE\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n212\nBaltimore Ravens\nSenat, GregGreg Senat \nOT\nWagner\nNEC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 21]\n\n\n\n6\n213\nMinnesota Vikings\nGossett, ColbyColby Gossett \nG\nAppalachian State\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n6\n214\nHouston Texans\nKalambayi, PeterPeter Kalambayi \nLB\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n215\nBaltimore Ravens\nBozeman, BradleyBradley Bozeman \nC\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Baltimore via Tennessee [R6 - 22]\n\n\n\n6\n216\nOakland Raiders\nVictor, AzeemAzeem Victor \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n217\nDenver Broncos\nBierria, KeishawnKeishawn Bierria \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via LA Rams [R6 - 23]\n\n\n\n6\n218\nMinnesota Vikings\nAruna, AdeAde Aruna \nDE\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n219\nNew England Patriots\nEtling, DannyDanny Etling \nQB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Cleveland [R7 - 1]\n\n\n\n7\n220\nSeattle Seahawks\nMcGough, AlexAlex McGough \nQB\nFlorida International\nC-USA\nfrom NY Giants via Pittsburgh [R7 - 2]\n\n\n\n7\n221\nIndianapolis Colts\nAdams, MatthewMatthew Adams \nLB\nHouston\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n222\nHouston Texans\nKelly, JermaineJermaine Kelly \nCB\nSan Jose State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n223\nSan Francisco 49ers\nTaylor, JullianJullian Taylor \nDT\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Miami [R7 - 3]\n\n\n\n7\n224\nChicago Bears\nWims, JavonJavon Wims \nWR\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n225\nMinnesota Vikings\nDowns, DevanteDevante Downs \nLB\nCalifornia\nPac-12\nfrom Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets [R7 - 4]\n\n\n\n7\n226\nDenver Broncos\nWilliams, DavidDavid Williams \nRB\nArkansas\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets via Seattle [R7 - 5]\n\n\n\n7\n227\nMiami Dolphins\nPoling, QuentinQuentin Poling \nLB\nOhio\nMAC\nfrom San Francisco [R7 - 6]\n\n\n\n7\n228\nOakland Raiders\nAteman, MarcellMarcell Ateman \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n7\n229\nMiami Dolphins\nSanders, JasonJason Sanders \nK\nNew Mexico\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n230\nJacksonville Jaguars\nJacobs, LeonLeon Jacobs \nOLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Cincinnati [R7 - 7]\n\n\n\n7\n231\nLos Angeles Rams\nHoward, TravinTravin Howard \nLB\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Washington [R7 - 8]\n\n\n\n7\n232\nGreen Bay Packers\nLooney, JamesJames Looney \nDE\nCalifornia\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n7\n233\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMailata, JordanJordan Mailata \nT\n \n \nfrom Arizona via Kansas City and New England [R7 - 9]\nAustralian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL\n\n\n\n7\n234\nCarolina Panthers\nSmith, AndreAndre Smith \nILB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom LA Chargers via Buffalo [R7 - 10]\n\n\n\n7\n235\nIndianapolis Colts\nFranklin, ZaireZaire Franklin \nLB\nSyracuse\nACC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets [R7 - 11]\n\n\n\n7\n236\nDallas Cowboys\nScarbrough, BoBo Scarbrough \nRB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n237\nDetroit Lions\nBawden, NickNick Bawden \nFB\nSan Diego State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n238\nBaltimore Ravens\nSieler, ZachZach Sieler \nDE\nFerris State\nGLIAC\nfrom Arizona via Baltimore [R7 - 12]\n\n\n\n7\n239\nGreen Bay Packers\nBradley, HunterHunter Bradley \nLS\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R7 - 13]\n\n\n\n7\n240\nSan Francisco 49ers\nJames, RichieRichie James \nWR\nMiddle Tennessee\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City [R7 - 14]\n\n\n\n7\n241\nWashington Redskins\nStroman, GregGreg Stroman \nCB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom LA Rams [R7 - 15]\n\n\n\n7\n242\nCarolina Panthers\nNorton, KendrickKendrick Norton \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n243\nNew England Patriots\nCrossen, KeionKeion Crossen \nCB\nWestern Carolina\nSoCon\nfrom Tennessee via Kansas City [R7 - 16]\n\n\n\n7\n244\nLos Angeles Rams\nLawler, JustinJustin Lawler \nDE\nSMU\nThe American\nfrom Atlanta [R7 - 17]\n\n\n\n7\n245\nNew Orleans Saints\nClapp, WillWill Clapp \nC\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n246\nPittsburgh Steelers\nFrazier, JoshuaJoshua Frazier \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n247\nJacksonville Jaguars\nCooke, LoganLogan Cooke \nP\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n248\nGreen Bay Packers\nDonnerson, KendallKendall Donnerson \nOLB\nSoutheast Missouri State\nOVC\nfrom Seattle via Minnesota [R7 - 18]\n\n\n\n7\n249\nCincinnati Bengals\nWoodside, LoganLogan Woodside \nQB\nToledo\nMAC\nfrom New England [R7 - 19]\n\n\n\n7\n250\nNew England Patriots\nIzzo, RyanRyan Izzo \nTE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia via Seattle, New England, Seattle, and Philadelphia [R7 - 20]\n\n\n\n7\n251\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJackson, JustinJustin Jackson \nRB\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n7\n252\nCincinnati Bengals\nTaylor, RodRod Taylor \nG\nOle Miss\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n253\nCincinnati Bengals\nTate, AudenAuden Tate \nWR\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n254\nArizona Cardinals\nCunningham, KoreyKorey Cunningham \nOT\nCincinnati\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n255\nBuffalo Bills\nProehl, AustinAustin Proehl \nWR\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R7 - 21]\n\n\n\n7\n256\nWashington Redskins\nQuinn, TreyTrey Quinn \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\nMr. Irrelevant\nfrom Falcons via LA Rams [R7 - 22]\n\n", "\n\n\nRnd.\nPick #\nNFL team\nPlayer\nPos.\nCollege\nConf.\nNotes\n\n\n\n1\n1\nCleveland Browns\nMayfield, BakerBaker Mayfield \nQB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n2017 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n1\n2\nNew York Giants\nBarkley, SaquonSaquon Barkley \nRB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n3\nNew York Jets\nDarnold, SamSam Darnold \nQB\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis [R1 - 1]\n\n\n\n1\n4\nCleveland Browns\nWard, DenzelDenzel Ward \nCB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Houston [R1 - 2]\n\n\n\n1\n5\nDenver Broncos\nChubb, BradleyBradley Chubb \nDE\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n6\nIndianapolis Colts\nNelson, QuentonQuenton Nelson \nG\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom NY Jets [R1 - 3]\n\n\n\n1\n7\nBuffalo Bills\nAllen, JoshJosh Allen \nQB\nWyoming\nMW\nfrom Tampa Bay [R1 - 4]\n\n\n\n1\n8\nChicago Bears\nSmith, RoquanRoquan Smith \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n9\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMcGlinchey, MikeMike McGlinchey \nOT\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n1\n10\nArizona Cardinals\nRosen, JoshJosh Rosen \nQB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland [R1 - 5]\n\n\n\n1\n11\nMiami Dolphins\nFitzpatrick, MinkahMinkah Fitzpatrick \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n12\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nVea, VitaVita Vea \nDT\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Cincinnati via Buffalo [R1 - 6]\n\n\n\n1\n13\nWashington Redskins\nPayne, Da'RonDa'Ron Payne \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n14\nNew Orleans Saints\nDavenport, MarcusMarcus Davenport \nDE\nUTSA\nC-USA\nfrom Green Bay [R1 - 7]\n\n\n\n1\n15\nOakland Raiders\nMiller, KoltonKolton Miller \nOT\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona [R1 - 8]\n\n\n\n1\n16\nBuffalo Bills\nEdmunds, TremaineTremaine Edmunds \nLB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Baltimore [R1 - 9]\n\n\n\n1\n17\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJames, DerwinDerwin James \nS\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n18\nGreen Bay Packers\nAlexander, JaireJaire Alexander \nCB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Seattle [R1 - 10]\n\n\n\n1\n19\nDallas Cowboys\nVander Esch, LeightonLeighton Vander Esch \nLB\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n1\n20\nDetroit Lions\nRagnow, FrankFrank Ragnow \nC\nArkansas\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n21\nCincinnati Bengals\nPrice, BillyBilly Price \nC\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R1 - 11]\n\n\n\n1\n22\nTennessee Titans\nEvans, RashaanRashaan Evans \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Kansas City via Buffalo and Baltimore [R1 - 12]\n\n\n\n1\n23\nNew England Patriots\nWynn, IsaiahIsaiah Wynn \nOT\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R1 - 13]\n\n\n\n1\n24\nCarolina Panthers\nMoore, D. J.D. J. Moore \nWR\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n1\n25\nBaltimore Ravens\nHurst, HaydenHayden Hurst \nTE\nSouth Carolina\nSEC\nfrom Tennessee [R1 - 14]\n\n\n\n1\n26\nAtlanta Falcons\nRidley, CalvinCalvin Ridley \nWR\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n27\nSeattle Seahawks\nPenny, RashaadRashaad Penny \nRB\nSan Diego State\nMW\nfrom New Orleans via Green Bay [R1 - 15]\n\n\n\n1\n28\nPittsburgh Steelers\nEdmunds, TerrellTerrell Edmunds \nS\nVirginia Tech\nACC\n\n\n\n\n1\n29\nJacksonville Jaguars\nBryan, TavenTaven Bryan \nDT\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n30\nMinnesota Vikings\nHughes, MikeMike Hughes \nCB\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n1\n31\nNew England Patriots\nMichel, SonySony Michel \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n1\n32\nBaltimore Ravens\nJackson, LamarLamar Jackson \nQB\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia [R1 - 16]\n2016 Heisman Trophy winner\n\n\n\n2\n33\nCleveland Browns\nCorbett, AustinAustin Corbett \nG\nNevada\nMW\n\n\n\n\n2\n34\nNew York Giants\nHernandez, WillWill Hernandez \nG\nUTEP\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n2\n35\nCleveland Browns\nChubb, NickNick Chubb \nRB\nGeorgia\nSEC\nfrom Houston [R2 - 1]\n\n\n\n2\n36\nIndianapolis Colts\nLeonard, DariusDarius Leonard \nLB\nSouth Carolina State\nMEAC\n\n\n\n\n2\n37\nIndianapolis Colts\nSmith, BradenBraden Smith \nG\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets [R2 - 2]\n\n\n\n2\n38\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nJones, RonaldRonald Jones \nRB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n39\nChicago Bears\nDaniels, JamesJames Daniels \nC\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n40\nDenver Broncos\nSutton, CourtlandCourtland Sutton \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n2\n41\nTennessee Titans\nLandry, HaroldHarold Landry \nLB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R2 - 3]\n\n\n\n2\n42\nMiami Dolphins\nGesicki, MikeMike Gesicki \nTE\nPenn State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n43\nDetroit Lions\nJohnson, KerryonKerryon Johnson \nRB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom San Francisco via New England [R2 - 4]\n\n\n\n2\n44\nSan Francisco 49ers\nPettis, DanteDante Pettis \nWR\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Washington [R2 - 5]\n\n\n\n2\n45\nGreen Bay Packers\nJackson, JoshJosh Jackson \nCB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n2\n46\nKansas City Chiefs\nSpeaks, BreelandBreeland Speaks \nLB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Cincinnati [R2 - 6]\n\n\n\n2\n47\nArizona Cardinals\nKirk, ChristianChristian Kirk \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n48\nLos Angeles Chargers\nNwosu, UchennaUchenna Nwosu \nLB\nUSC\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n49\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nGoedert, DallasDallas Goedert \nTE\nSouth Dakota State\nMVFC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets and Indianapolis [R2 - 7]\n\n\n\n2\n50\nDallas Cowboys\nWilliams, ConnorConnor Williams \nG\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n51\nChicago Bears\nMiller, AnthonyAnthony Miller \nWR\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Detroit via New England [R2 - 8]\n\n\n\n2\n52\nIndianapolis Colts\nTuray, KemokoKemoko Turay \nDE\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Baltimore via Philadelphia [R2 - 9]\n\n\n\n2\n53\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nStewart, M. J.M. J. Stewart \nCB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R2 - 10]\n\n\n\n2\n54\nCincinnati Bengals\nBates III, JessieJessie Bates III \nS\nWake Forest\nACC\nfrom Kansas City [R2 - 11]\n\n\n\n2\n55\nCarolina Panthers\nJackson, DonteDonte Jackson \nCB\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n56\nNew England Patriots\nDawson, DukeDuke Dawson \nCB\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via Buffalo and Tampa Bay [R2 - 12]\n\n\n\n2\n57\nOakland Raiders\nHall, P. J.P. J. Hall \nDT\nSam Houston State\nSouthland\nfrom Tennessee [R2 - 13]\n\n\n\n2\n58\nAtlanta Falcons\nOliver, IsaiahIsaiah Oliver \nCB\nColorado\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n2\n59\nWashington Redskins\nGuice, DerriusDerrius Guice \nRB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom New Orleans via San Francisco [R2 - 14]\n\n\n\n2\n60\nPittsburgh Steelers\nWashington, JamesJames Washington \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n2\n61\nJacksonville Jaguars\nChark, DJDJ Chark \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n2\n62\nMinnesota Vikings\nO'Neill, BrianBrian O'Neill \nOT\nPittsburgh\nACC\n\n\n\n\n2\n63\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nDavis, CarltonCarlton Davis \nCB\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom New England [R2 - 15]\n\n\n\n2\n64\nIndianapolis Colts\nLewis, TyquanTyquan Lewis \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom Philadelphia via Cleveland [R2 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n65\nOakland Raiders\nParker, BrandonBrandon Parker \nOT\nNorth Carolina A&T\nMEAC\nfrom Cleveland via Buffalo and Baltimore [R3 - 1]\n\n\n\n3\n66\nNew York Giants\nCarter, LorenzoLorenzo Carter \nLB\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n67\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, ChadChad Thomas \nDE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Indianapolis [R3 - 2]\n\n\n\n3\n68\nHouston Texans\nReid, JustinJustin Reid \nS\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n69\nNew York Giants\nHill, B. J.B. J. Hill \nDT\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R3 - 3]\n\n\n\n3\n70\nSan Francisco 49ers\nWarner, FredFred Warner \nLB\nBYU\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Chicago [R3 - 4]\n\n\n\n3\n71\nDenver Broncos\nFreeman, RoyceRoyce Freeman \nRB\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n3\n72\nNew York Jets\nShepherd, NathanNathan Shepherd \nDT\nFort Hays State\nMIAA (D-II)\n\n\n\n\n3\n73\nMiami Dolphins\nBaker, JeromeJerome Baker \nLB\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n74\nWashington Redskins\nChristian, GeronGeron Christian \nOT\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom San Francisco [R3 - 5]\n\n\n\n3\n75\nKansas City Chiefs\nNnadi, DerrickDerrick Nnadi \nDT\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Oakland via Baltimore [R3 - 6]\n\n\n\n3\n76\nPittsburgh Steelers\nRudolph, MasonMason Rudolph \nQB\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Green Bay via Seattle [R3 - 7]\n\n\n\n3\n77\nCincinnati Bengals\nHubbard, SamSam Hubbard \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n78\nCincinnati Bengals\nJefferson, MalikMalik Jefferson \nLB\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Kansas City [R3 - 8]\n\n\n\n3\n79\nSeattle Seahawks\nGreen, RasheemRasheem Green \nDE\nUSC\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via Arizona and Pittsburgh [R3 - 9]\n\n\n\n3\n80\nHouston Texans\nRankin, MartinasMartinas Rankin \nOT\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Seattle [R3 - 10]\n\n\n\n3\n81\nDallas Cowboys\nGallup, MichaelMichael Gallup \nWR\nColorado State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n3\n82\nDetroit Lions\nWalker, TracyTracy Walker \nS\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n3\n83\nBaltimore Ravens\nBrown Jr., OrlandoOrlando Brown Jr. \nOT\nOklahoma\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n3\n84\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJones, JustinJustin Jones \nDT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n85\nCarolina Panthers\nGaulden, RashaanRashaan Gaulden \nCB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R3 - 11]\n\n\n\n3\n86\nBaltimore Ravens\nAndrews, MarkMark Andrews \nTE\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom Kansas City [R3 - 12]\n\n\n\n3\n87\nOakland Raiders\nKey, ArdenArden Key \nDE\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R3 - 13]\n\n\n\n3\n88\nGreen Bay Packers\nBurks, OrenOren Burks \nLB\nVanderbilt\nSEC\nfrom Carolina [R3 - 14]\n\n\n\n3\n89\nLos Angeles Rams\nNoteboom, JosephJoseph Noteboom \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Tennessee via Oakland [R3 - 15]\n\n\n\n3\n90\nAtlanta Falcons\nSenat, DeadrinDeadrin Senat \nDT\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n91\nNew Orleans Saints\nSmith, Tre'QuanTre'Quan Smith \nWR\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n92\nPittsburgh Steelers\nOkorafor, ChukwumaChukwuma Okorafor \nOT\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n3\n93\nJacksonville Jaguars\nHarrison, RonnieRonnie Harrison \nS\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n3\n94\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCappa, AlexAlex Cappa \nOT\nHumboldt State\nGNAC\nfrom Minnesota [R3 - 16]\n\n\n\n3\n95\nSan Francisco 49ers\nMoore, TarvariusTarvarius Moore \nS\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom New England\n\n\n\n3\n96\nBuffalo Bills\nPhillips, HarrisonHarrison Phillips \nDT\nStanford\nPac-12\nfrom Philadelphia [R3 - 17]\n\n\n\n3\n97\nArizona Cardinals\nCole, MasonMason Cole \nC\nMichigan\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n3\n98\nHouston Texans\nAkins, JordanJordan Akins \nTE\nUCF\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n3\n99\nDenver Broncos\nYiadom, IsaacIsaac Yiadom \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\n\n\n\n\n3\n100\nKansas City Chiefs\nO'Daniel, DorianDorian O'Daniel \nLB\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R3 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n101\nCarolina Panthers\nThomas, IanIan Thomas \nTE\nIndiana\nBig Ten\nfrom Cleveland via Green Bay [R4 - 1]\n\n\n\n4\n102\nMinnesota Vikings\nHolmes, JalynJalyn Holmes \nDE\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom NY Giants via Tampa Bay [R4 - 2]\n\n\n\n4\n103\nHouston Texans\nCoutee, KekeKeke Coutee \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n104\nIndianapolis Colts\nHines, NyheimNyheim Hines \nRB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n105\nCleveland Browns\nCallaway, AntonioAntonio Callaway \nWR\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Chicago via New England [R4 - 3]\n\n\n\n4\n106\nDenver Broncos\nJewell, JoseyJosey Jewell \nLB\nIowa\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n107\nNew York Jets\nHerndon, ChrisChris Herndon \nTE\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n108\nNew York Giants\nLauletta, KyleKyle Lauletta \nQB\nRichmond\nCAA\nfrom Tampa Bay [R4 - 4]\n\n\n\n4\n109\nWashington Redskins\nApke, TroyTroy Apke \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via Denver [R4 - 5]\n\n\n\n4\n110\nOakland Raiders\nNelson, NickNick Nelson \nCB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n4\n111\nLos Angeles Rams\nAllen, BrianBrian Allen \nC\nMichigan State\nBig Ten\nFrom Miami [R4 - 6]\n\n\n\n4\n112\nCincinnati Bengals\nWalton, MarkMark Walton \nRB\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n113\nDenver Broncos\nHamilton, DaeSeanDaeSean Hamilton \nWR\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Washington [R4 - 7]\n\n\n\n4\n114\nDetroit Lions\nHand, Da'ShawnDa'Shawn Hand \nDE\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Green Bay via Cleveland and New England [R4 - 8]\n\n\n\n4\n115\nChicago Bears\nIyiegbuniwe, JoelJoel Iyiegbuniwe \nLB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\nfrom Arizona [R4 - 9]\n\n\n\n4\n116\nDallas Cowboys\nArmstrong, DoranceDorance Armstrong \nDE\nKansas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n117\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWhitehead, JordanJordan Whitehead \nS\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Detroit via New England [R4 - 10]\n\n\n\n4\n118\nBaltimore Ravens\nAverett, AnthonyAnthony Averett \nCB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n119\nLos Angeles Chargers\nWhite, KyzirKyzir White \nS\nWest Virginia\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n4\n120\nSeattle Seahawks\nDissly, WillWill Dissly \nTE\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n4\n121\nBuffalo Bills\nJohnson, TaronTaron Johnson \nCB\nWeber State\nBig Sky\n\n\n\n\n4\n122\nBaltimore Ravens\nYoung, KennyKenny Young \nLB\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Kansas City [R4 - 11]\n\n\n\n4\n123\nMiami Dolphins\nSmythe, DurhamDurham Smythe \nTE\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\nfrom Carolina via Cleveland [R4 - 12]\n\n\n\n4\n124\nKansas City Chiefs\nWatts, ArmaniArmani Watts \nS\nTexas A&M\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams [R4 - 13]\n\n\n\n4\n125\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMaddox, AvonteAvonte Maddox \nCB\nPittsburgh\nACC\nfrom Tennessee via Baltimore [R4 - 14]\n\n\n\n4\n126\nAtlanta Falcons\nSmith, ItoIto Smith \nRB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n4\n127\nNew Orleans Saints\nLeonard, RickRick Leonard \nOT\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n128\nSan Francisco 49ers\nStreet, KentaviusKentavius Street \nDE\nNC State\nACC\nfrom Pittsburgh [R4 - 15]\n\n\n\n4\n129\nJacksonville Jaguars\nRichardson, WillWill Richardson \nOT\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n4\n130\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nSweat, JoshJosh Sweat \nDE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Minnesota [R4 - 16]\n\n\n\n4\n131\nMiami Dolphins\nBallage, KalenKalen Ballage \nRB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom New England via Philadelphia [R4 - 17]\n\n\n\n4\n132\nBaltimore Ravens\nScott, JaleelJaleel Scott \nWR\nNew Mexico State\nSun Belt\nfrom Philadelphia [R4 - 18]\n\n\n\n4\n133\nGreen Bay Packers\nMoore, J'MonJ'Mon Moore \nWR\nMissouri\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n4\n134\nArizona Cardinals\nEdmonds, ChaseChase Edmonds \nRB\nFordham\nPatriot\n\n\n\n\n4\n135\nLos Angeles Rams\nFranklin-Myers, JohnJohn Franklin-Myers \nDE\nStephen F. Austin\nSouthland\nfrom NY Giants [R4 - 19]\n\n\n\n4\n136\nCarolina Panthers\nHaynes, MarquisMarquis Haynes \nDE\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom New England via LA Rams [R4 - 20]\n\n\n\n4\n137\nDallas Cowboys\nSchultz, DaltonDalton Schultz \nTE\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n138\nGreen Bay Packers\nMadison, ColeCole Madison \nG\nWashington State\nPac-12\nfrom Cleveland [R5 - 1]\n\n\n\n5\n139\nNew York Giants\nMcIntosh, R. J.R. J. McIntosh \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n140\nOakland Raiders\nHurst, MauriceMaurice Hurst \nDT\nMichigan\nBig Ten\nfrom Indianapolis [R5 - 2]\n\n\n\n5\n141\nSeattle Seahawks\nGriffin, ShaquemShaquem Griffin \nLB\nUCF\nThe American\nfrom Houston [R5 - 3]\n\n\n\n5\n142\nSan Francisco 49ers\nReed, D. J.D. J. Reed \nCB\nKansas State\nBig 12\nfrom Denver via Washington [R5 - 4]\n\n\n\n5\n143\nNew England Patriots\nBentley, Ja'WhaunJa'Whaun Bentley \nLB\nPurdue\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco via NY Jets [R5 - 5]\n\n\n\n5\n144\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nWatson, JustinJustin Watson \nWR\nPenn\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n5\n145\nChicago Bears\nNichols, BilalBilal Nichols \nDT\nDelaware\nCAA\n\n\n\n\n5\n146\nSeattle Seahawks\nFlowers, TreTre Flowers \nS\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\nfrom Oakland [R5 - 6]\n\n\n\n5\n147\nLos Angeles Rams\nKiser, MicahMicah Kiser \nLB\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Miami via New Orleans and Green Bay [R5 - 7]\n\n\n\n5\n148\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAllen, MarcusMarcus Allen \nS\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom San Francisco [R5 - 8]\n\n\n\n5\n149\nSeattle Seahawks\nDickson, MichaelMichael Dickson \nP\nTexas\nBig 12\nfrom Washington via Denver [R5 - 9]\n\n\n\n5\n150\nCleveland Browns\nAvery, GenardGenard Avery \nLB\nMemphis\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R5 - 10]\n\n\n\n5\n151\nCincinnati Bengals\nHarris, DavontaeDavontae Harris \nCB\nIllinois State\nMVFC\n\n\n\n\n5\n152\nTennessee Titans\nCruikshank, DaneDane Cruikshank \nCB\nArizona\nPac-12\nfrom Arizona via Oakland and Baltimore [R5 - 11]\n\n\n\n5\n153\nDetroit Lions\nCrosby, TyrellTyrell Crosby \nOT\nOregon\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n154\nBuffalo Bills\nNeal, SiranSiran Neal \nCB\nJacksonville State\nOVC\nfrom Baltimore [R5 - 12]\n\n\n\n5\n155\nLos Angeles Chargers\nQuessenberry, ScottScott Quessenberry \nC\nUCLA\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n5\n156\nDenver Broncos\nFumagalli, TroyTroy Fumagalli \nTE\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Seattle via Philadelphia and Seattle [R5 - 13]\n\n\n\n5\n157\nMinnesota Vikings\nConklin, TylerTyler Conklin \nTE\nCentral Michigan\nMAC\nfrom Dallas via NY Jets [R5 - 14]\n\n\n\n5\n158\nCincinnati Bengals\nBrown, AndrewAndrew Brown \nDE\nVirginia\nACC\nfrom Buffalo [R5 - 15]\n\n\n\n5\n159\nIndianapolis Colts\nFountain, DauriceDaurice Fountain \nWR\nNorthern Iowa\nMVFC\nfrom Kansas City via Cleveland, New England, and Oakland [R5 - 16]\n\n\n\n5\n160\nLos Angeles Rams\nOkoronkwo, OgbonniaOgbonnia Okoronkwo \nLB\nOklahoma\nBig 12\nfrom LA Rams via Denver [R5 - 17]\n\n\n\n5\n161\nCarolina Panthers\nCarter Jr., JermaineJermaine Carter Jr. \nLB\nMaryland\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n162\nBaltimore Ravens\nLasley, JordanJordan Lasley \nWR\nUCLA\nPac-12\nfrom Tennessee [R5 - 18]\n\n\n\n5\n163\nWashington Redskins\nSettle, TimTim Settle \nDT\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Atlanta via Denver [R5 - 19]\n\n\n\n5\n164\nNew Orleans Saints\nJamerson, NatrellNatrell Jamerson \nS\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n5\n165\nPittsburgh Steelers\nSamuels, JaylenJaylen Samuels \nFB\nNC State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n5\n166\nBuffalo Bills\nTeller, WyattWyatt Teller \nG\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom Jacksonville [R5 - 20]\n\n\n\n5\n167\nMinnesota Vikings\nCarlson, DanielDaniel Carlson \nK\nAuburn\nSEC\nfrom Minnesota via NY Jets [R5 - 21]\n\n\n\n5\n168\nSeattle Seahawks\nJones, JamarcoJamarco Jones \nOT\nOhio State\nBig Ten\nfrom New England [R5 - 22]\n\n\n\n5\n169\nIndianapolis Colts\nWilkins, JordanJordan Wilkins \nRB\nOle Miss\nSEC\nfrom Philadelphia [R5 - 23]\n\n\n\n5\n170\nCincinnati Bengals\nPhillips, DariusDarius Phillips \nCB\nWestern Michigan\nMAC\n\n\n\n\n5\n171\nDallas Cowboys\nWhite, MikeMike White \nQB\nWestern Kentucky\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n5\n172\nGreen Bay Packers\nScott, JKJK Scott \nP\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n5\n173\nOakland Raiders\nTownsend, JohnnyJohnny Townsend \nP\nFlorida\nSEC\nfrom Dallas [R5 - 24]\n\n\n\n5\n174\nGreen Bay Packers\nValdes-Scantling, MarquezMarquez Valdes-Scantling \nWR\nSouth Florida\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n175\nCleveland Browns\nRatley, DamionDamion Ratley \nWR\nTexas A&M\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n176\nLos Angeles Rams\nKelly, JohnJohn Kelly \nRB\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom NY Giants [R6 - 1]\n\n\n\n6\n177\nHouston Texans\nEjiofor, DukeDuke Ejiofor \nDE\nWake Forest\nACC\n\n\n\n\n6\n178\nNew England Patriots\nSam, ChristianChristian Sam \nLB\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Indianapolis via Cleveland [R6 - 2]\n\n\n\n6\n179\nNew York Jets\nNickerson, ParryParry Nickerson \nCB\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n6\n180\nNew York Jets\nFatukasi, FolorunsoFolorunso Fatukasi \nDT\nConnecticut\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Minnesota [R6 - 3]\n\n\n\n6\n181\nChicago Bears\nFitts, KylieKylie Fitts \nDE\nUtah\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n182\nArizona Cardinals\nCampbell, ChrisChris Campbell \nCB\nPenn State\nBig Ten\nfrom Denver [R6 - 4]\n\n\n\n6\n183\nDenver Broncos\nJones, SamSam Jones \nG\nArizona State\nPac-12\nfrom Miami via LA Rams [R6 - 5]\n\n\n\n6\n184\nSan Francisco 49ers\nHarris, MarcellMarcell Harris \nS\nFlorida\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n185\nIndianapolis Colts\nCain, DeonDeon Cain \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 6]\n\n\n\n6\n186\nSeattle Seahawks\nMartin, JacobJacob Martin \nLB\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Green Bay [R6 - 7]\n\n\n\n6\n187\nBuffalo Bills\nMcCloud, Ray-RayRay-Ray McCloud \nWR\nClemson\nACC\nfrom Cincinnati [R6 - 8]\n\n\n\n6\n188\nCleveland Browns\nThomas, SimeonSimeon Thomas \nCB\nLouisiana\nSun Belt\nfrom Washington [R6 - 9]\n\n\n\n6\n189\nNew Orleans Saints\nMoore, KamrinKamrin Moore \nCB\nBoston College\nACC\nfrom Arizona [R6 - 10]\n\n\n\n6\n190\nBaltimore Ravens\nElliott, DeShonDeShon Elliott \nS\nTexas\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n191\nLos Angeles Chargers\nCantrell, DylanDylan Cantrell \nWR\nTexas Tech\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n192\nLos Angeles Rams\nDemby, JamilJamil Demby \nOT\nMaine\nCAA\nfrom Seattle via Oakland and Dallas [R6 - 11]\n\n\n\n6\n193\nDallas Cowboys\nCovington, ChrisChris Covington \nLB\nIndiana\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n194\nAtlanta Falcons\nGage, RussellRussell Gage \nWR\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Detroit via LA Rams [R6 - 12]\n\n\n\n6\n195\nLos Angeles Rams\nJoseph, SebastianSebastian Joseph \nDT\nRutgers\nBig Ten\nfrom Buffalo [R6 - 13]\n\n\n\n6\n196\nKansas City Chiefs\nSmith, TremonTremon Smith \nCB\nCentral Arkansas\nSouthland\nfrom LA Rams via Kansas City [R6 - 14]\n\n\n\n6\n197\nWashington Redskins\nHamilton, Shaun DionShaun Dion Hamilton \nLB\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Carolina via LA Rams [R6 - 15]\n\n\n\n6\n198\nKansas City Chiefs\nMcKenzie, KahlilKahlil McKenzie \nDT\nTennessee\nSEC\nfrom LA Rams via New England [R6 - 16]\n\n\n\n6\n199\nTennessee Titans\nFalk, LukeLuke Falk \nQB\nWashington State\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n200\nAtlanta Falcons\nOluokun, FoyesadeFoyesade Oluokun \nS\nYale\nIvy\n\n\n\n\n6\n201\nNew Orleans Saints\nScott, BostonBoston Scott \nRB\nLouisiana Tech\nC-USA\n\n\n\n\n6\n202\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\nCichy, JackJack Cichy \nLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Pittsburgh via Cleveland and Pittsburgh [R6 - 17]\n\n\n\n6\n203\nJacksonville Jaguars\nLee, TannerTanner Lee \nQB\nNebraska\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n6\n204\nNew York Jets\nCannon, TrentonTrenton Cannon \nRB\nVirginia State\nCIAA\nfrom Minnesota [R6 - 18]\n\n\n\n6\n205\nLos Angeles Rams\nYoung, TrevonTrevon Young \nDE\nLouisville\nACC\nfrom New England via Cleveland and Washington [R6 - 19]\n\n\n\n6\n206\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nPryor, MattMatt Pryor \nOT\nTCU\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n6\n207\nGreen Bay Packers\nSt. Brown, EquanimeousEquanimeous St. Brown \nWR\nNotre Dame\nInd. (FBS)\n\n\n\n\n6\n208\nDallas Cowboys\nWilson Jr., CedrickCedrick Wilson Jr. \nWR\nBoise State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n6\n209\nMiami Dolphins\nArmstrong, CornellCornell Armstrong \nCB\nSouthern Miss\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City\n\n\n\n6\n210\nNew England Patriots\nBerrios, BraxtonBraxton Berrios \nWR\nMiami (FL)\nACC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 20]\n\n\n\n6\n211\nHouston Texans\nThomas, JordanJordan Thomas \nTE\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n6\n212\nBaltimore Ravens\nSenat, GregGreg Senat \nOT\nWagner\nNEC\nfrom Oakland [R6 - 21]\n\n\n\n6\n213\nMinnesota Vikings\nGossett, ColbyColby Gossett \nG\nAppalachian State\nSun Belt\n\n\n\n\n6\n214\nHouston Texans\nKalambayi, PeterPeter Kalambayi \nLB\nStanford\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n215\nBaltimore Ravens\nBozeman, BradleyBradley Bozeman \nC\nAlabama\nSEC\nfrom Baltimore via Tennessee [R6 - 22]\n\n\n\n6\n216\nOakland Raiders\nVictor, AzeemAzeem Victor \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n6\n217\nDenver Broncos\nBierria, KeishawnKeishawn Bierria \nLB\nWashington\nPac-12\nfrom Oakland via LA Rams [R6 - 23]\n\n\n\n6\n218\nMinnesota Vikings\nAruna, AdeAde Aruna \nDE\nTulane\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n219\nNew England Patriots\nEtling, DannyDanny Etling \nQB\nLSU\nSEC\nfrom Cleveland [R7 - 1]\n\n\n\n7\n220\nSeattle Seahawks\nMcGough, AlexAlex McGough \nQB\nFlorida International\nC-USA\nfrom NY Giants via Pittsburgh [R7 - 2]\n\n\n\n7\n221\nIndianapolis Colts\nAdams, MatthewMatthew Adams \nLB\nHouston\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n222\nHouston Texans\nKelly, JermaineJermaine Kelly \nCB\nSan Jose State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n223\nSan Francisco 49ers\nTaylor, JullianJullian Taylor \nDT\nTemple\nThe American\nfrom Tampa Bay via Miami [R7 - 3]\n\n\n\n7\n224\nChicago Bears\nWims, JavonJavon Wims \nWR\nGeorgia\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n225\nMinnesota Vikings\nDowns, DevanteDevante Downs \nLB\nCalifornia\nPac-12\nfrom Denver via Minnesota and NY Jets [R7 - 4]\n\n\n\n7\n226\nDenver Broncos\nWilliams, DavidDavid Williams \nRB\nArkansas\nSEC\nfrom NY Jets via Seattle [R7 - 5]\n\n\n\n7\n227\nMiami Dolphins\nPoling, QuentinQuentin Poling \nLB\nOhio\nMAC\nfrom San Francisco [R7 - 6]\n\n\n\n7\n228\nOakland Raiders\nAteman, MarcellMarcell Ateman \nWR\nOklahoma State\nBig 12\n\n\n\n\n7\n229\nMiami Dolphins\nSanders, JasonJason Sanders \nK\nNew Mexico\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n230\nJacksonville Jaguars\nJacobs, LeonLeon Jacobs \nOLB\nWisconsin\nBig Ten\nfrom Cincinnati [R7 - 7]\n\n\n\n7\n231\nLos Angeles Rams\nHoward, TravinTravin Howard \nLB\nTCU\nBig 12\nfrom Washington [R7 - 8]\n\n\n\n7\n232\nGreen Bay Packers\nLooney, JamesJames Looney \nDE\nCalifornia\nPac-12\n\n\n\n\n7\n233\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nMailata, JordanJordan Mailata \nT\n \n \nfrom Arizona via Kansas City and New England [R7 - 9]\nAustralian rugby player drafted from South Sydney Rabbitohs of NRL\n\n\n\n7\n234\nCarolina Panthers\nSmith, AndreAndre Smith \nILB\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom LA Chargers via Buffalo [R7 - 10]\n\n\n\n7\n235\nIndianapolis Colts\nFranklin, ZaireZaire Franklin \nLB\nSyracuse\nACC\nfrom Seattle via NY Jets [R7 - 11]\n\n\n\n7\n236\nDallas Cowboys\nScarbrough, BoBo Scarbrough \nRB\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n237\nDetroit Lions\nBawden, NickNick Bawden \nFB\nSan Diego State\nMW\n\n\n\n\n7\n238\nBaltimore Ravens\nSieler, ZachZach Sieler \nDE\nFerris State\nGLIAC\nfrom Arizona via Baltimore [R7 - 12]\n\n\n\n7\n239\nGreen Bay Packers\nBradley, HunterHunter Bradley \nLS\nMississippi State\nSEC\nfrom Buffalo [R7 - 13]\n\n\n\n7\n240\nSan Francisco 49ers\nJames, RichieRichie James \nWR\nMiddle Tennessee\nC-USA\nfrom Kansas City [R7 - 14]\n\n\n\n7\n241\nWashington Redskins\nStroman, GregGreg Stroman \nCB\nVirginia Tech\nACC\nfrom LA Rams [R7 - 15]\n\n\n\n7\n242\nCarolina Panthers\nNorton, KendrickKendrick Norton \nDT\nMiami (FL)\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n243\nNew England Patriots\nCrossen, KeionKeion Crossen \nCB\nWestern Carolina\nSoCon\nfrom Tennessee via Kansas City [R7 - 16]\n\n\n\n7\n244\nLos Angeles Rams\nLawler, JustinJustin Lawler \nDE\nSMU\nThe American\nfrom Atlanta [R7 - 17]\n\n\n\n7\n245\nNew Orleans Saints\nClapp, WillWill Clapp \nC\nLSU\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n246\nPittsburgh Steelers\nFrazier, JoshuaJoshua Frazier \nDT\nAlabama\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n247\nJacksonville Jaguars\nCooke, LoganLogan Cooke \nP\nMississippi State\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n248\nGreen Bay Packers\nDonnerson, KendallKendall Donnerson \nOLB\nSoutheast Missouri State\nOVC\nfrom Seattle via Minnesota [R7 - 18]\n\n\n\n7\n249\nCincinnati Bengals\nWoodside, LoganLogan Woodside \nQB\nToledo\nMAC\nfrom New England [R7 - 19]\n\n\n\n7\n250\nNew England Patriots\nIzzo, RyanRyan Izzo \nTE\nFlorida State\nACC\nfrom Philadelphia via Seattle, New England, Seattle, and Philadelphia [R7 - 20]\n\n\n\n7\n251\nLos Angeles Chargers\nJackson, JustinJustin Jackson \nRB\nNorthwestern\nBig Ten\n\n\n\n\n7\n252\nCincinnati Bengals\nTaylor, RodRod Taylor \nG\nOle Miss\nSEC\n\n\n\n\n7\n253\nCincinnati Bengals\nTate, AudenAuden Tate \nWR\nFlorida State\nACC\n\n\n\n\n7\n254\nArizona Cardinals\nCunningham, KoreyKorey Cunningham \nOT\nCincinnati\nThe American\n\n\n\n\n7\n255\nBuffalo Bills\nProehl, AustinAustin Proehl \nWR\nNorth Carolina\nACC\nfrom Tampa Bay [R7 - 21]\n\n\n\n7\n256\nWashington Redskins\nQuinn, TreyTrey Quinn \nWR\nSMU\nThe American\nMr. Irrelevant\nfrom Falcons via LA Rams [R7 - 22]\n\n" ]	[ "Cleveland Browns", "New York Giants", "New York Jets", "Cleveland Browns", "Denver Broncos" ]
1631837115060005826	2020 Summer Olympics	2020 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia 2020 Summer Olympics `` Tokyo 2020 '' redirects here . For the Paralympics , see 2020 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXXII Olympiad Host city Tokyo , Japan Motto Discover Tomorrow ( 未来 ( あした ) をつかもう , ashita o tsukamō ) Nations participating 206 ( expected ) Athletes participating 11,091 ( expected ) Events 339 in 33 sports ( 50 disciplines ) Opening ceremony 24 July ( 24 months from now ) Closing ceremony 9 August Officially opened by Emperor of Japan ( expected ) or Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Stadium New National Stadium Summer < Rio 2016 Paris 2024 > Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 Beijing 2022 > Part of a series on 2020 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC JOC TOCOG The 2020 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 . Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013 . These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964 , and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan , following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics sports , including 3x3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , as well as further mixed events . Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games ' programme to augment the permanent `` core '' Olympic events , these Games will see karate , sport climbing , surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts , and the return of baseball and softball ( which were removed from the summer programme after 2008 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Development and preparation 3 Venues and infrastructure 3.1 Heritage Zone 3.2 Tokyo Bay Zone 3.3 Outlying Venues 3.4 Football venues 3.5 Non-competition venues 4 Tickets 5 The Games 5.1 Sports 5.1. 1 New sports 5.2 Calendar 6 Marketing 6.1 Emblem 6.2 Mascot 6.3 Video games 7 Sponsors 8 Concerns and controversies 8.1 IAAF bribery claims 8.2 Logo plagiarism 9 Broadcasting 10 References 11 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo , Istanbul , and Madrid were the three candidate cities . The applicant cities of Baku ( Azerbaijan ) and Doha ( Qatar ) were not promoted to candidate status . A bid from Rome was withdrawn . Host city election ( edit ) The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires , Argentina . An exhaustive ballot system was used . No city won over 50 % of the votes in the first round , and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place . A run - off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated . In the final vote , a head - to - head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul , Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 , as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority . 2020 Summer Olympics host city election City NOC name Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo Japan 42 -- 60 Istanbul Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid Spain 26 45 -- Development and preparation ( edit ) The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen ( over 3.67 billion USD ) to cover the cost of hosting the Games . The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions . A new railway line is planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station , cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes , and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes ; the line would cost 400 billion yen and would be funded primarily by private investors . But East Japan Railway Company ( East JR ) is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport . Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route , Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken - Ō Expressway , and to refurbish other major expressways in the area . There are also plans to extend the Yurikamome automated transit line from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station , passing the site of the Olympic Village , although the Yurikamome would still not have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own . The Organizing Committee is headed by former Prime Minister Yoshirō Mori . Olympic and Paralympic Minister Shunichi Suzuki is overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government . Japan has traditionally used Olympic events to showcase new technology . Telecom company NTT DoCoMo signed a deal with Finland 's Nokia to provide 5G - ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics . Venues and infrastructure ( edit ) The Tokyo Big Sight Conference Tower would be used as the International Broadcast Center . View of the Rainbow Bridge from Odaiba Marine Park It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed , and receive a £ 1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics . As a result , a design competition for the new stadium was launched . In November 2012 , the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists , Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium . Plans included dismantling the original stadium , and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000 . However , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the New National Stadium would be scrapped and rebid on amid public discontent over the stadium 's building costs . In Autumn 2015 a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as winning project of new stadium design competition which decreased the capacity to between 60,000 -- 80,000 depending by event Twenty - eight of the thirty - three competition venues in Tokyo are within 8 kilometres ( 4.97 miles ) of the Olympic Village . Eleven new venues are to be constructed . It was reported in September 2016 that a review panel said that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could quadruple from the original estimate , and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs , including moving venues outside Tokyo . Heritage zone ( edit ) Seven venues will be located within the central business area of Tokyo , northwest of the Olympic Village . Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics . Yokohama Stadium -- Baseball Venue Events Capacity Status Olympic Stadium Opening and closing ceremonies 60,102 Under construction Athletics Football ( finals ) Yoyogi National Gymnasium Handball 13,291 Existing Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Table tennis 10,000 Existing Nippon Budokan Judo 14,471 Existing Karate Tokyo International Forum Weightlifting 5,012 Existing Imperial Palace Garden Road cycling 5,000 seated , unlimited standing room along route Temporary Athletics ( marathon , race walk ) Tokyo Bay zone ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2018 ) 20 venues will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay , southeast of the Olympic Village , predominantly on Ariake , Odaiba and the surrounding artificial islands . Venue Events Capacity Status Kasai Rinkai Park Canoeing ( slalom ) 8,000 Oi Seaside Park Field hockey 10,000 Olympic Aquatics Centre Aquatics ( swimming , diving , synchronized swimming ) 18,000 Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Water polo 3,635 Yumenoshima Stadium Archery 5,050 Ariake Arena Volleyball 15,000 Olympic BMX Course BMX cycling 6,000 Skateboarding Olympic Gymnastic Centre Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic , trampoline ) 12,000 Ariake Coliseum Tennis 20,000 ( 10,000 centre court ; 5,000 court 1 , 3,000 court 2 , 8x250 match courts ) Odaiba Marine Park Triathlon 5,000 seated , unlimited standing room along route Aquatics ( marathon swimming ) Shiokaze Park Beach volleyball 12,000 Central Breakwater Equestrian ( eventing ) 20,000 Rowing Canoeing ( sprint ) Aomi Urban Sports Venue 3x3 basketball Sport climbing Outlying venues ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2018 ) Twelve venues will be situated farther than 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from the Olympic Village . Venue Events Capacity Status Camp Asaka Shooting Musashino Forest Sports Plaza Modern pentathlon ( fencing ) 10,000 Badminton Ajinomoto Stadium Football 49,970 Modern pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Rugby sevens Saitama Super Arena Basketball 22,000 Enoshima Sailing 10,000 Surfing Makuhari Messe Fencing 6,000 Taekwondo Wrestling 8,000 Baji Koen Equestrian ( dressage , jumping ) Kasumigaseki Country Club Golf 30,000 Izu Velodrome Track cycling 5,000 Japan Cycle Sports Center Mountain biking Yokohama Stadium Baseball 30,000 Softball Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium Baseball 30,000 Softball Football venues ( edit ) The Sapporo Dome in Sapporo International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama ; 70,000 Saitama Stadium , Saitama ; 62,000 Miyagi Stadium , Sendai ; 48,000 Ajinomoto Stadium , Tokyo ; 49,000 Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki ; 42,000 Sapporo Dome , Sapporo ; 42,000 National Stadium , Tokyo ; 60,000 ( men 's final only ) Non-competition venues ( edit ) Venue Events Imperial Hotel , Tokyo IOC Harumi Futo Olympic Village Tokyo Big Sight Media Press Center International Broadcast Center Tickets ( edit ) The opening ceremony category tickets will range from 25,000 to 150,000 yen , with a maximum price of 30,000 yen for the finals of popular sports , such as athletics and swimming . The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen . 60 % of the tickets will be sold for 4,400 yen or less . Tickets will be sold by PIA through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet . International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party , such as a travel agent . The Games ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) See also : Olympic sports The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017 . The president of the IOC , Thomas Bach , stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them `` more youthful , more urban '' and to `` include more women '' . The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports , encompassing 50 disciplines . Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo , there will be fifteen new events within existing sports , including 3 - on - 3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , and new mixed events in several sports . In the list below , the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 37 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 5 ) Athletics ( 48 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Baseball / Softball Baseball ( 1 ) Softball ( 1 ) Basketball Basketball ( 2 ) 3x3 basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX freestyle ( 2 ) BMX racing ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road cycling ( 4 ) Track cycling ( 12 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 12 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 15 ) Karate Kata ( 2 ) Kumite ( 6 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Skateboarding ( 4 ) Sport climbing ( 2 ) Surfing ( 2 ) Table tennis ( 5 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 3 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 14 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) New sports ( edit ) As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain `` relevant to sports fans of all generations '' , the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Olympics , with the remit of dropping one sport and thus retaining 25 `` core '' sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games . This move would bring the total number of sports to 27 , one less than the requirement of 28 for the 2020 Olympics programme , thus leaving a single vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports as well as the sport that had been dropped from the 2012 Olympics programme . On 12 February 2013 , IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the `` core '' programme for the 2020 Games ; this was a surprising decision considering that wrestling is one of the oldest Olympic sports , having been included since the ancient Olympic Games and included in the original programme for the modern Games . The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well - known talent and the absence of women 's events in the sport . Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games , alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration . On 29 May 2013 , it was announced that three sports had made the final shortlist : baseball / softball , squash and wrestling . The other five sports were excluded from consideration at this point : karate , roller sports , sport climbing , wakeboarding , and wushu . On 8 September 2013 , at the 125th IOC Session , the IOC selected wrestling to be included in the Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 . Wrestling secured 49 votes , while baseball / softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively . Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an `` event - based '' programme rather than sport - based , the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme . This rule is designed so that sports popular in the host country can be added to the programme to improve local interest . As a result of these changes , a new shortlist of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015 , consisting of baseball / softball , bowling , karate , roller sports , sport climbing , squash , surfing , and wushu . On 28 September 2015 , organisers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC : baseball / softball , karate , sport climbing , surfing , and skateboarding . The five proposed sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and will be included in the sports programme for 2020 only , bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33 . Calendar ( edit ) This calendar is adapted from the 2016 Summer Olympics calendar , and does not necessarily reflect the final 2020 schedule . All times and dates use Japan Standard Time ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony July / August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Archery 5 Athletics 5 5 5 6 7 7 48 Badminton 5 Baseball Basketball Basketball 3x3 Basketball Boxing 13 Canoeing Slalom 16 Sprint Cycling Road cycling 22 Track cycling BMX Mountain biking Diving 8 Equestrian 6 Fencing 12 Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Artistic EG 18 Rhythmic Trampolining Handball Judo 15 Karate Kata 8 Kumite Modern pentathlon Rowing 14 Rugby sevens Sailing 10 Shooting 15 Skateboarding Softball Sport climbing Surfing Swimming 37 Synchronized swimming Table tennis 5 Taekwondo 8 Tennis 5 Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting 14 Wrestling 18 Daily medal events 339 Cumulative total 339 July / August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Total events Marketing ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016 ; designed by Asao Tokolo , who won a nationwide design contest , it takes the form of a ring in an indigo - coloured checkerboard pattern . The design is meant to `` express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan '' . The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre . Mascot ( edit ) The official mascots of the 2020 Summer Olympics ( left ) and the 2020 Summer Paralympics ( right ) . As of June 2018 , they have yet to be named . Main article : 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee began accepting submissions for the official mascots of the Games from 1 to 14 August 2017 . A total of 2,042 entries were received . Three shortlisted entries were unveiled at the Kakezuka Elementary School on 7 December 2017 . A poll was then conducted between 11 December 2017 and 22 February 2018 to choose the winning entry , with each participating elementary school class allocated one vote . The results were announced on 28 February 2018 . The winning entry was candidate pair A , created by Ryo Taniguchi , which received 109,041 votes , followed by Kana Yano 's pair B with 61,423 votes and Sanae Akimoto 's pair C with 35,291 votes . The Olympic mascot in Pair A is a figure with blue checkered patterns inspired by the Games ' official logo , which has old - fashioned charm and new innovation combined with a special power of instant teleportation . Both Olympic and Paralympic mascots will be named by the Organising Committee by 22 July 2018 , when the mascots will make their official debut . Video Games ( edit ) Although Ubisoft acquired the video game rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics , Japanese video game publisher Sega secured the rights for the 2020 Summer Olympics as early as October 2016 . Sega has developed officially licensed Olympic video games for various platforms since the 2008 Summer Olympics , most notably the Mario & Sonic series . Sponsors ( edit ) As of 2015 total sponsorship for the 2020 Games reached approximately $1.3 billion , setting an Olympics record ( the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing attracted $1.2 billion ) . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) IAAF bribery claims ( edit ) In January 2016 , the second part of a World Anti-Doping Agency commission report into corruption included a footnote detailing a conversation between Khalil Diack , son of former International Athletic Association Federation ( IAAF ) president Lamine Diack , and Turkish officials heading up the Istanbul bid team . A transcript of the conversation cited in the report suggested that a `` sponsorship '' payment of between US $ 4 million and 5 million had been made by the Japanese bid team `` either to the Diamond League or IAAF '' . The footnote claimed that because Istanbul did not make such a payment , the bid lost the support of Lamine Diack . The WADA declined to investigate the claims because it was , according to its independent commission , outside the agency 's remit . In July and October 2013 ( prior to and after being awarded the Games ) , Tokyo made two bank payments totalling SG $ 2.8 million to a Singapore - based company known as Black Tidings . The company is tied to Papa Massata Diack , a son of Lamine Diack who worked as a marketing consultant for the IAAF , and is being pursued by French authorities under allegations of bribery , corruption , and money laundering . Black Tidings is held by Ian Tan Tong Han , a consultant to Athletics Management and Services -- which manages the IAAF 's commercial rights , and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu . Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team . Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services , but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential . Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter . Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo 's organizing committee . The IOC established a team to investigate these matters , and will closely follow the French investigation . Logo plagiarism ( edit ) The initial design for the official emblems of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 July 2015 . The logo resembled a stylized `` T '' ; a red circle in the top - right corner represented a beating heart , the flag of Japan , and an `` inclusive world in which everyone accepts each other '' , and a black column in the centre represented diversity . Shortly after the unveiling , Belgian graphics designer Olivier Debie accused the organizing committee of plagiarizing a logo he had designed for the Théâtre de Liège , which aside from the circle , consisted of nearly identical shapes . Tokyo 's organizing committee denied that the emblem design was plagiarized , arguing that the design had gone through `` long , extensive and international '' intellectual property examinations before it was cleared for use . Debie filed a lawsuit against the IOC to prevent use of the infringing logo . Rejected official logo of the 2020 Summer Olympics Rejected official logo of the 2020 Summer Paralympics . Logo of the Théâtre de Liège The emblem 's designer , Kenjirō Sano , defended the design , stating that he had never seen the Liège logo , while TOCOG released an early sketch of the design that emphasized a stylized `` T '' and did not resemble the Liège logo . However , Sano was found to have had a history of plagiarism , with others alleging his early design plagiarized work of Jan Tschichold , that he used a photo without permission in promotional materials for the emblem , along with other past cases . On 1 September 2015 , following an emergency meeting of TOCOG , Governor of Tokyo Yōichi Masuzoe announced that they had decided to scrap Sano 's two logos . The committee met on 2 September 2015 to decide how to approach another new logo design . On 24 November 2015 , an Emblems Selection Committee was established to organize an open call for design proposals , open to Japanese residents over the age of 18 , with a deadline set for 7 December 2015 . The winner would receive ¥ 1 million and tickets to the opening ceremonies of both the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . On 8 April 2016 , a new shortlist of four pairs of designs for the Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled by the Emblems Selection Committee ; the Committee 's selection -- with influence from a public poll , was presented to TOCOG on 25 April 2016 for final approval . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television , with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Olympics . In the United States , the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties , as part of a US $4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . In Europe , this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC 's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Discovery Communications , which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024 . The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe , excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games , and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024 . Discovery will sub-license coverage to free - to - air networks in each territory . In the United Kingdom , these will be the last Games whose rights are fully owned by the BBC , although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games , Discovery holds exclusive pay television rights to these Games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 国際スローガン `` Discover Tomorrow '' 並びにルックプログラムを発表東京オリンピック・パラリンピック競技大会組織委員会 `` . 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ ( French : Jeux de la XXXII olympiade ) Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2020 : Tokyo wins race to host Games '' . BBC Sport. 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympics Vote Total Box '' . Associated Press . Miami Herald . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ JR 東日本、東京五輪を前に都心部と羽田空港結ぶ新路線整備を on YouTube Jump up ^ `` 羽田・成田発着を拡大、五輪へインフラ整備急ぐ '' . 日本経済新聞. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 五輪で東京に 1000 万人過密都市ゆえの課題多く '' . 日本経済新聞. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ PST ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Mori heads Tokyo 2020 organizing committee '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiaki Endo appointed Olympics minister '' . The Japan Times . Jump up ^ `` Nokia , NTT DoCoMo prepare for 5G ahead of Tokyo Olympics launch '' . 2 March 2015 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Nokia wins 5G business with Japan 's NTT DoCoMo - FierceWireless '' . www.fiercewireless.com . Jump up ^ Himmer , Alastair ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Rugby - Tokyo stadium set for billion dollar facelift '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Himmer , Alastair ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Japan rips up 2020 Olympic stadium plans to start anew '' . news.yahoo.com . AFP . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 candidature file -- section 8 -- Sports and Venues '' ( PDF ) . Tokyo 2020 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo panel : Olympic cost could expand fourfold '' . NHK. 29 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Water Polo Arena in Koto , Tokyo ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京五輪、 26 競技の会場決定自転車・サッカー除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Badminton originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京五輪、 26 競技の会場決定自転車・サッカー除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rugby sevens originally to be held at National Olympic Stadium ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京五輪、 26 競技の会場決定自転車・サッカー除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena ; proposal for venue change to Saitama Super Arena in late 2014 was confirmed in March 2015 by the IOC . `` IOC supports Tokyo 's plans to relocate Olympic venues '' . The Japan Times . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . `` Moving 2020 hoops to Saitama latest blow for game '' . The Japan Times . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Wakasu Olympic Marina ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京五輪、 26 競技の会場決定自転車・サッカー除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ All three events originally to be held at Tokyo Big Sight ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京五輪、 26 競技の会場決定自転車・サッカー除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change to Tokyo 2020 equestrian venue approved '' . inside.fei.org. 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Venues '' . , Jump up ^ Beall , Joel ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` 2020 Olympic golf course changes policy , allows women full membership '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics '' . japantoday.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics '' . japantimes.co.jp. 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 横浜スタジアム会場案 ... 東京五輪に野球など追加 '' . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Prefecture to Host Tokyo 2020 Baseball & Softball Matches , Showcasing the Power of Sport to Support Recovery The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games '' . The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic sport football '' . tokyo2020.jp. 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Olympic Games / Tokyo Olympic Japan 2020 '' . Jump up ^ `` How To Buy Tokyo Olympic Tickets '' . TrulyTokyo . Jump up ^ `` 3 - on - 3 basketball officially added to Tokyo Olympics '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 : Mixed - gender events added to Olympic Games '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Tracee ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Wrestling , IOC make right moves in getting sport back on 2020 Olympics program '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ IOC : Baseball / softball , squash and wrestling make cut for IOC Session vote in Buenos Aires Jump up ^ `` Wrestling , baseball / softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut '' . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . IOC. 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Agenda 2020 Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . IOC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball , softball among 8 sports proposed for 2020 Games '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` You 're in ! Baseball / softball , 4 other sports make Tokyo cut '' . USA Today . 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Emblems Committee relax competition rules ahead of search for new logo '' . InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Checkered pattern by artist Tokolo chosen as logo for 2020 Tokyo Olympics '' . Japan Times . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo scrapped after allegations of plagiarism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 Games Mascots '' . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Tokyo Olympic organizers begin soliciting mascot ideas '' . The Japan Times . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 lets children choose mascots from 3 finalists '' . NBC Sports . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Meeting of the Mascot Selection Panel '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sega Making Video Games for 2020 Summer Olympics '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fukase , Atsuko ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` 2020 Tokyo Olympics Attract Record Sponsorship '' . The Wall Street Journal Japan Real Time . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo Olympics 2020 : French prosecutors probe ' $2 m payment ' '' . BBC News . 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo Olympics : Japan to ' fully cooperate ' with suspicious payments inquiry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life bans for three athletics figures over alleged doping cover - up '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Olympic bid leader refuses to reveal Black Tidings details '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC concerned at suspect payments made by Tokyo 2020 bid team '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 unveils official emblem with five years to go '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Olympic Games logo embroiled in plagiarism row '' . The Guardian . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Olympics emblem said to look similar to Belgian theater logo '' . The Japan Times . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan unveils final four candidates for Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo '' . Japan Times . 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Games organizers decide to scrap Sano emblem '' . NHK World . 1 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Sony and Panasonic target 8K TVs for 2020 Olympics '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Lost market share prompts Sony - Panasonic TV tech alliance '' . Nikkei Asian Review . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` NBC wins U.S. TV rights to four Olympic Games through 2020 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Summer Olympics . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where's the 2020 summer olympics being held	[ "Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013.[3] These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. \n" ]	[ "Tokyo" ]
8377372467328172327	Gram stain	Gram stain - wikipedia Gram stain Jump to : navigation , search A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ATCC 25923 , gram - positive cocci , in purple ) and Escherichia coli ( E. coli ATCC 11775 , gram - negative bacilli , in red ) , the most common Gram stain reference bacteria Gram stain or Gram staining , also called Gram 's method , is a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups ( gram - positive and gram - negative ) . The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram , who developed the technique . Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls by detecting peptidoglycan , which is present in the cell wall of Gram - positive bacteria . Gram - negative cells also contain peptidoglycan , but a very small layer of it that is dissolved when the alcohol is added . This is why the cell loses its initial colour from the primary stain . Gram - positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye , and thus are stained violet , while the Gram - negative bacteria do not ; after washing , a counterstain is added ( commonly safranin or fuchsine ) that will stain these Gram - negative bacteria a pink color . Both Gram - positive bacteria and Gram - negative bacteria pick up the counterstain . The counterstain , however , is unseen on Gram - positive bacteria because of the darker crystal violet stain . The Gram stain is almost always the first step in the preliminary identification of a bacterial organism . While Gram staining is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings , not all bacteria can be definitively classified by this technique . This gives rise to gram - variable and gram - indeterminate groups . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Uses 2.1 Medical 2.2 Staining mechanism 3 Examples 3.1 Gram - positive bacteria 3.2 Gram - negative bacteria 3.3 Gram variable and gram - indeterminate bacteria 4 Orthographic note 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The method is named after its inventor , the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram ( 1853 -- 1938 ) , who developed the technique while working with Carl Friedländer in the morgue of the city hospital in Berlin in 1884 . Gram devised his technique not for the purpose of distinguishing one type of bacterium from another but to make bacteria more visible in stained sections of lung tissue . He published his method in 1884 , and included in his short report the observation that the typhus bacillus did not retain the stain . Uses ( edit ) Gram staining is a bacteriological laboratory technique used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups ( gram - positive and gram - negative ) based on the physical properties of their cell walls . Gram staining is not used to classify archaea , formerly archaeabacteria , since these microorganisms yield widely varying responses that do not follow their phylogenetic groups . The Gram stain is not an infallible tool for diagnosis , identification , or phylogeny , and it is of extremely limited use in environmental microbiology . It is used mainly to make a preliminary morphologic identification or to establish that there are significant numbers of bacteria in a clinical specimen . It can not identify bacteria to the species level , and for most medical conditions , it should not be used as the sole method of bacterial identification . In clinical microbiology laboratories , it is used in combination with other traditional and molecular techniques to identify bacteria . Some organisms are gram - variable ( meaning they may stain either negative or positive ) ; some are not stained with either dye used in the Gram technique and are not seen . In a modern environmental or molecular microbiology lab , most identification is done using genetic sequences and other molecular techniques , which are far more specific and informative than differential staining . Gram staining has been suggested to be as effective a diagnostic tool as PCR in one primary research report regarding gonococcal urethritis . Medical ( edit ) See also : Gram - negative bacterial infection and Gram - positive bacterial infection Gram stains are performed on body fluid or biopsy when infection is suspected . Gram stains yield results much more quickly than culturing , and is especially important when infection would make an important difference in the patient 's treatment and prognosis ; examples are cerebrospinal fluid for meningitis and synovial fluid for septic arthritis . Staining mechanism ( edit ) Gram - positive bacteria have a thick mesh - like cell wall made of peptidoglycan ( 50 -- 90 % of cell envelope ) , and as a result are stained purple by crystal violet , whereas gram - negative bacteria have a thinner layer ( 10 % of cell envelope ) , so do not retain the purple stain and are counter-stained pink by safranin . There are four basic steps of the Gram stain : Applying a primary stain ( crystal violet ) to a heat - fixed smear of a bacterial culture . Heat fixation kills some bacteria but is mostly used to affix the bacteria to the slide so that they do n't rinse out during the staining procedure The addition of iodide , which binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell Rapid decolorization with ethanol or acetone Counterstaining with safranin . Carbol fuchsin is sometimes substituted for safranin since it more intensely stains anaerobic bacteria , but it is less commonly used as a counterstain . Figure 1 : Gram stain procedure and effect on Gram - negative and Gram - positive cell walls . Crystal violet ( CV ) dissociates in aqueous solutions into CV + and chloride ( Cl − ) ions . These ions penetrate through the cell wall and cell membrane of both gram - positive and gram - negative cells . The CV + ion interacts with negatively charged components of bacterial cells and stains the cells purple . Iodide ( I − or I − 3 ) interacts with CV + and forms large complexes of crystal violet and iodine ( CV -- I ) within the inner and outer layers of the cell . Iodine is often referred to as a mordant , but is a trapping agent that prevents the removal of the CV -- I complex and , therefore , color the cell . When a decolorizer such as alcohol or acetone is added , it interacts with the lipids of the cell membrane . A gram - negative cell loses its outer lipopolysaccharide membrane , and the inner peptidoglycan layer is left exposed . The CV -- I complexes are washed from the gram - negative cell along with the outer membrane . In contrast , a gram - positive cell becomes dehydrated from an ethanol treatment . The large CV -- I complexes become trapped within the gram - positive cell due to the multilayered nature of its peptidoglycan . The decolorization step is critical and must be timed correctly ; the crystal violet stain is removed from both gram - positive and negative cells if the decolorizing agent is left on too long ( a matter of seconds ) . After decolorization , the gram - positive cell remains purple and the gram - negative cell loses its purple color . Counterstain , which is usually positively charged safranin or basic fuchsine , is applied last to give decolorized gram - negative bacteria a pink or red color . Examples ( edit ) Gram - positive bacteria ( edit ) Main article : Gram - positive bacteria Gram - positive bacteria generally have a single membrane ( monoderm ) surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan . This rule is followed by two phyla : Firmicutes ( except for the classes Mollicutes and Negativicutes ) and the Actinobacteria . In contrast , members of the Chloroflexi ( green non-sulfur bacteria ) are monoderms but possess a thin or absent ( class Dehalococcoidetes ) peptidoglycan and can stain negative , positive or indeterminate ; members of the Deinococcus - Thermus group , stain positive but are diderms with a thick peptidoglycan . Historically , the gram - positive forms made up the phylum Firmicutes , a name now used for the largest group . It includes many well - known genera such as Bacillus , Listeria , Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Enterococcus , and Clostridium . It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes , bacteria like Mycoplasma that lack cell walls and so can not be stained by Gram , but are derived from such forms . Some bacteria have cell walls which are particularly adept at retaining stains . These will appear positive by Gram stain even though they are not closely related to other gram - positive bacteria . These are called acid fast bacteria , and can only be differentiated from other gram - positive bacteria by special staining procedures . Gram - negative bacteria ( edit ) Main article : Gram - negative bacteria Gram - negative bacteria generally possess a thin layer of peptidoglycan between two membranes ( diderms ) . Most bacterial phyla are gram - negative , including the cyanobacteria , spirochaetes , and green sulfur bacteria , and most Proteobacteria ( exceptions being some members of the Rickettsiales and the insect - endosymbionts of the Enterobacteriales ) . Gram variable and Gram - indeterminate bacteria ( edit ) Some bacteria , after staining with the Gram stain , yield a gram - variable pattern : a mix of pink and purple cells are seen . In cultures of Bacillus , Butyrivibrio , and Clostridium , a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during growth coincides with an increase in the number of cells that stain gram - negative . In addition , in all bacteria stained using the Gram stain , the age of the culture may influence the results of the stain . Gram - indeterminate bacteria do not respond predictably to Gram staining and , therefore , can not be determined as either gram - positive or gram - negative . Examples include many species of Mycobacterium , including M. tuberculosis and M. leprae . Orthographic note ( edit ) The term Gram staining is derived from the surname of Hans Christian Gram , the eponym ( Gram ) is therefore capitalized but not the common noun ( stain ) as is usual for scientific terms . The adjectives ' gram - positive ' and ' gram - negative ' ; as eponymous adjectives , their initial letter can be either lowercase ' g ' or capital ' G ' , depending on whose style guide ( if any ) governs the document being written . Lowercase style is used by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other style regimens such as the AMA style . Dictionaries may use lowercase , uppercase , or both . Uppercase ' Gram - positive ' or ' Gram - negative ' usage is also common in many scientific journal articles and publications . When articles are submitted to journals , each journal may or may not apply house style to the postprint version . Preprint versions contain whichever style the author happened to use . Even style regimens that use lowercase for the adjectives ' gram - positive ' and ' gram - negative ' still use capital for ' Gram stain ' . See also ( edit ) Bacterial cell structure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John G. Holt ; Noel R. Krieg ; Peter H.A. Sneath ; James T. Staley ; Stanley T. Williams ( 1994 ) . Bergey 's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology ( 9th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 00603 - 7 . Jump up ^ Austrian , R. ( 1960 ) . `` The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia , an historical note '' . Bacteriological Reviews . 24 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 265 . PMC 441053 . PMID 13685217 . Jump up ^ Gram , H.C. ( 1884 ) . `` Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt - und Trockenpräparaten '' . Fortschritte der Medizin ( in German ) . 2 : 185 -- 189 ... English translation in : Brock , T.D. ( 1999 ) . Milestones in Microbiology 1546 -- 1940 ( 2 ed . ) . ASM Press . pp. 215 -- 218 . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 142 - 6 . Translation is also at : Brock , T.D. `` Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science : Christian Gram 1884 '' . Hoslink . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan K.J. , Ray C.G. ( editors ) ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp. 232f . ISBN 0838585299 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Madigan , M.T. ; Martinko J. ; Parker J. ( 2004 ) . Brock Biology of Microorganisms ( 10th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 13 - 066271 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beveridge T.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Use of the Gram stain in microbiology '' . Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 76 ( 3 ) : 111 -- 118 . doi : 10.1080 / 714028139 . PMID 11475313 . Jump up ^ El - Garnal , A.H. , Al - Otaibi , S.R. , Alshamali , A. , Abdulrazzaq , A. , Najem , N. , and Fouzan , A.A. Polymerase chain reaction is no better than Gram stain for diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis . Indian Journal of Dermatology , Venereology , and Leprology , ( 2009 ) ; 75 , 101 . Jump up ^ Søgaard M. ; Nørgaard M. ; Schønheyder H. ( 2007 ) . `` First notification of positive blood cultures : high accuracy of the Gram stain report '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 ( 4 ) : 1113 -- 1117 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 02523 - 06 . PMC 1865800 . PMID 17301283 . Jump up ^ Microbiology : Principles and Explorations , p 65 ; Jacquelyn. G. Black Prentice Hall , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Chemical Corporation '' . med-chem.com . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Leboffe , Michael ( 2014 ) . Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application ( 3rd ed . ) . Englewood , CO : Morton Publishing Company . p. 105 . ISBN 1617312800 . Jump up ^ `` StainsFile - Stain theory - What a mordant is not '' . stainsfile.info . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Microbugz - Gram Stain '' . www.austincc.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Tim , , Sandle , . Pharmaceutical microbiology : essentials for quality assurance and quality control . ISBN 9780081000229 . OCLC 923807961 . ^ Jump up to : Gram 's Serendipitous Stain by Hardy 's Diagnostics at hardydiagnostics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Hans-Christian-Gram.pdf Jump up ^ Beveridge T.J. ; Davies J.A. ( November 1983 ) . `` Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 156 ( 2 ) : 846 -- 58 . PMC 217903 . PMID 6195148 . Jump up ^ Davies J.A. ; Anderson G.K. ; Beveridge T.J. ; Clark H.C. ( November 1983 ) . `` Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron - opaque marker for electron microscopy , which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 156 ( 2 ) : 837 -- 845 . PMC 217902 . PMID 6195147 . ^ Jump up to : Don J. Brenner , Noel R. Krieg , James T. Staley ( July 26 , 2005 ) ( 1984 ) . George M. Garrity , ed . Introductory Essays . Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2A ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Springer . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 24143 - 2 . British Library no . GBA561951 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Galperin , Michael Y. ( 2013 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Genome Diversity of Spore - Forming Firmicutes '' . Microbiology Spectrum. 1 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1128 / microbiolspectrum. tbs - 0015 - 2012 . ISSN 2165 - 0497 . PMC 4306282 . Jump up ^ Practical Medical Microbiology by Dr. Hams H. Hashem , from http://qu.edu.iq/el/mod/resource/view.php?id=1391 Jump up ^ `` THE ACID FAST STAIN '' . www2.highlands.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Terry J. ( March 1990 ) . `` Mechanism of gram variability in select bacteria '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 172 ( 3 ) : 1609 -- 20 . doi : 10.1128 / jb. 172.3. 1609 - 1620.1990 . PMC 208639 . PMID 1689718 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Terry J. ( March 1990 ) . `` Mechanism of Gram Variability in Select Bacteria '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Bacteriology. 172 ( 3 ) : 1609 -- 20 . doi : 10.1128 / jb. 172.3. 1609 - 1620.1990 . PMC 208639 . PMID 1689718 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Black , Jacquelyn ( 2012 ) . Microbiology : Principles and Exploration ( 8th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 54109 - 8 . Jump up ^ Reynolds J. ; Moyes R.B. ; Breakwell D.P. ( 2009 ) . `` Differential staining of bacteria : acid fast stain '' . Current Protocols in Microbiology . Appendix 3 : Appendix 3H . doi : 10.1002 / 9780471729259. mca03hs15 . PMID 19885935 . Jump up ^ Waddingham , Anne ( 28 August 2014 ) . New Hart 's Rules : The Oxford Style Guide . OUP Oxford . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0199570027 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal Style Guide . Preferred Usage Jump up ^ Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , gram -- positive , Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Gram - positive '' . Collins . Jump up ^ `` Gram stain '' . Oxford Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Gram - positive '' . Medicinenet . Jump up ^ `` Gram negative / positive '' . Business dictionary . Jump up ^ `` gram - pos i tive or Gram - pos i tive '' . The American Heritage Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : `` Gram - positive '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Lisa Brown , Julie M. Wolf , Rafael Prados - Rosales & Arturo Casadevall ( 2015 ) . `` Through the wall : extracellular vesicles in Gram - positive bacteria , mycobacteria and fungi '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 : 620 -- 630 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro3480 . PMC 4860279 . PMID 26324094 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kristen L. Mueller ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` Detecting Gram - negative bacteria '' . Science . 348 ( 6240 ) : 1218 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 348.6240. 1218 - o . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gram stains . The Wikibook School Science has a page on the topic of : Gram staining Gram staining technique video ( hide ) Microbial and histological stains Iron / hemosiderin Prussian blue Lipids Sudan stain Sudan II Sudan III Sudan IV Oil Red O Sudan Black B Carbohydrates Periodic acid -- Schiff stain Amyloid Congo red Bacteria Gram stain Methyl violet / Gentian violet Safranin Ziehl -- Neelsen stain / acid - fast Carbol fuchsin / Fuchsine Methylene blue Auramine - rhodamine stain Auramine O Rhodamine B Connective tissue trichrome stain : Masson 's trichrome stain / Lillie 's trichrome Light Green SF yellowish Biebrich scarlet Phosphomolybdic acid Fast Green FCF Van Gieson 's stain Other H&E stain Haematoxylin Eosin Y Silver stain Grocott 's methenamine silver stain Warthin -- Starry stain Methyl blue Wright 's stain Giemsa stain Gömöri trichrome stain Neutral red Janus Green B Alcian blue stain Movat 's stain Jaswant Singh -- Bhattacharji ( JSB ) stain Tissue stainability Acidophilic Basophilic Chromophobic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram_stain&oldid=810292470 '' Categories : Bacteriology Staining Microscopy Danish inventions 1884 in biology Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing more detailed references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 11 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the colour of gram positive bacteria	[ "Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls by detecting peptidoglycan, which is present in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative cells also contain peptidoglycan, but a very small layer of it that is dissolved when the alcohol is added. This is why the cell loses its initial colour from the primary stain.[1] Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye, and thus are stained violet, while the Gram-negative bacteria do not; after washing, a counterstain is added (commonly safranin or fuchsine) that will stain these Gram-negative bacteria a pink color. Both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria pick up the counterstain. The counterstain, however, is unseen on Gram-positive bacteria because of the darker crystal violet stain." ]	[ "violet" ]
-3136827332043427609	Civil service commission	Civil Service Commission - Wikipedia Civil Service Commission Jump to : navigation , search A civil service commission is a government agency that is constituted by legislature to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants , oversee hiring and promotions , and promote the values of the public service . Its role is roughly analogous to that of the human resources department in corporations . Civil service commissions are often independent from elected politicians - In Fiji for example , the PSC reviews government statutory powers to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in meeting public sector management objectives . It also acts as the human relations department , or central personnel authority , for the citizens interaction with the government . The origin of the Public Service Commission in many jurisdictions was the White Paper Colonial 197 issued in 1950 , which set out measures which were proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of the Colonial Service of the British Administration . The setting up of Public Service Commission was proposed in its paragraph 21 ( xi ) which mentioned that : `` Public Service Commissions should be established in the Colonies . Subject to the general overriding powers of the Secretary of State , the selection and appointment of candidates in the Colonies to posts in the local service will lie with the Governor of the Colony . It is desirable that the Governor should be advised in these matters by a Public Service Commission appointed by him and so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public ; '' and that : `` such Commissions should be established in the Colonies to advise the Governor on the selection and appointment of candidates to posts in the local service , and should be so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public . '' List ( edit ) Australian Public Service Commission Bangladesh Public Service Commission Brunei Public Service Commission Burma Union Civil Service Board Public Service Commission of Canada Examination Yuan of the Republic of China Fiji Public Service Commission Hong Kong Public Service Commission Kenya Public Service Commission India : Union Public Service Commission Karnataka Public Service Commission Bihar Public Service Commission Kerala Public Service Commission Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission Ireland : Office of the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commissioners abolished 2004 ; succeeded by : Commission for Public Service Appointments Public Appointments Service Malaysia Public Service Commission ( Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam ) Mauritius Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Nigeria : Federal Civil Service Commission Rivers State Civil Service Commission Pakistan : Federal Public Service Commission Civil Service Commission of the Philippines Samoa Public Service Commission Sri Lanka Public Service Commission South Africa Public Service Commission Singapore Public Service Commission United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners United States United States Civil Service Commission ( defunct ) Office of Personnel Management ( current ) Zimbabwe Public Service Commission See also ( edit ) Category : National civil service commissions - articles of national civil service commissions Public Utilities Commission ( some government utilities regulation agencies are called Public Service Commissions ) Public Service Commission , Nepal ; constitutional body ( according to Constitution of Nepal , Article , 242 ) Established in 1957 in history ; ( Information Source - Dr. Khagendra Prasad Subedi , Chief Psychologist , PSC , Nepal 2017 A.D. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.psc.gov.hk/english/ann_rep/files/10rep.pdf Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Bangladesh Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Brunei Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ http://www.ucsb.gov.mm Jump up ^ Public Service Commission of Canada Official website Jump up ^ Official website Jump up ^ Fiji Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Hong Kong Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Kenya Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Karnataka Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Bihar Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Malaysia Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Mauritius Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Civil Service Commission of the Philippines Official website Jump up ^ Samoa Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ Sri Lanka Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ South Africa Public Service Commission Official website Jump up ^ United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners Official website Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Separation of powers Typical branches Executive Legislature Judiciary Atypical branches Civil service commission Auditory Electoral Prosecutory By country Australia United Kingdom United States Singapore See also Fusion of powers Separation of duties Judicial independence Judicial review Dual mandate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_commission&oldid=791145716 '' Categories : Civil servants National civil service commissions Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 12 : 28 . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the civil service commission	[ "A civil service commission is a government agency that is constituted by legislature to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants, oversee hiring and promotions, and promote the values of the public service. Its role is roughly analogous to that of the human resources department in corporations. Civil service commissions are often independent from elected politicians-" ]	[ "to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants, oversee hiring and promotions, and promote the values of the public service" ]
-60023107568151176	Lake Ontario	Lake Ontario - wikipedia Lake Ontario Lake Ontario Looking east across Lake Ontario to Toronto Lake Ontario and the other Great Lakes Location North America Group Great Lakes Coordinates 43 ° 42 ′ N 77 ° 54 ′ W / 43.7 ° N 77.9 ° W / 43.7 ; - 77.9 Coordinates : 43 ° 42 ′ N 77 ° 54 ′ W / 43.7 ° N 77.9 ° W / 43.7 ; - 77.9 Lake type Glacial Primary inflows Niagara River Primary outflows St. Lawrence River Catchment area 24,720 sq mi ( 64,000 km ) Basin countries United States Canada Max. length 193 mi ( 311 km ) Max . width 53 mi ( 85 km ) Surface area 7,340 sq mi ( 19,000 km ) Average depth 283 ft ( 86 m ) Max . depth 802 ft ( 244 m ) Water volume 393 cu mi ( 1,640 km ) Residence time 6 years Shore length 634 mi ( 1,020 km ) plus 78 mi ( 126 km ) for islands Surface elevation 243 ft ( 74 m ) Settlements Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Rochester , New York References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . It is surrounded on the north , west , and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario , and on the south and east by the American state of New York , whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake . Ontario , Canada 's most populous province , was named for the lake . Many of Ontario 's most populous cities , including Toronto , Canada 's most populous city , and Hamilton , are on the lake 's northern or western shores . In the Huron language , the name Ontarí'io means `` Lake of Shining Waters '' . Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie . The last in the Great Lakes chain , Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River . Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 History 4 Ecology and environmental concerns 5 Climate 6 Settlements 6.1 Ocean and lake navigation 6.2 Lighthouses 6.3 Islands 6.4 Other topics 7 Swims across the lake 8 Industrialisation 9 Images 10 See also 10.1 Great Lakes in general 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Geography ( edit ) Lake Ontario Basin View from Fort Ontario , Oswego , New York Historic cannon at Fort Niagara ; Toronto across the lake Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area ( 7,340 sq mi , 18,960 km ) , although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume ( 393 cu mi , 1,639 km ) . It is the 14th largest lake in the world . When its islands are included , the lake 's shoreline is 712 miles ( 1,146 km ) long . As the last lake in the Great Lakes ' hydrologic chain , Lake Ontario has the lowest mean surface elevation of the lakes at 243 feet ( 74 m ) above sea level ; 326 feet ( 99 m ) lower than its neighbor upstream . Its maximum length is 193 statute miles ( 311 kilometres ; 168 nautical miles ) and its maximum width is 53 statute miles ( 85 km ; 46 nmi ) . The lake 's average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot ( 283 ft ; 86 m ) , with a maximum depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet ( 802 ft ; 244 m ) . The lake 's primary source is the Niagara River , draining Lake Erie , with the St. Lawrence River serving as the outlet . The drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles ( 64,030 km ) . As with all the Great Lakes , water levels change both within the year ( owing to seasonal changes in water input ) and among years ( owing to longer term trends in precipitation ) . These water level fluctuations are an integral part of lake ecology , and produce and maintain extensive wetlands . The lake also has an important freshwater fishery , although it has been negatively affected by factors including over-fishing , water pollution and invasive species . Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors , mostly near ( but not limited to ) Prince Edward County , Ontario and the easternmost shores . Perhaps the best - known example is Toronto Bay , chosen as the site of the Upper Canada ( Ontario ) capital for its strategic harbour . Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour , Irondequoit Bay , Presqu'ile Bay , and Sodus Bay . The bars themselves are the sites of long beaches , such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park . These sand bars are often associated with large wetlands , which support large numbers of plant and animal species , as well as providing important rest areas for migratory birds . Presqu'ile , on the north shore of Lake Ontario , is particularly significant in this regard . One unique feature of the lake is the Z - shaped Bay of Quinte which separates Prince Edward County from the Ontario mainland , save for a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) isthmus near Trenton ; this feature also supports many wetlands and aquatic plants , as well as associated fisheries . Major rivers draining into Lake Ontario include the Niagara River , Don River , Humber River , Trent River , Cataraqui River , Genesee River , Oswego River , Black River , Little Salmon River , and the Salmon River . Geology ( edit ) Lake Ontario bathymetric map . The deepest point is marked with `` × '' . The lake basin was carved out of soft , weak Silurian - age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age . The action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as today 's basin . Material that was pushed southward by the ice sheet left landforms such as drumlins , kames , and moraines , both on the modern land surface and the lake bottom , reorganizing the region 's entire drainage system . As the ice sheet retreated toward the north , it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet , so the lake surface was at a higher level . This stage is known as Lake Iroquois . During that time the lake drained through present - day Syracuse , New York into the Mohawk River , thence to the Hudson River and the Atlantic . The shoreline created during this stage can be easily recognized by the ( now dry ) beaches and wave - cut hills 10 to 25 miles ( 15 to 40 km ) from the present shoreline . When the ice finally receded from the St. Lawrence valley , the outlet was below sea level , and for a short time the lake became a bay of the Atlantic Ocean , in association with the Champlain Sea . Gradually the land rebounded from the release of the weight of about 6,500 feet ( 2,000 m ) of ice that had been stacked on it . It is still rebounding about 12 inches ( 30 cm ) per century in the St. Lawrence area . Since the ice receded from the area last , the most rapid rebound still occurs there . This means the lake bed is gradually tilting southward , inundating the south shore and turning river valleys into bays . Both north and south shores experience shoreline erosion , but the tilting amplifies this effect on the south shore , causing loss to property owners . History ( edit ) Map of Lac de Frontenac ( now Lake Ontario ) , showing Teiaiagon and Lac Taronto ( now Lake Simcoe ) . The name Ontario is derived from the Huron word Ontarí'io , which means `` great lake '' . The lake was a border between the Huron people and the Iroquois Confederacy in the pre-Columbian era . In the 1600s , the Iroquois drove out the Huron from southern Ontario and settled the northern shores of Lake Ontario . When the Iroquois withdrew and the Anishnabeg / Ojibwa / Mississaugas moved in from the north to southern Ontario , they retained the Iroquois name . It is believed the first European to reach the lake was Étienne Brûlé in 1615 . As was their practice , the French explorers introduced other names for the lake . In 1632 and 1656 , the lake was referred to as Lac de St. Louis or Lake St. Louis by Samuel de Champlain and cartographer Nicolas Sanson respectively ( likely for Louis XIV of France ) In 1660 Jesuit historian Francis Creuxius coined the name Lacus Ontarius . In a map drawn in the Relation des Jésuites ( 1662 -- 1663 ) , the lake bears the legend `` Lac Ontario ou des Iroquois '' with the name `` Ondiara '' in smaller type . A French map produced in 1712 ( currently in the Canadian Museum of History ) , created by military engineer Jean - Baptiste de Couagne , identified Lake Ontario as `` Lac Frontenac '' named after Louis de Buade , Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau . He was a French soldier , courtier , and Governor General of New France from 1672 to 1682 and from 1689 to his death in 1698 . Artifacts which are believed to be of Norse origin have been found in the area of Sodus Bay , indicating the possibility of trading by the indigenous peoples with Norse explorers on the east coast of North America . A series of trading posts were established by both the British and French , such as Fort Frontenac ( Kingston ) in 1673 , Fort Oswego in 1722 , Fort Rouillé ( Toronto ) in 1750 . After the French and Indian War , all forts around the lake were under British control . The United States did not take possession of forts on present - day American territory until the signing of the Jay Treaty in 1794 . Permanent , non-military European settlement began during the American Revolution . As the easternmost and nearest lake to the Atlantic seaboard of Canada and the United States , population centres here are among the oldest in the Great Lakes basin , with Kingston , Ontario , formerly the capital of Canada , dating to the 1670s ( Fort Frontenac ) . The lake became a hub of commercial activity following the War of 1812 with canal building on both sides of the border and heavy travel by lake steamers . Steamer activity peaked in the mid-19th century before competition from railway lines . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a type of scow known as a stone hooker was in operation on the north - west shore , particularly around Port Credit and Bronte . Stonehooking was the practice of raking flat fragments of Dundas shale from the shallow lake floor of the area for use in construction , particularly in the growing city of Toronto . Ecology and Environmental concerns ( edit ) Wetlands on a lakeshore The Great Lakes watershed is a region of high biodiversity , and Lake Ontario is important for its diversity of birds , fish , reptiles amphibians and plants . Many of these special species are associated with shorelines , particularly sand dunes , lagoons , and wetlands . The importance of wetlands to the lake has been appreciated , and many of the larger wetlands have protected status . However , these wetlands are changing in part because the natural water level fluctuations have been reduced . Many wetland plants are dependent upon low water levels to reproduce . When water levels are stabilized , the area and diversity of the marsh is reduced . This is particularly true of meadow marsh ( also known as wet meadow wetlands ) ; for example , in Eel Bay near Alexandria Bay , regulation of lake levels has resulted in large losses of wet meadow . Often this is accompanied by the invasion of cattails , which displace many of the native plant species and reduce plant diversity . Eutrophication may accelerate this process by providing nitrogen and phosphorus for the more rapid growth of competitively dominant plants . Similar effects are occurring on the north shore , in wetlands such as Presqu'ile , which have interdunal wetlands called pannes , with high plant diversity and many unusual plant species . Most of the forests around the lake are deciduous forests dominated by trees including maple , oak , beech , ash and basswood . These are classified as part of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone by Environment Canada , or as the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands by the United States Environmental Protection Agency , or as the Great Lakes Ecoregion by The Nature Conservancy . Deforestation in the vicinity of the lake has had many negative impacts , including loss of forest birds , extinction of native salmon , and increased amounts of sediment flowing into the lake . In some areas more than 90 percent of the forest cover has been removed and replaced by agriculture . Certain tree species , such as hemlock , have also been particularly depleted by past logging activity . Guidelines for restoration stress the importance of maintaining and restoring forest cover , particularly along streams and wetlands . The open water is less - affected by shoreline features , such as wetlands , and more affected by nutrient levels that control the production of algae . Algae are the basis of the open water food web , and the source of primary production that ends up as Lake Trout and Walleye at the top of the open water food web . Lake Sturgeon were abundant in 1860 and had been driven to near extinction by 1960 . Like the other Great Lakes , Lake Ontario used to have an important commercial fishery . It has been largely destroyed , mostly by over-fishing . Consider the Lake Sturgeon as but one example . Lake sturgeon are huge fish -- they can grow up to three meters long and exceed 190 kg in weight . The females mature slowly and require decades to reach sexual maturity . It was once an abundant species in Lake Ontario . `` In 1860 , this species , taken on incidental catches of other fishes , was killed and dumped back in the lake , piled up on shore to dry and be burned , fed to pigs , or dug into the earth as fertilizer . '' It was even stacked like cordwood and used to fuel steamboats . Once its value was realized , `` They were taken by every available means from spearing and jigging to set lines of baited or unbaited hooks laid on the bottom to trapnets , poundnets and gillnets . '' Over 5 million pounds were taken from adjoining Lake Erie in a single year . The fishery collapsed , largely by 1900 . They have never recovered . Like most sturgeons , the lake sturgeon is rare now , and is protected in many areas . Populations in the Oswego River are being actively managed for recovery . Lake Ontario food web This food web has been damaged not only by over-fishing , and changes in nutrient levels , but also by other types of pollution from industrial chemicals , agricultural fertilizers , untreated sewage , phosphates from laundry detergents , and pesticides . Some pollutant chemicals that have been found in the lake include DDT , benzo ( a ) pyrene and other pesticides ; PCBs , aramite , chromium , lead , mirex , mercury , and carbon tetrachloride . The International Joint Commission has identified areas where pollution is particularly intense ( point sources ) and mapped them as Areas of Concern . A Remedial Action Plan has been developed for each area . Some Lake Ontario areas of concern include the Oswego River and Rochester Embayment on the American side , and Hamilton Harbour and Toronto on the Canadian side . By the 1960s and 1970s , the increased pollution caused frequent algal blooms to occur in the summer . These blooms killed large numbers of fish , and left decomposing piles of filamentous algae and dead fish along the shores . At times the blooms became so thick waves could not break . Fish eating birds such as osprey , bald eagle and cormorant were being poisoned by contaminated fish . Since the 1960s and 1970s , environmental concerns have forced a cleanup of industrial and municipal wastes . Cleanup has been accomplished through better treatment plants , tighter environmental regulations , deindustrialization and increased public awareness . Today , Lake Ontario has recovered some of its pristine quality ; for example , walleye , a fish species considered as a marker of clean water , are now found . However , regional airshed pollution remains a concern . The lake has also become an important sport fishery , although with introduced species ( Coho and Chinook salmon ) rather than the native species . Bald eagle and osprey populations are also beginning to recover . Invasive species are a problem for Lake Ontario , particularly lamprey and zebra mussels . Lamprey are being controlled by poisoning in the juvenile stage in the streams where they breed . Zebra mussels in particular are difficult to control , and pose major challenges for the lake and its waterways . Climate ( edit ) The lake has a natural seiche rhythm of eleven minutes . The seiche effect normally is only about ⁄ inches ( 2 cm ) but can be greatly amplified by earth movement , winds , and atmospheric pressure changes . Because of its great depth , the lake as a whole never freezes in winter , but an ice sheet covering between 10 % and 90 % of the lake area typically develops , depending on the severity of the winter . Ice sheets typically form along the shoreline and in slack water bays , where the lake is not as deep . During the winters of 1877 and 1878 , the ice sheet coverage was up to 95 -- 100 % in most of the lake . In the winter of 1812 , the ice cover was stable enough the American naval commander stationed at Sackets Harbor feared a British attack from Kingston , over the ice . When the cold winds of winter pass over the warmer water of the lake , they pick up moisture and drop it as lake effect snow . Since the prevailing winter winds are from the northwest , the southern and southeastern shoreline of the lake is referred to as the snowbelt . In some winters the area between Oswego and Pulaski may receive twenty or more feet ( 600 cm ) of snowfall . Also impacted by lake - effect snow is the Tug Hill Plateau , an area of elevated land about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Lake Ontario , creating ideal conditions for lake - effect snowfall . The `` Hill '' , as it is often referred to , typically receives more snow than any other region in the eastern United States . As a result , Tug Hill is a popular location for winter enthusiasts , such as snow - mobilers and cross-country skiers . Lake - effect snow often extends inland as far as Syracuse , with that city often recording the most winter snowfall accumulation of any large city in the United States . Other cities in the world receive more snow annually , such as Quebec City , which averages 135 inches ( 340 cm ) , and Sapporo , Japan , which receives 250 inches ( 640 cm ) each year and is often regarded as the snowiest city in the world . Foggy conditions ( particularly in fall ) can be created by thermal contrasts and can be an impediment for recreational boaters . In a normal winter , Lake Ontario will be at most one quarter ice - covered , in a mild winter almost completely unfrozen . Lake Ontario has completely frozen over on five recorded occasions : from about January 20 to about March 20 , 1830 ; in 1874 ; in 1893 ; in 1912 ; and in February 1934 . Lake breezes in spring tend to retard fruit bloom until the frost danger is past , and in the autumn delay the onset of fall frost , particularly on the south shore . Cool onshore winds also retard early bloom of plants and flowers until later in the spring season , protecting them from possible frost damage . Such microclimatic effects have enabled tender fruit production in a continental climate , with the southwest shore supporting a major fruit - growing area . Apples , cherries , pears , plums , and peaches are grown in many commercial orchards around Rochester . Between Stoney Creek and Niagara - on - the - Lake on the Niagara Peninsula is a major fruit - growing and wine - making area . The wine - growing region extends over the international border into Niagara and Orleans counties . Apple varieties that tolerate a more extreme climate are grown on the lake 's north shore , around Cobourg . Settlements ( edit ) Winter scene on Toronto Bay in 1835 Marina in Port Dalhousie , Ontario Victoria Beach , Cobourg , Ontario A large conurbation called the Golden Horseshoe occupies the lake 's westernmost shores , anchored by the cities of Toronto and Hamilton . Ports on the Canadian side include St. Catharines , Oshawa , Cobourg and Kingston , near the St. Lawrence River outlet . Close to 9 million people or over a quarter of Canada 's population lives within the watershed of Lake Ontario . The American shore is largely rural , with the exception of Rochester and the much smaller ports at Oswego and Sackets Harbor . The city of Syracuse is 40 miles ( 64 km ) inland , connected to the lake by the New York State Canal System . Over 2 million people live in Lake Ontario 's American watershed . A high - speed passenger / vehicle ferry , the Spirit of Ontario I , operated between Toronto and Rochester from June 17 , 2004 , to January 10 , 2006 , when the service was cancelled . The Crystal Lynn II , out of Irondequoit , New York , has been operating between Irondequoit Bay and Henderson , New York since May 2000 , operated by Capt . Bob Tein . Ontario , Canada Toronto Mississauga Hamilton Burlington Oshawa Kingston Whitby Stoney Creek Grimsby Oakville St. Catharines Port Hope Cobourg Brighton Pickering Ajax Bowmanville Belleville Trenton Niagara - on - the - Lake New York , United States Rochester Greece Irondequoit Webster Oswego Fair Haven Sackets Harbor Cape Vincent Three Mile Bay Wilson Chaumont Ocean and lake navigation ( edit ) Fishing at Pierhead Light in Oswego , New York , c. 1900 . Fort Ontario behind . Olcott Light , Olcott , New York Sodus Point Light , Sodus Point , New York The Great Lakes Waterway connects the lake sidestream to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway , and upstream to the other rivers in the chain via the Welland Canal and to Lake Erie . The Trent - Severn Waterway for pleasure boats connects Lake Ontario at the Bay of Quinte to Georgian Bay ( Lake Huron ) , via Lake Simcoe . The Oswego Canal connects the lake at Oswego to the New York State Canal System , with outlets to the Hudson River , Lake Erie , and Lake Champlain . The Rideau Canal , also for pleasure boats , connects Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa , Ontario . Lighthouses ( edit ) Beach Canal Lighthouse Braddock Point Light Charlotte - Genesee Lighthouse Gibraltar Point Lighthouse Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Light Presqu'ile Lighthouse Selkirk Lighthouse Sodus Point Light Stony Point Light Thirty Mile Point Light Islands ( edit ) Nearly all of Lake Ontario 's islands are on the eastern and north - eastern shores , between the Prince Edward County headland and the lake 's outlet at Kingston . The Toronto Islands on the north - western shore are the remnants of a sand spit formed by coastal erosion , whereas the mostly larger eastern islands are underlain by the basement rock found throughout the region . The largest island , is Wolfe Island , at the east end of the lake . It is accessible by ferry from both Canada and the U.S. Toronto Islands Wolfe Island Association Island Galloo Island -- and nearby Little Galloo Island , Calf Island , and Stony Island Amherst Island Simcoe Island Garden Island Grenadier Island Waupoos Island Nicholson Island Big Island Other topics ( edit ) Toronto fire boats and police marine unit The Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway at Hamilton , Ontario The Great Lakes Circle Tour and Seaway Trail are designated scenic road systems connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River . As the Seaway Trail is posted on the U.S. side only , Lake Ontario is the only of the five Great Lakes to have no posted bi-national circle tour . In the 1800s , there were reports of an alleged creature , similar to the so - called Loch Ness Monster , being sighted in the lake . The creature is described as large with a long neck , green in colour , and generally causes a break in the surface waves . Swims across the lake ( edit ) As of 2012 , nearly 50 people have successfully swum across the lake . The first person who accomplished the feat was Marilyn Bell , who did it in 1954 at the age of 16 . Toronto 's Marilyn Bell Park is named in her honour . The park opened in 1984 , and is just to the east of the spot where Bell completed her swim . In 1974 , Diana Nyad became the first person who swam across the lake against the current ( from north to south ) . On August 28 , 2007 , 14 - year - old Natalie Lambert from Kingston , Ontario , made the swim , leaving Sackets Harbor , New York , and reaching Kingston 's Confederation basin less than 24 hours after she entered the lake . On August 19 , 2012 , 14 - year - old Annaleise Carr became the youngest person to swim across the lake . She completed the 32 - mile ( 52 - km ) crossing from Niagara - on - the - Lake to Marilyn Bell Park in just under 27 hours . Industrialisation ( edit ) The government of Ontario , which holds the lakebed rights of the Canadian portion of the lake under the Beds of Navigable Waters Act , does not permit off - shore wind power to be generated offshore . In Trillium Power Wind Corporation v. Ontario ( Natural Resources ) , the Superior Court of Justice held Trillium Power -- since 2004 an `` Applicant of Record '' who had invested $35,000 in fees and , when in 2011 the Crown made a policy decision against offshore windfarms , claimed an injury of $2.25 billion -- disclosed no reasonable cause of action . While the Great Lakes once supported an industrial - scale fishery , with record hauls in 1899 , overfishing later blighted the industry . Today only recreational fishing activities exist . Images ( edit ) Satellite image during late autumn The lake seen from dead end of Dutch St. ; Huron , New York ( A sparsely populated neighboring town of Wolcott , New York ) Sandbanks Provincial Park Bathers at Southwick Beach State Park , eastern shore of Lake Ontario , New York State Sodus Outer Light , Sodus Bay , New York View of Lake Ontario from Toronto 's CN Tower , showing Toronto Harbour , Toronto Islands , and the island airport Pier in Oakville , Ontario Sculpture at top of Scarborough Bluffs Scarborough Bluffs Lake Ontario from Prince Edward County , Ontario See also ( edit ) Charity Shoal Crater Engagements on Lake Ontario Fort Niagara Glacial Lake Admiralty Glacial Lake Iroquois Iroquois settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario Lake Ontario Waterkeeper Ontario Lacus , a hydrocarbon lake on Saturn 's moon Titan named after Lake Ontario Wyandot people Great Lakes in general ( edit ) Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes census statistical areas Great Lakes Commission Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal Great Storm of 1913 International Boundary Waters Treaty List of cities along the Great Lakes Sixty Years ' War for control of the Great Lakes Third Coast References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Great Lakes : Basic Information : Physical Facts '' . U.S. Government . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Lakes Atlas : Factsheet # 1 '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2006 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived April 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Report on Water Resources and Local Watershed Management Programs Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The State of the New York Lake Ontario Basin ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Wilcox , D.A , Thompson , T.A. , Booth , R.K. , and Nicholas , J.R.. 2007 . Lake - level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes . U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311 , 25 p . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. 2010 . Wetland Ecology : Principles and Conservation ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . Chapter 2 . ^ Jump up to : Christie , W.J. ( 1974 ) . Changes in the fish species composition of the Great Lakes . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 31 , 827 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Maynard , L. , and Wilcox , D.A. , 1997 , Coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes -- State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference 1996 background paper : Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , EPA 905 -- R -- 97 -- 015b , 99 p . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. 2010 . Wetland Ecology : Principles and Conservation ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK. 497 p . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center Archived March 23 , 2015 , at Wikiwix , 1999 . Bathymetry of Lake Ontario . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V56H4FBH ( access date : March 23 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center Archived March 23 , 2015 , at Wikiwix , 1999 . Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5KS6PHK ( access date : March 23 , 2015 ) . ( only small portion of this map ) Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Archived February 24 , 2011 , at Wikiwix Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : March 16 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` About Our Great Lakes : Tour '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) -- Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ) . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Google Earth Great Lakes Tour GreatLakesTour_Merged. kmz Archived January 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Origin of drumlins on the floor of Lake Ontario and in upper New York State ; Quaternary geology ; bridging the gap between East and West -- Department of Geology , University of Toronto Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Geology.utoronto.ca ( November 17 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith 1987 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lake Ontario Facts and Figures Archived March 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Great-lakes.net ( February 28 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L'Amérique française en 1712 '' . Canadian Museum of Civilization . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A 1000 - Year - Old Nordic Spearhead Raises the Question -- Were The Vikings in New York ? '' . Terra Forming Terra . June 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snider , Charles Henry Jeremiah , Townsend , Robert B. Tales from the Great Lakes . Toronto : Dundurn Press Limited , 1995 , pp. 25 . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. 2010 . Wetland Ecology : Principles and Conservation ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . 497 p . Chapters 1 and 2 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , D.A , Thompson , T.A. , Booth , R.K. , and Nicholas , J.R. 2007 . Lake - level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes . U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311. Box 4 Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. 2010 . Wetland Ecology : Principles and Conservation ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . 497 p . Jump up ^ Moore , D.R.J. and Keddy , P.A. ( 1989 ) . The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands : the importance of scale . Vegetation , 79 , 99 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes '' . Nature Conservancy Canada . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , M. 1989 . Americans and Their Forests : A Historical Geography . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Keddy , C.J. 1993 . Forest History of Eastern Ontario . A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group . Jump up ^ Environment Canada . 2004 . How Much Habitat is Enough ? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern . 2nd ed. 81 p . Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. and C.G. Drummond. 1996 . Ecological properties for the evaluation , management , and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems . Ecological Applications 6 : 748 -- 762 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972 . Freshwater Fisheries of Canada . Fisheries Research Board of Canada , Department of the Environment , Ottawa . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Vallentyne , J.R. ( 1974 ) . The Algal Bowl : Lakes and Man , Miscellaneous Special Publication No. 22 . Ottawa , ON : Department of the Environment , Fisheries and Marine Service . Jump up ^ Kingston Chronicle , January 30 , 1830 , 2 , col. 6 ( `` For several years past we have not been visited with so much snow as has fallen here within the last fortnight . The storm of Wednesday and yesterday could only be equalled by such visitations as are familiar to our Lower Canada friends . The thermometer has ranged from 10 ° below , to 20 ° above 0 , for the last ten days . The Lake is firmly frozen , and a cheap and safe style of travelling has revived the intercourse with our brethren of the independent portion of the world '' ) ; Republican Compiler ( newspaper ) , February 23 , 1830 , p. 2 , col. 5 ( `` At Kingston , Upper Canada , the quantity of snow which had fallen had not been equalled for several years. -- The Lake ( Ontario ) was frozen , and crossing had become general '' ) ; Perry , Kenneth A , The Fitch Gazetteer : An Annotated Index to the Manuscript History of Washington County , New York , 4 vols . ( Bowie , Md. : Heritage Books , 1999 ) , 4 : 565 ( `` Kingston , Upper Canada , ( experiencing ) the deepset ( sic ) snow in several yrs. , & Lake Ontario frozen over '' ) ; Kingston Chronicle ( newspaper ) , January 9 , 1830 , 2 , col. 1 ( `` the Bay was frozen across this morning '' ) ; see also Vermont Chronicle , ( Bellows Falls , Vt . ) Friday , February 19 , 1830 , p. 31 , col D , quoting the Quebec Gazette : `` The Lake ( Ontario ) was frozen , and crossing had become general . '' ^ Jump up to : May 2008 . Jump up ^ Great Lakes Circle Tour Archived July 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Great-lakes.net ( July 5 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Morning Post ( London , England ) , Saturday , July 25 , 1835 ; p. 6 `` Sea Serpent in Lake Ontario '' Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald ( Glasgow , Scotland ) , Friday , June 28 , 1867 `` Another Sea Serpent Sensation : A hideous monster discovered in Lake Ontario '' Jump up ^ Pinkwater , Daniel . The Monster of Lake Ontario . New York : Houghton Mifflin Publishing , 2010 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` 14 - year - old swims solo across Lake Ontario '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plaque in Marilyn Bell Park '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pitock , Todd . `` The Unsinkable Diana Nyad '' . Reader 's Digest ( November 2011 ) . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingston teen becomes youngest to swim Lake Ontario '' . CBC . August 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alamenciak , Tim ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Annaleise outwits Lake Ontario '' . The Hamilton Spectator . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trillium Power Wind Corporation v. Ontario ( Natural Resources ) , 2012 ONSC 5619 ( CanLII ) '' . canlii.org . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spears , John ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Ontario 's off - shore wind turbine moratorium unresolved two years later '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Author unknown ( 1972 ) . The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book . Bi-national ( U.S. and Canadian ) resource book . Bibliography ( edit ) May , Gary ( 2008 ) . `` The Day the Lake Froze Over '' . Watershed Magazine ( Winter 2008 / 2009 ) . Smith , Donald B. ( 1987 ) . Sacred Feather . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6732 - 8 . Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lake Ontario . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Ontario . Geographic data related to Lake Ontario at OpenStreetMap Lake Ontario NOAA nautical chart # 14820 online EPA 's Great Lakes Atlas Great Lakes Coast Watch Lake Ontario Bathymetry Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Nottawasaga Bay Porte des Morts Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sandusky Bay Sault Ste . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the water from lake ontario go	[ "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake. Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was named for the lake. Many of Ontario's most populous cities, including Toronto, Canada's most populous city, and Hamilton, are on the lake's northern or western shores. In the Huron language, the name Ontarí'io means \"Lake of Shining Waters\". Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie. The last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River.\n" ]	[ "Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River" ]
-4190802027761982360	Look What You Made Me Do	Look What You Made Me Do - wikipedia Look What You Made Me Do Jump to : navigation , search `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album Reputation Released August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Dance - pop electroclash electropop Length 3 : 31 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Fred Fairbrass Richard Fairbrass Rob Manzoli Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift singles chronology `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) `` ... Ready for It ? '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Look What You Made Me Do '' on YouTube `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her sixth studio album Reputation ( 2017 ) . It was first released on August 24 , 2017 as the lead single from the album . Swift wrote it with producer Jack Antonoff . It samples the melody of the 1991 song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by the band Right Said Fred ; therefore , Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters . The song topped the US and UK charts and became Swift 's fifth biggest song of all time . The song received a mixed response from music critics , with division over Swift 's stylistic change . The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and became the most - watched music video within 24 hours . The song broke a string of records , including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify . Commercially , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Ireland , Israel , Lebanon , Malaysia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Slovakia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It has received a Double Platinum certification in Canada and Platinum certifications in the United States and Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and promotion 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Production and release 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Analysis 6 Accolades 7 Usage in media 8 Track listings 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Release and promotion ( edit ) On August 23 , 2017 , Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album , titled Reputation , would come out the following night . The song was released to streaming services on August 24 , and earned over eight million streams within twenty - four hours of its Spotify release , breaking the record for the highest first - day streaming for a single track . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download through Big Machine Records and onto Italian contemporary hit radio before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26 , 2017 . It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards . A CD single release followed in Germany , Austria and Switzerland on October 27 , 2017 . A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift 's official Vevo account on August 25 , 2017 . The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn . It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube , surpassing `` Something Just like This '' by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period . As of November 2017 , the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 85 million views . Composition ( edit ) Jack Antonoff ( pictured in 2012 ) produced and co-wrote `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds . Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop , as well as a dance - pop and an electro - pop song . It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy , in particular the line `` I 've got a list of names and yours is in red , underlined '' . The middle eight of the song features Swift saying , `` I 'm sorry , the old Taylor ca n't come to the phone right now / Why ? / Oh , ' cause she 's dead ! '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span from G to F . Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a `` nightmarish aesthetic '' present in the song , and believed it to be a continuation of the `` antagonistic persona '' from `` Bad Blood '' . Richard Fairbrass , Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli , the members of the British dance - pop group Right Said Fred , are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . According to Fred Fairbrass , he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of `` Look What You Made Me Do '' and were asked whether a `` big , contemporary female artist who has n't released anything for a while '' -- whose identity they were not told -- would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single . Although the brothers agreed to a deal , they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released , but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given . Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone , `` I like the cynical aspect of the lyric , because ' I 'm Too Sexy ' is a cynical song , and I think she channeled that quite well . '' A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from `` I 'm Too Sexy '' , but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' received polarized reviews from critics . USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift 's position as a `` ubiquitous cultural force '' . The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song , deeming Swift and Antonoff 's work as `` blow ( ing ) past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic , rhythmic and sonic accents '' . He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics . Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song , saying : `` The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift 's menacing protagonist '' , praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song 's release . Variety 's Chris Willman also praised Swift 's embrace of a darker - styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song 's pre-chorus and chorus . Mark Harris , in New York magazine 's pop culture blog , thought of Swift 's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame . However , Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song , faulting the `` sloppy '' lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics . Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West ; the latter had previously name - dropped Swift in his song `` Famous '' by using the line , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? / I made that bitch famous '' . The single was noted as being a darker , angrier work than what Swift had done before . Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style , saying that it `` did n't sound like ( Swift ) '' and that it `` may have some kinks to work out '' . Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as `` a hardcore self - own '' track . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number seventy - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , powered by its first three days of airplay . It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country , where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . One week later , the song ascended from # 77 to # 1 on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking , becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift 's fifth number - one single in the United States . It also topped the nation 's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams , becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' gained in 2013 . The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017 . With 353,000 copies sold in its first week , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country 's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele 's `` Hello '' in 2015 . The track also became the country 's first number - one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia 's `` Cheap Thrills '' with Sean Paul ( both in 2016 ) . It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele 's `` Hello '' . It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams , though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled `` ... Ready for It ? '' debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100 . As a result , Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift 's previous tracks `` Blank Space '' and `` Shake It Off '' respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart . The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Swift 's eighth single to do so . In the United Kingdom , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week . The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1 , 2017 - for the week ending date September 7 , 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift 's first chart - topping song in Britain . After two weeks at the top spot , it was displaced by Sam Smith 's `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1 , 2017 and became Swift 's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart . In doing so , it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles `` Love Story '' ( in 2009 ) and `` Shake It Off '' ( in 2014 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened at number one in Australia on September 2 , 2017 , becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts . It spent another week at the nation 's summit before `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' took the top position there as well . The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14 , 2017 . In New Zealand , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' entered at the number one spot on September 1 , 2017 , becoming Swift 's fourth chart - topping single there . In the Philippines , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week . A week later , it soared to the number 1 spot , ending the 10 - week reign of `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . It descended to the runner - up position the following week , as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week . Music video ( edit ) Production and release ( edit ) The official music video premiered on August 27 , 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards . The song 's music video broke the record for most - watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day . It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele 's `` Hello '' attracted in that timeframe , as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy 's `` Gentleman '' video . It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours , with views reaching over 3 million views per hour . Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . As of November 5 , 2017 , the video has over 675 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 , 300 and 400 million views on YouTube . It is the 20th most liked video on YouTube with over 6.43 million likes . Synopsis ( edit ) The bathtub scene in the music video , where the diamonds were authentic and worth over $10 million . Swift has said that part of the premise of the video is rooted in the idea that , `` If everything you write about me was true , this is how ridiculous it would look . '' The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave , where the headstone reads `` Here Lies Taylor Swift 's reputation '' , and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self . The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds . She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea . Swift later crashes her golden Bugatti Veyron on a post and sings the song 's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos . She is also seen swinging inside a cage , robbing a streaming company in a cat mask , and leading a motorcycle gang . Afterwards , she gathers a group of women at `` Squad U '' and dances with a group of men in another room . At the end of the video , various iterations of Swift 's public image bicker with one another , describing each other as `` so fake '' and `` playing the victim '' , ending with one saying `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative '' after which the other iterations yell at her to `` shut up ! '' in unison , while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence . Analysis ( edit ) The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references . In the opening scene , there is a subtle `` Nils Sjöberg '' tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave , referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris ' 2016 single `` This Is What You Came For '' . Similarly , Swift -- masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the `` Out of the Woods '' music video -- was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown , an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair . A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017 . Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting . Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she `` cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls '' , while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian 's 2016 gunpoint robbery . In a separate scene , Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne , where a carving of a phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' could be seen on the armrest , a reference to Shakespeare 's drama Julius Caesar . Swift 's infamous title as a `` snake '' during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea . When Swift 's car crashes , some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift 's hairdo is similar to Perry 's in the scene . The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry 's `` Waking Up in Vegas '' video . She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene , a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations . Swift 's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video . Swift gathering at `` Squad U '' was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a `` squad '' . During the second chorus , Swift can be seen with eight men , each of which revealed an `` I Heart TS '' crop top after unbuttoning a jacket . This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston , who was seen wearing an `` I Heart TS '' tank top when they were a couple . The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career . Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations , reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind . The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the `` You Belong with Me '' video was also different , with her close friends ' names scribbled on it this time . In June 2016 , discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West 's song `` Famous '' , Swift wrote on Instagram , `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative . '' The same line is spoken by one of Swift 's iterations at the end of the video . She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , when West interrupted her award - winning speech for Best Female Video . Accolades ( edit ) The song is nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards . It was also nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the NRJ Music Awards . Usage in media ( edit ) ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday line - up an hour after its release . Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State , which was aired on ABC on September 2 . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 CD single `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Music Video ) -- 4 : 16 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 33 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 46 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 707,626 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 24 , 2017 Streaming Big Machine August 25 , 2017 Digital download Italy Contemporary hit radio Universal Music United Kingdom August 26 , 2017 Virgin EMI United States August 29 , 2017 Big Machine Germany October 27 , 2017 CD single Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of most liked YouTube videos List of most disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed music videos in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Radical Transformation in Her New Song , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Reveals New Album ' Reputation ' Coming In Nov. , First Single Out Thursday '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's New magisterial impetu , ' Look What You Made Me Do , ' Arrives ( Listen ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift breaks Spotify , YouTube records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Look What You Made Me Do -- Single by Taylor Swift on Apple Music '' . United States : iTunes Store . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' -- Taylor Swift '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Radio 1 Playlist : Friday , 25th August '' . BBC . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Taylor ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do ( 2 - Track ) '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Taylor . `` Taylor Swift - Look What You Made Me Do '' . Discogs . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Acid gossip that borrows from better songs -- Taylor Swift : Look What You Made Me Do review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Alexandra ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Every Lyric from Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . InStyle . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Lyric Video Breaks 24 - Hour Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Unleashes New Single ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Releases Apparent Kanye West Diss Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Declares the Old Taylor Dead on New Song , ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift releases new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Daily News . New York . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Cory ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Right Said Fred on Taylor Swift 's ' Cynical ' ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Owen . `` Right Said Fred Are `` Very Pleased '' With Taylor Swift 's Interpolation Of `` I 'm Too Sexy '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holterman , Alexandra ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Lead Singles From Each Album : Which Do You Think Is Best ? Vote ! '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Look what you made us do : Critics slam Taylor Swift 's comeback single '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Holterman ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Director Defends Taylor Swift , Accuses Public of ' Double Standards ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift goes full psycho pop in new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift drops ' Look What You Made Me Do ' and it 's aggressive '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Sarah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Look What You Made Me Do , review : ' Swift has painted herself as a villain , and triumphed ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Song Review : Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swifts Look What You Made Me Do Is a Pure Piece of Trump - Era Pop Art '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Drops Dark New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Meaghan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` '' Look What You Made Me Do '' by Taylor Swift Review `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Headed for No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 Next Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look ' Heads for Half - Million Sales , Biggest Week Since Adele 's ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift at Nos. 1 & 4 on Billboard Hot 100 , as Cardi B Moves Up to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Tops Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift could earn her first UK Number 1 single this Friday '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift scores first Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart with ' LWYMMD ' '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith scoops his sixth UK Number 1 single with Too Good at Goodbyes '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Scores Fifth # 1 Single '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift holds # 1 for second week '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Callea Beats The National For # 1 Album On This Week 's ARIA Chart '' . Themusic.com.au . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . Billboard . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ; Minsker , Evan ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Video `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Smashes YouTube 's 24 - Hour Record , Crushing Psy '' . Variety . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' video bashes another YouTube record '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Hit 100 Million Views In Less Than Four Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Tops PSY 's 24 - Hour YouTube Record With ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Todrick Hall Reveals Secrets From Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video : Everything We Know About the Snakes , Diamonds , Dancing & More '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maureen Lee Lenker ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Snake slithers up Taylor Swift 's throne in dark , glamorous music video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Julie ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's diamond bath cost more than $10 M '' . Page Six . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 200 million '' . Kworb . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apple Music Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference rolling - stone - video was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift knows you 've been making fun of her . Here 's how her new video responds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , Mat ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Things You Might Have Missed In Taylor 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Marcus ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Some People Are Mad At Taylor Swift 's New Video '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift and snakes : The backstory '' . CNN . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's Look What You Made Me Do video : all the references explained '' . The Telegraph . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Joyce ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Decoded : 13 Things You Missed '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Lucy ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Each and every single dig that Taylor Swift makes in the Look What You Made Me Do music video '' . Metro . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanzer , Myles ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift : `` I Would Very Much Like To Be Excluded From This Narrative '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in `` Look What You Made Me Do '' video `` . ABC . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Is Finally Here `` . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Sally ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' to Promote TGIT '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN using Taylor Swift 's song for college football ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 9 al 15 de Octubre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 100 '' . HRT . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201739 into search . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Greece Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas -- September 11 , 2017 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Luxemburg Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 35 ( 25 / 8 / 2017 - 31 / 8 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 2 de October , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 37 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Taylor Swift / Look What You Made Me Do '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.27. 08 -- 2017.02. 09 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Enter Look What You Made Me Do in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 10 / 05 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do&oldid=809052402 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Big Machine Records singles Dance - pop songs Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs about betrayal Electroclash songs Electropop songs Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with broken reference names CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 13 . 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About Wikipedia	who wrote and produced look what you made me do	[ "\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Taylor Swift\n\n\nfrom the album Reputation\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDance-pop\nelectroclash\nelectropop\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nBig Machine\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJack Antonoff[1]\n\n\nTaylor Swift singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\"\n(2016)\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n(2017)\n\"...Ready for It?\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Taylor Swift\n\n\nfrom the album Reputation\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDance-pop\nelectroclash\nelectropop\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nBig Machine\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJack Antonoff[1]\n\n\nTaylor Swift singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\"\n(2016)\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n(2017)\n\"...Ready for It?\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Taylor Swift\n\n\nfrom the album Reputation\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDance-pop\nelectroclash\nelectropop\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nBig Machine\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJack Antonoff[1]\n\n\nTaylor Swift singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\"\n(2016)\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n(2017)\n\"...Ready for It?\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Taylor Swift\n\n\nfrom the album Reputation\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDance-pop\nelectroclash\nelectropop\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nBig Machine\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJack Antonoff[1]\n\n\nTaylor Swift singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\"\n(2016)\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n(2017)\n\"...Ready for It?\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Taylor Swift\n\n\nfrom the album Reputation\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDance-pop\nelectroclash\nelectropop\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nBig Machine\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJack Antonoff[1]\n\n\nTaylor Swift singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\"\n(2016)\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\n(2017)\n\"...Ready for It?\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Look What You Made Me Do\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Taylor Swift", "Jack Antonoff", "Fred Fairbrass", "Richard Fairbrass", "Rob Manzoli" ]
-6161877367946118393	Amenorrhea	Amenorrhea - wikipedia Amenorrhea Amenorrhea Synonyms Amenorrhea , amenorrhœa Specialty Gynecology Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age . Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen , most commonly , during pregnancy and lactation ( breastfeeding ) , the latter also forming the basis of a form of contraception known as the lactational amenorrhoea method . Outside the reproductive years , there is absence of menses during childhood and after menopause . Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes . Primary amenorrhoea ( menstrual cycles never starting ) may be caused by developmental problems , such as the congenital absence of the uterus or failure of the ovary to receive or maintain egg cells . Also , delay in pubertal development will lead to primary amenorrhoea . It is defined as an absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 14 with no menarche or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 16 years of age . Secondary amenorrhoea ( menstrual cycles ceasing ) is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland , from premature menopause or intrauterine scar formation . It is defined as the absence of menses for three months in a woman with previously normal menstruation , or nine months for women with a history of oligomenorrhoea . Contents 1 Classification 2 Cause 2.1 Low body weight 2.2 Drug - induced 2.3 Breastfeeding 2.4 Celiac disease 2.5 Physical 2.6 Stress 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Primary amenorrhoea 3.2 Secondary amenorrhea 4 Treatments 5 History 6 Etymology 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) There are two primary ways to classify amenorrhoea . Types of amenorrhoea are classified as primary or secondary , or based on functional `` compartments '' . The latter classification relates to the hormonal state of the patient that hypo - , eu - , or hypergonadotropic ( whereby interruption to the communication between gonads and follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) causes FSH levels to be either low , normal or high ) . By primary vs. secondary : Primary amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation in a woman by the age of 16 . As pubertal changes precede the first period , or menarche , female children by the age of 14 who still have not reached menarche , plus having no sign of secondary sexual characteristics , such as thelarche or pubarche -- thus are without evidence of initiation of puberty -- are also considered as having primary amenorrhoea . Secondary amenorrhoea is where an established menstruation has ceased -- for three months in a woman with a history of regular cyclic bleeding , or nine months in a woman with a history of irregular periods . This usually happens to women aged 40 -- 55 . However , adolescent athletes are more likely to experience disturbances to the menstrual cycle than athletes of any other age . Amenorrhoea may cause serious pain in the back near the pelvis and spine . This pain has no cure , but can be relieved by a short course of progesterone to trigger menstrual bleeding . By compartment : The reproductive axis can be viewed as having four compartments : 1 . outflow tract ( uterus , cervix , vagina ) , 2 . ovaries , 3 . pituitary gland , and 4 . hypothalamus . Pituitary and hypothalamic causes are often grouped together . Primary / secondary Outflow tract anomalies / obstruction Gonadal / end - organ disorders Pituitary and hypothalamic / central regulatory disorders Overview The hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarian axis is functional . The ovary or gonad does not respond to pituitary stimulation . Gonadal dysgenesis or premature menopause are possible causes . Chromosome testing is usually indicated in younger individuals with hypergonadotropic amenorrhoea . Low oestrogen levels are seen in these patients and the hypo - oestrogenism may require treatment . Generally , inadequate levels of FSH lead to inadequately stimulated ovaries which then fail to produce enough oestrogen to stimulate the endometrium ( uterine lining ) , hence amenorrhoea . In general , women with hypogonadotropic amenorrhoea are potentially fertile . FSH Outflow tract abnormalities tend to be normogonadotropic and FSH levels are in the normal range . Gonadal , usually ovarian , abnormalities tend to be linked to elevated FSH levels or hypergonadotropic amenorrhoea . FSH levels are typically in the menopausal range . Both hypothalamic and pituitary disorders are linked to low FSH levels leading to hypogonadotropic amenorrhoea . Primary Uterine : Müllerian agenesis ( Second most common cause , 15 % of primary amenorrhoea ) Vaginal : Vaginal atresia , cryptomenorrhoea , imperforate hymen . Gonadal dysgenesis , including Turner syndrome , is the most common cause . Androgen insensitivity syndrome ( Testicular feminization syndrome ) Receptor abnormalities for hormones FSH and LH Specific forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia Swyer syndrome Galactosaemia Aromatase deficiency Prader - Willi syndrome Male pseudo-hermaphroditism ( about 1 in every 150,000 births ) Müllerian agenesis / MRKH Syndrome Other intersexed conditions Hypothalamic : Kallmann syndrome Secondary Intrauterine adhesions ( Asherman 's syndrome ) Pregnancy ( most common cause ) Anovulation Menopause Premature menopause Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCO - S ) Drug - induced Breastfeeding Celiac disease Hypothalamic : Exercise amenorrhoea , related to physical exercise , stress amenorrhoea , eating disorders and weight loss ( obesity , anorexia nervosa , or bulimia ) Pituitary : Sheehan syndrome , hyperprolactinaemia , haemochromatosis Other central regulatory : hypothyroidism , hyperthyroidism , arrhenoblastoma Cause ( edit ) Low body weight ( edit ) Women who perform considerable amounts of exercise on a regular basis or lose a significant amount of weight are at risk of developing hypothalamic ( or ' athletic ' ) amenorrhoea . Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea ( FHA ) can be caused by stress , weight loss , and / or excessive exercise . Many women who diet or who exercise at a high level do not take in enough calories to expend on their exercise as well as to maintain their normal menstrual cycles . The threshold of developing amenorrhoea appears to be dependent on low energy availability rather than absolute weight because a critical minimum amount of stored , easily mobilized energy is necessary to maintain regular menstrual cycles . Energy imbalance and weight loss can disrupt menstrual cycles through several hormonal mechanisms . Weight loss can cause elevations in the hormone ghrelin which inhibits the hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarial axis . Elevated concentrations of ghrelin alter the amplitude of GnRH pulses , which causes diminished pituitary release of LH and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) . Secondary amenorrhea is caused by low levels of the hormone leptin in females with low body weight . Like ghrelin , leptin signals energy balance and fat stores to the reproductive axis . Decreased levels of leptin are closely related to low levels of body fat , and correlate with a slowing of GnRH pulsing . When a woman is experiencing amenorrhoea , an eating disorder , and osteoporosis together , this is called female athlete triad syndrome . A lack of eating causes amenorrhoea and bone loss leading to osteopenia and sometimes progressing to osteoporosis . The social effects of amenorrhoea on a person vary significantly . Amenorrhoea is often associated with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders , which have their own effects . If secondary amenorrhoea is triggered early in life , for example through excessive exercise or weight loss , menarche may not return later in life . A woman in this situation may be unable to become pregnant , even with the help of drugs . Long - term amenorrhoea leads to an estrogen deficiency which can bring about menopause at an early age . The hormone estrogen plays a significant role in regulating calcium loss after ages 25 -- 30 . When her ovaries no longer produce estrogen because of amenorrhoea , a woman is more likely to suffer rapid calcium loss , which in turn can lead to osteoporosis . Increased testosterone levels cause by amenorrhoea may lead to body hair growth and decreased breast size . Increased levels of androgens , especially testosterone , can also lead to ovarian cysts . Some research among amenorrhoeic runners indicates that the loss of menses may be accompanied by a loss of self - esteem . Drug - induced ( edit ) Certain medications , particularly contraceptive medications , can induce amenorrhoea in a healthy woman . The lack of menstruation usually begins shortly after beginning the medication and can take up to a year to resume after stopping a medication . Hormonal contraceptives that contain only progestogen like the oral contraceptive Micronor , and especially higher - dose formulations like the injectable Depo Provera commonly induce this side effect . Extended cycle use of combined hormonal contraceptives also allow suppression of menstruation . Patients who use and then cease using contraceptives like the combined oral contraceptive pill may experience secondary amenorrhoea as a withdrawal symptom . The link is not well understood , as studies have found no difference in hormone levels between women who develop amenorrhoea as a withdrawal symptom following the cessation of OCOP use and women who experience secondary amenorrhoea because of other reasons . New contraceptive pills , like continuous oral contraceptive pills ( OCPs ) which do not have the normal 7 days of placebo pills in each cycle , have been shown to increase rates of amenorrhoea in women . Studies show that women are most likely to experience amenorrhoea after 1 year of treatment with continuous OCP use . The use of opiates ( such as heroin ) on a regular basis has also been known to cause amenorrhoea in longer term users . Anti-psychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia have been known to cause amenorrhoea as well . New research suggests that adding a dosage of Metformin to an anti-psychotic drug regimen can restore menstruation . Metformin decreases resistance to the hormone insulin , as well as levels of prolactin , testosterone , and lutenizing hormone ( LH ) . Metformin also decreases the LH / FSH ratio . Results of the study on Metformin further implicate the regulation of these hormones as a main cause of secondary amenorrhoea . Breastfeeding ( edit ) Breastfeeding is a common cause of secondary amenorrhoea , and often the condition lasts for over six months . Breastfeeding typically lasts longer than lactational amenorrhoea , and the duration of amenorrhoea varies depending on how often a woman breastfeeds . Lactational amenorrhoea has been advocated as a method of family planning , especially in developing countries where access to other methods of contraception may be limited . Breastfeeding is said to prevent more births in the developing world than any other method of birth control or contraception . Lactational amenorrhoea is 98 % percent effective as a method of preventing pregnancy in the first six months postpartum . Celiac disease ( edit ) Untreated celiac disease can cause amenorrhea . Reproductive disorders may be the only manifestation of undiagnosed celiac disease and most cases are not recognized . For people with celiac , a gluten - free diet avoids or reduces the risk of developing reproductive disorders . Physical ( edit ) Amenorrhoea can also be caused by physical deformities . One example of this is MRKH ( Mayer -- Rokitansky -- Küster -- Hauser ) syndrome , the second-most common cause of primary amenorrhoea . The syndrome is characterized by Müllerian agenesis . In MRKH Syndrome , the Müllerian ducts develop abnormally and can result in vaginal obstructions preventing menstruation . The syndrome develops prenatally early in the development of the female reproductive system . Stress ( edit ) Secondary amenorrhea is also caused by stress , extreme weight loss , or excessive exercise . Young athletes are particularly vulnerable , although normal menses usually return with healthy body weight . Causes of secondary amenorrhea can also result in primary amenorrhea , especially if present before onset of menarche . Diagnosis ( edit ) Primary amenorrhoea ( edit ) Primary amenorrhoea can be diagnosed in female children by age 14 if no secondary sex characteristics , such as enlarged breasts and body hair , are present . In the absence of secondary sex characteristics , the most common cause of amenorrhoea is low levels of FSH and LH caused by a delay in puberty . Gonadal dysgenesis , often associated with Turner 's Syndrome , or premature ovarian failure may also be to blame . If secondary sex characteristics are present , but menstruation is not , primary amenorrhoea can be diagnosed by age 16 . A reason for this occurrence may be that a person phenotypically female but genetically male , a situation known as androgen insensitivity syndrome . If undescended testes are present , they are often removed after puberty ( ~ 21 years of age ) due to the increased risk of testicular cancer . In the absence of undescended testes , an MRI can be used to determine whether or not a uterus is present . Müllerian agenesis causes around 15 % of primary amenorrhoea cases . If a uterus is present , outflow track obstruction may be to blame for primary amenorrhoea . Secondary amenorrhea ( edit ) Secondary amenorrhea 's most common and most easily diagnosable causes are pregnancy , thyroid disease , and hyperprolactinemia . A pregnancy test is a common first step for diagnosis . Hyperprolactinemia , characterized by high levels of the hormone prolactin , is often associated with a pituitary tumor . A dopamine agonist can often help relieve symptoms . The subsiding of the causal syndrome is usually enough to restore menses after a few months . Secondary amenorrhea may also be caused by outflow tract obstruction , often related to Asherman 's Syndrome . Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause secondary amenorrhea , although the link between the two is not well understood . Ovarian failure related to early onset menopause can cause secondary amenorrhea , and although the condition can usually be treated , it is not always reversible . Secondary amenorrhea is also caused by stress , extreme weight loss , or excessive exercise . Young athletes are particularly vulnerable , although normal menses usually return with healthy body weight . Causes of secondary amenorrhea can also result in primary amenorrhea , especially if present before onset of menarche . Treatments ( edit ) Treatments vary based on the underlying condition . Key issues are problems of surgical correction if appropriate and oestrogen therapy if oestrogen levels are low . For those who do not plan to have biological children , treatment may be unnecessary if the underlying cause of the amenorrhoea is not threatening to their health . However , in the case of athletic amenorrhoea , deficiencies in estrogen and leptin often simultaneously result in bone loss , potentially leading to osteoporosis . `` Athletic '' amenorrhoea which is part of the female athlete triad is treated by eating more and decreasing the amount and intensity of exercise . If the underlying cause is the athlete triad then a multidisciplinary treatment including monitoring from a physician , dietitian , and mental health counselor is recommended , along with support from family , friends , and coaches . Although oral contraceptives can causes menses to return , oral contraceptives should not be the initial treatment as they can mask the underlying problem and allow other effects of the eating disorder , like osteoporosis , continue to develop . Weight recovery , or increased rest does not always catalyze the return of a menses . Recommencement of ovulation suggests a dependency on a whole network of neurotransmitters and hormones , altered in response to the initial triggers of secondary amenorrhoea . To treat drug - induced amenorrhoea , stopping the medication on the advice of a doctor is a usual course of action . Looking at Hypothalamic amenorrhoea , studies have provided that the administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) might correct abnormalities of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea ( FHA ) related to the condition of stress - related amenorrhoea . This involves the repair of the PI3K signaling pathway , which facilitates the integration of metabolic and neural signals regulating gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH ) / luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . In other words , it regulates the neuronal activity and expression of neuropeptide systems that promote GnRH release . However , SSRI therapy represents a possible hormonal solution to just one hormonal condition of hypothalamic amenorrhoea . Furthermore , because the condition involves the inter workings of many different neurotransmitters , much research is still to be done on presenting hormonal treatment that would counteract the hormonal affects . As for physiological treatments to hypothalamic amenorrhoea , injections of metreleptin ( r - metHuLeptin ) have been tested as treatment to oestrogen deficiency resulting from low gonadotropins and other neuroendocrine defects such as low concentrations of thyroid and IGF - 1 . R - metHuLeptin has appeared effective in restoring defects in the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis and improving reproductive , thyroid , and IGF hormones , as well as bone formation , thus curing the amenorrhoea and infertility . However , it has not proved effective in restoring of cortisol and adrenocorticotropin levels , or bone resorption . History ( edit ) In preindustrial societies , menarche typically occurred later than in current industrial societies . After menarche , menstruation was suppressed during much of a woman 's reproductive life by either pregnancy or nursing . Reductions in age of menarche and lower fertility rates mean that modern women menstruate far more often than they did under the conditions prevalent for most of human evolutionary history . Etymology ( edit ) The term is derived from Greek : a = negative , men = month , rhoia = flow . Derived adjectives are amenorrhoeal and amenorrhoeic . The opposite is the normal menstrual period ( eumenorrhoea ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Master - Hunter , Tarannum ; Heiman , DL ( 2006 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Amenorrhea : Evaluation and Treatment '' . American Family Physician. 73 ( 8 ) : 1374 -- 82 . PMID 16669559 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Speroff L , Fritz MA ( 2005 ) . Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility . Lippincott , Williams & Wilkins ( 2005 ) . p. 403ff . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4795 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Amenorrhea , Primary : eMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology '' . Archived from the original on 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Speroff , Leon ; Glass , Robert H. ; Kase , Nathan G. ( 1 June 1999 ) . Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 30379 - 7 . Jump up ^ De Souza , M.J. ; R.J. Toombs ( 2010 ) . `` Amenorrhea '' . In Nanette F. Santoro and Genevieve Neal - Perry . Amenorrhea : A Case - Based , Clinical Guide . Humana Press . pp. 101 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 864 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Amenorrhea : eMedicine Pediatrics : Surgery '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Loucks AB , Verdun M , Heath EM ( January 1998 ) . `` Low energy availability , not stress of exercise , alters LH pulsatility in exercising women '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 84 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 46 . PMID 9451615 . Jump up ^ Frisch RE , McArthur JW ( September 1974 ) . `` Menstrual cycles : fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset '' . Science . 185 ( 4155 ) : 949 -- 51 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 185.4155. 949 . PMID 4469672 . Jump up ^ Södersten P , Bergh C , Zandian M ( November 2006 ) . `` Psychoneuroendocrinology of anorexia nervosa '' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31 ( 10 ) : 1149 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2006.09. 006 . PMID 17084040 . Jump up ^ Loucks AB , Thuma JR ( January 2003 ) . `` Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 ( 1 ) : 297 -- 311 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2002 - 020369 . PMID 12519869 . Jump up ^ Köpp W , Blum WF , von Prittwitz S , et al. ( July 1997 ) . `` Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females '' . Molecular Psychiatry . 2 ( 4 ) : 335 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. mp. 4000287 . PMID 9246675 . Jump up ^ Chan JL , Matarese G , Shetty GK , et al. ( May 2006 ) . `` Differential regulation of metabolic , neuroendocrine , and immune function by leptin in humans '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 22 ) : 8481 -- 6 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0505429103 . PMC 1482518 . PMID 16714386 . Jump up ^ Konstantinovsky , Michelle . `` Amenorrhea : Dieting to the extreme '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hickson , Anna - Sofie . `` Amenorrhea Side Effects '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Comenitz , Linda ( 1983 ) . `` The psychological effects of secondary amenorrhea in women runners '' . Clinical Social Work Journal . 11 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 96 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00755658 . Jump up ^ Willacy , Hayley . `` Combined Oral Contraceptive ( Follow - up and Common Problems ) '' . 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Jump up ^ Lewis , PR ; Brown , JB ; Renfree , MB ; Short , RV ( March 1991 ) . `` The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well - nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time '' . Fertility and Sterility. 55 ( 3 ) : 529 -- 36 . PMID 2001754 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Labbok , M. `` Physiology of lactational amenorrhea and its implications for spacing of pregnancies '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kathy ( April -- May 1990 ) . `` Lactation and contraception '' ( PDF ) . Ginecologla y Obstetricia de Mexico . 58 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tersigni , C. ; Castellani , R. ; de Waure , C. ; Fattorossi , A. ; De Spirito , M. ; Gasbarrini , A. ; Scambia , G. ; Di Simone , N. ( 2014 ) . `` Celiac disease and reproductive disorders : meta - analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 4 ) : 582 -- 593 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmu007 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24619876 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Saccone G , Berghella V , Sarno L , Maruotti GM , Cetin I , Greco L , Khashan AS , McCarthy F , Martinelli D , Fortunato F , Martinelli P ( Oct 9 , 2015 ) . `` Celiac disease and obstetric complications : a systematic review and metaanalysis '' . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 214 : 225 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2015.09. 080 . PMID 26432464 . Jump up ^ Rousset , P ; Raudrant , D ; Peyron , N ; Buy , JN ; Valette , PJ ; Hoeffel , C ( September 2013 ) . `` Ultrasonography and MRI features of the Mayer - Rokitansky - Küster - Hauser syndrome '' . Clinical radiology. 68 ( 9 ) : 945 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crad. 2013.04. 005 . PMID 23725784 . ^ Jump up to : Newson , Louise . `` Amenorrhea '' . ^ Jump up to : Welt , Corrine K. `` Etiology , diagnosis , and treatment of primary amenorrhea '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Master - Hunter , Tarannum ; Diana L. Heiman ( April 2006 ) . `` Amenorrhea : Evaluation and Treatment '' . American Family Physician. 8 . 73 ( 8 ) : 1374 -- 1382 . PMID 16669559 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Welt , Corrine . `` Etiology , diagnosis , and treatment of secondary amenorrhea '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : American Medical Society for Sports Medicine ( 24 April 2014 ) , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Association of Blood Banks , archived from the original on 29 July 2014 , retrieved 29 July 2014 , which cites De Souza , MJ ; Nattiv , A ; Joy , E ; Misra , M ; Williams , NI ; Mallinson , RJ ; Gibbs , JC ; Olmsted , M ; Goolsby , M ; Matheson , G ; Expert , Panel ( Feb 2014 ) . `` 2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad : 1st International Conference held in San Francisco , California , May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis , Indiana , May 2013 '' . British journal of sports medicine . 48 ( 4 ) : 289 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsports - 2013 - 093218 . PMID 24463911 . Javed , A ; Tebben , PJ ; Fischer , PR ; Lteif , AN ( Sep 2013 ) . `` Female athlete triad and its components : toward improved screening and management '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 88 ( 9 ) : 996 -- 1009 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mayocp. 2013.07. 001 . PMID 24001492 . Nazem , TG ; Ackerman , KE ( Jul 2012 ) . `` The female athlete triad '' . Sports health . 4 ( 4 ) : 302 -- 11 . doi : 10.1177 / 1941738112439685 . PMC 3435916 . PMID 23016101 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Martínez , Maricedes ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` PI3K : an attractive candidate for the central integration of metabolism and reproduction '' . Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2 : 6 -- 15 . doi : 10.3389 / fendo. 2011.00110 . PMC 3356143 . PMID 22654843 . Jump up ^ Chan , Jean L ; Mantzoros , Christos S ( 8 July 2005 ) . `` Role of leptin in energy - deprivation states : normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa '' . The Lancet . 366 ( 9479 ) : 74 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 66830 - 4 . PMID 15993236 . Jump up ^ Gladwell , Malcolm ( 2000 - 03 - 10 ) . `` John Rock 's Error '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : N91. 0 - N91. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 626.0 MeSH : D000568 DiseasesDB : 14843 External resources MedlinePlus : 001218 eMedicine : article / 953850 Patient UK : Amenorrhea Look up amenorrhea in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Disability Online 's amenorrhoea page Disability Online 's athletic amenorrhoea page Amenorrhea Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals ( N70 -- N99 , 614 -- 629 ) Internal Adnexa Ovary Endometriosis of ovary Female infertility Anovulation Poor ovarian reserve Mittelschmerz Oophoritis Ovarian apoplexy Ovarian cyst Corpus luteum cyst Follicular cyst of ovary Theca lutein cyst Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Ovarian torsion Fallopian tube Female infertility Fallopian tube obstruction Hematosalpinx Hydrosalpinx Salpingitis Uterus Endometrium Asherman 's syndrome Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial polyp Endometriosis Endometritis menstruation flow Amenorrhoea Hypomenorrhea Oligomenorrhea pain Dysmenorrhea PMS timing Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Female infertility Recurrent miscarriage Myometrium Adenomyosis Parametrium Parametritis Cervix Cervical dysplasia Cervical incompetence Cervical polyp Cervicitis Female infertility Cervical stenosis Nabothian cyst General Hematometra / Pyometra Retroverted uterus Vagina Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge Vaginitis Atrophic vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Candidal vulvovaginitis Hydrocolpos Sexual dysfunction Dyspareunia Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Sexual arousal disorder Vaginismus Urogenital fistulas Ureterovaginal Vesicovaginal Obstetric fistula Rectovaginal fistula Prolapse Cystocele Enterocele Rectocele Sigmoidocele Urethrocele Vaginal bleeding Postcoital bleeding Other / general Pelvic congestion syndrome Pelvic inflammatory disease External Vulva Bartholin 's cyst Kraurosis vulvae Vestibular papillomatosis Vulvitis Vulvodynia Clitoral hood or clitoris Clitorism Menstrual cycle Events and phases Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Life stages Menarche Menopause Tracking Signs Basal body temperature Cervical mucus Mittelschmerz Systems Fertility awareness Calendar - based methods Billings Ovulation Method Creighton Model Suppression Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive Lactational amenorrhea Disorders Amenorrhea Anovulation Dysmenorrhea Hypomenorrhea Irregular menstruation Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Related events Folliculogenesis Menstrual synchrony Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Sexual activity In culture and religion Chhaupadi Menstrual hygiene day Menstrual taboo Niddah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amenorrhea&oldid=850827230 '' Categories : Menstrual disorders Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition ( new ) Pages using infobox medical condition with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 05 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	amenorrhea is often associated with lower estrogen levels and an increased risk of ____.	[ "The social effects of amenorrhoea on a person vary significantly. Amenorrhoea is often associated with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders, which have their own effects. If secondary amenorrhoea is triggered early in life, for example through excessive exercise or weight loss, menarche may not return later in life. A woman in this situation may be unable to become pregnant, even with the help of drugs. Long-term amenorrhoea leads to an estrogen deficiency which can bring about menopause at an early age. The hormone estrogen plays a significant role in regulating calcium loss after ages 25–30. When her ovaries no longer produce estrogen because of amenorrhoea, a woman is more likely to suffer rapid calcium loss, which in turn can lead to osteoporosis.[13] Increased testosterone levels cause by amenorrhoea may lead to body hair growth and decreased breast size.[14] Increased levels of androgens, especially testosterone, can also lead to ovarian cysts. Some research among amenorrhoeic runners indicates that the loss of menses may be accompanied by a loss of self-esteem.[15]\n" ]	[ "osteoporosis" ]
-8035799817923460428	Big Brother (U.S. TV series)	Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. reality television show . For other uses , see Big Brother ( disambiguation ) . For the recently concluded season , see Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) . For the digital edition , see Big Brother : Over The Top . For the celebrity edition , see Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . Big Brother Network Channels ( hide ) CBS ( broadcast ) 2000 -- CBS All Access ( digital ) 2016 Presenters Current presenters ( hide ) Big Brother Julie Chen 2000 -- Former presenters ( show ) Ian O'Malley 2000 Jeff Schroeder 2012 -- 2017 Shows Editions ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : Over The Top 2016 Celebrity Big Brother 2018 Current shows ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : After Dark 2007 -- Former shows ( show ) House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show 2004 -- 2008 Big Brother : Live Chat 2012 -- 2017 Seasons Previous season ( show ) Big Brother 19 HouseGuests Winner : Josh Martinez Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : Christmas Abbott , Kevin Schlehuber , Alex Ow , Raven Walton , Jason Dent , Matthew Cines , Mark Jansen , Elena Davies , Cody Nickson , Jessica Graf , Ramses Soto , Dominique Cooper , Jillian Parker , Megan Lowder ( walked ) , Cameron Heard Big Brother : Over the Top HouseGuests Winner : Morgan Willett Runner - up : Jason Roy 2nd Runner - up : Kryssie Ridolfi Others : Justin Duncan , Shelby Stockton , Danielle Lickey , Whitney Hogg , Alex Willett , Scott Dennis , Neeley Jackson , Shane Chapman , Monte Massongill , Michael `` Cornbread '' Ligon Big Brother 18 HouseGuests Winner : Nicole Franzel Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : James Huling , Corey Brooks , Victor Arroyo , Natalie Negrotti , Michelle Meyer , Paulie Calafiore , Bridgette Dunning , Zakiyah Everette , Da'Vonne Rogers , Frank Eudy , Tiffany Rousso , Bronte D'Acquisto , Jozea Flores , Glenn Garcia Big Brother 17 HouseGuests Winner : Steve Moses Runner - up : Liz Nolan Others : Vanessa Rousso , John McGuire , Austin Matelson , Julia Nolan , James Huling , Meg Maley , Becky Burgess , Jackie Ibarra , Shelli Poole , Clay Honeycutt , Jason Roy , Audrey Middleton , Jeff Weldon , Da'Vonne Rogers , Jace Agolli Big Brother 16 HouseGuests Winner : Derrick Levasseur Runner - up : Cody Calafiore Others : Victoria Rafaeli , Caleb Reynolds , Frankie Grande , Christine Brecht , Nicole Franzel , Donny Thompson , Zach Rance , Hayden Voss , Jocasta Odom , Amber Borzotra , Brittany Martinez , Devin Shepherd , Paola Shea , Joey Van Pelt Big Brother 15 HouseGuests Winner : Andy Herren Runner - up : GinaMarie Zimmerman Others : Spencer Clawson , McCrae Olson , Judd Daugherty , Elissa Slater , Amanda Zuckerman , Aaryn Gries , Helen Kim , Jessie Kowalski , Candice Stewart , Howard Overby , Kaitlin Barnaby , Jeremy McGuire , Nick Uhas , David Girton Big Brother 14 HouseGuests Winner : Ian Terry Runner - up : Dan Gheesling Others : Danielle Murphree , Shane Meaney , Jenn Arroyo , Joe Arvin , Frank Eudy , Britney Haynes , Ashley Iocco , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Wil Heuser , Janelle Pierzina , JoJo Spatafora , Willie Hantz ( expelled ) , Kara Monaco , Jodi Rollins Big Brother 13 HouseGuests Winner : Rachel Reilly Runner - up : Porsche Briggs Others : Adam Poch , Jordan Lloyd , Kalia Booker , Shelly Moore , Jeff Schroeder , Daniele Donato , Brendon Villegas , Lawon Exum , Dominic Briones , Cassi Colvin , Keith Henderson , Dick Donato ( walked ) Big Brother 12 HouseGuests Winner : Hayden Moss Runner - up : Lane Elenburg Others : Enzo Palumbo , Britney Haynes , Ragan Fox , Brendon Villegas , Matt Hoffman , Kathy Hillis , Rachel Reilly , Kristen Bitting , Andrew Gordon , Monet Stunson , Annie Whittington Big Brother 11 HouseGuests Winner : Jordan Lloyd Runner - up : Natalie Martinez Others : Kevin Campbell , Michele Noonan , Jeff Schroeder , Russell Kairouz , Lydia Tavera , Chima Simone ( expelled ) , Jessie Godderz , Ronnie Talbott , Casey Turner , Laura Crosby , Braden Bacha Big Brother 10 HouseGuests Winner : Dan Gheesling Runner - up : Robert `` Memphis '' Garrett Others : Jerry MacDonald , Keesha Smith , Lorenza `` Renny '' Martyn , Bryan Ollie , Michelle Costa , April Dowling , Libra Thompson , Jessie Godderz , Angie Swindell , Steven Daigle , Brian Hart Big Brother 9 HouseGuests Winner : Adam Jasinski Runner - up : Ryan Quicksall Others : Sheila Kennedy , Sharon Obermueller , Natalie Cunial , James Zinkland , Joshuah Welch , Chelsia Hart , Matt McDonald , Allison Nichols , Alex Coladonato , Amanda Hansen , Jen Diturno , Parker Somerville , Neil Garcia ( walked ) , Jacob Heald Big Brother 8 HouseGuests Winner : Dick Donato Runner - up : Daniele Donato Others : Zach Swerdzewski , Jameka Cameron , Eric Stein , Jessica Hughbanks , Amber Tomcavage , Jen Johnson , Dustin Erikstrup , Kail Harbick , Nick Starcevic , Mike Dutz , Joe Barber , Carol Journey Big Brother 7 : All - Stars HouseGuests Winner : Mike `` Boogie '' Malin Runner - up : Erika Landin Others : Janelle Pierzina , Will Kirby , George Boswell , Danielle Reyes , James Rhine , Howie Gordon , Marcellas Reynolds , Kaysar Ridha , Diane Henry , Jase Wirey , Nakomis Dedmon , Alison Irwin Big Brother 6 HouseGuests Winner : Maggie Ausburn Runner - up : Ivette Corredero Others : Janelle Pierzina , April Lewis , Howie Gordon , Beau Beasley , James Rhine , Rachel Plencner , Jennifer Vasquez , Kaysar Ridha , Sarah Hrejsa , Eric Littmann , Michael Donnellan , Ashlea Evans Big Brother 5 HouseGuests Winner : Drew Daniel Runner - up : Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis Others : Diane Henry , Jennifer `` Nakomis '' Dedmon , Karen O'Neil Ganci , Marvin Latimer , Adria Montgomery - Klein , Natalie Montgomery - Carroll , Will Wikle , Jase Wirey , Scott Long , Holly King , Lori Valenti , Mike Lubinski Big Brother 4 HouseGuests Winner : Jun Song Runner - up : Alison Irwin Others : Robert Roman , Erika Landin , Jee Choe , Jack Owens , Justin Giovinco , Nathan Marlow , Dana Varela , David Lane , Michelle Maradie , Amanda Craig , Scott Weintraub ( expelled ) Big Brother 3 HouseGuests Winner : Lisa Donahue Runner - up : Danielle Reyes Others : Jason Guy , Amy Crews , Marcellas Reynolds , Roddy Mancuso , Gerry Lancaster , Chiara Berti , Josh Feinberg , Eric Ouellette , Tonya Paoni , Lori Olsen Big Brother 2 HouseGuests Winner : Will Kirby Runner - up : Nicole Schaffrich Others : Monica Bailey , Hardy Ames - Hill , Bill `` Bunky '' Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Shannon Dragoo , Autumn Daly , Sheryl Braxton , Justin Sebik ( expelled ) Big Brother 1 HouseGuests Winner : Eddie McGee Runner - up : Josh Souza 2nd Runner - up : Curtis Kin Others : Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler , Jean Jordan , William Collins Big Brother is a television reality game show based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The series follows a group of contestants , known as HouseGuests , who are living together in a custom - built home under constant surveillance . The HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world and can have no communication with those not in the house . The contestants are competing for a $500,000 grand prize , with weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show . The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1984 ) . The series launched on July 5 , 2000 to a successful start , though ratings and critical reaction continued to grow increasingly negative . This led to the second season being a revamp of the show , featuring a more competition - based challenge . The series has since continued to be a hit for CBS , and is the second longest - running adaptation of the series to date , after the Spanish adaptation . The series currently has two spin - offs : Big Brother : Over The Top , which was the first reality game show to air exclusively on a streaming platform airing in Fall 2016 on CBS 's streaming service , CBS All Access ; and Celebrity Big Brother , set to air on CBS in early 2018 . CBS also renewed the series for a 19th and 20th season . The 19th season premiered on June 28 , 2017 , while the 20th season is expected to air in the summer of 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Series 1.2 Companion shows 1.3 Spin - offs 2 Format 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 -- present 3 Broadcast 4 Competitions 4.1 Head of Household ( HOH ) 4.2 Power of Veto ( POV ) 4.3 Food and luxury 4.4 Battle of the Block 4.5 Battle Back 5 Series details and viewership 6 Controversy and criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Series ( edit ) A view of CBS Studio Center sound stage 18 , where the house is located The series was bought by CBS in early 2000 for an estimated $20 million . The United States version of the series officially premiered on July 5 , 2000 when the original ten housemates entered the house . Since its inception , the show has been hosted by television personality Julie Chen . It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly on the Wall Entertainment and Endemol Shine North America ( formerly Endemol USA ) . The success of the series has spawned several spin - offs . The series airs once a year , during the summer , with the exception of the ninth season which aired in spring of 2008 and the Over the Top spinoff series broadcasting in fall 2016 . Currently , 19 seasons of the show have aired , along with one digital season . The show has aired a total of 545 episodes since it premiered , with the September 5 , 2013 airing marking the 500th episode . To date , there have been a total of 253 HouseGuests compete in the series . Upon entering the house , the HouseGuests who leave the house without permission are not allowed to return . Should a HouseGuest break the rules set in the house , they can be expelled from the house . To date , there have been a total of four HouseGuests expelled from the house because of acts of violence and / or rule - breaking . There have only been three HouseGuests who have voluntarily left the game for reasons relating to personal matters . Companion shows ( edit ) Since its premiere , there have been numerous companion programs to the show . In 2004 , the web series House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show ( 2004 -- 08 ) began airing . The series , which lasted for thirty minutes and aired on weeknights , allowed fans to call in and discuss the events of the game . This made House Calls the first live Internet talk show produced exclusively for a television network . The series was initially hosted by Gretchen Massey and Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds during its first two seasons . Beginning with the show 's third season , a new co-host was featured on the series each day , with some returning more than once . During the show 's fifth and sixth seasons , each co-host was given a designated day of the week to host alongside Gretchen . Following the show 's sixth season , it was confirmed that it would not be renewed . Big Brother : After Dark , a second companion series , was debuted in 2007 and aired on Showtime Too nightly from 12 a.m. to 3 a.m. Eastern Time . The series continued this schedule until 2013 , when it was moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Former HouseGuest Jeff Schroeder began hosting the Big Brother : Live Chat online discussion show in 2012 , where he interviewed the HouseGuests both before they enter the house and following their evictions . He also performed post-finale backyard interviews with the cast . On August 10 , 2017 , Schroeder announced that he was moving to Colorado and would no longer be able to do the interviews . Spin - offs ( edit ) There have been two spin - off editions of Big Brother . In October 2016 , CBS premiered a spin - off web series , Big Brother : Over the Top , as an original series for CBS All Access . Unlike the flagship , television version , it was broadcast exclusively online with a shorter , 10 - week season . The second spin - off , Celebrity Big Brother , is set to air in the winter of 2018 on CBS . Though not an actual spin - off , the Canadian edition of the series is the first and currently only series to adopt the American format of Big Brother . Format ( edit ) Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants , referred to as HouseGuests , live in a custom - built `` house '' ( actually a set built on a CBS stage in Los Angeles , Stage 18 in recent editions ) , constantly under video surveillance . While in the house , the contestants are completely isolated from the outside world , meaning no phone , television , internet , magazines , newspaper , or contact with those not in the house . This rule could be broken , however , in the event of a medical injury , a family emergency or death . The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment , and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals , beliefs , and prejudices . While a competition , the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests . Though locked in the house , the HouseGuests are free to quit the game , though will not be allowed entry back into the house . Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game , they could be expelled from the house , and unable to return . The contestants compete for a grand prize of $500,000 . Season 1 ( edit ) The premiere season used the original format of the series , which originated in the Netherlands . HouseGuests were required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential banishment , and the two with the most votes would be nominated . Should multiple HouseGuests receive the most nominations , then more than two HouseGuests were marked for banishment . This process was mandatory for all HouseGuests , and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house . The HouseGuests in these seasons were forbidden from discussing nominations , and doing so could result in punishment . The public , through a vote conducted by phone , would vote to banish one of the nominated HouseGuests from the house , and the HouseGuest with the most votes from the viewers would be banished from the house . When only three HouseGuests remained , the viewers would vote for which of them should win the series , and the HouseGuest with the most votes would become the winner . The format , during that season , was plagued with a negative reception from both critics and viewers . Season 2 -- present ( edit ) Big Brother 14 winner , Ian Terry , with the Diamond Power of Veto Having spent millions on the series , CBS issued a second season of the series and announced that various changes would occur with the format . The current format of the series is focused more on competition and strategy than the original series . At the start of each week in the house , the HouseGuests compete for the title of Head of Household . The Head of Household for each week is given luxuries such as their own personal bedroom and free laundry service , but is responsible for nominating two HouseGuests for eviction . The Head of Household would not be able to compete in the following week 's Head of Household competition , meaning that a HouseGuest could not hold the title for two weeks in a row , except for the final week or other stated circumstances . All HouseGuests excluding the Head of Household and nominees later vote to determine which of the two nominees should be evicted , and the nominated HouseGuest who received the most votes is evicted during a live episode . If there is a tie in the voting , the reigning Head of Household is required to make the tie - breaker decision . Unlike other versions of Big Brother , the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely . The HouseGuests also competed in Have - Not competitions , in which the losers were required to solely eat slop for the rest of the week , as well as sleep in a special bedroom . Upon reaching a point in the game , the evicted HouseGuests go on to become members of the Jury ; the Jury is responsible for choosing who wins the series . The members of the Jury are not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations . Once only two HouseGuests remain , the members of the Jury cast their votes for who should win the series . Jessie Godderz , holds the record for most appearances on Big Brother with two appearances as a HouseGuest and six appearances as a speacial guest . To keep the series intriguing , each season typically features a new twist to change the format of the game . This began with Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) and the `` Expect the Unexpected '' twist . Other seasons feature smaller twists than have a smaller impact on the game , usually affecting that sole week . The most notable example of this is Pandora 's Box , a twist that originated in Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) . The twist sees the current Head of Household for that week being tempted by the box , and can choose to either open the box or leave it . Should a HouseGuest choose to open Pandora 's Box , both good and bad consequences could be unleashed into the house ; these can affect not only the Head of Household but the other housemates. Similar formats are applied in later seasons , for example , the Den of Temptation introduced in season 19 . Secret powers have also appeared in the past . Mike Malin was the first HouseGuest to receive a secret power , earning the Coup d'État during Big Brother : All - Stars ( 2006 ) . The Coup d'État allowed the holder to remove one or both nominees from the block on eviction night , as well as choose who is nominated in their place . Malin chose not to use the power , and it subsequently returned during Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) when Jeff Schroeder was given the power by the viewers . Matt Hoffman was given a Diamond Power of Veto during Big Brother 12 ( 2010 ) , which allowed him to remove one HouseGuest from the block and choose the replacement nominee . During Big Brother 14 ( 2012 ) , HouseGuest Ian Terry won a second Power of Veto , which could be used the same as the normal Power of Veto . There have been many seasons in which there has been a twist that allows an evicted HouseGuest to return to the game as if they never left . This happened by either a vote or by a competition . From season 18 onward this was referred to as the Battle Back Competition . After being evicted the HouseGuests remained sequestered either separately from each other or ( if occurring post-jury ) together in the jury house . Those who elected to leave sequester or who leave the game voluntarily were ineligible to return . In Big Brother 3 , the first four evictees competed in a competition where they were asked questions about how much they would give up to re-enter the house . The two who gave up the most faced a vote of the house as to who would return . In Big Brother 6 , three of the first four evictees were voted on by an America 's Vote where the winner returned to the house . In Big Brother 9 and Big Brother 13 , the first few evictees were also voted on by the public . Then a house vote was held on whether to bring back the most recent evictee or the person America chose known only to them as the `` mystery HouseGuest '' . During Big Brother 18 and Big Brother 19 there was a competition to determine who would return to the house Jessie Godderz has made the most Big Brother appearances in the show 's history , appearing in seasons 10 and 11 as a HouseGuest and in seasons 12 -- 14 and 17 -- 19 in a special guest appearance . Victor Arroyo became the first HouseGuest to reenter the house for a third time in the same season while Paul Abrahamian became the first HouseGuest to make it to the final two twice but still not win . Broadcast ( edit ) Julie Chen , seen here with Les Moonves , has hosted the series since its premiere . Since its launch in the United States , Big Brother has aired on CBS . The show is simulcast in Canada on Global . The fourth and ninth seasons have both aired in the United Kingdom , the latter airing in the Spring season . The first season featured a total of six episodes per week , though all future installments would air three nights per week . Of these three episodes , the weekly eviction episode is the only one that is live ; this is the only episode to feature host Julie Chen . This show generally airs on Thursdays . To date , there have been a total of 558 episodes of the series to air . With the exception of the ninth season , the series typically airs once a year during the Summer season . The first fifteen seasons aired in standard definition , with the sixteenth season being the first to be produced in HD . Before the series made the transfer , it was the last remaining regularly scheduled Primetime series to remain in standard definition . CBS released the entire third season as a nine - disc set on Region 1 DVD . This made it the first season to receive an official release , and has since become a rare item to find . The fourth season saw the release of a two - disc highlights DVD , featuring previously unseen footage deemed too racy for the main broadcast . To date , these are the only seasons to see a physical release . Beginning with the seventh season , all future seasons are available for purchase on digital retail sites . With the fifteenth season , TVGN ( now Pop ) began airing re-runs of the series at later dates , making it the first season to be aired following its premiere ; this continued with the sixteenth season . Subscribers to CBS All Access are able to stream the complete run of Big Brother , including the differently - formatted first season , and an episode of Big Brother 2 that did not air in most markets due to ongoing coverage of the September 11 attacks . One of the main aspects of the series is the live feeds , in which viewers can view inside the house at any time . The live feeds have been a part of the series since its inception , initially being offered as a free service during the first season . From the second season onward , a subscription to the live feeds has been required , with the price ranging each year . The first season 's feeds were available on the show 's official site , hosted by AOL . From the second season to the fourteenth season , the feeds were available through RealNetworks either as a subscription or as a free addition for Gold members . With the fifteenth season onward , the live feeds have aired on the official CBS website , again requiring a subscription from users . Though advertised as being available at any time , the feeds are shut off during the weekly nomination ceremony , Power of Veto ceremony , and the competitions and evictions for that week ; this is to provide suspense for the series . Slanderous statements and singing of copyrighted music are also blocked for legal reasons . CBS is set to be premiering Celebrity Big Brother in the winter of 2018 . It will be the first spin - off to air on the broadcast network , and the second season overall to air in the winter television season . The celebrity edition is expected to air in a concentrated run with fewer episodes . However , this edition will air multiple episodes each week and continue to have live feeds and the After Dark companion show as with the main edition . Competitions ( edit ) Head of Household ( HOH ) ( edit ) The Head of Household competition is held at the beginning of each week , and is most often performed on the live eviction episode . Most often , the first Head of Household competition will require HouseGuests to participate either in pairs or in teams . While the fourth , fifth , and eighth seasons had the HouseGuests competing in pairs , the sixth , seventh , eleventh , twelfth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth editions all saw HouseGuests competing as part of a group . The live Head of Household competitions are typically question based , and will see HouseGuests eliminated each round . Competitions such as `` Majority Rules '' have been used numerous times , with the game being played in the fourth , fifth , sixth , eighth , tenth , and twelfth seasons ; a variation of the competition was used in the seventh season . Some competitions will attempt to cause drama in the house , such as the `` En Garde '' Head of Household competition in which the winner of each round selected the next two to face off against one another . This competition was later used in the tenth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth seasons . Various competitions throughout the season will be endurance , requiring HouseGuests to be the last one remaining in the competition . Endurance competitions are often held after game changing announcements , such as when a previously evicted HouseGuest returns . Various endurance competitions may have punished or reward contestants who either fall off first or last . Skill based competitions also appear frequently throughout the season , some of which may last for numerous hours . Skill competitions , such as the thirteenth season 's `` Big Brother Open '' , are finished during the live eviction broadcast . The final Head of Household competition of each season features three rounds ; the first is endurance , the second is skill , and the final is question based . The record for most Head of Household competitions won in a single season is held by Drew Daniel , Janelle Pierzina , Hayden Moss , Rachel Reilly , Ian Terry , Aaryn Gries , Caleb Reynolds , Vanessa Rousso and Steve Moses in terms of reigns . Frankie Grande won HOH 5 times the sixteenth season , however he was dethroned twice due to the dual HoH twist that was in play during his season , and third reign was rewound due to the rewind button twist . This leaves Frankie with just two full reigns as HoH . Ian Terry has the record for most consecutive Head of Household wins , with four ( winning at the Final 9 , 7 , 5 and 3 rounds ) . One of the Head of Household 's duties is to nominate 2 people for eviction . Victoria from the sixteenth season holds the record for most times being nominated with nine . Power of Veto ( PoV ) ( edit ) The Power of Veto symbol , used since its creation The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3 . During it 's first season , it did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use it on themselves . The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto , and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themself from the block . Following this , the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons . The Diamond Power of Veto , used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block , as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction. Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition , with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature . Competitions such as the `` Pop Goes the Veto ! '' competition , which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word , have been used in numerous consecutive seasons . Competitions such as the `` Big Brother Boardwalk '' competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is ; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition . The `` How Bad Do You Want It ? '' Power of Veto competition , first introduced in the seventh season , saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition . Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons . HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina , Daniele Donato & Paul Abrahamian currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season , with five wins each . HouseGuests James Zinkand , Frank Eudy , and Shane Meaney all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins , with three each . Food and luxury ( edit ) Food and luxury competitions have been a part of the series since it first premiered . In early seasons , the losers of the food competition would be placed on a peanut butter and jelly diet , and would not be permitted to eat any other foods . Beginning with Big Brother 7 , the losers of the Have - Not competition were required to eat `` Big Brother Slop '' for food , sleep in the Have - Not bedroom , and take cold showers for the week . Slop has proven to be an issue for some HouseGuests ; Hypoglycemic HouseGuest Amanda Hansen fainted and had a seizure after only a few days of being on the slop diet , while HouseGuest Allison Nichols had an allergic reaction to the slop ( both of these cases occurred in Big Brother 9 ) . Both women were medically evacuated from the house , though they returned the following morning . HouseGuests who choose to break the slop rule are punished by Big Brother . HouseGuest Jen Johnson from Big Brother 8 was the first HouseGuest to break the food restriction rules , and earned a penalty eviction vote for doing so ; she was ultimately evicted that week . Audrey Middleton from Big Brother 17 and Matt Clines from Big Brother 19 also broke the rules and earned a penalty vote and ultimately evicted . HouseGuests Jeff Schroeder and Kevin Campbell of Big Brother 11 also broke the rules , to a lesser degree , and earned an extra day on the slop diet . The HouseGuests also frequently compete in luxury competitions during their time in the house . Most frequently , HouseGuests will compete for the right to watch a film or television show in the house . When competitions for films or television shows occur , an actor or actress from the series may enter the house to host the competition or speak with the HouseGuests . Actors such as Jeremy Piven , David Hasselhoff , and Neil Patrick Harris have all entered the house to participate in luxury competitions or rewards . Battle of the block ( edit ) The Battle of the Block was first introduced during Big Brother 16 , and was reintroduced during the premiere of Big Brother 17 . Instead of the normal singular Head of Household ( HOH ) , two HOHs were named for that week . Each would then nominate a pair of nominees . These two pairs of nominees would compete against each other in a competition . The winning pair was safe from eviction and dethroned the HOH that nominated , allowing for the other HOH to remain in power for the rest of the week . While the winning pair was safe from eviction for the rest of the week , the dethroned HOH was not . There were eight Battle of the Block competitions in season 16 and five in season 17 . Battle Back ( edit ) The Battle Back Competition allows an evicted house guest to return into the house and play as if they had never left . This competition was first introduced in Season 18 and returned to play a role in Season 19 as well . During Season 18 , the first two evicted house guests battled one on one , and the winner went on to compete against the third . The winner of that matchup would face the next evicted HouseGuest , and the winner of the final match - up re-entered the game . Victor Arroyo was the winner . Also that season , jury members competed alongside the HouseGuests still in the game . The last HouseGuest standing became the new HoH while the last Jury member standing returned to the game . Victor won this Battle Back making him the first HouseGuest in Big Brother history to reenter the game in the same season for a third time . This version of the Battle Back did not return for season 19 . During Season 19 , the four evicted house guests played against each other in one competition . The top two then played head - to - head , and the winner then had to face off against a member inside the house . If the evicted house guest won , they would re-enter the game . However , if the non-evicted house guest won , no one would re-enter the game and all four evicted house guests would be permanently eliminated . Cody Nickson beat Paul Abrahamian in the final round and reentered the game . Series details and viewership ( edit ) Main edition Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Final Vote Runner - Up Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes July 5 , 2000 September 29 , 2000 88 10 Eddie McGee 59 -- 27 -- 14 % Josh Souza 9.10 70 July 5 , 2001 September 20 , 2001 82 12 Will Kirby 5 -- 2 Nicole Schaffrich 7.90 30 July 10 , 2002 September 25 , 2002 Lisa Donahue 9 -- 1 Danielle Reyes 8.70 33 July 8 , 2003 September 24 , 2003 13 Jun Song 6 -- 1 Alison Irwin 8.80 33 5 July 6 , 2004 September 21 , 2004 14 ! 14 Drew Daniel 4 -- 3 Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis 8.30 31 6 July 7 , 2005 September 20 , 2005 80 14 Maggie Ausburn 4 -- 3 Ivette Corredro 7.24 30 7 July 6 , 2006 September 12 , 2006 72 14 ! 14 ( All Returnees ) Mike `` Boogie '' Malin 6 -- 1 Erika Landin 7.56 28 8 July 5 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 81 14 `` Evel '' Dick Donato 5 -- 2 Daniele Donato 7.52 33 9 February 12 , 2008 April 27 , 2008 16 Adam Jasinski 6 -- 1 Ryan Quicksall 6.56 33 10 July 13 , 2008 September 16 , 2008 71 13 Dan Gheesling 7 -- 0 Memphis Garrett 6.72 29 11 July 9 , 2009 September 15 , 2009 73 13 ! 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Jordan Lloyd 5 -- 2 Natalie Martinez 7.19 30 12 July 8 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 75 13 Hayden Moss 4 -- 3 Lane Elenburg 7.76 30 13 July 7 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 14 ! 14 ( 6 Returnees ) Rachel Reilly 4 -- 3 Porsche Briggs 7.95 29 14 July 12 , 2012 September 19 , 2012 16 ! 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Ian Terry 6 -- 1 Dan Gheesling 6.79 30 15 June 26 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 90 16 Andy Herren 7 -- 2 GinaMarie Zimmerman 6.47 36 16 June 25 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 97 Derrick Levasseur 7 -- 2 Cody Calafiore 6.41 40 17 June 24 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 98 17 ! 17 Steve Moses 6 -- 3 Liz Nolan 6.18 40 18 June 22 , 2016 September 21 , 2016 99 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Nicole Franzel 5 -- 4 Paul Abrahamian 5.78 42 19 June 28 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 92 17 ( 1 Returnee ) Josh Martinez 5 -- 4 6.06 39 20 Summer 2018 Summer 2018 Spin - Offs Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Final Vote Runner - Up Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes Over the Top September 28 , 2016 December 1 , 2016 65 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Morgan Willett America 's Vote Jason Roy N / A 10 Celebrity Big Brother Winter 2018 2018 ^ 1 For the first season of the main edition and the digital edition , the public voted to determine the winner between the three finalists . However , the voting percentages were not revealed for BBOTT . ^ 2 Thirteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first four evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 3 The 14 returning HouseGuests were chosen among 20 candidates -- eight through public vote , and six by the producers . ^ 4 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among four candidates , determined by a competition . ^ 5 One of the HouseGuests was expelled from the house during the season . Due to this , their vote was instead decided by the American public . ^ 6 Sixteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first five evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 7 The returning HouseGuest entered the house as a result of an opening night twist . ^ 8 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among two candidates , determined by public vote . The candidates were from the main edition . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Since its inception , Big Brother has been criticized following reports of `` HIB '' ( Harassment , Intimidation , and Bullying ) , violence in the house , obscene language , breach of integrity , and the physical and mental strain of appearing on the series . See also ( edit ) Big Brother franchise Big Brother ( UK ) Big Brother Canada Big Brother ( Australia ) Big Brother Brasil Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Telugu List of Big Brother U.S. HouseGuests The Glass House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Moves to Fall on CBS All Access '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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July 14 , 2009 . 39 : 20 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Episode Four '' . Big Brother 11 . Season 11 . Episode 1 . July 16 , 2009 . 33 : 20 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Peanut Butter Brigade : Dedicated To The Big Brother 2 Cast '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' twist unveiled '' . JAM ! Showbiz . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' 14 Finale Episode Breakdown : Ian Quacks To 500K `` CBS Detroit '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' recap : Expect the Unexpected '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessica Paff ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Kevin gets stuck in Pandora 's box ? - Zap2it -- News & Features '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : Former Winner Dispenses Advice in Pandora 's Box , But Is It Reward Or Punishment ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' : Pandora 's Box releases a power into the house -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com. 2012 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` Mike Boogie and the coup d'etat '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 11 Episode 16 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' evicts Jessie Godderz after Jeff Schroeder plays twist '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : Matt 's Secret Diamond Power of Veto power is Revealed , Sending Shock Waves Through the House -- on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Terry , Big Brother Winner , Is Richer and More Mature : People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Graham ; The Detroit News ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Life lessons , kinda , from ' Big Brother ' '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Customer Reviews : Big Brother 3 -- The Complete Season '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Best of Big Brother 4 -- X-Factor : Eddie McGee , Josh Souza , Curtis Kin , Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler ( II ) , Jean Jordan , William Collins ( VI ) , Regina Lewis , Drew Pinsky , Will Kirby , Nicole Nilson Schaffrich , Monica Bailey , Hardy - Ames Hill , Bill Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike Malin , Win Media : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Big Brother : Season 14 , Episode 1 `` Episode 1 '' : Amazon Video `` . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TVGN To Air ' Big Brother 15 ′ Entire Week of Episodes on Friday Nights Plus Bonus Hour of ' After Dark ' '' . Big Brother 16 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 2014 Live Feeds -- Season 16 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' bores people to jeers '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` CBS will charge for access to Big Brother 2 live video streams ; houseguests moved in last Sunday . '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Big Brother International . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Careful , Big Brother Is Charging '' . WIRED. 6 July 2001 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Big Brother Live Feeds ? '' . Big Brother 16 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 'S SUMMER OF ' Big Brother ' On - Air ( CBS ) , Online ( RealNetworks , CBS.com and the CBS Audience Network ) , on the Phone ( CBS Mobile ) and New this Summer -- On Showtime ! '' ( CBS press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 11 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CBS and RealNetworks Offer up Big Brother Subscriptions '' . streamingmedia.com . July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 15 ' Spoilers : First Night of Live Feeds , Nominations and Alliances Revealed '' . Buddytv.com. 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2 ca n't stomach ' Big Bro ' slop diet '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2008 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 3 Veto Spoilers , Plus Seizures and Swelling '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Two houseguests hospitalized due to `` slop '' diet ; Amanda had a seizure + reality blurred `` . Realityblurred.com. 2008 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 's ' competing realities -- today > entertainment -- Reality TV '' . TODAY.com. 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jen evicted after receiving Big Brother 's first - ever penalty vote + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . 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The Huffington Post . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrea Reiher ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` ' Big Brother 15 ' house : The racism , misogyny and homophobia comes out ! - -- News & Features '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason St. Amand . `` TV 's ' Big Brother ' Ratings Dive Amid Anti-Gay , Racial Comments '' . South Florida Gay News . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Should CBS Expel ' Big Brother 15 ' HG Aaryn Over Racist Comments ? '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Langston Moore . `` Is Big Brother 13 Rigged ? '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Big Brother '' mutiny brewing ! `` . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Big Brother on IMDb Big Brother at TV.com Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . 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About Wikipedia	where is the big brother house in usa	[ "Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants, referred to as HouseGuests, live in a custom-built \"house\" (actually a set built on a CBS stage in Los Angeles, Stage 18 in recent editions), constantly under video surveillance.[25] While in the house, the contestants are completely isolated from the outside world, meaning no phone, television, internet, magazines, newspaper, or contact with those not in the house.[26] This rule could be broken, however, in the event of a medical injury, a family emergency or death.[27] The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment, and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals, beliefs, and prejudices.[28][29] While a competition, the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests.[30] Though locked in the house, the HouseGuests are free to quit the game, though will not be allowed entry back into the house.[31] Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game, they could be expelled from the house, and unable to return.[32][33] The contestants compete for a grand prize of $500,000.[34][35]" ]	[ "CBS stage in Los Angeles, Stage 18" ]
3801633590593331870	All Eyez on Me	All Eyez on Me - wikipedia All Eyez on Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Tupac Shakur album . For the film about Tupac , see All Eyez on Me ( film ) . For other uses , see All Eyez on Me ( disambiguation ) . All Eyez on Me Studio album by 2Pac Released February 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) Recorded October 13 -- 27 , 1995 Studio Can - Am Studios , Los Angeles , California Genre West Coast hip hop G - funk gangsta rap Length 132 : 20 Label Death Row Interscope Producer Suge Knight ( exec . ) Bobby `` Bobcat '' Ervin Daz Dillinger DeVante Swing DJ Pooh DJ Quik Doug Rasheed Dr. Dre Harold Scrap Freddie Johnny `` J '' Mike Mosley QDIII Rick Rock Timbaland 2Pac Laylaw 2Pac chronology Me Against the World ( 1995 ) Me Against the World 1995 All Eyez on Me ( 1996 ) The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory ( 1996 ) The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory 1996 Singles from All Eyez on Me `` California Love '' Released : December 28 , 1995 `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' Released : May 7 , 1996 `` How Do U Want It '' Released : June 4 , 1996 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' Released : September 15 , 1996 All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper 2Pac and the last one to be released during his lifetime . It was released on February 13 , 1996 , by Death Row Records and Interscope Records . The album featured the Billboard Hot 100 # 1 singles `` How Do U Want It '' and `` California Love '' . It featured five singles in all , the most of any of Shakur 's albums . Moreover , All Eyez on Me ( which was the only Death Row Records release to be distributed through PolyGram by way of Island Records ) made history as the second double - full - length hip - hop solo studio album released for mass consumption ( the first one being IAM 's 1993 Ombre est lumière album ) . It was issued on two compact discs and four LPs . All Eyez on Me was the second album by 2Pac to chart at # 1 on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums charts , selling 566,000 copies in the first week . The album won the 1997 Soul Train R&B / Soul or Rap Album of the Year Award posthumously . Shakur also won the Award for Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Artist at the 24th Annual American Music Awards . The album is among the most acclaimed hip - hop albums of the 1990s . The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA on July 23 , 2014 , almost eighteen years after Shakur 's death . The title of this album , `` All Eyez On Me , '' is the same title used for Tupac 's biopic , released on June 16th , 2017 ; which would have been Shakur 's forty - sixth birthday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 2.1 Lyrical themes 3 Singles 3.1 Hit ' Em Up 4 Critical reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Sample credits 8 Personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 End of decade charts 10 Certifications 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) In October 1995 , Suge Knight and Jimmy Iovine paid the $1.4 million bail necessary to get Shakur released from jail on charges of sexual abuse . At the time , Shakur was broke and thus unable to make bail himself . All Eyez on Me was released following an agreement between Knight and Shakur which stated Shakur would make three albums under Death Row Records in return for them paying his bail . Fulfilling part of Shakur 's brand new contract , this double - album served as the first two albums of his three - album contract . Euthanasia was the initial title of the album until it was changed to All Eyez on Me during the recording process . Shakur explained to MTV 's Bill Bellamy in December 1995 saying : `` It 's called All Eyez on Me . That 's how I feel it is . I got the police watching me , the Feds . I got the females that want to charge me with false charges and sue me and all that . I got the females that like me . I got the jealous homeboys and I got the homies that roll with me . Everybody 's looking to see what I'mma do now so All Eyez on Me . '' All Eyez on Me was originally intended for a Christmas 1995 release but was pushed back as Shakur continued to record music and shoot music videos for the album . Recording and production ( edit ) The album features guest spots from 2Pac 's regulars , such as former - Thug Life members and The Outlawz , as well as Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Tha Dogg Pound , Nate Dogg , and George Clinton , Rappin ' 4 - Tay , The Click , Method Man , and Redman among others . The song `` Heartz of Men '' samples a portion of Richard Pryor 's comedy album That Nigger 's Crazy . Most of the album was produced by Johnny `` J '' and Daz Dillinger , with help from Dr. Dre on the songs `` California Love '' , which he himself appeared in also as an album guest spot , and `` Ca n't C Me '' , which was Clinton 's appearance . DJ Quik also produced , mixed and made an appearance on the album , but had to use his real name on the credits because his contract with Profile Records prevented him from using his stage name . Lyrical themes ( edit ) The songs on All Eyez on Me are , in general , unapologetic celebrations of living the `` Thug Lifestyle '' . Though there is the occasional reminiscence about past and present friends , it is a definite move away from the social and political consciousness of 2Pacalypse Now and Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... The songs on the album along with the name of the album itself , allude to the feeling of being watched . With songs like `` Ca n't C Me '' and `` All Eyez on Me '' , 2Pac makes it known that he feels the presence of surveillance , most notably by the police . The album also references the fact the 2Pac is under the attention of many fans , being his fourth studio album . Singles ( edit ) The first single , `` California Love '' featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman was released , December 28 , 1995 . This is perhaps 2Pac 's best - known song and his most successful , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks ( as a double A-side single with `` How Do U Want It '' ) and 5 weeks at number one in New Zealand . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award as a Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group ( with Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman ) in 1997 . A remix version also produced by Dr. Dre appeared on the album . The song has since been certified 2x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Rapper Snoop Dogg made an appearance on the album 's second single `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' featuring rapper Snoop Dogg , was released as the second single on , May 7 , 1996 . The video was directed by one of 2Pac 's production partners , Gobi M. Rahimi and was filmed four months prior to September 1996 shooting . The prelude for the song shows a parody of Biggie Smalls ( `` Piggie '' ) and Puff Daddy ( `` Buff Daddy '' ) in discussion with Shakur about the November 1994 shooting . The beginning of the scene where Tupac is speaking to Biggie is in reference to the movie Scarface where Tony speaks to his alleged killer before shooting him . The song peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay chart . The third single , `` How Do U Want It '' featuring R&B duo K - Ci & JoJo , was released , June 4 , 1996 . It was a Double A-side single to `` California Love '' in America . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . There were three videos filmed for the song : two in the same set for the single in April 1996 . The video was directed by Ron Hightower and produced by Tracy D. Robinson . These two are distinguished by MPAA rating ( one is certified adult material ) . The video portrays a wild sex party with jacuzzi , mechanical bull riding , cage dancing and pole stripping . All actors and actresses are dressed in renaissance - age costumes , though all clothes are removed for the nude clip . The adult - material video also features numerous porn stars , including Nina Hartley , Heather Hunter , and Angel Kelly . The limousine segment seen in the clean version is the same except no nudity . The third one is the concert version , mostly them performing on stage . There are cameo appearances by K - Ci & JoJo , and fellow group member of Digital Underground Shock G both in the concert and studio segments . `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' featuring singer Danny Boy , was released shortly after Shakur 's death as the final single from the album , on September 15 , 1996 . For the video the song was re-recorded with a live band . The new track was recorded at Can - Am Studios by Conley Abrams . The video was shot weeks before Shakur 's death . Hit ' Em up ( edit ) Main article : Hit ' Em Up Shot from the `` Hit ' Em Up '' music video , with stand - in Biggie ( left ) , Shakur ( center ) , and Lil ' Kim ( right ) `` Hit ' Em Up '' is a diss track featuring the Outlawz . It was released on June 4 , 1996 , as the B - side to the single `` How Do U Want It '' . The song 's lyrics contain vicious insults to several East Coast rappers , including The Notorious B.I.G. , Puffy , Mobb Deep , Lil ' Kim , Lil ' Cease , Chino XL and the entire Junior M.A.F.I.A. . The song was recorded in Los Angeles , California at Can - Am Studios in May 1996 . Reporter Chuck Philips , who interviewed Shakur at Can - Am , described the song as `` a caustic anti-East Coast jihad in which the rapper threatens to eliminate Biggie , Sean Combs ( Puffy ) , and a slew of Bad Boy artists and other New York acts . '' The music video for `` Hit ' Em Up '' was filmed in a warehouse off Slauson Avenue near the Fox Hills Mall in Los Angeles in May 1996 . `` Hit ' Em Up '' had a large role in exacerbating the East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry . The song is widely considered by the American hip hop community as one of the greatest `` diss tracks '' ever recorded . The song did n't appear on All Eyez on Me , due to it being recorded after the release of the album , however , it was included on Shakur 's Greatest Hits album in 1998 . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly B+ Los Angeles Times NME 9 / 10 Q Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide Spin 7 / 10 USA Today All Eyez on Me received widespread acclaim . Spin magazine gave it 7 out of 10 and said : `` As long as you do n't expect philanthropy from Tupac , you 'll find honesty and some pleasurably twisted scenarios . '' The record ranked No. 3 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of Top 10 albums of 1996 . AllMusic stated , `` Maybe it was his time in prison , or maybe it was simply his signing with Suge Knight 's Death Row label . Whatever the case , 2Pac re-emerged hardened and hungry with All Eyez on Me , the first double - disc album of original material in hip - hop history . With all the controversy surrounding him , 2Pac seemingly wanted to throw down a monumental epic whose sheer scope would make it an achievement of itself . But more than that , it 's also an unabashed embrace of the gangsta lifestyle , backing off the sober self - recognition of Me Against the World . Sure , there are a few reflective numbers and dead - homiez tributes , but they 're much more romanticized this time around ''. `` Despite some undeniable filler , it is easily the best production 2Pac 's ever had on record '' . In the Los Angeles Times , Cheo Hodari Coker praised the album : `` All Eyez on Me , a 27 - song , 133 - minute gangster 's paradise , finds the rapper even more venomous than he was before his 11 - month incarceration for sexual abuse . He displays no remorse for his tough life , and even less feeling for his enemies . The only thing jail time did for 2Pac was make his creative fires burn even hotter -- he raps here with a passion and skill matched in gangsta rap only by Snoop Doggy Dogg and the Notorious B.I.G. And with such producers as DJ Pooh , DJ Quik , Dr. Dre and Johnny J laying down the tracks , he finally has a musical team worthy of his talent . '' `` It 's like a Cali thug - life version of Pink Floyd 's The Wall -- pure gangsta ego run amok over two CDs , '' complained Rolling Stone . `` At that length , the album 's all - hard - all - the - time tone approaches caricature . '' Nonetheless , the album was included in the magazine 's essential recordings of the 1990s . On MTV 's Greatest Rappers of All Time list , All Eyez on Me was listed as one of 2Pac 's `` certified classic '' albums , along with 2Pacalypse Now , Me Against the World , and The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . Accolades ( edit ) The information regarding accolades attributed to All Eyez on Me is adapted from Acclaimed Music . Asterisk ( * ) signifies unordered lists . Publication Country Accolade Year Rank FNAC France The 1000 Best Albums of All Time 2008 461 Rock & Folk The Best Albums from 1963 to 1999 1999 * Babylon Greece The 50 Best Albums of the 1990s 48 Hip - Hop Connection United Kingdom The 100 Greatest Rap Albums 1995 -- 2005 2005 35 The New Nation Top 100 Albums by Black Artists 64 Q The Ultimate Music Collection * 90 Albums of the 90s 1999 * rap.About.com United States 100 Greatest Hip Hop Albums 2008 80 Best Rap Albums of 1996 Tom Moon 1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die * Entertainment Weekly The 100 Best Albums from 1983 to 2008 87 Ego Trip Hip Hop 's 25 Greatest Albums by Year 1980 -- 98 1999 14 Rolling Stone The Essential Recordings of the 90s * 100 Best Albums of the Nineties 50 Complex The 90 Best Rap Albums of the ' 90s 2014 10 Commercial Performance ( edit ) All Eyez on Me debuted at number - one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums charts . It was the second album from 2Pac to do so , selling 566,000 copies in the first week . All Eyez on Me has shipped 10 million copies in the United States as of July 23 , 2014 , and has been certified Diamond by the RIAA , which makes it one of the best - selling albums in the US . In the UK , BPI certified the album Silver ( 300,000 copies sold ) on January 1 , 1997 , followed by Gold on July 22 , 2013 , and Platinum on November 14 , 2014 . It has charted on Billboard 200 for 105 weeks in total . All Eyez on Me is 2Pac 's best selling album . It was re-released in 2001 as enhanced CDs containing the `` California Love '' music video . Both discs contained the same data track . It was also re-released as a Dual - Disc in 2005 . Track listing ( edit ) Disc 1 : Book 1 No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ambitionz Az a Ridah '' Tupac Shakur Delmar Arnaud Daz Dillinger 4 : 39 2 . `` All Bout U '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg , Nate Dogg , Dru Down , Yaki Kadafi and Hussein Fatal ) Shakur Johnny Jackson Larry Blackmon Tomi Jenkins Johnny `` J '' 2Pac 4 : 37 3 . `` Skandalouz '' ( featuring Nate Dogg ) Shakur Arnaud Daz Dillinger 4 : 09 4 . `` Got My Mind Made Up '' ( featuring Tha Dogg Pound and Method Man & Redman ) Shakur Arnaud Ricardo Brown Daz Dillinger 5 : 13 5 . `` How Do U Want It '' ( featuring K - Ci & JoJo ) Shakur Jackson Johnny `` J '' 4 : 48 6 . `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) Shakur Calvin Broadus Arnaud Daz Dillinger 4 : 07 7 . `` No More Pain '' Shakur DeVanté Swing Timothy Mosley Clifford Smith Robert Diggs , Jr . DeVante Swing Timbaland 6 : 15 8 . `` Heartz of Men '' Shakur David Blake Prince Nelson George Clinton , Jr . William Collins Clarence Haskins Bernard Worrell DJ Quik 4 : 43 9 . `` Life Goes On '' Shakur Jackson Stacey Smallie Johnny `` J '' 5 : 02 10 . `` Only God Can Judge Me '' ( featuring Rappin ' 4 - Tay ) Shakur Doug Rasheed Doug Rasheed Harold Scrap Freddie 4 : 57 11 . `` Tradin ' War Stories '' ( featuring Dramacydal , C - Bo and Storm ) Shakur Mike Mosley Mike Mosley Rick Rock 5 : 29 12 . `` California Love ( Remix ) '' ( featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman ) Shakur James Anderson Andre Young Roger Troutman Larry Troutman Norman Durham Woody Cunningham Dr. Dre Laylaw 6 : 25 13 . `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' ( featuring Danny Boy ) Shakur Arnaud Daz Dillinger 4 : 54 14 . `` What'z Ya Phone # '' ( featuring Danny Boy ) Shakur Jackson Johnny `` J '' 2Pac 5 : 10 Total length : 70 : 25 Disc 2 : Book 2 No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ca n't C Me '' ( featuring George Clinton ) Shakur Young Dr. Dre 5 : 30 2 . `` Shorty Wanna Be a Thug '' Shakur Jackson Johnny `` J '' 3 : 52 3 . `` Holla at Me '' Shakur Bobby Ervin Bobby `` Bobcat '' Ervin 4 : 55 4 . `` Wonda Why They Call U Bytch '' Shakur Jackson Johnny `` J '' 2Pac 4 : 18 5 . `` When We Ride '' ( featuring Outlawz ) Shakur Mark Jordan DJ Pooh 2Pac 5 : 10 6 . `` Thug Passion '' ( featuring Jewell , Dramacydal and Storm ) Shakur Jackson L. Troutman R. Troutman Shirley Murdock Johnny `` J '' 2Pac 5 : 08 7 . `` Picture Me Rollin ' '' ( featuring Danny Boy , CPO and Big Syke ) Shakur Jackson Tiruss Himes Johnny `` J '' 5 : 15 8 . `` Check Out Time '' ( featuring Kurupt and Big Syke ) Shakur Jackson Himes Brown Johnny `` J '' 2Pac 4 : 39 9 . `` Ratha Be Ya Nigga '' ( featuring Richie Rich ) Shakur Rasheed Doug Rasheed 4 : 14 10 . `` All Eyez on Me '' ( featuring Big Syke ) Shakur Jackson James Pennington Johnny `` J '' 5 : 08 11 . `` Run tha Streetz '' ( featuring Michel'le , Napoleon and Storm ) Shakur Jackson Johnny `` J '' 2Pac 5 : 16 12 . `` Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' ( featuring D - Shot , C - Bo , B - Legit , Richie Rich and E-40 ) Shakur Mosley Mike Mosley Rick Rock 4 : 29 13 . `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' ( featuring Danny Boy ) Shakur Quincy Jones III QDIII 3 : 59 Total length : 61 : 55 ( show ) Original UK edition bonus track No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer Length 14 . `` California Love '' ( short radio edit ; featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman ) Shakur James Anderson Young R. Troutman L. Troutman Durham Cunningham Dr. Dre 4 : 45 Total length : 66 : 40 Notes `` All Bout U '' features additional vocals from Nate Dogg and Snoop Dogg and uncredited vocals from Dru Down . `` Life Goes On '' features Stacey Smallie additional backgrounds Nanci Fletcher `` Tradin ' War Stories '' features uncredited vocals from CPO . `` California Love ( Remix ) '' features background vocals from Barbara Wilson , Nanci Fletcher and Danette Williams . `` Ca n't C Me '' features additional vocals from George Clinton and Nanci Fletcher . `` Wonder Why They Call U Bytch '' originally featured former Bad Boy Records singer Faith Evans , but her vocals were replaced . `` Check Out Time '' features background vocals from Natasha Walker . `` Ratha Be Ya Nigga '' features background vocals from Stacey Smallie . Track list , writing and production credits adapted from AllMusic review , MusicBrainz database and CD booklet ( available from Discogs ) . Sample credits ( edit ) Ambitionz Az a Ridah `` Pee - Wee 's Dance '' performed by Joeski Love All Bout U `` Candy '' performed by Cameo Got My Mind Made Up `` I Got My Mind Made Up ( You Can Get It Girl ) '' performed by Instant Funk `` Sucker M.C. 's '' performed by Run -- D.M.C. `` Eric B. is President '' performed by Eric B. & Rakim How Do U Want It `` Body Heat '' performed by Quincy Jones 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted `` The Message '' performed by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five Radio Activity Rapp ( Let 's Jam ) '' performed by MC Frosty and Lovin ' C `` The Posse ( Shoot ' Em Up ) '' performed by Intelligent Hoodlum No More Pain `` Bring the Pain '' performed by Method Man Heartz of Men `` Darling Nikki '' performed by Prince and The Revolution `` Mudbone - Intro '' performed by Richard Pryor `` Up for the Down Stroke '' performed by Parliament `` You 're Gettin ' a Little Too Smart '' performed by The Detroit Emeralds `` The Back Down '' performed by Richard Pryor `` Nigger With a Seizure '' performed by Richard Pryor `` Jim Brown '' performed by Richard Pryor Life Goes On `` Brandy ( You 're A Fine Girl ) '' performed by The O'Jays Only God Can Judge Me `` Top Billin ' '' performed by Audio Two Tradin ' War Stories `` Too Little in Common '' performed by Randy Brown California Love ( Remix ) `` So Ruff , So Tuff '' performed by Roger Troutman `` Intimate Connection '' performed by Kleeer `` Woman to Woman '' by Joe Cocker `` West Coast Poplock '' performed by Ronnie Hudson and The Street People `` Dance Floor '' performed by Zapp I Ai n't Mad at Cha `` A Dream '' performed by DeBarge What'z Ya Phone # `` 777 - 9311 '' performed by The Time Ca n't C Me `` ( Not Just ) Knee Deep '' performed by Funkadelic `` I 'm Only Out for One Thang '' performed by Ice Cube `` Get Off My Dick and Tell Yo Bitch to Come Here '' performed by Ice Cube `` What 's My Name '' performed by Snoop Dogg `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' performed by Big Joe Turner Shorty Wanna Be a Thug `` Wildflower '' performed by Hank Crawford When We Ride `` What Would You Do '' performed by Tha Dogg Pound Thug Passion `` Computer Love '' performed by Zapp & Roger Picture Me Rollin ' `` Winter Sadness '' performed by Kool & the Gang `` Better Off '' performed by Johnny `` J '' Check Out Time `` Candy Rain '' performed by Soul for Real `` Just Do n't Bite It '' performed by N.W.A Ratha Be Ya Nigga `` I 'd Rather Be with You '' performed by Bootsy Collins All Eyez on Me `` Never Gonna Stop '' performed by Linda Clifford Run tha Streetz `` Piece of My Love '' performed by Guy Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' performed by Bobby Caldwell Personnel ( edit ) Credits for All Eyez on Me adapted from AllMusic and CD booklet . 2Pac -- associate producer , composer , primary artist , producer Suge Knight -- executive producer Norris Anderson -- production manager Delmar `` Daz '' Arnaud -- composer Dave Aron -- engineer , mixing Big Syke -- featured artist Larry Blackmon -- composer David Blake -- composer , mixing , producer , talk box B - Legit -- featured artist Bobcat -- composer Calvin Broadus -- composer R. Brown -- composer C - BO -- featured artist Larry Chatman -- associate producer Rick Clifford -- engineer G. Clinton , Jr. -- composer George Clinton -- composer , featured artist , vocals Nanci Fletcher -- featured artist , vocals Dorothy Coleman -- background vocals W. Collins -- composer Kenn Cox -- composer CPO -- featured artist Woody Cunningham -- composer Tommy D. Daugherty -- engineer Danny Boy -- featured artist Dat Nigga Daz -- featured artist , producer Robert Diggs -- composer DJ Pooh -- composer , mixing , producer Dr. Dre -- composer , featured artist , mixing , producer Tha Dogg Pound -- featured artist Nate Dogg -- featured artist , vocals Dramacydal -- featured artist Dru Down -- featured artist Norman Durham -- composer E-40 -- featured artist Ebony -- background vocals Bobby Ervin -- composer , producer Fatal -- featured artist Brian Gardner -- mastering Michael Geiser -- associate engineer Yaki Kadafi -- featured artist Nathaniel Hale -- composer C. Haskins -- composer Johnny Jackson -- composer Jewell -- featured artist Johnny `` J '' -- mixing , producer Puff Johnson -- background vocals Jojo the Elf -- featured artist E. Jordan -- composer Kurupt -- featured artist Alvin McGill -- associate engineer , engineer Method Man -- featured artist Michel'le -- featured artist Mike Mosley -- assistant engineer , composer , mixing , producer Nanci Fletcher -- featured artist Shirley Murdock -- composer Ken Nahoum -- photography Outlawz -- featured artist J.P. Pennington -- composer Prince -- composer George Pryce -- art direction , design QD3 -- composer Rappin ' 4 - Tay -- featured artist Doug Rasheed -- composer , producer Danny Ray -- background vocals Redman -- featured artist Richie Rich -- featured artist Rick Rock -- producer Patrick Shevelin -- associate engineer Carl `` Butch '' Small -- percussion Stacey Smallie -- background vocals C. Smith -- composer Henry `` Hendogg '' Smith -- illustrations Snoop Doggy Dogg -- featured artist , vocals Troy Staton -- engineer D. Stevens -- composer E. Stevens -- composer D. Stewart -- composer The Storm -- featured artist DeVanté Swing -- composer , mixing , producer Roy Tesfay -- production co-ordination Rahiem Prince Thomas -- composer S. Thomas -- composer Sean `` Barney '' Thomas -- keyboards Larry Troutman -- composer Roger Troutman -- composer , featured artist , talk box , unknown contributor role Natasha Walker -- background vocals Carlos Warlick -- engineer , mixing Barbara Warren -- stylist , unknown contributor role Bruce Washington -- composer Danette Williams -- background vocals Barbara Wilson -- background vocals Nanci Fletcher -- background vocals Keston Wright -- engineer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australian Albums Chart 19 Belgium Charts ( Flanders ) 44 Belgium Charts ( Wallonia ) 34 Dutch Albums Chart 11 French Albums Chart 15 German Albums Chart 16 New Zealand Albums Chart 15 Norwegian Albums Chart 14 Swedish Albums Chart 5 Switzerland Albums Chart 15 UK R&B Albums Charts 6 UK Albums Chart 32 US Billboard 200 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position UK Albums ( Official Charts Company ) 65 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Irish Albums Chart 62 UK Albums ( Official Charts Company ) 74 French Albums Chart 99 End of decade charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard 200 97 Preceded by Jagged Little Pill by Alanis Morissette Billboard 200 number - one album March 2 , 1996 -- March 15 , 1996 Succeeded by Jagged Little Pill by Alanis Morissette Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 10 × Platinum 5,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Hip hop portal Tupac Shakur discography List of number - one albums of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of best - selling albums in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maxwell , Tupac Top Soul Train Awards '' . E ! Online . March 7 , 1997 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac ♥ Wins `` R&B / Soul or Rap Album of the Year '' ( Soul Train Music Awards March 14 , 1997 ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hip Hop Albums '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juss , Matt . `` Classic Album : Tupac 's `` All Eyez on Me '' ( Review & Video ) `` . DJ Booth . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Drake ; Erik Ross ; Lauren Nostro ; Ted Simmons ; Insanul Ahmed ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` 16 Label Changes That Shocked The Rap Game '' . Complex . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ San Miguel , Danielito ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tupac 's official contract with Death Row Records . Confirmed by David Kenner and Suge Knight '' . Truth About Tupac . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Namikas , Michael ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` All Eyez on Him : Celebrating 2Pac 's Magnum Opus '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Tupac interview on Luke 's Peepshow 1996 2Pac '' . YouTube . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Interview by Bill Bellamy 1996 ( HQ ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Erik . `` '' Ca n't C Me `` : Surveillance and Rap Music . '' Journal of Black Studies 40.6 ( 2010 ) : 1254 - 274 . Web . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - California Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Grammy Awards - 1997 held February 26 , 1997 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - How Do U Want It / California Love '' . RIAA . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac / Snoop Dogg - 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Death Row Records ( Nov 13 , 2009 ) . `` 2Pac - `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay -- Issue Date : 1996 - 06 - 08 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original ( requires registration ) on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - How Do U Want It '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ DJ Vlad ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Heather Hunter Cries When Asked About 2Pac , `` How Do You Want It '' Video `` . YouTube . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - How Do You Want It XXX '' . YouTube . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - How Do You Want It ( Concert Version ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Death Row Records ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` 2Pac Featuring Danny Boy - I Ai n't Mad At Cha - Official Death Row Upload '' . YouTube . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Complex News ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` This Forgotten Day In Hip - Hop : 2Pac Releases `` Hit'Em Up '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Philips , Chuck ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Comment on the 1995 Tupac recording '' . Chuck Philips Post . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Hit ' em up Behind the scene 's '' . YouTube . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - Hit ' Em Up ( Dirty ) ( Official Video ) HD '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Preezy ( June 4 , 2016 ) . `` 20 Years Later : Why 2Pac 's ' Hit ' Em Up ' Is the Greatest Diss Song of All Time '' . The Boombox . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - Greatest Hits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` All Eyez on Me -- 2Pac '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( March 8 , 1996 ) . `` All Eyez on Me '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Coker , Cheo Hodari ( February 11 , 1996 ) . `` 2Pac : Bitter , Remorseless , Brilliant '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morton , Roger ( March 2 , 1996 ) . `` 2Pac -- All Eyez On Me '' . NME . London . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac : All Eyez on Me '' . Q. London ( 178 ) : 130 . July 2001 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Laura ( April 4 , 1996 ) . `` All Eyez on Me '' . Rolling Stone . New York . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tate , Greg ( 2004 ) . `` 2Pac / Tupac Shakur '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . pp. 830 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Sue ( May 1996 ) . `` 2Pac : All Eyez on Me '' . Spin . New York . 12 ( 2 ) : 106 -- 07 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( February 12 , 1996 ) . `` 2Pac keeps controversial ' Eyez ' on the ball '' . USA Today . McLean . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Spin ( 5 / 96 , p. 106 ) -- 10 ( out of 10 ) Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly ( 12 / 27 / 96 - 1 / 3 / 97 , p. 146 ) -- Ranked # 3 on Entertainment Weekly ' s list of the Top 10 Albums And Singles Of 1996 . Jump up ^ All Eyez on Me AMG review Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Yearbook , 26 December 1996 -- 9 January 1997 Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( May 13 , 1999 , p. 74 ) -- Included in Rolling Stone ' s Essential Recordings of the 90s . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La discothèque idéale de la Fnac en 1000 disques '' . Le Soir . November 27 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disco 2000 : 1963 -- 1999 Les albums indispensables ( décembre 1999 ) '' . Rock&Folk . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adaso , Henry . The Greatest Hip - Hop Albums of all Time . about.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adaso , Henry . Best Rap Albums of 1996 . about.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hudak , Joseph . `` 2Pac , ' All Eyez on Me ' - 100 Best Albums of the Nineties '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me - 2Pac '' . AllMusic . February 13 , 1996 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jerry , Crowe ( November 14 , 1996 ) . `` All Eyes on Shakur 's ' Don Killuminati ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lamarre , Carl ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tupac 's ' All Eyez on Me ' Goes Diamond '' . XXL . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tupac Month : 2Pac 's Discography '' . XXL . September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . BPI . Input All Eyez on Me as the keyword , using the drop - down lists below switch the parameters as follows ( from top ) : Title , All , Album , then tick the Exact match checkbox and click Search . ^ Jump up to : Images for 2Pac - All Eyez on Me Jump up ^ All Eyez on Me track list adapted from the AllMusic review Jump up ^ `` Ambitionz Az a Ridah by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` All Bout U by 2Pac , Dru Down and Hussein Fatal feat . Nate Dogg , Snoop Dogg and Yaki Kadafi '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Got My Mind Made Up by 2Pac and Redman feat . Daz Dillinger , Kurupt and Method Man '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` How Do U Want It by 2Pac feat . K - Ci & JoJo '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted by 2Pac feat . Snoop Dogg '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` No More Pain by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Heartz of Men by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Life Goes On by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Only God Can Judge Me by 2Pac feat . Rappin ' 4 - Tay '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Tradin War Stories by 2Pac feat . C - Bo , Dramacydal and Storm ( Donna Hunter ) '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` California Love ( Remix ) by 2Pac feat . Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha by 2Pac feat . Danny Boy '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` What'z Ya Phone # by 2Pac feat . Danny Boy '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't C Me by 2Pac feat . George Clinton '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Shorty Wanna Be a Thug by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` When We Ride by 2Pac feat . Outlaw Immortalz '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Thug Passion by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Picture Me Rollin by 2Pac feat . Danny Boy , Big Syke and C.P.O '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Check Out Time by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Ratha Be Ya Nigga by 2Pac feat . Richie Rich ( Rapper ) '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Run Tha Streetz by 2Pac '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find by 2Pac feat . Danny Boy '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me - 2Pac Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . Australian-Charts.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` www.ultratop.be - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . ultratop.be . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` www.ultratop.be - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . ultratop.be . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Les albums classés par artistes '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2005 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` musicline.de - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . musicline.de . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . charts.org.nz . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . NorwegianCharts.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com - 2Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . SwedishCharts.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me - hitparade.ch '' . hitparade.ch . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2005 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company Jump up ^ `` Search Results -- Albums '' . chartstats.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2PAC Artist '' . Official Charts . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( ( ( All Eyez on Me - Charts & Awards - Billboard Albums ) ) ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : Numerals '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . Chart-track.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com - 2 Pac - All Eyez on Me '' . LesCharts.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mayfield , Geoff ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- 2 Pac -- All Eyez on Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- 2 Pac -- All Eyez on Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter All Eyez on Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- 2_Pac -- All Eyez on Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) All Eyez on Me at AllMusic All Eyez on Me at Discogs ( list of releases ) All Eyez on Me at MusicBrainz ( list of releases ) Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Eyez_on_Me&oldid=815584563 '' Categories : 1996 albums Albums produced by Daz Dillinger Albums produced by Dr. Dre Albums produced by DJ Pooh Albums produced by Rick Rock Death Row Records albums Interscope Records albums Tupac Shakur albums Albums produced by DJ Quik Gangsta rap albums G - funk albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did all eyez on me come out album	[ "All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper 2Pac and the last one to be released during his lifetime. It was released on February 13, 1996, by Death Row Records and Interscope Records. The album featured the Billboard Hot 100 #1 singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\". It featured five singles in all, the most of any of Shakur's albums. Moreover, All Eyez on Me (which was the only Death Row Records release to be distributed through PolyGram by way of Island Records) made history as the second double-full-length hip-hop solo studio album released for mass consumption (the first one being IAM's 1993 Ombre est lumière album). It was issued on two compact discs and four LPs." ]	[ "February 13, 1996" ]
-8983859150044157238	Kansas (band)	Kansas ( band ) - Wikipedia Kansas ( band ) Kansas Kansas in 2016 Background information Origin Topeka , Kansas , U.S. Genres Progressive rock art rock hard rock Years active 1973 -- 1984 1985 -- present Labels Kirshner MCA Magna Carta Inside Out Associated acts Proto - Kaw Streets AD Seventh Key Native Window Dixie Dregs Deep Purple Shooting Star Website kansasband.com Members Phil Ehart Rich Williams Billy Greer David Ragsdale David Manion Ronnie Platt Zak Rizvi Past members Kerry Livgren Dave Hope Robby Steinhardt Steve Walsh John Elefante Steve Morse Greg Robert Kansas is an American rock band that became popular in the 1970s initially on album - oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as `` Carry On Wayward Son '' and `` Dust in the Wind '' . The band has produced nine gold albums , three multi-platinum albums ( Leftoverture 6x , Point of Know Return 4x , The Best of Kansas 4x ) , one other platinum studio album ( Monolith ) , one platinum live double album ( Two for the Show ) , and a million - selling single , `` Dust in the Wind '' . Kansas appeared on the Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold - out arenas and stadiums throughout North America , Europe and Japan . `` Carry On Wayward Son '' was the second-most - played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No. 1 in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1970 -- 1973 : Early years 1.2 1974 -- 1979 : Rise to national prominence 1.3 1980 -- 1984 : Creative tensions 1.4 1985 -- 1990 : Reformation 1.5 1991 -- 1997 : Addition of David Ragsdale 1.6 1997 -- 2006 : Return of Robby Steinhardt 1.7 2006 -- 2014 : Continued touring and regained popularity 1.8 2014 -- present : Retirement of Steve Walsh , The Prelude Implicit 2 Influences 3 Appearances in other media 4 Band members 5 Discography 6 Tours 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) 1970 -- 1973 : early years ( edit ) In 1969 Don Montre and Kerry Livgren ( guitars , keyboards , synthesizers ) were performing in a band called The Reasons Why in their hometown of Topeka , Kansas . After leaving to form the band Saratoga with Lynn Meredith and Dan Wright , they started playing Livgren 's original material , with Scott Kessler playing bass and Zeke Lowe coming in on drums . In 1970 they changed the band 's name to Kansas and merged with members of rival Topeka progressive rock group White Clover . White Clover members Dave Hope ( bass ) and Phil Ehart ( drums , percussion ) joined with Livgren , vocalists Meredith and Greg Allen , keyboardists Montre and Wright and saxophonist Larry Baker . This early Kansas group , which lasted until early 1971 when Ehart , Hope and some of the others left to re-form White Clover , is sometimes referred to as Kansas I . Ehart was replaced by Zeke Lowe and later Brad Schulz , Hope was replaced by Rod Mikinski on bass and Baker was replaced by John Bolton on saxophone and flute ( This lineup is sometimes referred to as Kansas II , and 30 years later would re-form under the name Proto - Kaw ) . In 1972 , after Ehart returned from England ( where he had gone to look for other musicians ) , he and Hope once again re-formed White Clover with Robby Steinhardt ( vocals , violin , viola , cello ) , Steve Walsh ( vocals , keyboards , synthesizers , percussion ) and Rich Williams ( guitars ) . In early 1973 they recruited Livgren from the second Kansas group , which then folded . Eventually they received a recording contract with Don Kirshner 's eponymous label , after Kirshner 's assistant , Wally Gold , heard one of their demo tapes and came out to check out the band at one of their local gigs in March 1973 . After signing with Kirshner , the group decided to return to using the name `` Kansas '' . 1974 -- 1979 : rise to national prominence ( edit ) Their self - titled debut album , produced by Gold , was released in March 1974 , nearly a year after it was recorded in New York . It defined the band 's signature sound , a mix of American - style boogie rock and complex , symphonic arrangements with changing time signatures . Steinhardt 's violin was a distinctive element of the group 's sound , being defined more by heartland rock than the jazz and classical influences which most progressive rock violinists followed . The band slowly developed a cult following due to promotion by Kirshner and extensive touring for the debut album and its two follow - ups , Song for America ( February 1975 ) and Masque ( October 1975 ) . Song for America was co-produced by Wally Gold and their former White Clover bandmate Jeff Glixman , who would go on to produce all of their albums from Masque to Two for the Show ( October 1978 ) on his own , returning to the helm for 1995 's Freaks of Nature . Both Masque and their next release , Leftoverture , were recorded at a studio in the middle of the Louisiana Bayou named Studio in the Country . Kansas released its fourth album , Leftoverture , in October 1976 , which produced a hit single , `` Carry On Wayward Son '' , in 1977 . The follow - up , Point of Know Return , recorded at Studio in the Country and Woodland Sound in Nashville and released in October 1977 , featured the title track and `` Dust in the Wind '' , both hit singles . Leftoverture was a breakthrough for the band , hitting No. 5 on Billboard 's pop album chart . Point of Know Return peaked even higher , at No. 4 . Leftoverture and Point each sold over four million copies in the U.S. Both `` Carry On Wayward Son '' and `` Dust in the Wind '' were certified gold singles , selling over one million units each . `` Dust in the Wind '' was certified gold as a digital download by the RIAA in 2005 , almost 30 years after selling one million copies as a single . Leftoverture was eventually certified five - times platinum by the RIAA in 2001 . During this period , Kansas became a major headlining act and sold out the largest venues available to rock bands at the time , including New York 's Madison Square Garden . The band documented this era in 1978 with Two for the Show , a double live album of recordings from various performances from its 1977 and 1978 tours . The band gained a solid reputation for faithful live reproduction of their studio recordings . In March 1978 Kansas was brought over to tour Europe for the very first time and later on that same year , they were named UNICEF Deputy Ambassadors of Goodwill . The follow - up studio album to Point of Know Return was Monolith ( May 1979 ) , which was self - produced . The album generated a Top 40 single in `` People of the South Wind '' , whose title refers to the meaning of the ' Kanza ' ( Kaw ) Native American people , after whom the state and the band are named . The album failed to garner the sales and radio airplay of its two predecessors . Nevertheless , the album eventually went platinum . Livgren 's platinum award for the album is on display at the Kansas History Museum . The band toured the US for Monolith during the summer and fall of 1979 then went over to tour Japan for the first time in January 1980 . 1980 -- 1984 : creative tensions ( edit ) Kansas ' band members began to drift apart in the early 1980s . During the tour supporting Monolith , Livgren became a born - again Christian , and this was reflected in his lyrics on the next three albums , beginning with Audio - Visions ( September 1980 ) . `` Hold On '' , a Top 40 single from that album , displayed his new - found faith . Hope soon converted to Christianity as well . This would be the final album with the original lineup ( until they briefly reunited in 1999 - 2000 ) , and also the last Kansas studio album to be certified gold by the RIAA . Due to creative differences over the lyrical direction of the next album , Walsh left in October 1981 to form a new band , Streets . In early 1982 Walsh was replaced by vocalist / keyboardist / guitarist John Elefante , who -- unknown to Livgren and Hope at the time -- was also a Christian . He was chosen from over 200 applicants , such as Sammy Hagar , Doug Pinnick , Ted Neeley ( who played the title character in the movie Jesus Christ Superstar ) , Warren Ham ( ex-Bloodrock , who would join the band on the road in 1982 adding sax , flute , harmonica , back - up vocals and extra keyboards ) and Michael Gleason ( who would supply keyboards and back - up vocals on the group 's 1983 tour ) . Kansas ' first album with Elefante , Vinyl Confessions , was released in June 1982 . The record renewed interest in the group and generated the band 's first Top 20 hit in several years , `` Play the Game Tonight '' , which hit number 4 on Billboard 's newly deployed Mainstream Rock chart . The album 's mostly Christianity - based lyrics attracted a new audience . Still , sales of the album fell short of gold status . Drastic Measures followed in July 1983 . For various reasons , Livgren contributed only three songs to the album . The rest were penned by the Elefante brothers ( John and Dino , who later became successful producers for contemporary Christian music artists , including Sweet Comfort Band , Petra , Bride , Rick Cua and Guardian ) . With violinist Steinhardt leaving the group before the recording sessions , the result was a more mainstream pop - rock album . Though the album charted lower than any Kansas album since Masque , peaking at number 41 , its single `` Fight Fire with Fire '' fared better . It did not crack the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , but reached No. 3 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . It was the highest chart position of any Kansas release on any chart , though this particular chart did not exist prior to 1981 . For their 1983 tour for Drastic Measures , Kansas was joined on stage by the aforementioned Michael Gleason and Terry Brock ( who covered the absent Steinhardt 's harmony vocals ) . During the band 's time with Elefante as lead vocalist , Livgren became increasingly uncomfortable with Kansas representing his Christian worldview . After a final New Year 's Eve performance on December 31 , 1983 , Livgren and Hope left to form AD with Warren Ham and Michael Gleason . They were joined by drummer Dennis Holt . Elefante , Ehart and Williams sought to continue as Kansas and recorded one more song , `` Perfect Lover '' , which appeared on the retrospective The Best of Kansas ( August 1984 ) , which has sold over 4 million units in the U.S. alone . The song would eventually be removed in favor of other songs on the remastered release of the compilation . The group disbanded after its release , which thus became the final Kansas recording with Elefante . Since leaving the band , Elefante has become a popular Contemporary Christian music artist and has not performed with the group since . In March 1984 Ehart , Williams and Elefante were part of a United Service Organizations ( USO ) tour of US military bases that had been put together by Ehart , called 1st Airborne Rock and Roll Division , that also included Patrick Simmons ( Doobie Brothers ) , Leon Medica ( LeRoux ) , David Jenkins , Cory Lerios and John Pierce ( from Pablo Cruise ) and Robin Zander , Rick Nielsen and Bun E. Carlos ( from Cheap Trick ) . The supergroup began four days of rehearsals in Hawaii on March 10 before beginning a 17 - day tour playing for the United States Seventh Fleet in the Indian Ocean and land - based troops in Korea , Okinawa , Diego Garcia and the Philippines . This was followed by a second USO tour in March 1985 that included Ehart , Williams and Steve Walsh . 1985 -- 1990 : reformation ( edit ) Kansas guitarist Steve Morse In July 1985 the band came back together with Ehart , Williams and Walsh ( who had briefly played keyboards on the road for Cheap Trick in the spring and summer of 1985 after the break up of Streets ) , but without Livgren , Hope or Steinhardt . The new lineup included Streets bassist Billy Greer and guitarist Steve Morse ( formerly of the Dixie Dregs ) . The first performances of the new lineup with Morse and Greer took place during a third USO 1st Airborne Rock and Roll Division tour that toured US military bases in the US , Japan , Okinawa , the Philippines , Singapore , Iceland and most of Europe during the late summer through early October 1986 . The re-formed band released Power in November 1986 . The first single , `` All I Wanted '' , became the last Kansas single to hit the Billboard Top 40 chart , peaking at No. 19 . It also received considerable airplay on MTV . Two more singles , the title track and `` Ca n't Cry Anymore '' , were less successful , `` Power '' hitting the lower end of the Hot 100 and getting substantial play and charting on the Rock Charts , but `` Ca n't Cry Anymore '' receiving little airplay despite a clever music video . The band added New Orleans native Greg Robert on keyboards and back - up vocals at the suggestion of LeRoux 's Leon Medica . Greg played his first show with Kansas on January 31 , 1987 at Roberto Clemente Stadium in Puerto Rico . The new lineup released a second album , In the Spirit of Things , in October 1988 . The concept album and subsequent tour were popular with the fan base but did not receive widespread airplay beyond the `` Stand Beside Me '' video on MTV . Morse temporarily left the band at the end of a tour of Germany in April 1989 . On September 15 , 1990 , Walsh , Williams and Ehart played a charity event at the Saddlerock Ranch in Malibu , California , alongside Saga , Lou Gramm ( of Foreigner ) , Mr. Big , Eddie Money , Kevin Cronin ( from REO Speedwagon ) and others . Alex Lifeson joined them on stage for a short set of Kansas before Geddy Lee flew in to join Alex for a Rush set , with Ehart on drums subbing for Neil Peart . In November 1990 a German promoter arranged to reunite all the original members of Kansas ( except for Steinhardt ) for a European tour . Greer joined them , along with keyboardist Greg Robert . At the end of the tour , Hope left again , but Livgren remained on into 1991 . 1991 -- 1997 : addition of David Ragsdale ( edit ) In March 1991 violinist David Ragsdale ( who had submitted a tape of his playing to Ehart several years earlier ) was invited to join the group and the return of the violin allowed Kansas to perform earlier material in arrangements closer to the originals . Livgren left during the 1991 summer tour , to be replaced temporarily by Steve Morse again . After the tour , Morse left the band for good to return to his own projects and eventually become a member of Deep Purple , and Ragsdale took over the extra guitar parts , leaving Williams as the primary guitar player . The resulting lineup of Ehart , Greer , Ragsdale , Robert , Walsh and Williams lasted from 1991 to 1997 . This period saw one live album and accompanying video , Live at the Whisky ( July 1992 ) , and one studio album , Freaks of Nature ( May 1995 ) . During the fall of 1993 , drummer Van Romaine ( formerly of Blood Sweat and Tears and Steve Morse 's band ) came in to substitute for Ehart , who was taking care of the group 's business and putting together The Kansas Boxed Set , which was released in July 1994 . Bryan Holmes , from The Producers , likewise filled in for Ehart during the spring and summer of 1994 until that December , when Phil returned for a tour of Germany . On July 28 , 1995 Kansas was inducted into the Rock Walk of Fame in Hollywood . Kansas , June 6 , 2009 1997 -- 2006 : Return of Robby Steinhardt ( edit ) In early 1997 , Robert and Ragsdale left the band , and Steinhardt returned . In May 1998 Kansas released Always Never the Same , which featured Larry Baird conducting the London Symphony Orchestra . The album was a mix of older Kansas material ( with new arrangements by Baird ) , several new songs and a cover of `` Eleanor Rigby '' . Somewhere to Elsewhere , a new studio album released in July 2000 , featured all the original members of Kansas , plus Greer , with all songs written by Kerry Livgren . That same summer , Kansas was the opening act for Yes during their `` Masterworks '' tour . During the late 1990s and early 2000s , Livgren would occasionally attend Kansas shows and come on stage to play one or more songs with the band . At a March 9 , 2002 concert at Lake Tahoe , he played the whole show , subbing for Rich Williams , who was `` under the weather '' , and another live album and DVD from Kansas , entitled Device - Voice - Drum , which was recorded in the band 's present home of Atlanta , was released on June 15 , 2002 . Also in 2002 , Kansas II ( the lineup prior to the recording and release of Kansas ' first album ) released an album under the name Proto - Kaw , featuring demos and live material recorded from 1971 to 1973 . This led to a new studio album , Before Became After ( 2004 ) , with most of the Kansas II members participating . Proto - Kaw released a third album , The Wait of Glory , in 2006 and their fourth and final studio album , Forth , was released in 2011 , after which the band ceased . 2006 -- 2014 : continued touring and regained popularity ( edit ) Kansas continued to tour every year . The 2006 tour was delayed for a few weeks due to Steinhardt 's second departure in March and Ragsdale 's subsequent return to the lineup . In 2008 the Kansas website announced that four of the five members ( Ehart , Ragsdale , Williams and Greer ) had formed a side recording group called Native Window and they released their self - titled debut album in June 2009 . Kansas performing in 2008 In February 2009 Kansas recorded a concert in Topeka featuring a full symphony orchestra , with Larry Baird conducting . Morse and Livgren appeared as special guests on several songs . The performance was released on CD , DVD and Blu - ray as There 's Know Place Like Home that October and the DVD hit No. 5 on the Billboard Music Video Chart the week after its release . In July 2010 Kansas completed a 30 - day `` United We Rock '' tour with fellow classic rock acts Styx and Foreigner . Kansas then began a collegiate tour in September 2010 . On this tour they performed with the symphony orchestras of various US colleges in an effort to raise money for the individual schools ' music programs . The success of the tour led the band to start another one the following year . David Ragsdale ( l . ) and Billy Greer on stage with Kansas in 2010 On September 13 , 2012 Kansas began a new tour with a performance at the Best Buy Theater in New York City . Opening for them was the band King 's X and a one - man - band called That 1 Guy . This tour featured many hits from the albums Leftoverture and Point of Know Return , as well as material from a number of their other albums . The band kicked off 2013 being featured on the Rock Legends II cruise . The floating rock festival for a cause aboard Royal Caribbean International 's Liberty of the Seas departed January 10 , 2013 from Fort Lauderdale , FL . Other big names included Foreigner , Paul Rodgers , Creedence Clearwater Revisited , Bachman & Turner , 38 Special , The Marshall Tucker Band , Blue Öyster Cult , Foghat and Molly Hatchet . On March 1 , 2013 Kansas announced a 40th anniversary celebration was in the works . However , Steinhardt suffered a heart attack days before the concert and was unable to participate . 2014 -- present : retirement of Steve Walsh , the Prelude Implicit ( edit ) On July 2 , 2014 a statement was issued on the band 's official Facebook page announcing the impending retirement of lead singer Steve Walsh . On July 6 , 2014 former Kansas lead singer John Elefante issued a statement that he had been contacted by the band on July 2 to discuss rejoining . However , on July 4 , after turning to prayer , he said that it was not meant to be . At that point , he also cited Steve Walsh as one of the reasons he wanted to become a singer . A statement was issued on July 14 , 2014 through the band 's official Facebook page stating that Chicago native Ronnie Platt ( who had previously sung with Shooting Star ) had been selected as the band 's new lead vocalist and keyboard player . On July 24 , 2014 the band announced that their longtime lighting specialist David Manion would be handling the main keyboard parts for the band on stage along with Platt , giving the group a full - time keyboardist for the first time since Greg Robert 's departure in 1997 . Manion had also handled keyboard responsibilities for Kansas ' bassist and vocalist Billy Greer 's band , Seventh Key . In March 2015 the band released a documentary , Miracles Out of Nowhere . The documentary chronicles the band 's formation and follows them throughout their success with Leftoverture and Point of Know Return . It was initially available in a limited - edition release that contained an extra DVD of bonus interviews . The documentary was released alongside a companion CD of the same name that contained a selection of the band 's greatest hits along with snippets of commentary from the documentary . On September 1 , 2015 a press release announced that Kansas had signed with Inside Out Music , a German label dedicated to progressive rock and related genres , for the release of their upcoming 15th studio album . The release of this album marked the longest period to date between studio releases since Kansas ' previous album , Somewhere to Elsewhere , had been released over 15 years prior , in 2000 . On February 26 , 2016 the group officially announced The Prelude Implicit for a September 2016 release . The album 's co-producer and co-writer , Zak Rizvi , was subsequently named as a full member of the band , giving Kansas a second full - time guitarist for the first time since Steve Morse 's departure in 1991 . On September 30 , 2016 the current lineup kicked off a multi-city tour at the Benedum Center in Pittsburgh , in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the release of Leftoverture , which was done again in the spring of 2017 with a twelve show 40th anniversary tour , that , like the fall jaunt , included performances of newer tracks , older songs and a complete rendering of the full Leftoverture album . A two CD set , Leftoverture Live & Beyond , was released in November 2017 that contained nineteen songs culled from different shows during the tour and the band 's 2017 fall dates also included further 40th anniversary shows . In 2018 the group decided to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Point of Know Return by playing that album in its entirety at the shows on a tour , set to begin in September . Influences ( edit ) Kansas ' musical style , the fusion of hard rock , southern rock and progressive rock , was influenced by several previous bands . The music of Yes and Genesis was inspirational to Kansas , especially demonstrated in the lyrics of Walsh . Livgren cited the 1960s band Touch as foundational to his development . Livgren 's evolving spirituality is reflected in the band 's songs , with early works showing an interest in the mysticism of Eastern religions , works in the late 1970s influenced by the American spiritual philosophy of The Urantia Book , followed in the early 1980s by works embracing born - again Christianity . The re-formed band produced a harder pop metal album in the late 1980s . In a 2003 interview with The A.V. Club , Berkeley Breathed , the creator of the Opus comic strip , revealed that `` Opus was named after a Kansas song . '' From the band 's 1976 album Leftoverture , the songs `` Opus Insert '' and the epic `` Magnum Opus '' could both be the inspiration for the name . He also added , `` If you 're too young to know who Kansas was , to hell with you . '' Appearances in other media ( edit ) `` Carry On Wayward Son '' has been covered by many artists . It was included on soundtracks for the following movies and television shows : Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy , Family Guy , Gentlemen Broncos , Happy Gilmore , Heroes ( 1977 ) , Scrubs , South Park ( `` Guitar Queer - o '' episode ) , King of the Hill ( `` My Own Private Rodeo '' ) and Strangers with Candy ( `` Yes You Ca n't '' ) . It was also featured in the video games Grand Theft Auto V , Guitar Hero II , Guitar Hero Smash Hits , Rock Band 2 , and Rock Band Unplugged . The song is frequently played throughout the show Supernatural also appears in Supernatural : The Anime Series ( as the ending for each episode ) . `` Dust in the Wind '' was parodied by comedian Tim Hawkins , the parody called `` A Whiff Of Kansas '' which is on the Pretty Pink Tractor album , and a video parody on the Insanitized live DVD . In 2016 , the music video for the song was parodied on The Late Late Show with James Corden . Band members ( edit ) Current members Phil Ehart - drums , percussion ( 1973 -- 1984 , 1985 -- present ) Rich Williams - lead and rhythm guitar ( 1973 -- 1984 , 1985 -- present ) Billy Greer - bass , backing vocals ( 1985 -- present ) , lead vocals ( 2006 -- present ) David Ragsdale - violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1991 -- 1997 , 2006 -- present ) Ronnie Platt - lead and backing vocals , keyboards ( 2014 -- present ) David Manion - keyboards , backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) Zak Rizvi - rhythm and lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2016 -- present ) Past members Kerry Livgren - lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards ( 1973 -- 1983 , 1990 -- 1991 , 1999 -- 2000 ) Dave Hope - bass ( 1973 -- 1983 , 1990 , 1999 -- 2000 ) Robby Steinhardt - violin , backing and lead vocals ( 1973 -- 1982 , 1997 -- 2006 ) Steve Walsh - lead vocals , keyboards , percussion ( 1973 -- 1981 , 1985 -- 2014 ) , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 1981 , 1997 -- 2014 ) John Elefante - lead vocals , keyboards ( 1982 -- 1984 ) , backing vocals ( 1982 ) Steve Morse - lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Greg Robert - keyboards ( 1990 -- 1997 ; Touring member : 1986 -- 1990 ) Manager Budd Carr ( 1974 -- 1989 ) Phil Ehart ( 1990 -- present ) Line - ups in eras Years Lineup Albums 1973 -- 1981 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Dave Hope -- bass Kerry Livgren -- lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards Robby Steinhardt -- violin , backing and lead vocals Steve Walsh -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Kansas ( 1974 ) Song for America ( 1975 ) Masque ( 1975 ) Leftoverture ( 1976 ) Point of Know Return ( 1977 ) Two for the Show ( 1978 ) Monolith ( 1979 ) Audio - Visions ( 1980 ) 1982 -- 1983 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Dave Hope -- bass Kerry Livgren -- lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards Robby Steinhardt -- violin , backing and lead vocals Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar John Elefante -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Vinyl Confessions ( 1982 ) Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Dave Hope -- bass Kerry Livgren -- lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar John Elefante -- lead vocals , keyboards Drastic Measures ( 1983 ) 1984 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar John Elefante -- lead vocals , keyboards The Best of Kansas ( 1984 ) ( 1 new song ) 1984 -- 1985 Disbanded 1985 -- 1986 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Morse -- lead guitar Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards 1986 -- 1989 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Morse -- lead guitar , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Greg Robert ( touring member ) -- keyboards Power ( 1986 ) In the Spirit of Things ( 1988 ) 1989 -- 1990 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Greg Robert ( touring member ) -- keyboards Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Dave Hope -- bass Kerry Livgren -- lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards Greg Robert -- keyboards 1990 -- 1991 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Kerry Livgren -- lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards Greg Robert -- keyboards 1991 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Kerry Livgren -- lead guitar , keyboards Greg Robert -- keyboards David Ragsdale -- violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals 1991 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Greg Robert -- keyboards David Ragsdale -- violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals Steve Morse -- lead guitar , backing vocals 1991 -- 1997 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead vocals , keyboards Greg Robert -- keyboards David Ragsdale -- violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals Live at the Whisky ( 1992 ) Freaks of Nature ( 1995 ) 1997 -- 1999 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Robby Steinhardt -- violin , backing and lead vocals Always Never the Same ( 1998 ) 1999 -- 2000 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- rhythm and lead guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Robby Steinhardt -- violin , backing and lead vocals Dave Hope -- bass Kerry Livgren -- lead and rhythm guitar , keyboards Somewhere to Elsewhere ( 2000 ) 2000 -- 2006 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing vocals Steve Walsh -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Robby Steinhardt -- violin , backing and lead vocals Device -- Voice -- Drum ( 2002 ) 2006 -- 2014 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing and lead vocals Steve Walsh -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards David Ragsdale -- violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals There 's Know Place Like Home ( 2009 ) 2014 -- 2016 Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing and lead vocals David Ragsdale -- violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals David Manion -- keyboards , backing vocals Ronnie Platt -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards 2016 -- present Phil Ehart -- drums , percussion Rich Williams -- lead and rhythm guitar Billy Greer -- bass , backing and lead vocals David Ragsdale -- violin , rhythm guitar , backing vocals David Manion -- keyboards , backing vocals Ronnie Platt -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Zak Rizvi -- rhythm and lead guitar , backing vocals The Prelude Implicit ( 2016 ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main article : Kansas discography Kansas ( 1974 ) Song for America ( 1975 ) Masque ( 1975 ) Leftoverture ( 1976 ) Point of Know Return ( 1977 ) Monolith ( 1979 ) Audio - Visions ( 1980 ) Vinyl Confessions ( 1982 ) Drastic Measures ( 1983 ) Power ( 1986 ) In the Spirit of Things ( 1988 ) Freaks of Nature ( 1995 ) Always Never the Same ( 1998 ) Somewhere to Elsewhere ( 2000 ) The Prelude Implicit ( 2016 ) Tours ( edit ) 2011 Collegiate Symphony Tour ( 2011 - 2012 ) Fall 2012 Tour Leftoverture 40th Anniversary Tour ( 2016 - 2018 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeff Wagner ( 2010 ) . Mean Deviation : Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal . Bazillion Points Books . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9796163 - 3 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Pete Prown ; Harvey P. Newquist ( 1997 ) . Legends of Rock Guitar : The Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 524 -- 525 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Band Official Website '' . Jump up ^ Rock Movers & Shakers by Dafydd Rees & Luke Crampton , 1991 Billboard Books . Jump up ^ `` Kansas - Point Of No Return '' . Nehrecords.com . June 27 , 1978 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Things , Kansas Platinum Record , Kansas Historical Society '' . Kshs.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Bruce . `` Elefante Interview '' . progrock.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjof4u3R1Co Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` KANSAS Violinist Robby Steinhardt Suffers Heart Attack '' . ultimateclassicrock.com . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elefante Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Band '' . Jump up ^ `` Miracles Out of Nowhere '' . Jump up ^ `` Kansas signs worldwide recording deal with InsideOutMusic '' . insideoutmusic.com . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas - `` The Prelude Implicit , '' the new album by KANSAS , ... Facebook `` . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/KansasBand/posts/10154005842321006 Jump up ^ Lambe , Stephen ( 2012 ) . Citizens of Hope and Glory : The Story of Progressive Rock . Amberley Publishing . p. 81 . ISBN 9781445607375 . ^ Jump up to : Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 540 . ISBN 9780857125958 . Jump up ^ Romano , Will ( 2014 ) . Prog Rock FAQ : All That 's Left to Know About Rock 's Most Progressive Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 28 . ISBN 9781617136207 . Jump up ^ Romano 2014 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Editor , Lee Moran Trends ; Post , The Huffington ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` James Corden And Jim Parsons Nail Their Version Of ' Dust In The Wind ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kansas ( band ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kansas ( band ) Kansas portal Rock music portal Official website Billy Greer Kerry Livgren David Ragsdale Steve Walsh John Elefante Kansas discography at MusicBrainz AllMusic : Kansas - Artist Biography Innerviews : Career - Spanning 2015 Band Interview hide Kansas Phil Ehart Rich Williams Billy Greer David Ragsdale David Manion Ronnie Platt Zak Rizvi Kerry Livgren Dave Hope Robby Steinhardt Steve Walsh John Elefante Steve Morse Greg Robert Studio albums Kansas Song for America Masque Leftoverture Point of Know Return Monolith Audio - Visions Vinyl Confessions Drastic Measures Power In the Spirit of Things Freaks of Nature Always Never the Same Somewhere to Elsewhere The Prelude Implicit Live albums Two for the Show Live at the Whisky King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Kansas Dust in the Wind Device -- Voice -- Drum There 's Know Place Like Home Compilations The Best of Kansas Carry On The Kansas Boxed Set The Ultimate Kansas Sail On : The 30th Anniversary Collection On the Other Side Works in Progress Playlist : The Very Best of Kansas Singles `` Song for America '' `` Carry On Wayward Son '' `` Point of Know Return '' `` Dust in the Wind '' `` Portrait ( He Knew ) '' `` People of the South Wind '' `` Hold On '' `` Play the Game Tonight '' `` Fight Fire With Fire '' `` All I Wanted '' Tours 2011 Collegiate Symphony Tour Fall 2012 Tour Related topics Discography Native Window GND : 5560660 - X MusicBrainz : 69689acf - d9cd - 4d20 - a972 - 47db4ed51b1a Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_(band)&oldid=843179255 '' Categories : American progressive rock groups Epic Records artists Musical groups established in 1973 Musical groups disestablished in 1984 Musical groups reestablished in 1985 Musical groups from Kansas Musicians from Topeka , Kansas Rock music groups from Kansas Symphonic rock groups Kansas ( band ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did carry on my wayward son come out	[ "Kansas released its fourth album, Leftoverture, in October 1976, which produced a hit single, \"Carry On Wayward Son\", in 1977. The follow-up, Point of Know Return, recorded at Studio in the Country and Woodland Sound in Nashville and released in October 1977, featured the title track and \"Dust in the Wind\", both hit singles. Leftoverture was a breakthrough for the band, hitting No. 5 on Billboard's pop album chart. Point of Know Return peaked even higher, at No. 4. Leftoverture and Point each sold over four million copies in the U.S. Both \"Carry On Wayward Son\" and \"Dust in the Wind\" were certified gold singles, selling over one million units each. \"Dust in the Wind\" was certified gold as a digital download by the RIAA in 2005, almost 30 years after selling one million copies as a single. Leftoverture was eventually certified five-times platinum by the RIAA in 2001." ]	[ "October 1976" ]
2487415240671965852	JetBlue	JetBlue - wikipedia JetBlue Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with airblue or blue air . JetBlue IATA ICAO Callsign B6 JBU JETBLUE Founded August 1998 ( 1998 - 08 ) ( as NewAir ) Commenced operations February 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 11 ) ( as JetBlue ) AOC # YENA176J Focus cities Boston Fort Lauderdale Long Beach New York -- JFK Orlando San Juan Frequent - flyer program TrueBlue Fleet size 243 Destinations 102 Company slogan You Above All Inspiring Humanity Traded as NASDAQ : JBLU DJTA Component S&P 400 Component Headquarters Brewster Building , Long Island City , New York , United States Key people Robin Hayes ( President & CEO ) Joel Peterson ( Chairman ) David Neeleman ( Founder ) Former Executives David Barger ( Former President - CEO , 1998 -- 2015 ) Rob Maruster ( Former Vice president of operational Planning - COO , 2005 -- 2014 ) Revenue US $ 7.015 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $1.000 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $1.147 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $9.781 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $4.834 billion ( 2017 ) Employees ~ 21,000 ( December 2017 ) Website jetblue.com JetBlue Airways Corporation ( NASDAQ : JBLU ) , stylized as jetBlue , is an American low cost airline headquartered in New York City . A major air carrier and the sixth - largest airline in the United States , JetBlue is headquartered in the Long Island City neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens , with its main base at John F. Kennedy International Airport . It also maintains corporate offices in Cottonwood Heights , Utah and Orlando , Florida . As of May 2018 , JetBlue serves 102 destinations ( the latest addition being Steamboat Springs , Colorado ) in the U.S. , Mexico , the Caribbean , Central America and South America . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 2000s 1.3 2010s 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Business trends 2.2 Headquarters 2.3 Crew bases 2.4 Marketing strategy 3 Destinations 3.1 Airline partnerships 3.2 Codeshare agreements 4 Fleet 5 Services 5.1 Cabin Experience 5.1. 1 Core 5.1. 2 Mint 5.1. 3 In - flight Entertainment 5.2 Frequent - flyer program 6 Subsidiaries and investments 6.1 JetBlue Technology Ventures 6.2 JetSuiteX 6.3 TWA Flight Center Hotel 6.4 LiveTV 7 Incidents and accidents 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) A jetBlue Airways A321 - 200 at New York JFK Airport A JetBlue A320 - 232 ( N547JB ) taxiing at New York JFK Airport JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998 . David Neeleman founded the company in February 1999 , under the name `` NewAir '' . JetBlue started by following Southwest 's approach of offering low - cost travel , but sought to distinguish itself by its amenities , such as in - flight entertainment , TV at every seat , and Sirius XM satellite radio . In Neeleman 's words , JetBlue looks `` to bring humanity back to air travel '' . In September 1999 , the airline was awarded 75 initial take off / landing slots at John F. Kennedy International Airport and received formal U.S. authorization in February 2000 . It commenced operations on February 11 , 2000 , with services to Buffalo and Fort Lauderdale . JetBlue 's founders had set out to call the airline `` Taxi '' and therefore have a yellow livery to associate the airline with New York . The idea was dropped , however , for several reasons : the negative connotation behind New York City taxis ; the ambiguity of the word taxi with regard to air traffic control ; and threats from investor JP Morgan to pull its share ( $20 million of the total $128 million ) of the airline 's initial funding unless the name was changed . 2000s ( edit ) JetBlue was one of only a few U.S. airlines that made a profit during the sharp downturn in airline travel following the September 11 , 2001 attacks . The airline sector responded to JetBlue 's market presence by starting mini-rival carriers : Delta Air Lines started Song and United Airlines launched another rival called Ted . Song has since been disbanded and was reabsorbed by Delta Air Lines and Ted reabsorbed by United . JetBlue Founder David Neeleman in 2006 In October 2005 , JetBlue 's quarterly profit had plunged from US $8.1 million to $2.7 million largely due to rising fuel costs . Operational issues , fuel prices , and low fares , JetBlue 's hallmark , were bringing its financial performance down . In addition , with higher costs related to the airline 's numerous amenities , JetBlue was becoming less competitive . Regardless , the airline continued to plan for growth . Thirty - six new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in the year 2006 . For many years , analysts had predicted that JetBlue 's growth rate would become unsustainable . Despite this , the airline continued to add planes and routes to the fleet at a brisk pace . In addition in 2006 , the IAM ( International Association of Machinists ) attempted to unionize JetBlue 's `` ramp service workers '' , in a move that was described by JetBlue 's COO Dave Barger as `` pretty hypocritical '' , as the IAM opposed JetBlue 's creation when it was founded as New Air in 1998 . The union organizing petition was dismissed by the National Mediation Board because fewer than 35 percent of eligible employees supported an election . JetBlue experienced its first ever quarterly loss during the fourth quarter of 2005 , when the airline lost $42.4 million , enough to make them unprofitable for the entire year of 2005 . The loss was the airline 's first since going public in 2002 . JetBlue also reported a loss in the first quarter of 2006 . In addition to that , JetBlue forecasted a loss for 2006 , citing high fuel prices , operating inefficiency , and fleet costs . During the first quarter report , CEO David Neeleman , President Dave Barger , and then - CFO John Owen released JetBlue 's `` Return to Profitability '' ( `` RTP '' ) plan , stating in detail how they would curtail costs and improve revenue to regain profitability . The plan called for $50 million in annual cost cuts and a push to boost revenue by $30 million . JetBlue Airways moved out of the red during the second quarter of 2006 , beating Wall Street expectations by announcing a net profit of $14 million . That result was flat when compared to JetBlue 's results from the same quarter a year before ( $13 million ) , but it was double Wall Street forecasts of a $7 million profit , Reuters reports . The carrier said cost - cutting and stronger revenue helped it offset higher jet fuel costs . In October 2006 , JetBlue announced a net loss of $500,000 for Quarter 3 , and a plan to regain that loss by deferring some of their E190 deliveries and by selling 5 of their A320s . In December 2006 , JetBlue , as part of their RTP plan , removed a row of seats from their A320s to lighten the aircraft by 904 lb ( 410 kg ) and reduce the cabin crew size from four to three ( per FAA regulation requiring one flight attendant per 50 seats ) , thus offsetting the lost revenue from the removal of seats , and further lightening the aircraft , resulting in less fuel burned . In January 2007 , JetBlue returned to profitability with a fourth quarter profit in 2006 , reversing a quarterly loss in the year - earlier period . As part of the RTP plan , 2006 's full year loss was $1 million compared to 2005 's full year loss of $20 million . JetBlue was one of the few major airlines to post a profit in that quarter . While its financial performance started showing signs of improvement , in February 2007 , JetBlue faced a crisis , when a snowstorm hit the Northeast and Midwest , throwing the airline 's operations into chaos . Because JetBlue followed the practice of never canceling flights , it desisted from calling flights off , even when the ice storm hit and the airline was forced to keep several planes on the ground . Because of this , passengers were kept waiting at the airports for their flights to take off . In some cases , passengers who had already boarded their planes were kept waiting on the tarmac for several hours and were not allowed to disembark . However , after all this , the airline was eventually forced to cancel most of its flights because of prevailing weather conditions . The fiasco reportedly cost JetBlue $30 million . In 2007 , JetBlue was also facing reliability problems with its Embraer 190 fleet . For a couple months JetBlue contracted ExpressJet to operate four Embraer 145 regional jets on behalf of JetBlue . While this was going on two E-190 aircraft at a time were sent to an Embraer maintenance facility in Nashville , Tennessee . ExpressJet operated routes between Boston Logan and Buffalo , New York and Washington Dulles , and between New York -- JFK and Columbus , Ohio ( has terminated ) and Richmond , Virginia . David Barger after a presentation in October 2010 Following the February 2007 incident in which the airline was forced to cancel nearly 1,700 flights due to winter storms , JetBlue 's board of directors replaced founder and Chief Executive Officer David Neeleman with Dave Barger . He had politicked the board , while Neeleman was busy publicly apologizing . Barger 's ascendancy caused widespread demoralization in the ranks . He became JetBlue 's new Chief Executive Officer on May 10 , 2007 . Neeleman , the company 's founder and largest individual investor , became a nonexecutive chairman as a result of the change . On July 24 , 2007 , JetBlue reported that its second - quarter revenue increased to $730 million , compared to $612 in 2006 . Second quarter net income grew to $21 million for the quarter , from $14 million the previous year . CEO David Barger said the airline will take delivery of three fewer planes this year and will sell three planes from their current fleet , `` slowing capacity growth ... to strengthen our balance sheet and facilitate earnings growth '' , but will continue to add two to four new destinations each year . In July 2007 , the airline partnered with 20th Century Fox 's film The Simpsons Movie to become the `` Official Airline of Springfield '' . In addition a contest was held in which the grand prize would be a trip on JetBlue to Los Angeles to attend the premiere of the film . The airline 's website was also redecorated with characters and their favorite JetBlue destinations and the company was taken over by the show / film 's businessman villain Montgomery Burns . In August 2007 , the airline added exclusive content from The New York Times in the form of an in - flight video magazine , conducted by Times journalists and content from NYTimes.com . On November 8 , 2007 , JetBlue appointed Ed Barnes as interim CFO , following the resignation of former CFO John Harvey . On December 13 , 2007 , JetBlue and Germany - based Lufthansa announced JetBlue 's intent to sell 19 % of JetBlue to Lufthansa , pending approval from US regulators . Following the acquisition , Lufthansa stated they plan to seek operational cooperation with JetBlue . Lufthansa plans to offer connections to JetBlue flights in Boston , New York ( JFK ) , and Orlando International Airport ( no longer a connection ) . JetBlue expanded service to the Caribbean , including to St. Maarten and Puerto Plata commencing January 10 , 2008 . With these additional destinations , JetBlue serves a total of twelve Caribbean / Atlantic destinations including Aruba ; Barbados ; Bermuda ; Cancún ; Nassau ; Aguadilla ; Ponce ; San Juan , Puerto Rico ; Santiago ; and Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . In the March edition of Airways Magazine , it was announced that once JetBlue partnered with Yahoo ! and with BlackBerry producer Research in Motion , that the airline would offer free , limited Wi - Fi capabilities on a single aircraft , N651JB , an Airbus A320 - 200 dubbed `` BetaBlue '' . People access e-mail with a Wi - Fi capable Blackberry , or use Yahoo ! 's e-mail and instant messaging with a Wi - Fi capable laptop , while in flight over the US . LiveTV in Melbourne Florida , created and operated the `` BetaBlue '' prototype . The `` BetaBlue '' system utilized the bandwidth and infrastructure of defunct Airfone . On March 19 , 2008 , JetBlue added Orlando , Florida as a gateway focus city to international destinations in the Caribbean , Mexico , and South America . New international routes from Orlando International Airport include Cancún , Mexico , Bridgetown , Barbados , Bogotá , Colombia , Nassau , Bahamas , San José , Costa Rica , and Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . In conjunction with the addition of new routes the airline will continue significant expansion of operations at Orlando International Airport including a planned 292 - room lodge that will house trainees attending the existing `` JetBlue University '' training facility ( opened in 2015 ) . On April 8 , 2008 , JetBlue introduced a new `` Happy Jetting '' brand campaign . The marketing campaign , developed in partnership with JWT New York , emphasizes competitive fares , service and complimentary onboard amenities such as free satellite television and radio , snacks , and leather seats . On May 21 , 2008 , JetBlue named Joel Peterson chairman and Frank Sica vice chairman of its board of directors , replacing David Neeleman , who stepped down as CEO in 2007 . On August 4 , 2008 , the Associated Press reported that JetBlue would replace their recycled pillows and blankets with an `` ecofriendly '' pillow and blanket package that passengers would have to purchase for use . Each package will cost $7 , and will include a $5 coupon from retailer Bed , Bath and Beyond . This decision is the latest in a series of moves designed to increase revenue . JetBlue told the Associated Press that it expects to collect $40 million from passengers selecting seats with extra legroom and $20 million from passengers paying $15 to check a second bag . As of September 8 , 2008 JetBlue charges passengers $10 -- 30 for an extended - leg - room seat depending on the length of the flight . In September 2008 , JetBlue began operating Republican Vice-Presidential candidate Sarah Palin 's campaign aircraft , an E190 . On October 13 , 2009 , the airline unveiled a modification to its livery in commemoration of the upcoming 10th anniversary of the airline in February 2010 . Besides a new tail design , the revised livery includes larger `` billboard '' titles extending down over the passenger windows at the front of the aircraft . The logo word ' jetBlue ' will no longer be silver and blue but now a dark , navy blue . JetBlue 's JFK Terminal 5 The entry hall of T5 at John F. Kennedy International Airport Main article : TWA Flight Center On October 22 , 2008 JetBlue opened its new primary hub at John F. Kennedy International Airport ( JFK ) , Terminal 5 , or simply T5 . The mostly new terminal , costing approximately $800 million , partially encircles the historic TWA Flight Center , the former Trans World Airlines terminal designed by Eero Saarinen , which remains closed . According to the plan , passengers will eventually be able to check in for flights in the landmark building , then transfer to the new structure via the original passenger departing - arrival tubes from Saarinen 's original terminal and its 1969 addition by Roche - Dinkeloo . The first flight arrived from Bob Hope Airport ( B6 # 358 ) at 5 : 06 am followed by arrivals from Oakland International Airport and Long Beach Airport , respectively . The last flight to operate out of T6 was a departure to Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , Puerto Rico , departing at 11 : 59 pm . 2010s ( edit ) On June 16 , 2010 , JetBlue began selling snack boxes on Airbus A320 flights over 3 hours , 45 minutes . There are 5 options for $6 each . In March 22 , 2010 , JetBlue turned down incentives from the City of Orlando and announced its headquarters would keep its Forest Hills office , start leasing and using a new office in the Brewster Building in Long Island City , New York . in Queens Plaza in Long Island City , move its headquarters there in mid-2012 , and start a joint branding deal with New York State using the iconic I Love NY logo . On October 14 , 2010 , the California Council of the Blind and three individuals with visual impairments have filed a lawsuit against JetBlue Airways in Federal Court on allegations that JetBlue 's website and airport kiosks are not accessible . On October 18 , 2011 , CFO Ed Barnes resigned , effective immediately . The company 's treasurer , Mark Powers , was appointed interim CFO until a replacement for Barnes could be found . On June 13 , 2012 , JetBlue ranked ' Highest in Customer Satisfaction Among Low Cost Carriers in North America ' by J.D. Power and Associates , a customer satisfaction recognition received for the eighth year in a row . A JetBlue Embraer 190 taking off at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in Washington D.C. In October 2013 , JetBlue introduced Mint , a premium cabin service on transcontinental and select Caribbean flights . The service began in 2014 , using the Airbus A321 - 200 aircraft ordered by JetBlue . These planes are outfitted with winglets , as well as with `` lie flat '' seats , and moveable partitions that can create small suites on the airplane . Called `` Mint '' by JetBlue , these planes are configured with 16 business - class seats and 143 economy seats , instead of an all - economy configuration of 190 seats . On April 22 , 2014 , JetBlue 's pilots voted to unionize for the first time since the airline was founded , with 71 % casting ballots in favor of joining the ALPA . On September 18 , 2014 , Dave Barger announced his resignation from the company effective February 16 , 2015 , following several reports that investors and the board were unhappy with his performance . He was replaced on the board and as CEO by Robin Hayes . During the last few days of June and the first few days of July 2015 , JetBlue began charging for bags in certain booking classes , leaving Southwest Airlines the only major U.S. carrier to not charge for bags . For the classes in which bag check fees are charged ( generally the lowest class of fares offered ; JetBlue offers 3 classes of fares ) , the cost is $20 for the first bag and $35 for the second , which is the lowest in the United States besides Frontier Airlines with similar prices . In 2016 , JetBlue was unsuccessful in acquiring Virgin America , which was acquired by Alaska Airlines Group . In July 2016 , JetBlue announced commercial flights from the United States to Cuba will commence in late August . On August 31 , 2016 , JetBlue Flight 387 from Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport to Abel Santamaría Airport , in Santa Clara , became the first scheduled commercial flight between the United States and Cuba in 55 years . Only charter flights were allowed under previous rules , which required that passengers had to arrive more than 4 hours before the scheduled departure and often endure long lines for documentation checks , late flight arrivals , and pay high baggage fees . In November 2016 , JetBlue painted one of their Airbus A320 aircraft , N763JB , in a 1960s retrojet livery , dubbed `` What 's Old is Blue Again '' . The livery 's maiden flight was on Friday , from New York JFK to Palm Springs . In July 2017 , JetBlue announced it was taking qualifications to develop a terminal at JFK that would not only occupy terminal 5 but also the space of terminal 6 and 7 . In April 2018 , JetBlue announced their return to Ontario , California after 10 years , as well as new service to Steamboat Springs , CO , and Bozeman , MT . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Business trends ( edit ) JetBlue 's current headquarters , at the Brewster Building at 27 - 01 Queens Plaza North The key trends for JetBlue over recent years are shown below ( as at year ending 31 December ) : 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Revenue ( US $ m ) 2,364 2,843 3,392 3,292 3,779 4,504 4,982 5,441 5,817 6,416 6,632 Net profit ( US $ m ) − 7 12 − 84 61 97 86 128 168 401 677 759 Number of employees ( FTE ) 9,265 9,909 9,895 10,704 11,121 11,532 12,035 12,447 13,280 14,537 15,696 Number of passengers ( m ) 18.6 21.4 21.9 22.4 24.3 26.4 29.0 30.5 32.1 35.1 38.3 Passenger load factor ( % ) 81.6 80.7 80.4 79.7 81.4 82.4 83.8 83.7 84.0 84.7 85.1 Number of aircraft ( at year end ) 160 169 180 194 203 215 227 Notes / sources Headquarters ( edit ) Former headquarters , 80 - 02 Kew Gardens Road JetBlue 's headquarters are in the Brewster Building in Long Island City , New York . JetBlue previously had its headquarters at 80 -- 02 Kew Gardens Road , and then in the Forest Hills Tower , both in Forest Hills , Queens , New York City , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from the current office in Long Island City . In 2001 the airline had announced that it wanted to take 74,000 square feet ( 6,900 m ) of space in the Forest Hills Tower , and by December 2002 announced that it planned to increase its leased space . In 2009 , JetBlue announced that it was looking for a new headquarters location , and was considering moving either within the New York City metropolitan area or to the Orlando , Florida area . In April 2009 , Helen Marshall , the president of the Borough of Queens , said that the City of New York was trying to keep JetBlue in the city ; in January 2010 , the CEO of JetBlue , Dave Barger , and Governor of Florida Charlie Crist met in Tallahassee , Florida to discuss a possible move to Orlando . A decision was expected by March 2010 , although a move would not happen until 2012 , when its lease in the Forest Hills Tower expired . On March 22 , 2010 , JetBlue announced it would remain in the New York City area , in Long Island City , because of the airline 's historical links to the city , the cost of staff relocations , the airline 's desire to retain access to financial markets , and because Aer Lingus and Lufthansa , JetBlue 's marketing partners , fly into JFK Airport . JetBlue planned to combine its Forest Hills and Darien , Connecticut offices , together about 1,000 employees , into about 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m ) in the Brewster Building by mid-2012 . Crew bases ( edit ) JetBlue operates five bases for its pilots and cabin crew members : Boston Logan International Airport Fort Lauderdale International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport Long Beach Airport Orlando International Airport Marketing strategy ( edit ) JetBlue 's first major advertising campaign incorporated phrases like `` Unbelievable '' and `` We like you , too '' . Full - page newspaper advertisements boasted low fares , new aircraft , leather seats , spacious legroom , and a customer - service - oriented staff committed to `` bringing humanity back to air travel '' . With a goal of raising the bar for in - flight experience , JetBlue became the first airline to offer all passengers personalized in - flight entertainment . In April 2000 , flat - screen monitors installed in every seatback allow customers live access to over 20 DirecTV channels at no additional cost . As JetBlue gained market share , they found a unique positioning where they competed with other low - cost carriers ( e.g. Southwest , and Frontier ) , as well as major carriers ( e.g. American , United , and Delta ) . Amenities such as their live in - flight television , free and unlimited snack offerings , comfortable legroom , and unique promotions fostered an image of impeccable customer service that rivaled the major airlines while competitive low fares made them a threat to low - cost no - frills carriers as well . During the company 's growth stage , advertising messages moved from the engaging and customer oriented to less personal slogans and campaigns . Frequent changes in its values statements resulted in mixed and frequently wasted marketing dollars spent . Slogans varied from `` More '' to `` Happy Jetting '' and many other failed attempts . JetBlue N605JB celebrates the 100th anniversary of the Boston Red Sox baseball team . A new marketing strategy has been partnerships with professional sports teams and venues . As the official airline of the New York Jets , JetBlue has specially painted the exterior of one of their Airbus A320s ( N746JB ) in the team 's colors . Aircraft N605JB is based on the design of the Boston Red Sox road uniform and sports a grey fuselage with navy lettering . This aircraft was unveiled in February 2012 , just in time for the opening of the Red Sox new spring training facility in Fort Myers , Florida named JetBlue Park at Fenway South . Additionally , JetBlue and MasterCard have pledged to refund select flight purchases made online at JetBlue.com using a MasterCard . JetBlue has also partnered with various other sports teams and sporting venues in cities they serve . JetBlue also utilizes various forms of advertising media . They use print , online , and television ads as well as advertisements on popular social media sites including Hulu and YouTube . JetBlue emphasizes a secondary slogan , `` If you would n't take it on the ground , do n't take it in the air '' poking fun at competitors with hidden fees , little , or no amenities and what JetBlue considers an unacceptable level of customer service . According to Martin St. George , senior vice president of marketing and commercial strategy at JetBlue , the new `` You Above All '' campaign was created to get JetBlue back to their `` DNA '' and speak to the `` core of who we are as a brand '' . This motto is meant to support their efforts to always put the customer first and `` bring humanity back to air travel '' . Customer Bill of Rights In February 2007 , a Valentine 's Day storm triggered an `` organizational meltdown '' leading to an extremely high level of cancellations and controversies . For example , some passengers were held on board their plane awaiting clearance for take off for nearly 11 hours before they returned to their gate and the flight was cancelled . Various consumer rights organizations and activists called for the creation of a government mandated `` Bill of Rights '' to protect air travelers from future experiences similar to the one previously described . On February 20 , 2007 , JetBlue released an apologetic response to the events that had taken place less than a week before with the creation of their Customer Bill of Rights , which offers financial reciprocation if a customer 's flight is delayed or cancelled . Destinations ( edit ) Main article : JetBlue destinations As of May 2018 , JetBlue Airways flies to 102 destinations in North , Central , and South America ; including destinations in Aruba , The Bahamas , Barbados , Bermuda , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Grenada , Jamaica , Mexico , Peru , Puerto Rico , Saint Maarten , Saint Lucia , Trinidad and Tobago , Turks and Caicos Islands and the United States . On May 6 , 2015 , JetBlue was one of the first airlines to be granted a license to commence charter flights to Cuba , with flights departing from New York City . The weekly service began on July 3 , 2015 , with 150 - seat Airbus A320s . In early 2018 it was reported that when JetBlue starts operating the Airbus A321neo ( in the LR variants ) they will begin flights to Europe from the Northeast United States . The official announcement is expected sometime in 2018 . It is unknown if the planes will be using Jetblue Mint for these routes . Airline partnerships ( edit ) JetBlue Embraer 190 ( N198JB ) and Airbus A320 ( N528JB ) In 2008 , JetBlue partnered with Irish flagship carrier Aer Lingus to allow passengers to switch between airlines on a single ticket for flights with connections in New York -- JFK or Boston Logan . Unlike traditional codeshare agreements , the companies can not sell seats on each other 's flights , so customers initiate the purchase on one airline 's website and then are transferred to the other site to complete the transaction . After making a codeshare agreement with Lufthansa that went into effect in 2010 , JetBlue transitioned to the Sabre reservation system used by Lufthansa , enabling the airlines to sell tickets on each other 's flights , transfer luggage and passengers between the two carriers , and combine frequent flyer programs , . By making use of JetBlue 's North America routes as a feeder network , the agreement put Lufthansa in a position to operate quasi-hubs in New York -- JFK and Boston Logan . Also in 2010 , JetBlue entered into interline booking agreements with South African Airways and American Airlines to facilitate luggage transfers between airlines for passengers with connecting flights on a different carrier . The agreement with American included JetBlue 's 18 destinations not served by American and American 's 12 international flights out of New York -- JFK and Boston Logan . In addition , American gave JetBlue 8 round trips slots out of Washington National in D.C. and 2 out of Westchester , New York . In return , JetBlue gave American 6 round trips out of New York -- JFK . The agreement with American Airlines has since ended according to JetBlue 's website . In 2011 , JetBlue made interline agreements with Virgin Atlantic and Jet Airways , both of which have since been terminated . Since 2012 , JetBlue has had an interlining agreement with Air China . It also established an interline agreement with Porter Airlines connecting from Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport to US destinations through Boston and Newark . Codeshare agreements ( edit ) JetBlue has entered into a number of codeshare agreements with other airlines , meaning airlines agree to share certain flights , which both airlines market and publish on their own flight schedules under their respective airline designators and flight numbers . JetBlue codeshares with the following airlines : Lufthansa South African Airways Azul_Brazilian_Airlines JetSuiteX El_Al Emirates ( airline ) Fleet ( edit ) JetBlue Airbus A320 at Orlando Airport As of January 2018 the JetBlue Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft : A JetBlue E190AR taxiing at New York JFK Airport JetBlue Airways Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes Y+ Y Total Airbus A320 - 200 130 -- -- 42 108 150 Airbus A320neo -- 25 TBA Deliveries start 2020 through 2022 . Airbus A321 - 200 53 13 -- 41 159 200 16 102 159 Mint Configuration Airbus A321neo -- 60 TBA Deliveries begin in 2019 . Option to substitute orders from A321neo to A321LR . Embraer E190 60 24 -- 16 84 100 Launch customer . Fleet under review . Scheduled for delivery from 2020 to 2022 . Total 243 122 Services ( edit ) Cabin experience ( edit ) Core ( edit ) JetBlue offers Core ( Main Cabin ) seating across its fleet . In the Core cabin , Customers enjoy leather seats , the most legroom among U.S domestic carriers , free gate to gate wi - fi , free in - flight entertainment with DIRECTV and Sirius XM Radio as well as unlimited complimentary snacks and non-alcoholic drinks . Customers can purchase or upgrade to an EvenMore ® Space seat with more legroom than a Core seat in a better location in the cabin . Mint ( edit ) Main article : JetBlue Mint Mint is JetBlue 's premium class service and is available coast to coast and on select Caribbean routes on configured Airbus A321s . It includes fully lie - flat seats , some of which have sliding panels for more privacy . The table below shows the routes on which the service is available . Focus City Destinations New York Aruba Barbados Grenada Saint Lucia Las Vegas Los Angeles Palm Springs San Diego San Francisco Seattle St. Maarten Fort Lauderdale ( Miami ) Los Angeles San Francisco Boston Aruba Barbados Las Vegas Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco Seattle St. Maarten In - flight entertainment ( edit ) JetBlue 's in - flight options consist of gate - to-gate Fly - Fi service , offering over one hundred channels of DIRECTV , Sirius XM Radio , and movies , and on Airbus A321 craft a 15 '' interactive video screen not available on the rest of the fleet . JetBlue 's partnership with Amazon lets customers watch Amazon Prime videos by connecting to Wi - Fi and downloading the Amazon Video app on their mobile phone or tablet . You can also use the Fly - Fi ( Wi - Fi ) for almost anything , at speeds of 12 -- 15 megabits per second . Frequent - flyer program ( edit ) JetBlue 's frequent - flyer program is called TrueBlue . Under the original TrueBlue program , flights were worth two , four , or six points based on distance of the flights , and double points were awarded for flights booked online . In September 2009 , JetBlue made changes to its TrueBlue program . In the new program , members receive three points for every dollar spent toward a flight , excluding taxes and fees ; members earn an additional three points for every dollar spent on a flight if they book online on the JetBlue.com website . Additional points are awarded if the member uses the Barclay 's issued JetBlue Mastercard credit card to purchase the flight . The price of flights in points depend on the fare of the flight in U.S. dollars . The new program launched on November 9 , 2009 . In June 2013 , JetBlue announced that TrueBlue points will never expire for any reason . The current policy states that if members book a flight online , they can earn double with 6 points per dollar . Flights bought elsewhere result in 3 points per dollar spent . Subsidiaries and Investments ( edit ) JetBlue Technology Ventures ( edit ) JetBlue Technology Ventures ( JTV or Jetblue Tech Ventures for short ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of JetBlue that was founded in November 2015 . It 's meant to be the venture capital investment arm of JetBlue that invests in startups in the travel and hospitality space . They 've invested in things like hybrid planes , machine learning algorithms , and ground transportation . As of April 2017 , JetBlue Technology Ventures has invested in five startups and has yet to disclose how much money has been invested or how much equity they have been given . Although they have shared that Investments , will range in size from $250,000 to $1 million . JetSuiteX ( edit ) On October 25 , 2016 JetSuiteX announced that JetBlue had made a minority equity investment in JetSuiteX . Part of the agreement also gave JetBlue a seat on JetSuite 's board of directors . Reasons for the investment was outlined by CEO Robin Hayes `` Our investment in JetSuite makes sense as we continue to execute on our west coast plan and invest in innovative ideas that reflect the disruptive spirit of JetBlue . '' In JetBlue 's 1st quarter 2018 investor call JetBlue 's CFO Steven Priest Confirmed they currently hold about 10 % of JetSuiteX . TWA flight Center hotel ( edit ) The TWA Hotel is the TWA Flight Center structure currently being rebuilt as 505 - room hotel , preserving the Eero Saarinen headhouse while replacing the structures on either side of the headhouse . Situated in front of JetBlue 's JFK terminal , JetBlue has stated that it estimates the ownership of the hotel would be between 5 -- 10 % of the final total investment . The hotel will be an effective replacement for the Ramada Plaza JFK Hotel on the north end of the airport grounds in Building 144 , which closed in 2009 . LiveTV ( edit ) LiveTV was bought by JetBlue in 2002 and became a wholly owned subsidiary until it was sold to Thales for nearly $400 million in June 2014 . Incidents and accidents ( edit ) JetBlue Flight 292 , an Airbus A320 ( N536JB ) , makes an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport . September 21 , 2005 : Flight 292 en route from Burbank , California , to New York City performed an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport ( pictured on the right ) following a failure of the front landing gear during retraction when it turned 90 degrees . The plane landed after holding for about three hours to burn fuel and lighten the aircraft . The aircraft came to a stop without incident on runway 25L , the second - longest runway at LAX . The only apparent damage to the plane upon landing was the destruction of the front wheels , which were ground down to almost semicircles , and the tires ; the front landing strut held . The passengers were unable to see themselves landing despite the DirecTV service in each seat , as they were instructed to brace . March 27 , 2012 : The incident on Flight 191 involved the captain being locked out of the cockpit and being subdued by passengers following a panic attack and / or mental illness . See also ( edit ) New York City portal Companies portal Aviation portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Form 10 - K , JetBlue Airways Corporation '' . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . Jump up ^ JetBlue Launches New Advertising and Marketing Campaign : You Above All ( TM ) . Investor.jetblue.com ( October 14 , 2010 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schlangenstein , Mary ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` JetBlue Airways Pipes Up to Delta : Leave ' Humanity ' Alone '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` JetBlue Airways Corporation 2017 Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) '' . sec.gov . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue 's HQ contest down to NYC , Orlando . '' Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Jetblue 2002 Annual Report . '' JetBlue . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Adds New Cities and Routes as It Advances West Coast Strategy '' . JetBlue . Retrieved Apr 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue '' . JetBlue . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Directory : World Airlines '' . Flight International . April 3 , 2007 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ The Steady , Strategic Ascent of JetBlue Airways January 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Laurence ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` JetBlue , Exception Among Airlines , Is Likely to Post a Profit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Maynard , Micheline ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` More Cuts as United Grounds Low - Cost Carrier '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Airways Press Release : Taking the JetBlue Experience to New Heights '' . Investor.jetblue.com . December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ JetBlue Airways : Growing Pains ? ICMR Case Study . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JetBlue fiasco : $30 M price tag Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Embraer tackles JetBlue E-190 software glitches -- 3 / 13 / 2007 '' . Flight Global . 2007 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schlangenstein , Mary ( 2007 - 03 - 06 ) . `` JetBlue to Idle E190s for Work , Add ExpressJet Planes ( Update4 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Change in the Cockpit at JetBlue '' . Bloomberg Businessweek. 10 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Another suicidal board ? How DuPont 's directors failed Ellen Kullman '' . Fortune magazine . 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlangenstein , Mary ; David Mildenberg ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` JetBlue Air Names Barger to Succeed Neeleman as Chief '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jettisoned at JetBlue '' . Daily News . 11 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` unknown '' ( Press release ) . Associated Press . July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ mydesert.com The Desert Sun Palm Springs news , community , entertainment , yellow pages and classifieds . Serving Palm Springs , California . The Desert Sun . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Product Placement News '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Blue news release '' . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lufthansa will acquire 19 % stake in JetBlue , seek ' cooperation ' , USA Today , December 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Lufthansa Partnership July 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ BetaBlue Flies High With In - flight E-mail and Instant Messaging : JetBlue Airways Joins With LiveTV , Yahoo ! and RIM to Become the First U.S. Domestic Carrier to Provide Free In - flight Connectivity Dec. 11 , 2007 ( PRIME NEWSWIRE ) Jump up ^ JetBlue Airways Press Release : New Focus City At Orlando International Airport March 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ JetBlue Airline Tickets , Flights , and Airfare . Happyjetting.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flying . It 's Why JetBlue Created Jetting . ( Nasdaq : JBLU ) . Globenewswire.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shwiff , Kathy ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` JetBlue Solidifies Succession Plan '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ JetBlue to charge $7 for pillow , blanket . Daily News ( August 4 , 2008 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` unknown '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` 2008 - 11 - 07 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Photos : Airbus A320 - 232 Aircraft Pictures . Airliners.net . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maynard , Micheline ( October 22 , 2008 ) , `` JetBlue Twitters its New Terminal '' The New York Times Jump up ^ Russell , James S. ( October 23 , 2008 ) `` JetBlue 's New Terminal at JFK Offers Huge Capacity , No Charm '' , Bloomberg . Jump up ^ T - 508 . T - 508 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ About JetBlue JFK Airport . JetBlue . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Complimentary Snacks and Drinks . JetBlue . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter status '' . JetBlue Airways . March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` JetBlue turns down Orlando incentives , will keep headquarters in New York City '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue CEO talks of moving headquarters to Orlando '' . FlyerTalk . January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bomkamp , Samantha ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` JetBlue to remain New York 's ' hometown ' airline '' . USA Today . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` JetBlue Plants Its Flag in New York City with New Headquarters Location '' ( Press release ) . JetBlue Airways . March 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mcgeehan , Patrick ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` JetBlue to Remain ' New York 's Hometown Airline ' '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` JetBlue to Move West Within Queens , Not South to Orlando '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Accessibility Lawsuit Filed Against JetBlue Airways -- Law Office of Lainey Feingold . Lflegal.com ( October 14 , 2010 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Molnar , Matt ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` JetBlue CFO Ed Barnes Resigns '' . NYCAviation . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Awarded Seventh Consecutive Customer Satisfaction J.D. Power and Associates Honor '' , JetBlue Airways Archived August 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Jason , `` Two steps ahead '' , Aviation Week and Space Technology , October 7 , 2013 , p. 35 Jump up ^ `` Mint TM : JetBlue 's refreshing take on a premium experience '' . JetBlue . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patrick ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` JetBlue pilots vote to unionize '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue CEO Fires Back at Wall Street Analysts '' . Bloomberg Business . 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Six Reasons JetBlue 's CEO Probably Wo n't Stick Around '' . Bloomberg Business . 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue 's CEO vies to please passengers , stocks '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . 16 Feb 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Baggage Fees '' . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Finance ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Retrieved 7 May 2017 '' . Businessinsider.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Talty , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` JetBlue Announces $99 Flight to Cuba , Starting August 31 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` JetBlue : First Cuba flights will launch next month '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Alan ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` First U.S. commercial flight in 5 decades lands in Cuba '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . JetBlue Flight 387 was the first regularly scheduled commercial flight between the Cold War foes in 55 years Jump up ^ Robles , Frances ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Scheduled Flights to Cuba From U.S. Begin Again , Now With Jet Engines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` First look : JetBlue unveils special ' RetroJet ' paint scheme '' . USA Today . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Issues Request for Qualifications to Developers for JFK Airport Terminal Project '' . mediaroom.jetblue.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Adds New Cities and Routes as It Advances West Coast Strategy '' . mediaroom.jetblue.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cuozzo , Steve . `` JetBlue Triples Size of its Queens Offices . '' New York Post . December 24 , 2002 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2010 . `` 74,000 square feet at 118 -- 29 Queens Blvd. , also known as Forest Hills Tower '' and `` Boulevard in Forest Hills -- possibly the largest office lease in Queens this year . JetBlue was previously at 80 -- 02 Kew Gardens Rd. , across the street . '' Jump up ^ `` Jetblue Boston Marathon Invitational entry Essay Contest . '' JetBlue Airways . Retrieved on May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leave New York City ? Fuggedaboutit ! Archived December 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' JetBlue Airways . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved on August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Sarah K. and Scott Powers . `` Orlando is a front - runner for JetBlue headquarters . '' Orlando Sentinel . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Philip . `` Forest Hills ' JetBlue looks for new space around city . '' Forest Hills Ledger . Wednesday April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hafenbrack , Josh . `` JetBlue considering move to Orlando Archived January 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Orlando Sentinel . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved on January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue CEO talks of moving headquarters to Orlando . '' Associated Press at USA Today . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben . `` Will JetBlue move its headquarters from New York to Orlando ? . '' USA Today . Retrieved on January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JetBlue to remain ' New York 's Hometown Airline ' -- Yahoo ! Finance . Finance.yahoo.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue to Keep NYC Headquarters , Rejecting Orlando ( Update3 ) . '' Bloomberg Businessweek . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved on July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Plants Its Flag in New York City with New Headquarters Location Archived July 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' JetBlue Airways . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved on July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Plans New Focus City At Orlando International Airport '' . JetBlue . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ JetBlue Airways Open For Business . JetBlue. 01 / 11 / 2000 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JetBlue Decides Not To Charge For 24 - Channel LiveTV Inflight Satellite Entertainment Service . JetBlue ( July 25 , 2000 ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Photo Release -- JetBlue and Bliss Spa Say Buh - Bye to Red - Eye , Hello to Shut - Eye Service : Shut - Eye Service Tailored for Customers on Trans - Continental Night Flights . Investor.jetblue.com ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : JetBluePress Releases . Jetblue.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blue Turns Green as JetBlue Airways Unveils Specially Painted Airbus A320 Aircraft Paying Homage to the New York Jets . Investor.jetblue.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stewart . `` JetBlue Pokes Fun at the Competition '' , New York Times . Oct. 13 , 2010 . Web . Nov. 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Zeller Jr. , Tom . `` Held Hostage on the Tarmac : Time for A Passenger Bill of Rights ? , The Lede -- New York Times . Feb. 16 , 2007 . Web . Nov. 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Matthew . `` JetBlue Offers Passengers Bill of Rights '' . ABC News . Feb. 20 , 2007 . Web . Nov. 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Where We Jet : Flight Destinations '' . JetBlue . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US approves ferry service between Cuba and Florida '' . BBC News . 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Winship , Tim ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Cuba : JetBlue Announces New Routes to Havana '' . Smarter Travel . Jump up ^ Julie Kliegman ( 4 July 2015 ) . `` JetBlue first major airline to offer direct NYC - Cuba flights '' . The Week . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ JetBlue , Aer Lingus to forge world 's first international discount alliance , USA Today , February 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ JetBlue , Aer Lingus announce passenger - sharing alliance , USA Today , February 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ / Lufthansa Takes JetBlue Under Its Wings . ( December 14 , 2007 ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ JetBlue Leaves Open Skies for Sabre BNET . Industry.bnet.com ( February 23 , 2009 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JetBlue Airways and South African Airways Proudly Announce New Interline Agreement . effective May 12 , 2010 , travelers can purchase flights between all JetBlue destinations and 40 SAA cities in Southern Africa via New York 's JFK Airport . Investor.jetblue.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ American Airlines Bolsters Commitment to New York by Enhancing Network , Schedule , Facilities and Fleet at New York 's Airports , and Introduces New Partnerships With JetBlue Airways and NYC & Company -- Mar 31 , 2010 . Aa.mediaroom.com ( March 31 , 2010 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ BlueTales '' JetBlue '' Connecting Customers to more destinations worldwide . Blog.hellojetblue.com ( March 31 , 2010 ) . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Spotlight : JetBlue Airways Soars '' . Flight Network . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue and Jet Airways to Partner on Interline Service to Brussels and ... -- NEW YORK , Nov. 2 , 2011 / PRNewswire / '' . New York , India , Belgium : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Partner -- JetBlue '' . Porter Airlines . Jump up ^ `` Profile on jetBlue Airways '' . CAPA . Centre for Aviation . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Azul and JetBlue Announce Codeshare Agreement '' . prnewswire . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Codeshare Agreement Puts JetSuiteX Flights in JetBlue Booking Channels '' . businesstravelnews . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Code Share Agreement with jetBlue B6 Airline '' . EL AL . EL AL . Jump up ^ `` With which airlines does Emirates operate Codeshare flights ? '' . Emirates . Emirates . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our planes '' . jetblue.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Airways Fleet Details and History '' . planespotters.net . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` JBLU Investor Update : January 28 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue orders 30 additional A321 aircraft '' . Airbus . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schlangenstein , Mary ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` JetBlue Defers Embraer Jets as Airbus Order Has Priority '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Morgan ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) . `` A monu - MINT - al expansion -- Out of the Blue '' . Blog.jetblue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` TrueBlue program : Jet more and earn award flights '' . JetBlue . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New TrueBlue program '' . JetBlue . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JetBlue 's Revamped TrueBlue Program Touches Down . Investor.jetblue.com . November 11 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ JetBlue TrueBlue : Frequently asked questions . Trueblue.jetblue.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue TrueBlue : Start earning '' . Trueblue.jetblue.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue TrueBlue : Reasons to join '' . Trueblue.jetblue.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Technology Ventures '' . Jetblueventures.com. 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` SEC - Show '' . otp.investis.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Startup Backed By JetBlue And Boeing Plans On Flying Electric Planes By The Early 2020s '' . April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Technology Ventures Selects Silicon Valley - Based FLYR as Its First Strategic Investment '' . www.businesswire.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Technology Ventures Announces Investment In Ground Transportation Services Startup , Mozio - PYMNTS.com '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Leena . `` Why Is JetBlue In Silicon Valley ? '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetSuite - JetBlue Makes Strategic Investment in JetSuite '' . x.jetsuite.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Priest , Steve . `` CFO '' . Seeking Alpha . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Completes Sale of LiveTV Subsidiary to Thales Group '' . mediaroom.jetblue.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LAX05IA312 . Ntsb.gov . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Pilot Charged with Interference with a Flight Crew '' ( Press release ) . FBI . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Osbon Complaint Affidavit '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicas , Jack ; Pasztor , Andy ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` JetBlue Captain 's ' Medical Situation ' Diverts Flight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Blue Streak by Barbara S. Peterson , Portfolio , 2004 ( ISBN 1 - 59184 - 058 - 9 ) Flying High by James Wynbrandt , John Wiley & Sons Inc. , 2004 ( ISBN 0 - 471 - 65544 - 9 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to JetBlue Airways . Official website ( Mobile ) Business data for JetBlue : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings JetBlue Facilities Brewster Building TWA Flight Center jetBlue Park at Fenway South Incidents JetBlue Flight 191 JetBlue Flight 292 JetBlue flight attendant incident People David Barger David Neeleman Services Destinations Mint Airlines of the United States Mainline Alaska Airlines Allegiant Air American Airlines Delta Air Lines Frontier Airlines Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue Southwest Airlines Spirit Airlines Sun Country Airlines United Airlines Regional Aerodynamics Inc . 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Hunt JetBlue Airways Kansas City Southern Kirby Landstar System Matson Norfolk Southern Ryder Southwest Airlines Union Pacific United Continental Holdings United Parcel Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JetBlue&oldid=843392516 '' Categories : Companies in the Dow Jones Transportation Average JetBlue Airlines for America members Airlines established in 1998 Airlines of the United States Companies based in Queens , New York Companies listed on NASDAQ IATA members Low - cost carriers Publicly traded companies based in New York City Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many planes does jetblue have in their fleet	[ "\nJetBlue Airways Fleet\n\nAircraft\nIn Service\nOrders\nPassengers\nNotes\n\n\nM\nY+\nY\nTotal\n\n\nAirbus A320-200\n130\n—\n—\n42\n108\n150\n\n\n\nAirbus A320neo\n—\n25\n\nTBA\n\nDeliveries start 2020 through 2022.[115]\n\n\nAirbus A321-200\n53\n13\n—\n41\n159\n200\n\n\n\n16\n102\n159\nMint Configuration\n\n\nAirbus A321neo\n—\n60[116]\n\nTBA\n\nDeliveries begin in 2019.[115]\nOption to substitute orders from A321neo to A321LR.\n\n\nEmbraer E190\n60\n24\n—\n16\n84\n100\nLaunch customer.[117] Fleet under review.\nScheduled for delivery from 2020 to 2022.[115]\n\n\nTotal\n243\n122\n\n\n" ]	[ "243" ]
1193490322861998784	Slasher (TV series)	Slasher ( TV series ) - wikipedia Slasher ( TV series ) Slasher Genre Anthology Horror Slasher Drama Created by Aaron Martin Starring Katie McGrath Brandon Jay McLaren Steve Byers Patrick Garrow Dean McDermott Leslie Hope Lovell Adams - Gray Jim Watson Christopher Jacot Paulino Nunes Ty Olsson Joanne Vannicola Sebastian Pigott Madison Cheeatow Melinda Shankar Kaitlyn Leeb Rebecca Liddiard Paula Brancati Composer ( s ) Shawn Pierce Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Greg Phillips Jonathan Ford Christina Jennings Scott Garvie Production location ( s ) Ontario , Canada Editor ( s ) Erin Deck Camera setup Single - camera Running time 46 - 53 minutes Production company ( s ) Shaftesbury Films Super Channel ( season 1 ) TVA Group ( season 2 ) Distributor Content Media Corporation Release Original network Super Channel ( Canada , season 1 ) Chiller ( USA , season 1 ) Netflix ( season 2 ) Original release March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) -- present External links Website Slasher is a Canadian television horror anthology series created by Aaron Martin . The first season , retroactively subtitled The Executioner , was produced in association with the Canadian network Super Channel , Slasher was the first ( and only ) original series by the now - defunct U.S. TV channel Chiller , which premiered the series on Friday , March 4 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 pm EST . Super Channel aired the show 's Canadian premiere on April 1 , 2016 . The series first season , which centered on a mysterious figure billed as `` The Executioner '' terrorizing the fictional town of Waterbury , Canada , was filmed between July and October 2015 in Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario . On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . The licensing rights for the second season was acquired by Netflix . The season was released as a `` Netflix Original '' title in various countries on October 17 , 2017 . The second season titled Slasher : Guilty Party is centered on a group of former summer camp counselors who return to an isolated campground in order to bury their sins of the past , before being targeted , one by one , by an unknown killer . The series has been renewed for a third season . Contents 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 Season 1 : The Executioner ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Season 1 : The Executioner 3.1. 1 Main 3.1. 2 Recurring 3.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 : The Executioner ( 2016 ) 4.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) 5 Development and production 6 Reception 6.1 Awards and accolades 7 International broadcast 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Slasher employs a season - long anthology format , with an overarching mystery storyline that will be resolved upon the season 's conclusion . Aaron Martin , the series ' creator / producer , acknowledged gaining inspiration for the format from American Horror Story , stating that , should Slasher have subsequent seasons , the AHS style of self - contained storylines would be used along with , ideally , the reliance on as many actors from previous seasons as possible to portray brand new roles . Martin aims to tell `` a modern - day monster story '' in Slasher , combining three of his favorite genres : The contemporary murder mystery ( a la Broadchurch ) , the works of Agatha Christie ( one of Martin 's favorite crime writers ) , and the classic slasher films he grew up with . In terms of the latter , Martin has specifically cited the influences of Halloween and It Follows in Slasher 's use of a mysterious singular embodiment that is responsible for a series of killings . Not wanting to have the show 's killer be `` a mythological creature '' ( as he feels the killers in most slasher films do not have much mystery surrounding them ) , Martin also uses elements of the traditional whodunit in Slasher : The show 's characters , many of whom have mysterious backgrounds -- and their own reasons for possibly being the killer -- are featured , explored , and eliminated from consideration , one by one ( either through death or the natural deductive process ) , until the `` all too human '' killer and their motivations for their actions are revealed . Plot ( edit ) Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Slasher 's 8 - episode first season centers around Sarah Bennett who , with husband Dylan , moves back to the town of her birth , Waterbury ( a fictional town in Canada ) , and into her parents ' former home . It was in that house on Halloween Night 1988 where both of her parents , Bryan and Rachel , were murdered . Rachel was pregnant with Sarah at the time of her murder , with police discovering the killer holding Rachel 's newborn baby after the slayings . Sarah 's return to Waterbury is greeted with the start of a series of copycat murders , all appearing to be at the hands of `` The Executioner '' . Seeking insight on her sightings of `` The Executioner '' and the slayings he or she has committed , Sarah has paid visits to her parents ' imprisoned murderer , Tom Winston . Tom suggests to Sarah that though most of Waterbury 's residents project a veneer of friendship , innocence , and self - righteousness , many of them harbor dark secrets , including her late parents . During these conversations , Tom expresses thoughts on what is a common theme of Slasher 's first season -- the seven deadly sins . Gaining information from Sarah on the victims ' backgrounds and the nature of their deaths , Tom provides suggestions as to what sin the victims may have violated ; Sarah would begin to employ this approach herself without Tom 's assistance in later episodes . Just as Tom declared himself `` the Lord 's messenger '' in a 1988 police interrogation video after murdering Sarah 's parents ( seen in Episode 1 ) , he believes in the present day that the new Executioner has become a self - appointed deliverer of `` Biblical '' punishment towards those he or she believes have committed one of the seven deadly sins in their past , employing methods that are apropos to the individual natures of the deadly sins . Future victim Alison Sutherland would get The Executioner to admit this in their Episode 5 interview : Alison asks why The Executioner would be as much a sinner as everyone else and violate one of God 's commandments to not kill ; The Executioner counters that God only commanded not to murder the innocent , and that his / her victims are not innocent . Tom has suggested to Sarah , in Episode 3 , that The Executioner him / herself has committed a deadly sin of their own , being blinded by pride ( `` the greatest of sins '' ) . The police chief is found harboring Ariel , a missing teenager that he kidnapped , and a child they had together , in a enclosed locked room in his basement . Sarah 's grandmother accidentally put her best friend in a coma by dropping a cinder block on her head ( in fact , she was aiming for the girl sitting next to her best friend ; the boy who had gotten Sarah 's grandmother pregnant as a teenager was taking this girl to their high school prom ) . Bryan and Rachel ( Sarah 's parents ) were cuckolding multiple men and video taping them into service to support them , including Tom Winston . Tom decided to kill Bryan and Rachel after falling in love with Rachel and being blackmailed , but saved Sarah after Rachel told him Sarah was actually his and not her husband 's . Eventually , it 's revealed that the deputy Cam is the Executioner , suffering under an abusive mother whom he pushed down the stairs , killing her . Cam 's father , the town priest , discovered that Cam was the Executioner , and Cam killed him as well . After finding her father 's body parts in his home , Sarah kills Cam with a machete . Season 2 : Guilty party ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Slasher 's 8 - episode second season centers around a horrific secret that a group of former summer camp counselors have buried long ago . Due to a changing circumstance , they must return to their resort in the dead of winter to retrieve the body of Talvinder , whom they murdered while they were camp counsellors , five years earlier . They get surprised when they ca n't find the body at the campsite . Later , the group start dying one by one at the hands of a mysterious person wearing a parka , which also alerts the second group of counselors at the resort . Eventually , it 's revealed that Judith is the killer , and another character , Wren , is actually Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull , her son who committed suicide after being framed for Talvinder 's murder , and is a figment of Judith 's imagination . Owen wrote a letter to his mother , asking her to get justice for him before hanging himself . Judith killed several members of the commune for their complicity after the fact , as Antoine discovered Talvinder 's body and hid it to avoid jeopardizing a real estate deal . Dawn and Keira are the only ones to escape her wrath and the former finally turns herself in for her crime during the epilogue . Judith can be seen watching them along with the hallucination of Owen , who says they 'll be waiting for Dawn after she is released from prison . Cast and characters ( edit ) Season 1 : the Executioner ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Katie McGrath as Sarah Bennett , an art gallery owner who recently moved to Waterbury , her place of birth . Brandon Jay McLaren as Dylan Bennett , Sarah 's husband and editor - in - chief of the local newspaper , the Waterbury Bulletin . Steve Byers as Cam Henry , a member of Waterbury 's police force . Patrick Garrow as Tom Winston , the original Executioner who murdered Sarah 's parents in 1988 and who advises Sarah on the new Executioner 's murders in the present day . Dean McDermott as Iain Vaughn , Waterbury 's police chief . Christopher Jacot as Robin Turner , who , after the death of his husband , Justin , must deal with the business mess he left behind . Wendy Crewson as Brenda Merrit , Sarah 's maternal grandmother , who returns to Waterbury to look after Sarah and Dylan . Recurring ( edit ) Jessica Sipos as June Henry , Cam 's wife , who works as an EMT and shows jealousy over Cam 's relationship to Sarah . Mary Walsh as Verna McBride , Sarah and Dylan 's neighbor , who passed judgement almost immediately on the two . Enuka Okuma as Lisa Ann Follows , a former criminal justice lawyer , now a New York - based journalist and talk show host . Erin Karpluk as Heather Peterson . She is deeply haunted by and obsessed with her daughter Ariel 's disappearance , which occurred 5 years before the show begins . Karpluk has equated Heather to the Log Lady , in that much like the Twin Peaks character , Heather appears to have a sixth sense about Waterbury 's residents and their dark secrets . Mayko Nguyen as Alison Sutherland , the publisher of the Waterbury Bulletin and Dylan 's boss . Rob Stewart as Alan Henry , Cam 's father , a church pastor , and the survivor / witness of Sarah 's parents ' murder . He has made occasional visits to Tom Winston in prison to provide religious counsel . Jefferson Brown as Trent McBride , Verna 's nephew , June Henry 's former EMT partner , and an enthusiastic hunter and taxidermist . Mark Ghanimé as Justin Faysal , who with husband Robin purchased several properties in Waterbury , including the storefront location that serves as Sarah 's art gallery . Dylan Taylor as Bryan Ingram , Sarah 's father Alysa King as Rachel Ingram , Sarah 's mother Victoria Snow as Sonja Edwards , Brenda 's former childhood friend and her intended victim in a prom night 1968 incident . Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Ariel Peterson , Heather 's missing daughter Shawn Ahmed as Sharma , an officer in Waterbury 's police force Booth Savage as Ronald Edwards , the Mayor of Waterbury Susannah Hoffman as Marjorie Travers , a prostitute and drug addict Season 2 : Guilty party ( edit ) Main Leslie Hope as Judith Berry , a commune member , who has had a drug addiction , has a collection of rocks , and occasionally cuts herself . Lovell Adams - Gray as Peter Broome / Burrow , a former counselor , and Andi 's ex-boyfriend . Jim Watson as Noah Jenkins , a former camp counselor . Five years ago , Talvinder manipulated Noah into doing things for her by making it look like she wanted to be his girlfriend . Paula Brancati as Dawn Duguin , a former camp counselor . Five years ago , Dawn and Talvinder were friends , but Talvinder stopped Dawn from having a relationship with Ryan , causing Dawn to hate her . Christopher Jacot as Antoine , a masseuse and yoga instructor , and Renee 's legal husband , though he is gay . Paulino Nunes as Mark Rankin : A former lawyer , who came to the commune after nearly being killed by the father of the victim of a man he successfully defended . Ty Olsson as Benny Ironside / Glenn Morgan , a former prisoner . Joanne Vannicola as Renée , one of the commune 's leaders alongside her legal husband Antoine , though she is a lesbian . Sebastian Pigott as Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull , Judith 's son . He was a counselor at Camp Motega five years ago . He had an unhealthy obsession with Talvinder . Madison Cheeatow as Keira , a former nurse at the commune , who came after she accidentally killed a patient . Recurring Melinda Shankar as Talvinder Gill , a new camp counselor whose murder drives the events of Guilty Party . A manipulative girl , she played on the other counselors kindness . Kaitlyn Leeb as Susan Lam , a mother and wife , and once Andi and Dawn 's friend . Rebecca Liddiard as Andi Criss , Peter 's ex-girlfriend . Dean McDermott as Alan Haight , a man whose son died in a hit and run accident . Rebecca Amzallag as Stephanie , a woman Mark was having an affair with before arriving at the commune . Jefferson Brown as Gene , the outfitter and supply deliverer for the commune . Kyle Buchanan as Simon , Andi 's current boyfriend . Simu Liu as Luke , Susan 's kind and somewhat oblivious husband . Sophia Walker as Megan , a hiker . Kimberly - Sue Murray as Janice , Gene 's girlfriend . Luke Humphrey as Glenn Morgan / R.G. , a former drug dealer , and incarcerated at the same prison as Benny . Jon McLaren as Ryan , a counselor at Camp Motega five years ago . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` An Eye for an Eye '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 0.120 Sarah and Dylan move to Waterbury and into the former home and murder site of her parents . The new `` Executioner '' surfaces for the first time , chasing Sarah down her street before beating a teen boy who had been destroying mailboxes with his baseball bat . Following a suggestion from Tom Winston after their first meeting , Sarah discovers a camcorder and illicit sex tapes her parents buried in their house , tapes that Verna discovers and takes to her house after snooping around . The Executioner ties down and dismembers Verna in her bedroom as punishment for the sin of wrath . Sarah discovers Verna 's body , only to fall down the stairs and lose consciousness while trying to escape The Executioner , who leaves one sex tape beside her . `` Digging Your Grave With Your Teeth '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 0.110 Sarah 's grandmother , Brenda arrives at the Bennett 's home , suitcase in hand . Robin is confronted by Trent , while Sarah is confronted by Heather . Sarah receives a package containing a severed human finger and a note ; following Tom 's suggestion that the note contains geographic coordinates , Sarah discovers the remains of Verna McBride 's husband , Peter , in a nearby wooded area . Lured out into an alley way by a severed power cable , Robin 's arms are slashed by The Executioner , with a bystander rescuing Robin . While Robin recovers in hospital , another outage occurs , after which Robin receives flowers and a card of condolence . Believing Justin is in danger , Robin and Cam frantically try to call Justin but Justin dies after collapsing and frothing at the mouth after snorting cocaine and ingesting the rat poison that was in it , serving as the punishment for his gluttony . After she had previously threatened Justin and Robin , a fitful Heather is arrested by the police . `` Like as Fire Eateth Up and Burneth Wood '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 0.067 Robin , deep in grief over Justin and deep in the business mess he left behind , deals with Trent 's anger over Justin giving him a bad check . After The Executioner breaks into her home , Sarah heads out of town . After swerving off the road to avoid a truck , Sarah and Brenda become separated in the woods . Brenda , who had just admitted to Sarah her role in Ada 's accident , is kidnapped by The Executioner , who ties her to a cinder block and tosses it into the lake at a nearby boathouse . Brenda 's drowning death , the punishment for her envy , prompts the police to release Heather from custody . `` As Water is Corrupted Unless It Moves '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 0.067 The police verify that the truck that ran off Sarah and Brenda belonged to Trent . Trent is chased into a pit in the woods and eaten by snakes as punishment for his sloth by The Executioner . Dylan interviews Tom in prison for the Bulletin . Tom produces evidence to Dylan that suggests he has had a greater interest in Tom than he let on to Sarah . Apologetic for drunkenly claiming Sarah is in love with Cam , June confides to Sarah that she and Trent had an affair while they were EMT partners ; she also tells Sarah about Trent 's encounter with Ariel Peterson . Security camera footage reveals a detail June left out : She was with Trent in his ambulance that night . After comforting a hysterical Heather , June heads to church to pray but The Executioner abducts her . June awakens in a cornfield naked , attached to an IV , and covered in honey , which attracts animals that eat her alive while she does n't know what happens . 5 5 `` Ill - Gotten Gains '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 0.053 June 's rotted remains are discovered . Cam and Sarah argue over suspicions each other have about the killer ; Alan learns about the argument and advises Sarah to be careful . Sarah and Robin discover a `` murder kit '' in Alan 's church office , later discovering Alan needs the contents for a BDSM session . Sarah discovers her parents ' sex videos feature a young Tom Winston . Alison asks The Executioner on - air for an interview who obliges and , in full costume , speaks with Alison at an abandoned foundry . Alison confides to Lisa Ann that she fabricated evidence in the Bulletin that tied Benny Peterson to his daughter 's disappearance . Heading to New York , Alison gets into a courtesy limo driven by the Executioner , who takes her back to the foundry and slashes her throat ; her head is later found in a restaurant 's deep fryer as punishment for her greed . Vaughn heads home to his basement , where he opens a room - sized safe ; inside , a young boy is being sung to by Ariel Peterson . 6 6 `` The One Who Sows His Own Flesh '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 0.076 The cold open depicts Iain Vaughn 's abduction and rape of Ariel 5 years ago ; in the present day , he prevents an attempt by Ariel and son Jake to escape his basement . Sarah becomes suspicious about Dylan 's whereabouts when Alison was killed . Tom insists to Sarah that he is her father with a DNA test to confirm . After Sarah and Cam tell Vaughn their suspicions about Marjorie Travers ' claim of seeing Ariel the night she disappeared , Vaughn and Marjorie meet and he gives Marjorie a needle filled with heroin that she fatally overdoses on . Realizing Sarah is suspicious about Marjorie 's death , Vaughn takes Sarah to a junkyard and attempts to make it appear as if The Executioner punished Sarah for the sin of pride . Knowing his sin is lust , Vaughn makes an attempt to punish himself along with Ariel and Jake with gasoline and attempts to burn himself and the two . With the police demanding Vaughn 's whereabouts , Sarah encourages his wife , Nancy , to let them into their basement , from which only Ariel and Jake exit . Vaughn escapes to a secluded lakeside shack , where The Executioner knocks him out ; he later awakens to being burned alive in a crematorium , a punishment for his lust . 7 7 `` In the Pride of His Face '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 0.077 A flashback to Bryan and Rachel Ingram 's murder reveals a new detail : Before killing her , Tom reveals himself to Rachel ; she responds by professing her love for him and pleads for their baby 's life . Sharma and Cam discover The Executioner 's list of sinners , which include Tom 's and Sarah 's names for pride . Sarah becomes angry at Dylan after discovering his website dedicated to her parents ' murders . Lisa Ann upsets Dylan with her knowledge that Tom and Sarah are targets , but mollifies him with news that she got his request for a book deal approved -- and an intimate moment . While heading back to prison from hospital , Tom escapes to Sarah 's house ; Sarah willingly goes with him to the woods where The Executioner captures them both . With Sarah tied to a buzzsaw , Tom reveals how his own ego and pride led him to murder Bryan and Rachel . Tom demands that The Executioner punish him instead of Sarah , and he dives onto the running buzzsaw , being `` broken on a wheel '' , killing himself for his sin of pride . At Cam 's house , Cam adds a bloody piece of Tom 's prison jumpsuit to a hidden box of murder mementos , implying that he is the Executioner . 8 8 `` Soon Your Own Eyes Will See '' Craig David Wallace Aaron Martin April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 0.086 After a flashback depicts the death of Cam 's mother , the story picks up on Halloween eve : Alan finds Cam 's box of murder mementos , but is strangled by Cam while praying for his son . Cam plants the mementos in the Bennetts ' house and , after Sarah discovers them , arrests Dylan . Cam comforts Sarah , and the two have a sexual interlude . Browsing through a summer camp scrapbook , Sarah discovers a sketch Cam drew that resembles The Executioner 's drawings ; her new suspicions are confirmed when she sneaks into Cam 's house and discovers Alan 's remains and a bloody knife . Sarah takes the knife and , after luring him out of Robin 's Halloween party , stabs Cam , who takes that same knife and stabs both Sarah and Robin . Sarah escapes to her house , but Cam pursues her and stabs Sarah again . Sarah , along with Dylan , turn the tables , however , stabbing Cam several times and slitting his throat . Four weeks later , a reconciled Sarah and Dylan leave Waterbury , with Robin showing their former house to two prospective buyers and their young daughter , who snaps the neck of a stray cat in the yard . Season 2 : Guilty party ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 9 `` Six Feet Under '' Felipe Rodriguez Aaron Martin October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) A group of six summer camp counselors , Peter , Dawn , Noah , Susan , Andi , and Talvinder drive beyond camp limits to party . Susan tells the group that she 's found a good swimming hole , so the group follows her . They reach a clearing lined with torches , where Andi informs Talvinder that she is going to stand trial for being ' a nasty bitch . ' The scene cuts to the group dragging what they think to be Talvinder 's dead body into the woods . Five years later , the five counsellors return to the former camp , now a commune , to remove and destroy Talvinder 's body when they learn that a resort is going to built on the land . Antoine and Renee , the founders of the commune , and Mark , Glenn , Judith , Wren , and Keira , the communes members , are surprised that the group have decided to visit in winter . Gene is killed when he goes to the sauna by a parka - clad person wielding a chainsaw . When the former counselors go to the site where Talvinder 's body was hidden , they find it has disappeared . Searching for the body , Andi finds Talvinder 's skeletal corpse suspended from nearby trees and gets knocked out . Peter leaves the cabin to search for Andi and finds her with her throat slit . Peter returns to the commune with news of Andi 's death . 10 `` Between Good and Evil '' Felipe Rodriguez Jana Sinyor October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Antoine and Renee go looking for Gene , only to find a snowman decorated with his body parts . After announcing the discovery of Gene 's body , Antoine , Renee and Peter go out to the snowmobiles to see if they can go for help , only to find all the gas has been siphoned from them . Dawn reveals she has a gun , having packed it just in case . Antoine becomes suspicious of the former counselors , as the story they gave fits the disappearance 's timeline . Peter convinces Dawn to give up the gun , surrendering it to the commune group , but Antoine and Renee take the gun when he ca n't provide a good reason for having it and kick out Susan and Noah to the counselor cabin . Susan leaves the cabin and is shot by a tranquilliser dart , where she has her eyes gouged out with a broken pipe and then breaking her neck . Later , Mark and Keira discover Susan 's body . 11 `` Saint Sebastian '' Felipe Rodriguez James Hurst October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) After discovering Susan 's body , the two groups begin accusing the others of the murders . Dawn retrieves her gun when Judith leaves to get extra blankets . Antoine shows Renee Talvinder 's body in a locked trunk , saying he found it last summer while looking for mushrooms in the woods . Renee is angry that Antoine has hidden this from her but agrees to keep the body a secret . They try to re-hide Talvinder 's body by dismembering her and burying her in different places , but the ground is frozen and Renne convinces him to turn over the body to the police when they can . A group hikes back to the supply outfitter 's shop for help , only to discover the phone does n't work and the counselors ' car battery is dead . While looking for pain relief , Noah accidentally discovers more of Glenn 's pills , one with the name Benny Ironside on the prescription label . Keira discovers Talvinder 's severed hand when searching for firewood . Antoine goes back to the trunk only to find it empty and is killed by the parka - clad person . Glenn goes back to his room and Noah confronts him about the different name on the pill bottle . Later , as Glenn prepares some meat for his meal , a piece he puts into the pan has one of Antoine 's tattoos . 12 `` Night of Hunters '' Felipe Rodriguez Story by : Aaron Martin Teleplay by : Naledi Jackson October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Glenn discovers that the meat he was cooking and eating was Antoine . Mark and Renee go out to the shed where Antoine was killed , finding the bloody auger and the rest of his remains in the trunk that was used to hide Talvinder 's body . Keira and Peter are surprised by a stranger in a parka , only to find it to be a woman named Megan McCalister , who is on a memorial trek for her friend who died of leukemia . Renee is suspicious and strikes her with a statue , and refuses to listen to Keira trying to tell her Megan was telling the truth . Meanwhile , Noah decides to try and get into Glenn 's RV to find evidence of his suspicions about Glenn . Noah opens a freezer in the RV and finds the body of the real Glenn but is knocked unconscious . Peter and Keira decide to go look for Noah and Glenn 's as their absence does n't go unnoticed . Later at dinner , Megan suffers a psychotic break , and throws herself down the stairs , breaking her neck . Mark finds toxic berries in Megan 's soup , putting suspicion on Dawn as she was the one who gave Megan the soup . It is revealed that Glenn kidnapped Noah and is holding him in an abandoned school bus and later rapes him . 13 5 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Felipe Rodriguez Lucie Pagé October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) After being raped by Glenn , who has been revealed to actually be Benny Ironside , Noah tries to beat him while he sleeps . Peter and Keira find the real Glenn Morgan in the RV , and return to the group to tell them about Glenn 's true identity . Peter , Dawn , Mark and Keira go to search for Benny and Noah . Noah manages to toss a bit of fire around and burns the school bus , before escaping . The search party sees the fire and finds Noah , while Benny escapes . He returns to the cabins , knocks Wren out and breaks through the window and strangles Renée until she 's unconscious . Judith runs and hides from him as he stalks her through the halls , through Renée shoots him . Later , Benny is tied up and interrogated by Mark , but only admits to murdering Glenn , not the others . Renée , Peter , and Mark , realizing Benny may not be the killer , decide to use him as bait . Renée , however , believing he killed Antoine , locks herself in the cabin with Benny and tortures him for answers . When Benny admits to the killings to end the torture , she kills him . Later , Noah goes to see his body to find closure . When he attempts to return to the others , he finds a fire outside , and the parka killer , who tosses gas on him and lights him ablaze . The next morning , when the group notices Noah is missing , Peter and Keira head out to look . They find the remains of the fire : Noah on top of Tal 's skeletal remains . 14 6 `` Drone '' Felipe Rodriguez Floyd Kane October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Peter and Keira discover Noah is still alive . They get him inside , trying to help with his burn wounds . Outside a plane flies over ; they do n't get its attention , though they start making an SOS signal out of branches and logs in hopes it 'll circle back , and that they 'll be ready . Mark , Dawn and Peter decide to also build fires to make smoke signals , and they head further into the woods . Inside , Wren reveals he does n't care that Noah is dying painfully , which upsets Judith . Out in the woods , Dawn steps right into a bear trap . Mark and Peter get her out , but her leg is damaged . She and Mark become closer after they return to the cabin . Keira asks Peter if they killed Talvinder , which Noah admits to , blaming himself . Mark suggests they question each other to determine who the killer is , which upsets the group . Keira admits she had a patient die on her watch once when she was an ER nurse . Wren refuses to speak . Judith is revealed to be a recovering drug addict after losing the love of her life . Renée claims she loved Antoine , but Mark reminds her she killed Benny . Dawn admits they were coming up to find the remains , to move them before the resort was built . When Mark tries to interrogate Peter , everyone refuses . Mark pulls a gun , and Noah succumbs to his brutal wounds . Renée asks Mark to go with her someplace . She tells him , vaguely , somebody said something they should n't have known about the past . They head out to the old counselor cabin . Renée finds a box of things from 2012 marked Camp Motega . She looks through it and comes across the files of the group of friends , from Andi to Talvinder to Dawn and the rest . And then Wren . Outside the killer , covered in blood , arrives on snowmobile . The killer knocks Mark unconscious , takes the gun , and shoots Renée as she runs away . The killer then takes the file from her and runs her over with the snowmobile . 15 7 `` Dawn of the Dead '' Felipe Rodriguez Amanda Fahey October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Peter and Keira have find Mark injured , the snowmobile with no gas left , and Renée 's corpse . Mark and Peter each suspect the other of being the killer . During a game of Never Have I Ever , Mark spikes Peter 's beer , eventually locking him out of the cabin , with Dawn 's consent . Drugged , Peter stumbles through the woods and finds a shrine with candles and a mannequin hanging by its neck . At the cabin , Wren and Judith hook up , while Dawn tries getting closer to Mark , in a genuine way , wanting to make amends for her actions . Back at the retreat , Judith finds the gun in Wren 's jacket ; the one the killer supposedly took from Renée . She nearly uses it on him , deciding not to at the last moment . Peter returns to the cabin , and convinces Dawn to let him in . He manages to tell her the killer is not avenging Talvinder , but Owen , a now - dead counselor who was a suspect in Talvinder 's disappearance . Mark knocks him out before he can say anything else . Judith , believing Wren is the killer , goes outside and considers suicide . Wren finds her , confesses to being the killer and admits his love for her . She reciprocates , and he takes the gun from her after she calms down . However , when Mark comes running towards them , Wren shoots him in the head despite Judith 's objections . 16 8 `` The Past is Never Dead '' Felipe Rodriguez Aaron Martin October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Bent on revenge , Wren returns to the cabin , while Judith pleads with him not to do anything else terrible . She begs him not to kill Keira , which he agrees to . When they return , Judith lies , claiming Mark was about to kill her and she shot him in self - defense . While the others debate whether or not she is lying , a snowmobile arrives , driven by Gene 's girlfriend Janice . After they explain what has happened , she offers to take one of them back to civilization . Judith tries desperately to send Keira , only Keira wo n't have it , wanting it to be Dawn , so she might get medical attention . Janice and Dawn leave . Wren attempts to go after them and tries to persuade Judith to help . Judith tries to refuse , throwing him against a mirror . He disappears , leaving her alone with a bloody , broken mirror . Peter and Keira find her and decide to find Mark 's corpse . Peter goes out to look , and finds the corpse , but realizes that Judith was standing far away when she shot Mark . Judith hears Wren in her head , urging her to kill the others , and eventually speaks to herself in a lower voice . In the forest , Dawn and Janice run into the killer , who shoots them , killing Janice and leaving Dawn bleeding in the river , afterwards revealed to be Judith . At the cabin , Peter finds Keira unconscious , propane filling the house . He then finds the letters seemingly written by Wren to Judith over the time there . They 're from Wren , in jail . To his mother , Judith , revealing that after Dawn framed him for Talvinder 's disappearance , he hanged himself knowing he would never be released , asking his mother for justice . Peter rescues Keira , and runs into Judith at the shrine . After believing herself to be Wren and coming to her senses , she tells him if he does n't hang himself like Owen did , she will shoot Keira . Peter puts the noose around his neck and steps from the ledge over the shrine , hanging himself as Judith watches , flashing to images of her son slowly dying . Dawn , still alive , is found by two hunters . Keira wakes up and sees Peter hanging . She also finds a letter Peter wrote to Talvinder 's parents , confessing to the crime , trying to give them closure . Admitting that Owen was innocent , they laid the crime on him . Later , Dawn and Keira go to confess to Talvinder 's murder . From a distance , Judith watches them , still followed by the haunting ghost of her son . They decide to kill her when she is released . Development and production ( edit ) Aaron Martin was inspired to write Slasher after his work on the first season of the medical series Saving Hope , including his writing of two Hope episodes where , in his words , `` people got chopped up . '' Martin would write the first episode of Slasher as a spec script , with two intentions for doing so : To offer it to prospective studios , and to show a writing style that was different from his previous work ( e.g. Saving Hope , Degrassi : The Next Generation , Being Erica ) . Though the script did not receive immediate interest , Shaftesbury Films would discover and option it to prospective broadcasters . The script would land at Canadian premium network Super Channel , who , their interest piqued in part by Slasher 's fixed - end format , would order it as a series . The now - defunct American network Chiller , which specializes in the horror / thriller genre , would join in production sometime after Super Channel ; Slasher would be Chiller 's first ( and only ) foray into original scripted series content . Production on Slasher 's 8 - episode first season was announced on July 28 , 2015 , with filming taking place between then and October 2015 . Three Northern Ontario municipalities -- the cities of Sudbury and Sault Ste . Marie and the town of Parry Sound -- would stand in for the show 's fictitious location , the town of Waterbury . A first trailer for the series would be released on November 26 , 2015 . Unlike most TV series that film their episodes in order , Slasher , under the direction of Craig David Wallace , was shot as if it were a `` super-sized '' movie : Scenes from multiple episodes were shot at the same time , with the availability of locations and cast being factored in . The out - of - order schedule allowed the actors to know of their characters ' fates , especially those who had to film their death scenes one day but return later to film earlier scenes as necessary . As an example of this , Martin cited Mark Ghanimé 's first day on set , when his character , Justin Faysal , was laid out in a casket for a scene early in Slasher 's third episode ( Justin 's death , which took place in Episode 2 , would be filmed later on ) . On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . Shaftesbury Films confirmed that the series will not be returning to Super Channel or Chiller for a second season . However , Netflix acquired the rights to the second season . The second season was released via Netflix on October 17 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Slasher has received positive reviews . Zap2it called the series `` a whole lot of fun '' and `` something for everyone , '' praising the series ' anthology nature , its cast of characters , storyline , plot twists , bloody violence , and even the series - within - the - series Falcon Husbandry ( shown as a favorite of Robin and Justin 's in Episode 2 ) . Bloody Disgusting awarded the show four skulls out of five , praising Katie McGrath as a great `` protagonist and possible final girl '' and the series ' decision to feature an adult cast , rather than teenagers , with well - developed characters and a `` decidedly classic '' presentation . On the occasion of Slasher 's Super Channel premiere , The Globe and Mail 's John Doyle , while remarking that it `` is no masterpiece of horror , nor was it meant to be , '' called the show `` very well - crafted , '' praising its `` exceptional cast '' and tight pacing , and noting fans of gory horror will appreciate its bloody scenes . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2017 5th Annual Canadian Screen Awards Best TV Movie or Limited Series Slasher Nominated Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Nominated Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Steve Byers Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series Wendy Crewson Won International broadcast ( edit ) On May 25 , 2016 , the entire first season of Slasher became available to stream instantly on Netflix US . On October 17 , 2017 , the full second season of Slasher became available to stream on Netflix in various countries . The second season began airing in the United Kingdom via Pick - TV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brzoznowski , Kristin . `` Super Channel Sets April Premiere for Original Series Slasher '' . TVDrama.ws . World Screen ( WSN Inc . ) . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiller and Shaftesbury Announce Start of Production and Cast for `` Slasher '' `` . The Futon Critic . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lights , camera , action ... ' Slasher ' TV series begins filming in Orangeville '' . Orangeville Banner . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher returns for a second season '' . Playback Online . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Urqyhart - White , Alaina ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Is ' Slasher 2 : Guilty Party ' A True Story ? The Netflix Series Honors Some Legendary Horror Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/SlasherSeries/status/1031632388009254912 ^ Jump up to : Patrick Hipes . `` Chiller Unveils First Original Series ' Slasher ' , More New Movies '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher delivers a good old - fashioned murder mystery , '' from The TV Junkies , 3 / 3 / 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` A Conversation with ' Slasher ' Creator Aaron Martin , '' from TheTelevixen , 3 / 4 / 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Katie McGrath , Brandon Jay McLaren , Wendy Crewson & More To Star In Chiller 's Anthology Series ' Slasher ' '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ Apr 1 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Steve Byers on Twitter : `` Welcome to Waterbury Canada . # Slasher starts any minute on @ SuperChannel @ SlasherSeries '' . Twitter.com . 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CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Lead Prime Time '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mario Giglio ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Slasher : Erster Trailer zur Horrorserie von Chiller '' . Serienjunkies . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Martin Talks Slasher 's First Season And Teases The Finale , '' from TheTeleVixen , 4 / 15 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Slasher ' : Guts & gore galore and 5 more reasons to watch Chiller 's first scripted series '' . Zap2it.com . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( TV Review ) Chiller 's ' Slasher ' Impresses With More Drama Than Kills ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 29 , 2016 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website Slasher on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slasher_(TV_series)&oldid=856321427 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American anthology television series American drama television series American horror fiction television series American mystery television series English - language television programs Serial drama television series Thriller television series 2010s Canadian drama television series 2016 Canadian television series debuts Canadian horror fiction television series Super Channel shows Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 11 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the serial killer in slasher season 2	[ "Eventually, it's revealed that Judith is the killer, and another character, Wren, is actually Owen \"Wren\" Turnbull, her son who committed suicide after being framed for Talvinder's murder, and is a figment of Judith's imagination. Owen wrote a letter to his mother, asking her to get justice for him before hanging himself. Judith killed several members of the commune for their complicity after the fact, as Antoine discovered Talvinder's body and hid it to avoid jeopardizing a real estate deal. Dawn and Keira are the only ones to escape her wrath and the former finally turns herself in for her crime during the epilogue. Judith can be seen watching them along with the hallucination of Owen, who says they'll be waiting for Dawn after she is released from prison.\n" ]	[ "Judith" ]
7605025952034615432	Industrial Revolution	Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835 . Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution and mechanized factories , powered by a central water wheel or steam engine , were the new workplace . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840 . This transition included going from hand production methods to machines , new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes , the increasing use of steam power , the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system . Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment , value of output and capital invested ; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods . The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and many of the technological innovations were British . By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and political influence over the Indian subcontinent by the East India Company . The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution . The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history ; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way . In particular , average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth . Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history , although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries . GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per - capita economic growth in capitalist economies . Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants . The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians , as is the pace of economic and social changes . Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 . Rapid industrialization first began in Britain , starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s , with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800 . Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century , with important centres of textiles , iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France . An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized spinning and weaving , slowed and their markets matured . Innovations developed late in the period , such as the increasing adoption of locomotives , steamboats and steamships , hot blast iron smelting and new technologies technologies , such as the electrical telegraph , widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s , were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth . Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870 , springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution . These new innovations included new steel making processes , the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Important technological developments 2.1 Textile manufacture 2.1. 1 British textile industry statistics 2.1. 2 Cotton 2.1. 3 Wool 2.1. 4 Silk 2.2 Metallurgy 2.3 Steam power 2.4 Machine tools 2.5 Chemicals 2.6 Cement 2.7 Gas lighting 2.8 Glass making 2.9 Paper machine 2.10 Agriculture 2.11 Mining 2.12 Other developments 2.13 Transportation 2.13. 1 Canals 2.13. 2 Roads 2.13. 3 Railways 3 Social effects 3.1 Factory system 3.2 Impact on women and family life 3.3 Standards of living 3.3. 1 Food and nutrition 3.3. 2 Housing 3.3. 3 Clothing and consumer goods 3.4 Population increase 3.5 Labour conditions 3.5. 1 Social structure and working conditions 3.5. 2 Factories and urbanisation 3.5. 3 Child labour 3.5. 4 Organisation of labour 3.5. 5 Luddites 3.5. 6 Destruction of hand textile production in India , China , etc . 3.5. 7 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery 3.6 Impact on environment 3.7 Other effects 4 Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom 4.1 Continental Europe 4.1. 1 Belgium 4.1. 1.1 Demographic effects 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Germany 4.1. 4 Sweden 4.2 Japan 4.3 United States 5 Second Industrial Revolution 6 Causes 6.1 Causes in Europe 6.2 Causes in Britain 6.3 Transfer of knowledge 6.3. 1 Protestant work ethic 7 Opposition from Romanticism 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links Etymology The earliest recorded use of the term `` Industrial Revolution '' seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise . In his 1976 book Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for `` Industry '' : `` The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818 , and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the ( 19th ) century . '' The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s , as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui 's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle . Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of `` an industrial revolution , a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society '' . However , although Engels wrote in the 1840s , his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s , and his expression did not enter everyday language until then . Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term . Some historians , such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts , have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer . This is still a subject of debate among some historians . Important technological developments The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations , beginning in the second half of the 18th century . By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies : Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton . Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine . Textile manufacture Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution British textile industry Statistics The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760 , 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831 . Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1 % in 1801 . Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797 . In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported , rising to two - thirds by 1800 . In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds , which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800 . In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain . In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain , rising to 7 million over the next 30 years . Wages in Lancashire , a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving , were about one - sixth those in India in 1770 , when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India . Cotton Parts of India , China and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles , which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD . In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown , most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households , largely for domestic consumption . In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth . By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing . Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange . In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets , often produced by professional weavers . Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops . India produced a variety of cotton cloth , some of exceptionally fine quality . The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century . Following the opening of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese , the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr . VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company , along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe . One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles , which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia , including the Indonesian archipelago , where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe . By the mid 1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports . Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however , the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century . By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however , they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat . Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany , but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off . The Moors in Spain grew , spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century . British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth that of Britain 's . In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India . The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian , a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft . Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength , but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew . On the eve of the Industrial Revolution , spinning and weaving were done in households , for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system . Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver . Under the putting - out system , home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers , who often supplied the raw materials . In the off season the women , typically farmers ' wives , did the spinning and the men did the weaving . Using the spinning wheel , it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver . The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay , with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747 , doubled the output of a weaver , worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving . It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son , Robert , invented the drop box , which facilitated changing thread colors . Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness . The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham . Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey . In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines . This operated until about 1764 . A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster , but this burnt down . Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748 . Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds , it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill . Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule . Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal . Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 , the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution . In 1764 in the village of Stanhill , Lancashire , James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which he patented in 1770 . It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles . The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel , by first clamping down on the fibres , then by drawing them out , followed by twisting . It was a simple , wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792 , and was used mainly by home spinners . The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft , not warp . The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who , along with two partners , patented it in 1769 . The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay , who was hired by Arkwright . For each spindle , the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers , each operating at a successively higher rotating speed , to draw out the fibre , which was then twisted by the spindle . The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length . Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread . The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight . The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers . The bottom rollers were wood and metal , with fluting along the length . The water frame was able to produce a hard , medium count thread suitable for warp , finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain . A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame . Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford , Derbyshire in 1771 , giving the invention its name . The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton . The mule produced high quality thread with minimal labour . Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779 . Mule implies `` hybrid '' because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame , in which the spindles were placed on a carriage , which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating . Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost . Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp , and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities . Interior of Marshall 's Temple Works Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers , Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785 . In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional . Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers . Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws , the most serious being thread breakage . Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813 . Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts , Hill & Co . The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States , who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed . Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin . With a cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would have previously taken a woman working two months to process at one pound per day . These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs , of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright . He is credited with a list of inventions , but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors , patented the ideas , financed the initiatives , and protected the machines . He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory , and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry . Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding , twisting and spinning , and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly . Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery . Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories . Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth , by the mid-19th century machine woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand woven Indian cloth , in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India , which allowed high tread counts . However , the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand spun and woven fabric in low - wage India , eventually destroying the industry . Wool The earliest attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however , wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton . Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant , but was far less that that of cotton . Silk Lombe 's Mill site today , rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe 's water - powered silk mill at Derby , operational by 1721 . Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy ; however , since the silk industry there was a closely guarded secret , the state of the industry there is unknown . Although Lombe 's factory was technically successful , the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition . In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe 's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London . Metallurgy The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal . The burning coal remained separate from the iron ore and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulphur and ash . This opened the way to increased iron production . The Iron Bridge , Shropshire , England A major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal . For a given amount of heat , coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal , and coal was more abundant than wood . In the smelting and refining of iron , coal and to a lesser degree coke produced inferior iron than charcoal because the impurities in coal , at least until solutions to contamination were developed . Use of coal in smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution , based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678 , using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas . These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture , reducing the oxide to metal . This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal . This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687 . It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s , but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace . ( The foundry cupola is a different ( and later ) innovation . ) This was followed by Abraham Darby , who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709 . However , the coke pig iron he made was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods , such as pots and kettles . He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots , cast by his patented process , were thinner and cheaper than theirs . Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron in forges until the mid-1750s , when his son Abraham Darby II built Horsehay and Ketley furnaces ( not far from Coalbrookdale ) . By then , coke pig iron was cheaper than charcoal pig iron . Since cast iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful , it began being a structural material following the building of the innovative Iron Bridge in 1778 by Abraham Darby III . Wrought iron for smiths to forge into consumer goods was still made in finery forges , as it long had been . However , new processes were adopted in the ensuing years . The first is referred to today as potting and stamping , but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process . Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784 . Rolling replaced hammering for consolidating wrought iron and expelling some of the dross . Rolling was 15 times faster than hammering with a trip hammer . Roller mills were first used for making sheets , but later were developed for rolling structural shapes such as angles and rails . Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost . Puddling was a means of decarburizing pig iron by slow oxidation as the iron was manually stirred using a long rod . The decarburized iron , having a higher melting point than cast iron , was raked into globs by the puddler . When the glob was large enough the puddler would remove it . Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work . Few puddlers lived to be 40 . Puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace , allowing coal or coke to be used as fuel . The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel . Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs , it was never successfully mechanised . Up to that time , British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of imported iron to supplement native supplies . This came principally from Sweden from the mid-17th century and later also from Russia from the end of the 1720s . However , from 1785 , imports decreased because of the new iron making technology , and Britain became an exporter of bar iron as well as manufactured wrought iron consumer goods . Hot blast , patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 , was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron . By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air , the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however , the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved . Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces , increasing their capacity . Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron . This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however , by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably . Two decades before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel , which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do , such as for cutting edge tools and for springs . Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s . The raw material for this was blister steel , made by the cementation process . The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries , such as those making nails , hinges , wire and other hardware items . The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron , causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries . Steam power Main article : Steam power during the Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications . Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine . The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however , during the early period of the Industrial Revolution , most industrial power was supplied by water and wind . In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam . By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp . The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump , that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '' , The Miner 's Friend ) . Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges , but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes . Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century . The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712 . A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) . They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread ( first ) to Hungary in 1722 , Germany , Austria , and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . Newcomen 's steam - powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine . Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution . A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt . With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine , which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder , thereby making the low - pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere , use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber . The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder , which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam . Likewise , the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder , also improving efficiency . These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton & Watts engines used only 20 -- 25 % as much coal per horsepower - hour as Newcomen 's . Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795 . By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type , which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful , and by 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp ( 3.7 to 7.5 kW ) . Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained rotative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Around the start of the 19th century , at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired , the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher - pressure non-condensing steam engines , exhausting against the atmosphere . High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . The development of machine tools , such as the engine lathe , planing , milling and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century . These included crank - powered , treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery . Machine tools Main article : Machine tool See also : Interchangeable parts Maudslay 's famous early screw - cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800 The Middletown milling machine of circa 1818 , associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and wind mills , carpenters made wooden framing , and smiths and turners made metal parts . Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity , and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time . As the Industrial Revolution progressed , machines with metal parts and frames became more common . Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners , such as machine screws , bolts and nuts . There was also the need for precision in making parts . Precision would allow better working machinery , interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners . The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools . They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch - produce small mechanisms . Before the advent of machine tools , metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers , files , scrapers , saws and chisels . Consequently , the use of metal was kept to a minimum . Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve . The first large machine tool was the cylinder boring machine used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines . The planing machine , the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century . Although the milling machine was invented at this time , it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century . Henry Maudslay , who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century , was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen . In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size Lathe in the UK . He was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship . Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe . Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe , which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw . Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs , some of which copied from a template . The slide rest lathe was called one of history 's most important inventions , although not entirely Maudslay 's idea , he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw , slide rest and change gears . Maudslay left Bramah 's employment and set up his own shop . He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships ' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills . These machines were all - metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability . The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools , and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work , such as Richard Roberts , Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth . James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century , as did Matthew Murray of Leeds . Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement . The impact of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms , threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass - produced metal parts . The techniques to make mass - produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century . In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy , by value added . Chemicals The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution . The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck ( James Watt 's first partner ) in 1746 . He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger , less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead . Instead of making a small amount each time , he was able to make around 100 pounds ( 50 kg ) in each of the chambers , at least a tenfold increase . The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well , and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate . The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid . The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide . Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide . The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air , and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ) . Nonetheless , this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp , which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash , and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes . These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions , replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes . Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass , textile , soap , and paper industries . Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel , and for bleaching cloth . The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 , based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use , which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk . Tennant 's factory at St Rollox , North Glasgow , became the largest chemical plant in the world . After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs , and Germany took world leadership , building a strong chemical industry . Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860 -- 1914 era to learn the latest techniques . British scientists by contrast , lacked research universities and did not train advanced students ; instead the practice was to hire German - trained chemists . Cement The Thames Tunnel ( opened 1843 ) . Cement was used in the world 's first underwater tunnel . In 1824 Joseph Aspdin , a British bricklayer turned builder , patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades . This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 ° C ( 2,552 ° F ) , then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water , sand and gravel to produce concrete . Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel . Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later . Gas lighting Main article : Gas lighting Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting . Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere , the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch , an employee of Boulton & Watt , the Birmingham steam engine pioneers . The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces , the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur , ammonia , and heavy hydrocarbons ) , and its storage and distribution . The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820 . They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK . Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil . Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before . Glass making Main article : Glass production The Crystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of 1851 A new method of producing glass , known as the cylinder process , was developed in Europe during the early 19th century . In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass . They became the leading producers of window and plate glass . This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption , thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings . The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure . Paper machine Main article : Paper machine A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint - Léger Didot family in France . The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers , brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier , who were stationers in London . Although greatly improved and with many variations , the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today . The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes . Agriculture Main article : British Agricultural Revolution The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy . However , per - capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or delining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century . Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill , the Dutch plough , which contained iron parts , and the threshing machine . Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth . This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century . Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough . The threshing machine , invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 , displaced hand threshing with a flail , a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour . It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers , who faced near starvation , leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots . Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment , such as reapers , binders and combine harvesters . Mining Coal mining in Britain , particularly in South Wales , started early . Before the steam engine , pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface , which were abandoned as the coal was extracted . In other cases , if the geology was favourable , the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill . Shaft mining was done in some areas , but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water . It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ) . In either case , the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity . The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper , enabling more coal to be extracted . These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution , but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines , making mines more profitable . The Cornish engine , developed in the 1810s , was much more efficient than the Watt Steam engine . Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams . Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson . However , the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light . Firedamp explosions continued , often setting off coal dust explosions , so casualties grew during the entire 19th century . Conditions of work were very poor , with a high casualty rate from rock falls . Other developments Other developments included more efficient water wheels , based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton , which had been lost for 1300 years . Transportation Main article : Transport during the British Industrial Revolution See also : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) § Infrastructures At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads , with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea . Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment , but canals had not yet been widely constructed . Animals supplied all of the motive power on land , with sails providing the motive power on the sea . The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century , with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century . The Industrial Revolution improved Britain 's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network , a canal and waterway network , and a railway network . Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before . Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly . Canals Main article : History of the British canal system The Bridgewater Canal , famous because of its commercial success , crossing the Manchester Ship Canal , one of the last canals to be built . Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland . This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart . Building of canals dates to ancient times . The Grand Canal in China , `` the world 's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence , '' parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC , is 1,121 miles ( 1,804 km ) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing . In the UK , canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country . Known for its huge commercial success , the Bridgewater Canal in North West England , which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater . From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £ 168,000 ( £ 22,589,130 as of 2013 ) , but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761 , the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half . This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building , known as Canal Mania . New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal , the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively . By the 1820s a national network was in existence . Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways . They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on . The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal , which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world , and opened Manchester as a port . However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways , which were quicker and often cheaper . Britain 's canal network , together with its surviving mill buildings , is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain . Roads Construction of the first macadam road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two - inch ring '' . Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes , but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads . Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust . New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf , Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam , with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate , Bristol in 1816 . The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country . Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow , broad wheeled , carts hauled by teams of horses . Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse . Stage coaches carried the rich , and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts . Railways Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 , the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success . Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons . This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon , England . `` A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds , or one ton . A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment , that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration . Twelve wagons were loaded with stones , till each wagon weighed three tons , and the wagons were fastened together . A horse was then attached , which drew the wagons with ease , six miles in two hours , having stopped four times , in order to show he had the power of starting , as well as drawing his great load . '' Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800 , the rolling mill for making rails , and the development of the high pressure steam engine also around 1800 . Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal . These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity , with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline . The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ) . Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs . See : Metallurgy Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800 . High pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere , doing away with the condenser and cooling water . They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines . A few of these early locomotives were used in mines . Steam - hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials , which demonstrated Robert Stephenson 's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast , which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace . On 15 September 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened , the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington . The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson , linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool . The opening was marred by problems , due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed , however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful , transporting passengers and freight . The success of the inter-city railway , particularly in the transport of freight and commodities , led to Railway Mania . Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution . After many of the workers had completed the railways , they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities , providing additional workers for the factories . Social effects Main article : Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Factory system Main article : Factory system Prior to the Industrial Revolution most of the workforce was employed in agriculture , either as self - employed farmers as land owners or tenants , or as landless agricultural labourers . It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn , weave cloth and make their own clothing . Households also spun and wove for market production . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India , China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods . In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system , by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes , often described as cottage industry , was being practiced . Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving . Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials , paid workers by the piece , and were responsible for the sale of the goods . Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems . The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system . Some early spinning and weaving machinery , such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792 , was affordable for cottagers . Later machinery such as spinning frames , spinning mules and power looms were expensive ( especially if water powered ) , giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories . The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children , including many orphans . They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off . It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work . Lack of adequate transportation , long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers . Many workers , such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers , who had nothing but their labour to sell , became factory workers out of necessity . ( See : British Agricultural Revolution , Threshing machine ) The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx , however , he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology . Impact on women and family life Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women . Taking a pessimistic side , Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England , it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance . Clark argues that in 16th century England , women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture . The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms , and in some trades and landed estates . Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands . However , Clark argues , as capitalism expanded in the 17th century , there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home , and the wife reduced to unpaid household work . Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence , supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs . Capitalism , therefore , had a negative effect on powerful women . In a more positive interpretation , Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women 's emancipation . Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women , finding three stages in English history . In the pre-industrial era , production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households . The second stage was the `` family wage economy '' of early industrialisation ; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members , including husband , wife and older children . The third or modern stage is the `` family consumer economy , '' in which the family is the site of consumption , and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption . Standards of living Some economists , such as Robert E. Lucas , Jr. , say that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that `` for the first time in history , the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists , even as a theoretical possibility . '' Others , however , argue that while growth of the economy 's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution , living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries , and that in many ways workers ' living standards declined under early capitalism : for instance , studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15 % between the 1780s and 1850s , and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s . The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial , and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s . A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population , that was at the bottom of the social ladder , suffered severe reductions in their living standards . During 1813 -- 1913 , there was a significant increase in worker wages . Food and nutrition Main article : British Agricultural Revolution Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France , until the late 19th century . Until about 1750 , in large part due to malnutrition , life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain . The United States population of the time was adequately fed , much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45 -- 50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined a few years by the mid 18th century . The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized textiles , iron and coal , did little , if anything , to lower food prices . In Britain and the Netherlands , food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however , population grew too , as noted by Thomas Malthus . This condition is called the Malthusian trap , and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements , such as canals , improved roads and steamships . Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution . Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s . A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions . By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement , The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns , where people lived in crude shanties and shacks , some not completely enclosed , some with dirt floors . These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings . There were no sanitary facilities . Population density was extremely high . Not everyone lived in such poor conditions . The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen , clerks , foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions . Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage , hygiene and home construction . In the introduction of his 1892 edition , Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved . For example , the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house . Clothing and consumer goods Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils , and in the following decades , stoves for cooking and space heating . Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain , Wedgwood created goods such as tableware , which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables . Population increase According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740 , rose dramatically after 1740 . The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and , by 1901 , had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million . Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s . Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 . The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income . Labour conditions Social structure and working conditions In terms of social structure , the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry . Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories , but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines . As late as the year 1900 , most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 - hour day ( 12 hours in the steel industry ) , yet earned from 20 % to 40 % less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life ; however , most workers in textiles , which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment , were women and children . Also , harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place . Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel -- child labour , dirty living conditions , and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution . Factories and urbanisation Main article : Factory system Manchester , England ( `` Cottonopolis '' ) , pictured in 1840 , showing the mass of factory chimneys Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory . The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas , as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories . Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester , nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' , and the world 's first industrial city . Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831 . Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there . For much of the 19th century , production was done in small mills , which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs . Later , each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler . In other industries the transition to factory production was not so divisive . Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers . One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen , known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills , and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement . By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol . Raw material went in at one end , was smelted into brass and was turned into pans , pins , wire , and other goods . Housing was provided for workers on site . Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton ( whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766 ) were other prominent early industrialists , who employed the factory system . Child labour See also : Child labour § The Industrial Revolution A young `` drawer '' pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery . In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions . The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution , although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly . There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work . Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine , and since the industrial system was completely new , there were no experienced adult labourers . This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible . Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders , 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Children as young as four were employed . Beatings and long hours were common , with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm . Conditions were dangerous , with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts , while others died from gas explosions . Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25 . Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as `` pauper apprentices '' , working without wages for board and lodging . Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters , with some masters shackling them to prevent escape . Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton , working 14 hours a day , six days a week . Some lost hands or limbs , others were crushed under the machines , and some were decapitated . Young girls worked at match factories , where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw . Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded , and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust . Reports were written detailing some of the abuses , particularly in the coal mines and textile factories , and these helped to popularise the children 's plight . The public outcry , especially among the upper and middle classes , helped stir change in the young workers ' welfare . Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation , and others simply welcomed the cheap labour . In 1833 and 1844 , the first general laws against child labour , the Factory Acts , were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , children were not permitted to work at night , and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours . Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law , however , their scarcity made enforcement difficult . About ten years later , the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden . These laws decreased the number of child labourers , however child labour remained in Europe and the United States up to the 20th century . Organisation of labour See also : Trade union § History The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills , factories and mines , thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people . The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production . Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production . Skilled workers were hard to replace , and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining . The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both sides , the unions and the management . In Britain , the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824 . Even after this , unions were still severely restricted . In 1832 , the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage . That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s . They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week , although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six . In 1834 James Frampton , a local landowner , wrote to the Prime Minister , Lord Melbourne , to complain about the union , invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other , which the members of the Friendly Society had done . James Brine , James Hammett , George Loveless , George 's brother James Loveless , George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield , and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested , found guilty , and transported to Australia . They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs . In the 1830s and 1840s , the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice . Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration . Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship . Enlightened industrialists , such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class . Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike . In 1842 , a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain . Eventually , effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who , after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885 , began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party . Luddites Main article : Luddite Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812 The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs . The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation . Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver . Many such unemployed workers , weavers and others , turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery . These attackers became known as Luddites , supposedly followers of Ned Ludd , a folklore figure . The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811 . The Luddites rapidly gained popularity , and the British government took drastic measures , using the militia or army to protect industry . Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged , or transported for life . Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised , such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances . Threshing machines were a particular target , and hayrick burning was a popular activity . However , the riots led to the first formation of trade unions , and further pressure for reform . Destruction of hand textile production in India , China , etc . The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India , parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine made textiles , which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work , many of whom starved . Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton , which had previously been consumed mostly in regions where it was grown , with little raw cotton available for export . Consequently , prices of raw cotton rose . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution cotton was grown in small plots in the Old World , leaving the Americas with the only place having much available land with the potential for new cotton production . Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies , particularly in Haiti , but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791 . The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable , leading to widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil . ( A cotton seed brought to Natchez in 1806 of Gossypium hirsutum would be the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production . It produced bowls that were three to four times faster to pick . ) The Americas , particularly the U.S. , had labor shortages and high priced labor , which made slavery attractive . America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable , and were able to keep up with demand . The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world , including new colonies in Africa . Impact on environment Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution , sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century . The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste . The first large - scale , modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts , passed in 1863 , to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process , used to produce soda ash . An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution . The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded , culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke , grit , dust and fumes under supervision . The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820 . The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers . The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits . They usually lost and modified the worst practices . The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish . Finally , Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity . The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits . In industrial cities local experts and reformers , especially after 1890 , took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution , and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms . Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution . The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs . It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond , frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke . Although there were earlier pieces of legislation , the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke . It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke . The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions , such as soot , ash and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations . Other effects The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing , which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation . During the Industrial Revolution , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities , first in Europe and then in other regions , as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas . In 1800 , only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities , compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ) . Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717 , but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million . Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom Continental Europe The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain . In many industries , this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places . Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities . By 1809 , part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England . The German , Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries . In some cases ( such as iron ) , the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted . Belgium Belgium was the second country , after Britain , in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe : Wallonia ( French speaking southern Belgium ) was the first region to follow the British model successfully . Starting in the middle of the 1820s , and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830 , numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi . The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill . His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production , from engineering to the supply of raw materials , as early as 1825 . Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion . Thanks to coal ( the French word `` houille '' was coined in Wallonia ) , the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain . But it is also pointed out by many researchers , with its Sillon industriel , ' Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , ( ... ) there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making ... ' . Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830 : `` It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain . '' `` The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent . '' Michel De Coster , Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also : `` The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world , in proportion to its population and its territory ( ... ) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal - mines , the blast furnaces , the iron and zinc factories , the wool industry , the glass industry , the weapons industry ... were concentrated . '' Demographic effects Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade - unions in a particular sociological landscape . At the left , the Sillon industriel , which runs from Mons in the west , to Verviers in the east ( except part of North Flanders , in another period of the industrial revolution , after 1920 ) . Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain , the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different . In ' Breaking stereotypes ' , Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say : The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one , but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium . During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period , Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres ( ... ) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region ( Flanders ) , with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent , remained one of the most urbanised in the world . By comparison , this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia , barely 10 per cent in most West European countries , 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain . Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure , except in Ghent ( ... ) Also , in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process , even though the proportion of city - dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910 . Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , where there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making , urbanisation was fast . During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred , concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region . Nevertheless , industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres , but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal - mine or a factory . Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than , for instance , the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows . France Main article : Economic history of France The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries . Notably , most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take - off . Instead , France 's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries . However , some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy - Leboyer : French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) , industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) , economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) , renewal of the growth after 1905 . Germany Main article : Economic history of Germany Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories , Germany , which was unified in 1871 , became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century . At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical . Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s . However , by the 1840s , trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders . Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . Observers found that even as late as 1890 , their engineering was inferior to Britain 's . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and pulled ahead of France Sweden This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Economic history of Sweden During the period 1790 -- 1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements : an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates , new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming , and a protoindustrialisation , with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter . This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s . During 1815 -- 1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries . This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen , textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland . Several important institutional changes took place in this period , such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 ( as first country in the world ) , the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846 , and a stock company law in 1848 . During 1850 -- 1890 , Sweden experienced a veritable explosion in export , dominated by crops , wood and steel . Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873 . During 1890 -- 1930 , Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution . New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market : mechanical engineering , power utilities , papermaking and textile . Japan Main articles : Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West . The government built railroads , improved roads , and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development . It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ) . In 1871 , a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways . The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up . The Bank of Japan , founded in 1882 , used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories . Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west . Modern industry first appeared in textiles , including cotton and especially silk , which was based in home workshops in rural areas . United States Main articles : American system of manufacturing , Interchangeable parts , Economic history of the United States , Technological and industrial history of the United States , and Industrial Revolution in the United States See also : History of Lowell , Massachusetts Slater 's Mill During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise , the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period . Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts , the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US . The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century . Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid 1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon . This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production . The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling , but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s . As a result , industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States , which has fast - moving rivers . The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production . In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing , allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest . Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787 , the first cotton mill in America , the largest cotton mill of its era , and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future . This mill was designed to use horse power , but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable , and had economic losses for years . Despite the losses , the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation , both in turning a large amount of cotton , but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill . In 1793 , Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket , Rhode Island . He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire , England , and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789 , hoping to make money with his knowledge . After founding Slater 's Mill , he went on to own 13 textile mills . Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1809 , the third woollen mill established in the US ( The first was in Hartford , Connecticut , and the second at Watertown , Massachusetts . ) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of `` America 's Hardest - Working River ' , the Blackstone . The Blackstone River and its tributaries , which cover more than 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Worcester , Massachusetts to Providence , Rhode Island , was the birthplace of America 's Industrial Revolution . At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley , including Slater 's mill , and with it the earliest beginnings of America 's Industrial and Technological Development . Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport , Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810 . Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America , on his return to the United States , he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company . Lowell and his partners built America 's second cotton - to - cloth textile mill at Waltham , Massachusetts , second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . After his death in 1817 , his associates built America 's first planned factory town , which they named after him . This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering , one of the first uses of it in the United States . Lowell , Massachusetts , using 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) of canals and 10,000 horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River , is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution . The short - lived utopia - like Waltham - Lowell system was formed , as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain . However , by 1850 , especially following the Irish Potato Famine , the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour . A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal . Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms . The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory . Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position , jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy . The milling machine , a fundamental machine tool , is believed to have been invented by Ely Whitney , who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program . Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe , invented by Thomas Blanchard . The Blanchard lathe , or pattern tracing lathe , was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks . The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanized the shoe industry . and the watch industry . The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham , Massachusetts , at the Waltham Watch Company , with the development of machine tools , gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches . Second Industrial Revolution Main article : Second Industrial Revolution Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz , Germany , 1868 Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass - production , which are said to characterise a `` Second Industrial Revolution '' , beginning around 1850 , although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s , when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities . However , it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality . Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century . This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals , mainly the chemical industries , petroleum ( refining and distribution ) , and , in the 20th century , the automotive industry , and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany . The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation . A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries . The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal - deprived northern Italy , beginning in the 1890s . By the 1890s , industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests , as companies like U.S. Steel , General Electric , Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world 's stock markets . Causes Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution . The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate , with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century . The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour - intensive , forcing the farmers who could no longer be self - sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry , for example weaving , and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories . The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade , creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors , as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century . A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth , thereby encouraging economic development . Until the 1980s , it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine . However , recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional , supply - oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution . Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages , much earlier than most estimates . He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that `` the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock '' . He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time - keeping , as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later , more physical , manifestations such as the steam engine . The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution , particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain . In other nations , such as France , markets were split up by local regions , which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them . Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England , they survived in Russia till 1753 , 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain . Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor . The effects of patents , both good and ill , on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine , the key enabling technology . In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines , thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development . However , monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance , or even overbalance , the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors . Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors , such as Richard Trevithick , William Murdoch , or Jonathan Hornblower , whom Boulton and Watt sued , from introducing improved steam engines , thereby retarding the spread of steam power . Causes in Europe Main article : Great Divergence Interior of the London Coal Exchange , c. 1808 . European 17th century colonial expansion , international trade , and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment , one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth . One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century , particularly China , India , and the Middle East , or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages . Numerous factors have been suggested , including education , technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ) , `` modern '' government , `` modern '' work attitudes , ecology , and culture . China was the world 's most technological advanced country for many centuries ; however , China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Exploration , by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners . China was also a totalitarian society . Modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity ( and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars ) whereas China , by comparison , had only 450 dollars . India was essentially feudal , politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe . Historians such as David Landes and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred . The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo - Christianity and Greek thought . Conversely , Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius , Mencius , Han Feizi ( Legalism ) , Lao Tzu ( Taoism ) , and Buddha ( Buddhism ) , resulting in very different worldviews . Other factors include the considerable distance of China 's coal deposits , though large , from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea . Regarding India , the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain . '' In contrast to China , India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire , with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas , Sikhs , Bengal Subah , and Kingdom of Mysore . In addition , the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton , and there appears to have been little technical innovation . It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over . Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive , as entrepreneurs , innovators , ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities . This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced , large unitary empires such as China and India . China had both a printing press and movable type , and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700 , yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe , not China or India . In Europe , political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin , had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters . Causes in Britain As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies . Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution . Key factors fostering this environment were : ( 1 ) The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland ; ( 2 ) no trade barriers between England and Scotland ; ( 3 ) the rule of law ( enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts ) ; ( 4 ) a straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint - stock companies ( corporations ) ; ( 5 ) absence of tolls , which had largely disappeared from Britain by the 15th century , but were an extreme burden on goods elsewhere in the world , and ( 6 ) a free market ( capitalism ) . `` An unprecedented explosion of new ideas , and new technological inventions , transformed our use of energy , creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country . Roads , railways and canals were built . Great cities appeared . Scores of factories and mills sprang up . Our landscape would never be the same again . It was a revolution that transformed not only the country , but the world itself . '' -- British historian Jeremy Black on the BBC 's Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here . Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coast lines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe . There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain . These values were self - interest and an entrepreneurial spirit . Because of these interests , many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution . These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole . Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions . The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries . Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment . However , it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5 % of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution . Even though slavery accounted for so little , Caribbean - based demand accounted for 12 % of Britain 's industrial output . William Bell Scott Iron and Coal , 1855 -- 60 Instead , the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies , particularly China and Russia . Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse , and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ) . Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods . The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas , reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe . This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe . William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe , 1716 , Sir James Thornhill . Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where , unlike Britain , absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution . Below William is the French king Louis XIV . Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed . It had a dense population for its small geographical size . Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available . There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England , the English Midlands , South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands . Local supplies of coal , iron , lead , copper , tin , limestone and water power , resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry . Also , the damp , mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton , providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry . The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution , and British society 's greater receptiveness to change ( compared with other European countries ) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution . Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement , and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism . ( This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc 's The Servile State . ) The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society , Letters on the English ( 1733 ) , noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country 's less religiously tolerant European neighbours . `` Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London , a place more venerable than many courts of justice , where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind . There the Jew , the Mahometan ( Muslim ) , and the Christian transact together , as though they all professed the same religion , and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts . There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist , and the Churchman depends on the Quaker 's word . If one religion only were allowed in England , the Government would very possibly become arbitrary ; if there were but two , the people would cut one another 's throats ; but as there are such a multitude , they all live happy and in peace . '' Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820 , while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 % . Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800 . By 1800 , only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain . This was only possible because coal , coke , imported cotton , brick and slate had replaced wood , charcoal , flax , peat and thatch . The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not . Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised . A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy . In 1700 , 5 / 6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain , while the Netherlands had none ; so despite having Europe 's best transport , most urbanised , well paid , literate people and lowest taxes , it failed to industrialise . In the 18th century , it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank . Without coal , Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s . Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages , cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur . These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development , and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies . Transfer of knowledge A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca . 1766 ) . Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means . Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached . A common method was for someone to make a study tour , gathering information where he could . During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before , all European countries and America engaged in study - touring ; some nations , like Sweden and France , even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy . In other countries , notably Britain and America , this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods . Study tours were common then , as now , as was the keeping of travel diaries . Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods . Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies , like the Lunar Society of Birmingham , in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing . The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809 , and it has been said of them , `` They were , if you like , the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions , the Industrial Revolution '' . Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions . For example , the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions , as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions . There were publications describing technology . Encyclopaedias such as Harris 's Lexicon Technicum ( 1704 ) and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopaedia ( 1802 -- 1819 ) contain much of value . Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution , very well illustrated by fine engravings . Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot 's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates . Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century , and many regularly included notice of the latest patents . Foreign periodicals , such as the Annales des Mines , published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours . Protestant work ethic Main article : Protestant work ethic Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress , technology and hard work . The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic ( see Max Weber ) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects , such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War . Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law , which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England , contributed to the capacity for , and interest in , private financial investment in industrial ventures . Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices , as well as education at England 's only two universities at the time ( although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland 's four universities ) . When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act , they thereupon became active in banking , manufacturing and education . The Unitarians , in particular , were very involved in education , by running Dissenting Academies , where , in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow , much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences -- areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies . Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important , along with the nature of the national economies involved . While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government , they were considered fellow Protestants , to a limited extent , by many in the middle class , such as traditional financiers or other businessmen . Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital , the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century . Opposition from Romanticism Main article : Romanticism During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed , associated with the Romantic movement . Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization , urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes . Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language , in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time '' . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged . French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry . See also General Automation Capitalist mode of production Deindustrialization Division of labour Dual revolution Economic history of the United Kingdom Capitalism in the nineteenth century Human timeline Industrial Age Information revolution Law of the handicap of a head start -- Dialectics of progress Machine Age The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Industrial society Digital Revolution Other Chinese industrialization Petroleum Revolution Science and invention in Birmingham References ^ Jump up to : David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus . 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Bradford DeLong , Professor of Economics , University of California at Berkeley , 20 September 2002 . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England The History Guide , Steven Kreis , 11 October 2006 -- Accessed January 2007 Jump up ^ Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 2009 ) . `` Western Civilization : Since 1500 '' . p. 607 . Jump up ^ Eric Bond ; Sheena Gingerich ; Oliver Archer - Antonsen ; Liam Purcell ; Elizabeth Macklem ( 17 February 2003 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution -- Causes '' . Industrialrevolution.sea.ca . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . New York : Simon and Schuster < Based on the works of Joseph Needham > Jump up ^ Merson , John ( 1990 ) . The Genius That Was China : East and West in the Making of the Modern World . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . 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Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships . For instance , the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings . With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy , and with these fittings needing to be replaced ever 4 to 5 years , this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion . The industrial manufacture of rope can also be see as a similar factor . Jump up ^ Old Naval College Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barrington Moore , Jr. , Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World , pp. 29 -- 30 , Boston , Beacon Press , 1966 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , François Marie Arouet de . ( 1909 -- 14 ) ( 1734 ) . `` Letter VI -- On the Presbyterians . Letters on the English . '' . www.bartleby.com . The Harvard Classics . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre , eds. , Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ AJ George , The development of French romanticism : the impact of the industrial revolution on literature ( 1955 ) Sources Ashton , Thomas S. ( 1948 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution ( 1760 -- 1830 ) '' . Oxford University Press . Berlanstein , Lenard R. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth - century Europe . London and New York : Routledge . Clapham , J.H. ( 1926 ) . `` An Economic History of Modern Britain : The Early Railway Age , 1820 -- 1850 '' . Cambridge University Press . Clapham , J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany : 1815 - 1914 ( 1921 ) online , a famous classic , filled with details . Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12135 - 4 . Daunton , M.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain , 1700 -- 1850 '' . Oxford University Press . Dunham , Arthur Louis ( 1955 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in France , 1815 -- 1848 '' . New York : Exposition Press . Gatrell , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Farm to factory : a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution '' . The Economic History Review . 57 ( 4 ) : 794 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2004. 00295_21. x . Griffin , Emma ( 2010 ) . Short History of the British Industrial Revolution . Palgrave . Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1958 ) . The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century : A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America . Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1971 ) . The Chemical Industry : 1900 -- 1930 : International Growth and Technological Change . Jacob , Margaret C. ( 1997 ) . `` Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West '' . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Kindleberger , Charles Poor ( 1993 ) . A Financial History of Western Europe . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507738 - 5 . Kisch , Herbert ( 1989 ) . `` From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts '' . Oxford University Press . Kornblith , Gary . The Industrial Revolution in America ( 1997 ) Landes , David S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . McNeil , Ian , ed. ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14792 - 1 . Maddison , Angus ( 2003 ) . `` The World Economy : Historical Statistics '' . Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Mantoux , Paul ( 1961 ) ( 1928 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century '' ( First English translation 1928 ed . ) . McLaughlin Green , Constance ( 1939 ) . `` Holyoke , Massachusetts : A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 1973 ) Mokyr , Joel ( 1999 ) . `` The British Industrial Revolution : An Economic Perspective '' . More , Charles ( 2000 ) . `` Understanding the Industrial Revolution '' . London : Routledge . Olson , James S. Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America ( 2001 ) Pollard , Sidney ( 1981 ) . `` Peaceful Conquest : The Industrialization of Europe , 1760 -- 1970 '' . Oxford University Press . Rider , Christine , ed . Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution , 1700 -- 1920 ( 2 vol. 2007 ) Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Smelser , Neil J. ( 1959 ) . `` Social Change in the Industrial Revolution : An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry '' . University of Chicago Press . Staley , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology ( 3 vol 2011 ) , 2000pp Stearns , Peter N. ( 1998 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in World History '' . Westview Press . Smil , Vaclav ( 1994 ) . `` Energy in World History '' . Westview Press . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Snooks , G.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary ? '' . London : Routledge . Szostak , Rick ( 1991 ) . `` The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution : A Comparison of England and France '' . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Timbs , John ( 1860 ) . Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts : A Book for Old and Young . Harper & Brothers . Toynbee , Arnold ( 1884 ) . Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 2952 - X . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Uglow , Jenny ( 2002 ) . `` The Lunar Men : The Friends who made the Future 1730 -- 1810 '' . London : Faber and Faber . Usher , Abbott Payson ( 1920 ) . `` An Introduction to the Industrial History of England '' . University of Michigan Press . Chambliss , William J. ( editor ) , Problems of Industrial Society , Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley Publishing Co , December 1973 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 00958 - 3 Hawke , Gary . `` Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution '' in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault , eds . The Industrial Revolution and British Society ( 1993 ) pp 54 -- 78 McCloskey , Deirdre ( 2004 ) . `` Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain ( edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson ) '' . Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 ( January ) . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial revolution . 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'' The Industrial Revolution Themes Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry Invention Iron Machinery , Manufacturing Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles , Water power Workforce People / groups Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard , John Kay ( flying shuttle ) John Kay ( spinning frame ) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt Places Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway Invention / technology Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson 's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine Social impact Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the Co-operative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare Reference History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom - related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power Category Commons History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Economy of the United Kingdom Companies Co-operatives Employee - owned companies FTSE 100 Index FTSE 250 Index FTSE Fledgling Index FTSE SmallCap Index Government - owned companies Currency , governance , regulation Bank of England Governor of the Bank of England Budget Company law Competition Commission Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Financial Conduct Authority Gilts HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Debt Management Office Monetary Policy Committee Office for Budget Responsibility Office of Fair Trading Pound sterling Banknotes Coinage Taxation UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment History Chronological 1659 -- 1849 Navigation Acts Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Panic of 1796 -- 97 1815 -- 46 Corn Laws New Imperialism 1830s -- 1945 Second Industrial Revolution 1860s -- 1914 1873 -- 79 Long Depression 1926 general strike 1929 -- 39 Great Depression 1948 -- 52 Marshall Plan 1974 Three - Day Week 1979 Winter of Discontent 1986 Big Bang 1992 Black Wednesday Late - 2000s recession 2008 bank rescue package 2009 bank rescue package Recurrent Economic geography Free trade Gold standard Recessions and recoveries National champions policy Economic liberalism Privatisation Nationalisation Nations , regions , cities England Atlantic Gateway Birmingham Big City Plan Bristol Cornwall Croydon Croydon Vision 2020 Devon Expansion plans for Milton Keynes Fishing Leeds List of counties by GVA Liverpool London East London Tech City London Plan M4 corridor M11 Corridor Manchester Reading Sheffield Silicon Fen Thames Gateway Tourism Transport N. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the industrial revolution begin and end	[ "The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system." ]	[ "about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840" ]
-157331023922500747	See You Again	See You Again - wikipedia See You Again Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see See You Again ( disambiguation ) . `` See You Again '' Single by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth from the album Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Nine Track Mind ( International edition ) Released March 10 , 2015 Format CD digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Hip hop pop - rap Length 3 : 49 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Cedar Justin Franks Charlie Puth Cameron Thomaz Producer ( s ) DJ Frank E Charlie Puth Andrew Cedar Wiz Khalifa singles chronology `` You and Your Friends '' ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) `` For Everybody '' ( 2015 ) `` You and Your Friends '' ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) `` For Everybody '' ( 2015 ) Charlie Puth singles chronology `` Marvin Gaye '' ( 2015 ) Marvin Gaye 2015 `` See You Again '' ( 2015 ) See You Again2015 `` Nothing but Trouble '' ( 2015 ) Nothing but Trouble 2015 Music video `` See You Again '' on YouTube `` See You Again '' is a song recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa , featuring American singer Charlie Puth . The track was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2015 action film Furious 7 as a tribute to the late actor Paul Walker , who died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 in Valencia , California . Later on , the song was included as a bonus track on the international release of Puth 's debut album , Nine Track Mind . The artists co-wrote the song with its co-producers , DJ Frank E and Andrew Cedar , with additional production from Puth and mixing provided by Manny Marroquin . `` See You Again '' was released on March 10 , 2015 , as the soundtrack 's lead single in the United States . `` See You Again '' became both Khalifa 's and Puth 's biggest single to date . It spent 12 non-consecutive weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 , tying Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' for the longest - running rap number - one single in the country , and topped the UK Singles Chart for two consecutive weeks . It also reached number one in several other countries including Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand and Switzerland . The song holds the record for the most - streamed track in a single day on Spotify in the United States . It set the record for most streams in a single week worldwide , and in the United Kingdom also in a single week . The music video was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 to August 4 , 2017 . `` See You Again '' received three nominations at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards : Song of the Year , Best Pop Duo / Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media . It was also shortlisted for the Song of the Year for the BBC Music Awards and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . `` See You Again '' was the best selling - song of 2015 worldwide , with combined sales and track - equivalent streams of 20.9 million units according to IFPI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and development 2 Composition 3 Commercial performance 3.1 North America 3.2 Europe and Oceania 4 Music video 4.1 Synopsis 4.2 Reception 5 Live performances 6 Awards and nominations 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Writing and development ( edit ) `` See You Again '' was written by DJ Frank E , Charlie Puth , Wiz Khalifa , and Andrew Cedar . It was produced by DJ Frank E , Charlie Puth , and Andrew Cedar . Frank E and Puth were approached by their publishing company , Artist Publishing Group , to develop a melody that could pay tribute to the late Paul Walker for the film Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . His publishing company 's president Ben Maddahi then set up a first - time studio session for Puth with DJ Frank E at a studio in Los Angeles . Puth became emotionally attached while writing the track , recalling Vail Cerullo , a friend of Puth 's time at Berklee College of Music , who perished in a motorcycle accident in 2012 . He was at first reluctant that the film 's soundtrack label , Atlantic Records , would choose his vocal for the song . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Puth recalled , `` It just seemed to occur from out of nowhere . And basically 10 minutes later Justin and I wrote it , we sent it off , and I thought we 'd never hear about it again '' . Puth and DJ Frank E 's output from the session was well received by Furious 7 filmmakers , Universal Pictures , and Atlantic . As a result , the track was further commissioned to include rapped verses by Khalifa based on the subject of family , combined with Puth 's vocals and a piano melody . The song then went through an extensive note - giving and production process . Puth opined that his vocal was chosen by Atlantic because of his emotional attachment to the subject matter . The song was chosen to be played at the end of the film . Following O'Conner's retirement send - off to be with his wife and family , the characters Brian O'Conner and Dominic Toretto drove on a mountain road and parted ways upon reaching a fork . Composition ( edit ) `` See You Again '' is a hip hop and pop - rap ballad . It was written in the key of B ♭ major with a time signature of 4 4 and has a tempo of 80 beats per minute ( Andante / Andantino ) . Commercial Performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) In the United States , `` See You Again '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs charts dated March 19 , 2015 , at number 100 and number 29 respectively , with first - week sales of 25,000 copies . On the chart issued for April 18 , 2015 , the song climbed from number 84 to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 168,000 copies as the chart 's `` Digital Gainer '' that week . Its climb into the top ten was the chart 's biggest since Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' ( 2013 ) . In its fifth week , `` See You Again '' sold 464,000 copies and rose from number ten to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song marked Khalifa 's second number one on the chart , following `` Black and Yellow '' ( 2011 ) , and Puth 's first . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for twelve non-consecutive weeks . After its twelfth week it was finally knocked off the top spot by OMI 's hit , `` Cheerleader '' . It is one of 33 songs to reach number one for at least 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic charts for four weeks and three weeks respectively . The song also topped Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B Hip Hip songs for 14 weeks each . As of July 7 , 2016 , `` See You Again '' has sold a total of 4,122,938 copies in the United States . The song fell out of the top ten on the chart dated August 29 , 2015 , spending a total of 19 weeks in the top ten . The song holds the record for the most - streamed track in a single day on Spotify in the United States . It set the record for most streams in a single week worldwide during April 6 to April 12 ( streamed 21.9 million times ) , and in the United Kingdom in a single week ( streamed 3.72 million times from April 20 to April 26 , 2015 ) , which was broken by Justin Bieber 's `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( streamed 3.87 million times from September 17 to September 23 , 2015 ) . Europe and oceania ( edit ) `` See You Again '' debuted at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart issued for April 12 , 2015 on streaming alone . It registered 1.8 million streams in the United Kingdom that week . Following its digital release , the song climbed to number one on the chart dated April 19 , 2015 . It sold 193,000 units that week , becoming the fastest - selling single in the United Kingdom of 2015 . The song also broke the streaming record in the United Kingdom that week with a total of 3.68 million streams that week . It marked Khalifa 's second number one on the chart -- following his feature on Maroon 5 's `` Payphone '' ( 2012 ) -- and Puth 's first . `` See You Again '' sold 142,000 units during its first week at number one , and broke its own streaming record with 3.72 million streams that week . Omi 's `` Cheerleader '' replaced `` See You Again '' at number one the following week , selling approximately 1,000 units more than `` See You Again '' at number two . In New Zealand , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart dated March 30 , 2015 . It topped the chart in its third week , becoming Khalifa and Puth 's first number one single in the country . In Australia , `` See You Again '' rose from number 59 to number one on the Australian Singles Chart issued for April 11 , 2015 , marking Khalifa and Puth 's first number one hit on the chart . The song 's climb to number one was the largest in Australian Singles Chart history . Music video ( edit ) Main article : See You Again ( music video ) The music video for `` See You Again '' was directed by Marc Klasfeld . It was uploaded to YouTube on April 6 , 2015 . Synopsis ( edit ) The video begins with a shot of a cliff top at sunset , followed by Khalifa walking down a highway road . Puth is then shown singing the chorus whilst sitting at , and playing , a piano located between two cars . Khalifa 's rap verses and Puth singing the second chorus and bridge are interspersed with footage from Furious 7 . After the bridge , we see the final scene from the film : Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and Brian O'Conner ( Cody Walker , filling in for his brother , Paul ) , driving together , pull over in their cars and smile at each other one last time before driving away on separate roads into the sunset . After the camera pans up into the sky , the screen turns white , the words `` For Paul '' appear on screen and the video ends . Reception ( edit ) The video was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 , 2017 , when it surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy , to August 4 of that year , when it was surpassed by `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee . It reached 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 and is the fourth fastest video to accomplish the feat , doing so in 515 days . It reached 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 and is the second fastest video to accomplish the feat , doing so in 853 days . As of September 18 , 2017 , the video has received over 3.1 billion views on YouTube making it the second most viewed video on the website . It has received over 17 million likes and over 560,000 dislikes as of September 18 , 2017 . The video is also the second to reach 10 million likes ; the other four videos to exceed 10 million likes are the music videos for `` Gangnam Style '' , `` Hello '' , `` Despacito '' and `` Shape of You '' . The video was nominated for Best Hip - Hop Video and Best Collaboration at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost both . On August 27 , 2016 , the music video surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as YouTube 's most liked video of all time , after `` Gangnam Style '' held the record for almost 4 years . Also , on February 19 , 2017 , the music video succeeded `` Gangnam Style '' as the most rated YouTube video of all time with over 13.8 million total ratings . It has since been surpassed by Luis Fonsi 's `` Despacito '' as the most viewed , liked and rated video on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Khalifa and Puth performed `` See You Again '' live on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in March 2015 and on an episode of Saturday Night Live in May 2015 . Diesel also performed the song live as a tribute to Walker during the 2015 MTV Movie Awards . Khalifa and Puth reprised the song in a performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in April 2015 . Khalifa has performed the song , without Puth , as part of the Boys of Zummer Tour , in which Khalifa co-headlined with Fall Out Boy . Puth performed the song at the Capital Jingle Bell Ball in 2015 . Khalifa also performed the song on season 8 of The Voice , with season 7 finalist Chris Jamison performing Puth 's vocals . Wiz Khalifa also performed the song at the Mnet Asian Music Awards 2016 . The intentions were for the song to be performed as a collaboration between Wiz Khalifa and Taeyeon , member of girl group Girls ' Generation but the stage was later cancelled for reasons unknown . Khalifa & Puth also performed the song at the 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2015 American Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated Collaboration of the Year Hollywood Music in Media Awards Song -- Feature Film Won MTV Video Music Awards Best Hip - Hop Video Nominated Best Collaboration Teen Choice Awards Choice R&B / Hip - Hop Song Won Choice Collaboration Nominated Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Song Award BBC Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated 2016 Grammy Awards Song of the Year Best Pop Duo / Group Performance Best Song Written for Visual Media Critics Choice Awards Best Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Collaboration Won Black Reel Awards Best Original or Adapted Song Won iHeartRadio Music Awards Best Lyrics Nominated Best Collaboration Best Song from a Movie ASCAP Pop Music Awards Most Performed Songs Won Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- Single No . Title Length 1 . `` See You Again ( Extended ) '' ( featuring Charlie Puth ) 5 : 48 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Andrew Cedar -- songwriter , producer DJ Frank E ( Justin Franks ) -- songwriter , producer Charlie Puth -- songwriter , vocals , producer Brian Tyler -- string arranger , conductor Wiz Khalifa ( Cameron Thomaz ) -- songwriter , vocals Annie & Chloe -- edited version , vocals , producers Credits adapted from Soundtrack.Net and AllMusic Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 5 Colombia ( National Report Top Anglo ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Top 20 Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( Gaon Music Chart ) 32 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 22 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 59 US Billboard Hot 100 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 5 × Platinum 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 733,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 9,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States March 16 , 2015 Digital download Atlantic Worldwide April 3 , 2015 United States April 7 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom April 12 , 2015 Digital download See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one On - Demand Songs of 2015 List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2015 List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2010s List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one urban singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2015 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Italy ) List of Mexico Airplay number - one singles from the 2010s List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2015 Lists of Scottish number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2015 List of most liked YouTube videos List of most viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week '' . 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Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan '' . Sverigetopplistan. 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth ; ' See You Again ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter See You Again in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's Gangnam Style is no longer the most watched video on YouTube '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Middleton , Ryan . `` ' Furious 7 ' Soundtrack : Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth Share ' See You Again ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` See You Again '' on YouTube Wiz Khalifa singles Discography Rolling Papers `` Black and Yellow '' `` Roll Up '' `` On My Level '' `` No Sleep '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Young , Wild & Free '' O.N.I.F.C. `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' `` Remember You '' Blacc Hollywood `` We Dem Boyz '' `` You and Your Friends '' Khalifa `` Bake Sale '' TGOD Mafia Presents : Rude Awakening `` All Night '' Other singles `` Say Yeah '' `` We Own It ( Fast & Furious ) '' `` Shell Shocked '' `` See You Again '' video `` Burn Slow '' `` King of Everything '' `` Pull Up '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Gang Up '' Featured singles `` Best Night of My Life '' `` Till I 'm Gone '' `` Oh My '' `` 5 O'Clock '' `` I 'm On '' `` Payphone '' `` Till I Die '' `` Celebration '' `` Do n't Make Em Like You '' `` Hate Bein ' Sober '' `` NBA '' `` Molly '' `` Beat It '' `` 23 '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Or Nah '' `` Party Girls '' `` She Said '' `` Bigroom Blitz '' `` For Everybody '' `` Kush Ups '' `` Fuck Apologies '' Promotional singles `` Double Vision '' ( Remix ) `` The Race '' `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' ( Remix ) `` Sleazy Remix 2.0 : Get Sleazier '' `` KK '' `` Stayin Out All Night '' `` Promises '' `` So High '' `` Go Hard or Go Home '' `` No Social Media '' Other songs `` Taylor Gang '' Charlie Puth Discography Studio albums Nine Track Mind Voice Notes Extended plays Some Type of Love Singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` One Call Away '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Attention '' Featured singles `` See You Again '' video Other songs `` Nothing but Trouble '' `` Dangerously '' Related articles Meghan Trainor Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music & Lyrics : Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_You_Again&oldid=801375931 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2015 singles Wiz Khalifa songs Charlie Puth songs 2015 songs Songs written by DJ Frank E Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs written for films Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld Songs written by Charlie Puth South African Airplay Chart number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles The Fast and the Furious music Songs written by Wiz Khalifa Songs written by Dann Hume Pop ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings see you again with wiz khalifa	[ "\"See You Again\" is a song recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa, featuring American singer Charlie Puth. The track was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2015 action film Furious 7 as a tribute to the late actor Paul Walker, who died in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013 in Valencia, California. Later on, the song was included as a bonus track on the international release of Puth's debut album, Nine Track Mind. The artists co-wrote the song with its co-producers, DJ Frank E and Andrew Cedar, with additional production from Puth and mixing provided by Manny Marroquin. \"See You Again\" was released on March 10, 2015, as the soundtrack's lead single in the United States." ]	[ "Charlie Puth" ]
6719584570472191383	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25)	Dancing with the Stars ( Us season 25 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( Us season 25 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 25 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 5 Release Original network ABC Original release September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 24 Season twenty - five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 18 , 2017 , on the ABC network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 1.3 Dance troupe 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances 3.2 Week 2 : Ballroom Night / Latin Night 3.3 Week 3 : Guilty Pleasures Night 3.4 Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) Good Morning America announced the professional dancers who would be competing in the upcoming season . The two professionals from the previous season that did not return were Kym Johnson - Herjavec and Sasha Farber . Farber returned to the troupe , and Mark Ballas , who last appeared on season 22 , will also return . Alan Bersten , a troupe member since season 20 , was promoted to pro . On September 4 , it was revealed that Cheryl Burke was the thirteenth pro added to the lineup . Drew Scott was announced as the first celebrity competing for the season partnered with Emma Slater . On September 6 , the rest of the cast was revealed on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Barbara Corcoran Shark Tank panelist & businesswoman Keo Motsepe Eliminated 1st on September 25 , 2017 Debbie Gibson Singer - songwriter & actress Alan Bersten Eliminated 2nd on September 26 , 2017 Derek Fisher Former NBA player Sharna Burgess Eliminated 3rd on October 9 , 2017 Victoria Arlen ESPN host & former paralympic swimmer Valentin Chmerkovskiy Participating Nikki Bella WWE Superstar & model Artem Chigvintsev Participating Jordan Fisher Singer & actor Lindsay Arnold Participating Nick Lachey 98 Degrees singer Peta Murgatroyd Participating Vanessa Lachey Television presenter & model Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alan Bersten ( week 3 ) Participating Frankie Muniz Actor & race car driver Witney Carson Participating Terrell Owens Former NFL wide receiver Cheryl Burke Participating Sasha Pieterse Pretty Little Liars actress Gleb Savchenko Participating Drew Scott Property Brothers co-host Emma Slater Participating Lindsey Stirling Violinist & composer Mark Ballas Participating Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , while Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . Julianne Hough did not return as a judge this season . Dance troupe ( edit ) The dance troupe members for the season are former pros Sasha Farber and Jenna Johnson , and season 24 troupe members Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , and Britt Stewart . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 2 + 3 Victoria & Val 19 24 20 22 42 27 Nikki & Artem 20 21 18 21 39 24 Jordan & Lindsay 22 24 24 25 49 29 Nick & Peta 18 19 19 21 40 22 Vanessa & Maks 21 24 23 23 46 24 Frankie & Witney 19 23 25 21 46 24 Terrell & Cheryl 15 20 19 21 40 24 Sasha & Gleb 18 23 22 19 41 24 Drew & Emma 16 20 21 23 44 24 Lindsey & Mark 22 21 24 27 51 26 Derek & Sharna 11 18 19 19 21 40 23 Debbie & Alan 12 17 20 21 Barbara & Keo 13 14 17 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple that was the last to be called safe Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 30 - point scale . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Jordan & Lindsay 124 5 24.8 Lindsey & Mark 120 5 24.0 Vanessa & Maks 115 5 23.0 Victoria & Val 112 5 22.4 Frankie & Witney 112 5 22.4 6 Sasha & Gleb 106 5 21.2 7 Nikki & Artem 104 5 20.8 Drew & Emma 104 5 20.8 9 11 Derek & Sharna 100 5 20.0 10 Nick & Peta 99 5 19.8 Terrell & Cheryl 99 5 19.8 12 12 Debbie & Alan 58 19.3 13 13 Barbara & Keo 31 15.5 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Cha - cha - cha Frankie Muniz 25 Terrell Owens 15 Foxtrot Victoria Arlen 27 Drew Scott 16 Salsa Lindsey Stirling 24 Barbara Corcoran 14 Tango Victoria Arlen 24 Barbara Corcoran 17 Quickstep Frankie Muniz 24 Debbie Gibson Drew Scott 20 Waltz Nikki Bella 21 Viennese Waltz Lindsey Stirling 26 Nikki Bella 21 Samba Jordan Fisher 24 Nikki Bella 18 Rumba Vanessa Lachey 24 Victoria Arlen 20 Paso doble Derek Fisher 19 Argentine tango Drew Scott 23 Nick Lachey 19 Jazz Vanessa Lachey Derek Fisher 23 Sasha Pieterse 19 Jive Lindsey Stirling 27 Drew Scott 24 Charleston Jordan Fisher 25 Contemporary Jordan Fisher 29 Nick Lachey 22 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Victoria & Val Foxtrot ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 19 ) Nikki & Artem Contemporary ( 24 ) Samba ( 18 ) Jordan & Lindsay Contemporary ( 29 ) Tango ( 22 ) Nick & Peta Contemporary ( 22 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Vanessa & Maks Foxtrot & Rumba ( 24 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 21 ) Frankie & Witney Cha - cha - cha ( 25 ) Foxtrot ( 19 ) Terrell & Cheryl Viennese Waltz ( 24 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 15 ) Sasha & Gleb Foxtrot ( 24 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Drew & Emma Jive ( 24 ) Foxtrot ( 16 ) Lindsey & Mark Jive ( 27 ) Quickstep ( 21 ) Derek & Sharna Jazz ( 23 ) Salsa ( 18 ) Debbie & Alan Argentine tango ( 21 ) Foxtrot ( 17 ) Barbara & Keo Tango ( 17 ) Salsa ( 14 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : First dances ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa or tango . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Terrell & Cheryl 15 ( 5 , 5 , 5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' -- The Temptations Debbie & Alan 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Lost in Your Eyes '' -- Debbie Gibson Sasha & Gleb 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Like That '' -- Fleur East Drew & Emma 16 ( 6 , 5 , 5 ) Foxtrot `` Our House '' -- Madness Barbara & Keo 14 ( 5 , 4 , 5 ) Salsa `` Money Maker '' -- Ludacris feat . Pharrell Williams Jordan & Lindsay 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes Nick & Peta 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Come Get It Bae '' -- Pharrell Williams Vanessa & Maks 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Woman '' -- Kesha feat . The Dap - Kings Horns Frankie & Witney 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Sign of the Times '' -- Harry Styles Nikki & Artem 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` So What '' -- Pink Derek & Sharna 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` Basketball '' -- Kurtis Blow Victoria & Val 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Born Ready '' -- The Disco Fries feat . Hope Murphy Lindsey & Mark 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Do n't Worry '' -- Madcon feat . Ray Dalton Week 2 : ballroom Night / Latin Night ( edit ) The couples had to prepare two new dances to be performed on two consecutive nights . On Monday , the couples performed an unlearned ballroom routine , with one couple being eliminated at the end of the show . On Tuesday , the remaining couples performed an unlearned Latin routine , with another couple being eliminated . Argentine tango , paso doble , quickstep , rumba , samba , Viennese Waltz , and waltz are introduced . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Debbie & Alan 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` This Is My Time '' -- Amy Stroup Safe Nikki & Artem 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones Safe Lindsey & Mark 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Swing Set '' -- Jurassic 5 Safe Barbara & Keo 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Tango `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Sarah Vaughan Eliminated Nick & Peta 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Mandy '' -- Barry Manilow Safe Drew & Emma 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' -- Louis Prima Safe Vanessa & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Hit Me with a Hot Note '' -- Tami Tappan Damiano Safe Frankie & Witney 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Tango `` Whatever It Takes '' -- Imagine Dragons Safe Terrell & Cheryl 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Pillowtalk '' -- ZAYN Last to be called safe Sasha & Gleb 23 ( 8 , 8 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` I 'm Going Down '' -- Rose Royce Safe Victoria & Val 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- Taylor Swift Safe Derek & Sharna 19 ( 6 , 6 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' -- Ray Charles Safe Jordan & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Count on Me '' -- Judah Kelly Safe Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nikki & Artem 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Samba `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi feat . Daddy Yankee Safe Victoria & Val 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Rumba `` Easy '' -- Sky Ferreira Safe Derek & Sharna 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Paso doble `` Diablo Rojo '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Safe Sasha & Gleb 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Most Girls '' -- Hailee Steinfeld Safe Nick & Peta 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Argentine tango `` She 's a Lady '' -- Lion Babe Last to be called safe Jordan & Lindsay 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Mi Gente '' -- J Balvin & Willy William Safe Drew & Emma 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` Lights Down Low '' -- MAX feat . gnash Safe Debbie & Alan 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` Havana '' -- Camila Cabello feat . Young Thug Eliminated Vanessa & Maks 23 ( 8 , 8 , 7 ) Salsa `` Instruction '' -- Jax Jones feat . Demi Lovato & Stefflon Don Safe Terrell & Cheryl 19 ( 6 , 6 , 7 ) Samba `` Hot in Herre '' -- Nelly Safe Lindsey & Mark 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Mani Picao '' -- Ricky Campanelli Safe Frankie & Witney 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Perm '' -- Bruno Mars Safe Week 3 : Guilty Pleasures Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song that reminded them of their secret indulgences . Charleston , jazz and jive are introduced . At the start of the show , a moment of silence was held to honor the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting , which occurred the previous day . It was announced at the beginning of the show that , due to the tragedy , no elimination would take place . Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform due to an unspecified personal issue , so eliminated pro Alan Bersten danced with Vanessa Lachey instead . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Guilty pleasure Drew & Emma 23 ( 8 , 7 , 8 ) Argentine tango `` Red Right Hand '' -- Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds TV crime dramas Derek & Sharna 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' -- DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air reruns Victoria & Val 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Tubthumping '' -- Chumbawamba Listening to `` Tubthumping '' Vanessa & Alan 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' -- Cyndi Lauper Girls ' nights Nikki & Artem 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Love on the Brain '' -- Rihanna Romance novels Frankie & Witney 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' -- NSYNC Boy bands Lindsey & Mark 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' -- Wham ! Wearing pajamas all day Sasha & Gleb 19 ( 7 , 6 , 6 ) Jazz `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' -- The Four Tops Baking Nick & Peta 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jazz `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' -- The Pointer Sisters Romantic comedies Terrell & Cheryl 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` The Breaks '' -- Kurtis Blow Breakdancing Jordan & Lindsay 25 ( 9 , 7 , 9 ) Charleston `` The Glory Days '' -- Michael Giacchino Comic books Week 4 : most memorable year Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives . Contemporary is introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Frankie & Witney 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' -- Coldplay Safe Terrell & Cheryl 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Safe Nikki & Artem 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Contemporary `` Fight Song '' -- Rachel Platten Safe Nick & Peta 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Contemporary `` Falling Slowly '' -- Glen Hansard & Markéta Irglová Last to be called safe Lindsey & Mark 26 ( 9 , 8 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Anchor '' -- Mindy Gledhill Safe Derek & Sharna 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Move On Up '' -- Curtis Mayfield Eliminated Jordan & Lindsay 29 ( 10 , 9 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Take Me Home '' -- Us the Duo Safe Sasha & Gleb 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' -- The Fray Safe Vanessa & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` Godspeed ( Sweet Dreams ) '' -- Nick Lachey Safe Drew & Emma 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen Safe Victoria & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I Lived '' -- OneRepublic Safe Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa , or tango ( First Dances ) Week 2 : Night 1 : One unlearned ballroom dance ( Ballroom Night ) Night 2 : One unlearned Latin dance ( Latin Night ) Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Guilty Pleasures Night ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( Most Memorable Year Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( Disney Night ) Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Victoria & Val Cha - cha - cha Tango Rumba Quickstep Foxtrot Charleston Nikki & Artem Tango Waltz Samba Viennese Waltz Contemporary Jazz Jordan & Lindsay Tango Viennese Waltz Samba Charleston Contemporary Foxtrot Nick & Peta Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Argentine tango Jazz Contemporary Quickstep Vanessa & Maks Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Salsa Jazz Rumba Waltz Frankie & Witney Foxtrot Tango Cha - cha - cha Samba Quickstep Argentine tango Terrell & Cheryl Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Samba Salsa Viennese Waltz Quickstep Sasha & Gleb Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Samba Jazz Foxtrot Rumba Drew & Emma Foxtrot Quickstep Rumba Argentine tango Jive Viennese Waltz Lindsey & Mark Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Salsa Jive Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Derek & Sharna Salsa Foxtrot Paso doble Cha - cha - cha Jazz Debbie & Alan Foxtrot Quickstep Argentine tango Barbara & Keo Salsa Tango Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rank ( Weekly ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total Viewers `` Week 1 : Premiere '' September 18 , 2017 1.6 6 10.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 2 : Ballroom Night ( Night 1 ) '' September 25 , 2017 1.4 5 8.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 2 : Latin Night ( Night 2 ) '' September 26 , 2017 1.2 7.22 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 3 : Guilty Pleasures Night '' October 2 , 2017 1.4 5 9.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night '' October 9 , 2017 1.3 5 9.25 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates for 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Brooke ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 25 pros announced : Mark Ballas , Mr. and Mrs. Chmerkovskiy '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Fan - favorite pro dancer Cheryl Burke returning to ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ABC News ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Property Brothers ' star to compete on ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Matt ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Announces Full Season 25 Cast '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Live Blog : Ballroom Night and the First Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Latin Night and the Second Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Stars Recall Their Most Memorable Years '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Season 25 Judges Revealed : Find Out Who 's Back -- and Who 's Not ! '' . People . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 25 Premiere Recap : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS Season Premiere on NBC - Monday , September 18 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , September 25 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who was Eliminated from `` Dancing with the Stars '' Last Night ? `` . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Today , September 26 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' to Open With Moment of Silence to Honor Las Vegas Shooting Victims '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Top 11 Reveal Their Guilty Pleasures '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , October 2 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , October 9 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://ohmy.disney.com/news/2017/10/11/we-have-the-exclusive-set-list-for-disney-night-on-dancing-with-the-stars/?cmp=smc%7C1109445473 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_25)&oldid=804959935 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the judges for season 25 of dancing with the stars	[ "Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[9] Julianne Hough did not return as a judge this season.[10]", "Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[9] Julianne Hough did not return as a judge this season.[10]", "Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[9] Julianne Hough did not return as a judge this season.[10]" ]	[ "Carrie Ann Inaba", "Len Goodman", "Bruno Tonioli" ]
5331064198745923814	Don't Worry Baby	Do n't Worry Baby - wikipedia Do n't Worry Baby Jump to : navigation , search For the 2015 comedy film , see Do n't Worry Baby ( film ) . `` Do n't Worry Baby '' Single by The Beach Boys from the album Shut Down Volume 2 A-side `` I Get Around '' Released May 11 , 1964 Format Vinyl Recorded January 7 , 1964 , United Western Recorders , Hollywood Genre California Sound Length 2 : 47 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Brian Wilson , Roger Christian Producer ( s ) Brian Wilson The Beach Boys singles chronology `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( 1964 ) `` Do n't Worry Baby '' ( 1964 ) `` When I Grow Up ( To Be a Man ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( 1964 ) `` I Get Around '' ( 1964 ) `` When I Grow Up ( To Be a Man ) '' ( 1964 ) Endless Summer track listing 20 tracks ( show ) Side one `` Surfin ' Safari '' `` Surfer Girl '' `` Catch a Wave '' `` The Warmth of the Sun '' `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' Side two `` Be True to Your School '' `` Little Deuce Coupe '' `` In My Room '' `` Shut Down '' `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' Side three `` I Get Around '' `` Girls on the Beach '' `` Wendy '' `` Let Him Run Wild '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' Side four `` California Girls '' `` Girl Do n't Tell Me '' `` Help Me , Rhonda '' `` You 're So Good to Me '' `` All Summer Long '' Audio sample file help `` Do n't Worry Baby '' is a song written by Brian Wilson and Roger Christian , produced by Wilson and first recorded by the American rock band The Beach Boys . The band 's version , a tender ballad with falsetto lead vocal by Wilson , was first released on their 1964 album Shut Down Volume 2 . It was also released as the B - side of The Beach Boys ' first US number - one , `` I Get Around '' , also reaching number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 in its own right . The song `` Do n't Worry Baby '' is part of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list . It is ranked as the 176th greatest song of all time in Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , and Pitchfork Media placed it at number 14 on its list of `` The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyricism 2 Recording and production 2.1 Personnel 3 Variations 4 In popular culture 5 Cover versions 5.1 B.J. Thomas 5.1. 1 Chart performance 5.1. 1.1 Weekly singles charts 5.1. 1.2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Lyricism ( edit ) The song , as originally performed by the Beach Boys , is sung from the point of view of a teenager who reluctantly agrees to a challenge to race a rival after rashly bragging about his car , and is reassured by his girlfriend 's plea to take her love with him when he races . David Howard wrote that `` Do n't Worry Baby '' was a `` subtle harbinger for the growing dichotomy within the California Sound . While ' I Get Around ' symbolized the sunshine ideal in all its carefree splendor , ' Do n't Worry Baby ' suggested something entirely more pensive and even slightly dark underneath its pristine facade . '' Recording and production ( edit ) Recording took place on January 7 , 1964 at United Western Recorders ' Studio 3 , Hollywood . Vocals and guitars were overdubbed one or two days later . Take 12 was used for the master . Brian Wilson cited the song as his attempt to capture the essence of his all - time favorite record , `` Be My Baby '' by the Ronettes . Wilson estimates he has listened to the song `` more than 1,000 times . '' Personnel ( edit ) Track details courtesy of session archivist Craig Slowinski . The Beach Boys Al Jardine -- harmony and backing vocals ; rhythm guitar Mike Love -- harmony and backing vocals Brian Wilson -- lead , harmony and backing vocals ; piano , bass guitar Carl Wilson -- harmony and backing vocals ; electric rhythm guitar Dennis Wilson -- harmony and backing vocals ; drums Production staff Brian Wilson -- producer Chuck Britz -- audio engineer Variations ( edit ) The stereo mix of the song had been used on Shut Down Volume 2 when it was released in 1990 and 2001 . A single mono mix appeared on the 20 More Good Vibrations compilation . On the 2008 Singles box set , a mono album version was used instead of the single mix . The original stereo mix of `` Do n't Worry Baby '' had Brian 's lead vocal hard - panned in the left channel , the instrumental track in the centre and backing vocals on the right . Thanks to the discovery of the lost multi-track masters in 2009 , an alternate stereo mix was created from the analog master with the instrumental track and Brian 's lead vocal placed in the middle channel while the backing vocals were shared between the left and right channels . This new stereo mix can be found on the 2009 compilation Summer Love Songs . Lorrie Morgan sang lead vocals on the Beach Boys ' 1996 Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 album and was their only venture into the genre of country music to date . This version peaked at number 73 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . In popular culture ( edit ) See also : The Beach Boys in popular culture The production of `` Do n't Worry Baby '' formed the basis of the Byrds ' recording of `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' . Garbage 's 1998 single , `` Push It '' , contains an interpolation of its chorus , and Wilson / Christian were given songwriting credits . Cover versions ( edit ) See also : List of cover versions of Beach Boys songs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1968 -- The Fun & Games 1970 - The Tokens 1973 -- Bryan Ferry , These Foolish Things 1975 -- Keith Moon , Two Sides of the Moon ( with Dick Dale on guitar ) 1976 -- The Bay City Rollers 1988 -- The Everly Brothers 1999 -- Ronnie Spector , She Talks to Rainbows 2001 -- Billy Joel , An All - Star Tribute to Brian Wilson 2003 -- Andy Pratt , Cover Me 2003 -- Zed , This Little Empire 2008 -- Rivers Cuomo , Alone II : The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo ( recorded 1992 ) 2013 -- Grouplove BJ Thomas ( edit ) `` Do n't Worry Baby '' Single by B.J. Thomas from the album B.J. Thomas B - side `` My Love '' Released June 1977 Format 7 '' Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Brian Wilson , Roger Christian B.J. Thomas singles chronology `` Without a Doubt '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Worry Baby '' ( 1977 ) `` Still the Lovin ' Is Fun '' ( 1977 ) `` Without a Doubt '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Worry Baby '' ( 1978 ) `` Still the Lovin ' Is Fun '' ( 1977 ) A cover version of `` Do n't Worry Baby '' was done by B.J. Thomas in 1977 . His producer Chris Christian , who had recently produced BJ 's gold Contemporary Christian album `` Home Where I Belong '' had met the MCA Records executives while working the Olivia Newton - Johns album `` Do n't Stop Believing '' in Nashville . Chris presented the idea to the MCA executives to sign BJ to MCA , and record a cover of `` Do n't Worry Baby '' . MCA agreed , and the `` Do n't Worry Baby '' album was BJ 's last top 10 hit . His version included new original lyrics . Thomas 's rendition of the song was also his final Top 40 single , reaching number 17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , outcharting the Beach Boys and was # 2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The record also reached number 12 in Canada . The song was a major Adult Contemporary hit in both nations . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 12 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Hot 100 17 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 118 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 96 U.S. Cash Box 83 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Howard 2004 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Craig , Slowinski ( 2014 ) . Keep an Eye On Summer 1964 ( Digital Liner ) . The Beach Boys . Capitol Records . Mirror Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Doe , Andrew Grayham . `` GIGS64 '' . Endless Summer Quarterly . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spitz , Marc ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Still Tingling Spines , 50 Years Later '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . AR8 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys estimates that he 's heard `` Be My Baby , '' by the Ronettes , more than 1,000 times . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2013 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Eden , Dawn ( 1998 - 05 - 01 ) . Short Takes ; Garbage Version 2.0 . Record Collector . pp. 136 , 137 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 242 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 -- Volume 28 , No. 11 , December 31 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Sources ( edit ) Howard , David N. ( 2004 ) . Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 05560 - 7 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Greg Panfile 's Musical Analysis of `` Do n't Worry Baby '' Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Shut Down Volume 2 Songs Side one `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` In the Parkin ' Lot '' `` '' Cassius '' Love vs. `` Sonny '' Wilson '' `` The Warmth of the Sun '' `` This Car of Mine '' Side two `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Pom , Pom Play Girl '' `` Keep an Eye on Summer '' `` Shut Down , Part II '' `` Louie , Louie '' `` Denny 's Drums '' Related articles `` I Do '' Keep an Eye on Summer -- The Beach Boys Sessions 1964 The Beach Boys The Beach Boys discography Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio The Beach Boys singles discography 1960s 1961 `` Surfin ' '' / `` Luau '' 1962 `` Surfin ' Safari '' / `` 409 '' `` Ten Little Indians '' / `` County Fair '' 1963 `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' / `` Shut Down '' `` Surfer Girl '' / `` Little Deuce Coupe '' `` Be True to Your School '' / `` In My Room '' `` Little Saint Nick '' / `` The Lord 's Prayer '' 1964 `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' / `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` I Get Around '' / `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` When I Grow Up ( To Be a Man ) '' / `` She Knows Me Too Well '' `` Dance , Dance , Dance '' / `` The Warmth of the Sun '' `` The Man with All the Toys '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do You Want to Dance '' / `` Please Let Me Wonder '' `` Help Me , Rhonda '' / `` Kiss Me , Baby '' `` California Girls '' / `` Let Him Run Wild '' `` The Little Girl I Once Knew '' / `` There 's No Other ( Like My Baby ) '' `` Barbara Ann '' / `` Girl Do n't Tell Me '' 1966 `` Sloop John B '' / `` You 're So Good to Me '' `` Would n't It Be Nice '' / `` God Only Knows '' `` Good Vibrations '' / `` Let 's Go Away for Awhile '' 1967 `` Then I Kissed Her '' / `` Mountain of Love '' `` Heroes and Villains '' / `` You 're Welcome '' `` Wild Honey '' / `` Wind Chimes '' `` Darlin ' '' / `` Here Today '' 1968 `` Friends '' / `` Little Bird '' `` Do It Again '' / `` Wake the World '' `` Bluebirds over the Mountain '' / `` Never Learn Not to Love '' 1969 `` I Can Hear Music '' / `` All I Want to Do '' `` Break Away '' / `` Celebrate the News '' 1970s 1970 `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' / `` Susie Cincinnati '' `` Cottonfields '' / `` The Nearest Faraway Place '' `` Slip On Through '' / `` This Whole World '' `` Tears in the Morning '' / `` It 's About Time '' 1971 `` Cool , Cool Water '' / `` Forever '' `` Would n't It Be Nice '' ( live ) / `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( by Merry Clayton ) `` Long Promised Road '' / `` Deirdre '' `` Long Promised Road '' / `` ' Til I Die '' `` Surf 's Up '' / `` Do n't Go Near the Water '' 1972 `` You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone '' / `` Cuddle Up '' `` Marcella '' / `` Hold On Dear Brother '' 1973 `` Sail On , Sailor '' / `` Only with You '' `` California Saga : California '' / `` Funky Pretty '' `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' / `` The Warmth of the Sun '' `` Child of Winter ( Christmas Song ) '' / `` Susie Cincinnati '' `` Sail On , Sailor '' / `` Only with You '' 1976 `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` TM Song '' `` It 's O.K. '' / `` Had to Phone Ya '' `` Everyone 's in Love with You '' / `` Susie Cincinnati '' 1977 `` Honkin ' Down the Highway '' / `` Solar System '' 1978 `` Peggy Sue '' / `` Hey Little Tomboy '' 1979 `` Here Comes the Night '' / `` Baby Blue '' `` Good Timin ' '' / `` Love Surrounds Me '' `` Lady Lynda '' / `` Full Sail '' `` It 's a Beautiful Day '' / `` Sumahama '' 1980s 1980 `` Goin ' On '' / `` Endless Harmony '' `` Livin ' with a Heartache '' / `` Santa Ana Winds '' 1981 `` The Beach Boys Medley '' / `` God Only Knows '' `` Come Go with Me '' / `` Do n't Go Near the Water '' 1985 `` Getcha Back '' / `` Male Ego '' `` It 's Gettin ' Late '' / `` It 's O.K. '' `` She Believes in Love Again '' / `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' 1986 `` Rock ' n ' Roll to the Rescue '' / `` Good Vibrations '' ( live ) `` California Dreamin ' '' / `` Lady Liberty '' `` Happy Endings '' ( with Little Richard ) / `` California Girls '' ( live ) `` Kokomo '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' ( Little Richard ) `` Still Cruisin ' '' / `` Kokomo '' 1990s `` Somewhere Near Japan '' / `` Kokomo '' `` Problem Child '' / `` Problem Child ( Instrumental ) '' `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' / `` Summer of Love '' `` I Just Was n't Made for These Times '' / `` Would n't It Be Nice '' / `` Here Today '' 2010s 2011 `` Good Vibrations '' / `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Do n't Fight the Sea '' / `` Friends '' `` Cabinessence '' / `` Wonderful '' 2012 `` That 's Why God Made the Radio '' / `` That 's Why God Made the Radio '' ( instrumental ) `` Is n't It Time '' / Live in Chicago Book B.J. Thomas Albums On My Way Longhorns & Londonbridges Reunion You Gave Me Love ( When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer ) Love Shines The Living Room Sessions Singles `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` Most of All '' `` Long Ago Tomorrow '' `` Rock and Roll Lullaby '' `` ( Hey Wo n't You Play ) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song '' `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` I Recall a Gypsy Woman '' `` Whatever Happened to Old - Fashioned Love '' `` New Looks from an Old Lover '' `` Two Car Garage '' `` Night Life '' `` As Long As We Got Each Other '' Book : B.J. Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry_Baby&oldid=784135845 '' Categories : 1964 singles The Beach Boys songs B.J. Thomas songs Lorrie Morgan songs Songs written by Brian Wilson Rock ballads Pop ballads 1960s ballads Songs written by Roger Christian ( songwriter ) RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Brian Wilson Capitol Records singles MCA Records singles 1964 songs Songs about automobiles Answer songs California Sound Songs about women Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang lead vocals on don't worry baby	[ "\"Don’t Worry Baby\" is a song written by Brian Wilson and Roger Christian, produced by Wilson and first recorded by the American rock band The Beach Boys. The band's version, a tender ballad with falsetto lead vocal by Wilson, was first released on their 1964 album Shut Down Volume 2. It was also released as the B-side of The Beach Boys' first US number-one, \"I Get Around\", also reaching number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 in its own right." ]	[ "Brian Wilson" ]
6872364785461610671	The Commuter (film)	The Commuter ( film ) - wikipedia The Commuter ( film ) The Commuter Theatrical release poster Directed by Jaume Collet - Serra Produced by Andrew Rona Alex Heineman Screenplay by Byron Willinger Philip de Blasi Ryan Engle Story by Byron Willinger Philip de Blasi Starring Liam Neeson Vera Farmiga Patrick Wilson Jonathan Banks Sam Neill Music by Roque Baños Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Nicolas de Toth Production companies StudioCanal The Picture Company Ombra Films Distributed by StudioCanal UK ( United Kingdom ) Lionsgate ( United States ) Release date January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) ( New York City ) January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) ( United States ) January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom ) January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) ( France ) Running time 105 minutes Country France United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $119.9 million The Commuter is a 2018 action thriller film directed by Jaume Collet - Serra and written by Byron Willinger , Philip de Blasi and Ryan Engle . The film stars Liam Neeson , Vera Farmiga , Patrick Wilson , Jonathan Banks , and Sam Neill . It follows a man who is unwittingly recruited into a murder conspiracy after meeting a mysterious woman while on his daily train commute . The film premiered in New York City on January 8 , 2018 , and was theatrically released in the United States on January 12 , 2018 , by Lionsgate , and on January 19 , 2018 in the United Kingdom by StudioCanal ; it had a select IMAX release . The film grossed $119 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics , who called it similar to Neeson and Collet - Serra 's previous film , Non-Stop , but praised Neeson 's performance and the genre thrills . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael MacCauley , an Irish - American life insurance salesman and former police officer , is a family man with a wife and teenaged son . He goes through the same routine train commute to work and back every day , taking the Hudson Line from Tarrytown to Grand Central Terminal , often interacting with the same other commuters . His daily routine is interrupted when he is abruptly laid off from his job after a decade at the same company , leading him to wonder how he will pay his mortgage or afford his son 's college tuition . On the train home , Michael meets a mysterious woman named Joanna , who makes small talk with him . Joanna describes herself as academic who studies human behavior and tells him there are 16 distinct types of personalities . She proposes a hypothetical situation to Michael , asking him to do one little thing that he is uniquely skilled for , the results of which would have consequences that he would know nothing about , but would affect one of the passengers on the train . Joanna 's one little thing that she wants Michael to do is locate `` Prynne , '' the alias of an unknown passenger , whom she says does n't belong and has something stolen . Joanna proceeds to tell him that he will find $25,000 in the bathroom and will be paid another $75,000 when the job is done . Michael starts to question whether this is real or hypothetical , and Joanna , before she gets off the train , alludes to him being a former cop . Out of curiosity , Michael searches the bathroom and finds an envelope with $25,000 . He attempts to leave the train but is stopped by a young woman who hands him another envelope with Michael 's wife 's wedding ring , and tells him it 's a warning . Michael attempts to call his wife but with no response . Michael attempts to warn a fellow passenger of what is going on by writing on his newspaper . Michael leaves a voicemail describing the situation to former partner , Murphy , and then receives a call from Joanna , threatening him and his family . She tells him to look outside , where he sees the passenger he gave the newspaper to deliberately pushed in front of a bus . Joanna then points him to a GPS tracker in his jacket and instructs he plant it on Prynne . Michael gives a fake report of suspicious behavior to a conductor , who announces he plans to search a woman 's bag . A man immediately leaves the car and Michael follows him , at which point he attacks Michael . They fight and Michael plants the GPS tracker on him . Murphy calls back and informs him that Prynne is a key witness in a supposed suicide case of a man at the city planner 's office , Enrique Mendez , leading Michael to realize that Prynne will be killed and that Michael is being set up . In a deserted car , Michael discovers the body of the man he planted the GPS tracker on and a badge revealing he was an FBI agent . Sabotaging the air conditioning in the train except for the last car , Michael forces all of the remaining passengers into the last car . He realizes another passenger , a musician , killed the FBI agent ; he also received the same deal for $100,000 , but with instructions to kill Prynne . Michael and the musician fight , at which point the musician is thrown from the train and killed . The real `` Prynne '' is revealed to be a young girl named Sofia , who is holding incriminating information on powerful people and was to go into witness protection at the final stop of the train . Michael asks Sofia why she did not go to the police . She reveals that it was the police who killed Enrique , who was Sofia 's cousin . Joanna calls Michael and tries to convince him to kill Sofia for the sake of his family , but Michael refuses . Joanna activates the fail - safe plan and derails the train in order to kill everyone aboard . Michael manages to save all of the passengers by unhooking the final car from the rest of the train right before a curve . Assuming Michael is holding the train hostage , Murphy is sent to talk to him , only to be revealed as the cop who killed Enrique . Michael and Murphy engage in a fight , during which Michael removes Murphy 's police tracker , which identifies him as a `` friendly '' to the snipers outside . The snipers , believing Murphy to be Michael , shoot and kill Murphy . Outside of the train , Sofia is met by the FBI and proceeds to tell them what she knows . Michael is hailed as a hero and exonerated by the other passengers while his family is rescued by the FBI . His old captain admits that Murphy and a few others had been under investigation for some time and offers Michael his job back . Sometime later , Joanna is on a train back from Chicago . Michael approaches her and confronts Joanna about her actions before he shows his police detective badge , implying he is about to arrest her . Cast ( edit ) Liam Neeson as Michael MacCauley Vera Farmiga as Joanna Patrick Wilson as Det . Lt. Alex Murphy Jonathan Banks as Walt Sam Neill as Captain David Hawthorne Elizabeth McGovern as Karen MacCauley Killian Scott as FBI Agent Dylan Shazad Latif as Vince Andy Nyman as Tony Clara Lago as Eva Roland Møller as Jackson Florence Pugh as Gwen Dean - Charles Chapman as Danny MacCauley Ella - Rae Smith as Sofia Nila Aalia as Sherri Kobna Holdbrook - Smith as Oliver Colin McFarlane as Conductor Sam Adam Nagaitis as Conductor Jimmy Kingsley Ben - Adir as Special Agent Garcia Damson Idris as Special Agent Denys Ben Caplan as Frank Letitia Wright as Jules Skateboarder Pat Kiernan as himself Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2010 , Olatunde Osunsanmi boarded the action - thriller film as director for the production company Gold Circle Films , with a screenplay written by Byron Willinger and Philip de Blasi . More than a year later , in August 2011 , Julian Jarrold was reported to be directing the film instead . In January 2016 , Jaume Collet - Serra closed a deal to direct the film , marking his fourth collaboration with Neeson , and also executive produced through Ombra Films , with partner Juan Sola . The film was produced by StudioCanal and The Picture Company . Casting ( edit ) In September 2015 , it was announced that Liam Neeson would star in the film . In June 2016 , Vera Farmiga joined , in a role described as `` a mysterious woman who boards a commuter train and proposes an enticing opportunity to Neeson 's character , one that has dire circumstances if he accepts . '' The project marks the second working collaboration between Farmiga and Collet - Serra , after 2009 's psychological thriller Orphan . On July 13 , Sam Neill , Elizabeth McGovern , and Jonathan Banks were added to the principal cast , and in August 2016 , Kobna Holdbrook - Smith joined in an undisclosed role . The same month , Patrick Wilson joined the cast as a trusted friend of Neeson 's character . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on July 25 , 2016 , at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , England , and continued in New York City . Neeson and McGovern were spotted on the set of the film at Worplesdon railway station in Surrey on September 18 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was reported that Roque Baños would compose the film 's score . Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album digitally in January 2018 , with a physical release following on February 9 , 2018 . All music composed by Roque Baños . show The Commuter ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` A Commuter 's Trip '' 5 : 03 2 . `` Back Home Down '' 4 : 35 3 . `` One Little Thing '' 3 : 18 4 . `` They Are Watching You '' 2 : 54 5 . `` Murdered for Help '' 4 : 11 6 . `` Zone 7 Tickets '' 4 : 22 7 . `` A Suspicious Man '' 2 : 03 8 . `` The Seek Starts '' 3 : 46 9 . `` A Beautiful Family '' 4 : 18 10 . `` Moving Vagons '' 4 : 35 11 . `` Do Not Stop the Train '' 4 : 03 12 . `` Finding the Witness '' 4 : 33 13 . `` The Train Wreck '' 4 : 37 14 . `` I Wo n't Let Them Hurt You '' 9 : 04 15 . `` Who Is Prince ? '' 5 : 43 16 . `` The End of the Line '' 5 : 01 Total length : 72 : 00 Release ( edit ) In November 2015 , Lionsgate pre-bought the domestic distribution rights to the film , in a deal with StudioCanal . The Commuter was originally scheduled for release in the United States on October 13 , 2017 , and was pushed back to January 12 , 2018 . The film was set for release in the United Kingdom on October 20 , 2017 by StudioCanal , and was also pushed back to January 19 , 2018 , in accordance with the U.S. rescheduling . The film had a limited IMAX release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Commuter grossed $36.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $83.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $120.1 million . In the United States and Canada , The Commuter was released alongside the openings of Proud Mary and Paddington 2 , and the wide expansion of The Post , and was projected to gross $12 -- 14 million from 2,892 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $4.5 million on its first day and $13.7 million over the weekend , on par with previous Neeson - Collet - Serra collaborations , finishing third at the box office behind holdover Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and The Post . It made $6.6 million in its second weekend , dropping 51.8 % and finishing 7th . Internationally , the film debuted at number two in Germany with $2.6 million . It went on to gross a total of $6.7 million in the country , the biggest market outside the US , as well as $5.6 million in the UK , $5.0 million in France and $2.6 million in Australia . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 57 % based on 167 reviews , with a weighted average of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Commuter 's cast is better than its workmanlike script -- which helps make this reasonably diverting Liam Neeson action thriller worth the price of a matinee ticket or rental , if not a full - price ticket . '' Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Commuter Fact Sheet '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Passenger '' . allocine.fr . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dernier arrêt '' . cinoche.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Commuter ' Rides Past $100 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Commuter ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Commuter ' driven '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Gold Circle Taps ' Red Riding ' Director of ' The Commuter ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson 's ' Commuter ' Draws Jaume Collet - Serra to Direct '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jaume Collet - Serra Reunites With Liam Neeson On StudioCanal 's ' The Commuter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Liam Neeson To Star In Thriller ' The Commuter ' For StudioCanal And The Picture Company '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Follows ' Conjuring 2 ' By Boarding ' The Commuter ' With Liam Neeson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Joins Liam Neeson in Thriller ' The Commuter ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Commuter ' Adds Trio , Sets October 2017 Arrival In U.S. '' Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` James Remar Joins ' Altar Rock ' ; Kobna Holdbrook - Smith Tops Paradise Garage Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Wilson Boards Liam Neeson 's Thriller ' The Commuter ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson thriller to film in London '' . The Knowledge Online . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson action - thriller ' The Commuter ' sets shoot and release dates '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Mark ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson and co-stars filming at Worplesdon railway station for The Commuter '' . Get Surrey . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roque Banos to Score Jaume Collet - Serra 's ' The Commuter ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Varese Sarabande to Release ' The Commuter ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` AFM : Lionsgate Takes U.S. Rights to Liam Neeson 's ' The Commuter ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Commuter ' : Lionsgate Moves Liam Neeson Thriller Back Three Months To January '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Release 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Studio Canal . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter '' . Launching Films . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' The Post ' or ' Paddington 2 ' Knock off ' Jumanji ' at MLK Weekend Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Roars To $34 M ; ' The Post ' Still The Most With $22 M+ ; ' The Commuter ' Punches $16 M : MLK Weekend Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Commuter on IMDb The Commuter at Box Office Mojo The Commuter at Rotten Tomatoes Jaume Collet - Serra As director House of Wax ( 2005 ) Goal II : Living the Dream ( 2007 ) Orphan ( 2009 ) Unknown ( 2011 ) Non-Stop ( 2014 ) Run All Night ( 2015 ) The Shallows ( 2016 ) The Commuter ( 2018 ) Jungle Cruise ( 2019 ) As producer The River ( 2012 ) Mindscape ( 2013 ) Hooked Up ( 2013 ; exec ) Eden ( 2015 ) Extinction ( 2015 ) Curve ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Commuter_(film)&oldid=856059536 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s mystery films American action thriller films American films American mystery films French action thriller films French films French mystery films British films British action thriller films British mystery films Films about murder Films directed by Jaume Collet - Serra Films set in New York City Films set on trains Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in New York City Films shot in Surrey IMAX films StudioCanal films Films scored by Roque Baños Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who killed the fbi agent in the commuter	[ "In a deserted car, Michael discovers the body of the man he planted the GPS tracker on and a badge revealing he was an FBI agent. Sabotaging the air conditioning in the train except for the last car, Michael forces all of the remaining passengers into the last car. He realizes another passenger, a musician, killed the FBI agent; he also received the same deal for $100,000, but with instructions to kill Prynne. Michael and the musician fight, at which point the musician is thrown from the train and killed. The real \"Prynne\" is revealed to be a young girl named Sofia, who is holding incriminating information on powerful people and was to go into witness protection at the final stop of the train. Michael asks Sofia why she did not go to the police. She reveals that it was the police who killed Enrique, who was Sofia's cousin.\n" ]	[ "another passenger, a musician" ]
6889212449859080681	List of most-followed Instagram accounts	List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 135 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of March 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 234 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 135 million followers . Nine accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 234 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 135 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 123 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 118 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 113 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 110 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 107 Musician and actress USA 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 106 Reality TV personality USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 103 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 98 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 91 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 89 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 89 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 87 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 18 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 74 Reality TV personality USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 74 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 62 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 58 Comedian USA As of March 31 , 2018 By country - Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 234 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 123 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 98 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 91 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 89 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 57 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 46 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 45 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 31 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician As of March 31 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=835556769 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 12 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most no of followers on instagram	[ "\n\nRank\nChg\nAccount name\nOwner\nFollowers\n(millions)\nProfession\nCountry\n\n\n1.\n\n@instagram\nInstagram\n234\nSocial media platform\n USA\n\n\n2.\n\n@selenagomez\nSelena Gomez\n135\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n3.\n\n@cristiano\nCristiano Ronaldo\n123\nFootballer\n POR\n\n\n4.\n\n@arianagrande\nAriana Grande\n118\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n5.\n\n@beyonce\nBeyoncé\n113\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n6.\n\n@kimkardashian\nKim Kardashian\n110\nReality TV personality\n USA\n\n\n7.\n\n@taylorswift\nTaylor Swift\n107\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n8.\n\n@kyliejenner\nKylie Jenner\n106\nReality TV personality\n USA\n\n\n9.\n\n@therock\nDwayne Johnson\n103\nActor and professional wrestler\n USA\n\n\n10.\n\n@justinbieber\nJustin Bieber\n98\nMusician\n CAN\n\n\n11.\n\n@neymarjr\nNeymar\n91\nFootballer\n BRA\n\n\n12.\n\n@leomessi\nLionel Messi\n89\nFootballer\n ARG\n\n\n13.\n\n@kendalljenner\nKendall Jenner\n89\nModel\n USA\n\n\n14.\n\n@natgeo\nNational Geographic\n87\nMagazine\n USA\n\n\n15.\n\n@nickiminaj\nNicki Minaj\n86\nMusician\n TRI\n\n\n16.\n\n@nike\nNike\n77\nSportswear multinational corporation\n USA\n\n\n17.\n\n@mileycyrus\nMiley Cyrus\n75\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n18.\n\n@khloekardashian\nKhloé Kardashian\n74\nReality TV personality\n USA\n\n\n19.\n\n@jlo\nJennifer Lopez\n74\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n20.\n\n@katyperry\nKaty Perry\n69\nMusician\n USA\n\n\n21.\n\n@ddlovato\nDemi Lovato\n67\nMusician and actress\n USA\n\n\n22.\n\n@kourtneykardash\nKourtney Kardashian\n62\nReality TV personality\n USA\n\n\n23.\n\n@badgalriri\nRihanna\n61\nMusician\n BAR\n\n\n24.\n\n@victoriassecret\nVictoria's Secret\n59\nLingerie retailer\n USA\n\n\n25.\n\n@kevinhart4real\nKevin Hart\n58\nComedian\n USA\n\n\n\nAs of March 31, 2018[update]\n" ]	[ "Selena Gomez" ]
7292643635247809674	Darth Vader	Darth Vader - wikipedia Darth Vader Jump to : navigation , search fictional character in the Star Wars franchise Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker Star Wars character David Prowse as Darth Vader in The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) First appearance Star Wars : A New Hope ( 1977 ) Last appearance Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Created by George Lucas Darth Vader Portrayed by David Prowse ( Episodes IV -- VI ) Hayden Christensen ( Episode III ) Gene Bryant ( Episode III ) Spencer Wilding ( Rogue One ) Daniel Naprous ( Rogue One ) Voiced by James Earl Jones ( voice ) Ben Burtt ( vocal effects ) Stunt double Bob Anderson ( Episodes V -- VI ; stunts ) In other media Brock Peters ( radio drama ) Scott Lawrence ( video games ) Matt Sloan ( video games ) Anakin Skywalker Portrayed by Jake Lloyd ( Episode I ) Hayden Christensen ( Episodes II -- III , Episode VI post-2004 DVD version ) Sebastian Shaw ( Episode VI ) Voiced by Mat Lucas ( Clone Wars ) Matt Lanter ( The Clone Wars , Rebels , Forces of Destiny ) Hayden Christensen ( Rebels ; archival audio ) Darth Vader , also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker , is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Vader appears in the original span of the saga going from being Anakin Skywalker , the prophesied child who would bring balance to the Force , to his corruption and transformation into Darth Vader , to being the pivotal antagonist , and eventual redemption and fulfillment of the prophecy . The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors . His appearances span the first six Star Wars films , as well as Rogue One , and his character is referenced in both Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi . He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series , video games , novels , literature and comic books . Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force , he falls to the dark side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master , Emperor Palpatine ( also known as Darth Sidious ) . He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa , secret husband of Padmé Amidala and grandfather of Kylo Ren . Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture , and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever . The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in cinema history on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains , behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates . However , other critics consider him a tragic hero , citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 1.1 Concept and writing 1.2 Design 1.3 Portrayals 2 Appearances 2.1 Featured films 2.1. 1 Original trilogy 2.1. 2 Prequel trilogy 2.1. 2.1 The Clone Wars ( film ) 2.1. 3 Anthology films 2.2 Television series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 2.2. 2 Rebels ( 2014 ) 2.2. 3 Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) 2.3 Comics 2.4 Star Wars canon literature 2.5 Virtual reality game 2.6 Legends 2.6. 1 Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 2.6. 2 Literature 2.6. 3 Comics 2.7 Video games 2.8 Other 3 Characteristics 4 Cultural impact 5 Family tree 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Creation and development George Lucas , creator of Darth Vader Concept and writing In the first draft of The Star Wars , tall , grim general `` Darth Vader '' was already close in line with his final depiction , and the protagonist `` Anikin Starkiller '' had a role similar to Luke Skywalker 's as the 16 - year - old son of a respected warrior . After the success of the original Star Wars ( 1977 ) , series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas was disappointed with the script , but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her . With no writer available , Lucas had to write the next draft himself . In this draft , he made use of a new plot twist : Vader claiming to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the year - long struggles writing the first film . The new plot element of Luke 's parentage had drastic effects on the series . Author Michael Kaminski claims and argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke 's father . After writing the second and third drafts in which the plot point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin had been Obi - Wan Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by Palpatine . Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded , but was then reborn as Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy . After deciding to create the prequel trilogy , Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakin 's fall to the dark side . He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` saga '' . Darth Vader designers Ralph McQuarrie Brian Muir For the first prequel , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , Lucas made Anakin nine years old to make the character 's separation from his mother more poignant . Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one - sheet poster showing him casting Vader 's shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the character 's eventual fate . The movie ultimately achieved a primary goal of introducing audiences to Anakin . Author Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence of the third prequel , Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , killed by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; Anakin 's fall from grace would now be motivated by a desire to save his wife , Padmé Amidala , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . During production of the Clone Wars TV series , Ahsoka Tano was developed to illustrate how Anakin develops from the brash , undisciplined Padawan apprentice in Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) to the more reserved Jedi Knight in Revenge of the Sith . Clone Wars supervising director and Rebels co-creator Dave Filoni said that giving Anakin responsibility for a Padawan was meant to place the character in a role that forced him to become more cautious and responsible . It would also give him insight into his relationship with Obi - Wan and depict how their relationship matured . Ahsoka and Anakin 's relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and Clone Wars television series . Filoni began thinking about the final confrontation between Ahsoka and Vader ever since he created Ahsoka ; different iterations had different endings , including one in which Vader kills Ahsoka just as she slashes open his helmet to reveal Anakin 's scarred face . Ahsoka 's presence in Star Wars Rebels was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the show 's lead characters without the latter being `` destroyed '' ; Ahsoka can `` stand toe - to - toe '' with Vader . In Rebels Recon of the episode The Holocrons of Fate , Filoni reveals that he has always felt that one of the reasons for Anakin 's turn to the dark side was the lack of compassion of the Jedi ; in their dedication to selflessness , they `` almost forgot to care '' . Design Ralph McQuarrie incorporated Samurai armour into his conceptual designs for Vader 's costume in 1975 The original design of Darth Vader 's costume did not originally include a helmet . The idea that Vader should wear a breathing apparatus was first proposed by concept artist Ralph McQuarrie during preproduction discussions for Star Wars with George Lucas in 1975 . In an interview with Star Wars Insider Magazine , McQuarrie stated that Lucas 's artistic direction was to portray a malevolent figure in a cape with Samurai armour . `` For Darth Vader , George ( Lucas ) just said he would like to have a very tall , dark fluttering figure that had a spooky feeling like it came in on the wind . '' McQuarrie noted that the script indicated that Vader would travel between spaceships and needed to survive in the vacuum of space , and he proposed that Vader should wear some sort of space suit . Lucas agreed , and McQuarrie combined a full - face breathing mask with a Samurai helmet , thus creating one of the most iconic designs of space fantasy cinema . McQuarrie 's 1975 production painting of Darth Vader engaged in a lightsaber duel with Deak Starkiller ( a character prototype for Luke Skywalker ) depicts Vader wearing black armour , a flowing cape and an elongated , skull - like mask and helmet . Its similarity to the final design of Vader 's costume demonstrates that McQuarrie 's earliest conception of Vader was so successful that very little needed to be changed for production . Working from McQuarrie 's designs , the prop sculptor Brian Muir created the helmet and armour used in the film . The sound of the respirator function of Vader 's mask was created by Ben Burtt using modified recordings of scuba breathing apparatus used by divers . The sound effect is trademarked in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under Trademark # 77419252 and is officially described in the documentation as `` The sound of rhythmic mechanical human breathing created by breathing through a scuba tank regulator . '' Commentators have often pointed to the influence of Akira Kurosawa 's films such as The Hidden Fortress ( 1958 ) on George Lucas , and Vader 's Samurai - inspired costume design is held up as a significant example of the Japanese influences on Star Wars . Portrayals David Prowse physically portrayed Darth Vader in the original film trilogy . James Earl Jones provided the voice of Darth Vader in the original trilogy , Revenge of the Sith , and Rogue One . Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse in the original film trilogy , and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character 's intense lightsaber fight scenes . Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader ( after dismissing using Prowse 's own voice due to his English West Country accent , leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him `` Darth Farmer '' ) . After deciding that Welles 's voice would be too recognizable , he cast the lesser - known James Earl Jones instead . Jones initially felt his contributions to the films were too small to warrant recognition and his role was uncredited at his request until the release of Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . When Jones was specifically asked if he had supplied Vader 's voice for Revenge of the Sith -- either newly or from a previous recording -- Jones answered , `` You 'd have to ask Lucas about that . I do n't know '' . Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in Revenge of the Sith . During the production of Revenge of the Sith , Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body , rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse . Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR / USC radio series . Both Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in Rogue One ( 2016 ) , with Jones reprising his role as the character 's voice . Vader 's character has also been portrayed in several video games ; in games such as Star Wars : Rebel Assault II : The Hidden Empire and Star Wars : Dark Forces , visual effects artist C. Andrew Nelson appears in short sequences in the Vader costume , voiced by Scott Lawrence . Matt Sloan , who appeared in the YouTube parody Chad Vader , provided the voice of Darth Vader in The Force Unleashed . As a result of his video game appearances , Nelson was cast to appear as Vader in brief sequences inserted into the 1998 special edition of The Empire Strikes Back , in which Vader is seen boarding his shuttle . During production of Return of the Jedi , the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film , and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role . When Shaw arrived at the set for filming , he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid , the actor playing the Emperor . When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there , Shaw responded , `` I do n't know , dear boy , I think it 's something to do with science - fiction . '' His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew , and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone , even his family . The unmasking scene , directed by Richard Marquand , was filmed in one day and required only a few takes , with no alteration from the original dialogue . Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film , in which he is a Force Ghost of Anakin . Shaw 's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 DVD release . This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be possibly the most controversial change in the Star Wars re-releases . Shaw received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career . He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film . When The Phantom Menace was being produced , hundreds of actors were tested for the role of young Anakin before the producers settled on Jake Lloyd , who Lucas considered met his requirements of `` a good actor , enthusiastic and very energetic '' . Producer Rick McCallum said that Lloyd was `` smart , mischievous and loves anything mechanical -- just like Anakin . '' During production of Attack of the Clones , casting director Robin Gurland reviewed about 1,500 other candidates for the role of the young Anakin before Lucas eventually selected Hayden Christensen for the role . When Revenge of the Sith was being produced , Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it . They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together . As in the previous two prequel films , McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles . Anakin has also been voiced by Mat Lucas for the 2003 micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars , and by Matt Lanter in the CGI animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , the television series of the same name and for Anakin 's cameos in Star Wars Rebels . For Vader 's appearances in the Star Wars Rebels animated series , James Earl Jones has reprised the voice role . Both Lanter and Jones contributed their voices for the second - season finale of Rebels , at times with identical dialogue spoken by both actors blended together in different ways . Appearances Darth Vader appears in seven of the nine live - action Star Wars films and The Clone Wars animated film and spinoff series . He has a recurring role in Star Wars expanded universe material . Featured films Original trilogy Darth Vader first appears in Star Wars as a ruthless cyborg serving the Galactic Empire . He is tasked , along with Imperial commander Grand Moff Tarkin , with recovering the secret technical plans for the Death Star , which were stolen by the Rebel Alliance . Vader captures and tortures Princess Leia Organa , who has hidden the plans inside the droid R2 - D2 and sent it to find Vader 's former Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi on the planet Tatooine . During Leia 's rescue , Vader kills Obi - Wan in a lightsaber duel . Having placed a tracking device aboard the Millennium Falcon , Vader is able to track down the Rebels ' base on the planet Yavin 4 . During the Rebels ' attack on the Death Star , Vader attempts to shoot down Luke Skywalker 's X-wing fighter , but Han Solo intervenes and sends Vader 's ship spiraling off course , allowing Luke to destroy the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back , Vader becomes obsessed with finding Luke and leads the Imperial attack on the Rebel base on Hoth , but the Rebels escape . While conversing with the Emperor , Vader convinces him that Luke would be valuable to the Empire if he could be turned to the dark side of the Force . Vader hires a group of bounty hunters to follow Luke and his friends , and negotiates with Bespin administrator Lando Calrissian to set a trap for them so that Luke will follow them . After Han , Leia , Chewbacca , and C - 3PO arrive , Vader tortures Han , freezes him in carbonite and gives him to bounty hunter Boba Fett . When Luke arrives , Vader defeats Luke in a lightsaber duel , severing his opponent 's hand . Vader then tells Luke that he is his father and asks Luke to help him overthrow the Emperor so they can rule the galaxy together . Horrified , Luke escapes through an air shaft . Vader telepathically tells Luke that it is his destiny to join the dark side . Sebastian Shaw as the unmasked Darth Vader In Return of the Jedi , Vader and the Emperor are supervising the second Death Star 's construction . Unknown to Vader , the Emperor intends to replace him with Luke as his apprentice . Thinking that there is still good in his father , Luke surrenders to Vader in hopes that he can be redeemed . Vader brings Luke to the Emperor on board the Death Star . While there , the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi 's fear for his friends , which leads to Vader dueling with Luke once again . Realizing that Leia is Luke 's twin sister , Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit . Furious , Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father 's robotic hand . The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place . Luke refuses , however , and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning . Moved by Luke 's pleas for help , Vader throws the Emperor down the Death Star 's reactor core to his death ; he is mortally wounded by the Emperor 's lightning in the process . After asking Luke to remove his mask , the redeemed Anakin Skywalker tells his son that there was good in him after all before he dies . Luke escapes the Death Star with his father 's remains , and ceremonially burns them in a pyre . Anakin 's spirit reunites with those of Obi - Wan and Yoda to watch over Luke and his friends as the Rebels celebrate the Death Star 's destruction and the fall of the Empire . Prequel trilogy Anakin first appears in the prequel trilogy in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , which takes place 32 years before the original Star Wars , as a young slave living on the planet Tatooine with his mother Shmi . Anakin was conceived without a father and he can foresee the future . Also a gifted pilot and mechanic , Anakin has built his own protocol droid , C - 3PO . Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn meets Anakin after making an emergency landing on Tatooine . Qui - Gon senses Anakin 's strong connection to the Force and becomes convinced that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force . After winning his freedom in a podrace , Anakin leaves for Coruscant to be trained as a Jedi , but is forced to leave Shmi behind . During the journey , Anakin forms a bond with Padmé Amidala , the young queen of Naboo . Qui - Gon asks the Jedi Council for permission to train Anakin , but they sense fear in the boy and refuse . Eventually , Anakin helps thwart the Trade Federation 's invasion of Naboo by destroying their command ship . After Qui - Gon is killed in a lightsaber duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul , Obi - Wan promises to train Anakin , with the Council 's reluctant approval . Palpatine later befriends Anakin and tells him that he will watch the boy 's career `` with great interest '' . Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker in Revenge of the Sith . Anakin is Obi - Wan 's Padawan apprentice in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , which takes place 10 years after The Phantom Menace . Having rescued Padmé , who is now a senator , from an assassination attempt , Anakin travels with her to Naboo , where they fall in love . Sensing that Shmi is in pain , Anakin travels to Tatooine to rescue her . While there , Anakin learns she was kidnapped by Tusken Raiders . Anakin locates Shmi at the Tusken campsite , where she dies in his arms . Anakin , enraged , massacres the Tuskens and returns to the Lars homestead to bury Shmi . Anakin travels with Padmé to Geonosis to rescue Obi - Wan from Sith Lord Count Dooku , Qui - Gon 's old master and leader of the Separatists , a conspiracy of star systems bent on seceding from the Galactic Republic . Dooku captures them , however , and sentences them to death . However , a cadre of Jedi arrives with the Kaminoan clone army to halt their executions . Obi - Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle , but the Sith Lord beats them both in a lightsaber duel and severs Anakin 's arm . Yoda intervenes and rescues the Jedi . By the end of the film , Anakin is fitted with a robotic arm and marries Padmé in secret . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , set three years after Attack of the Clones , Anakin is now a Jedi Knight and a hero of the Clone Wars . He and Obi - Wan lead a mission to rescue Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous on board his starship . The Jedi battle Dooku , whom Anakin eventually executes on Palpatine 's command . They rescue Palpatine and return to Coruscant . Anakin reunites with Padmé , who tells him she is pregnant . Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth and becomes determined to prevent them from coming true . Palpatine tells Anakin that the dark side holds the power to cheat death , and eventually reveals that he is the Sith Lord Darth Sidious , the mastermind of the war . Although Anakin informs Jedi Master Mace Windu of Palpatine 's treachery , he follows Windu to make sure Palpatine is captured alive . When he realizes that Windu is going to kill Palpatine , Anakin intervenes on the Sith Lord 's behalf , allowing Palpatine to kill Windu . Desperate to save Padmé , Anakin pledges himself to the dark side and becomes Palpatine 's Sith apprentice , Darth Vader . On Palpatine 's command , Vader leads a legion of clones to kill everyone at the Jedi Temple and massacres the remaining Separatist leaders hiding on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Padmé confronts Vader and implores him to abandon the dark side , but Vader refuses and abandons her instead . Upon witnessing Obi - Wan invited to intervene , Vader accuses his wife of conspiring against him and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness . Obi - Wan duels and defeats Vader , severing both of his legs , and leaving him at the bank of a lava river , where he is horribly burned . Palpatine later finds Vader still alive and takes him back to Coruscant , where his apprentice 's mutilated body is covered in the black armored suit first depicted in the original trilogy . Palpatine explains to Vader that he killed Padmé in his rage ; Vader screams in agony , his spirit broken . As the film concludes , Vader supervises the construction of the first Death Star alongside Palpatine and Wilhuff Tarkin . The Clone Wars ( film ) In the 2008 film The Clone Wars , Yoda assigns Ahsoka Tano as Anakin 's Padawan apprentice to teach him a greater sense of responsibility , and Anakin is initially frustrated by this decision . Their early interactions are `` playfully contentious '' , with Anakin calling her `` Snips '' for her `` snippy '' attitude and Ahsoka calling him `` Skyguy '' as a pun on his surname . After earning Anakin 's respect during a dangerous mission , Ahsoka joins him on a quest to rescue Jabba the Hutt 's infant son . Her impetuousness both annoys and endears her to her master , and , by the end of the film , Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice . Anthology films Vader appears in the first anthology film Rogue One , played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous , with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character . In this film , Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic , who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin . Vader refuses , however , and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure the Death Star project has not been compromised . At the end of the film , Vader boards the disabled Rebel flagship Profundity with a cadre of Imperial stormtroopers and kills several Rebel soldiers as he attempts to recover the plans . However , the Alderaanian blockade runner Tantive IV ( which was docked with the Profundity ) escapes with the plans , setting the stage for the events of A New Hope . Prior to the hallway scene being filmed , during the finale for Rogue One it was planned that Orson Krennic would survive the Death Star 's assault on Scariff and Vader would then murder him for failing to stop the theft of the Death Star plans . However this scene was cut from Rogue One due to the difficulty of explaining how Krennic survived the explosion the Death Star caused . Television series The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Anakin is a lead character in all seasons of The Clone Wars . As a Jedi Knight , he goes on several missions with both Obi - Wan and Ahsoka throughout the war . While continuing to teach Ahsoka the ways of the Jedi , Anakin has developed a close bond with her and they take risks to protect or save one another . Some of Anakin 's actions taken out of concern for Ahsoka violate the Jedi code , such as torturing prisoners who may know her location when she goes missing . During the third season , Anakin experiences a vision of his future as Darth Vader . Rebels ( 2014 ) Darth Vader is a recurring character in the first season of Star Wars Rebels , which takes place 14 years after The Clone Wars concludes . Vader leads a squadron of Force - sensitive Imperial Inquisitors who are actively searching for and killing any remaining Jedi and Force - sensitive children . In the second - season premiere , Vader discovers that Ahsoka has joined the Rebel Alliance , and the Emperor orders him to hunt her down . During their first confrontation in which Vader wipes out most of Phoenix Squadron 's troops , Ahsoka is overwhelmed when she recognizes Anakin under `` a layer of hate '' in Darth Vader . Later in the season , Ahsoka has a vision in which Anakin blames her for allowing him to fall to the dark side . Vader makes a brief cameo at the end of `` Shroud of Darkness '' in which he is brought to the Jedi temple on Lothal . In the season finale , Ahsoka duels with her former master inside a Sith Temple , allowing her friends to escape Vader and the temple 's destruction . As the episode concludes , Vader escapes from the temple 's ruins . Filoni said that it was `` an elected decision '' not to feature Vader for the third season . Vader makes a final voiceless cameo in the late fourth season episode `` A World Between Worlds '' , as Ezra looks back in time to see the conclusion of his duel with Ahsoka before rescuing her from him . Shortly afterward , quotes from Vader are heard echoing in the void after Ezra says his name . Forces of destiny ( 2017 ) Anakin appears in the episode The Padawan Path . He is voiced again by Matt Lanter . In The Padawan Path , Anakin is waiting along with Yoda in the Jedi temple for Ahsoka , for her ceremony . Comics In 2015 , Marvel released a 25 - issue series called Darth Vader ( 2015 ) , which focused on the title character in the aftermath of the destruction of the Death Star , as well as his life after learning about the existence of his son , the series happens parallel to the comic series Star Wars ( 2015 ) and has a cross-over with it titled Vader Down . The Obi - Wan & Anakin 5 - issue mini-series written by Charles Soule , depicts the lives of both Jedi between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . At New York Comic Con 2015 , Dan Brooks of StarWars.com held an interview with Soule , who described the story as `` pretty unexplored territory . '' A second series named exactly as the previous series Darth Vader ( 2017 ) , is also written by Charles Soule . It begins moments after Vader wakes up for the first time in his black suit at the end of the film Episode III : Revenge of the Sith . The series will focus on exploring the title character 's reaction to Padme 's death , his adjustment to his mechanical suit , how he creates his red lightsaber , as well as how he hunts Jedi , and the beginning of the Inquisitor program shown in the animated series Star Wars Rebels . Star Wars canon literature Star Wars : Lords of the Sith was one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015 . In Lords of the Sith , Vader and Palpatine find themselves hunted by revolutionaries on the Twi'lek planet Ryloth . Virtual reality game In the 2015 Star Wars Celebration , it was announced David S. Goyer is helping to develop a virtual reality game based on Darth Vader . It is said that the audience as `` visitor '' will be able to walk , pick up , push and open things , and might even have some effect in the story . Legends In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as `` Star Wars : Legends '' and declared non-canon to the franchise . Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Anakin is a lead character in all three seasons of the Clone Wars microseries , which takes place four months after the conclusion of Attack of the Clones . Anakin becomes a Jedi Knight and is quickly promoted to a General of the Republic 's Clone Army , due in part to Palpatine 's influence . Among other missions , he fights a duel with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress , helps Obi - Wan capture a Separatist - controlled fortress and rescues Jedi Master Saesee Tiin during a space battle . During the third season , Anakin frees the planet Nelvaan from Separatist control and sees a cryptic vision of his future as Darth Vader . In the season finale , Anakin and Obi - Wan go on a mission to rescue Palpatine from General Grievous , leading to the opening of Revenge of the Sith . Series creator and director Genndy Tartakovsky admitted that he was bothered that Lucasfilm declared Clone Wars non-canon , but said that he was proud of what he did and how much the microseries and the characters influenced later works . Literature Vader is featured prominently in novels set in the Star Wars universe . In the 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye by Alan Dean Foster , Vader meets Luke Skywalker for the first time and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends with Luke cutting off Vader 's arm and Vader falling into a deep pit . ( In 1999 's Vader 's Quest , however , Vader encounters Luke for the first time after hiring a bounty hunter to find the pilot who destroyed the Death Star . ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) reveals that Vader is conflicted about trying to turn his son to the dark side of the Force , and knows deep down that there is still some good in him . Anakin Skywalker 's redeemed spirit appears in The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) , set a few days after the end of Return of the Jedi . He appears to Leia , imploring her forgiveness . Leia condemns him for his crimes and exiles him from her life . He promises that he will be there for her when she needs him , and disappears . In Tatooine Ghost ( 2003 ) , Leia learns to forgive her father after learning about his childhood as a slave and his mother 's traumatic death . In The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) , Anakin tells his grandson Jacen Solo to `` stand firm '' in his battle with the Supreme Overlord of the Yuuzhan Vong . Upon the release of the prequel films , the Expanded Universe grew to include novels about Vader 's former life as Anakin Skywalker . Greg Bear 's 2000 novel Rogue Planet and Jude Watson 's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series chronicle Anakin 's early missions with Obi - Wan , while James Luceno 's 2005 novel Labyrinth of Evil , set during the Clone Wars , depicts Anakin battling Separatist commander General Grievous . In Luceno 's Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) , set a few months after the events of Revenge of the Sith , Vader disavows his identity as Anakin Skywalker as he systematically pursues and kills the surviving Jedi and cements his position in the Empire . The novel reveals that Vader plans to eventually overthrow Palpatine and that he betrayed the Jedi because he resented their supposed failure to recognize his power . In The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia uncover old recordings of their parents in R2 - D2 's memory drive ; for the first time , they see their own birth and their mother 's death , as well as their father 's corruption to the dark side . In Bloodlines ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia 's son Jacen -- who has himself turned to the dark side -- uses the Force to `` watch '' Darth Vader slaughter the children at the Jedi Temple . Vader also appears in a series of tongue - in - cheek children 's books by Jeffrey Brown . In Brown 's series , a somewhat hapless Vader sets out to be a father to a young Luke and Leia , with some scenes directly based on their darker film counterparts ( for example , one scene shows Vader , Luke and Leia at the carbonite freezing chamber on Bespin , with Vader pronouncing the freezer adequate for making ice cream ) . Comics Vader appears in several comic books such as Dark Horse Comics ' Star Wars Tales and Marvel Comics ' Star Wars ( 1977 -- 1986 ) series . Anakin Skywalker is a major character in Dark Horse 's Star Wars : Republic series ( 1998 -- 2006 ) . Video games Darth Vader and Anakin Skywalker appear in a variety of video games such as the Lego Star Wars series and the Battlefront series . Vader plays a central role in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed ( 2008 ) . He is a playable character in the first level of the game , where he and his armies invade Kashyyyk to hunt down a Jedi who had survived the Order 's destruction . Vader kills the Jedi and kidnaps the man 's young Force - sensitive son , whom he raises as his secret apprentice , Starkiller . Vader sends Starkiller on various missions throughout the galaxy , with an ultimate goal to assassinate Palpatine so that Vader can rule the galaxy himself . Toward the end of the game , however , it is revealed that Vader is n't planning to overthrow Palpatine at all ; he is merely using his apprentice to expose the Empire 's enemies . At the game 's climax , the player chooses between attacking Palpatine to help his Rebel friends escape the Death Star or killing Vader to become the Emperor 's new apprentice . He also appears in the sequel Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II as the final boss . Other Darth Vader features in the 1981 radio drama adaptation of Star Wars , voiced by the actor Brock Peters . Vader makes his first appearance on the planet Ralltiir , where he treats Princess Leia Organa with suspicion . In later extended scenes , he is heard interrogating and torturing Leia on board his Star Destroyer and aboard the Death Star . Vader appears in Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue , where he is voiced by Jones . Vader is featured as a combatant in the popular series Death Battle , in which he is pitted against Marvel Comics villain Doctor Doom . He loses the fight due to Doom 's superior weaponry and abilities . Characteristics In Attack of the Clones , Anakin Skywalker feels `` smothered '' by Obi - Wan Kenobi and is incapable of controlling his own life . By Revenge of the Sith , however , his `` father - son '' friction with his master has matured into a more equal , brotherly relationship . Once he becomes Darth Vader , each evil act he commits shatters any hope or connection towards his previous life , which makes it harder for him to return to the light , but he ultimately escapes the dark side and redeems himself by sacrificing his life to save his son , Luke Skywalker , and kill the Emperor in Return of the Jedi . Eric Bui , a psychiatrist at University of Toulouse Hospital , argued at the 2007 American Psychiatric Association convention that Anakin Skywalker meets six of the nine diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) , one more than necessary for a diagnosis . He and a colleague , Rachel Rodgers , published their findings in a 2010 letter to the editor of the journal Psychiatry Research . Bui says he found Anakin Skywalker a useful example to explain BPD to medical students . In particular , Bui points to Anakin 's abandonment issues and uncertainty over his identity . Anakin 's mass murders of the Tusken Raiders in Attack of the Clones and the young Jedi in Revenge of the Sith count as two dissociative episodes , fulfilling another criterion . Bui hoped his paper would help raise awareness of the disorder , especially among teens . Cultural impact See also : Cultural impact of Star Wars Fan cosplay of Darth Vader is frequently seen at Star Wars events The Darth Vader Grotesque sculpted into the Washington National Cathedral Darth Vader 's iconic status has made the character a synonym for evil in popular culture . For example , a three part series of episodes of the YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History has Darth Vader facing off against Adolf Hitler . Psychiatrists have considered Vader to be a useful example for explaining borderline personality disorder to medical students . Anakin 's origin story in The Phantom Menace has been compared to signifiers of African American racial identity , and his dissatisfaction with his life has been compared to Siddartha 's before he became Gautama Buddha . A Mexican church advised Christians against seeing The Phantom Menace because it portrays Anakin as a Christ figure . The slime - mold beetle Agathidium vaderi is named after Vader , and several buildings across the globe are regularly compared to him . A grotesque of Darth Vader looms over the east face of the Washington National Cathedral 's northwest tower . During the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , Ottawa Senators goaltender Martin Gerber performed so well in an all - black mask that fans endearingly termed him `` Darth Gerber '' . In 2015 , a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Odessa , Ukraine , was converted into one of Darth Vader due to a law on decommunization . Many commentators and comedians have also evoked his visage to satirize politicians and other public figures , and several American political figures have been unflatteringly compared to the character , including General George Custer , the subject of the acrylic painting Darth Custer by Native American artist Bunky Echohawk . In 2005 , Al Gore referred to Tele - Communications Inc. 's John C. Malone as the `` Darth Vader of cable '' , and political strategist Lee Atwater was known by his political enemies as `` the Darth Vader of the Republican Party '' . On June 22 , 2006 , US Vice President Dick Cheney referred to himself as the Darth Vader of the Bush administration . Discussing the administration 's philosophy on gathering intelligence , he said to CNN 's John King , `` It means we need to be able to go after and capture or kill those people who are trying to kill Americans . That 's not a pleasant business . It 's a very serious business . And I suppose , sometimes , people look at my demeanor and say , ' Well , he 's the Darth Vader of the administration . ' '' Jon Stewart put on a Darth Vader helmet to address Dick Cheney as a `` kindred spirit '' on The Daily Show on January 25 , 2007 . Cheney 's wife , Lynne , presented Stewart with a Darth Vader action figure on her appearance on the show on October 10 , 2007 . Both Stewart and Stephen Colbert have occasionally referred to Cheney as `` Darth Cheney '' . In the satirical cartoon show Lil ' Bush , Dick Cheney 's father is portrayed as being Darth Vader . At her presidential campaign event on September 19 , 2007 , Hillary Clinton also referred to Cheney as Darth Vader . At the 2008 Washington Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Dinner , Cheney joked that his wife Lynne told him that the Vader comparison `` humanizes '' him . George Lucas told The New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd , however , that Cheney is more akin to Emperor Palpatine , and that a better stand - in for Vader would be George W. Bush . An issue of Newsweek referenced this quote , and compared Bush and Cheney to Vader and Palpatine , respectively , in a satirical article comparing politicians to various Star Wars and Star Trek characters . Many films and television series have paid homage to Darth Vader . Marty McFly in Back to the Future ( 1985 ) , dressed in a radiation suit , calls himself `` Darth Vader from the planet Vulcan '' to convince the past version of his father to ask his mother to a dance . Rick Moranis plays `` Dark Helmet '' in the Star Wars parody Spaceballs ( 1987 ) . In Chasing Amy ( 1997 ) , Hooper X speaks at a comic convention about Darth Vader being a metaphor for how poorly the science fiction genre treats black people ; he is especially offended that Vader , the `` blackest brother in the galaxy '' , reveals himself to be a `` feeble , crusty old white man '' at the end of Return of the Jedi . The character was also parodied in the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko 's Modern Life in the episode `` Teed Off '' . On another Nickelodeon cartoon , Jimmy Neutron , Darth Vader 's infamous line , `` I am your father '' , was interpolated in the mini-episode `` New Dog , Old Tricks '' . The line was also alluded to in Toy Story , a film franchise also owned by Disney . The character has gained much positive reception as a classic film villain . Darth Vader ranked number two on Empire magazine 's 2008 list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . Premiere magazine also ranked Vader on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Vader at number 6 . Darth Vader was also the No. 1 supervillain on the Bravo series Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens and Villains . Darth Vader was also ranked as No. 1 in IGN 's list of top 100 Star Wars characters . Furthermore , Darth Vader 's quote in The Empire Strikes Back -- `` No , I am your father '' ( often misquoted as `` Luke , I am your father '' ) , -- is one of the most well known quotes in cinema history . The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , a list of the greatest American movie quotes . Vader received the Ultimate Villain recognition at the 2011 Scream Awards . In 2009 , Vader ( or , more precisely , a reproduction of him conserved at the Smithsonian Institution ) had a brief cameo in Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , as he , along with an Oscar the Grouch prop replica , tries to join the army formed by ( the reproductions of ) Ivan the Terrible , Napoleon , Al Capone and the fictional Pharaoh Kahmunrah , but they judge him only a futile robot , as he does not speak , but tries to Force - choke them , with a gesture they interpret as a sort of salute . In 2010 , IGN ranked Darth Vader 25th in the `` Top 100 Videogames Villains '' . In Ukraine , the Internet Party of Ukraine regularly lets people named Darth Vader take part in elections . Family tree Main article : Skywalker family ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Notes Jump up ^ Two men named Darth Vader were candidates at the 25 May 2014 Kiev mayoral election and the Odessa mayoral election of the same day . A man named Darth Vader earlier had submitted documents to be registered as a presidential candidate in the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election ; but his registration was refused because his real identity could not be verified . In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Darth Vader and Star Wars characters such as Chewbacca , Princess Amidala and Yoda ran for seats in the Ukrainian parliament . Candidates named Darth Vader reappeared in the 2015 Ukrainian local elections . References Notes ^ Jump up to : Britt , Ryan ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` The Most Menacing Figures Who Played Darth Vader '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiacomo , Frank . `` The Game Has Changed '' . The Hive . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . 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Newsweek. 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyiv Election Commission Registers Darth Vader As Candidate For Kyiv Mayor '' . Ukrainian News Agency . 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Ukrainian ) Darth Vader candidate for mayor of Odesa , Espreso TV ( 1 May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tsushko to compete for post of Odesa mayor , Interfax - Ukraine ( 29 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Ukraine 's Darth Vader presidency bid rejected Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Euronews ( 4 April 2014 ) Jump up ^ Momtaz , Rym ; Jovanovic , Dragana ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Pro-Western Parties , Not Darth Vader , Set to Win Ukrainian Elections '' . ABC News . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Geraldine ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Ukraine 's Darth Vader candidate denied vote after refusing to remove mask '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Darth Alekseyevich Vader , an official candidate in Ukraine 's parliamentary elections , is turned away from a Kiev polling station after refusing to remove his mask Jump up ^ `` Putin headed for victory in Odesa as Darth Vader clouds farcical election '' . Ukraine Today . 23 October 2015 . Bibliography Bortolin , Matthew ( 2005 ) . The Dharma of Star Wars . Wisdom Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 497 - 1 . Bowen , Jonathan L. ( 2005 ) . Anticipation : The Real Life Story of Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34732 - 2 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . Legacy Works Press . ISBN 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 7 . Further reading Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones Novelization , 2003 . R.A. Salvatore , ISBN 0 - 345 - 42882 - X Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Vader : The Ultimate Guide , 2005 . Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 `` Darth Vader in Games : A Visual History '' . IGN . October 28 , 2010 . 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About Wikipedia	who played darth vader in the original star wars movies	[ "Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse in the original film trilogy, and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character's intense lightsaber fight scenes.[12][39] Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader (after dismissing using Prowse's own voice due to his English West Country accent, leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him \"Darth Farmer\").[40] After deciding that Welles's voice would be too recognizable, he cast the lesser-known James Earl Jones instead.[41][42] Jones initially felt his contributions to the films were too small to warrant recognition and his role was uncredited at his request until the release of Return of the Jedi (1983).[12] When Jones was specifically asked if he had supplied Vader's voice for Revenge of the Sith—either newly or from a previous recording—Jones answered, \"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know\".[43] Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in Revenge of the Sith.[44][45][1] During the production of Revenge of the Sith, Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body, rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse.[46] Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR/USC radio series. Both Spencer Wilding[47] and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in Rogue One (2016), with Jones reprising his role as the character's voice.[48]" ]	[ "David Prowse" ]
-7605433611019592445	Basketball Wives (season 7)	Basketball Wives ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Basketball Wives ( season 7 ) Basketball Wives ( season 7 ) Cover used by iTunes Store Starring Malaysia Pargo Jackie Christie Jennifer Williams Tami Roman Evelyn Lozada Shaunie O'Neal Country of origin United States No. of episodes 14 Release Original network VH1 Original release May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Basketball Wives episodes The seventh season of the reality television series Basketball Wives aired on VH1 from May 14 , 2018 . The season was primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . It was executively produced by Mark Seliga , Pam Healey , Shaunie O'Neal , Amanda Scott , and Sean Rankine . The show chronicles the lives of a group of women who are the wives and girlfriends , or have been romantically linked to , professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association , though the title of the series does not make this differentiation , solely referring to the women as `` wives '' . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 References Production ( edit ) Basketball Wives debuted on April 11 , 2010 , with thirty - minute episodes . The second season premiered on December 12 , 2010 , with expanded sixty - minute episodes and featured new cast member Tami Roman . Season 3 made its debut on May 30 , 2011 , with new cast member Meeka Claxton . The fourth season premiered on February 20 , 2012 , with two new cast members , Kenya Bell and Kesha Nichols and the departure of Claxton . The fifth season premiered on August 19 , 2013 , with Tasha Marbury joining the cast . According to a tweet from Tami Roman , the show has been quietly though officially cancelled . On March 27 , 2017 , VH1 announced that the series would be returning after nearly four years off - air on April 17th , with Evelyn Lozada , Shaunie O'Neal , Tami Roman , Jackie Christie and Malaysia Pargo returning to the franchise . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Malaysia Pargo : Ex-Wife of Jannero Pargo Jackie Christie : Wife of Doug Christie Jennifer Williams : Ex-Wife of Eric Williams Tami Roman : Ex-Wife of Kenny Anderson Evelyn Lozada : Ex-Fiancée of Carl Crawford Shaunie O'Neal : Ex-Wife of Shaquille O'Neal Recurring cast ( edit ) Kristen Scott : Wife of Thomas Scott CeCe Gutierrez : Girlfriend of Byron Scott Ogum Chijindu : Girlfriend of Kwame Alexander Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Basketball Wives episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 79 `` Season Premiere '' May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1.86 A recently single Evelyn shows off her revenge body . Tami stays booked and busy with an appearance on Wild n ' Out . Malaysia brings in Kristen Scott and Cece Gutierrez . Jen goes to court for a restraining order on her ex . 80 `` Episode 2 '' May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 1.71 Evelyn grapples with a big decision regarding her frozen embryos . Tami is curious as to why Jen got so close to Evelyn after talking smack about her behind the scenes . A rumor about Byron Scott 's girlfriend , Cece , spreads . 81 `` Episode 3 '' May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 1.59 Jackie wants everyone to get to know OG better and plans a pool day in her honor . Tensions fly between Tami and Evelyn . Cece is concerned with the impact of the rumor and plans a do - over with the ladies . 82 `` Episode 4 '' June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 1.82 Jackie is brought back to a dark place and realizes she wants to move forward in her life through therapy . OG and Kristen butt heads . Tami is over Jen trying to mend fences with her and Evelyn . 83 `` Episode 5 '' June 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) 1.96 Between side - boob and side - eye , newbie OG is n't winning any friends . Jackie trades acting out for acting on stage in her quest for personal growth . Evelyn strengthens her friendship with Jen . 84 6 `` Episode 6 '' June 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 1.89 OG and her man discover they 're not seeing eye to eye on marriage . Malaysia tries to keep her family from tearing itself apart . An explosive rumor threatens to destroy a friendship within the group . 85 7 `` Episode 7 '' July 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 1.86 Shaunie investigates a rumor that could blow up the group , but it results in more questions than answers . Malaysia is pleasantly surprised when Cece and Byron set her up on a blind date . Tami lashes out . 86 8 `` Episode 8 '' July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 1.06 Tami lashes out at Evelyn , leaving the entire group taking cover and taking sides . As an escape , Evelyn puts together a charity event , but Shaunie refuses to welcome Jen . Malaysia tries to get CeCe and Kristen past their conflict . 87 9 `` Episode 9 '' July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 1.67 Jackie stars in a play , but her nerves threaten to get the best of her . OG deals with the death of her brother and the loss ultimately brings her and an enemy close . The wives come out to support Jackie 's play . 88 10 `` Episode 10 '' July 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) 1.59 Evelyn 's trip to Puerto Rico becomes a more emotional experience than she bargained for . Jen enlists professional help to solve her love life issues . Malaysia has a difficult talk with her son . Jackie helps Reggie plan next steps in his relationship . 89 11 `` Episode 11 '' August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 0.94 Malaysia attempts to face her fears and meets with a police officer . Tami 's cold feet about marriage get icier . Jackie hosts a premiere party for her Public Service Announcement , but things go left when Tami and Jen go head to head . 90 12 `` Episode 12 '' August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 0.90 After her poor behavior at Jackie 's event , Jen focuses on her love life . Kristen 's stress at home has her thinking twice about more children . CeCe and Kristen keep their distance from each other and Malaysia finds their issues are much deeper . 91 13 `` Episode 13 '' August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 0.92 Tami drops the bomb on Reggie that she wants to call off their engagement and fears he will end their relationship . Tension between Kristen and CeCe continues to build . Shaunie wants to boost her marijuana education with a trip to Amsterdam . 92 14 `` Episode 14 '' August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.07 Kwame makes a grand gesture for OG . The ladies are excited to arrive in Amsterdam , but tempers quickly erupt . Evelyn convinces Jen to fly to Amsterdam to defend herself , but when Evelyn breaks this news to Shaunie , Shaunie is blindsided . 93 15 `` Episode 15 '' September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBD Kristen and CeCe 's family issues finally come to a head . Shaunie continues her weed research while the other women enjoy the sights of Amsterdam . Jen finally makes her arrival in Amsterdam , making sure to bring plenty of drama along with her . 94 16 `` Episode 16 '' September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` VH1 Gets into the Game with Basketball Wives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Women of `` Basketball Wives '' Return for a Second Season on VH1 `` . The Futon Critic . November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Nights Just Got Hotter With VH1 's All - New Series and Returning Favorites '' . The Futon Critic. April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Heads Into the Fourth Season of `` Basketball Wives '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` August Gets Even Hotter with the Return of VH1 's Scorching Fan Favorites '' . The Futon Critic . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tami Roman confirmed ' Basketball Wives ' cancellation ? It has been confirmed by vh1 and Shaunie O'Neal that the Miami Wives will return with an all new revamped cast and one original member '' . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Basically An All - Star Season : Evelyn , Tami , Shaunie , Jackie , and Malaysia All Return for Season Six of Basketball Wives '' . VH1 . March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball_Wives_(season_7)&oldid=856942893 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Basketball Wives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 14 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does basketball wives season 7 episode 9 air	[ "\n\n\nNo. inseries\n\nNo. inseason\n\nTitle\n\nOriginal air date\n\nU.S. viewers(million)\n\n791\"Season Premiere\"May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14)1.86[8]\nA recently single Evelyn shows off her revenge body. Tami stays booked and busy with an appearance on Wild n' Out. Malaysia brings in Kristen Scott and Cece Gutierrez. Jen goes to court for a restraining order on her ex.\n802\"Episode 2\"May 21, 2018 (2018-05-21)1.71[9]\nEvelyn grapples with a big decision regarding her frozen embryos. Tami is curious as to why Jen got so close to Evelyn after talking smack about her behind the scenes. A rumor about Byron Scott's girlfriend, Cece, spreads.\n813\"Episode 3\"May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28)1.59[10]\nJackie wants everyone to get to know OG better and plans a pool day in her honor. Tensions fly between Tami and Evelyn. Cece is concerned with the impact of the rumor and plans a do-over with the ladies.\n824\"Episode 4\"June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)1.82[11]\nJackie is brought back to a dark place and realizes she wants to move forward in her life through therapy. OG and Kristen butt heads. Tami is over Jen trying to mend fences with her and Evelyn.\n835\"Episode 5\"June 11, 2018 (2018-06-11)1.96[12]\nBetween side-boob and side-eye, newbie OG isn't winning any friends. Jackie trades acting out for acting on stage in her quest for personal growth. Evelyn strengthens her friendship with Jen.\n846\"Episode 6\"June 25, 2018 (2018-06-25)1.89[13]\nOG and her man discover they’re not seeing eye to eye on marriage. Malaysia tries to keep her family from tearing itself apart. An explosive rumor threatens to destroy a friendship within the group.\n857\"Episode 7\"July 2, 2018 (2018-07-02)1.86[14]\nShaunie investigates a rumor that could blow up the group, but it results in more questions than answers. Malaysia is pleasantly surprised when Cece and Byron set her up on a blind date. Tami lashes out.\n868\"Episode 8\"July 8, 2018 (2018-07-08)1.06[15]\nTami lashes out at Evelyn, leaving the entire group taking cover and taking sides. As an escape, Evelyn puts together a charity event, but Shaunie refuses to welcome Jen. Malaysia tries to get CeCe and Kristen past their conflict.\n879\"Episode 9\"July 16, 2018 (2018-07-16)1.67[16]\nJackie stars in a play, but her nerves threaten to get the best of her. OG deals with the death of her brother and the loss ultimately brings her and an enemy close. The wives come out to support Jackie's play.\n8810\"Episode 10\"July 30, 2018 (2018-07-30)1.59[17]\nEvelyn's trip to Puerto Rico becomes a more emotional experience than she bargained for. Jen enlists professional help to solve her love life issues. Malaysia has a difficult talk with her son. Jackie helps Reggie plan next steps in his relationship.\n8911\"Episode 11\"August 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)0.94[18]\nMalaysia attempts to face her fears and meets with a police officer. Tami’s cold feet about marriage get icier. Jackie hosts a premiere party for her Public Service Announcement, but things go left when Tami and Jen go head to head.\n9012\"Episode 12\"August 12, 2018 (2018-08-12)0.90[19]\nAfter her poor behavior at Jackie’s event, Jen focuses on her love life. Kristen’s stress at home has her thinking twice about more children. CeCe and Kristen keep their distance from each other and Malaysia finds their issues are much deeper.\n9113\"Episode 13\"August 19, 2018 (2018-08-19)0.92[20]\nTami drops the bomb on Reggie that she wants to call off their engagement and fears he will end their relationship. Tension between Kristen and CeCe continues to build. Shaunie wants to boost her marijuana education with a trip to Amsterdam.\n9214\"Episode 14\"August 26, 2018 (2018-08-26)1.07[21]\nKwame makes a grand gesture for OG. The ladies are excited to arrive in Amsterdam, but tempers quickly erupt. Evelyn convinces Jen to fly to Amsterdam to defend herself, but when Evelyn breaks this news to Shaunie, Shaunie is blindsided.\n9315\"Episode 15\"September 2, 2018 (2018-09-02)TBD\nKristen and CeCe’s family issues finally come to a head. Shaunie continues her weed research while the other women enjoy the sights of Amsterdam. Jen finally makes her arrival in Amsterdam, making sure to bring plenty of drama along with her.\n9416\"Episode 16\"September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09)TBD\n" ]	[ "July 16, 2018" ]
251489289421986568	Vice-President of India	Vice-President of India - wikipedia Vice-President of India Jump to : navigation , search Vice-President of India State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu since 11 August 2017 Residence Vice President House Appointer The Electoral College of India Term length Five years , renewable Inaugural holder Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1952 -- 1962 ) Salary ₹ 125,000 ( US $1,900 ) per month ( August 2017 ) Website vicepresidentofindia.nic.in Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas The Vice-President of India is the second - highest constitutional office in India after the President . Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that `` there shall be a Vice-President of India . '' The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death , resignation , impeachment , or other situations . The Vice-President of India is also ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha . When a bill is introduced in Rajya Sabha , vice-president decides whether it is a financial bill or not . If he is of the opinion , a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a money bill , he would refer the case to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha for deciding it . Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President . The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by election commission . Venkaiah Naidu is the current Vice President of India . He defeated UPA 's candidate Gopalkrishna Gandhi on 5 August 2017 election . Contents ( hide ) 1 Election , Oath and Term 1.1 Qualifications 1.2 Election 1.3 Election disputes 1.4 Oath or Affirmation 2 Term 3 Removal 4 Salary and pension 5 List of Vice Presidents of India 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Election , oath and term ( edit ) Qualifications ( edit ) As in the case of the President , in order to be qualified to be elected as Vice-President , a person must : Have completed more than 35 years of age Not hold any office of profit While in order to be a President , a person must be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha ( House of Peoples ) , the Vice-President must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) . This difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . Election ( edit ) The Vice-President is elected indirectly , by an electoral college consisting of members ( elected as well as nominated ) of both houses of the Parliament . The election of the Vice-President is slightly different from the election of the President as the members of state legislatures are not part of the electoral college for the vice-presidential election . The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders . Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs. 15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India . The Election Commission of India , which is a constitutional autonomous body , conducts the election . The election is to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President . A Returning Officer is appointed for the election , usually the Secretary - General of either House of the Parliament , by rotation . The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election , inviting nomination of candidates . Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers , and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders . The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer , and the names of all eligible candidates are added to the ballot . The election is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote by secret ballot . Voters stack - rank the candidates , assigning 1 to their first preference , 2 to their second preference , and so on . The number of votes required by a candidate to secure the election is calculated by dividing the total number of votes by two , and adding one to the quotient by disregarding any remainder . If no candidate obtains the required number of first - preference votes , the candidate with the least number of first - preference votes is eliminated and his / her second - preference votes are transferred . The process is repeated until a candidate obtains the requisite number of votes . Nominated members can also participate in the election . After the election has been held and the votes counted , the Returning Officer declares the result of the election to the electoral college . Thereafter , he / she reports the result to the Central Government ( Ministry of Law and Justice ) and the Election Commission of India and the Central Government publishes the name of the person elected as Vice-President , in the Official Gazette . The Vice-President may resign his office by submitting his resignation to the President . The resignation becomes effective from the day it is accepted . Election disputes ( edit ) All disputes arising in connection with the election of the Vice-President are petitioned to the Supreme Court of India , which inquires into the matter . The petition is heard by a five - member bench of the Supreme Court , which decides on the matter . The decision of the Supreme Court is final . Supreme Court shall inquire and decide regarding doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a Vice-President per Article 71 ( 1 ) of the constitution . Supreme Court can remove the Vice-President for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be Rajya Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act , 1951 . Subject to Article 71 ( 3 ) , Parliament made applicable rules / procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the disputes only that arise during the election process of the vice-president but not the doubts that arise from his unconstitutional actions / deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of vice-president which may violate the requisite election qualifications . Supreme Court shall also expeditiously decide any doubt raised by which the elected vice-president could be ineligible to be Rajya Sabha member for the unconstitutional acts committed before becoming vice-president . Oath or affirmation ( edit ) The article 69 of the Constitution of India provides the Oath or Affirmation for the Office of Vice President as follows : - `` I , ________ do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to solemnly affirm the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter . '' The President administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Vice-President . Term ( edit ) The Vice-President holds office for five years . The Vice-President can be re-elected any number of times . However , the office may be terminated earlier by death , resignation or removal . The Constitution does not provide a mechanism of succession to the office of Vice-President in the event of an extraordinary vacancy , apart from a re-election . However , the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha can perform the Vice-President's duties as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in such an event . Removal ( edit ) The Constitution states that the Vice-President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an effective majority and agreed to by a simple majority ( 50 % of present and voting members ) of the Lok Sabha ( Article 67 ( b ) ) . But no such resolution may be moved unless at least 14 days ' advance notice has been given . Notably , the Constitution does not list grounds for removal . No Vice-President or ex officio Vice-President has ever faced removal proceedings . The omissions in the procedure committed by the chairman or the deputy chairman in the Rajya Sabha can not be challenged in the court of law per Article 122 Salary and pension ( edit ) There is no provision for the salary of the Vice-President of India in that capacity . He or she receives a salary in the capacity as the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) , which is currently Rs. 1 , 25,000 per month . In addition , he or she is entitled to a daily allowance , free furnished residence , medical , travel and other facilities . The constitution provides that when the ex officio Vice-President acts as the President or discharges the duties of the President , he or she is entitled to the salary and privileges of the President . The pension for the Vice-President is 50 % of the salary . List of Vice Presidents of India ( edit ) Main article : List of Vice-Presidents of India See also ( edit ) Prime Minister of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-for-vice-president-to-be-held-tomorrow-here-are-the-top-10-things-to-know/articleshow/59913931.cms ^ Jump up to : `` THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA AND THE CONSTITUTION '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/597714/ ^ Jump up to : http://164.100.47.5/Chairman-Rajyasabha/VPElection.htm Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , The representation of the people act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 13 to 20 , The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://presentministers.blogspot.in/2013/01/presidents-and-vice-presidents-of-india.html Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vice President 's Pension Act of 1997 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . 2008 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website Vice-President of India ( List ) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri Gopal Swarup Pathak B.D. Jatti Mohammad Hidayatullah R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who vote for the election of vice president of india	[ "Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by election commission.[3]" ]	[ "members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament" ]
-6423479445944085455	London Eye	London Eye - wikipedia London Eye Jump to : navigation , search London Eye London Eye Alternative names Millennium Wheel General information Status Complete Type Ferris wheel Location Lambeth , London Address Riverside Building , County Hall , Westminster Bridge Road Country United Kingdom Coordinates 51 ° 30 ′ 12 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 10 '' W / 51.5033 ° N 0.1194 ° W / 51.5033 ; - 0.1194 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 12 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 10 '' W / 51.5033 ° N 0.1194 ° W / 51.5033 ; - 0.1194 Completed March 2000 Opened 31 December 1999 ( ceremonial , without passengers ) 1 February 2000 ( first passengers carried ) 9 March 2000 ( opened to general public ) Cost £ 70 million Owner Merlin Entertainments Height 135 metres ( 443 ft ) Diameter 120 metres ( 394 ft ) Design and construction Architect Frank Anatole Nic Bailey Julia Barfield Steve Chilton Malcolm Cook David Marks Mark Sparrowhawk Architecture firm Marks Barfield Structural engineer Arup Other designers Babtie Allott & Lomax ( checking engineer ) Tony Gee ( foundations ) Awards and prizes Institution of Structural Engineers Special Award 2001 Website www.londoneye.com The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London . The structure is 443 feet ( 135 m ) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 394 feet ( 120 m ) . When it opened to the public in 2000 it was the world 's tallest Ferris wheel . Its height was surpassed by the 525 - foot ( 160 m ) Star of Nanchang in 2006 , the 541 - foot ( 165 m ) Singapore Flyer in 2008 , and the 550 - foot ( 167.6 m ) High Roller ( Las Vegas ) in 2014 . Supported by an A-frame on one side only , unlike the taller Nanchang and Singapore wheels , the Eye is described by its operators as `` the world 's tallest cantilevered observation wheel '' . It is Europe 's tallest Ferris wheel , and offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded by the 804 - foot ( 245 m ) high observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard , which opened to the public on 1 February 2013 . It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over 3.75 million visitors annually , and has made many appearances in popular culture . The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens ( previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery ) , on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge beside County Hall , in the London Borough of Lambeth . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Predecessor 1.2 Design and construction 1.3 Opening 2 Passenger capsules 3 Ownership and branding 4 Financial difficulties 5 Critical reception 6 Transport links 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Predecessor ( edit ) Main article : Great Wheel A predecessor to the London Eye , the Great Wheel , was built for the Empire of India Exhibition at Earls Court and opened to the public on 17 July 1895 . Modelled on the original Chicago Ferris Wheel , it was 94 metres ( 308 ft ) tall and 82.3 metres ( 270 ft ) in diameter . It stayed in service until 1906 , by which time its 40 cars ( each with a capacity of 40 persons ) had carried over 2.5 million passengers . The Great Wheel was demolished in 1907 following its last use at the Imperial Austrian Exhibition . Design and construction ( edit ) Supported by an A-frame on one side only , the Eye is described by its operators as a cantilevered observation wheel The London Eye was designed by the husband - and - wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects . Mace was responsible for construction management , with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor . Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works . Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames . They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract , and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction , which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention . The spindle , hub , and tensioned cables that support the rim The rim of the Eye is supported by tensioned steel cables and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel . The lighting was redone with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in December 2006 to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes . The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river . Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position by a strand jack system made by Enerpac . It was first raised at 2 degrees per hour until it reached 65 degrees , then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift . The project was European with major components coming from six countries : the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in The Netherlands by the Dutch company Hollandia , the cables came from Italy , the bearings came from Germany ( FAG / Schaeffler Group ) , the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic , the capsules were made by Poma in France ( and the glass for these came from Italy ) , and the electrical components from the UK . Opening ( edit ) The London Eye was formally opened by then Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 December 1999 , but did not open to the paying public until 9 March 2000 because of a capsule clutch problem . On 5 June 2008 it was announced that 30 million people had ridden the London Eye since it opened . Passenger capsules ( edit ) Each of the 32 ovoidal capsules weighs 10 tonnes and can carry 25 people The wheel 's 32 sealed and air - conditioned ovoidal passenger capsules , designed and supplied by Poma , are attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated by electric motors . Each of the 10 - tonne ( 11 - short - ton ) capsules represents one of the London Boroughs , and holds up to 25 people , who are free to walk around inside the capsule , though seating is provided . The wheel rotates at 26 cm ( 10 in ) per second ( about 0.9 kph or 0.6 mph ) so that one revolution takes about 30 minutes . It does not usually stop to take on passengers ; the rotation rate is slow enough to allow passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at ground level . It is , however , stopped to allow disabled or elderly passengers time to embark and disembark safely . In 2009 the first stage of a £ 12.5 million capsule upgrade began . Each capsule was taken down and floated down the river to Tilbury Docks in Essex . On 2 June 2013 a passenger capsule was named the Coronation Capsule to mark the sixtieth anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . Ownership and branding ( edit ) London Eye at twilight The Eye on the South Bank of the Thames , with Jubilee Gardens ( left ) and County Hall ( right ) in the background Marks Barfield ( the lead architects ) , The Tussauds Group , and British Airways were the original owners of the London Eye . Tussauds bought out British Airways in 2005 and then Marks Barfield in 2006 to become sole owner . In May 2007 , the Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group which was then the owner of the Eye ; Tussauds was merged with Blackstone 's Merlin Entertainments and disappeared as an entity . British Airways continued its brand association , but from the beginning of 2008 the name British Airways was dropped from the logo . On 12 August 2009 the London Eye saw another rebrand , this time being called `` The Merlin Entertainments London Eye '' to showcase Merlin Entertainments ' ownership . A new logo was designed for the attraction -- this time taking the form of an eye made out of London 's famous landmarks . This coincided with the launch of Merlin Entertainments 4D Experience preflight show underneath the ticket centre in County Hall . The refurbished ticket hall and 4D cinema experience were designed by architect Kay Elliott working with Merlin Studios project designer Craig Sciba . Merlin Studios later appointed Simex - Iwerks as the 4D theatre hardware specialists . The film was written and directed by 3D director Julian Napier and 3D produced by Phil Streather . In January 2011 , a lighting - up ceremony marked the start of a three - year deal between EDF Energy and Merlin Entertainments . On 1 August 2014 the logo was reverted to the previous `` The Merlin Entertainments London Eye '' version , with the name becoming simply `` The London Eye '' . In September 2014 , Coca - Cola signed an agreement to sponsor the London Eye for two years , starting from January 2015 . On the day of the announcement , the London Eye was lit in red . Financial difficulties ( edit ) Colourful London Eye near County Hall On 20 May 2005 , there were reports of a leaked letter showing that the South Bank Centre ( SBC ) -- owners of part of the land on which the struts of the Eye are located -- had served a notice to quit on the attraction along with a demand for an increase in rent from £ 64,000 per year to £ 2.5 million , which the operators rejected as unaffordable . On 25 May 2005 , London mayor Ken Livingstone vowed that the landmark would remain in London . He also pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would use his powers to ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order . The land in question is a small part of the Jubilee Gardens , which was given to the SBC for £ 1 when the Greater London Council was broken up . The South Bank Centre and the British Airways London Eye agreed on a 25 - year lease on 8 February 2006 after a judicial review over the rent dispute . The lease agreement meant that the South Bank Centre , a publicly funded charity , would receive at least £ 500,000 a year from the attraction , the status of which is secured for the foreseeable future . Tussauds also announced the acquisition of the entire one - third interests of British Airways and Marks Barfield in the Eye as well as the outstanding debt to BA . These agreements gave Tussauds 100 % ownership and resolved the debt from the Eye 's construction loan from British Airways , which stood at more than £ 150 million by mid-2005 and had been increasing at 25 % per annum . Critical reception ( edit ) Sir Richard Rogers , winner of the 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize , wrote of the London Eye in a book about the project : The Eye has done for London what the Eiffel Tower did for Paris , which is to give it a symbol and to let people climb above the city and look back down on it . Not just specialists or rich people , but everybody . That 's the beauty of it : it is public and accessible , and it is in a great position at the heart of London . Writing for G2 in an article from August 2007 , Steve Rose described the Eye as follows : The Eye ... exists in a category of its own ... It essentially has to fulfil only one function , and what a brilliantly inessential function it is : to lift people up from the ground , take them round a giant loop in the sky , then put them back down where they started . That is all it needs to do , and thankfully , that is all it does . Transport links ( edit ) The nearest London Underground station is Waterloo , although Charing Cross , Embankment , and Westminster are also within easy walking distance . Connection with National Rail services is made at London Waterloo station and London Waterloo East station . London River Services operated by Thames Clippers and City Cruises stop at the London Eye Pier . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ London Eye ^ Jump up to : London 's big wheel birthday Jump up ^ Reece , Damian ( 6 May 2001 ) . `` London Eye is turning at a loss '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : `` Structurae London Eye Millennium Wheel '' . web page . Nicolas Janberg ICS. 2011 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The London Eye '' . UK Attractions.com. 31 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the London Eye '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How big can Ferris wheels get ? '' . Thoughts.arup.com. 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David ( 1 March 2001 ) . `` ISE rewards the biggest and best '' . The Architects ' Journal . Jump up ^ `` London Eye , UK '' . Jump up ^ Merlin Entertainments Group Jump up ^ Royal Mail Celebrates 10 Years of the London Eye Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Up you come , the view 's amazing ... first look from the Shard 's public gallery '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 31 December 2014 Jump up ^ Shard observation deck to be Europe 's highest Jump up ^ The Shard Opens Viewing Deck To Visitors Jump up ^ `` The London Eye a complete visitor guide '' . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ The Ferris Wheel 's London Rival Jump up ^ Spot the difference : London landmarks , then and now Jump up ^ Anderson Norman . Ferris Wheels : An illustrated history . p. 97 . ISBN 087972532X . Jump up ^ Richard Weingardt . Circles in the Sky : The Life and Times of George Ferris . p. 109 . ISBN 0784410100 . Jump up ^ Richard Moreno . A Short History of Carson City . p. 74 . ISBN 0874178363 . Jump up ^ The Great Wheel , London Jump up ^ Anderson Norman . Ferris Wheels : An illustrated history . p. 100 . ISBN 087972532X . Jump up ^ Hibbert , Christopher ( 2011 ) . The London Encyclopaedia ( 3rd Edition ) . London : Pan MacMillan . ISBN 9780230738782 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Steve ( 31 August 2007 ) . `` London Eye , love at first sight '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Beckett Rankine -- London Eye Pier Design Archived 16 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NLP -- Project : '' . Nlpplanning.com . Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making of The London Eye '' . Londoneye.com . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Color Kinetics Showcase London Eye '' . Colorkinetics.com . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Enerpac strand jacks lift London Eye . Enerpac.com . Retrieved on 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Mann , A.P. ; Thompson , N. ; Smits , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Building the British Airways London Eye '' . Proceedings of the ICE -- Civil Engineering . 144 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 72 . doi : 10.1680 / cien. 2001.144. 2.60 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyes on Eighth Wonder : The London Eye greets 30 millionth visitor and joins Stonehenge and the Taj Mahal as a world wonder '' . londoneye.com . EDF Energy London Eye . June 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Charles . ( 15 November 2011 ) High - flying deal for Leitner - Poma . Gjsentinel.com . Retrieved on 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Colorado 's Leitner - Poma to build cabins for huge observation wheel in Las Vegas . Denverpost.com . Retrieved on 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interesting things you never knew about the London Eye '' . London Eye . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hester , Elliott ( 23 September 2007 ) . `` London 's Eye in the sky not just a Ferris wheel '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disabled Guests '' . London Eye . Jump up ^ Woodman , Peter ( 26 June 2009 ) . `` London Eye capsule taken away as refit starts '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Queen lookalike unveils Coronation Capsule at London Eye '' . london-se1.co.uk. 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reuters , From ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` Blackstone to buy Tussauds ' parent '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( 27 March 2006 ) . `` Towering ambition '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2812377/Merlin-conjures-up-leaseback-deal.html Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/05/AR2007030501369.html Jump up ^ `` London Eye to get ( another ) new name '' . Evening Standard . 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A new eye on London '' . London Eye . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Energy naming rights '' . Attractions Management . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Merlin Entertainments , leading name in location based , family entertainment -- MERLIN ANNOUNCES THREE - YEAR PARTNERSHIP FOR LONDON EYE WITH EDF ENERGY 070111 Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Merlinentertainments.biz ( 27 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to sponsor London Eye '' . Press Association . The Guardian . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` London Eye given eviction notice '' . BBC News . 20 May 2005 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor 's ' prat ' jibe over Eye row '' . BBC News . 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Marriner , Cosima ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` BA sells stake in London Eye to Tussauds for £ 95m '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks Barfield Architects ( 2007 ) . Eye : The story behind the London Eye . London : Black Dog Publishing . Jump up ^ How to get here Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Eye . Official website Architect 's website London Eye at Structurae Live London Eye Webcam Preceded by Daikanransha World 's tallest Ferris wheel 2000 -- 2006 Succeeded by Star of Nanchang Ferris wheels ( hide ) World 's tallest Ferris wheels ( over 80 m ) Americas US the original Ferris Wheel High Roller Orlando Eye Asia China Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel Changsha Ferris Wheel Harbin Ferris Wheel Shanghai Ferris Wheel Star of Lake Tai Star of Nanchang Suzhou Ferris Wheel Tianjin Eye Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel Japan Aurora Wheel Cosmo Clock 21 Daikanransha Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel Igosu 108 Redhorse Osaka Wheel Sky Dream Fukuoka Space Eye Technocosmos / Technostar Tempozan Ferris Wheel Singapore Singapore Flyer Taiwan Sky Wheel Europe France Grande Roue de Paris Italy Eurowheel United Kingdom Great Wheel London Eye Oceania Australia Melbourne Star ( hide ) Other conventional Ferris wheels For a more extensive list , see List of Ferris wheels Americas Canada Niagara SkyWheel US Capital Wheel Colossus Myrtle Beach SkyWheel Seattle Great Wheel Texas Star Uniroyal Giant Tire Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong Observation Wheel Indonesia J - Sky Japan Amuran Big O Turkmenistan Alem Europe & Eurasia Austria Wiener Riesenrad Azerbaijan Baku Ferris Wheel Russia Moscow - 850 ( hide ) Other types of wheel Transportable Ferris wheels designs Bussink Design R80XL wheels Roue de Paris Steiger Ferris Wheel see also List of transportable Ferris wheels Transportable Ferris wheel installations Australia Wheel of Brisbane India Delhi Eye Malaysia Eye on Malaysia ( Kuala Lumpur and Malacca ) United Kingdom and Ireland Belfast Wheel Brighton Wheel Royal Windsor Wheel Wheel of Birmingham Wheel of Dublin Wheel of Liverpool Wheel of Manchester Wheel of Sheffield Yorkshire Wheel Eccentric wheels US Mickey 's Fun Wheel Wonder Wheel Double wheels US Giant Wheel ( Hersheypark ) Triple wheels US Sky Whirl ( hide ) Major Ferris wheel proposals Construction in progress : Dubai Dubai Eye Unfinished projects : China Turn of Fortune US New York Wheel Abandoned projects : US Skyvue Quiescent proposals : China Beijing Great Wheel Germany Great Berlin Wheel India Kolkata Eye US Great Orlando Wheel For other quiescent ( incomplete , delayed , stalled , cancelled , failed , or abandoned ) proposals , see : Ferris wheel # Quiescent proposals ( hide ) Related topics Designers , manufacturers , and operators Allan Herschell Company Chance Morgan Chance Wheels / Chance American Wheels Eli Bridge Company Great City Attractions ( previously World Tourist Attractions ) Great Wheel Corporation ( merged with World Tourist Attractions in 2009 ) Intamin Maurer German Wheels Mondial Ronald Bussink ( Nauta Bussink / Bussink Landmarks / Bussink Design ) Sanoyas Rides Corporation Vekoma ( Dutch Wheels ) Waagner - Biro Wheels Entertainments People George Washington Gale Ferris Jr . 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About Wikipedia	when was the london eye finished being built	[ "\n\nLondon Eye\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLondon Eye\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative names\n\n\n\nMillennium Wheel\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nStatus\nComplete\n\n\nType\nFerris wheel\n\n\nLocation\nLambeth, London\n\n\nAddress\nRiverside Building, County Hall, Westminster Bridge Road\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nCoordinates\n51°30′12″N 0°07′10″W / 51.5033°N 0.1194°W / 51.5033; -0.1194Coordinates: 51°30′12″N 0°07′10″W / 51.5033°N 0.1194°W / 51.5033; -0.1194\n\n\nCompleted\nMarch 2000[1]\n\n\nOpened\n\n\n\n31 December 1999 (ceremonial, without passengers)[2]\n1 February 2000 (first passengers carried)[citation needed]\n9 March 2000 (opened to general public)[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nCost\n£70 million[3]\n\n\nOwner\nMerlin Entertainments\n\n\nHeight\n135 metres (443 ft)[4]\n\n\nDimensions\n\n\nDiameter\n120 metres (394 ft)[4]\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\n\n\n\nFrank Anatole\nNic Bailey\nJulia Barfield\nSteve Chilton\nMalcolm Cook\nDavid Marks\nMark Sparrowhawk\n[5]\n\n\n\n\n\nArchitecture firm\nMarks Barfield[6]\n\n\nStructural engineer\nArup[7]\n\n\nOther designers\n\n\n\nBabtie Allott & Lomax (checking engineer)[8]\nTony Gee (foundations)[9]\n\n\n\n\n\nAwards and prizes\nInstitution of Structural Engineers Special Award 2001\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nwww.londoneye.com\n\n" ]	[ "March 2000" ]
2817685579181974668	The Walking Dead (season 8)	The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and will consist of 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts , with the second part debuting on February 25 , 2018 . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for the fifth consecutive season . The eighth season has received mostly positive reviews . This season adapts the `` All Out War '' story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers taking on Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the sociopathic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former ruthless subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as King Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's psychopathic second - in - command . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors . Lindsley Register as Laura , a member of the Saviors . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the former vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter , now leader of Oceanside . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Jayne Atkinson as Georgie , the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 , and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers , leading Enid to kill Natania . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors . Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors ; their lieutenant , Gavin , is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful younger brother , Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' David Boyd Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 6.82 Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors , but they refuse ; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join . Upon learning of the Scavenger 's siding with Rick , Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis ' people . Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors ' impending attack , but they are too late ; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group , sparing only Jadis , who lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder . 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.60 The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop ; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick 's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety . Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors ' weapons with walker blood , in order to make the others `` turn '' instead of killing them . Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety , but the Saviors eventually catch up , killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel . 111 12 `` The Key '' Greg Nicotero Corey Reed & Channing Powell March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 6.66 Maggie , Enid , Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie , who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records ; Georgie claims the documents to be `` a key to the future '' . Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons ; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building . Negan eventually escapes , only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis . Unable to find Negan , Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and `` expunge '' the community for good . 112 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Jeffrey F. January Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.77 The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons , leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties . Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her . Overnight , the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating . Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother , leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry . Having seen the Saviors ' callous attitude for themselves , Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors . 113 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' TBA TBA April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) TBD 114 15 `` Worth '' TBA TBA April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) TBD 115 16 `` Wrath '' TBA TBA April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) TBD Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 at the San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 for the second part of the season . On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead will be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the TV airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes are set to mark the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening will also include an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 74 % with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 , based on 13 reviews , and an average episode score 71 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 1.7 3.58 5.3 11.87 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 1.8 3.80 5.4 12.08 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 2.9 6.82 1.7 3.80 4.6 10.63 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 2.8 6.60 1.6 3.44 4.4 10.06 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 2.8 6.66 1.7 3.76 4.5 10.44 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' March 25 , 2018 3.0 6.77 TBD TBD TBD TBD 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' April 1 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 15 `` Worth '' April 8 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` Wrath '' April 15 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date , Plus Fear TWD Return Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alexander ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Walking Dead Will Return in 2018 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Maria Bello Getting Role In The Walking Dead Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes even lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' levels off '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Terror ' gets decent start behind ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 25 - March 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video Games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead - The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Tobin Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=833115598 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 19 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the most current season of the walking dead	[ "The eighth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017,[1] and will consist of 16 episodes[2] split into two eight-episode parts, with the second part debuting on February 25, 2018.[3]" ]	[ "The eighth season" ]
-9152955863761998897	Sydney Harbour Bridge	Sydney Harbour bridge - Wikipedia Sydney Harbour bridge Jump to : navigation , search Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge in late - January 2010 Coordinates 33 ° 51 ′ 08 '' S 151 ° 12 ′ 38 '' E / 33.85222 ° S 151.21056 ° E / - 33.85222 ; 151.21056 Coordinates : 33 ° 51 ′ 08 '' S 151 ° 12 ′ 38 '' E / 33.85222 ° S 151.21056 ° E / - 33.85222 ; 151.21056 Carries Bradfield Highway North Shore railway line 1 pedestrian way 1 cycleway Crosses Port Jackson ( Sydney Harbour ) Locale Sydney , Australia ( Map ) Official name Sydney Harbour Bridge Owner Government of New South Wales Maintained by Roads and Maritime Services Heritage status Historic listed place Australian Heritage Database 105888 Preceded by Gladesville Bridge Characteristics Design Through arch bridge Total length 1,149 m ( 3,770 ft ) Width 48.8 m ( 160 ft ) Height 134 m ( 440 ft ) Longest span 503 m ( 1,650 ft ) No. of spans Clearance below 49 m ( 161 ft ) at mid-span No. of lanes 8 Rail characteristics No. of tracks Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Electrified 1500 V DC overhead History Construction start 28 July 1923 ( 1923 - 07 - 28 ) Construction end 19 January 1932 ( 1932 - 01 - 19 ) Inaugurated 19 March 1932 ( 1932 - 03 - 19 ) Opened 19 March 1932 ( 1932 - 03 - 19 ) Statistics Toll Time of day tolling ( southbound only ) Sydney Harbour Bridge Location in Sydney Sydney Harbour from the air , showing the Opera House , the CBD , Circular Quay , the Bridge , the Parramatta River , North Sydney and Kirribilli in the foreground The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a steel through arch bridge across Sydney Harbour that carries rail , vehicular , bicycle , and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district ( CBD ) and the North Shore . The dramatic view of the bridge , the harbour , and the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of Sydney , and Australia . The bridge is nicknamed `` The Coathanger '' because of its arch - based design . Under the direction of Dr John Bradfield of the NSW Department of Public Works , the bridge was designed and built by British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd of Middlesbrough and opened in 1932 . The bridge 's design was influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City . It is the sixth longest spanning - arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge , measuring 134 m ( 440 ft ) from top to water level . It was also the world 's widest long - span bridge , at 48.8 m ( 160 ft ) wide , until construction of the new Port Mann Bridge in Vancouver was completed in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Arch 1.2 Pylons 2 History 2.1 Early proposals 2.2 Planning 2.3 Construction 2.4 Opening 3 Operations 3.1 Road 3.2 Tidal flow 3.3 Tolls 3.4 Pedestrians 3.5 Cyclists 3.6 Rail 3.7 Maintenance 4 Tourism 4.1 South - east pylon 4.2 BridgeClimb 5 Celebrations 5.1 50th Anniversary celebrations ( 1982 ) 5.2 Bicentennial Australia Day celebrations ( 1988 ) 5.3 Sydney New Year 's Eve ( 1993 -- present ) 5.4 Walk for Reconciliation ( 2000 ) 5.5 Sydney 2000 Olympics 5.6 Formula One promotion ( 2005 ) 5.7 75th anniversary ( 2007 ) 5.8 Breakfast on the Bridge ( 2009 -- 10 ) 5.9 80th anniversary 6 Quotations 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Other sources 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The southern ( CBD ) end of the bridge is located at Dawes Point in The Rocks area , and the northern end at Milsons Point in the lower North Shore area . There are six original lanes of road traffic through the main roadway , plus an additional two lanes of road traffic on its eastern side , using lanes that were formerly tram tracks . Adjacent to the road traffic , a path for pedestrian use runs along the eastern side of the bridge , whilst a dedicated path for bicycle use only runs along the western side ; between the main roadway and the western bicycle path are two lanes used for railway tracks , servicing the T1 North Shore Line for Sydney Trains . The main roadway across the bridge is known as the Bradfield Highway and is about 2.4 km ( 1.5 mi ) long , making it one of the shortest highways in Australia . Arch ( edit ) One of the nuts that hold the bridge on its abutments ; this one is at the north end . The south - eastern pylon containing the tourist lookout , made of granite quarried at Moruya , NSW The arch is composed of two 28 - panel arch trusses ; their heights vary from 18 m ( 59 ft ) at the centre of the arch to 57 m ( 187 ft ) at the ends next to the pylons . The arch has a span of 504 m ( 1,654 ft ) and its summit is 134 m ( 440 ft ) above mean sea level ; expansion of the steel structure on hot days can increase the height of the arch by 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) . The total weight of the steelwork of the bridge , including the arch and approach spans , is 52,800 tonnes ( 52,000 long tons ; 58,200 short tons ) , with the arch itself weighing 39,000 tonnes ( 38,000 long tons ; 43,000 short tons ) . About 79 % of the steel was imported from England , with the rest being sourced from Newcastle . On site , the contractors ( Dorman Long and Co . ) set up two workshops at Milsons Point , at the site of the present day Luna Park , and fabricated the steel into the girders and other required parts . The bridge is held together by six million Australian - made hand - driven rivets supplied by the McPherson company of Melbourne , the last being driven through the deck on 21 January 1932 . The rivets were heated red - hot and inserted into the plates ; the headless end was immediately rounded over with a large pneumatic rivet gun . The largest of the rivets used weighed 3.5 kg ( 8 lb ) and was 39.5 cm ( 15.6 in ) long . The practice of riveting large steel structures , rather than welding , was , at the time , a proven and understood construction technique , whilst structural welding had not at that stage been adequately developed for use on the bridge . Pylons ( edit ) At each end of the arch stands a pair of 89 m ( 292 ft ) high concrete pylons , faced with granite . The pylons were designed by the Scottish architect Thomas S. Tait , a partner in the architectural firm John Burnet & Partners . Some 250 Australian , Scottish , and Italian stonemasons and their families relocated to a temporary settlement at Moruya , NSW , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south of Sydney , where they quarried around 18,000 m ( 635,664 cu ft ) of granite for the bridge pylons . The stonemasons cut , dressed , and numbered the blocks , which were then transported to Sydney on three ships built specifically for this purpose . The Moruya quarry was managed by John Gilmore , a Scottish stonemason who emigrated , with his young family to Australia in 1924 , at the request of the project managers . The concrete used was also Australian - made and supplied from Devonport , Tasmania and shipped to Sydney on a ship named Goliath . Source : http://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/4438229/first-port-of-call-exhibition-gallery/#slide=5 Abutments at the base of the pylons are essential to support the loads from the arch and hold its span firmly in place , but the pylons themselves have no structural purpose . They were included to provide a frame for the arch panels and to give better visual balance to the bridge . The pylons were not part of the original design , and were only added to allay public concern about the structural integrity of the bridge . Although originally added to the bridge solely for their aesthetic value , all four pylons have now been put to use . The south - eastern pylon contains a museum and tourist centre , with a 360 ° lookout at the top providing views across the harbour and city . The south - western pylon is used by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority ( RTA ) to support its CCTV cameras overlooking the bridge and the roads around that area . The two pylons on the north shore include venting chimneys for fumes from the Sydney Harbour Tunnel , with the base of the southern pylon containing the RMS maintenance shed for the bridge , and the base of the northern pylon containing the traffic management shed for tow trucks and safety vehicles used on the bridge . In 1942 the pylons were modified to include parapets and anti-aircraft guns designed to assist in both Australia 's defence and general war effort . The top level of stonework was never removed . History ( edit ) Early proposals ( edit ) Sketches of designs submitted when tenders were called for a harbour crossing in 1900 There had been plans to build a bridge as early as 1815 , when convict and noted architect Francis Greenway reputedly proposed to Governor Lachlan Macquarie that a bridge be built from the northern to the southern shore of the harbour . In 1825 , Greenway wrote a letter to the then `` The Australian '' newspaper stating that such a bridge would `` give an idea of strength and magnificence that would reflect credit and glory on the colony and the Mother Country '' . Nothing came of Greenway 's suggestions , but the idea remained alive , and many further suggestions were made during the nineteenth century . In 1840 , naval architect Robert Brindley proposed that a floating bridge be built . Engineer Peter Henderson produced one of the earliest known drawings of a bridge across the harbour around 1857 . A suggestion for a truss bridge was made in 1879 , and in 1880 a high - level bridge estimated at $850,000 was proposed . In 1900 , the Lyne government committed to building a new Central railway station and organised a worldwide competition for the design and construction of a harbour bridge . Local engineer Norman Selfe submitted a design for a suspension bridge and won the second prize of £ 500 . In 1902 , when the outcome of the first competition became mired in controversy , Selfe won a second competition outright , with a design for a steel cantilever bridge . The selection board were unanimous , commenting that , `` The structural lines are correct and in true proportion , and ... the outline is graceful '' . However due to an economic downturn and a change of government at the 1904 NSW State election construction never began . Stowe 's 1922 Proposal A unique three - span bridge was proposed in 1922 by Ernest Stowe with connections at Balls Head , Millers Point , and Balmain with a memorial tower and hub on Goat Island . Planning ( edit ) Norman Selfe 's winning design at the second competition c. 1903 The Hell Gate Bridge in New York City inspired the final design of Sydney Harbour Bridge . In 1914 John Bradfield was appointed `` Chief Engineer of Sydney Harbour Bridge and Metropolitan Railway Construction '' , and his work on the project over many years earned him the legacy as the `` father '' of the bridge . Bradfield 's preference at the time was for a cantilever bridge without piers , and in 1916 the NSW Legislative Assembly passed a bill for such a construction , however it did not proceed as the Legislative Council rejected the legislation on the basis that the money would be better spent on the war effort . Following World War I , plans to build the bridge again built momentum . Bradfield persevered with the project , fleshing out the details of the specifications and financing for his cantilever bridge proposal , and in 1921 he travelled overseas to investigate tenders . On return from his travels Bradfield decided that an arch design would also be suitable and he and officers of the NSW Department of Public Works prepared a general design for a single - arch bridge based upon New York City 's Hell Gate Bridge . In 1922 the government passed the Sydney Harbour Bridge Act No. 28 , specifying the construction of a high - level cantilever or arch bridge across the harbour between Dawes Point and Milsons Point , along with construction of necessary approaches and electric railway lines , and worldwide tenders were invited for the project . As a result of the tendering process , the government received twenty proposals from six companies ; on 24 March 1924 the contract was awarded to British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd , of Middlesbrough well known as the contractors who built the similar Tyne Bridge of Newcastle Upon Tyne , for an arch bridge at a quoted price of AU £ 4,217,721 11s 10d . The arch design was cheaper than alternative cantilever and suspension bridge proposals , and also provided greater rigidity making it better suited for the heavy loads expected . Bradfield and his staff were ultimately to oversee the entire bridge design and building process , while Dorman Long and Co 's Consulting Engineer , Sir Ralph Freeman of Sir Douglas Fox and Partners , and his associate Mr. G.C. Imbault , carried out the detailed design and erection process of the bridge . Architects for the contractors were from the British firm John Burnet & Partners of Glasgow , Scotland . The building of the bridge coincided with the construction of a system of underground railways in Sydney 's CBD , known today as the City Circle , and the bridge was designed with this in mind . The bridge was designed to carry six lanes of road traffic , flanked on each side by two railway tracks and a footpath . Both sets of rail tracks were linked into the underground Wynyard railway station on the south ( city ) side of the bridge by symmetrical ramps and tunnels . The eastern - side railway tracks were intended for use by a planned rail link to the Northern Beaches ; in the interim they were used to carry trams from the North Shore into a terminal within Wynyard station , and when tram services were discontinued in 1958 , they were converted into extra traffic lanes . The Bradfield Highway , which is the main roadway section of the bridge and its approaches , is named in honour of Bradfield 's contribution to the bridge . Construction ( edit ) Sydney Harbour Bridge under construction The arch being constructed . Courtesy , State Library of New South Wales An artist 's impression of the arch being constructed . By Grace Cossington Smith . John Bradfield riding the first test train across the bridge on 19 January 1932 Aerial view of Sydney and Circular Quay on the day of the official opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge , 19 March 1932 The building of the bridge was under the management of Bradfield . Three other people heavily involved in the bridge 's design and construction were Lawrence Ennis , Edward Judge , and Sir Ralph Freeman . Ennis was the engineer - in - charge at Dorman Long and Co and the main on - site supervisor ( Bradfield visited occasionally throughout the project and , in particular , at many key stages of the project , to inspect progress and make managerial decisions ) , Judge was chief technical engineer of Dorman Long , and Freeman was hired by the company to design the accepted model in further detail . Later a bitter disagreement broke out between Bradfield and Freeman as to who actually designed the bridge . The official ceremony to mark the `` turning of the first sod '' occurred on 28 July 1923 , on the spot at Milsons Point on the north shore where two workshops to assist in building the bridge were to be constructed . An estimated 469 buildings on the north shore , both private homes and commercial operations , were demolished to allow construction to proceed , with little or no compensation being paid . Work on the bridge itself commenced with the construction of approaches and approach spans , and by September 1926 concrete piers to support the approach spans were in place on each side of the harbour . As construction of the approaches took place , work was also started on preparing the foundations required to support the enormous weight of the arch and loadings . Concrete and granite faced abutment towers were constructed , with the angled foundations built into their sides . Once work had progressed sufficiently on the support structures , a giant `` creeper crane '' was erected on each side of the harbour . These cranes were fitted with a cradle , and then used to hoist men and materials into position to allow for erection of the steelwork . To stabilise works while building the arches , tunnels were excavated on each shore with steel cables passed through them and then fixed to the upper sections of each half - arch to stop them collapsing as they extended outwards . HMAS Canberra sailing under the completed arch from which the deck is being suspended in 1930 Arch construction itself began on 26 October 1928 . The southern end of the bridge was worked on ahead of the northern end , to detect any errors and to help with alignment . The cranes would `` creep '' along the arches as they were constructed , eventually meeting up in the middle . In less than two years , on Tuesday , 19 August 1930 , the two halves of the arch touched for the first time . Workers riveted both top and bottom sections of the arch together , and the arch became self - supporting , allowing the support cables to be removed . On 20 August 1930 the joining of the arches was celebrated by flying the flags of Australia and the United Kingdom from the jibs of the creeper cranes . Once the arch was completed , the creeper cranes were then worked back down the arches , allowing the roadway and other parts of the bridge to be constructed from the centre out . The vertical hangers were attached to the arch , and these were then joined with horizontal crossbeams . The deck for the roadway and railway were built on top of the crossbeams , with the deck itself being completed by June 1931 , and the creeper cranes were dismantled . Rails for trains and trams were laid , and road was surfaced using concrete topped with asphalt . Power and telephone lines , and water , gas , and drainage pipes were also all added to the bridge in 1931 . The pylons were built atop the abutment towers , with construction advancing rapidly from July 1931 . Carpenters built wooden scaffolding , with concreters and masons then setting the masonry and pouring the concrete behind it . Gangers built the steelwork in the towers , while day labourers manually cleaned the granite with wire brushes . The last stone of the north - west pylon was set in place on 15 January 1932 , and the timber towers used to support the cranes were removed . On 19 January 1932 , the first test train , a steam locomotive , safely crossed the bridge . Load testing of the bridge took place in February 1932 , with the four rail tracks being loaded with as many as 96 steam locomotives positioned end - to - end . The bridge underwent testing for three weeks , after which it was declared safe and ready to be opened . The construction worksheds were demolished after the bridge was completed , and the land that they were on is now occupied by Luna Park . The standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today 's standards . Sixteen workers died during construction , but surprisingly only two from falling off the bridge . Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets , and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project . Henri Mallard between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills and film footage which reveal at close quarters the bravery of the workers in tough Depression - era conditions . The total financial cost of the bridge was AU £ 6.25 million , which was not paid off in full until 1988 . Opening ( edit ) The bridge was formally opened on Saturday , 19 March 1932 . Amongst those who attended and gave speeches were the state Governor , Sir Philip Game , and the Minister for Public Works , Lawrence Ennis . The Labor Premier of New South Wales , Jack Lang , was to open the bridge by cutting a ribbon at its southern end . Francis de Groot declares the bridge open However , just as Lang was about to cut the ribbon , a man in military uniform rode up on a horse , slashing the ribbon with his sword and opening the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the name of the people of New South Wales before the official ceremony began . He was promptly arrested . The ribbon was hurriedly retied and Lang performed the official opening ceremony . After he did so , there was a 21 - gun salute and an RAAF flypast . The intruder was identified as Francis de Groot . He was convicted of offensive behaviour and fined £ 5 after a psychiatric test proved he was sane , but this verdict was reversed on appeal . De Groot then successfully sued the Commissioner of Police for wrongful arrest , and was awarded an undisclosed out of court settlement . De Groot was a member of a right - wing paramilitary group called the New Guard , opposed to Lang 's leftist policies and resentful of the fact that a member of the Royal Family had not been asked to open the bridge . De Groot was not a member of the regular army but his uniform allowed him to blend in with the real cavalry . This incident was one of several involving Lang and the New Guard during that year . A similar ribbon - cutting ceremony on the bridge 's northern side by North Sydney 's mayor , Alderman Primrose , was carried out without incident . It was later discovered that Primrose was also a New Guard member but his role in and knowledge of the de Groot incident , if any , are unclear . The pair of golden scissors used in the ribbon cutting ceremonies on both sides of the bridge was also used to cut the ribbon at the dedication of the Bayonne Bridge , which had opened in Bayonne , New Jersey , close to New York City , the year before . Despite the bridge opening in the midst of the Great Depression , opening celebrations were organised by the Citizens of Sydney Organising Committee , an influential body of prominent men and politicians that formed in 1931 under the chairmanship of the Lord Mayor to oversee the festivities . The celebrations included an array of decorated floats , a procession of passenger ships sailing below the bridge , and a Venetian Carnival . A message from a primary school in Tottenham , 515 km ( 320 mi ) away in rural New South Wales , arrived at the bridge on the day and was presented at the opening ceremony . It had been carried all the way from Tottenham to the bridge by relays of school children , with the final relay being run by two children from the nearby Fort Street Boys ' and Girls ' schools . After the official ceremonies , the public was allowed to walk across the bridge on the deck , something that would not be repeated until the 50th anniversary celebrations . Estimates suggest that between 300,000 and one million people took part in the opening festivities , a phenomenal number given that the entire population of Sydney at the time was estimated to be 1,256,000 . There had also been numerous preparatory arrangements . On 14 March 1932 , three postage stamps were issued to commemorate the imminent opening of the bridge . Several songs were composed for the occasion . The bridge itself was regarded as a triumph over Depression times , earning the nickname `` the Iron Lung '' , as it kept many Depression - era workers employed . Operations ( edit ) In 2010 , the average daily traffic included 204 trains , 160,435 vehicles and 1650 bicycles . Road ( edit ) Main article : Bradfield Highway , Sydney The roadway of the bridge , from the southern or city approach . From left : walkway , eight traffic lanes ( the two leftmost once carried the Sydney trams ) , two railway tracks , and cycleway . The gantries with lights controlling traffic tidal flow are clearly visible , while the tollbooths can be seen near the bases of the high - rise buildings From the Sydney CBD side , motor vehicle access to the bridge is normally via Grosvenor Street , Clarence Street , Kent Street , the Cahill Expressway , or the Western Distributor . Drivers on the northern side will find themselves on the Warringah Freeway , though it is easy to turn off the freeway to drive westwards into North Sydney or eastwards to Neutral Bay and beyond upon arrival on the northern side . The bridge originally only had four wider traffic lanes occupying the central space which now has six , as photos taken soon after the opening clearly show . In 1958 tram services across the bridge were withdrawn and the tracks replaced by two extra road lanes ; these lanes are now the leftmost southbound lanes on the bridge and are still clearly distinguishable from the other six road lanes . Lanes 7 and 8 now connect the bridge to the elevated Cahill Expressway that carries traffic to the Eastern Distributor . In 1988 , work began to build a tunnel to complement the bridge . It was determined that the bridge could no longer support the increased traffic flow of the 1980s . The Sydney Harbour Tunnel was completed in August 1992 . It is intended for use only by motor vehicles . The Bradfield Highway is designated as a Travelling Stock Route which means that it is permissible to herd livestock across the bridge , but only between midnight and dawn , and after giving notice of intention to do so . In practice , owing to the high - density urban nature of modern Sydney , and the relocation of abattoirs and markets , this has not taken place for approximately half a century . Tidal flow ( edit ) The bridge is equipped for tidal flow operation , permitting the direction of traffic flow on the bridge to be altered to better suit the morning and evening rush hours ' traffic patterns . The bridge has eight lanes in total , numbered one to eight from west to east . Lanes three , four and five are reversible . One and two always flow north . Six , seven , and eight always flow south . The default is four each way . For the morning rush hour , the lane changes on the bridge also require changes to the Warringah Freeway , with its inner western reversible carriageway directing traffic to the bridge lane numbers three and four southbound . The bridge has a series of overhead gantries which indicate the direction of flow for each traffic lane . A green arrow pointing down to a traffic lane means the lane is open . A flashing red `` X '' indicates the lane is closing , but is not yet in use for traffic travelling in the other direction . A static red `` X '' means the lane is in use for oncoming traffic . This arrangement was introduced in the 1990s , replacing a slow operation where lane markers were manually moved to mark the centre median . It is possible to see odd arrangements of flow during night periods when maintenance occurs , which may involve completely closing some lanes . Normally this is done between midnight and dawn , because of the enormous traffic demands placed on the bridge outside these hours . Tolls ( edit ) Sydney Harbour Bridge toll gates , photograph by Hall and Co. , 1933 , State Library of New South Wales , hall_35256 The vehicular traffic lanes on the bridge are operated as a toll road . As of 27 January 2009 there is a variable tolling system for all vehicles headed into the CBD ( southbound ) . The toll paid is dependent on the time of day in which the vehicle passes through the toll plaza . The toll varies from a minimum value of $2.50 to a maximum value of $4 . There is no toll for northbound traffic ( though taxis travelling north may charge passengers the toll in anticipation of the toll the taxi must pay on the return journey ) . There are toll plazas at the northern and southern ends . The two eastern lanes ( which continue over the Cahill Expressway at the southern end of the bridge ) have their tollbooths at the northern end , while the other southbound lanes ( for CBD traffic ) are serviced by tollbooths at the southern end of the bridge . There is a bridge - long median strip between lanes 6 and 7 to separate traffic which has already paid the toll ( at the northern end ) from other southbound traffic ( which must pay the toll at the southern end ) . The toll was originally placed on travel across the bridge , in both directions , to recoup the cost of its construction . This cost was recovered in the 1980s , but the toll has been kept ( indeed increased ) by the state government 's Roads and Traffic Authority to recoup the costs of the Sydney Harbour Tunnel . After the decision to build the Sydney Harbour Tunnel was made in the early 1980s , the toll was increased ( from 20 cents to $1 , then to $1.50 , and finally to $2 by the time the tunnel opened ) to pay for its construction . The tunnel also had an initial toll of $2 southbound . After the increase to $1 , the concrete barrier on the bridge separating the Bradfield Highway from the Cahill Expressway was increased in height , because of the large numbers of drivers crossing it illegally from lane 6 to 7 , to avoid the toll . The toll for all southbound vehicles was increased to $3 in March 2004 . Originally it cost a car or motorcycle six pence to cross , a horse and rider being three pence . Use of the bridge by bicycle riders ( provided that they use the cycleway ) and by pedestrians is free . Later governments capped the fee for motorcycles at one - quarter of the passenger - vehicle cost , but now it is again the same as the cost for a passenger vehicle , although quarterly flat - fee passes are available which are much cheaper for frequent users . In July 2008 a new electronic tolling system called e-TAG was introduced . The Sydney Harbour Tunnel was converted to this new tolling system while the Sydney Harbour Bridge itself had several cash lanes . The electronic system as of 12 January 2009 has now replaced all booths with E-tag lanes . In January 2017 work commenced to remove the southern toll booths . Pedestrians ( edit ) A cyclist using the pedestrian footway . Side fences were added to prevent people from committing suicide by jumping from the bridge . The pedestrian - only footway is located on the east side of the bridge . Access from the northern side involves climbing an easily spotted flight of stairs , located on the east side of the bridge at Broughton St , Kirribilli . Pedestrian access on the southern side is more complicated , but signposts in the Rocks area now direct pedestrians to the long and sheltered flight of stairs that leads to the bridge 's southern end . These stairs are located near Gloucester Street and Cumberland Street . The bridge can also be approached from the south by accessing Cahill Walk , which runs along the Cahill Expressway . Pedestrians can access this walkway from the east end of Circular Quay by a flight of stairs or a lift . Alternatively it can be accessed from the Botanic Gardens . Cyclists ( edit ) Main article : Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway The bike - only cycleway is located on the western side of the bridge . Access from the northern side involves carrying or pushing a bicycle up a staircase , consisting of 55 steps , located on the western side of the bridge at Burton St , Milsons Point . A wide smooth concrete strip in the centre of the stairs permits cycles to be wheeled up and down from the bridge deck whilst the rider is dismounted . A campaign to eliminate the steps on this popular cycling route to the CBD has been running since at least 2008 . On 7 December 2016 the NSW Roads Minister Duncan Gay confirmed that the northern stairway would be replaced with a A $ 20 million ramp alleviating the needs for cyclists to dismount . At the same time the NSW Government announced plans to upgrade the southern ramp at a projected cost of A $ 20 million . Both projects are expected to completed by late 2020 . Access to the cycleway on the southern side is via the northern end of the Kent Street cycleway and / or Upper Fort Street in The Rocks . Rail ( edit ) First passenger train crossing the bridge , 19 March 1932 A tram and a train arrive at Milsons Point station The bridge lies between Milsons Point and Wynyard railway stations , located on the north and south shores respectively , with two tracks running along the western side of the bridge . These tracks are part of the North Shore railway line . In 1958 tram services across the bridge were withdrawn and the tracks they had used were removed and replaced by two extra road lanes ; these lanes are now the leftmost southbound lanes on the bridge and are still clearly distinguishable from the other six road lanes . The original ramp that took the trams into their terminus at the underground Wynyard railway station is still visible at the southern end of the main walkway under lanes 7 and 8 , although the tunnels have been converted into a car park and firing range . Maintenance ( edit ) Maintenance crew painting the bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge requires constant inspections and other maintenance work to keep it safe for the public , and to protect from corrosion . Among the trades employed on the bridge are painters , ironworkers , boilermakers , fitters , electricians , plasterers , carpenters , plumbers , and riggers . The most noticeable maintenance work on the bridge involves painting . The steelwork of the bridge that needs to be painted is a combined 485,000 m ( 120 acres ) , the equivalent of sixty football fields . Each coat on the bridge requires some 30,000 L ( 6,600 imp gal ) of paint . A special fast - drying paint is used , so that any paint drops have dried before reaching the vehicles or bridge surface . One notable identity from previous bridge - painting crews is Australian comedian and actor Paul Hogan , who worked as a bridge painter before rising to media fame in the 1970s . In 2003 the Roads & Traffic Authority began completely repainting the southern approach spans of the bridge . This involved removing the old lead - based paint , and repainting the 90,000 m ( 22 acres ) of steel below the deck . Workers operated from self - contained platforms below the deck , with each platform having an air extraction system to filter airborne particles . An abrasive blasting was used , with the lead waste collected and safely removed from the site for disposal . Bridge arch after strengthening , with some new steel outlined in red Between December 2006 and March 2010 the bridge was subject to works designed to ensure its longevity . The work included some strengthening . Since 2013 , two grit - blasting robots specially developed with the University of Technology , Sydney have been employed to help with the paint stripping operation on the bridge . The robots , nicknamed Rosie and Sandy , are intended to reduce workers ' potential exposure to dangerous lead paint and asbestos and the blasting equipment which has enough force to cut through clothes and skin . Tourism ( edit ) Historic tourist signs for the pylon lookout , from Rentoul 's ' All Australian Exhibition ' , 1948 -- 1971 BridgeClimb participants , wearing the mandatory special jumpsuits BridgeClimbers admire the view mid-climb , while a second group reach the top of the arch . Note also the light fixtures and extensive use of rivets South - east pylon ( edit ) Even during its construction , the bridge was such a prominent feature of Sydney that it would attract tourist interest . One of the ongoing tourist attractions of the bridge has been the south - east pylon , which is accessed via the pedestrian walkway across the bridge , and then a climb to the top of the pylon of about 200 steps . Not long after the bridge 's opening , commencing in 1934 , Archer Whitford first converted this pylon into a tourist destination . He installed a number of attractions , including a café , a camera obscura , an Aboriginal museum , a `` Mother 's Nook '' where visitors could write letters , and a `` pashometer '' . The main attraction was the viewing platform , where `` charming attendants '' assisted visitors to use the telescopes available , and a copper cladding ( still present ) over the granite guard rails identified the suburbs and landmarks of Sydney at the time . The outbreak of World War II in 1939 saw tourist activities on the bridge cease , as the military took over the four pylons and modified them to include parapets and anti-aircraft guns . In 1948 Yvonne Rentoul opened the `` All Australian Exhibition '' in the pylon . This contained dioramas , and displays about Australian perspectives on subjects such as farming , sport , transport , mining , and the armed forces . An orientation table was installed at the viewing platform , along with a wall guide and binoculars . The owner kept several white cats in a rooftop cattery , which also served as an attraction , and there was a souvenir shop and postal outlet . Rentoul 's lease expired in 1971 , and the pylon and its lookout remained closed to the public for over a decade . The pylon was reopened in 1982 , with a new exhibition celebrating the bridge 's 50th anniversary . In 1987 a `` Bicentennial Exhibition '' was opened to mark the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia in 1988 . The pylon was closed from April to November 2000 for the Roads & Traffic Authority and BridgeClimb to create a new exhibition called `` Proud Arch '' . The exhibition focussed on Bradfield , and included a glass direction finder on the observation level , and various important heritage items . The pylon again closed for four weeks in 2003 for the installation of an exhibit called `` Dangerous Works '' , highlighting the dangerous conditions experienced by the original construction workers on the bridge , and two stained glass feature windows in memory of the workers . BridgeClimb ( edit ) In 1950s and 1960s there were occasional newspaper reports of climbers who had made illegal arch traversals of the bridge , invariably by night . In 1973 Philippe Petit walked across a wire between the two pylons at the southern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Since 1998 , BridgeClimb has made it possible for tourists to legally climb the southern half of the bridge . Tours run throughout the day , from dawn to night , and are only cancelled for electrical storms or high wind . Groups of climbers are provided with protective clothing appropriate to the prevailing weather conditions , and are given an orientation briefing before climbing . During the climb , attendees are secured to the bridge by a wire lifeline . Each climb begins on the eastern side of the bridge and ascends to the top . At the summit , the group crosses to the western side of the arch for the descent . Each climb takes three - and - a-half - hours , including the preparations . In December 2006 , BridgeClimb launched an alternative to climbing the upper arches of the bridge . The Discovery Climb allows climbers to ascend the lower chord of the bridge and view its internal structure . From the apex of the lower chord , climbers ascend a staircase to a platform at the summit . Celebrations ( edit ) Since the opening , the bridge has been the focal point of much tourism and national pride . 50th anniversary celebrations ( 1982 ) ( edit ) In 1982 the bridge celebrated the 50th anniversary of its opening . For the first time since its opening in 1932 , the bridge was closed to most vehicles with the exception of vintage vehicles , and pedestrians were allowed full access for the day . The celebrations were attended by Edward Judge , who represented Dorman Long . Postage stamp , Australia , 1932 Bicentennial Australia day celebrations ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Australia 's bicentennial celebrations on 26 January 1988 attracted large crowds in the bridge 's vicinity as merrymakers flocked to the foreshores to view the events on the harbour . The highlight was the biggest parade of sail ever held in Sydney , square - riggers from all over the world , surrounded by hundreds of smaller craft of every description , passing majestically under the Sydney Harbour Bridge . The day 's festivities culminated in a fireworks display in which the bridge was the focal point of the finale , with fireworks streaming from the arch and roadway . This was to become the pattern for later firework displays . Sydney New Year 's Eve ( 1993 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Sydney New Year 's Eve The Harbour Bridge is an integral part of the Sydney New Year 's Eve celebrations , generally being used in spectacular ways during the fireworks displays at 21 : 00 and midnight . In recent times , the bridge has included a ropelight display on a framework in the centre of the eastern arch , which is used to complement the fireworks . As the scaffolding and framework are clearly visible for some weeks before the event , revealing the outline of the design , there is much speculation as to how the effect is to be realised . During the millennium celebrations in 2000 , the Sydney Harbour Bridge was lit up with the word `` Eternity '' , as a tribute to the legacy of Arthur Stace a Sydney artist who for many years inscribed that word on pavements in chalk in beautiful copperplate writing despite the fact that he was illiterate . The effects have been as follows : The opening sequence to the 2008 -- 09 Midnight Fireworks , using the Sun for its bridge effect . NYE1997 : Smiley face NYE1999 : The word `` Eternity '' in copperplate writing NYE2000 : Rainbow Serpent and Federation Star NYE2001 : Uluru , the Southern Cross and the Dove of Peace NYE2002 : Dove of Peace and the word `` PEACE '' NYE2003 : Light show NYE2004 : `` Fanfare '' NYE2005 : Three concentric hearts NYE2006 : Coathanger and a diamond NYE2007 : Mandala NYE2008 : The Sun NYE2009 : Taijitu Symbol , a Blue moon and a ring of fire NYE2010 : Handprint , `` X '' Mark and a Spot NYE2011 : Thought Bubble , Sun and Endless Rainbow NYE2012 : Butterfly and a Lip NYE2013 : Eye NYE2014 : Light bulb NYE2015 : Sydney Harbour Bridge NYE2016 : Light show The numbers for the New Year 's Eve countdown also appear on the eastern side of the Bridge pylons . Walk for reconciliation ( 2000 ) ( edit ) In May 2000 the bridge was closed to vehicular access for a day to allow a special reconciliation march -- the `` Walk for Reconciliation '' -- to take place . This was part of a response to an Aboriginal Stolen Generations inquiry , which found widespread suffering had taken place amongst Australian Aboriginal children forcibly placed into the care of white parents in a little - publicised state government scheme . Between 200,000 and 300,000 people were estimated to have walked the bridge in a symbolic gesture of crossing a divide . Sydney 2000 Olympics ( edit ) During the Sydney 2000 Olympics in September and October 2000 , the bridge was adorned with the Olympic Rings . It was included in the Olympic torch 's route to the Olympic stadium . The men 's and women 's Olympic marathon events likewise included the bridge as part of their route to the Olympic stadium . A fireworks display at the end of the closing ceremony ended at the bridge . The east - facing side of the bridge has been used several times since as a framework from which to hang static fireworks , especially during the elaborate New Year 's Eve displays . Formula one promotion ( 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2005 Mark Webber drove a Williams - BMW Formula One car across the bridge . 75th anniversary ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Walkers with LED caps on the bridge 's 75th Anniversary The commemorative hats given to walkers In 2007 , the 75th anniversary of its opening was commemorated with an exhibition at the Museum of Sydney , called `` Bridging Sydney '' . An initiative of the Historic Houses Trust , the exhibition featured dramatic photographs and paintings with rare and previously unseen alternative bridge and tunnel proposals , plans and sketches . On 18 March 2007 , the Sydney Harbour Bridge celebrated its 75th anniversary . The occasion was marked with a ribbon - cutting ceremony by the governor , Marie Bashir and the premier of New South Wales , Morris Iemma . The bridge was subsequently open to the public to walk southward from Milsons Point or North Sydney . Several major roads , mainly in the CBD , were closed for the day . An Aboriginal smoking ceremony was held at 19 : 00 . Approximately 250,000 people ( 50,000 more than were registered ) took part in the event . Bright yellow souvenir caps were distributed to walkers . A series of speakers placed at intervals along the bridge formed a sound installation . Each group of speakers broadcast sound and music from a particular era ( e.g. King Edward VIII 's abdication speech ; Gough Whitlam 's speech at Parliament House in 1975 ) , the overall effect being that the soundscape would `` flow '' through history as walkers proceeded along the bridge . A light - show began after sunset and continued late into the night , the bridge being bathed in constantly changing , multi-coloured lighting , designed to highlight structural features of the bridge . In the evening the bright yellow caps were replaced by orange caps with a small , bright LED attached . The bridge was closed to walkers at about 20 : 30 . Breakfast on the bridge ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) On 25 October 2009 turf was laid across the eight lanes of bitumen , and 6,000 people celebrated a picnic on the bridge accompanied by live music . The event was repeated in 2010 . Although originally scheduled again in 2011 , this event was moved to Bondi Beach due to traffic concerns about the prolonged closing of the bridge . 80th anniversary ( edit ) On 19 March 2012 the 80th anniversary of the Sydney Harbour Bridge was celebrated with a picnic dedicated to the stories of people with personal connections to the bridge . In addition , Google dedicated its Google Doodle on the 19th to the event . The proposal to upgrade the bridge tolling equipment was announced by the NSW Roads Minister Duncan Gay . Quotations ( edit ) The `` International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark '' plaque presented to Sydney Harbour Bridge by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1988 There the proud arch Colossus like bestride Yon glittering streams and bound the strafing tide . -- Prophetic observation of Sydney Cove by Erasmus Darwin , grandfather of Charles Darwin , from his poem `` Visit of Hope to Sydney Cove , near Botany Bay '' , ( 1789 ) . I open this bridge in the name of His Majesty the King and all the decent citizens of NSW . -- Francis de Groot `` opening '' the Sydney Harbour Bridge , ( 1932 ) . His organisation , the New Guard , had resented the fact that King George V had not been asked to open the bridge . To get on in Australia , you must make two observations . Say , `` You have the most beautiful bridge in the world '' and `` They tell me you trounced England again in the cricket . '' The first statement will be a lie . Sydney Bridge ( sic ) is big , utilitarian and the symbol of Australia , like the Statue of Liberty or the Eiffel Tower . But it is very ugly . No Australian will admit this . -- James Michener assesses the Sydney Harbour Bridge in his book `` Return to Paradise '' , ( 1951 ) . ... in a gesture of anomalous exhilaration , at the worst time of the depression Sydney opened its Harbour Bridge , one of the talismanic structures of the earth , and by far the most striking thing ever built in Australia . At that moment , I think , contemporary Sydney began , perhaps definitive Sydney . -- Jan Morris gives her own assessment of the bridge in her book Sydney , ( 1982 ) ... you can see it from every corner of the city , creeping into frame from the oddest angles , like an uncle who wants to get into every snapshot . From a distance it has a kind of gallant restraint , majestic but not assertive , but up close it is all might . It soars above you , so high that you could pass a ten - storey building beneath it , and looks like the heaviest thing on earth . Everything that is in it -- the stone blocks in its four towers , the latticework of girders , the metal plates , the six - million rivets ( with heads like halved apples ) -- is the biggest of its type you have ever seen ... This is a great bridge . -- American travel - writer Bill Bryson 's impressions of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in his book `` Down Under '' , ( 2000 ) . Sydney Harbour Bridge as viewed from Kirribilli on the North Shore , with the Sydney Opera House on the left . See also ( edit ) Architecture portal Bridges portal Sydney portal Australian landmarks List of the largest arch bridges Comparison of the side elevations of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge , Bradfield Hwy , Dawes Point - Milsons Point , NSW , Australia ( Place ID 105888 ) '' . Australian Heritage Database . Department of the Environment . Jump up ^ `` 7BridgesWalk.com.au '' . Bridge History . Retrieved 23 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . Australian Government . 14 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr J.J.C. Bradfield '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Olympic connections across the UK '' . Bbc.co.uk. 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : James Weirick ( 2007 ) . `` Radar Exhibition -- Bridging Sydney '' . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . culture.gov.au . Australian Government . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Bridge '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Port Mann Bridge '' . TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT CORPORATION . British Columbia : Province of British Columbia . 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Once complete , the new 10 - lane Port Mann Bridge will the second largest and longest cable - supported bridge in North America , and at 65 metres wide it will be the widest bridge in the world . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Bridge Information '' . October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . Year 9 NSW / / History / / Investigating History . Red Apple Education Ltd. 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge Facts '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge History '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Sydney Harbour Bridge . Dorman , Long & Co. 1932 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ C. Mackaness , ed. ( 2007 ) . Bridging Sydney . Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales . ^ Jump up to : `` Sydney Harbour Bridge Info '' . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Engineering Materials : Rivets '' . Sydney Harbour Bridge . NSW Government : Board of Studies . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . This is Australia.com.au . Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` South East Pylon History : 1922 -- 1932 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Smiles , Sam ( 1998 ) . Going modern and being British : 1910 -- 1960 . Intellect Books . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 871516 - 95 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Nisbet , Gary . `` John Burnet & Son '' . Glasgow -- City of Sculpture . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.insidehistory.com.au/2014/04/tae-mak-a-brig-to-make-a-bridge-where-did-the-granite-of-the-sydney-harbour-bridge-come-from/ Jump up ^ http://www.granitetown.com.au/moruyahistory/ Jump up ^ Lalor , Peter ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . The bridge . Allen & Unwin . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 027 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 -- 1945 ( WWII ) '' ( PDF ) . The Pylon Lookout . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives In Brief 37 -- A brief history of the Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . The State Archives . NSW Government . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Ian ( 2001 ) . Norman Selfe , Man of the North Shore . unpublished essay submitted for the North Shore History Prize . pp. 21 -- 24 . Cited in Freyne , Catherine ( 2009 ) . `` Selfe , Norman '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Design Tenders and Proposals '' . NSW Government . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jake ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Rare plans for the Sydney Harbour Bridge show how the iconic landmark could have looked '' . Hornsby Advocate . News Corp . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sydney Harbour Bridge repainting '' ( PDF ) . NSW Roads and Traffic Authority . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Six million rivets : The timeline '' . Sydney Harbour Bridge . NSW Government : Board of Studies . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , John ( 2001 ) . Building the Sydney Harbour Bridge ( Google books ) . Allen & Unwin . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 258 - 5 . Retrieved 10 December 2009 . There was one creeper crane on each side of the harbour . Jump up ^ `` FIRST TRAIN TO CROSS THE BRIDGE . '' . The Sydney Morning Herald ( 29,342 ) . New South Wales , Australia . 20 January 1932 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` About Luna Park - Amusement Park in Sydney Luna Park Sydney '' . www.lunaparksydney.com . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AtlasDirect news '' . Harbour Bridge . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Henri Mallard ( photographer ) ; introduced by Max Dupain and Howard Tanner . `` Building the Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . Melbourne : Sun Books in association with Australian Centre for Photography , 1976 . ISBN 0 - 7251 - 0232 - 2 Jump up ^ The Construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge , film by Mallard , Henri. ; Litchfield , Frank. ( Sydney ) : Institution of Engineers , Australia , Sydney Division , ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . sydney.com . Desintation NSW . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . pp. 140 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` On this day in history : Sydney Harbour Bridge opens '' . Australian Geographic . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Two States Open Bayonne Bridge , Forming Fifth Link '' . The New York Times . 15 November 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hails Bridge at Sydney '' . The New York Times . 18 March 1932 . p. 43 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ New South Wales Government Printing Office ( 1932 ) . Photographs of Opening of Sydney Harbour Bridge ( picture ) . Government Printing Office , Sydney . Jump up ^ http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83431445 Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge - Bridge Ahoy ! '' . Bridge Ahoy ! . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomalin , Terry ( 26 September 2000 ) . `` View wo n't leave you speechless ; Series : Out there ; Summer Olympics : Sydney 2000 '' . St. Petersburg Times ( South Pinellas Edition ) . St. Petersburg , FL . p. 7C . Jump up ^ http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/projects/sydney-inner/sydney-harbour-bridge/index.html Jump up ^ `` NSW drovers rally to save historic travelling stock routes '' . The Wilderness Society . 27 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Managing the network < Managing NSW traffic < Using roads < Roads and Maritime Services '' . Rms.nsw.gov.au. 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Time of day tolling , Roads and Traffic Authority , NSW . Retrieved on 7 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Motorcyclists '' . www.myrta.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 17 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Southern toll plaza precinct upgrade Roads & Maritime Services Jump up ^ `` HarbourLink '' . Sydneyharbourlink.com . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ HarbourLink -- North Sydney Council Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNally , Lucy ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Sydney Harbour Bridge cyclists can expect $35 million bike ramp and upgrade by 2020 '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Stempien , Filip ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` New ramps and cycleways for Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ McNab , Heathery ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Plan in the works to ramp up access to Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cycleway Finder '' . Roads & Maritime Services ( Version 3 ed . ) . Government of New South Wales . 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge Upgrade '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wendy Frew ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` Spick and span '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Chris ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Dawn of a robot revolution as army of machines escape the factory '' . FT.com . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grit - blasting robots clean Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southeast Pylon History : 1934 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glass View Finder '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 1939 -- 1945 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 1948 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 1971 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 1982 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 1987 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 2000 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Pylon History : 2003 '' . Pylon Lookout : Sydney Harbour Bridge . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BridgeClimb '' . BridgeClimb . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BridgeClimb - Pre-Climb Checklist '' . BridgeClimb Sydney . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . bestbridge.net . Jump up ^ Dennis , Anthony ( 1 January 2000 ) . `` Millennium dawns '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Digital . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . bestbridge.net . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marching for a fresh beginning '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NSW : F1 driver Mark Webber to hoon across the Harbour Bridge '' . 18 February 2005 . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Harbour Bridge picnic may become annual '' . 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast on the Bridge '' . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast on the Bridge '' . 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast moves from bridge to beach '' . 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Harbour Bridge 80th Birthday '' . New South Wales government , Department of Transport , Roads & Maritime Services . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google doodles for Sydney Harbour Bridge 80th birthday '' . Mumbrella . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harbour Bridge celebrates 80th birthday '' . AAP . The Age . 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://sydney-harbour-bridge.bos.nsw.edu.au/building-the-bridge/bradfield-and-lang.php Jump up ^ Michener , James , Return to Paradise , ( 1951 ) , Corgi Books : London , page 275 Jump up ^ Morris , Jan , Sydney ( 1982 ) , Faber&Faber : London . Page 24 Jump up ^ Bryson , Bill ( 2000 ) . Down Under . Transworld . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 552 - 99703 - X . Other sources ( edit ) Four papers on the design and construction of the bridge in volume 238 of the Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers , 1935 Kinley Knezevic , Daniel , ( 1947 ) , `` The Lost Bridge '' , External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSydney Harbour Bridge aerial viewsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Harbour Bridge . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Harbour Bridge ( construction ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sydney Harbour Bridge Wikinews has related news : Commuter chaos in Sydney after wind damages lines on Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge at Structurae Sydney City Council `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . ( CC - By - SA ) . Features ' Sydney Harbour Bridge ' by Jim Poe , 2014 and ' Building the Sydney Harbour Bridge ' by Laila Ellmoos and Lisa Murray , 2015 , with images . BridgeClimb Sydney Harbour Bridge turns 75 -- Feature from Daily Telegraph Men at work : Sydney 's Harbour Bridge -- Australian Geographic 75th Anniversary Celebrations NSW Bike Plan -- Bicycle Information for New South Wales Sydney Harbour Bridge -- News and Events Description of SHB project in 1924 newspaper , including statistics and dimensions . Account of an illegal bridge climb in 1961 Winchester , Clarence , ed. ( 1936 ) , `` Sydney Harbour Bridge '' , Railway Wonders of the World , pp. 1195 -- 1208 illustrated account of the construction and completion of the bridge Railway loading gauge Railway loading gauge discusssion Webcams : Road Traffic Authority webcams Images : Interactive Imaging of Proposals Bridge during construction `` Arch Bridge in Australia to Have Record Span '' , Popular Mechanics , May 1929 Air views of the opening celebrations , 19 March 1932 / photographed by W.E. Searle Sydney Harbour Bridge during the Olympic Games , 19 -- 26 September 2000 / Loui Seselja Picnic on Sydney Harbour Bridge / Sigmate Studio Breakfast on the Bridge / Daniel Boud Buildings and roads around North Sydney and Sydney Harbour Bridge , 1958 -- 1961 / Wolfgang Sievers Bridges in Greater Sydney , New South Wales Road Alfords Point Anzac Barry Wilde ( Parramatta ) Bennelong Bennett Road ( St Clair ) Bernie Banton Brooklyn Captain Cook Church Street ( Hunters Hill ) Clancy Street ( Padstow Heights ) Colemans Street ( Mays Hill ) De Burghs Endeavour Fig Tree Fullers Gladesville Iron Cove James Ruse Drive Kent Road ( Orchard Hills ) Lansdowne Lennox Macarthur ( Parramatta ) Malga Avenue ( East Roseville ) Mamre Road Milperra Myrtle Street ( Balgowlah ) Pacific Highway ( Wahroonga ) Peats Ferry Bridge Rings ( Parramatta ) Roseville Ryde Silverwater Spit Sydney Harbour Tarban Creek Tom Uglys Victoria Windsor Woronora Railway Clyde - Carlingford Como Hawkesbury River John Whitton Pedestrian Albert Cotter Arncliffe Balgowlah Elizabeth Street ( Parramatta ) Fairfield West Huntleys Point Kogarah Linley Point Mt Annan Pyrmont Macquarie Culvert Meadowbank ( underbrdige ) Rozelle Skye Winter ( Claymore ) Sydney University footbridges ( Darlington ) ( Forest Lodge ) Thackeray ( Camellia ) Woollahra Closed Glebe Island Road infrastructure in Sydney Motorways , freeways , highways , and expressways Bradfield Highway Cahill Expressway Cumberland Highway Eastern Distributor General Holmes Drive Gore Hill Freeway Great Western Highway M2 Hills Motorway Hume Highway Pacific Highway Pacific Motorway Princes Highway Princes Motorway Prospect Highway Southern Cross Drive M5 South Western Motorway Warringah Freeway Western Distributor M4 Western Motorway Westlink M7 Numbered routes M1 / A1 M2 / A2 A3 M4 / A4 M5 A6 M7 A8 A9 A22 A28 M31 A36 A38 A44 Major interchanges Light Horse Interchange Meccano Set Roden Cutler Interchange Bridges Alfords Point Anzac Bennelong ( bus and foot traffic only ) Captain Cook De Burghs Endeavour Fig Tree Fullers Gladesville Glebe Island ( closed to traffic ) Iron Cove Lennox Macquarie Culvert Milperra Bridge Peats Ferry Pyrmont Roseville Ryde Silverwater The Spit Sydney Harbour Tarban Creek Tom Uglys Victoria Windsor Woronora River Tunnels Cross City Lane Cove M5 East Sydney Harbour Vehicle ferries Berowra Waters Lower Portland Mortlake Sackville Webbs Creek Wisemans Proposals NorthConnex ( under construction ) M1 Princes Motorway ( proposed ) Sydney Orbital Network Sydney Bypasses ( past , present and proposed ) WestConnex ( under construction ) Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link ( proposed ) Western Sydney Airport Motorway ( proposed ) Templates Streets of Sydney Categories Streets in Sydney Highways in Sydney Operators Roads and Maritime Services Connector Motorways Transurban Transport in Sydney Sydney landmarks Buildings / structures Admiralty House Archibald Fountain Australia Square Cadmans Cottage The Cenotaph Chifley Tower Citigroup Centre International Convention Centre Deutsche Bank Place Dr Chau Chak Wing Building El Alamein Fountain Finger Wharf General Post Office ( No. 1 Martin Place ) Government House Governor Phillip Tower Hong Kong House Harbour Bridge Hyde Park Barracks King Street Wharf Kirribilli House Long Bay Macquarie Lighthouse Mint Observatory Old Government House Opera House Overseas Passenger Terminal Parliament House Parramatta Gaol Regimental Square Queen Victoria Building St Andrew 's Cathedral St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Tower The Toaster Town Hall War Memorial Warragamba Dam White Bay Cruise Terminal World Square World Tower Precincts Barangaroo Bays Precinct Central Park Chatswood Chinatown Crows Nest Darling Harbour Green Square Kings Cross Martin Place North Sydney Parramatta Pitt Street Mall Railway Square The Rocks Sydney Olympic Park Waterloo Parks and nature Auburn Botanic Gardens Balls Head Reserve Berowra Valley National Park Bicentennial Park Blue Mountains National Park Botany Bay National Park Brenan Park Centennial Parklands Central Gardens Nature Reserve Chinese Garden of Friendship Chipping Norton Lake Cronulla sand dunes Farm Cove Field of Mars Reserve Fred Hollows Reserve Garigal National Park Garawarra Conservation Area Georges River National Park Heathcote National Park Hyde Park Ku - ring - gai Chase Lake Parramatta Lane Cove National Park Macquarie Place Prospect Hill Prospect Reservoir Rosford Street Reserve Royal Botanic Garden Royal National Park Sydney Harbour National Park Sydney Park The Domain Western Sydney Parklands Wetherill Park Nature Reserve Cultural institutions Art Gallery of New South Wales Australian Museum Australian National Maritime Museum Harry 's Cafe de Wheels Manly Art Gallery and Museum Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of Sydney Powerhouse Museum Sea Life Sydney Aquarium State Library Sydney Conservatorium of Music Taronga Zoo Sport Canterbury Park Racecourse Dunc Gray Velodrome NSW Tennis Centre Parramatta Stadium Randwick Racecourse Rosehill Gardens Racecourse Royal Sydney Golf Club Stadium Australia State Sports Centre Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Football Stadium Sydney International Aquatic Centre Sydney International Regatta Centre Sydney Motorsport Park Sydney Olympic Park Sydney Olympic Park Athletic Centre Sydney Olympic Park Hockey Centre Sydney Showground Stadium The Australian Golf Club The Lakes Golf Club Valvoline Raceway Warwick Farm Racecourse Wentworth Park Western Sydney International Dragway Transportation Anzac Bridge Bradfield Highway Broadway Cahill Expressway Captain Cook Bridge Central station Circular Quay City Circle Cross City Tunnel Devonshire Street Tunnel Eastern Distributor George Street Gladesville Bridge Gore Hill Freeway Liverpool -- Parramatta T - way M2 Hills Motorway M4 Western Motorway M5 Motorway Macquarie Street North - West T - way Norton Street Opal card Oxford Street Pacific Highway Parramatta Road Pitt Street Princes Highway Pyrmont Bridge Roseville Bridge Southern Cross Drive Spit Bridge Sydney Airport State Transit Authority Sydney Ferries Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Tunnel Sydney Light Rail Sydney Metro ( proposed ) Sydney Trains Tom Uglys Bridge Warringah Freeway Westlink M7 William Street Entertainment Casula Powerhouse Capitol Theatre Entertainment Quarter Fox Studios Australia Luna Park Sydney Lyric Plaza Theatre The Star State Theatre Sydney Super Dome Sydney Theatre Theatre Royal Wet'n'Wild Beaches Avalon Bondi & North Bondi Bronte Clovelly Coogee Cronulla Manly Maroubra Newport Palm Beach Tamarama Islands Bare Clark Cockatoo Fort Denison Garden Goat Rodd Shark Snapper Spectacle Sydney New Year 's Eve Events 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Venues Main venues Sydney Harbour Harbour Bridge Opera House Dawes Point Royal Botanic Gardens Circular Quay Other vantage points Clark Island Cockatoo Island Darling Harbour Fort Denison Goat Island Shark Island The Rocks Waverton Related 9pm Family Fireworks Midnight Fireworks Architecture of Sydney Historical buildings and structures ( pre-1930s ) Central railway station Chief Secretary 's Conservatorium of Music Downing Centre Education Department General Post Office Government House Hong Kong House Hyde Park Barracks Hyde Park Obelisk Lands Department Mortuary railway station Parliament House Queen Victoria Building St Andrew 's Cathedral St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Hospital The Mint Town Hall Trades Hall University of Sydney ( Main Quad . ) Modern buildings and structures ( post-1930s ) ANZAC War Memorial Auburn Gallipoli Mosque Aurora Place Australia Square Central Park Chifley Tower Citigroup Centre Dr Chau Chak Wing Building Deutsche Bank Place Dunc Gray Velodrome Governor Phillip Tower Grace Building International Towers Latitude MLC Centre Paddy 's Markets ( redev . ) Suncorp Place Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Opera House Sydney Tower UTS Tower World Tower Notable people Architects NSW Government architects Styles Non-residential Residential Tallest buildings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Harbour_Bridge&oldid=800190352 '' Categories : Australian National Heritage List Bridges completed in 1932 Bridges in Sydney Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Railway bridges in New South Wales Road - rail bridges Sydney Harbour Sydney New Year 's Eve Through arch bridges in Australia Toll bridges in Australia Toll roads in Australia Tourist attractions in Sydney 1932 establishments in Australia Roads with a reversible lane Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Australian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 00 : 36 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the sydney harbour bridge finished building	[ "\n\nSydney Harbour Bridge\n\n\n\nSydney Harbour Bridge in late-January 2010\n\n\n\nCoordinates\n33°51′08″S 151°12′38″E / 33.85222°S 151.21056°E / -33.85222; 151.21056Coordinates: 33°51′08″S 151°12′38″E / 33.85222°S 151.21056°E / -33.85222; 151.21056\n\n\nCarries\n\n\n\nBradfield Highway\nNorth Shore railway line\n1 pedestrian way\n1 cycleway\n\n\n\n\n\nCrosses\nPort Jackson (Sydney Harbour)\n\n\nLocale\nSydney, Australia (Map)\n\n\nOfficial name\nSydney Harbour Bridge\n\n\nOwner\nGovernment of New South Wales\n\n\nMaintained by\nRoads and Maritime Services\n\n\nHeritage status\nHistoric listed place\n\n\nAustralian Heritage Database\n105888[1]\n\n\nPreceded by\nGladesville Bridge\n\n\nCharacteristics\n\n\nDesign\nThrough arch bridge\n\n\nTotal length\n1,149 m (3,770 ft)\n\n\nWidth\n48.8 m (160 ft)\n\n\nHeight\n134 m (440 ft)\n\n\nLongest span\n503 m (1,650 ft)\n\n\nNo. of spans\n1\n\n\nClearance below\n49 m (161 ft) at mid-span\n\n\nNo. of lanes\n8\n\n\nRail characteristics\n\n\nNo. of tracks\n2\n\n\nTrack gauge\n1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge\n\n\nElectrified\n1500 V DC overhead\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nConstruction start\n28 July 1923 (1923-07-28)\n\n\nConstruction end\n19 January 1932 (1932-01-19)\n\n\nInaugurated\n19 March 1932 (1932-03-19)\n\n\nOpened\n19 March 1932 (1932-03-19)\n\n\nStatistics\n\n\nToll\nTime of day tolling (southbound only)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSydney Harbour Bridge\n\n\nLocation in Sydney\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "19 January 1932" ]
-8921208621215886068	Energy level	Energy level - wikipedia Energy level Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Energy levels for an electron in an atom : ground state and excited states . After absorbing energy , an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher energy excited state . Quantum mechanics H ^ ψ ( t ) ⟩ = i ħ ∂ ∂ t ψ ( t ) ⟩ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( H ) ) \ psi ( t ) \ rangle = i \ hbar ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial t ) ) \ psi ( t ) \ rangle ) Schrödinger equation Introduction Glossary History Background ( show ) Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Bra -- ket notation Hamiltonian Interference Fundamentals ( show ) Complementarity Decoherence Entanglement Energy level Measurement Nonlocality Quantum number State Superposition Symmetry Tunnelling Uncertainty Wave function ( collapse ) Experiments ( show ) Afshar Bell 's inequality Davisson -- Germer Double - slit Elitzur -- Vaidman Franck -- Hertz Leggett -- Garg inequality Mach -- Zehnder Popper Quantum eraser ( delayed - choice ) Schrödinger 's cat Stern -- Gerlach Wheeler 's delayed - choice Formulations ( show ) Overview Heisenberg Interaction Matrix Phase - space Schrödinger Sum - over-histories ( path integral ) Equations ( show ) Dirac Klein -- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations ( show ) Overview Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie -- Bohm Ensemble Hidden - variable Many - worlds Objective collapse Bayesian Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Scale relativity Transactional Advanced topics ( show ) Relativistic quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum information science Quantum computing Quantum chaos Density matrix Fractional quantum mechanics Scattering theory Quantum statistical mechanics Quantum machine learning Scientists ( show ) Aharonov Bell Blackett Bloch Bohm Bohr Bose de Broglie Candlin Compton Dirac Davisson Debye Ehrenfest Einstein Everett Fock Fermi Feynman Glauber Gutzwiller Heisenberg Hilbert Jordan Kramers Pauli Lamb Landau Laue Moseley Millikan Onnes Planck Rabi Raman Rydberg Schrödinger Sommerfeld von Neumann Weyl Wien Wigner Zeeman Zeilinger A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound -- that is , confined spatially -- can only take on certain discrete values of energy . This contrasts with classical particles , which can have any energy . These discrete values are called energy levels . The term is commonly used for the energy levels of electrons in atoms , ions , or molecules , which are bound by the electric field of the nucleus , but can also refer to energy levels of nuclei or vibrational or rotational energy levels in molecules . The energy spectrum of a system with such discrete energy levels is said to be quantized . In chemistry and atomic physics , an electron shell , or a principal energy level , may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom 's nucleus . The closest shell to the nucleus is called the `` 1 shell '' ( also called `` K shell '' ) , followed by the `` 2 shell '' ( or `` L shell '' ) , then the `` 3 shell '' ( or `` M shell '' ) , and so on farther and farther from the nucleus . The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ... ) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation ( K , L , M , ... ) . Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons : The first shell can hold up to two electrons , the second shell can hold up to eight ( 2 + 6 ) electrons , the third shell can hold up to 18 ( 2 + 6 + 10 ) and so on . The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2 ( n ) electrons . Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus , an atom 's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons . However , this is not a strict requirement : atoms may have two or even three incomplete outer shells . ( See Madelung rule for more details . ) For an explanation of why electrons exist in these shells see electron configuration . If the potential energy is set to zero at infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule , the usual convention , then bound electron states have negative potential energy . If an atom , ion , or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level , it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state . If it is at a higher energy level , it is said to be excited , or any electrons that have higher energy than the ground state are excited . If more than one quantum mechanical state is at the same energy , the energy levels are `` degenerate '' . They are then called degenerate energy levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 History 3 Atoms 3.1 Intrinsic energy levels 3.1. 1 Orbital state energy level : atom / ion with nucleus + one electron 3.1. 2 Electron - electron interactions in atoms 3.1. 3 Fine structure splitting 3.1. 4 Hyperfine structure 3.2 Energy levels due to external fields 3.2. 1 Zeeman effect 3.2. 2 Stark effect 4 Molecules 4.1 Energy level diagrams 5 Energy level transitions 6 Crystalline materials 7 See also 8 References Explanation ( edit ) Wavefunctions of a hydrogen atom , showing the probability of finding the electron in the space around the nucleus . Each stationary state defines a specific energy level of the atom . Quantized energy levels result from the relation between a particle 's energy and its wavelength . For a confined particle such as an electron in an atom , the wave function has the form of standing waves . Only stationary states with energies corresponding to integral numbers of wavelengths can exist ; for other states the waves interfere destructively , resulting in zero probability density . Elementary examples that show mathematically how energy levels come about are the particle in a box and the quantum harmonic oscillator . History ( edit ) The first evidence of quantization in atoms was the observation of spectral lines in light from the sun in the early 1800s by Joseph von Fraunhofer and William Hyde Wollaston . The notion of energy levels was proposed in 1913 by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in the Bohr theory of the atom . The modern quantum mechanical theory giving an explanation of these energy levels in terms of the Schrödinger equation was advanced by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg in 1926 . Atoms ( edit ) Intrinsic energy levels ( edit ) In the formulas for energy of electrons at various levels given below in an atom , the zero point for energy is set when the electron in question has completely left the atom , i.e. when the electron 's principal quantum number n = ∞ . When the electron is bound to the atom in any closer value of n , the electron 's energy is lower and is considered negative . Orbital state energy level : atom / ion with nucleus + one electron ( edit ) Assume there is one electron in a given atomic orbital in a hydrogen - like atom ( ion ) . The energy of its state is mainly determined by the electrostatic interaction of the ( negative ) electron with the ( positive ) nucleus . The energy levels of an electron around a nucleus are given by : E n = − h c R ∞ Z 2 n 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = - hcR_ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( Z ^ ( 2 ) ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( typically between 1 eV and 10 eV ) , where R is the Rydberg constant , Z is the atomic number , n is the principal quantum number , h is Planck 's constant , and c is the speed of light . For hydrogen - like atoms ( ions ) only , the Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number n . This equation is obtained from combining the Rydberg formula for any hydrogen - like element ( shown below ) with E = h ν = h c / λ assuming that the principal quantum number n above = n in the Rydberg formula and n = ∞ ( principal quantum number of the energy level the electron descends from , when emitting a photon ) . The Rydberg formula was derived from empirical spectroscopic emission data . 1 λ = R Z 2 ( 1 n 1 2 − 1 n 2 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ lambda ) ) = RZ ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) An equivalent formula can be derived quantum mechanically from the time - independent Schrödinger equation with a kinetic energy Hamiltonian operator using a wave function as an eigenfunction to obtain the energy levels as eigenvalues , but the Rydberg constant would be replaced by other fundamental physics constants . Electron - electron interactions in atoms ( edit ) If there is more than one electron around the atom , electron - electron - interactions raise the energy level . These interactions are often neglected if the spatial overlap of the electron wavefunctions is low . For multi-electron atoms , interactions between electrons cause the preceding equation to be no longer accurate as stated simply with Z as the atomic number . A simple ( though not complete ) way to understand this is as a shielding effect , where the outer electrons see an effective nucleus of reduced charge , since the inner electrons are bound tightly to the nucleus and partially cancel its charge . This leads to an approximate correction where Z is substituted with an effective nuclear charge symbolized as Z that depends strongly on the principal quantum number . E n , l = − h c R ∞ Z e f f 2 n 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n , l ) = - hcR_ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( Z_ ( \ rm ( eff ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ ) In such cases , the orbital types ( determined by the azimuthal quantum number l ) as well as their levels within the molecule affect Z and therefore also affect the various atomic electron energy levels . The Aufbau principle of filling an atom with electrons for an electron configuration takes these differing energy levels into account . For filling an atom with electrons in the ground state , the lowest energy levels are filled first and consistent with the Pauli exclusion principle , the Aufbau principle , and Hund 's rule . Fine structure splitting ( edit ) Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections , spin -- orbit coupling ( an electrodynamic interaction between the electron 's spin and motion and the nucleus 's electric field ) and the Darwin term ( contact term interaction of s shell electrons inside the nucleus ) . These affect the levels by a typical order of magnitude of 10 eV . Hyperfine structure ( edit ) Main article : Hyperfine structure This even finer structure is due to electron -- nucleus spin -- spin interaction , resulting in a typical change in the energy levels by a typical order of magnitude of 10 eV . Energy levels due to external fields ( edit ) Zeeman effect ( edit ) Main article : Zeeman effect There is an interaction energy associated with the magnetic dipole moment , μ , arising from the electronic orbital angular momentum , L , given by U = − μ L ⋅ B ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) _ ( L ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) ) with − μ L = e ħ 2 m L = μ B L ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) _ ( L ) = ( \ dfrac ( e \ hbar ) ( 2m ) ) \ mathbf ( L ) = \ mu _ ( B ) \ mathbf ( L ) ) . Additionally taking into account the magnetic momentum arising from the electron spin . Due to relativistic effects ( Dirac equation ) , there is a magnetic momentum , μ , arising from the electron spin − μ S = − μ B g S S ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) _ ( S ) = - \ mu _ ( B ) g_ ( S ) \ mathbf ( S ) ) , with g the electron - spin g - factor ( about 2 ) , resulting in a total magnetic moment , μ , μ = μ L + μ S ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) = ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) _ ( L ) + ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) _ ( S ) ) . The interaction energy therefore becomes U B = − μ ⋅ B = μ B B ( M L + g S M S ) ( \ displaystyle U_ ( B ) = - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) = \ mu _ ( B ) B ( M_ ( L ) + g_ ( S ) M_ ( S ) ) ) . Stark effect ( edit ) Main article : Stark effect Molecules ( edit ) Chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule form because they make the situation more stable for the involved atoms , which generally means the sum energy level for the involved atoms in the molecule is lower than if the atoms were not so bonded . As separate atoms approach each other to covalently bond , their orbitals affect each other 's energy levels to form bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals . The energy level of the bonding orbitals is lower , and the energy level of the antibonding orbitals is higher . For the bond in the molecule to be stable , the covalent bonding electrons occupy the lower energy bonding orbital , which may be signified by such symbols as σ or π depending on the situation . Corresponding anti-bonding orbitals can be signified by adding an asterisk to get σ * or π * orbitals . A non-bonding orbital in a molecule is an orbital with electrons in outer shells which do not participate in bonding and its energy level is the same as that of the constituent atom . Such orbitals can be designated as n orbitals . The electrons in an n orbital are typically lone pairs . In polyatomic molecules , different vibrational and rotational energy levels are also involved . Roughly speaking , a molecular energy state , i.e. an eigenstate of the molecular Hamiltonian , is the sum of the electronic , vibrational , rotational , nuclear , and translational components , such that : E = E e l e c t r o n i c + E v i b r a t i o n a l + E r o t a t i o n a l + E n u c l e a r + E t r a n s l a t i o n a l ( \ displaystyle E = E_ ( \ rm ( electronic ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( vibrational ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( rotational ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( nuclear ) ) + E_ ( \ rm ( translational ) ) \ , ) where E is an eigenvalue of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian ( the value of the potential energy surface ) at the equilibrium geometry of the molecule . The molecular energy levels are labelled by the molecular term symbols . The specific energies of these components vary with the specific energy state and the substance . In molecular physics and quantum chemistry , an energy level is a quantized energy of a bound quantum mechanical state . Energy level diagrams ( edit ) There are various types of energy level diagrams for bonds between atoms in a molecule . Examples Molecular orbital diagrams , Jablonski diagrams , and Franck -- Condon diagrams . Energy level transitions ( edit ) Further information : atomic electron transition and molecular electron transition An increase in energy level from E to E resulting from absorption of a photon represented by the red squiggly arrow , and whose energy is h ν A decrease in energy level from E to E resulting in emission of a photon represented by the red squiggly arrow , and whose energy is h ν Electrons in atoms and molecules can change ( make transitions in ) energy levels by emitting or absorbing a photon ( of electromagnetic radiation ) , whose energy must be exactly equal to the energy difference between the two levels . Electrons can also be completely removed from a chemical species such as an atom , molecule , or ion . Complete removal of an electron from an atom can be a form of ionization , which is effectively moving the electron out to an orbital with an infinite principal quantum number , in effect so far away so as to have practically no more effect on the remaining atom ( ion ) . For various types of atoms , there are 1st , 2nd , 3rd , etc . ionization energies for removing the 1st , then the 2nd , then the 3rd , etc. of the highest energy electrons , respectively , from the atom originally in the ground state . Energy in corresponding opposite quantities can also be released , sometimes in the form of photon energy , when electrons are added to positively charged ions or sometimes atoms . Molecules can also undergo transitions in their vibrational or rotational energy levels . Energy level transitions can also be nonradiative , meaning emission or absorption of a photon is not involved . If an atom , ion , or molecule is at the lowest possible energy level , it and its electrons are said to be in the ground state . If it is at a higher energy level , it is said to be excited , or any electrons that have higher energy than the ground state are excited . Such a species can be excited to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon whose energy is equal to the energy difference between the levels . Conversely , an excited species can go to a lower energy level by spontaneously emitting a photon equal to the energy difference . A photon 's energy is equal to Planck 's constant ( h ) times its frequency ( f ) and thus is proportional to its frequency , or inversely to its wavelength ( λ ) . ΔE = h f = h c / λ , since c , the speed of light , equals to f λ Correspondingly , many kinds of spectroscopy are based on detecting the frequency or wavelength of the emitted or absorbed photons to provide information on the material analyzed , including information on the energy levels and electronic structure of materials obtained by analyzing the spectrum . An asterisk is commonly used to designate an excited state . An electron transition in a molecule 's bond from a ground state to an excited state may have a designation such as σ → σ * , π → π * , or n → π * meaning excitation of an electron from a σ bonding to a σ antibonding orbital , from a π bonding to a π antibonding orbital , or from an n non-bonding to a π antibonding orbital . Reverse electron transitions for all these types of excited molecules are also possible to return to their ground states , which can be designated as σ * → σ , π * → π , or π * → n . A transition in an energy level of an electron in a molecule may be combined with a vibrational transition and called a vibronic transition . A vibrational and rotational transition may be combined by rovibrational coupling . In rovibronic coupling , electron transitions are simultaneously combined with both vibrational and rotational transitions . Photons involved in transitions may have energy of various ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum , such as X-ray , ultraviolet , visible light , infrared , or microwave radiation , depending on the type of transition . In a very general way , energy level differences between electronic states are larger , differences between vibrational levels are intermediate , and differences between rotational levels are smaller , although there can be overlap . Translational energy levels are practically continuous and can be calculated as kinetic energy using classical mechanics . Higher temperature causes fluid atoms and molecules to move faster increasing their translational energy , and thermally excites molecules to higher average amplitudes of vibrational and rotational modes ( excites the molecules to higher internal energy levels ) . This means that as temperature rises , translational , vibrational , and rotational contributions to molecular heat capacity let molecules absorb heat and hold more internal energy . Conduction of heat typically occurs as molecules or atoms collide transferring the heat between each other . At even higher temperatures , electrons can be thermally excited to higher energy orbitals in atoms or molecules . A subsequent drop of an electron to a lower energy level can release a photon , causing a possibly colored glow . An electron farther from the nucleus has higher potential energy than an electron closer to the nucleus , thus it becomes less bound to the nucleus , since its potential energy is negative and inversely dependent on its distance from the nucleus . Crystalline materials ( edit ) Crystalline solids are found to have energy bands , instead of or in addition to energy levels . Electrons can take on any energy within an unfilled band . At first this appears to be an exception to the requirement for energy levels . However , as shown in band theory , energy bands are actually made up of many discrete energy levels which are too close together to resolve . Within a band the number of levels is of the order of the number of atoms in the crystal , so although electrons are actually restricted to these energies , they appear to be able to take on a continuum of values . The important energy levels in a crystal are the top of the valence band , the bottom of the conduction band , the Fermi level , the vacuum level , and the energy levels of any defect states in the crystal . See also ( edit ) Perturbation theory ( quantum mechanics ) Computational chemistry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Re : Why do electron shells have set limits ? madsci.org , 17 March 1999 , Dan Berger , Faculty Chemistry / Science , Bluffton College Jump up ^ Electron Subshells . Corrosion Source . Retrieved on 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : UV - Visible Absorption Spectra Jump up ^ Theory of Ultraviolet - Visible ( UV - Vis ) Spectroscopy Jump up ^ http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Electron-Density-and-Potential-Energy-899.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_level&oldid=806764818 '' Categories : Chemical properties Atomic physics Molecular physics Quantum chemistry Theoretical chemistry Computational chemistry Spectroscopy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2014 Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said in an atom electrons are located in energy levels	[ "The first evidence of quantization in atoms was the observation of spectral lines in light from the sun in the early 1800s by Joseph von Fraunhofer and William Hyde Wollaston. The notion of energy levels was proposed in 1913 by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in the Bohr theory of the atom. The modern quantum mechanical theory giving an explanation of these energy levels in terms of the Schrödinger equation was advanced by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg in 1926." ]	[ "Niels Bohr" ]
3332039995814282734	Professional certification	Professional certification - wikipedia Professional certification Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2015 ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Professional certification , trade certification , or professional designation , often called simply certification or qualification , is a designation earned by a person to assure qualification to perform a job or task . Not all certifications that use post-nominal letters are an acknowledgement of educational achievement , or an agency appointed to safeguard the public interest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Types of certifications 3 Professional certificates awarded by universities 3.1 Advanced professional certificate 4 Areas of certification 4.1 Accountancy , auditing and finance 4.1. 1 Accounting and external auditing 4.1. 2 Internal auditing and fraud combat 4.1. 3 Finance 4.1. 3.1 Investments 4.1. 3.2 Personal finance 4.1. 3.3 Public finance 4.2 Architecture 4.3 Archival Science and Records Management 4.4 Aviation 4.5 Biomedical 4.6 Business 4.7 Chiropractic 4.8 Communications 4.9 Computer technology 4.10 Contract Management 4.11 Dance 4.12 Dentistry 4.13 Electronics 4.14 Emergency management 4.15 Engineering 4.16 Facility Management 4.17 Warehousing management 4.18 Entrepreneurial profession 4.19 Environment 4.20 Environmental health 4.21 Explosive atmospheres 4.22 Fiber optics and data cabling 4.23 Genealogy 4.24 Health leadership 4.25 Healthcare quality 4.26 Hospitality and tourism 4.27 Industrial hygiene 4.28 Information quality 4.29 Information security 4.30 Insurance and risk management 4.31 Language education 4.32 Legal affairs 4.33 Logistics and transport 4.34 Management 4.35 Mediation 4.36 Ministers 4.37 Medicine 4.38 Medical coding and billing 4.39 Peer support 4.40 Physical asset management 4.41 Plumbing 4.42 Project management 4.43 Public relations 4.44 Public health 4.45 Real estate 4.46 Renewable energy 4.47 Research administration 4.48 Safety 4.49 Sales 4.50 Customer relationship management 4.51 Security 4.52 Speaking 4.53 Supply chain management 4.54 Training 5 Other applications 6 Criticisms 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) A certification is a third - party attestation of an individual 's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession . They are granted by authorities in the field , such as professional societies and universities , or by private certificate - granting agencies . Most certifications are time - limited ; some expire after a period of time ( e.g. , the lifetime of a product that required certification for use ) , while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met . Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up - to - date on advancements in the field , evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits ( CECs ) , or continuing education units ( CEUs ) , from approved professional development courses . Many certification programs are affiliated with professional associations , trade organizations , or private vendors interested in raising industry standards . Certificate programs are often created or endorsed by professional associations , but are typically completely independent from membership organizations . Certifications are very common in fields such as aviation , construction , technology , environment , and other industrial sectors , as well as healthcare , business , real estate , and finance . According to The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs ( 1997 ) by Phillip Barnhart , `` certifications are portable , since they do not depend on one company 's definition of a certain job '' and they provide protential employers with `` an impartial , third - party endorsement of an individual 's professional knowledge and experience '' . Certification is different from professional licensure . In the United States , licenses are typically issued by state agencies , whereas certifications are usually awarded by professional societies or educational institutes . Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields , but in others , certification from a government - accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks . In other countries , licenses are typically granted by professional societies or universities and require a certificate after about three to five years and so on thereafter . The assessment process for certification may be more comprehensive than that of licensure , though sometimes the assessment process is very similar or even the same , despite differing in terms of legal status . The American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) defines the standard for being a certifying agency as meeting the following two requirements : Delivering an assessment based on industry knowledge that is independent from training courses or course providers Granting a time - limited credential to anyone who meets the assessment standards The Institute for Credentialing Excellence ( ICE ) is a U.S. - based organization that sets standards for the accreditation of personnel certification and certificate programs based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing , a joint publication of the American Educational Research Association ( AERA ) , the American Psychological Association ( APA ) , and the National Council on Measurement in Education ( NCME ) . Many members of the Association of Test Publishers ( ATP ) are also certification organizations . Types of certifications ( edit ) There are three general types of certification . Listed in order of development level and portability , they are : corporate ( internal ) , product - specific , and profession - wide . Corporate , or `` internal '' certifications , are made by a corporation or low - stakes organization for internal purposes . For example , a corporation might require a one - day training course for all sales personnel , after which they receive a certificate . While this certificate has limited portability -- to other corporations , for example -- it is the most simple to develop . Product - specific certifications are more involved , and are intended to be referenced to a product across all applications . This approach is very prevalent in the information technology ( IT ) industry , where personnel are certified on a version of software or hardware . This type of certification is portable across locations ( for example , different corporations that use that software ) , but not across other products . Another example could be the certifications issued for shipping personnel , which are under international standards even for the recognition of the certification body , under the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) . The most general type of certification is profession - wide . Certification in the medical profession is often offered by particular specialties . In order to apply professional standards , increase the level of practice , and protect the public , a professional organization might establish a certification . This is intended to be portable to all places a certified professional might work . Of course , this generalization increases the cost of such a program ; the process to establish a legally defensible assessment of an entire profession is very extensive . An example of this is a Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ) , which would not be certified for just one corporation or one piece of accountancy software but for general work in the profession . Professional certificates awarded by universities ( edit ) Many universities grant professional certificates as an award for the completion of an educational program . The curriculum of a professional certificate is most often in a focused subject matter . Many professional certificates have the same curriculum as master 's degrees in the same subject . Many other professional certificates offer the same courses as master 's degrees in the same subject , but require the student to take fewer total courses to complete the program . Some professional certificates have a curriculum that more closely resembles a baccalaureate major in the same field . The typical professional certificate program is between 200 -- 300 class - hours in size . It is uncommon for a program to be larger or smaller than that . Most professional certificate programs are open enrollment , but some have admissions processes . A few universities put some of their professional certificates into a subclass they refer to as advanced professional certificates . Some of the more commonly offered professional certificates include : Professional Certificate in Accounting ( PCA ) Professional Certificate in Contract Management ( PCCM ) Professional Certificate in Customer Relationship Management ( PCCRM ) Professional Certificate in Facility Management ( PCFM ) Professional Certificate in Financial Planning ( PCFP ) Professional Certificate in Graphic Design ( PCGD ) Professional Certificate in Human Resources ( PCHR ) Professional Certificate in Marketing ( PCM ) Professional Certificate in Paralegal Studies ( PCPS ) Professional Certificate in Project Management ( PCPM ) Professional Certificate in Supply Chain Management ( PCSCM ) Professional Certificate in Store Management ( PCSM ) Professional Certificate in Materials Management ( PCMM ) Professional Certificate in Technical Communication ( PCTC ) Advanced professional Certificate ( edit ) Advanced professional certificates are professional credentials designed to help professionals enhance their job performance and marketability in their respective fields . In many other countries , certificates are qualifications in higher education . In the United States , a certificate may be offered by an institute of higher education . These certificates usually signify that a student has reached a standard of knowledge of a certain vocational subject . Certificate programs can be completed more quickly than associate degrees and often do not have general education requirements . An advanced professional certificate is a result of an educational process designed for individuals . Certificates are designed for both newcomers to the industry as well as seasoned professionals . Certificates are awarded by an educational program or academic institution . Completion of a certificate program indicates completion of a course or series of courses with a specific concentration that is different from an educational degree program . Course content for an advanced certificate is set forth through a variety of sources i.e. faculty , committee , instructors , and other subject matter experts in a related field . The end goal of an advanced professional certificate is so that professionals may demonstrate knowledge of course content at the end of a set period in time . Institutions that offer advance professional certificates in various fields and industries include : Georgetown University Lesley University New York University St. John 's University Stanford University University of San Francisco Areas of certification ( edit ) Accountancy , Auditing and Finance ( edit ) There are many professional bodies for accountants and auditors throughout the world ; some of them are legally recognized in their jurisdictions . Public accountants are the accountancy and control experts that are legally certified in different jurisdictions to work in public practices , certifying accounts as statutory auditors , eventually selling advice and services to other individuals and businesses . Today , however , many work within private corporations , financial industry , and government bodies . Accounting and external Auditing ( edit ) Cf . Accountancy qualifications and regulation CA ( Chartered Accountant ) conferred by Institutes of Chartered Accountants in Nepal . ACA , FCA or CA ( Chartered Accountant ) conferred by Institutes of Chartered Accountants in various territories , namely the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . ACMA or FCMA ( Associate or Fellow Chartered Management Accountant ) conferred by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants ( UK ) Associate or Fellow Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA or FCCA ) conferred by Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( UK ) AFA or FFA ( Associate or Fellow Incorporated Financial Accountant ) conferred by the Institute of Financial Accountants ( UK ) AAIA or FAIA ( Associate or Fellow International Accountant ) conferred by Association of International Accountants MIPA or FIPA ( Member or Fellow of the Institute of Public Accountants who use the designation `` Public Accountant '' ) conferred by the Institute of Public Accountants ( Australia ) CPA ( Certified Public Accountant ) conferred by State Accountancy Boards in the USA , Hong - Kong , Australia ... CMA ( Certified Management Accountant ) conferred by Institute of Certified Management Accountants ( ICMA in Australia ) , Institute of Management Accountants ( IMA in US ) CCC ( Chartered Cost Controllers ) issued and conferred by the American Academy of Financial Management USA Certifying Board ( AAFM ) Internal auditing and fraud combat ( edit ) CIA ( Certified Internal Auditor ) , CCSA ; Certification in Control Self Assessment , CGAP ; Certified Government Auditing Professional'CRMA ; Certification in risk Management Assurance ' QIAL Qualification in Internal Audit Leadership conferred by the worldwide recognised Institute of Internal Auditors ( IIA ) headquartered in Altamonte Springs Florida with chapters in many countries CFE ( Certified Fraud Examiner ) conferred by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners ( ACFE ) headquartered in Texas with chapters in many countries CISA ( Certified Information Systems Auditor ) awarded by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association headquartered in the USA with chapters in many countries Finance ( edit ) Investments ( edit ) ASA ( Accredited Senior Appraiser ) , conferred by the American Society of Appraisers CAIA ( Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst ) conferred by the CAIA Association CFA ( Chartered Financial Analyst ) conferred by CFA Institute ( CFAI ) CIIA ( Certified International Investment Analyst ) conferred by the Association of Certified International Investment Analysts ( ACIIA ) PRM ( Professional Risk Manager ) conferred by Professional Risk Managers International ( PRM ) Personal finance ( edit ) CFP ( Certified Financial Planner ) conferred by Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards and Financial Planning Standards Board CCP ( Certified Credit Professional ) issued to credit management professionals in Canada by the Credit Institute of Canada EA ( Enrolled Agent ) by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Public finance ( edit ) CCMT ( Certified California Municipal Treasurer ) conferred by California Municipal Treasurers Association ( CMTA ) CGAP ( Certified Government Auditing Professional ) conferred by the Institute of Internal Auditors , based on the US Government Auditing Standards ( Yellow Book ) and additionally on COSO , IIA standards and INTOSAI ISSAI standards recognized worldwide in public finance CDFM ( Certified Defense Financial Manager ) conferred by American Society of Military Comptrollers ( ASMC ) CFO ( Certified Financial Officer ) conferred by the Carl Vinson Institute of Government of the University of Georgia CGFM ( Certified Government Financial Manager ) conferred by Association of Government Accountants ( AGA ) CGAT ( Certified Governmental Accounting Technician ) , conferred by Government Finance Officers Association of Alabama CGFO ( Certified Government Finance Officer ) conferred by Government Finance Officers Association of Texas ( GFOAT ) CGFO ( Certified Government Finance Officer ) , conferred by Florida Government Finance Officers Association ( FGFOA ) CGFO ( Certified Government Finance Officer ) conferred by Louisiana Government Finance Officers Association CMFO ( Certified Municipal Finance Officer ) conferred by Government Finance Officers of New Jersey , Rutgers University , and the State of New Jersey CMFO ( Certified Municipal Finance Officer ) conferred by Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury and the Municipal Technical Advisory Service CPFO ( Certified Public Finance Officer ) conferred by Government Finance Officers Association CPFA ( Certified Public Finance Administrator ) conferred by Association of Public Treasurers of the United States and Canada ( APTUSC ) GFO ( Government Finance Officer ) conferred by Government Finance Officers Association of South Carolina ( GFOASC ) North Carolina Local Governmental Finance Officer conferred by North Carolina Government Finance Officers Association and the North Carolina Association of County Finance Officers Architecture ( edit ) AIA ( Member , American Institute of Architects ) conferred by American Institute of Architects FAIA ( Fellow , American Institute of Architects ) conferred by American Institute of Architects Archival Science and Records Management ( edit ) CIP ( Certified Information Professional ) conferred by AIIM CIPM ( Certified Information Privacy Manager ) conferred by International Association of Privacy Professionals CIPP ( Certified Information Privacy Professional ) conferred by International Association of Privacy Professionals CIPT ( Certified Information Privacy Technologist ) conferred by International Association of Privacy Professionals CRA ( Certified Records Analyst ) conferred by Institute of Certified Records Managers CRM ( Certified Records Manager ) conferred by Institute of Certified Records Managers IGP ( Information Governance Professional ) conferred by ARMA International Aviation ( edit ) Aviators are certified through theoretical and in - flight examinations . Requirements for certifications are quite equal in most countries and are regulated by each National Aviation Authority . The existing certificates or pilot licenses are : SPL ( Sport Pilot License ) conferred by the FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) PPL ( Private Pilot License ) conferred by the FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) or JAA ( Joint Aviation Authorities ) CPL ( Commercial Pilot Licence ) conferred by the FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) or JAA ( Joint Aviation Authorities ) ATP ( Airline Transport Pilot ) conferred by the FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) or JAA ( Joint Aviation Authorities ) Licensing in these categories require not only examinations but also a minimum number of flight hours . All categories are available for Fixed - Wing Aircraft ( airplanes ) and Rotatory - Wing Aircraft ( helicopters ) . Within each category , aviators may also obtain certifications in : Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) Multi-engine aircraft Turbojet Engines Jet Engines Experimental aircraft Amphibious aircraft Seaplanes Usually , aviators must be certified also in their log books for the type and model of aircraft they are allowed to fly . Currency checks as well as regular medical check - ups with a frequency of 6 months , 12 months , or 36 months , depending on the type of flying permitted , are obligatory . An aviator can fly only if holding : A valid pilot license A valid medical certificate Valid certifications for the type of aircraft and type of flight . In Europe , the ANSP , ATCO & ANSP technicians are certified according to ESARRs ( 2 ) ( according to EU regulation 2096 / 2005 `` Common Requirements '' ) . Biomedical ( edit ) BMD ( Biomedical Electronics Technician ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association BIET ( Biomedical Imaging Electronics Technician ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association Business ( edit ) Main article : Professional certification ( business ) Chiropractic ( edit ) Main article : List of chiropractic credentials Communications ( edit ) In the United States , several communications certifications are conferred by the Electronics Technicians Association . Computer technology ( edit ) Main article : Professional certification ( computer technology ) Certification is often used in the professions of software engineering and information technology . CITP ( Chartered IT Professional ) conferred by British Computer Society , The Institution of Engineering and Technology and by other professional engineering institutions in the UK and commonwealth Contract Management ( edit ) Main article : Contract management Dance ( edit ) Conferred by the International Dance Council CID at UNESCO , the International Certification of Dance Studies is awarded to students who have completed 150 hours of classes in a specific form of dance for Level 1 . Another 150 hours are required for Level 2 and so on till Level 10 . This is the only international certification for dance since the International Dance Council CID is the official body for all forms of dance ; it is usually given in addition to local or national certificates , that is why it is colloquially called `` the dancer 's passport '' . Students can not apply for this certification directly -- they have to ask their school to apply on their behalf . This certification is awarded free of charge , there is no cost other than membership fees . International Dance Council CID at UNESCO administers the International Certification of Dance Studies . Dentistry ( edit ) Main article : Dentistry § Education_and_licensing Electronics ( edit ) In the United States , several electronics certifications are provided by the Electronics Technicians Association . Emergency Management ( edit ) See also : Emergency Management Institute The Federal Emergency Management Agency 's EMI offers credentials and training opportunities for United States citizens . Students do not have to be employed by FEMA or be federal employees for some of the programs . Executive Fire Officer Program ( EFOP ) Emergency Management Professional Program ( EMPP ) Master Exercise Practitioner Program ( MEPP ) Integrated Emergency Management Courses ( IEMC ) Disaster Field Training Operations ( DFTO ) Master Trainer Program ( MTP ) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Virtual Table Top Exercise ( VTTX ) Series Continuity Excellence Series , Level I and II Professional Development Series ( PDS ) Credential Advance Professional Series ( APS ) Credential Engineering ( edit ) Professional engineering is any act of planning , designing , composing , measuring , evaluating , inspecting , advising , reporting , directing or supervising , or managing any of the foregoing , that requires the application of engineering principles and that concerns the safeguarding of life , health , property , economic interests , the public interest or the environment . P. Eng . ( Professional Engineer ) , conferred by provincial licensing bodies in Canada . Ir. or P. Eng . ( Professional Engineer ) , conferred by Board of Engineers Malaysia ( BEM ) in Malaysia . PE ( Professional Engineer ) , conferred by state licensing bodies in the United States . PE ( Power Engineer ) , conferred by Safety Authority in Canada EUR ING ( European Engineer ) , conferred by the European Federation of National Engineering Associations ( FEANI ) . C. Eng . ( Chartered Engineer ) , conferred by professional engineering institutions in the UK and commonwealth SMIEEE ( Senior member of the IEEE ) , a professional designation throughout all of the United States Facility Management ( edit ) Facility management can be defined as an aspect of engineering management science that deals with the planning , designing , coordination of space and maintenance of a built environment to enhance quality service management system . Service Quality System includes activities like security , maintenance , catering , and external as well as internal cleaning . In general , it is also the coordination and harmonization of various specialist disciplines to create the best possible working environment for staff . Facility management is an interdisciplinary field devoted to the coordination of space , infrastructure , people and organization , often associated with the administration of office blocks , arenas , schools , convention centers , shopping complexes , hospitals , hotels , etc . However , FM facilitates on a wider range of activities than just business services and these are referred to as non-core functions . CFE ( Certified Facilities Executive ) , conferred by the International Association of Venue Managers ( IAVM ) . CFMP -- Chartered Facility Management Professional conferred by CICPFM ( Chartered Institute of Contract , Project and Facility Management , Nigeria ) Warehousing Management ( edit ) A warehouse management system ( WMS ) is a part of the supply chain and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse and process the associated transactions , including shipping , receiving , putaway and picking . The systems also direct and optimize stock putaway based on real - time information about the status of bin utilization . A WMS monitors the progress of products through the warehouse . It involves the physical warehouse infrastructure , tracking systems , and communication between product stations . More precisely , warehouse management involves the receipt , storage and movement of goods , ( normally finished goods ) , to intermediate storage locations or to a final customer . In the multi-echelon model for distribution , there may be multiple levels of warehouses . This includes a central warehouse , a regional warehouses ( serviced by the central warehouse ) and potentially retail warehouses ( serviced by the regional warehouses ) . CSMMP ( Chartered Stores and Materials Management Professional : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Warehousing and Materials Management ( CIWMM ) ACIWM ( Associate Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Warehousing and Materials Management ( CIWMM ) MCIWM ( Chartered Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Warehousing and Materials Management ( CIWMM ) FCIWM ( Chartered Fellow : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Warehousing and Materials Management ( CIWMM ) Entrepreneurial profession ( edit ) Main article : Professional certification and qualification ( Entrepreneurship ) IEA , UK ( International Entrepreneurs Association ) conferred by International Entrepreneurs Association . Environment ( edit ) National Registry of Environmental Professionals , recognized NGO offering list of Environmental and Safety Certifications Institute of Professional Environmental Practice -- Qualified Environmental Professional ( QEP ) Academy of Board Qualified Environmental Professionals -- Certified Environmental Professional ( CEP ) CEnvP -- Certified Environmental Practitioner of Australia and New Zealand ( CEnvP ) International Society of Arboriculture -- internationally recognized body providing ANSI - Accredited certifications for arborists . Certified Arborist , Master Arborist Environmental Professional ( EP ) designation -- Environmental Careers Organization ( ECO ) Canada Green Globes Professional ( GGP ) -- Certified GGPs are industry professionals trained in the Green Globes building assessment and certification process . They may serve as consultants on Green Globes projects , facilitating the building certification process and providing project management for their own clients . Environmental health ( edit ) R.S. -- Registered Sanitarian R.E.H.S. -- Registered Environmental Health Specialist CPHI ( C ) -- Certified Public Health Inspector ( Canada ) Explosive atmospheres ( edit ) IECEx covers the highly specialized field of explosion protection associated with the use of equipment in areas where flammable gases , liquids and combustible dusts may be present . This system provides the assurance that equipment is manufactured to meet safety standards , and that services such as installation , repair and overhaul also comply with IEC International Standards on safety . The United Nations , via UNECE ( United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ) , recommends the IEC and IECEx as the world 's best practice model for the verification of conformity to International Standards . It published a `` Common Regulatory Framework '' encompassing the use of IEC International Standards developed by IEC TC ( Technical Committee ) 31 : Equipment for explosive atmospheres , with proof of compliance demonstrated by IECEx . Fiber optics and data cabling ( edit ) RCDD ( Registered Communications Distribution Designer ) by BICSI DCI ( Data Cabling Installer ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association FOI ( Fiber Optics Installer ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association FOT ( Fiber Optics Technician ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association FOT - OSP ( Fiber Optics Technician - Outside Plant ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association FOD ( Fiber Optics Designer ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association TTT ( Termination and Testing Technician ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association Genealogy ( edit ) AG ( Accredited Genealogist ) conferred by the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Genealogists ( ICAPGen ) . CG ( Certified Genealogist ) conferred by the Board for Certification of Genealogists ( BCG ) . CGL ( Certified Genealogical Lecturer ) conferred by the Board for Certification of Genealogists ( BCG ) . Health leadership ( edit ) CHE ( Certified Health Executive ) conferred by the Canadian College of Health Leaders ( CCHL ) Healthcare quality ( edit ) CHCQM ( Board Certification in Health Care Quality and Management ) conferred by the American Board of Quality Assurance and Utilization Review Physicians CPHQ ( Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality ) conferred by the Healthcare Quality Certification Board of the National Association for Healthcare Quality Hospitality and tourism ( edit ) CHA ( Certified Hotel Administrator ) conferred by American Hotel & Lodging Association CRDE ( Certified Room Division Executive ) conferred by American Hotel & Lodging Association CHE ( Certified Hotel Educator ) conferred by American Hotel & Lodging Association CHRM ( Certified Hotel Revenue Manager ) conferred by American Hotel & Lodging Association CRME ( Certified Revenue Management Executive ) conferred by Hospitality Sales & Marketing International CHDM ( Certified Hospitality Digital Marketer ) conferred by Hospitality Sales & Marketing International CHSE ( Certified Hospitality Sales Executive ) conferred by Hospitality Sales & Marketing International CHSC ( Certified in Hospitality Sales Competencies ) conferred by Hospitality Sales & Marketing International CMP ( Certified Meeting Professional ) conferred by Convention Industry Council CEM ( Certified in Exhibition Management ) conferred by International Association of Exhibitions and Events Industrial hygiene ( edit ) CIH ( Certified Industrial Hygienist ) conferred by American Board of Industrial Hygiene Information quality ( edit ) CDMP ( Certified Data Management Professional ® ) by the International Data Management Association . IQCP ( Information Quality Certified Professional ) conferred by International Association for Information and Data Quality . Information security ( edit ) C CISO , Certified Chief Information Security Officer by EC - Council CEH , Certified Ethical Hacker by EC - Council CHFI , Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator Certification by EC - Council CND , Certified Network Defender by EC - Council ECSA , EC - Council Certified Security Analyst LPT , Licensed Penetration Tester by EC - Council CISM , Certified Information Security Manager by ISACA CISSP , Certified Information System Security Professional by ( ISC ) 2 SSCP , Systems Security Certified Practitioner by ( ISC ) 2 CAP , Certified Authorization Professional by ( ISC ) 2 CCFP , Certified Cyber Forensics Professional by ( ISC ) 2 CSSLP , Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional by ( ISC ) 2 HCISPP , HealthCare Information Security and Privacy Practitioner by ( ISC ) 2 Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Information Security Professional Certification Credential Q / ISP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Ethical Hacker Certification Q / EH Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Security Analyst Certification Q / SA Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Penetration Tester License Certification Q / PTL Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Forensic Expert Certification Q / FE Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Network Defender Certification Q / ND Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Information Assurance Professional Certification Credential Q / IAP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Access , Authentication , PKI Pro Certification Q / AAP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Network Security Policy Administrator Certification Q / NSP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Certification & Accreditation Certification Q / C&A CCSK , Certificate of Cloud Security Knowledge by Cloud Security Alliance ( CSA ) CPCRM , Certified Professional in Cloud Risk Management , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CPISM , Certified Professional in Information Security Management , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) PCISAG , Professional Certificate in Information Systems Security , Auditing and Governance , conferred by IVE ( Lee Wai Lee ) of Hong Kong and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CPRM , Certified Professional Risk Manager for ISO 27005 , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) Security+ , conferred and accredited by CompTIA CSA+ , conferred and accredited by CompTIA Insurance and risk management ( edit ) In the United States , insurance professionals are licensed separately by each state . Many individuals seek one or more certifications to distinguish themselves from their peers . The most recognizable certifications are issued by five organizations : American Institute For Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters ( AICPCU ) Chartered Property Casualty Underwriter ( CPCU ) Associate in Risk Management ( ARM ) Associate in Commercial Underwriting ( AU ) Accredited Adviser in Insurance ( AAI ) Certified Authority on Workers ' Compensation ( CAWC ) American College of Financial Services Chartered Life Underwriter ( CLU ) Chartered Financial Consultant ( ChFC ) International Center for Captive Insurance Education ( ICCIE ) Associate in Captive Insurance ( ACI ) Certificate in Captive Insurance ( CCI ) National Alliance for Insurance Education & Research Certified Insurance Counselor ( CIC ) Certified Risk Manager ( CRM ) Certified Insurance Service Representative ( CISR ) National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors in partnership with the College of Financial Planning Life Underwriter Training Council Fellow ( LUTCF ) National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies Farm Mutual Director Certification ( FMDC ) Professional Farm Mutual Manager ( PFMM ) National Registry of Workers ' Compensation Specialists Registered Workers ' Compensation Specialist ( RWCS ) Professional Liability Underwriting Society ( PLUS ) Registered Professional Liability Underwriter ( RPLU ) Certified Risk Analyst ( CRA ) Language education ( edit ) TESOL is a large field of employment with widely varying degrees of regulation . Most provision worldwide is through the state school system of each individual country , and as such , the instructors tend to be trained primary - or secondary school teachers who are native speakers of the language of their pupils , and not of English . Though native speakers of English have been working in non-English speaking countries in this capacity for years , it was not until the last twenty - five years or so that there was any widespread focus on training particularly for this field . Previously , workers in this sort of job were anyone from backpackers hoping to earn some extra travel money to well - educated professionals in other fields doing volunteer work , or retired people . These sort of people are certainly still to be found , but there are many who consider TESOL their main profession . One of the problems facing these full - time teachers is the absence of an international governing body for the certification or licensure of English language teachers . However , Cambridge University and its subsidiary body UCLES are pioneers in trying to get some degree of accountability and quality control to consumers of English courses , through their CELTA and DELTA programs . Trinity College London has equivalent programs , the CertTESOL and the LTCL DipTESOL . They offer initial certificates in teaching , in which candidates are trained in language awareness and classroom techniques , and given a chance to practice teaching , after which feedback is reported . Both institutions have as a follow - up a professional diploma , usually taken after a year or two in the field . Although the initial certificate is available to anyone with a high school education , the diploma is meant to be a post-graduate qualification and in fact can be incorporated into a master 's degree program . Legal affairs ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An increasing number of attorneys are choosing to be recognized as having special expertise in certain fields of law . According to the American Bar Association , a lawyer who is a certified specialist has been recognized by an independent professional certifying organization as having an enhanced level of skill and expertise , as well as substantial involvement in an established legal specialty . These organizations require a lawyer to demonstrate special training , experience and knowledge to ensure that the lawyer 's recognition is meaningful and reliable . Lawyer conduct with regard to specialty certification is regulated by the states . NBLSC is an American Bar Association ( ABA ) accredited organization providing Board Certification for US Lawyers . Board Certification is a rigorous testing and approval process that officially recognizes the extensive education and courtroom experience of attorneys . NBLSC provides Board Certification for Trial Lawyers & Trial Attorneys , Civil Lawyers , Criminal Lawyers , Family Lawyers and Social Security Disability Lawyers . Logistics and Transport ( edit ) Logistician is the profession in the logistics and transport sectors , including sea , air , land and rail modes . Professional qualification for logisticians usually carries post-nominal letters . Common examples include : CPIM ( Certified in Production and Inventory Management ) conferred by APICS ( Association for Operations Management ) CSCP ( Certified Supply Chain Professional ) conferred by APICS ( Association for Operations Management ) CLTD ( Certified in Logistics , Transportation and Distribution ) conferred by APICS ( Association for Operations Management ) SCOR - P ( Supply Chain Operations Reference Professional ) conferred by APICS ( Association for Operations Management ) MILT ( Member Institute of Logistics and Transport ) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport ( CILT ) , CMILT ( Chartered Member , Institute of Logistics and Transport ) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport ( CILT ) FCILT ( Chartered Fellow , Institute of Logistics and Transport ) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport ( CILT ) CPL / CTP conferred by Transport & Logistics Certification Council ( TLCC ) of Australia , EJLog / ESLog / EMLog conferred by the European Logistics Association ( ELA ) , CML / CPL conferred by the International Society of Logistics ( SOLE ) , JrLog / Log / SrLog conferred by the China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing ( CFLP ) , FHKLA / PMHKLA conferred by the Hong Kong Logistics Association ( HKLA ) , ( CSCB ) , CCLP ( CITT - Certified Logistics Professional ) conferred by the Canadian Institute of Traffic & Transportation ( CITT ) , PLog ( Professional Logistician ) conferred by the Canadian Professional Logistics Institute , ACCL - AMI / ACCL - AMO / ACCL - ABM / ACCL - OBM conferred by the Allied Council for Commerce and Logistics ( ACCL ) CPLCM , Certified Professional Logistics & Cargo Mediator , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CPCRM , Certified Professional in Cargo Risk Management & Mediation , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) Management ( edit ) Certified Manager of Quality Organizational Excellence ( CMQ / OE ) by American Society for Quality ( ASQ ) CM , Certified Manager , conferred by the Institute of Certified Professional Managers ( ICPM ) CMC ( Certified Management Consultant ) , conferred by provincial and national licensing bodies around the world . CMgr ( Chartered Manager ) , conferred by national bodies around the world . Chartered Management Specialist ( CMS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Chartered Human Resources Management Specialist ( CHRMS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Chartered Quality Management Specialist ( CQMS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Chartered Strategic Management Specialist ( CSMS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Chartered Project Management Specialist ( CPMS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Chartered Facilities Management Specialist ( CFMS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Chartered Supply Chain & Logistics Specialist ( CSCLS ) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Post Graduate Diploma in Innovation Management & Business Intelligence conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Specialist Mediation ( edit ) CM , Certified Mediator or Court - Appointed Mediator , conferred and accredited by The Institute of Conflict Resolution and Communication ( ICRC ) and the Florida Supreme Court Certified County Court Training Program pursuant to the Florida Rules for Certified and Court - Appointed Mediators 10.100 ( a ) . ECM , Executive Certificate in Mediation , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) PCM , Professional Certification in Mediation , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) APCM , Advanced Professional Certification in Mediation , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CPMT , Certified Professional Mediation Trainer , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CPACM , Certified Professional Art & Cultural Mediator , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CPM , Certified Professional Mediator , conferred and mutually accredited by The Institute of Crisis & Risk Management ( ICRM ) or Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) PDCoM , Professional Diploma in Corporate Mediation , conferred and mutually accredited by The Institute of Crisis & Risk Management ( ICRM ) or Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) , with Hong Kong Productivity Council ( HKPC ) CMA , Certified Mediation Assessor , conferred and mutually accredited by The Institute of Crisis & Risk Management ( ICRM ) or Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) Ministers ( edit ) Churches have their own process of who may use various religious titles . Protestant churches typically require a Masters of Divinity , accreditation by the denomination and ordination by the local church in order for a minister to become a `` Reverend '' . Those qualifications may or may not also give government authorization to solemnize marriages Medicine ( edit ) Main article : Medical credentials Board certification is the process by which a physician in the United States documents by written , practical or computer based testing , illustrating a mastery of knowledge and skills that define a particular area of medical specialization . The American Board of Medical Specialties , a not - for - profit organization , assists 24 approved medical specialty boards in the development and use of standards in the ongoing evaluation and certification of physicians . Medical specialty certification in the United States is a voluntary process . While medical licensure sets the minimum competency requirements to diagnose and treat patients , it is not specialty specific . Board certification demonstrates a physician 's exceptional expertise in a particular specialty or sub-specialty of medical practice . Patients , physicians , health care providers , insurers and quality organizations regard certification as an important measure of a physician 's knowledge , experience and skills to provide quality health care within a given specialty . Other professional certifications include certifications such as medical licenses , Membership of the Royal College of Physicians , Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada , nursing board certification , diplomas in social work . The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists that are knowledgeable about principles of geriatric pharmacotherapy and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the elderly . Additional certifying bodies relating to the medical field include : Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists American College of Emergency Physicians Royal Australasian College of Physicians Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons Membership of the College of Emergency Medicine Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography Medical coding and billing ( edit ) AHIMA ( American Health Information Management Association ) AAPC Medical Association of Billers Peer support ( edit ) NCPRP stands for `` National Certified Peer Recovery Professional '' , and the NCPRP credential and exam were developed in collaboration with the International Certification Board of Recovery Professionals ( ICBRP ) and is currently being administered by PARfessionals . PARfessionals is a professional organization and all of the available courses are professional development and pre-certification courses . The NCPRP credential and exam focus primarily on the concept of peer recovery through mental health and addiction recovery . It has the main purpose of training student - candidates on how to become peer recovery professionals who can provide guidance , knowledge or assistance for individuals who have had similar experiences . Through the support of the SJM Family Foundation , PARfessionals has developed the first globally recognized online training program for peer recovery professionals . Each student - candidate must complete several key steps which include initial registration ; the pre-certification review course ; and all applicable sections of the official application in order to become eligible to complete the final step , which is the NCPRP certification exam . The NCPRP credential is obtained once a participant successfully passes the NCPRP certification exam by the second attempt and is valid for five years . Physical asset management ( edit ) CMRP -- Certified Maintenance and Reliability Professional ( CMRP ) MMP -- Maintenance Management Professional Plumbing ( edit ) ASSE ( American Society of Sanitary Engineering ) -- an ANSI Accredited standards developer and certification body Project Management ( edit ) Certification is of significant importance in the project management ( PM ) industry . Certification refers to the evaluation and recognition of the skills , knowledge and competence of a practitioner in the field . Project management certifications come in a variety of flavors : Competence - based programs wherein an individual must provide evidence of actual , on - the - job performance Knowledge - based programs wherein an individual must pass an exam Experience - based programs wherein an individual must provide evidence of training or education in the field . Combination of competence - based , knowledge - based , and experience - based PMP Project Management Professional conferred by the PMI ( Project Management Institute ) ; CIPM Certified International Project Manager conferred by the American Academy of Project Management -- ISO 29990 Certified and TUV Accredited . CPMP -- Chartered Project Management Professional conferred by CICPFM ( Chartered Institute of Contract , Project and Facility Management , Nigeria ) CPP -- Certified Project Professional conferred by IPM ( Institute of Project Management , Australia ) CPM -- Certified Project Manager conferred by IPM ( Institute of Project Management , Australia ) CPD -- Certified Project Director conferred by IPM ( Institute of Project Management , Australia ) CPMP ( Chartered Project Management Professional ) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Project Management ( CIPM ) ACIPM ( Associate Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Project Management ( CIPM ) FCIPM ( Chartered Fellow Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Project Management ( CIPM ) SCPM Stanford Certified Project Manager conferred by the Stanford University as a result of completing the SAPM ( Stanford Advanced Project Management Certificate Program ) PgMP Program Management Professional conferred by the PMI ( Project Management Institute ) FAC - P / PM ( Federal Acquisition Certification in Project and Program Management ) conferred by civilian agencies of the U.S. federal government supplements private sector competencies and experience expectations with unique government requirements including those for government contract , budget , and management processes . FAC - P / PM has three levels of certification covering entry , mid , and senior career levels . Knowledge - based CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management conferred by the PMI ( Project Management Institute ) CPM Certified Project Manager conferred by the CIPM ( Chartered Institute of Project Management ) CSM Certified SCRUM Master conferred by the SCRUM Alliance AMII ( www.amii.us ) Certified Project Management conferred by the AMII ( American International Institute , USA ) PMI -- ACP Project Management Institute - Agile Certified Practitioner conferred by the PMI ( Project Management Institute ) Public Relations ( edit ) There are 15 professional associations from around the world offering the ' Accredited in Public Relations ' ( APR ) designation and one offering the ' Accredited Business Communicator ' ( ABC ) designation . See Communications above for communications - related certifications ( CMP and SCMP ) In the USA , the Universal Accreditation Board , an organization composed of the Public Relations Society of America , the Agricultural Relations Council , the National School Public Relations Association , the Religious Communicators Council and other public relations professional societies , administers the Accreditation in Public Relations ( APR ) , a voluntary certification program for public relations practitioners . Public health ( edit ) CPH ( Certified in Public Health ) conferred by the National Board of Public Health Examiners . Real estate ( edit ) ALC ( Accredited Land Consultant ) conferred by the REALTORS ® Land Institute ( RLI ) CCIM ( Certified Commercial Investment Member ) conferred by the CCIM Institute CLS ( Certified Leasing Specialist ) conferred by the International Council of Shopping Centres ( ICSC ) CMD ( Certified Marketing Director ) conferred by the International Council of Shopping Centres ( ICSC ) CPM ( Certified Property Manager ) conferred by Institute of Real Estate Management ( IREM ) CRS ( Certified Residential Specialist ) conferred by the Council of Residential Specialist ( CRS ) CRX ( Certified Retail Executive ) conferred by the International Council of Shopping Centres ( ICSC ) CSM ( Certified Shopping Centre Manager ) conferred by the International Council of Shopping Centres ( ICSC ) FRI ( Fellow of the Real Estate Institute ) conferred by The Real Estate Institute of Canada Renewable energy ( edit ) EVT ( Electronic Vehicle Technician ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association PVI ( Photovoltaic Installer ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association SWI ( Small Wind Installer ) conferred by Electronics Technicians Association Research administration ( edit ) CFRA ( Certified Financial Research Administrator ) conferred by Research Administrators Certification Council CPRA ( Certified Pre-Award Research Administrator ) conferred by Research Administrators Certification Council CRA ( Certified Research Administrator ) conferred by Research Administrators Certification Council Safety ( edit ) Certification Safety and Health Specialist ( CHSO ) Safety and Health Environmental Professional ( SHEP ) Canadian Registered Safety Professional ( CRSP ) conferred by the Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals Certified Safety Professional ( CSP ) Sales ( edit ) CSP ( Certified Sales Professional ) conferred by Canadian Professional Sales Association in Canada and by MRERF 's Institute for Professional Advancement - IPA in the U.S. and Mexico -- this certification provides skills to improve sales in all industries and all channels . CPMR ( Certified Professional Manufacturers Representative ) conferred by MRERF 's Institute for Professional Advancement - IPA is supported by more than 20 industries and helps independent manufacturers representatives the skills to run a more effective rep firm . Customer relationship Management ( edit ) Customer relationship management ( CRM ) is a system for managing a company 's interactions with current and future customers . It often involves using technology to organize , automate and synchronize sales , marketing , customer service , and technical support . CCSP ( Chartered Customer Service Professional ) conferred by CICRM 'S Chartered Institute of Customer Relationship Management - CICRM is supported by more than 30 industries and helps in the U.S. and some Africa Countries -- this certification provides essential skills to improve effective and service quality and customer relationship management in all industries . ACICRM ( Associate Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Customer Relationship Management ( CICRM ) MCICRM ( Chartered Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Customer Relationship Management ( CICRM ) FCICRM ( Chartered Fellow : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Customer Relationship Management ( CICRM ) Security ( edit ) ASIS International administers the Certified Protection Professional - Board - Certified in Security Management ( CPP ) ASIS International administers the Physical Security Professional , Board - Certified ( PSP ) ASIS International administers the Professional Certified Investigator , Board - Certified ( PCI ) Association of Certified Fraud Examiners administers the Certified Fraud Examiner ( CFE ) International Foundation of Protection Officers administers the Certified Protection Officer ( CPO ) Society of Payment Security Professionals ( SPSP ) administers the Certified Payment - Card Industry Security Manager The Loss Prevention Foundation administers the LPQualified ( LPQ ) and LPCertified ( LPC ) credentials Certified Information Systems Security Professional ( CISSP ) from ISC2.org Systems Security Certified Practitioner ( SSCP ) from ISC2.org Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Information Security Professional Certification Credential Q / ISP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Ethical Hacker Certification Q / EH Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Security Analyst Certification Q / SA Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Penetration Tester License Certification Q / PTL Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Forensic Expert Certification Q / FE Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Network Defender Certification Q / ND Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Information Assurance Professional Certification Credential Q / IAP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Access , Authentication , PKI Pro Certification Q / AAP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Network Security Policy Administrator Certification Q / NSP Security University Testing administers the Qualified / Certification & Accreditation Certification Q / C&A American Hotel & Lodging Association administers the Certified Lodging Security Director ( CLSD ) National Sheriffs ' Association administers the Certified Homeland Protection Professional ( CHPP ) Certification American Board for Certification in Homeland Security administers the Certified in Homeland Security ( CHS ® ) Certification Levels I-V American Board for Certification in Homeland Security administers the Anti-Sabotage Certified ( ASCsm ) Certification American Board for Certification in Homeland Security administers the Sensitive Security Information Certified ( SSI ) Certification American Board for Certification in Homeland Security administers the Certified in Disaster Preparedness ( CDP - I ® ) Certification American Board for Certification in Homeland Security administers the Intelligence Analyst Certified ( IAC ® ) Certification American Board for Certification in Homeland Security administers the Certified National Threat Analyst ( CNTAsm ) Certification Anti-Terrorism Accreditation Board administers the Certified Anti-Terrorism Specialist ( CAS ) Certification Anti-Terrorism Accreditation Board administers the Certified Master Anti-Terrorism Specialist ( CMAS ) Certification Anti-Terrorism Accreditation Board administers the Certified Anti-Terrorism Specialist -- Information Technology ( CAS - IT ) Certification Anti-Terrorism Accreditation Board administers the Certified Anti-Terrorism Specialist -- Forensic IT Analyses ( CAS - FA ) Certification Anti-Terrorism Accreditation Board administers the Certified Anti-Terrorism Specialist -- Cyber Terrorism Response ( CAS - CTR ) Certification Anti-Terrorism Accreditation Board administers the Certified Anti-Terrorism Specialist -- Physical Security Manager ( CAS - PSM ) Certification Associated Locksmiths of America administers the Registered Locksmith ( RL ) Certification Associated Locksmiths of America administers the Certified Registered Locksmith ( CRL ) Certification Associated Locksmiths of America administers the Certified Professional Locksmith ( CPL ) Certification Associated Locksmiths of America administers the Certified Master Locksmith ( CML ) Certification Associated Locksmiths of America administers the Certified Professional Safe Technician ( CPS ) Certification Associated Locksmiths of America administers the Certified Master Safe Technician ( CMST ) Certification International Association of Certified Surveillance Professionals administers the Certified Surveillance Professional ( CSP ) Certification Security Industry Association administers the Certified Security Project Manager ( CSPM ) Certification ASP , Accredited Security Professional , conferred and accredited by Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) CST , Certified Security Trainer , conferred and accredited by The Institute of Crisis & Risk Management ( ICRM ) or Academy of Professional Certification ( APC ) Center for Interviewer Standards and Assessment administers the Certified Forensic Interviewer Designation Speaking ( edit ) Conferred by the National Speakers Association , the Certified Speaking Professional ( CSP ) is the speaking profession 's international measure of professional platform competence . This certification is awarded by the National Speakers Association . Only about 10 % of the speakers who belong to the Global Speakers Federation ( GSF ) hold this designation . Those who have earned their certification have done so by demonstrating a track record of experience and expertise . Supply chain Management ( edit ) Supply chain management ( SCM ) is the management of the flow of goods . It includes the movement and storage of raw materials , work - in - process inventory , and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption . Interconnected or interlinked networks , channels and node businesses are involved in the provision of products and services required by end customers in a supply chain. ( 2 ) Supply chain management has been defined as the `` design , planning , execution , control , and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value , building a competitive infrastructure , leveraging worldwide logistics , synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally . SCM draws heavily from the areas of operations management , logistics , procurement , and information technology , and strives for an integrated approach . CSCP ( Certified Supply Chain Professional ) conferred by APICS ( Association for Operations Management ) SCOR - P ( Supply Chain Operations Reference Professional ) conferred by APICS ( Association for Operations Management ) ACISCM ( Associate Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Supply Chain Management ( CISCM ) MCISCM ( Chartered Full Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Supply Chain Management ( CISCM ) FCISCM ( Chartered Fellow Member : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Supply Chain Management ( CISCM ) CSCMP ( Chartered Supply Chain Management Professional : conferred by The Chartered Institute of Supply Chain Management ( CISCM ) Training ( edit ) Australian Institute of Certified Practising Trainers administers the Certified Practising Trainer ( CPT ) . Conferred by the Australian Institute of Certified Practising Trainers , this certification is the hallmark for professional trainers . Other applications ( edit ) The American Academy of Environmental Engineers board certifies licensed environmental engineers ( Board Certified Environmental Engineer -- BCEE ) and unlicensed environmental engineering practitioners ( Board Certified Environmental Engineering Member -- BCEEM ) for those with a degree in engineering and at least 8 years of practice and responsible charge in environmental engineering . The American Certification Institute trains and certifies Learning & Development Professionals with ' Certified Training Professional ' ( CTP ) , ' Master Corporate Trainer ' ( MCT ) and related Certifications in Human Resources -- ' Certified Human Resources Professional ' ( CHRP ) and ' Certified Human Resources Manager ' ( CHRM ) . The American Institute of Floral Designers offers two levels of certification for individuals in the field of professional floral design . Certified Floral Designer ( CFD ) and accredited membership ( AIFD ) are both designed to establish a gold standard in professional floral design while ensuring the certified individual maintains that standard through continued education credits . While many state - level floral associations also offer state - level floral design certification known as Master Florist certification , AIFD certification is the highest level of professional floral design awarded in the United States . The Institute of Professional Environmental Practice certifies qualified environmental professionals ( QEP ) who have a degree in physical , earth or natural science , engineering or mathematics and at least 5 years of professional environmental work experience . The Council - certified Indoor Environmental Consultant ( CIEC ) certification covers a wide range of indoor environmental quality disciplines focusing on managing indoor environmental quality in relation to building design , maintenance and operations to ensure an optimal environment for building occupants . The Canadian National Association of Infrared Imaging Technologists ( AIIT ) awards the IIT designation to infrared thermographers who meet the training standards regulated by the association . AIIT aims to ensure service delivery standards and public trust through regulating training standards , codes of conduct and continuing education . The National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators administers ANSI - accredited certification programs for operators of mobile , tower , overhead , and articulating cranes , riggers , signal persons , and crane inspectors . The Society for Technical Communication ( STC ) is planning to create a certification program for technical writers in 2011 . The Association of Professional Reserve Analysts certifies qualified reserve study professionals ( PRA ) who are a Certified Public Accountant , have a General Contractors License , and at least 2 years of professional experience preparing reserve studies ; or some combination of related experience . The International Society of Arboriculture ( ISA ) is the International body who administers ANSI - accredited certification programs for arborists and tree care specialists . Certifications vary from Tree Worker to Certified Arborist to Master Arborist . Criticisms ( edit ) Many political commentators , often criticize professional or occupational licensing , especially medical and legal licensing , for restricting the supply of services and therefore making them more expensive , often putting them out of reach of the poor . Computer technologies The current proliferation of IT certifications ( both offered and attained ) ( ( 1 ) ) , like the FSI 's IT baseline protection certification , has led some technologists to question their value . Proprietary content that has been distributed on the Internet allows some to gain credentials without the implied depth or breadth of expertise . Certifying agencies have responded in various ways : Some now incorporate hands - on elements , anti-cheating methodologies or have expanded their content . Others have expired and restructured their certificate programs or raised their fees to deter abuse . Certification programs that take into account length of service and demonstrated experience via industry peer and employer recommendation avoid some of the issues associated with purely passing an examination ; however , certification remains a contentious issue . Also , some professional certifications require a criminal record check before the certification can be approved . The presence of a criminal history when applying for certification may be grounds for denial of certification . See also ( edit ) Academic Inflation European professional qualification directives Homologation Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals Product certification References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phillip Barnhart , The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs ( 1997 ) , HRD Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9960 - 2 Retrieved electronically 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Master of Professional Studies in Real Estate . `` Advanced Professional Certificate in Real Estate Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies '' . Scs.georgetown.edu . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificate Programs '' . lesley.edu . Jump up ^ `` NYU Law -- Advanced Professional Certificate Programs : Advanced Certificate in Law and Business '' . Law.NYU.edu . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Professional Certificate '' . Stjohns.edu. 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Advanced Project Management Certificate ( SAPM ) '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Professional Certificate '' . University of San Francisco . Jump up ^ AAFM , Investopedia Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Public Radio in Mid America -- Shaping the Future of Public Media '' . Prima.org . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Certified Governmental Accounting Technician Jump up ^ `` GFOAA -- Home Page '' . www.GFOAA.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Government Finance Officer '' . FGFOA.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cities , Florida League of . `` Home '' . www.FGFOA.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Government Finance Officer '' . GFOASC.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . LAGFOA.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Municipal Finance Officer '' . GFOANJ.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government Finance Officers Association of NJ '' . www.GFOANJ.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the TN CMFO Application system '' . www.comptroller.tn.gov . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury '' . www.comptroller.tn.gov . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government Finance Officer '' . GFOASC.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GFOASC '' . www.GFOASC.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificate Program -- North Carolina Government Finance Officers Association '' . www.NCGFOA.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- North Carolina Government Finance Officers Association '' . www.NCGFOA.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Dance Council CID '' . CID-Portal.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Certification of Dance Studies '' . CID-Portal.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Management Institute ( EMI ) -- EMI Programs and Activities '' . FEMA.gov . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Fire Officer Program '' . U.S. Fire Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Entrepreneurs Association '' . www.ibizea.co.uk . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NREP -- National Registry of Environmental Professionals '' . www.NREP.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Board Certified Environmental Professionals ( ABCEP ) '' . www.ABCEP.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Professional Certification -- ECO Canada '' . ECO.ca . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Building Initiative : Professional Certification '' . www.TheGBI.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IECEx Home '' . www.IECEx.com . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified in Exhibition Management ( CEM ) '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Dama '' . dama.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` LUTCF '' . NAIFA.org . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Farm Mutual Director Certification Program '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NAMIC Professional Farm Mutual Manager Designation '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GAFM '' . GAFM.org . Jump up ^ `` APICS Certification Programs -- CPIM '' . www.apics.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` APICS Certification Programs -- CSCP '' . www.apics.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` APICS Certification Programs -- CLTD '' . www.apics.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` APICS Endorsement Programs -- SCOR - P '' . www.apics.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` How to Become a Chartered Member , CILT '' ( PDF ) . CILTSA.org.za . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canadian Society of Customs Brokers American . Jump up ^ What Board Certification Means . Abms.org . Retrieved on 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AHIMA Certification '' . AHIMA.org . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Coding -- Medical Billing -- Medical Auditing -- AAPC '' . AAPC.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Billing , Coding Training -- Medical Association of Billers '' . PhysiciansWebsites.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PARfessionals , LLC '' . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendry , P. , Hill , T. , & Rosenthal , H. `` Peer Services Toolkit : A Guide to Advancing '' ( PDF ) . ACMHA : The College for Behavioral Health Leadership and Optum . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Student - Candidate Registration '' . PARfessionals , LLC . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ NCPRP Candidate Handbook . PARfessionals , LLC. 2014 . p. 51 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` SMRP -- The Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals '' . www.SMRP.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plant Engineering and Maintenance Association of Canada -- Home : Plant Engineering and Maintenance Association of Canada '' . www.PEMAC.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ American Society of Sanitary Engineering ( ASSE ) website . Jump up ^ `` Certifications -- Project Management Institute '' . PMI.org . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Project Manager Accredited Institute Project Management Certifications AAPM ® American Academy of Project Management Association Institute International Training Certifications Credentials Project Managers Human Resources Project Risk CIPM '' . certifiedprojectmanager.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Program and Project Managers ( FAC - P / PM ) FAI Home Page . Fai.gov ( 2007 - 04 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NBPHE '' . www.nbphe.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Research Administrators Certification Council '' . www.cra-cert.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals '' . www.BCRSP.ca . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Speaking Professional ® ( CSP ) '' . NSASpeaker.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Speakers Association ( NSA ) -- Where professional speakers connect . '' . www.NSASpeaker.org . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Institute of Certified Practising Trainers '' . www.AICPT.org.au . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` For Law Schools , a Price to Play the A.B.A. 's Way '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Professional Licensing Watch , Liberal Division -- Hit & Run . Reason.com ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Institute for Credentialing Excellence ( ICE ) : The ICE Basic Guide to Credentialing Terminology ( 2006 ) and The ICE Guide to Understanding Credentialing Concepts ( 2005 ) Aerospace Technical Education Center Professional Education -- Management Square Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_certification&oldid=806340516 '' Categories : Professional ethics Professional titles and certifications Standards Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from October 2015 Articles needing cleanup from November 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Simple English Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 10 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does certifications mean on a job application	[ "A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies. Most certifications are time-limited; some expire after a period of time (e.g., the lifetime of a product that required certification for use), while others can be renewed indefinitely as long as certain requirements are met. Renewal usually requires ongoing education to remain up-to-date on advancements in the field, evidenced by earning the specified number of continuing education credits (CECs), or continuing education units (CEUs), from approved professional development courses." ]	[ "a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies" ]
-8708933206162270716	Just Do It	Just Do It - wikipedia Just Do It This article is about the advertising slogan . For the album by Kim - Lian , see Just Do It ( album ) . Just Do It . Just Do It ( stylized as JUST DO IT . ) is a trademark of shoe company Nike , and one of the core components of Nike 's brand . The slogan was coined in 1988 at an advertising agency meeting . The founder of Wieden + Kennedy agency , Dan Wieden credits the inspiration for his `` Just Do It '' Nike slogan to Gary Gilmore 's last words : `` Let 's do it . '' The `` Just Do It '' campaign allowed Nike to further increase its share of the North American domestic sport - shoe business from 18 % to 43 % , ( from $877 million to $9.2 billion in worldwide sales ) from 1988 to 1998 . In many Nike - related situations , `` Just Do It '' appears alongside the Nike logo , known as the Swoosh . Campaign ( edit ) This Section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The `` Just Do It '' campaign launched in 1988 was highly successful with the Age selecting the campaign as one of the top two taglines of the 20th century with it being both `` universal and intensely personal '' . While Reebok was directing their campaign at aerobics during the fitness craze of the 1980s , Nike responded with `` a tough , take no prisoners ad campaign '' . One of the campaign 's objectives was to target all Americans regardless of age , gender or physical fitness level which led to Nike becoming worn as a fashion statement , not just as fitness gear ( Nearly 80 % of Nike 's running shoes are not worn for their intended purpose ) . Nike 's fundamental objective was to represent sneakers as a fashion statement to consumers , especially females , teens and males aged 18 -- 40 . Throughout the campaign , Nike enlisted numerous notable athletes in order to attract customers and promote the image of Nike as being reliable to not only everyday customers but professional athletes . Athletes such as football stars Ronaldinho and Wayne Rooney , basketball stars Michael Jordan , and Kobe Bryant and tennis stars Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal were used in their advertisements , including a range of people from varying ethnicities and races . Nike was faced with criticism by Ernst & Young surrounding the campaign , with the pay of elite athletes compared to those in overseas shoe factories , and for violating the minimum wage in their operations in Vietnam . The `` Just Do It '' campaign went out to a range of media outlets including merchandise , outdoor billboards , print media , and graffiti art . It was during the period of the late 70 's and early 80 's in Brooklyn New York . A small pharmacy operated by Steven Smolin . A part - time worker there was his mother - in - law Marlene . She would constantly annoyingly question Steve 's instruction / directives in day to day operations - as in `` why ca n't I stock the Mylanta next to the vitamins ! ? '' Exasperated , Steve would end the inevitable ten minutes of bickering / reasoning with the directive - `` Marlene , JUST DO IT ! ! '' The bickering would then come to a screeching halt and Marlene would sheepishly stock the Mylanta in its appropriate instructed place . It was not long before the rest of the store help - mostly local high school kids - began parroting this directive when addressing each other - as in `` Mario - `` JUST DO IT ! ! The small store reverberated with this exhortation multiple times a day . Within one year , the pharmacy crew took this directive out to the streets . If a player refused to play right field , the rest of the schoolyard team would inevitably shout - `` Nunzio - ' JUST DO IT ! ! '' When these kids would later join the Bensonhurst auxiliary police , and on of their own refused to go to `` another one of those domestic incident '' calls , dozens of police radios would simultaneously bellow out - Lenny , `` JUST DO IT ! ! By the early 80 's , one of the main players in this dynamic , Lenny Rizzi , came to me and said - `` Steven , you 're famous - your slogan is barked out on every schoolyard and basketball court in Bensonhurst . The campaign embodied Nike 's image as an innovative American icon associated with success through the combination of professional athletes and motivational slogans emphasizing sportsmanship and health . This led to customers associating their purchases with the prospect of achieving greatness . In popular culture ( edit ) In 2015 , actor Shia LaBeouf used this phrase in LaBeouf , Rönkkö & Turner 's # INTRODUCTIONS video , which later become an Internet meme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nike Classic Branding , with slogan `` Just Do It . '' `` . SeekLogo . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of ' Just Do It ' and Other Magic Words '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mini-case Study : Nike 's `` Just Do It '' Advertising Campaign `` . UDOC . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedrich von Borries . `` Who 's Afraid of Niketown ? : Nike Urbanism , Branding and the City of Tomorrow '' . Episode Publishers . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nike - Just Do It '' . Wendy Chung . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nike Controversy '' . Stanford . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Shoe Plant in Vietnam Is Called Unsafe for Workers '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Analysis of Nike '' . Condor . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , D. ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Real Story Behind Shia LaBeouf 's Hilarious ' Motivational ' Rant '' . Yahoo . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Nike , Inc . Corporate directors Jill Ker Conway Tim Cook Phil Knight Travis Knight Mark Parker Orin C. Smith John Thompson Phyllis Wise Subsidiaries Converse Hurley Former : Cole Haan Bauer Hockey Umbro Assets and products Air Jordan Air Melo Line Air Max Nike Considered Nike Cortez Nike CTR360 Maestri Nike Flywire Nike Free Nike Mercurial Vapor Nike Shox Nike+ Nike Blazers Nike SB Swoosh Air Force Nike Tiempo Nike Total 90 Nike Air Yeezy Nike Ordem Miscellaneous List of Nike sponsorships Nike Academy Nike Sport Research Lab Nike Oregon Project Nike ONE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Do_It&oldid=853322774 '' Categories : Nike , Inc . Advertising slogans Advertising campaigns 1988 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2014 All articles needing style editing All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 22 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the phrase just do it come from	[ "Just Do It (stylized as JUST DO IT.)[1] is a trademark of shoe company Nike, and one of the core components of Nike's brand. The slogan was coined in 1988 at an advertising agency meeting. The founder of Wieden+Kennedy agency, Dan Wieden credits the inspiration for his \"Just Do It\" Nike slogan to Gary Gilmore’s last words: \"Let's do it.\"[2] The \"Just Do It\" campaign allowed Nike to further increase its share of the North American domestic sport-shoe business from 18% to 43%, (from $877 million to $9.2 billion in worldwide sales) from 1988 to 1998.[3] In many Nike-related situations, \"Just Do It\" appears alongside the Nike logo, known as the Swoosh.\n" ]	[ "Gary Gilmore’s last words" ]
-7008969670133512119	Ambassadors of the United States	Ambassadors of the United States - wikipedia Ambassadors of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Flag of ambassadors of the United States of America This is a list of ambassadors of the United States of America to individual nations of the world , to international organizations , and to past nations , as well as ambassadors - at - large . The ambassadors are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate . An ambassador can be appointed during a recess , but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed . Ambassadors serve `` at the pleasure of the President '' , meaning they can be dismissed at any time . An ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer ( career diplomat - CD ) or a political appointee ( PA ) . In most cases , career foreign service officers serve a tour of approximately three years per ambassadorship whereas political appointees customarily tender their resignations upon the inauguration of a new president . As embassies fall under the State Department 's jurisdiction , ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current U.S. ambassadors 2 Ambassadors to international organizations 3 Ambassadors - at - Large 4 Other Chiefs of Mission 5 Special Envoys , Representatives and Coordinators 6 Nations without exchange of ambassadors 7 Selected past ambassadors 8 Ambassadors killed in office 9 Ambassadors to past countries 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 External links Current U.S. ambassadors ( edit ) Host country List Ambassador Background Website Confirmed Afghanistan List John Bass CD Kabul ( 1 ) September 28 , 2017 Albania List Donald Lu CD Tirana ( 2 ) November 20 , 2014 Algeria List John Desrocher CD Algiers August 3 , 2017 Andorra List Duke Buchan PA Madrid November 2 , 2017 Angola List Nina Marie Fite CD Luanda November 2 , 2017 Antigua and Barbuda List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Argentina List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Tom Cooney , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Buenos Aires Armenia List Richard M. Mills Jr . CD Yerevan ( 3 ) December 16 , 2014 Australia List Vacant since December 2016 James Carouso , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Canberra ( 4 ) Austria List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Eugene Young , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Vienna ( 5 ) Azerbaijan List Robert Cekuta CD Baku December 16 , 2014 Bahamas List Vacant since November 21 , 2011 Lisa Johnson , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Nassau Bahrain List Justin Siberell CD Manama ( 6 ) September 28 , 2017 Bangladesh List Marcia Bernicat CD Dhaka November 18 , 2014 Barbados List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Belarus List Vacant since March 12 , 2008 Robert Riley , Chargé d'Affaires https://by.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/our-ambassador/ a.i. ( N / A ) Minsk Belgium List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Matthew Lussenhop , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Brussels Belize List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Adrienne Galanek , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Belmopan Benin List Lucy Tamlyn CD Cotonou October 8 , 2015 Bhutan The United States does not maintain formal diplomatic relations with Bhutan . Informal contact through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi . Bolivia List Vacant since September 10 , 2008 Peter Brennan , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) La Paz Bosnia and Herzegovina List Maureen Cormack CD Sarajevo ( 7 ) November 19 , 2014 Botswana List Earl Miller CD Gaborone November 19 , 2014 Brazil List P. Michael McKinley CD Brasilia September 8 , 2016 Brunei List Craig Allen CD Bandar Seri Begawan November 18 , 2014 Bulgaria List Eric S. Rubin CD Sofia December 9 , 2015 Burkina Faso List Andrew Robert Young CD Ouagadougou September 28 , 2016 Burma ( Myanmar ) List Scot Marciel CD Rangoon ( 8 ) February 9 , 2016 Burundi List Anne Casper CD Bujumbura June 29 , 2016 Cambodia List William A. Heidt CD Phnom Penh August 5 , 2015 Cameroon List Peter Barlerin CD Yaoundé November 2 , 2017 Canada List Kelly Knight Craft PA Ottawa ( 9 ) August 3 , 2017 Cape Verde List Donald Helfin CD Praia December 12 , 2014 Central African Republic List Jeffrey Hawkins CD Bangui October 8 , 2015 Chad List Geeta Pasi CD N'Djamena June 29 , 2016 Chile List Carol Z . Perez CD Santiago July 14 , 2016 China List Terry Branstad PA Beijing ( 10 ) May 22 , 2017 Colombia List Kevin Whitaker CD Bogotá April 1 , 2014 Comoros List Robert Yamate CD Antananarivo November 19 , 2014 Congo - Brazzaville List Todd Haskell CD Brazzaville May 18 , 2017 Congo - Kinshasa List James Swan CD Kinshasa August 1 , 2013 Costa Rica List Sharon Day PA San José August 3 , 2017 Croatia List Julieta Valls Noyes PA ( 11 ) June 24 , 2015 Cuba List Vacant since July 20 , 2015 Lawrence J. Gumbiner , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Havana ( 12 ) Cyprus List Kathleen A. Doherty CD Nicosia August 5 , 2015 Czech Republic List Steve King PA Prague ( 13 ) October 5 , 2017 Denmark List Carla Sands PA Copenhagen ( 14 ) November 2 , 2017 Djibouti List Larry André Jr . CD Djibouti November 2 , 2017 Dominica List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Dominican Republic List Vacant since July 21 , 2017 Robert Copley , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Santo Domingo East Timor List Kathleen M. Fitzpatrick CD Dili November 2 , 2017 Ecuador List Todd C. Chapman CD Quito December 9 , 2015 Egypt List Robert Beecroft CD Cairo June 26 , 2014 El Salvador List Jean Elizabeth Manes CD San Salvador December 9 , 2015 Equatorial Guinea List Julie Furuta - Toy CD Malabo October 22 , 2015 Eritrea List Vacant since July 19 , 2010 Natalie E. Brown , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Asmara Estonia List James Desmond Melville , Jr . CD Tallinn ( 15 ) August 5 , 2015 Ethiopia List Michael A. Raynor CD Addis Ababa August 3 , 2017 Fiji List Judith Beth Cefkin CD Suva November 19 , 2014 Finland List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Donna Welton , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Helsinki France List Jamie McCourt PA Paris ( 16 ) November 2 , 2017 Gabon List Cynthia Akuetteh CD Libreville July 30 , 2014 Gambia List Patricia Alsup CD Banjul October 8 , 2015 Georgia List Ian Kelly CD Tbilisi June 24 , 2015 Germany List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Kent Logsdon , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. Richard Grenell nominated ( N / A ) Berlin ( 17 ) Ghana List Robert P. Jackson CD Ghana October 22 , 2015 Greece List Geoffrey Pyatt CD Athens ( 18 ) July 14 , 2016 Grenada List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Guatemala List Luis Arreaga CD Guatemala October 4 , 2017 Guinea - Bissau List Tulinabo S. Mushingi CD Bissau VPP May 18 , 2017 Guinea - Conakry List Dennis Hankins CD Conakry October 22 , 2015 Guyana List Perry Holloway CD Georgetown August 5 , 2015 Haiti List Michele J. Sison CD Port - au - Prince November 2 , 2017 Holy See ( Vatican City ) List Callista Gingrich PA Vatican ( 19 ) October 16 , 2017 Honduras List James Nealon CD Tegucigalpa July 15 , 2014 Hungary List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 David J. Kostelancik , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Budapest Iceland List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Jill Esposito , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Reykjavik India List Kenneth I. Juster PA New Delhi November 2 , 2017 Indonesia List Joseph R. Donovan Jr . CD Jakarta ( 20 ) September 28 , 2016 Iran List No diplomatic relations since April 7 , 1980 . Informal contact via the U.S. Interests Section in the Swiss embassy . Virtual Embassy Tehran since December 2011 Iraq List Douglas Alan Silliman CD Baghdad ( 21 ) July 14 , 2016 Ireland List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Reece Smyth , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Dublin ( 22 ) Israel List David M. Friedman PA Tel Aviv ( 23 ) March 23 , 2017 Italy List Lewis Eisenberg PA Rome ( 24 ) August 3 , 2017 Ivory Coast List Vacant since August 2016 Andrew Haviland , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Abidjan Jamaica List Luis Moreno CD Kingston November 20 , 2014 Japan List William F. Hagerty PA Tokyo ( 25 ) July 13 , 2017 Jordan List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Henry Wooster Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Amman June 16 , 2014 Kazakhstan List George Krol CD Astana November 20 , 2014 Kenya List Robert Godec CD Nairobi January 2 , 2013 Kiribati List Judith Beth Cefkin CD Suva November 19 , 2014 Kosovo List Greg Delawie CD Pristina June 24 , 2015 Kuwait List Lawrence Robert Silverman CD Kuwait City July 14 , 2016 Kyrgyzstan List Sheila Gwaltney CD Bishkek August 5 , 2015 Laos List Rena Bitter CD Vientiane September 28 , 2016 Latvia List Nancy Pettit CD Riga June 24 , 2015 Lebanon List Elizabeth Holzhall Richard CD Beirut May 17 , 2016 Lesotho List Rebecca Eliza Gonzales CD Maseru November 16 , 2017 Liberia List Christine A. Elder CD Monrovia May 17 , 2016 Libya List Peter W. Bodde CD Tripoli November 19 , 2015 Liechtenstein List Ed McMullen PA Bern November 2 , 2017 Lithuania List Anne Hall CD Vilnius July 14 , 2016 Luxembourg List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Alison Shorter - Lawrence , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Luxembourg Macedonia List Jess Baily CD Skopje December 16 , 2014 Madagascar List Robert Yamate CD Antananarivo November 19 , 2014 Malawi List Virginia E. Palmer CD Lilongwe December 12 , 2014 Malaysia List Kamala Shirin Lakhdhir CD Kuala Lumpur December 9 , 2016 Maldives List Atul Keshap CD Colombo August 5 , 2015 Mali List Paul Folmsbee CD Bamako May 23 , 2015 Malta List G. Kathleen Hill CD Valletta December 9 , 2015 Marshall Islands List Karen B. Stewart CD Majuro May 17 , 2016 Mauritania List Michael Dodman CD Nouakchott November 2 , 2017 Mauritius List David Dale Reimer CD Port Louis November 2 , 2017 Mexico List Roberta Jacobson CD Mexico City April 28 , 2016 Micronesia List Robert Riley CD Kolonia May 17 , 2016 Moldova List James Pettit CD Chişinău ( 26 ) November 20 , 2014 Monaco List Jamie McCourt PA Paris November 2 , 2017 Mongolia List Jennifer Zimdahl Galt CD Ulaanbaatar August 5 , 2015 Montenegro List Margaret A. Uyehara CD Podgorica December 16 , 2014 Morocco List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Stephanie Miley , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Rabat Mozambique List H. Dean Pittman CD Maputo November 19 , 2015 Namibia List Lisa A. Johnson CD Windhoek November 16 , 2017 Nauru List Judith Beth Cefkin CD Suva November 19 , 2014 Nepal List Alaina B. Teplitz CD Kathmandu August 5 , 2015 Netherlands List Pete Hoekstra PA The Hague ( 27 ) November 9 , 2017 New Zealand List Scott Brown PA Wellington ( 28 ) June 8 , 2017 Nicaragua List Laura Farnsworth Dogu CD Managua August 5 , 2015 Niger List Eric P. Whitaker CD Niamey November 2 , 2017 Nigeria List W. Stuart Symington CD Abuja September 28 , 2016 North Korea The United States does not maintain diplomatic relations with North Korea . Limited consular matters handled by the Swedish embassy . Norway List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 James P. DeHart , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Oslo ( 29 ) Oman List Marc Jonathan Sievers CD Muscat November 19 , 2015 Pakistan List David Hale CD Islamabad ( 30 ) August 5 , 2015 Palau List Amy J. Hyatt CD Koror December 12 , 2014 Panama List John D. Feeley CD Panama December 9 , 2015 Papua New Guinea List Catherine Ebert - Gray CD Port Moresby December 9 , 2015 Paraguay List Hugo F. Rodríguez Jr. , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Asunción November 18 , 2014 Peru List Krishna Urs CD Lima August 3 , 2017 Philippines List Sung Y. Kim CD Manila ( 31 ) September 28 , 2016 Poland List Paul W. Jones CD Warsaw August 5 , 2015 Portugal List George Edward Glass PA Lisbon August 3 , 2017 Qatar List Vacant since late June 2017 William Grant , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Doha Romania List Hans G. Klemm CD Bucharest August 5 , 2015 Russia List Jon Huntsman Jr . CD Moscow October 3 , 2017 Rwanda List Erica Barks - Ruggles CD Kigali November 17 , 2014 Saint Kitts and Nevis List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Saint Lucia List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines List Linda Swartz Taglialatela CD Bridgetown December 9 , 2015 Samoa List Scott Brown PA Wellington June 8 , 2017 San Marino List Lewis Eisenberg PA Florence San Marino VPP August 3 , 2017 São Tomé and Príncipe List Cynthia Akuetteh CD Libreville July 30 , 2014 Saudi Arabia List Vacant since January 9 , 2017 Christopher Henzel , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Riyadh Senegal List Tulinabo S. Mushingi CD Dakar May 18 , 2017 Serbia List Kyle Randolph Scott CD Belgrade December 9 , 2015 Seychelles List David Dale Reimer CD Port Louis November 2 , 2017 Sierra Leone List Maria Brewer CD Freetown August 3 , 2017 Singapore List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Stephanie Syptak - Ramnath , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Singapore Slovakia List Adam Sterling CD Bratislava May 17 , 2016 Slovenia List Brent Hartley CD Ljubljana November 20 , 2014 Solomon Islands List Catherine Ebert - Gray CD Port Moresby December 9 , 2015 Somalia List Stephen Schwartz CD Somalia VPP May 17 , 2016 South Africa List Vacant since December 16 , 2016 Jessye Lapenn , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Pretoria South Korea List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Marc Knapper , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Seoul ( 32 ) South Sudan List Mary Catherine Phee CD Juba ( 33 ) June 24 , 2015 Spain List Duke Buchan PA Madrid November 2 , 2017 Sri Lanka List Atul Keshap CD Colombo August 5 , 2015 Sudan List Vacant since February 7 , 1996 Jerry P. Lanier , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Khartoum Suriname List Edwin Nolan , Jr . CD Paramaribo October 8 , 2015 Swaziland List Lisa J. Peterson CD Mbabane November 19 , 2015 Sweden List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 David Lindwall , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Stockholm Switzerland List Ed McMullen PA Bern November 2 , 2017 Syria List Vacant since February 28 , 2014 Michael Ratney , Special Envoy ( N / A ) Damascus Taiwan Since January 19 , 1979 , diplomatic relations have been carried out by the American Institute in Taiwan Taipei Office Tajikistan List Elisabeth I. Millard CD Dushanbe November 19 , 2015 Tanzania List Vacant since October 2016 Virginia Blaser , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Dar es Salaam ( 34 ) Thailand List Glyn T. Davies CD Bangkok ( 35 ) August 5 , 2015 Togo List David Gilmour CD Lomé October 8 , 2015 Tonga List Judith Beth Cefkin CD Tonga November 19 , 2014 Trinidad and Tobago List Vacant since January 20 , 2017 John McIntyre , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Port of Spain Tunisia List Daniel Rubinstein CD Tunis October 8 , 2015 Turkey List John Bass CD Ankara September 17 , 2014 Turkmenistan List Allan Mustard CD Ashgabat November 19 , 2014 Tuvalu List Judith Beth Cefkin CD Suva November 19 , 2014 Uganda List Deborah R. Malac CD Kampala November 19 , 2015 Ukraine List Marie L. Yovanovitch CD Kiev ( 36 ) July 14 , 2016 United Arab Emirates List Barbara Leaf CD Abu Dhabi November 17 , 2014 United Kingdom List Woody Johnson PA London ( 37 ) August 3 , 2017 Uruguay List Kelly Keiderling CD Montevideo May 17 , 2016 Uzbekistan List Pamela Spratlen CD Tashkent November 20 , 2014 Vanuatu List Catherine Ebert - Gray CD Port Moresby December 9 , 2015 Venezuela List Vacant since July 16 , 2010 Lee McClenny , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Caracas Vietnam List Daniel J. Kritenbrink CD Hanoi October 26 , 2017 Yemen List Vacant since February 12 , 2015 Richard H. Riley , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Sana'a Zambia List Daniel Lewis Foote CD Lusaka November 2 , 2017 Zimbabwe List Harry K. Thomas , Jr . CD Harare October 22 , 2015 Abkhazia The Republic of Abkhazia is not recognized by the United Nations or by the United States . Northern Cyprus The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not recognized by the United Nations or by the United States . Palestine The Palestinian State is not recognized by the United States . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is not recognized by the United Nations or by the United States South Ossetia The Republic of South Ossetia is not recognized by the United Nations or by the United States . Ambassadors to international organizations ( edit ) Current ambassadors from the United States to international organizations : Host organization List Location Ambassador Background Website Confirmed African Union List Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Mary Beth Leonard CD Addis Ababa June 29 , 2016 Association of Southeast Asian Nations List Jakarta , Indonesia Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Jane Bocklage , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Jakarta Conference on Disarmament List Geneva , Switzerland Robert Wood CD Geneva July 15 , 2014 European Union List Brussels , Belgium Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Adam Shub , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Brussels International Civil Aviation Organization List Montreal , Quebec , Canada Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Sam Kotis , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Montreal North Atlantic Treaty Organization List Brussels , Belgium Kay Bailey Hutchison PA Brussels August 3 , 2017 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development List Paris , France Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Peter Haas , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Paris Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons List The Hague , Netherlands Kenneth Ward CD The Hague December 7 , 2015 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe List Vienna , Austria Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Katie Marie Byrnes , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Vienna Organization of American States List Washington , D.C. , United States Vacant since July 2016 Kevin K. Sullivan , Interim Permanent Representative ( N / A ) Washington , D.C. United Nations List New York , United States Nikki Haley PA New York City January 24 , 2017 United Nations ( Deputy ) List Washington , D.C. , United States Michele J. Sison CD Washington , D.C. November 19 , 2014 United Nations ( Management and Reform ) List New York , United States Vacant since January 20 , 2017 ( N / A ) New York City United Nations ( Special Political Affairs ) List New York , United States Vacant since January 20 , 2017 ( N / A ) New York City United Nations Economic and Social Council List New York , United States Kelley Eckels Currie ( N / A ) New York City August 3 , 2017 United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization List Paris , France Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Chris Hegadorn , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Paris United Nations Human Rights Council List Geneva , Switzerland Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Theodore Allegra , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Geneva United Nations International Organizations in Geneva List Geneva , Switzerland Vacant since January 20 , 2017 Theodore Allegra , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Geneva United Nations International Organizations in Nairobi List Nairobi , Kenya Robert F. Godec CD Nairobi January 2 , 2013 United Nations International Organizations in Rome List Rome , Italy Vacant since August 9 , 2016 Thomas M. Duffy , Chargé d'Affaires a.i ( N / A ) Rome United Nations International Organizations in Vienna List Vienna , Austria Vacant since August 4 , 2014 Andrew Schofer , Chargé d'Affaires a.i. ( N / A ) Vienna Ambassadors - at - Large ( edit ) Current Ambassadors - at - Large from the United States with worldwide responsibility : Portfolio List Ambassador Background Website Confirmed Counterterrorism ( Coordinator ) List Nathan Alexander Sales PA ( 38 ) August 3 , 2017 Global AIDS Combat ( Coordinator ) List Deborah L. Birx PA ( 39 ) April 4 , 2014 Global Criminal Justice List Todd F. Buchwald CD ( 40 ) December 30 , 2015 Global Women 's Issues List Vacant ( N / A ) ( 41 ) International Religious Freedom List Vacant ( N / A ) ( 42 ) Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ( Director ) List Susan P. Coppedge PA ( 43 ) October 19 , 2015 Other chiefs of Mission ( edit ) Senior diplomatic representatives of the United States hosted in posts other than embassies . Unlike other consulates , these persons report directly to the Secretary of State . Host country List Ambassador Title Website Appointed Curaçao List Margaret Hawthorne Consul General and Chief of Mission Curaçao April 2016 Hong Kong List Kurt Tong Consul General and Chief of Mission Hong Kong August 27 , 2016 Jerusalem List Donald Blome Consul General and Chief of Mission Jerusalem July 27 , 2015 Macau List Kurt Tong Consul General and Chief of Mission Hong Kong August 27 , 2016 Taiwan List Kin W. Moy Director Taipei June 8 , 2015 Special Envoys , representatives and Coordinators ( edit ) These diplomatic officials report directly to the Secretary of State . Many oversee a portfolio not restricted to one nation , often an overall goal , and are not usually subject to Senate confirmation . Portfolio Officeholder ( Title ) Website Appointed Afghanistan and Pakistan Vacant since November 17 , 2016 ( Special Representative ) Laurel Miller , acting ( 44 ) Arctic Region Vacant since January 20 , 2017 ( Special Representative ) ( 45 ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Matthew Matthews ( Senior Official ) ( 46 ) May 17 , 2015 Assistance to Europe , Eurasia , and Central Asia Alina Romanowski ( Coordinator ) ( 47 ) March 9 , 2015 Biological & Toxin Weapons Convention Issues Robert Wood ( Special Representative ) ( 48 ) October 2 , 2014 Burma Vacant since November 19 , 2014 ( Senior Advisor ) ( 49 ) Central African Republic Stuart Symington ( Special Representative ) ( 50 ) April 21 , 2014 Civil Society and Emerging Democracies Vacant since October 31 , 2014 ( Coordinator ) ( 51 ) Climate Change Vacant since January 20 , 2017 ( Special Envoy ) ( 52 ) Closure of the Guantánamo Detention Facility Vacant since January 20 , 2017 ( Special Envoy ) ( 53 ) Commercial and Business Affairs Vacant ( Special Representative ) Margaret Hawley , acting ( 54 ) Conference on Disarmament Robert Wood ( Special Representative ) ( 55 ) October 2 , 2014 Counterterrorism Justin Siberell ( Coordinator ) ( 56 ) July 9 , 2012 Cyber Issues Christopher Painter ( Coordinator ) ( 57 ) February 22 , 2011 Environment and Water Resources Vacant ( Special Representative ) ( 58 ) Fissile Material Negotiator Michael Guhin ( Senior Cutoff Coordinator ) ( 59 ) August 10 , 2009 Global Coalition to Counter ISIL Brett H. McGurk ( Special Presidential Envoy ) ( 60 ) November 13 , 2015 Global Criminal Justice Todd Buchwald ( Special Coordinator ) ( 61 ) December 30 , 2015 Global Engagement Center Vacant ( 62 ) Global Food Security Vacant ( Special Representative ) Ted Lyng , acting ( 63 ) Global Health Diplomacy Deborah L. Birx ( Special Representative / Ambassador ) ( 64 ) April 14 , 2014 Global Partnerships Vacant ( Special Representative ) Thomas Debass , acting ( 65 ) Global Youth Issues Andy Rabens ( Special Advisor ) ( 66 ) October 19 , 2014 Great Lakes Region of Africa Laurence D. Wohlers ( Special Envoy ) ( 67 ) January 2017 Haiti Kenneth Merten ( Special Coordinator ) ( 68 ) August 17 , 2015 Holocaust Issues Thomas K. Yazdgerdi ( Special Envoy ) Stu Eizenstat ( Special Advisor ) ( 69 ) August 22 , 2016 December 18 , 2013 Hostage Affairs James O'Brien ( Special Presidential Envoy ) ( 70 ) August 28 , 2015 Human Rights of LGBTI Persons Randy W. Berry ( Special Envoy ) ( 71 ) April 13 , 2015 International Communications and Information Policy Vacant ( Coordinator / Ambassador ) ( 72 ) International Disabilities Rights Vacant ( Special Advisor ) ( 73 ) International Energy Affairs Vacant ( Special Envoy and Coordinator ) Mary Warlick acting ( 74 ) International Information Programs Vacant ( Coordinator ) Jonathan Henick , acting ( 75 ) International Information Technology Diplomacy Vacant ( Senior Coordinator ) ( 76 ) International Labor Affairs Vacant ( Special Representative ) ( 77 ) Iran Nuclear Implementation Stephen Mull ( Coordinator ) ( 78 ) September 25 , 2015 Israel and the Palestinian Authority Frederick Rudesheim ( Security Coordinator ) ( 79 ) January 2015 Israeli - Palestinian Negotiations Frank Lowenstein ( Special Envoy ) ( 80 ) July 1 , 2014 Knowledge Management Vacant ( Senior Coordinator ) ( 81 ) Libya Vacant since January 20 , 2017 ( Special Envoy ) Middle East Transitions Vacant ( Special Coordinator ) ( 82 ) Minsk Vacant ( Senior Representative ) ( 83 ) Monitor and Combat Anti-semitism Vacant ( Special Envoy ) ( 84 ) Muslim Communities Vacant ( Special Representative ) ( 85 ) Nonproliferation and Arms Control Vacant since June 10 , 2010 ( Special Advisor ) ( 86 ) North Korea Policy Joseph Yun ( Special Representative ) ( 87 ) October 17 , 2016 North Korean Human Rights Issues Vacant ( Special Envoy ) ( 88 ) Northern Ireland Issues Vacant ( Presidential Representative ) ( 89 ) Nuclear Nonproliferation Vacant ( Special Representative of the President / Ambassador ) ( 90 ) Organization of Islamic Cooperation Vacant since February 13 , 2015 ( Special Envoy ) ( 91 ) Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review Vacant since July 6 , 2015 ( Special Representative ) ( 92 ) Religion and Global Affairs Vacant ( Special Representative ) Amy Lillis , acting ( 93 ) Religious Minorities in the Near East and South / Central Asia Knox Thames ( Special Envoy ) ( 94 ) ( 95 ) September 28 , 2015 Sanctions Policy Vacant ( Coordinator ) ( 96 ) Science and Technology Vacant ( Advisor ) ( 97 ) Secretary Initiatives Vacant ( Special Advisor ) Senior Advisor to the Secretary Vacant ( Senior Advisor ) Six - Party Talks Vacant since September 2015 ( Special Envoy ) ( 98 ) Somalia Vacant ( Special Representative ) ( 99 ) Sudan and South Sudan Vacant ( Special Envoy ) ( 100 ) Syria Michael Ratney ( Special Envoy ) ( 101 ) July 27 , 2015 Threat Reduction Programs Bonnie Jenkins ( Coordinator / Ambassador ) ( 102 ) July 13 , 2009 Tibetan Issues Vacant ( Special Coordinator ) ( 103 ) Transparency Janice Jacobs ( Coordinator ) September 8 , 2015 Ukraine Negotiations Kurt Volker ( Special Representative ) ( 104 ) July 7 , 2017 Nations without exchange of ambassadors ( edit ) Bhutan : According to the U.S. State Department , `` The United States and the Kingdom of Bhutan have not established formal diplomatic relations ; however , the two governments have informal and cordial relations '' . Informal contact with the nation of Bhutan is maintained through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi . Iran : On April 7 , 1980 , the United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution . On April 24 , 1981 , the Swiss government assumed representation of U.S. interests in Tehran , and Algeria assumed representation of Iranian interests in the United States . Currently , Iranian interests in the United States are represented by the government of Pakistan . The U.S. Department of State named Iran a `` State Sponsor of Terrorism '' on January 19 , 1984 . North Korea : The Democratic People 's Republic of Korea is not on friendly terms with the United States , and while talks between the two countries are ongoing , there is no exchange of ambassadors . Sweden functions as Protective Power for the United States in Pyongyang and performs limited consular responsibilities for U.S. citizens in North Korea . Taiwan : With the normalization of relations with the People 's Republic of China in 1979 , the United States has not maintained official diplomatic relations with Taiwan . Relations between Taiwan and the United States are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality , the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office , with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington , D.C. , and twelve other U.S. cities . The Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan , a non-profit , public corporation , functions as a de facto embassy , performing most consular functions and staffed by Foreign Service Officers who are formally `` on leave . '' Selected past ambassadors ( edit ) Many well - known individuals have served the United States as ambassadors , or in formerly analogous positions such as envoy , including several who also became President of the United States ( indicated in boldface below ) . Some notable ambassadors have included : Ambassador Host country or organization John Adams United Kingdom , Netherlands John Quincy Adams United Kingdom , Russia , Netherlands , Germany Madeleine Albright United Nations Carol Moseley Braun New Zealand James Buchanan Russia , United Kingdom George H.W. Bush United Nations Cassius Marcellus Clay Russia Frederick Douglass Haiti Lawrence Eagleburger Yugoslavia Benjamin Franklin France , Sweden John Kenneth Galbraith India Averell Harriman Soviet Union , United Kingdom Pamela Harriman France Patricia Roberts Harris Luxembourg William Henry Harrison Colombia Richard Holbrooke Germany , United Nations Jon Huntsman , Jr . Singapore , China , Russia ( current , as of 2017 ) Ambassador Host country or organization John Jay Spain Thomas Jefferson France Joseph P. Kennedy Sr . United Kingdom Jeane Kirkpatrick United Nations Robert Lincoln United Kingdom Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . United Nations , Germany Clare Boothe Luce Italy George McGovern UN-Rome John Y. Mason France Walter Mondale Japan James Monroe France , United Kingdom Daniel Patrick Moynihan India , United Nations Donald Rumsfeld NATO Shirley Temple Czechoslovakia , Ghana Martin Van Buren United Kingdom Paul Wolfowitz Indonesia Charles Yost Laos , Syria , Morocco , United Nations Ambassadors killed in Office ( edit ) Eight United States Ambassadors have been killed in office -- six of them by armed attack and the other two in plane crashes . Name Ambassador to Place Country Date of death Killed by Laurence Steinhardt Canada Ramsayville , Ontario Canada 000000001950 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1950 plane crash John Mein Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala 000000001968 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1968 attack by Rebel Armed Forces Cleo Noel Sudan Khartoum Sudan 000000001973 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1973 attack by Black September Rodger Davies Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus 000000001974 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1974 attack during Greek Cypriot demonstration Francis Meloy Lebanon Beirut Lebanon 000000001976 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1976 attack by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Adolph Dubs Afghanistan Kabul Afghanistan 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 attack by Settam - e-Melli Arnold Raphel Pakistan Bahawalpur , Pakistan 000000001988 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1988 plane crash Chris Stevens Libya Benghazi Libya 000000002012 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2012 attack by Ansar al - Sharia on a U.S. diplomatic mission Ambassadors to past countries ( edit ) Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii North Yemen South Vietnam South Yemen Texas Yugoslavia See also ( edit ) United States portal International relations portal Chief of Protocol of the United States List of ambassadors to the United States List of United States Foreign Service Career Ambassadors List of LGBT ambassadors of the United States Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Ambassadors : Current List of Ambassadorial Appointments Overseas '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate -- Powers & Procedure Senate.gov Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry B. Hogue . `` Recess Appointments : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Ambassador to Spain , resident at Madrid , is also accredited to Andorra . ^ Jump up to : The United States Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean , resident in Bridgetown , Barbados , is concurrently accredited to Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Dominica , Grenada , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Jump up ^ In 1989 the military government of Burma changed the name of the nation to Myanmar , but the United States government -- and other Western governments -- still refer to the country as Burma in official usage . See Myanmar . Jump up ^ Embassy suspended operations on December 28 , 2012 . French embassy acted as protecting power from April 25 , 2013 . Relations resumed from September 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Department of State -- Central African Republic : Resumption of Operations at Embassy Bangui Jump up ^ 7 FAM 1022 -- Bilateral Protecting Power Arrangements ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Antananarivo , is accredited to Madagascar and Comoros . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Suva , is accredited to Fiji , Kiribati , Nauru , Tonga , and Tuvalu . Source U.S. Embassy Suva . ^ Jump up to : As of December 2006 , the U.S. ambassador to France is also accredited to Monaco . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jim ( Aug 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jamie McCourt to be nominated as ambassador to France '' . Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Libreville , is accredited to Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe . Source : U.S. State Department Jump up ^ `` Chargé d'Affaires Kent Logsdon '' . U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the Germany . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gauoette , Nicole ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` TTrump offers job of German ambassador to Richard Grenell '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Dakar , is accredited to Guinea - Bissau and Senegal . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Ambassador to Rome is also accredited to San Marino . The U.S. Consulate in Florence handles matters concerned with San Marino . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Bern , is accredited to Switzerland and Liechtenstein . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Colombo , is accredited to Maldives and Sri Lanka . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Port Louis , is accredited to Mauritius and Seychelles . Jump up ^ Until December 2006 , the United States and Monaco had no formal diplomatic relations ( exchange of ambassadors ) . The U.S. Consul General in Marseille , France , under the authority of the U.S. Ambassador to France , managed relations with Monaco . In December 2006 , the United States and Monaco upgraded from consular to full diplomatic relations and Ambassador Craig Stapleton ( France ) was accredited to Monaco . Source : Department of State : Background notes on Monaco , U.S. Embassy in France : U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Monaco . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Wellington , is accredited to New Zealand and Samoa . Jump up ^ American citizens who travel to North Korea do so at their own risk and in some cases in violation of U.S. and / or UN sanctions . ^ Jump up to : Until 2005 one ambassador , resident at Manila , was accredited to the Philippines and Palau . Source : CIA World Factbook . Helen Reed - Rowe is the first ambassador to Palau to be confirmed in 2010 . ^ Jump up to : One ambassador , resident at Port Moresby , is accredited to Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , and Vanuatu . Jump up ^ `` William Grant appointed Chargé d'Affaires , ad interim at U.S. Embassy in Qatar '' . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Managed through the U.S. Embassy in Kenya . The United States has no diplomatic relations with Somalia . The last ambassador to Somalia was James Bishop when the embassy in Mogadishu was closed on January 5 , 1991 . Source : U.S State Department . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Presence Post Somalia '' . Jump up ^ The U.S. Embassy in Khartoum was closed on February 7 , 1996 . Timothy Carney was the last ambassador to Sudan . The embassy was reopened on May 23 , 2002 , with Jeffrey Millington as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim . There has been no U.S. ambassador in Khartoum since then . Source U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ After formal relations were reestablished in 2010 after five years , the embassy was again suspended on February 6 , 2014 . Poland became the protecting power until its embassy closed on July 27 , at which point the Czech Republic took responsibility . Jump up ^ The ambassador to the U.K. is known as the `` Ambassador to the Court of St. James 's . '' Jump up ^ President Chavez ordered the expulsion of the U.S. Ambassador , John Duddy , on September 11 , 2008 in solidarity with the Bolivian government 's decision to expel the U.S. Ambassador in La Paz . The U.S. Government ordered the reciprocal expulsion of the Venezuelan Ambassador in Washington . Source : U.S. Department of State Background Notes on Venezuela Jump up ^ The US neither recognizes Moroccan claims to sovereignty over Western Sahara . Sources : Western Sahara , Foreign relations of Western Sahara , Foreign relations of Morocco . Jump up ^ United States Ambassadors at Large ^ Jump up to : Assistant Secretaries and Other Senior Officials Jump up ^ While solely accredited to Curaçao , the Consul General is responsible for all the countries and special municipalities of the former Netherlands Antilles , including Aruba , Curaçao , Sint Maarten , Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius . ^ Jump up to : The United States Consul General to Hong Kong , resident in Hong Kong , is concurrently accredited to Macau . Jump up ^ The Consul General to Jerusalem is also responsible for residents in the Palestinian territories . Jump up ^ `` Special Envoys , Representatives and Coordinators '' . American Foreign Service Association . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices ^ Jump up to : `` Bhutan ( 08 / 04 ) '' . United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Goshko , John M. ; Walsh , Edward ( April 8 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Breaks Diplomatic Ties With Iran : Carter Breaks Ties , Orders Ouster of Iranian Diplomats '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Former No. 2 Iran Diplomat To Be Allowed Back in U.S '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1980 . p . A27 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 - State Sponsors of Terrorism Overview '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Embassy SwedenAbroad '' . www.swedenabroad.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Roy , Denny ( 2003 ) . Taiwan : a political history ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 9780801488054 . Jump up ^ `` US Ambassadors Killed in the Line of Duty '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambassadors of the United States . Websites of U.S. Embassies and Consulates Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission United States Mission to the United Nations US ambassadors killed in the line of duty ( hide ) Ambassadors of the United States Current countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia - Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Defunct countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii Iran North Yemen Ottoman Empire Prussia South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Tanganyika Two Sicilies United Arab Republic Texas Yugoslavia Other places Curaçao Hong Kong and Macau Jerusalem Taiwan International organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO Ambassadors - at - large Counterterrorism Global Women 's Issues International Religious Freedom War Crimes Issues Trafficking in Persons AIDS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambassadors_of_the_United_States&oldid=812040620 '' Categories : Ambassadors of the United States Lists of ambassadors of the United States United States Department of State United States Department of State officials Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu Polski Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the president nominate to represent the us in other countries	[ "An ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer (career diplomat - CD) or a political appointee (PA). In most cases, career foreign service officers serve a tour of approximately three years per ambassadorship whereas political appointees customarily tender their resignations upon the inauguration of a new president. As embassies fall under the State Department's jurisdiction, ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State.", "An ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer (career diplomat - CD) or a political appointee (PA). In most cases, career foreign service officers serve a tour of approximately three years per ambassadorship whereas political appointees customarily tender their resignations upon the inauguration of a new president. As embassies fall under the State Department's jurisdiction, ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State." ]	[ "Foreign Service Officer", "political appointee" ]
4974688063730314444	Melbourne Football Club	Melbourne Football club - Wikipedia Melbourne Football club This article is about the Australian rules football club . For the association football ( soccer ) clubs , see Melbourne City FC and Melbourne Victory FC . Melbourne Football Club Names Full name Melbourne Football Club Nickname ( s ) Demons , Dees Former nickname ( s ) Redlegs , Fuchsias ( prior to 1933 ) 2018 season After finals 4th Home - and - away season 5th Leading goalkicker Tom McDonald ( 53 goals ) Keith ' Bluey ' Truscott Trophy Max Gawn Club details Founded 1858 ; 160 years ago ( 1858 ) Colours Red Navy blue Competition Australian Football League Chairman Glen Bartlett CEO Peter Jackson Coach Simon Goodwin Captain ( s ) Nathan Jones Jack Viney Premierships VFL / AFL ( 12 ) : 1900 , 1926 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1948 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1964 Ground ( s ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( capacity : 100,024 ) Former ground ( s ) Motordrome ( 1932 ) Punt Road Oval ( 1942 -- 1946 ) Training ground ( s ) AAMI Park Uniforms Home Away Alternate Other information Official website melbournefc.com.au Current season The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a `` foot - ball club '' with its own `` code of laws '' . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified `` The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club '' -- the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the earliest Australian rules football competition , the Challenge Cup , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL / AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming `` 150 Heroes '' as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 . Contents 1 History 1.1 1858 : Origins 1.2 1859 -- 1876 : Foundation 1.3 1877 -- 1896 : Founders of the VFA 1.4 1897 -- 1932 : Entry to the VFL 1.5 1933 -- 1964 : Age of greatness 1.6 1965 -- 1986 : Decades of disappointment 1.7 1987 -- 2006 : Rollercoaster years 1.8 2007 : Daniher 's departure and rebuilding 1.9 2008 : Birthday celebrations and financial crisis 1.10 2009 -- 2011 : Debt free and improvement 1.11 2012 -- 2013 : Mark Neeld Era 1.11. 1 `` Tanking '' investigation 1.12 2014 -- 2016 : Paul Roos Era 1.13 2017 -- present : Simon Goodwin Era 2 Club symbols 2.1 Club mascot 2.2 Club jumper 2.3 Club song 3 Membership base 4 Club honours 4.1 Premiership record 4.2 Melbourne Team of the Century 4.3 Hall of Fame 4.4 `` 150 Heroes '' 5 Match records 6 Current squad 7 Honour board 8 Individual awards 8.1 Best and Fairest 8.2 Brownlow Medal winners 8.3 Leigh Matthews Trophy 8.4 VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal winners ( 1897 -- 1954 ) 8.5 Coleman Medal winners ( since 1955 ) 8.6 AFL Rising Star winners 8.7 Mark of the Year winners 8.8 Goal of the Year winners 8.9 All - Australian players -- AFL ( since 1991 ) 8.10 All - Australian players -- Interstate Carnivals ( 1953 -- 1988 ) 8.11 National team representatives ( since 1998 ) 9 AFL Women 's team 9.1 Current squad 9.2 Best and fairest winners 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) 1858 : origins ( edit ) See also : Origins of Australian football Tom Wills H.C.A. Harrison In the winter and spring of 1858 , a loosely organised football team known as Melbourne played in a series of scratch matches in the parklands outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground . This team was captained by Tom Wills , a prominent athlete and captain of the Victoria cricket team , who , on 10 July that year , had a letter of his published by the Melbourne - based Bell 's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle , in which he calls for the formation of a `` foot - ball club '' with a `` code of laws '' to keep cricketers fit during winter . Other figures associated with this embryonic Melbourne side include cricketers Jerry Bryant , William Hammersley and J.B. Thompson , and teacher Thomas H. Smith . 1859 -- 1876 : foundation ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Rules of Melbourne Football Club During meetings held on 17 and 21 May 1859 , Wills , Hammersley , Thompson and Smith met near the MCG at the Parade Hotel , owned by Bryant , to draft `` The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club '' . The resulting ten codified rules are the laws from which Australian rules football evolved . The first mention of an interclub match played under the new code was between Melbourne and South Yarra in July 1859 , with Hammersley as Melbourne 's inaugural captain . In 1861 , Melbourne participated in the Caledonian Society 's Challenge Cup , but lost the trophy to the Melbourne University Football Club . The club pushed for its rules to be the accepted rules , however many of the early suburban matches were played under compromised rules decided between the captains of the competing clubs . Although some Melbourne players and officials were associated with the cricket club , the football club was not initially allowed to use the MCG , so it used a nearby field at Yarra Park as its home ground instead . By 1866 several other clubs had also adopted an updated version of Melbourne 's rules , drafted at a meeting chaired by Wills ' cousin , H.C.A. Harrison . Harrison was a key figure in the early years of the club ; he often served as captain and , in later years , as president . Due to his popular reputation and administrative efforts , he was officially named `` Father of Australian Football '' in 1908 , the year of the sport 's golden jubilee . During the 1870s , Melbourne fielded teams in the Seven Twenties and South Yarra Cup competitions . After a visit to England by one of the club 's officials , the colours of red and green were officially adopted by the club . Shortly afterward , the club began wearing a predominantly red strip and became informally known by supporters as the `` Redlegs '' . The name `` Redlegs '' was coined after a Melbourne official returned from a trip to England with one set of red and another of blue woollen socks . Melbourne wore the red set while the blue set was , allegedly , given to the Carlton Football Club . This may be the source of Carlton 's nickname , ' The Blueboys ' . 1877 -- 1896 : founders of the VFA ( edit ) In 1877 , the club became a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) . During the same year the club took part in the first interstate football match involving a South Australian side , Victorian , defeating the home side 1 - 0 . During this time , the club was known as the `` Fuchsias '' . Melbourne never won a VFA premiership , although they were consistently one of the stronger teams in the competition , finishing runner - up four times , to Carlton in 1877 ( the inaugural year of the VFA ) , to Geelong in 1878 and twice to Essendon in 1893 and 1894 . In 1889 , the MFC was reincorporated into the MCC , and for many years the two organisations remained unhappily linked . The MFC 's close association with the MCC allowed it to claim the MCG as its home ground and gave it access to a wealthy membership base , but Melbourne 's reputation as an `` establishment '' club was not always an advantage . MCC members have the automatic right to attend all events at the ground , including MFC football games . This meant many potential members had a reduced incentive to join the football club , and Melbourne 's membership remained one of the lowest in the competition . 1897 -- 1932 : entry to the VFL ( edit ) Melbourne FC , 1900 premiers . In 1897 , the MFC was part of the breakaway Victorian Football League , and has been a part of the competition ever since . The team became known as the `` Redlegs '' . This nickname is still used by some members and supporter groups within the club . In 1900 Melbourne won its first VFL premiership , defeating Fitzroy . Melbourne 's greatest player of these early years of the VFL was Ivor Warne - Smith , who in 1926 won the club 's first Brownlow Medal , the League 's annual award for the fairest and best player . In that year Melbourne won its second flag . Warne - Smith went on to win a second Brownlow in 1928 . 1933 -- 1964 : Age of greatness ( edit ) Demons great Norm Smith ( during his playing time at Fitzroy ) , whom many argue as being a catalyst for the club 's early success as a player , then later as a coach of six premierships . Frank ' Checker ' Hughes became Melbourne 's coach in 1933 , and under his leadership , the club entered a golden age . He was the driving force behind changing the club 's nickname from the Fuchsias to the Demons . `` You are playing like a lot of flowers . Lift your heads and play like demons ! '' -- Hughes during one of his earlier games at the club , legend has it . In 1939 , 1940 and 1941 Melbourne won its third , fourth and fifth flags . In 1946 Don Cordner became the second Demon to win the Brownlow . In 1947 Fred Fanning kicked a record 18 goals in the last game of the season . The following season Melbourne played the first ever drawn Grand Final , against Essendon , and went on to win the premiership the following week . Norm Smith became Melbourne 's coach in 1952 , and the following season Ron Barassi played his first game . These two were to take Melbourne to new heights in the coming years . The Demons made the Grand Final in 1954 , losing to Footscray , won the flag in 1955 , 1956 and 1957 , lost to Collingwood in 1958 , and then won again in 1959 and 1960 with Smith as coach and Barassi as captain . 1964 Melbourne won its 12th flag , defeating Collingwood , at the end of the season , Barassi left the club to become captain - coach of Carlton . The following season Norm Smith was sacked after a dispute with the club . Although he was soon reinstated , things were never the same again for the Demons . The club appeared in Grand Finals from 1954 -- 1960 and every Finals ' Series from 1954 -- 1964 . After the 1954 Grand Final loss to Footscray , no team was able to score 100 points against the club until Collingwood in round 5 1963 . The next team was Geelong with 110 in round 1 1964 . The 1965 season started with eight wins but only two wins from the next 10 games saw the end of the era . They would have to wait until 1987 for Melbourne to make the finals again . 1965 -- 1986 : decades of disappointment ( edit ) Statue of Melbourne great , Ron Barassi , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Poor recruiting zones and management meant that Melbourne , under coaches John Beckwith ( 1968 -- 70 ) , Ian Ridley ( 1971 -- 73 ) , Bob Skilton ( 1974 -- 77 ) , Dennis Jones ( 1978 ) and Carl Ditterich ( 1979 -- 80 ) , languished near the bottom of the League ladder for most of the 1970s . Their best start to a season was in 1971 when they were at the top of the ladder after the first round and maintained that position until it lost to Collingwood in round 6 . Melbourne was still in second place at the start of the second half of the season but a dramatic slump had them dropping to fifth position five weeks later . They finished with only two more wins and a draw . In 1976 , Melbourne missed what looked to be an almost certain finals appearance . In the final round , they only needed to beat bottom side Collingwood and Footscray one place ahead were expected to lose to the top side Carlton . They beat Collingwood at Victoria Park but an unexpected drawn game between Footscray and Carlton saw them miss fifth position . Had Footscray lost the game , Melbourne 's superior percentage would have led them to a fifth spot finish . Melbourne collected Wooden spoons in 1974 and 1978 , and in 1979 they suffered the worst defeat in VFL / AFL history , losing to Fitzroy by 190 points in round 17 . Although they beat Essendon the following week In 1980 , the MFC finally legally separated from the MCC , becoming a public company , in an effort to attract more members and improve the club 's finances . The season produced one less win than 1979 ( five ) but the club finished higher -- ninth . It became evident that drastic action was needed for a club that had missed 16 finals series in a row the return of former star Ron Barassi was seen as the cure . When Barassi left in 1965 it was felt that he would eventually return and his arrival caused much excitement and an expectation of immediate success . Melbourne 's 1980s shield logo . In 1981 , under the chairmanship of Sir Billy Snedden , Barassi returned to Melbourne as the senior coach and immediately appointed Robert Flower as captain . In Barassi 's first year the team finished last , but this was attributed to working out who the willing players were and the club won some powerful victories in the next three seasons . There was a distinct revival during the middle of the 1984 season . The club had lost 6 of its first 7 games but won its next 6 , two by large margins . After a powerful win against reigning premiers Hawthorn in round 13 , elevating the club to 4th place on the ladder , Barassi 's five - year plan seemed close to fruition . However , a loss the following week to eventual premiers Essendon seemed to demoralize the club and they only won two more games . Even though during his era Brian Wilson won the Brownlow in 1982 , and Peter Moore won it in 1984 , Barassi 's coaching was not directly able to get the club back into premiership contention , although his coaching may have set a precedent for the success that occurred 2 years after his departure . 1987 -- 2006 : rollercoaster years ( edit ) In 1987 , Melbourne made the finals under John Northey ( for the first time since 1964 ) , losing the Preliminary Final to Hawthorn on the last kick of the game after the final siren . It was also the last game played by the team captain Robert Flower . In 1988 the Demons did even better , reaching their first Grand Final in 24 years , only to be defeated , again , by Hawthorn . From 1987 to 1991 , Melbourne had five positive win - loss differentials in successive seasons which the club had not been able to achieve since the 1954 -- 65 era . Thereafter things went downhill for Northey , although Jim Stynes won the Brownlow in 1991 . In 1992 , the club finished 11th , and Northey was replaced by Neil Balme as coach . Balme coached Melbourne into the finals in 1994 , but the last game loss to Brisbane saw them drop out of the top - eight in 1995 , and the club lingered at or near the bottom of the ladder for most of the 1996 season . By 1996 , the club was also in dire financial straits . The board , headed by past player Ian Ridley decided on the desperate step of a merger with Hawthorn . In the ensuing weeks , a passionate debate was fought between pro and anti-merger supporters . In the first few days of this debate , lifelong supporters Mark and Anthony Jenkins met with coterie member George Zagon to form the Demon Alternative -- an anti-merger group that was to significantly impact on the plans of the incumbent board . The Demon Alternative recruited members from a wide range of areas but the two most recognised were former player and politician Brian Dixon and Rabbi Joseph Gutnick . The group quickly organised itself into a credible option for Melbourne supporters ; however given the support of the AFL and other factors , when the merger issue was put to a vote , a majority of Melbourne members supported the board . In a meeting on the opposite side of town , Hawthorn members rejected their board 's proposal and eventually the merger was defeated . In the aftermath of the merger meetings , Ridley focused on a compromise with the Demons Alternative to ensure that Melbourne could continue as a viable business . His board co-opted Gutnick and Mark Jenkins onto the board and a truce of sorts was struck between all parties . In the months following the 1996 merger vote , the businessman and Joseph Gutnick became president . He put $3 million of his own money into the club , and sacked Balme as coach midway through the 1997 season . In 1998 , under new coach Neale Daniher , the club spent most of the season in the top eight and beat the eventual premiers Adelaide in the Qualifying Final . Melbourne also eliminated St Kilda , but lost to North Melbourne in the Preliminary Final . In 1999 Melbourne finished in the bottom three . In 2000 Daniher took Melbourne to the Grand Final , but the Demons were convincingly beaten by Essendon . The members had expected a new era of success , but in 2001 it was the same old story : Melbourne finished 11th . In 2002 , although Melbourne again made the finals , Gutnick was voted out by the members . In 2003 , Melbourne plunged into a new crisis , winning only five games for the year and posting a $1 million loss . President Gabriel Szondy resigned and it seemed that Daniher 's tenure as coach was under threat . But , continuing the recent trend , in 2004 , Melbourne climbed the ladder again , winning 14 games and leading the competition , albeit for one round only , in round 18 ; from there , the club lost five matches in a row , including the elimination final , to finish seventh . During the 2004 post-season , the Demons tragically lost defender Troy Broadbridge in the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami , when he was swept off Phi Phi island in Thailand . He was walking along the beach with his wife Trisha when the tsunami struck . His body was found on 3 January 2005 , and brought home . A funeral was held on 20 January 2005 in recognition to the No. 20 guernsey he wore during his playing days . During the 2005 off - season , the whole team travelled to the island in which Broadbridge was killed to build a new school for those struck by the tsunami . The No. 20 jumper was then rested for two years . Melbourne started 2005 strongly , being second after round 12 , however losing momentum by round 19 appeared unlikely to play finals , then wins against Western Bulldogs , Geelong at Geelong ( where Melbourne had not won since the late 1980s ) , and Essendon in round 22 , placed the club seventh and a finals berth , only to lose the Elimination Final to Geelong by 55 points . In 2006 , after a slow start , Melbourne again finished the season in seventh position . After defeating St Kilda in the second Elimination Final by 18 points the season ended the following week when Fremantle beat the Demons by 28 points . Melbourne 's coach Neale Daniher had become the second longest - serving coach of Melbourne , and the longest - surviving in the entire history of the VFL / AFL not to have coached a premiership side . 2007 : Daniher 's departure and rebuilding ( edit ) Season 2007 was a poor one for Melbourne . After losing their first nine games through a combination of injury and poor form , they finally broke through with wins against Adelaide and Collingwood . But , following a loss to Richmond the next week , Daniher resigned from the club , and Mark Riley was appointed as caretaker coach . The resignation of Daniher caused significant tension at the club . It was an unpopular move with the leadership group , and captain David Neitz expressed his dissatisfaction over the decision . Winning three of their remaining nine games , Melbourne avoided the wooden spoon and finished 14th . Dean Bailey was appointed as coach for the 2008 season , but success did not follow , as Melbourne lost their first six matches , before breaking through with a record comeback win in round seven against Fremantle . They showed signs of improvement , putting up a good fight in round nine against top - of - the - ladder team Hawthorn , who was undefeated at the time . Melbourne had to wait until round 14 for the second win . After good performances , against Collingwood , Richmond , and Sydney in the preceding weeks , the Demons defeated Brisbane by a solitary point in the two teams ' first encounter at the MCG in nine years . 2008 : birthday celebrations and financial crisis ( edit ) David Neitz retired as the club 's games and goals record holder , along with being the longest serving captain . Off field , the club remained in serious turmoil . In the first sign of troubles in February 2008 , CEO Steve Harris resigned . Paul Gardner addressed the media in response to comments from the club 's auditors spelling disaster for the club . Gardner reiterated that the club had posted a $97,000 profit at the end of 2007 . Harris was replaced by the high - profile former Wimbledon tennis champion Paul McNamee . Despite celebrating the club 's birthday with an official mid-season function at Crown Casino , shortly afterward chairman Paul Gardner resigned , handing the presidency to former club champion Jim Stynes who inherited a $4.5 million debt , which media pundits suggested would cripple the club . Hawthorn 's president Jeff Kennett caused controversy with remarks about relocating the Demons to the Gold Coast , something which Stynes spoke against . AFL CEO Andrew Demetriou dispelled the notion that the club 's future was in doubt , but admitted that Stynes ' board faced a huge challenge . Demons legend , games and goalkicking record holder , David Neitz , announced his immediate retirement due to injury on 19 May . Stynes wasted no time attempting to change the club 's direction and eliminate debt , introducing a drive called `` Debt Demolition '' , beginning with a call for members to sign - up . Under Stynes ' direction , the new board sacked Paul McNamee after just four months . During McNamee 's tenure , he had drawn criticisms for holidaying in Wimbledon to compete in a legends match and after his sacking an attempt to lure Brisbane Lions star Jonathan Brown was also revealed . A 5 August fundraiser raised $1.3 million . The club raised well over $3 million . Despite the reduced debt , in November new club CEO Cameron Schwab declared that it required urgent AFL assistance to continue , requesting additional funding to its special annual distribution . In December , a fallout in negotiations between the Melbourne Cricket Club resulted in the MCC not committing an expected $2 million to the club and Schwab declared that the club 's immediate future was in doubt . This doubt was quickly put to bed when the AFL and MCC finalised negotioations . The AFL committed $1 million to the club in 2009 , with the MCC matching the AFL contribution . 2009 -- 2011 : debt free and improvement ( edit ) By the midpoint of the 2009 season , things had improved both on and off - field for Melbourne . They had secured a record number of members , re-merged with the MCC , knocked - off more debt and were starting to show some fight on - field . Players such as Liam Jurrah had begun to emerge as top young talents and were catching the eye of the footballing public . However , on the eve of the round 14 clash against West Coast , influential president Jim Stynes announced that he had cancer , this evoked a very emotional response from the footballing public and the club lifted from three embarrassing defeats the weeks before to convincingly beat West Coast in front of a passionate MCG crowd . At the end of the season , Melbourne finished 16th on the ladder and for the second year in a row won no more than four games which granted them a Priority Pick in the National draft . Melbourne , therefore , had picks 1 and 2 in the draft to build on their young talent . At the end of the season fan favourites Russell Robertson , Matthew Whelan and Paul Wheatley announced that they would no longer be playing for Melbourne in 2010 and beyond . During September 2009 , midfielder Brock McLean asked to be a traded and a deal involving Carlton 's pick 11 in the National draft was agreed to . After losing their first game against Hawthorn by 50 points and a narrow defeat to Collingwood , Melbourne strung together three consecutive wins against Adelaide , Richmond and Brisbane , making it the first time they have won three games in a row since 2006 . Their 50 - point win over the previously undefeated and top - of - the - table Brisbane Lions , was the upset of the round , along with Port Adelaide 's shock win against St Kilda . It was the Demons ' victory over Brisbane that started their freefall , winning only three more games for the season . However , losses to North Melbourne , Western Bulldogs and the poorly performing West Coast seemed to end the Dees finals dream . However , the Demons made a comeback when they narrowly defeated Port Adelaide by one point , at a home game in Darwin . Though subsequent losses to Geelong and Carlton lowered the Demons spirits , they fought a hard battle against arch - enemy Collingwood and came out with a draw . Despite showing great resilience against Collingwood , the Demons were handed two further blows with losses to Adelaide and St Kilda . The following round saw a match - up with Essendon that would decide either team 's fate . Though both teams fought hard , the Demons came out on top by 19 points , keeping their finals dreams alive and moving above Essendon on the ladder . The Demons then travelled to Perth , where after a poor start , they fought back , but fell away to lose by 11 points to finals aspirant Fremantle . The next week they faced Sydney at the MCG , for the first time since 2006 . Melbourne defeated Sydney by 73 points , thereby inflicting the worst loss Sydney has ever had , under premiership - winning coach , Paul Roos . This was followed up with a 10 - point win over the Brisbane Lions at the Gabba where the Demons had not won since 2006 . The Demons finished the 2010 season in 12th position with eight and a half wins ( more than double their win tallies from 2008 and 2009 combined ) ; that could have easily been eleven if not for close results against 2010 Premiers Collingwood during the course of the year ( a one - point loss in round 2 and a draw in round 12 ) and the Western Bulldogs ( a four - point loss in round seven ) . On 5 August , the club announced that Jim Stynes ' goal of wiping out the club 's debt that had plagued them for so long had finally been achieved . The event also saw Melbourne unveil its proposed new logo , which incorporates a trident , the Southern Cross , as well as the inaugural rules of Australian rules football . Melbourne 's 2011 season started with a dramatic draw against Sydney , tying 11.18. ( 84 ) apiece after Melbourne captain Brad Green had soccered through a goal with four minutes remaining , only to see their short lead disappear by the final siren . Melbourne , heading into the match , had not won its season - opening match since 2005 , nor did Sydney . round 2 saw Melbourne lose dramatically to Hawthorn by 45 points after leading by 19 at halftime . Their next two matches leading into the round 5 bye saw them defeat Brisbane by 11 points and the Gold Coast by 90 points . However , in an eventful twist to their season , the Demons only recorded four wins between the bye in round 5 and the second bye in round 16 , that being a record 96 - point thrashing of Adelaide at the MCG in round 7 and a convincing 33 - point win over top eight side Essendon in round 11 , a record 89 - point thrashing of Fremantle in Rround 13 , and a 27 - point victory over Richmond in round 14 . In round 19 , the Demons suffered the second - heaviest defeat in AFL / VFL history -- a 186 - point humiliation at the hands of Geelong . Twenty - four hours later , the Melbourne Football Club called an urgent board meeting after which coach Dean Bailey was sacked with five games remaining in the 2011 season . He left the club with only 22 wins from 83 games -- a winning percentage of just over 25 % , however , he was credited for rebuilding the club following the retirements of David Neitz , Adem Yze and Russell Robertson early in Bailey 's coaching career . Demons assistant coach and former player Todd Viney was appointed the caretaker coach for the remainder of the season , achieving 1 win the five games he coached . On 17 September 2011 , Mark Neeld was appointed as senior coach for a three - year term . 2012 -- 2013 : Mark Neeld era ( edit ) On 13 April 2012 , it was announced that Webjet would take over the sponsorship of Melbourne Football Club after the controversial comments by former Melbourne sponsor , Ben Pollis , of Energy Watch . On the field , the Demons had a poor start to the season , losing the first nine matches of the season before finally winning in round 10 , upsetting then top - placed Essendon by six points . Despite the off - season acquisitions of several players , such as Shannon Byrnes , Tom Gillies , Chris Dawes , David Rodan and Jack Viney , the Demons underachieved in the first half of the 2013 season , managing just one win in their first 11 games . As the result of this poor start to the season , during the Demons ' mid-season bye on 17 June 2013 , Mark Neeld was sacked as head coach . His sacking came within weeks of the departures of senior Demons ' staff members Cameron Schwab and Don McLardy . Neeld left the Demons with just five wins in 33 games coached , for a winning percentage of just 15 % . Demons ' senior assistant coach , Neil Craig , was appointed as the caretaker coach for the remainder of the season . Following a disastrous season finish of 17th on the ladder with two wins , on 6 September the club announced that Sydney premiership coach Paul Roos had signed a two - year deal to coach the Demons , with the option of a third year . `` Tanking '' investigation ( edit ) Main article : Melbourne Football Club tanking scandal On 31 July 2012 , the AFL 's Integrity Officer , Brett Clothier , announced a full investigation into Melbourne 's 2009 season regarding allegations that the Demons had `` tanked '' ( set out to lose ) games during the season to secure a priority draft - pick that year , available to clubs winning fewer than five games . Although the press had published such allegations previously , the investigation was prompted by specific statements from former player Brock McLean during a TV interview on On The Couch earlier in July 2012 . Melbourne club officials , led by board chairman Don McLardy , vigorously denied the tanking allegations . The investigation lasted 203 days and Clothier interviewed over 50 people associated with the club . The AFL released its findings on 19 February 2013 . Clothier effectively cleared Melbourne of tanking , stating `` there was no directive from the board and executive of the Melbourne Football Club to deliberately lose matches and that the club , coach and players did not deliberately set out to lose matches . '' However , the investigation did establish a ' secret ' meeting , known as `` The Vault '' , had taken place during 2009 at which club football manager Chris Connolly impressed upon then - coach Dean Bailey the desirability of procuring a priority draft pick . The AFL fined Melbourne $500,000 and suspended Connolly for one year from involvement in Melbourne 's training and match - day duties and Bailey ( subsequently an assistant coach of Adelaide ) for 16 weeks from coaching duties , on the basis they had contravened rule 1.6 by `` acting in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the AFL . '' Neither Melbourne , Connolly or Bailey contested these penalties . 2014 -- 2016 : Paul Roos era ( edit ) Paul Roos 's first year in his tenure as Demon 's head coach saw an improvement from their 2013 season , with the Demons doubling their win tally and their points tally , in addition to increasing their percentage and reducing the number of points conceded by the team . However , the Demons finished the season in 17th place for the second consecutive season . Under Roos , the club continued to steadily improve winning 7 games in 2015 as well as blooding and developing more young talent into the team . Key forward Jesse Hogan would win the Ron Evans Medal as the AFL rising star kicking 44 goals in his first season . 2016 would embark a 10 - 12 season for the team , ruckman Max Gawn would receive All Australian honours as well polling 16 votes in the Brownlow Medal . 2017 -- present : simon goodwin era ( edit ) 2017 saw the addition of a Melbourne AFL Women 's team captained by Daisy Pearce , the team narrowly missed out on making the grand final by percentage finishing 5 - 2 . The club would surpass 40,000 members for the first time in their history in May . Melbourne started their 2017 campaign with an emphatic win against fellow top eight contenders , St Kilda before a tight win against Carlton saw the Demons claim victory in the first two rounds of a season for the first time since 2005 . By the midway point of the season , Melbourne sat on five wins and six losses with the main highlight being a 41 - point victory over Adelaide at the Adelaide Oval . Following their bye , the Demons claimed three victories in a row including a thriller against Collingwood on Queens Birthday , a 57 - point win against 2016 premiers the Western Bulldogs and a last - minute miracle against the West Coast Eagles where defender turned forward Tom McDonald kicked a goal over his head in the dying seconds to secure Melbourne 's first win in Perth in over a decade . The Demons also had a tough time with injury . Key forward Jesse Hogan was diagnosed with testicular cancer before successful surgery and recovery saw him return in round 16 , 2016 All - Australian ruckman Max Gawn missed half the season with a serious hamstring injury and co-captains Jack Viney and Nathan Jones found themselves on the sidelines during late - season games with a foot and calf injury respectively . To add insult to injury , undisciplined on - field acts found the Demons losing key players to suspension . The long list included : Jordan Lewis 3 games , Jesse Hogan 2 games , Bernie Vince 2 games and Tomas Bugg 6 games . Melbourne finished the 2017 home - and - away season in ninth place with a win - loss record of 12 - 10 , missing out on eighth spot to West Coast by 0.5 % after West Coast beat minor premiers Adelaide in the last round to leapfrog Melbourne on percentage . Second - year player Clayton Oliver claimed his first Keith ' Bluey ' Truscott Trophy over co-captain Jack Viney while small forward Jeff Garlett topped the club goalkicking list with 42 majors for the season . Essendon recruit Michael Hibberd also enjoyed a successful debut season in the red and blue and was named as Melbourne 's sole player in the final 22 of the 2017 All - Australian team . In 2018 Melbourne had a much improved season , but their form was relatively shaky as they started the season 2 wins to 3 losses , with large losses to Hawthorn and reigning premiers Richmond . However the club rallied behind a 36 point win over Essendon and go on to win the next 5 games in a row , and eventually finish in 5th place with a record of 14 - 8 , to qualify for the finals for the first time in 12 years , narrow losses to Geelong and St Kilda proving to be the difference between an elimination final and a double chance . In spite of this the Demons began well in the finals , defeating Geelong in the first elimination final and eliminating Hawthorn in straight sets to earn a preliminary final spot for the first time since 2000 , in which they were eliminated by the eventual premier , the West Coast Eagles by 66 points . Club symbols ( edit ) Club mascot ( edit ) Main article : AFL Mascot Manor Ronald Deeman -- Melbourne Football Club 's mascot , pictured at Melbourne 's home ground , the MCG . Checker and Daisy in February 2017 The former club mascot was Ronald Deeman , or also known as Ruckle . He carried a trident , had devil horns and a pointed devil tail . The current club mascots are Chuck , Checker Cheeky , named after legendary coach `` Checker '' Hughes , Daisy named after captain of the women 's team Daisy Pearce and Flash named after 2009 Keith ' Bluey ' Truscott Medallist , Aaron Davey . Club jumper ( edit ) The current Melbourne club jumper consists of a red V - neck on a navy blue background , with the AFL logo on the front as well . The major sponsors , Zurich and iSelect , appear on the front and back of the guernsey respectively . The Melbourne clash strip , new in 2018 , consists of a `` retro '' inspired home strip of royal blue with a red yoke with white shorts as worn between 1975 and 1986 . The alternate away strip is the same as the home strip with the difference being the back entirely in red to allow the club to wear a non white alternate strip . New Balance have manufactured Melbourne 's on and off field apparel since 2011 . Club song ( edit ) The official Melbourne Football Club song is called `` It 's a Grand Old Flag '' ( sung to the tune of `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' ) . The club resurrected the original second verse in February 2011 for the 2011 season . Membership base ( edit ) Melbourne has traditionally had one of the smallest supporter bases of the Victorian teams but has improved their membership and attendances steadily since the failed Hawthorn merger in 1996 , building a membership base of over 30,000 since 2009 . The membership record of 36,937 was set in 2011 before it was broken in April 2016 to finish with 39,211 for the 2016 season , this record was broken the next year in April 2017 . In May 2017 , Melbourne signed up 40,000 members for the first time . Year Members Finishing position 1984 6,297 9th 1985 5,801 11th 1986 4,511 11th 3,122 3rd 1988 10,078 2nd 1989 8,184 4th 1990 10,111 4th 1991 10,153 4th 1992 8,681 11th 1993 10,097 10th 1994 10,648 4th 1995 9,544 9th 12,964 14th 1997 15,350 16th 1998 17,870 4th 1999 19,713 14th 2000 18,227 2nd 2001 22,940 11th 2002 20,152 6th 2003 20,844 14th 25,252 7th 2005 24,220 8th 2006 24,698 5th 2007 28,077 14th 2008 29,619 16th 2009 31,506 16th 33,358 12th 2011 36,937 13th 2012 35,345 16th 2013 33,177 17th 2014 35,911 17th 2015 35,953 13th 2016 39,211 11th 2017 42,233 9th 2018 44,279 5th Club honours ( edit ) Premiership record ( edit ) Competition Level Wins Year Won VFL / AFL Premiers 12 1900 , 1926 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1948 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1964 Runners up 5 1946 , 1954 , 1958 , 1988 , 2000 Night / pre-season premierships 1971 , 1987 , 1989 Reserves 12 1931 , 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1939 , 1949 , 1956 , 1969 , 1970 , 1984 , 1993 Under 19s 6 1947 , 1953 , 1964 , 1971 , 1981 , 1983 McClelland Trophy 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1990 ( tied ) Minor premiers 9 1939 , 1940 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1964 Wooden spoons 12 1905 , 1906 , 1919 , 1923 , 1951 , 1969 , 1974 , 1978 , 1981 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 VFA / VFL Runners up 1877 , 1878 , 1893 , 1894 Unaffiliated era ( 1870 -- 1876 ) Premiers 1870 , 1872 , 1876 Melbourne team of the Century ( edit ) The Melbourne Football Club Team of the Century was announced on 24 June 2000 at Crown Casino . The selectors were Percy Beames ( former player and journalist ) , Lynda Carroll ( club historian ) , Bill Guest ( MFC Director ) , Greg Hobbs ( journalist ) , John Mitchell ( former MFC and MCC President ) , Linda Pearce ( journalist ) , Dudley Phillips ( supporter ) , Stephen Phillips ( media consultant ) and Mike Sheahan ( journalist ) , with CEO John Anderson as non-voting chairman . Melbourne Team of the Century B : John Beckwith Tassie Johnson Don Cordner HB : Noel McMahen Gary Hardeman Don Williams C : Brian Dixon Allan La Fontaine Robert Flower HF : Hassa Mann Ivor Warne - Smith Garry Lyon F : Jack Mueller Norm Smith Percy Beames Foll : Denis Cordner Ron Barassi ( Captain ) Stuart Spencer Int : Frank Adams Albert Chadwick Wally Lock Laurie Mithen Jim Stynes Todd Viney Coach : Norm Smith Stan Alves , Ian Ridley , Bob Johnson and Greg Wells were all named as emergencies . Hall of Fame ( edit ) The Hall of Fame was introduced in 2001 with Norm Smith inducted directly as a legend . The Hall of Fame consists of five legends and forty - four inductees . Melbourne Football Club Hall of Fame Legends Ron Barassi Don Cordner Ian Ridley Norm Smith Ivor Warne - Smith Inductees Frank Adams Sam Allica Stan Alves Ron Baggott Percy Beames John Beckwith Joe Blair Barry Bourke Jim Cardwell Geoff Case Albert Chadwick Denis Cordner Brian Dixon Robert Flower Maurie Gibb Gary Hardeman H.C.A. Harrison Greg Healy Frank Hughes Alan Johnson Bob Johnson Tassie Johnson Allan La Fontaine Clyde Laidlaw Wally Lock Brett Lovett Garry Lyon Hassa Mann William McClelland Fred McGinis Shane McGrath Noel McMahen Laurie Mithen Jack Mueller David Neitz Percy Page Dudley Phillips Stuart Spencer Jim Stynes Todd Viney Greg Wells Sean Wight Don Williams Tom Wills Players listed in bold are inductees in the Australian Football Hall of Fame . Players listed in bold and italics are legends in the Australian Football Hall of Fame . `` 150 Heroes '' ( edit ) Melbourne FC announced its `` 150 Heroes '' to celebrate its 150th anniversary at Crown Casino on 7 June 2008 . Each player , or their closest relative , was presented with an official 150 heroes medallion . The criteria for inclusion was games played ( minimum of 100 ) , best - and - fairest awards , premierships , Brownlow Medals , contribution to the club and state representation . Those who died in the war were judged based on their achievements before their death . The heroes named were : Jim Abernethy , Frank Adams , Bill Allen , Stan Alves , Syd Anderson , Tony Anderson , Lance Arnold , Ron Baggott , Garry Baker , Harold Ball , Ron Barassi , Percy Beames , John Beckwith , George Bickford , Ray Biffin , Barry Bourke , Harry Brereton , Cameron Bruce , Keith Carroll , Geoff Case , Albert Chadwick , Noel Clarke , Geoff Collins , Jack Collins , Chris Connolly , Bob Corbett , Denis Cordner , Don Cordner , Ted Cordner , Vin Coutie , Harry Coy , Jim Davidson , Frank Davis , Ross Dillon , Carl Ditterich , Brian Dixon , Len Dockett , Adrian Dullard , Hugh Dunbar , Richie Emselle , Fred Fanning , Jeff Farmer , Matthew Febey , Steven Febey , Dick Fenton - Smith , Rowley Fischer , Robert Flower , Laurie Fowler , Maurie Gibb , Peter Giles , Terry Gleeson , Brad Green , Rod Grinter , George Haines , Gary Hardeman , Henry Harrison , Gerard Healy , Greg Healy , Dick Hingston , Paul Hopgood , Danny Hughes , Anthony Ingerson , Eddie Jackson , Alan Johnson , Bob Johnson , Tassie Johnson , Trevor Johnson , Travis Johnstone , Gordon Jones , Les Jones , Bryan Kenneally , Allan La Fontaine , Clyde Laidlaw , Frank Langley , Jack Leith , Andrew Leoncelli , Charlie Lilley , Wally Lock , Harry Long , John Lord , Andy Lovell , Brett Lovett , Glenn Lovett , Garry Lyon , Hassa Mann , George Margitich , Peter Marquis , Bernie Massey , Anthony McDonald , James McDonald , Fred McGinis , Shane McGrath , Bob McKenzie , Col McLean , Ian McLean , Noel McMahen , Ken Melville , Laurie Mithen , Peter Moore , Jack Mueller , David Neitz , Stephen Newport , Jack O'Keefe , Andrew Obst , Gordon Ogden , Greg Parke , Joe Pearce , Jack Purse , Ian Ridley , Guy Rigoni , Frank Roberts , Russell Robertson , Alby Rodda , Brian Roet , Peter Rohde , Alan Rowarth , David Schwarz , Norm Smith , Steven Smith , Earl Spalding , Stuart Spencer , Charlie Streeter , Steven Stretch , Jim Stynes , Tony Sullivan , Dick Taylor , Ted Thomas , Ian Thorogood , Stephen Tingay , John Townsend , Keith Truscott , Geoff Tunbridge , Bill Tymms , Barrie Vagg , Francis Vine , Todd Viney , Ivor Warne - Smith , Ray Wartman , Athol Webb , Greg Wells , Jeff White , Sean Wight , Don Williams , Brian Wilson , Stan Wittman , Shane Woewodin , Graeme Yeats , Charlie Young , Adem Yze Match records ( edit ) Highest score : 182 points Round 21 , 1986 ( MCG ) -- Melbourne 28.14 ( 182 ) vs North Melbourne 14.13 ( 97 ) Round 5 , 1991 ( MCG ) -- Melbourne 28.14 ( 182 ) vs North Melbourne 17.10 ( 112 ) Lowest score : 2 points Round 1 , 1899 ( Brunswick Street Oval ) -- Melbourne 0.2 ( 2 ) vs Fitzroy 5.10 ( 40 ) Highest score conceded : 238 points Round 17 , 1979 ( Waverley Park ) -- Melbourne 6.12 ( 48 ) vs Fitzroy 36.22 ( 238 ) Lowest score conceded : 8 points Round 7 , 1903 ( MCG ) -- Melbourne 4.8 ( 32 ) vs Carlton 1.2 ( 8 ) Biggest winning margin : 141 points Round 9 , 1926 ( MCG ) -- Melbourne 21.28 ( 154 ) vs Hawthorn 1.7 ( 13 ) Biggest losing margin : 190 points Round 17 , 1979 ( Waverley Park ) -- Melbourne 6.12 ( 48 ) vs Fitzroy 36.22 ( 238 ) Highest losing score : 151 points Round 10 , 1940 ( MCG ) -- Melbourne 22.19 ( 151 ) vs Essendon 24.10 ( 154 ) Lowest winning score : 28 points Round 9 , 1908 ( MCG ) 1897 -- Melbourne 4.4 ( 28 ) vs Fitzroy 3.7 ( 25 ) Round 15 , 1909 ( MCG ) -- Melbourne 4.4 ( 28 ) vs University 2.15 ( 27 ) Longest winning streak : 19 games Round 15 , 1955 vs North Melbourne ( MCG ) to round 13 , 1956 vs Carlton ( MCG ) Longest losing streak : 20 games Round 4 , 1981 vs St Kilda ( MCG ) to round 1 , 1982 vs Sydney ( SCG ) Record attendance ( home and away game ) : 99,346 Round 10 , 1958 ( MCG ) vs Collingwood Record attendance ( finals match ) : 115,802 Grand Final , 1956 ( MCG ) vs Collingwood Most goals in a match by an individual : 18 goals Fred Fanning -- round 19 , 1947 ( Junction Oval ) vs St Kilda Most disposals in a match by an individual , since 1965 : 48 disposals Greg Wells -- round 13 , 1980 ( MCG ) vs Fitzroy Current squad ( edit ) Melbourne Football Club view talk Senior list Rookie list Coaching staff 2 Nathan Jones ( c ) 3 Christian Salem 4 James Harmes 5 Christian Petracca 6 Jordan Lewis ( vc ) 7 Jack Viney ( c ) 8 Jake Lever 9 Charlie Spargo 10 Angus Brayshaw 11 Max Gawn ( vc ) 13 Clayton Oliver 14 Michael Hibberd 15 Billy Stretch 17 Sam Frost 18 Jake Melksham 19 Mitch Hannan 20 Corey Maynard 22 Aaron vandenBerg 24 Jay Kennedy Harris 25 Tom McDonald 26 Sam Weideman 28 Oscar McDonald 29 Jayden Hunt 30 Alex Neal - Bullen 31 Bayley Fritsch 33 Oskar Baker 35 Harrison Petty 36 Jeff Garlett 39 Neville Jetta 42 Josh Wagner 44 Joel Smith Steven May Kade Kolodjashnij Braydon Preuss P38 Tim Smith 45 Declan Keilty Head coach Simon Goodwin Assistant coaches Brendan McCartney ( player / coach performance ) Craig Jennings ( strategy ) Troy Chaplin ( backline ) Justin Plapp ( midfield ) Max Rooke ( forwards ) Ben Mathews ( stoppages ) Matthew Egan ( head of development ) Mick Stinear ( women 's senior coach / development assistant Coach Jade Rawlings ( VFL Springvale Football Club coach ) Josh Mahoney ( General manager of football operations ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) Updated : 27 October 2018 Source ( s ) : Players , Coaches Honour board ( edit ) The honour board is listed from the first VFL / AFL season and includes the following individual awards : Keith ' Bluey ' Truscott Medal -- awarded to the Melbourne Football Club 's best and fairest player . Named after Keith Truscott who died in World War II . Leading goalkicker award -- awarded to the player who kicks the most goals during the season . Harold Ball Memorial Trophy -- awarded to the best first - year player between 1933 -- 2011 , and to the best young player from 2012 onward . Named in honour of Harold Ball who died in World War II and won the award in 1939 . Legend : ^ Premiers , * Grand finalist , † Finals , ‡ Wooden spoon Bold italics : competition leading goal kicker Season Position President Secretary / general manager / CEO Coach Captain ( s ) Best and fairest Leading goalkicker ( total ) Harold Ball Memorial Trophy 1897 4th † H.C.A. Harrison R.C. McLeod Ned Sutton Jack Leith ( 22 ) 1898 6th H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott Ned Sutton Charlie Young ( 21 ) 1899 6th H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott Eddie Sholl Jack Leith ( 21 ) 1900 1st ^ H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott Dick Wardill Tommy Ryan ( 24 ) 1901 5th H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott William C. McClelland Frank Langley ( 17 ) 1902 4th † H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott William C. McClelland Jack Leith ( 26 ) 1903 7th H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott William C. McClelland Vince Coutie ( 19 ) 1904 6th H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott William C. McClelland Vince Coutie ( 39 ) 1905 8th ‡ H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott Frank Langley Harry Cordner ( 16 ) 1906 8th ‡ H.C.A. Harrison Amos Norcott Arthur Sowden Basil Onyons ( 16 ) 1907 7th T.F. Morkham George Beachcroft Alex Hall Vince Coutie Jack Leith ( 21 ) 1908 8th T.F. Morkham Amos Norcott Alex Hall Hugh Purse Vince Coutie ( 37 ) 1909 5th T.F. Morkham J.A. Harper Alex Hall Bernie Nolan Harry Brereton ( 34 ) 1910 9th T.F. Morkham G.W. Lamb Eddie Drohan Vince Coutie Stan Fairbarn ( 24 ) 1911 7th A.A. Aitken G.W. Lamb Vince Coutie Harry Brereton ( 46 ) 1912 6th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Alex Hall Alf George Harry Brereton ( 56 ) 1913 9th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Alex Hall Alf George Mick Maguire ( 13 ) 1914 9th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Len Incigneri Len Incigneri Arthur Best ( 30 ) 1915 4th † William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Jack McKenzie Jack McKenzie Roy Park ( 35 ) 1916 -- 1918 -- William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie George Heinz George Heinz 1919 9th ‡ William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie George Heinz George Heinz George Heinz ( 15 ) 1920 8th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Gerald Brosnan George Heinz Harry Harker ( 23 ) 1921 6th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Percy Wilson Percy Wilson Harry Harker ( 47 ) 1922 6th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Percy Wilson Percy Wilson Harry Harker ( 47 ) 1923 9th ‡ William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Percy Wilson Percy Wilson Percy Tulloh ( 31 ) 1924 8th William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Gordon Rattray Albert Chadwick Percy Tulloh ( 24 ) 1925 3rd † William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Albert Chadwick Albert Chadwick Harry Davie ( 56 ) 1926 1st ^ William C. McClelland Andrew Manzie Albert Chadwick Albert Chadwick Harry Moyes ( 55 ) 1927 5th Vernon Ransford Andrew Manzie Albert Chadwick Albert Chadwick Harry Davie ( 40 ) 1928 3rd † Vernon Ransford Andrew Manzie Ivor Warne - Smith Ivor Warne - Smith Bob Johnson ( 55 ) 1929 5th Joe Blair Andrew Manzie Ivor Warne - Smith Ivor Warne - Smith Dick Taylor ( 30 ) 1930 5th Joe Blair Andrew Manzie Ivor Warne - Smith Ivor Warne - Smith George Margitich ( 73 ) 1931 8th Joe Blair Andrew Manzie Ivor Warne - Smith Ivor Warne - Smith George Margitich ( 66 ) 1932 9th Joe Blair Charlie Streeter Ivor Warne - Smith Ivor Warne - Smith George Margitich ( 60 ) 1933 10th Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Ivor Warne - Smith Bob Johnson ( 62 ) Les Jones 1934 6th Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Colin Niven Jack Mueller ( 52 ) Allan La Fontaine 1935 6th Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Colin Niven Allan La Fontaine Maurie Gibb ( 59 ) Ray Wartman 1936 3rd † Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Allan La Fontaine Allan La Fontaine Eric Glass ( 56 ) 1937 3rd † Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Allan La Fontaine Jack Mueller Ron Baggott ( 51 ) 1938 5th Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Allan La Fontaine Norm Smith Norm Smith ( 80 ) Dick Hingston 1939 1st ^ Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Allan La Fontaine Jack Mueller Norm Smith ( 54 ) Harold Ball 1940 1st ^ Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Allan La Fontaine Ron Baggott Norm Smith ( 86 ) Col McLean 1941 1st ^ Joe Blair Percy Page Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Allan La Fontaine Allan La Fontaine Norm Smith ( 89 ) Ted Cordner 1942 8th Joe Blair Jack Chessell Percy Beames Percy Beames Allan La Fontaine Fred Fanning ( 37 ) 1943 7th Joe Blair Jack Chessell Percy Beames Percy Beames Don Cordner Fred Fanning ( 62 ) 1944 8th Joe Blair Jack Chessell Percy Beames Percy Beames Norm Smith Fred Fanning ( 87 ) Esmond Downey 1945 9th Joe Blair Jack Chessell Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Norm Smith Fred Fanning Fred Fanning ( 67 ) 1946 2nd * Joe Blair Jack Chessell Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Norm Smith Jack Mueller Jack Mueller ( 58 ) Len Dockett 1947 6th William Flintoft Jack Chessell Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Norm Smith Wally Lock Fred Fanning ( 97 ) Eddie Jackson 1948 1st ^ William Flintoft Alex Gray Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Don Cordner Alby Rodda Lance Arnold ( 41 ) 1949 5th William Flintoft Alex Gray Allan La Fontaine Don Cordner Len Dockett Bob McKenzie ( 40 ) Mike Woods 1950 4th † Albert Chadwick A.S. Thompson Allan La Fontaine Shane McGrath Denis Cordner Denis Cordner ( 36 ) 1951 12th ‡ Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Allan La Fontaine Denis Cordner Noel McMahen Bob McKenzie ( 40 ) John Beckwith 1952 6th Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Denis Cordner Geoff McGivern Noel Clarke ( 49 ) 1953 11th Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Denis Cordner Ken Melville Bob McKenzie ( 38 ) Ken Melville 1954 2nd * Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Geoff Collins Denis Cordner Noel Clarke ( 51 ) Bob Johnson 1955 1st ^ Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Noel McMahen Stuart Spencer Stuart Spencer ( 34 ) Trevor Johnson 1956 1st ^ Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Noel McMahen Stuart Spencer Bob Johnson ( 43 ) Jim Sandral 1957 1st ^ Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith John Beckwith John Beckwith Athol Webb ( 56 ) Geoff Tunbridge 1958 2nd * Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith John Beckwith Laurie Mithen Ron Barassi , Jr. ( 44 ) , Athol Webb ( 44 ) Alan Rowarth 1959 1st ^ Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith John Beckwith Laurie Mithen Ron Barassi , Jr. ( 46 ) Hassa Mann 1960 1st ^ Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Ron Barassi Brian Dixon Ian Ridley ( 38 ) Ray Nilsson 1961 3rd † Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Ron Barassi Ron Barassi Bob Johnson ( 36 ) Brian Roet 1962 4th † Albert Chadwick Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Ron Barassi Hassa Mann Laurie Mithen ( 37 ) John Townsend 1963 3rd † Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Ron Barassi Hassa Mann Barry Bourke ( 48 ) Barry Bourke 1964 1st ^ Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Ron Barassi Ron Barassi John Townsend ( 35 ) Graeme Jacobs 1965 7th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Hassa Mann John Townsend John Townsend ( 34 ) 1966 11th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Hassa Mann Terry Leahy Barrie Vagg ( 20 ) Terry Leahy 1967 7th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Norm Smith Hassa Mann Hassa Mann Hassa Mann ( 38 ) 1968 8th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell John Beckwith Hassa Mann Ray Groom Hassa Mann ( 29 ) Greg Parke 1969 12th ‡ Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell John Beckwith Hassa Mann John Townsend Ross Dillon ( 48 ) Paul Rowlands 1970 10th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell John Beckwith Tassie Johnson Frank Davis Ross Dillon ( 41 ) Graham Molloy 1971 7th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Ian Ridley Frank Davis Greg Wells Paul Callery ( 38 ) 1972 8th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Ian Ridley Frank Davis Stan Alves Greg Parke ( 63 ) Ross Brewer 1973 10th Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Ian Ridley Stan Alves Carl Ditterich Ross Brewer ( 32 ) Robert Flower 12th ‡ Donald Duffy Jim Cardwell Bob Skilton Stan Alves Stan Alves Ross Brewer ( 40 ) Garry Baker 10th John Mitchell Jim Cardwell Bob Skilton Stan Alves Laurie Fowler Greg Wells ( 32 ) Marty Lyons 1976 6th John Mitchell Ivan Moore Bob Skilton Stan Alves Greg Wells Ray Biffin ( 47 ) Peter O'Keefe 1977 11th John Mitchell Ray Manley Bob Skilton Greg Wells Robert Flower Ross Brewer ( 26 ) Tom Flower 1978 12th ‡ John Mitchell Ray Manley Dennis Jones Greg Wells Garry Baker Henry Coles ( 33 ) Peter Thorne 1979 11th Wayne Reid Ray Manley Carl Ditterich Carl Ditterich Laurie Fowler Robert Flower ( 33 ) Peter Giles 1980 9th Wayne Reid Richard Seddon Carl Ditterich Carl Ditterich Laurie Fowler Brent Crosswell ( 31 ) Stephen Bickford 1981 12th ‡ Billy Snedden Richard Seddon Ron Barassi Robert Flower Steven Smith Mark Jackson ( 76 ) Mark Jackson 1982 8th Billy Snedden Richard Seddon Ron Barassi Robert Flower Steven Icke Gerard Healy ( 77 ) Adrian Battiston 8th Billy Snedden Richard Seddon Ron Barassi Robert Flower Alan Johnson Robert Flower ( 40 ) Russell Richards 1984 9th Billy Snedden Richard Seddon Ron Barassi Robert Flower Gerard Healy Kelvin Templeton ( 51 ) Graeme Yeats 1985 11th Billy Snedden Ray Manley Ron Barassi Robert Flower Danny Hughes Brian Wilson ( 40 ) Rod Grinter 1986 11th Billy Snedden , Stuart Spencer Ray Manley John Northey Robert Flower Greg Healy Greg Healy ( 35 ) Garry Lyon 3rd † Stuart Spencer Tony King John Northey Robert Flower Steven Stretch Robert Flower ( 47 ) Steven O'Dwyer 1988 2nd * Stuart Spencer Tony King John Northey Greg Healy Steven O'Dwyer Ricky Jackson ( 43 ) Andy Lovell 1989 4th † Stuart Spencer Tony King John Northey Greg Healy Alan Johnson Darren Bennett ( 34 ) Luke Beveridge 1990 4th † Stuart Spencer Tony King John Northey Greg Healy Garry Lyon Darren Bennett ( 87 ) Rod Keogh 1991 4th † Stuart Spencer , Ian Ridley Tony King John Northey Garry Lyon Jim Stynes Allen Jakovich ( 71 ) Allen Jakovich 1992 11th Ian Ridley Tony King , Hassa Mann John Northey Garry Lyon Glenn Lovett Allen Jakovich ( 40 ) Chris Sullivan 1993 10th Ian Ridley Hassa Mann Neil Balme Garry Lyon Todd Viney Allen Jakovich ( 39 ) David Neitz 1994 4th † Ian Ridley Hassa Mann Neil Balme Garry Lyon Garry Lyon Garry Lyon ( 79 ) Paul Prymke 1995 9th Ian Ridley Hassa Mann Neil Balme Garry Lyon Jim Stynes Garry Lyon ( 77 ) Adem Yze 14th Ian Ridley , Joseph Gutnick Hassa Mann Neil Balme Garry Lyon Jim Stynes David Neitz ( 56 ) Darren O'Brien 1997 16th ‡ Joseph Gutnick Hassa Mann , Cameron Schwab Neil Balme , Greg Hutchison Garry Lyon Jim Stynes David Neitz ( 30 ) , Jeff Farmer ( 30 ) Anthony McDonald 1998 4th † Joseph Gutnick Cameron Schwab Neale Daniher Todd Viney Todd Viney Jeff Farmer ( 47 ) Guy Rigoni 1999 14th Joseph Gutnick Cameron Schwab , John Anderson Neale Daniher Todd Viney David Schwarz David Neitz ( 46 ) Peter Walsh 2000 2nd * Joseph Gutnick John Anderson Neale Daniher David Neitz Shane Woewodin Jeff Farmer ( 76 ) Matthew Whelan 2001 11th Joseph Gutnick , Gabriel Szondy John Anderson Neale Daniher David Neitz Adem Yze Russell Robertson ( 42 ) Scott Thompson 2002 6th † Gabriel Szondy John Anderson Neale Daniher David Neitz David Neitz David Neitz ( 82 ) Steven Armstrong 2003 14th Gabriel Szondy , Paul Gardner Ray Ellis Neale Daniher David Neitz Russell Robertson David Neitz ( 65 ) Ryan Ferguson 7th † Paul Gardner Steve Harris Neale Daniher David Neitz Jeff White David Neitz ( 69 ) Aaron Davey 2005 8th † Paul Gardner Steve Harris Neale Daniher David Neitz Travis Johnstone Russell Robertson ( 73 ) Chris Johnson 2006 5th † Paul Gardner Steve Harris Neale Daniher David Neitz James McDonald David Neitz ( 68 ) Clint Bartram 2007 14th Paul Gardner Steve Harris Neale Daniher , Mark Riley David Neitz James McDonald Russell Robertson ( 42 ) Ricky Petterd 2008 16th ‡ Paul Gardner , Jim Stynes Paul McNamee Cameron Schwab Dean Bailey David Neitz Cameron Bruce Brad Miller ( 26 ) Cale Morton 2009 16th ‡ Jim Stynes Cameron Schwab Dean Bailey James McDonald Aaron Davey Russell Robertson ( 29 ) Liam Jurrah 12th Jim Stynes Cameron Schwab Dean Bailey James McDonald Brad Green Brad Green ( 55 ) Tom Scully 2011 13th Jim Stynes Cameron Schwab Dean Bailey , Todd Viney Brad Green Brent Moloney Liam Jurrah ( 40 ) Jeremy Howe 2012 16th Jim Stynes , Don McLardy Cameron Schwab Mark Neeld Jack Grimes , Jack Trengove Nathan Jones Mitch Clark ( 29 ) Tom McDonald 2013 17th Don McLardy , Glen Bartlett Cameron Schwab , Peter Jackson Mark Neeld Neil Craig Jack Grimes , Jack Trengove Nathan Jones Jeremy Howe ( 28 ) Jack Viney 2014 17th Glen Bartlett Peter Jackson Paul Roos Jack Grimes , Nathan Jones Nathan Jones Chris Dawes ( 20 ) Dom Tyson 2015 13th Glen Bartlett Peter Jackson Paul Roos Nathan Jones Bernie Vince Jesse Hogan ( 44 ) Jesse Hogan 2016 11th Glen Bartlett Peter Jackson Paul Roos Nathan Jones Jack Viney Jesse Hogan ( 41 ) Jayden Hunt 2017 9th Glen Bartlett Peter Jackson Simon Goodwin Nathan Jones Jack Viney Clayton Oliver Jeff Garlett ( 42 ) Clayton Oliver 2018 4th † Glen Bartlett Peter Jackson Simon Goodwin Nathan Jones Jack Viney Max Gawn Tom McDonald ( 53 ) Bayley Fritsch Individual awards ( edit ) Best and Fairest ( edit ) See Keith ' Bluey ' Truscott Medal Brownlow Medal winners ( edit ) Main article : Brownlow Medal Ivor Warne - Smith ( 1926 , 1928 ) Don Cordner ( 1946 ) Brian Wilson ( 1982 ) Peter Moore ( 1984 ) Jim Stynes ( 1991 ) Shane Woewodin ( 2000 ) Leigh Matthews Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Leigh Matthews Trophy Jim Stynes ( 1991 ) VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal winners ( 1897 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) Jack Leith ( 1897 ) Vince Coutie ( 1904 ) Harry Brereton ( 1911 , 1912 ) Fred Fanning ( 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1947 ) Coleman Medal winners ( since 1955 ) ( edit ) Main article : Coleman Medal David Neitz ( 2002 ) AFL Rising Star winners ( edit ) Main article : AFL Rising Star Jared Rivers ( 2004 ) Jesse Hogan ( 2015 ) Mark of the Year winners ( edit ) Main article : Mark of the Year Shaun Smith ( 1995 ) ( Mark of the Century ) Michael Newton ( 2007 ) Liam Jurrah ( 2010 ) Jeremy Howe ( 2012 ) Goal of the Year winners ( edit ) Main article : Goal of the Year ( AFL ) Jeff Farmer ( 1998 ) All - Australian players -- AFL ( since 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : All - Australian team Jim Stynes ( 1991 , 1993 ) Garry Lyon ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) Stephen Tingay ( 1994 ) David Neitz ( 1995 , 2002 ) Todd Viney ( 1998 ) Jeff Farmer ( 2000 ) Adem Yze ( 2002 ) Jeff White ( 2004 ) James McDonald ( 2006 ) James Frawley ( 2010 ) Mark Jamar ( 2010 ) Max Gawn ( 2016 , 2018 ) Michael Hibberd ( 2017 ) Clayton Oliver ( 2018 ) All - Australian players -- Interstate Carnivals ( 1953 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Ron Barassi ( 1956 , 1958 , 1961 ) Brian Dixon ( 1961 ) Hassa Mann ( 1966 ) Gary Hardeman ( 1972 ) Robert Flower ( 1980 , 1983 ) Danny Hughes ( 1988 ) National team representatives ( since 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Australia international rules football team Jeff Farmer ( 1998 ) David Neitz ( 1998 , 2002 ) Jim Stynes ( 1998 ) Todd Viney ( 1998 ) Shane Woewodin ( 2000 ) Adem Yze ( 2000 , 2002 ) Cameron Bruce ( 2002 , 2004 ) Clint Bizzell ( 2003 ) Brad Green ( 2004 , 2010 , 2011 ) Aaron Davey ( 2005 , 2006 , 2013 ) Brent Moloney ( 2005 ) Russell Robertson ( 2005 ) James McDonald ( 2006 ) James Frawley ( 2010 , 2011 ) Colin Sylvia ( 2011 ) Jack Trengove ( 2011 ) Dom Barry ( 2013 ) Michael Hibberd ( 2017 ) Neville Jetta ( 2017 ) AFL women 's team ( edit ) Melbourne captain Daisy Pearce leads her players past the men 's side during round 3 of the 2017 AFL Women 's season . In June 2013 , the club fielded a women 's representative side against Western Bulldogs in the first AFL - sanctioned women 's exhibition match , held at the MCG . The two teams competed annually over the next three years for the Hampson - Hardeman Cup . In 2016 , when the AFL announced plans for AFL Women 's , an eight team national women 's league competition , Melbourne was asked to submit an application for a licence alongside other AFL clubs . The club was one of four Melbourne - based clubs to be granted a licence that year . The club 's first players were marquee signings Daisy Pearce and Melissa Hickey . The full list was completed later in the year with signings and selections made in the October draft period . Oakleigh Chargers coach Mick Stinear was appointed the team 's inaugural head coach in September 2016 . Current squad ( edit ) Melbourne Football Club ( AFL Women 's ) view talk Senior list Rookie list Coaching staff 1 Tegan Cunningham 2 Meg Downie 4 Karen Paxman 5 Elise O'Dea ( vc ) 7 Bianca Jakobsson 8 Sarah Lampard 10 Kate Hore 12 Shelley Scott 13 Katherine Smith 14 Lily Mithen 15 Lauren Pearce 16 Aliesha Newman 17 Ashleigh Guest 20 Claudia Whitfort 21 Harriet Cordner 22 Maddy Guerin 24 Brooke Patterson 29 Eden Zanker 35 Cat Phillips 36 Ainslie Kemp Maddison Gay Talia Radan Madeline Brancatisano Tyla Hanks Shelley Heath Jordann Hickey Casey Sherriff Ashleigh Woodland Chantel Emonson Shae Sloane Head coach Mick Stinear Assistant coaches Shaun O'Loughlin Sam Radford Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) Updated : 25 October 2018 Source ( s ) : Players , Coaches Best and fairest winners ( edit ) Season Recipient Ref . 2017 Daisy Pearce 2018 Daisy Pearce See also ( edit ) Melbourne portal Australian rules football portal List of Melbourne Football Club players Melbourne Football Club / Hawthorn Football Club planned merger Sport in Victoria Sport in Australia Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ Awarded to the best first year player ( 1933 -- 2011 ) , then to the best young player ( 2012 -- present ) . 2. ^ In recess owing to war . 3. ^ Sacked mid-season . 4. ^ Caretaker coach . 5. ^ Retired mid-season . 6. ^ Resigned mid-season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in Victoria , 10 July 1858 Jump up ^ The Footballer An annual Record of Football in Victoria , 1875 Jump up ^ 100 Years of Football , The Story of the Melbourne Football Club , 1958 Jump up ^ Smith v Australian Football League ( 2012 ) ATMO 20 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Football Club becomes an MCC Sporting Section again '' . Melbourne Cricket Club . Retrieved 21 February 2012 ... on April 1 , 2009 , the Melbourne Football Club once again became a Sporting Section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ... Jump up ^ `` MONDAY , MAY 23 , 1859 '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 23 May 1859 . p. 4 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` MONDAY , JULY 11 , 1859 '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 11 July 1859 . p. 4 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` FOOTBALL . '' . The South Australian Advertiser ( Adelaide ) ( National Library of Australia ) . 13 August 1877 . p. 7 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Caroline ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Melbourne president 's plan to turn the Demons into the Yankees '' . The Age . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame -- Frank E ' Checker ' Hughes -- Coach -- Australian Football '' . SAHOF.org.au . Sport Australia Hall of Fame Awards . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brodie , Will ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Demon legends disappointed by coach sacking '' . The Age . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Gardner addresses the facts Archived 11 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AAP ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` McNamee named Melbourne CEO '' . AFL.com.au . Bigpond . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demons hope Heroes dinner will turn tide '' . MelbourneFC.com.au . Bigpond. 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Glenn ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Chairman Jim Stynes drops Melbourne bombshell '' . Herald Sun . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 1 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Demons should go to Gold Coast : Kennett '' . ninemsn . Microsoft . 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ AFL reassures Demons over future Jump up ^ `` Champion David Neitz Retires '' . MelbourneFC.com.au . Bigpond. 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Mark ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Dees ' ' debt demolition ' begins '' . Fox Sports . News Corp Australia . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McNamee wanted Jonathan Brown '' . Herald Sun . News Corp Australia . 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Mark ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` $1.3 m raised on Melbourne Demons ' most - important night '' . Herald Sun . News Corp . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funding critical for Dees '' . The Courier Mail . News Corp Australia . 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demons given $2 m funding package '' . ABC . 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McLean leaves Demons -- Official AFL Website Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . from melbournefc.com.au 23 September 2009 Jump up ^ Niall , Jake ( 5 August 2010 ) . `` Demons wipe out last of their $5 m debt '' . The Age . Australia . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Michael ; Holmesby , Luke ( 5 August 2010 ) . `` Debt - free Demons unveil striking new logo '' . Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Lienert , Sam ( 17 September 2011 ) . `` Neeld aims to toughen up Demons '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jared ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Dees fly with new sponsor '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Jon ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` How Melbourne tanked in 2009 '' . Herald Sun . News Corp . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton midfielder Brock McLean reveals he left Melbourne Demons because the club was tanking '' . Fox Sports . News Corp. 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ashley ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` From priority picks to claims of ' tanking ' , how it got to this '' . AFL.com.au . Bigpond . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Deezone '' . deezone.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Checker Deezone '' . deezone.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Cheeky Deezone '' . deezone.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Daisy the new female mascot '' . melbournefc.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Flash ' mascot to be unveiled '' . melbournefc.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne extends New Balance partnership - melbournefc.com.au '' . melbournefc.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lynda ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` The second verse returns '' . MelbourneFC.com.au . Bigpond . Jump up ^ ( 4 December 2006 ) `` Celebrating the Century '' Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Melbourne FC . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne -- Game Records '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streaks -- Melbourne '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne Attendances '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Goalkicking Records '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne -- Season and Game Records ( 1965 - 2015 ) '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FOOTBALL '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 1 May 1914 . p. 13 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ VFL Football Record , 2 May 1914 p. 15 Jump up ^ Connolly , Rohan ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` Melbourne Demons Jeremy Howe the greatest ' hanger ' of them all '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Twomey , Callum ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` First bounce for women 's footy at the MCG '' . AFL.com.au . Bigpond . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lane , Samantha ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Gold Coast latest out , but AFL awaits 16 women 's team bids '' . The Age . Fairfax . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Chalkley - Rhoden , Stephanie ( 11 July 2016 ) . `` AFL Women 's league : Collingwood , Carlton among eight clubs in new national competition '' . ABC.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Bruce ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Sixteen of the best : women 's marquees named '' . AFL.com.au . Bigpond . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dinny Navaratnam ; Bruce Matthews ; Nathan Schmook ; Lee Gaskin ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` Women 's league coaches revealed : Dees name coach '' . AFL.com , au . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Matt ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` Pearce wins club best and fairest '' . MelbourneFC.com.au . Bigpond . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Matt ( 28 March 2018 ) . `` Pearce claims second best and fairest '' . MelbourneFC.com.au . Telstra Media . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melbourne Football Club . Official Website of the Melbourne Football Club Demon Wiki -- Online Encyclopedia of the Melbourne Football Club Melbourne Football Club History Club honours Current squad Players Coaches Captains Honour board Awards Keith ' Bluey ' Truscott Trophy AFL Women 's best and fairest Leading goalkickers Nickname : Demons AFL coach : Simon Goodwin AFL co-captains : Nathan Jones and Jack Viney AFLW coach : Mick Stinear AFLW captain : Daisy Pearce VFL / AFL home grounds Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1897 -- 1941 ; 1946 -- ) Punt Road Oval ( 1942 -- 45 ) AFLW home grounds Casey Fields ( 2017 -- ) VFL / AFL premierships ( 12 ) 1900 1926 1939 1940 1941 1948 1955 1956 1957 1959 1960 1964 Seasons ( 158 ) 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related articles Casey Demons ( current VFL - affiliate ) Queen 's Birthday match 2009 tanking controversy Melbourne Hawks Melbourne did not field a team from 1916 -- 18 due to the First World War Clubs in the Australian Football League Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Former clubs Brisbane Bears ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Fitzroy ( 1897 -- 1996 ) University ( 1908 -- 1914 ) AFL Women 's Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Carlton Collingwood Fremantle Geelong Greater Western Sydney Melbourne North Melbourne Western Bulldogs Seasons 2017 2018 2019 Grand Finals 2017 2018 Related topics AFL Women 's National Championships Current AFLW team squads Hampson - Hardeman Cup Victorian Football League clubs Current clubs Box Hill Casey Demons Coburg Collingwood reserves Essendon reserves Footscray reserves Frankston Geelong reserves North Melbourne reserves Northern Blues Port Melbourne Richmond reserves Sandringham Werribee Williamstown Former clubs Albert Park Ballarat Ballarat Imperial Berwick Bendigo Brighton Brunswick Camberwell Carlton Carlton reserves Caulfield Collingwood Dandenong East Melbourne Essendon Essendon ' A ' Fitzroy Footscray Geelong Geelong ' A ' Geelong West Gold Coast Hawthorn Hotham / North Melbourne Kilsyth Melbourne Melbourne City Moorabbin Mordialloc Murray Kangaroos North Ballarat Northcote Oakleigh Prahran Richmond St Kilda St Kilda reserves South Ballarat South Melbourne South Williamstown Sunshine Tasmanian Devils Traralgon University Waverley West Melbourne Yarraville Professional sports teams based in Melbourne Australian rules football AFL : Carlton Collingwood Essendon Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Richmond St Kilda Western Bulldogs AFL Women 's : Carlton Collingwood Melbourne Western Bulldogs Baseball ABL : Melbourne Aces Claxton Shield : Victoria Aces Basketball NBL : Melbourne United WNBL : Dandenong Rangers Melbourne Boomers Cricket Sheffield Shield / 50 overs : Victoria Big Bash League : Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars WNCL : Victoria Women 's Big Bash League : Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars Field hockey AHL : Victorian Vikings ( men 's division ) Victorian Vipers ( women 's division ) Futsal F - League : Vic Vipers Futsal Club Ice hockey AIHL : Melbourne Ice Melbourne Mustangs Motorsport Supercars : Charlie Schwerkolt Racing Dragon Motor Racing Eggleston Motorsport Erebus Motorsport Garry Rogers Motorsport Kelly Racing MW Motorsport Tickford Racing Walkinshaw Andretti United 23Red Racing Netball Suncorp Super Netball : Collingwood Magpies Netball Melbourne Vixens Rugby league NRL : Melbourne Storm Rugby union Super Rugby : Melbourne Rebels NRC : Melbourne Rising Soccer A-League : Melbourne City Melbourne Victory W - League : Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Water polo ANWPL : Victorian Seals Main Article : Sport in Victoria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne_Football_Club&oldid=863958099 '' Categories : Melbourne Football Club Sports clubs established in 1858 Australian Football League clubs Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne 1858 establishments in Australia Former Victorian Football League clubs Melbourne Cricket Ground AFL Women 's clubs Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with specifically marked weasel - 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time melbourne football club won a premiership	[ "Melbourne Football Club\nNamesFull name\nMelbourne Football ClubNickname(s)\nDemons, DeesFormer nickname(s)\nRedlegs, Fuchsias (prior to 1933)2018 seasonAfter finals\n4thHome-and-away season\n5thLeading goalkicker\nTom McDonald (53 goals)Keith 'Bluey' Truscott Trophy\nMax GawnClub detailsFounded\n1858; 160 years ago (1858)[1][2][3][4]Colours\n Red Navy blueCompetition\nAustralian Football LeagueChairman\nGlen BartlettCEO\nPeter JacksonCoach\nSimon GoodwinCaptain(s)\nNathan JonesJack VineyPremierships\nVFL/AFL (12): 1900, 1926, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1964Ground(s)\nMelbourne Cricket Ground (capacity: 100,024)Former ground(s)\nMotordrome (1932) \nPunt Road Oval (1942–1946)Training ground(s)\nAAMI ParkUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternate\n\n\nOther informationOfficial website\nmelbournefc.com.au\n Current season" ]	[ "1964" ]
2561201034931806764	BNI (organization)	BNI ( organization ) - wikipedia BNI ( organization ) Jump to : navigation , search Business Network International Local business , global network , Givers Gain Industry Business networking Founded 1985 Founder Ivan Misner Headquarters Charlotte , NC , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Ivan Misner , Graham Weihmiller Website bni.com Business Network International ( BNI ) is an American franchised networking organization with around 200,000 members in 7,500 local chapters worldwide . Members meet regularly to discuss business and support each other 's businesses by sharing referrals . It claims to be the world 's leading ' referral organization ' . In 2015 , the organization says its members generated referrals resulting in over $9.3 billion in closed business worldwide . BNI was founded in 1985 by Ivan Misner . Operational ( edit ) Local BNI chapters arrange regular meetings for people from various industries and encourage the passing of referrals . It appears most effective for locally based , mainstream businesses , operating mostly off the Internet . Statistics ( edit ) Number of members : 200,000 Total annual value of referrals : 7.7 million referrals , resulting in US $9.3 billion worth of business References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BNI web page '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.bni.com/BNINews/tabid/64/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/175/BNI-Launches-41st-and-42nd-Countries.aspx Jump up ^ `` Why Technology Is Rewarding Close Personal Relationships '' . California Science & Technology News . 2006 - 02 - 23 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ 6 Reasons NOT to Join a BNI Group , by Ivana Taylor , Business to Community , 11 December 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.bni.com/News/tabid/64/ID/966/Global-Membership-Tops-200000.aspx#.V3jy57h97NM Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ends Successfully for BNI '' . www.bni.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BNI_(organization)&oldid=794371444 '' Categories : Companies based in San Bernardino County , California Franchises Companies established in 1985 Business organizations based in the United States Professional networks Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 16 : 11 . About Wikipedia	name the founder of the networking company business network international	[ "Business Network International (BNI) is an American franchised networking organization with around 200,000 members in 7,500 local chapters worldwide. Members meet regularly to discuss business and support each other's businesses by sharing referrals. It claims to be the world's leading 'referral organization'.[1] In 2015, the organization says its members generated referrals resulting in over $9.3 billion in closed business worldwide.[2] BNI was founded in 1985 by Ivan Misner.[3]" ]	[ "Ivan Misner" ]
2861046199766206511	Third Party System	Third Party System - wikipedia Third Party System Third Party System ← Second 1856 -- 1892 Fourth → United States presidential election results between 1856 and 1892 . Blue shaded states usually voted for the Democratic Party , while red shaded states usually voted for the Republican Party . Green shaded states voted for the Populist Party in 1892 . The Third Party System is a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to describe the history of political parties in the United States from 1854 until the mid-1890s , which featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism , modernization , and race . This period , the later part of which is often termed the Gilded Age , is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System . It was dominated by the new Republican Party , which claimed success in saving the Union , abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen , while adopting many Whiggish modernization programs such as national banks , railroads , high tariffs , homesteads , social spending ( such as on greater Civil War veteran pension funding ) , and aid to land grant colleges . While most elections from 1876 through 1892 were extremely close , the opposition Democrats won only the 1884 and 1892 presidential elections ( the Democrats also won the 1876 and 1888 presidential election popular vote , but lost the electoral college vote ) , though from 1876 to 1892 the party often controlled the United States House of Representatives and from 1879 to 1887 frequently controlled the United States Senate . Democrats were back in control of the Senate at the end of the Third Party System and held the upper chamber for most of the 1890s . Indeed , some scholars emphasize that the 1876 election saw a realignment and the collapse of support for Reconstruction . The northern and western states were largely Republican , save for closely balanced New York , Indiana , New Jersey , and Connecticut . After 1876 , the Democrats took control of the `` Solid South . '' Contents 1 Voter behavior 2 Broad coalitions from each party 3 Religion : pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats 4 Realignment in the 1850s 5 Ideology 6 Civil War 7 Postbellum 8 Climax and collapse , 1890 -- 1896 9 Campaigning changes in 1896 10 Third Parties 11 Fourth Party System , 1896 -- 1932 12 See also 13 Citations 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 15 External links Voter behavior ( edit ) As with the preceding Second Party System era , the Third was characterized by intense voter interest , routinely high voter turnout , unflinching party loyalty , dependence on nominating conventions , hierarchical party organizations , and the systematic use of government jobs as patronage for party workers , known as the spoils system . Cities of 50,000 or more developed ward and citywide `` bosses '' who could depend on the votes of clients , especially recent immigrants . Newspapers continued to be the primary communication system , with the great majority closely linked to one party or the other . Broad coalitions from each Party ( edit ) Both parties consisted of broad - based voting coalitions . Throughout the North , businessmen , shop owners , skilled craftsmen , clerks and professionals favored the Republicans , as did more modern , commercially oriented farmers . In the South , the Republicans won strong support from the Freedmen ( newly enfranchised African Americans ) , but the party was usually controlled by local whites ( `` scalawags '' ) and opportunistic Yankees ( `` carpetbaggers . '' ) The race issue pulled the great majority of white southerners into the Democratic Party as Redeemers . The Democratic Party was composed of conservative , pro-business Bourbon Democrats , who usually controlled the national convention from 1868 until their great defeat by William Jennings Bryan in 1896 . The Democratic coalition was composed of traditional Democrats in the North ( many of them former Copperheads ) . They were joined by the Redeemers in the South and by Catholic immigrants , especially Irish - American s and German - Americans . In addition the party attracted unskilled laborers and hard - scrabble old - stock farmers in remote areas of New England and along the Ohio River valley . Religion : pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats ( edit ) Main article : Ethnocultural politics in the United States Religious lines were sharply drawn . Methodists , Congregationalists , Presbyterians , Scandinavian Lutherans and other pietists in the North were tightly linked to the Republicans . In sharp contrast , liturgical groups , especially the Catholics , Episcopalians , and German Lutherans , looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism , especially prohibition . While both parties cut across economic class structures , the Democrats were supported more heavily by its lower tiers . Cultural issues , especially prohibition and foreign language schools , became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate . In the North , about 50 % of the voters were pietistic Protestants who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins , such as drinking . Liturgical churches constituted over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of personal morality issues . Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades , and national prohibition was finally passed in 1918 ( repealed in 1932 ) , serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry Republicans . Voting Behavior by Religion , Northern USA Late 19th century Religion % Dem % Rep Immigrants Irish Catholics 80 20 All Catholics 70 30 Confessional German Lutherans 65 35 German Reformed 60 40 French Canadian Catholics 50 50 Less Confessional German Lutherans 45 55 English Canadians 40 60 British Stock 35 65 German Sectarians 30 70 Norwegian Lutherans 20 80 Swedish Lutherans 15 85 Haugean Norwegians 5 95 Natives Northern Stock Quakers 5 95 Free Will Baptists 20 80 Congregational 25 75 Methodists 25 75 Regular Baptists 35 65 Blacks 40 60 Presbyterians 40 60 Episcopalians 45 55 Southern Stock Disciples 50 50 Presbyterians 70 30 Baptists 75 25 Methodists 90 10 Source : Paul Kleppner , The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 ( 1979 ) p. 182 Realignment in the 1850s ( edit ) The collapse of the Whigs after 1852 left political chaos . Various prohibitionist and nativist movements emerged , especially the American Party , based originally on the secret Know Nothing lodges . It was a moralistic party that appealed to the middle class fear of corruption , which it identified with Catholics , especially the recent Irish immigrants who seemed to bring crime , corruption , poverty and bossism as soon as they arrived . The Republican Party was more driven , in terms of ideology and talent ; it surpassed the hapless American Party in 1856 . By 1858 the Republicans controlled majorities in every Northern state , and hence controlled the electoral votes for president in 1860 . Ideology ( edit ) The ideological force driving the new party was modernization , and opposition to slavery , that anti-modern threat . By 1856 the Republicans were crusading for `` Free Soil , Free Labor , Frémont and Victory . '' The main argument was that a `` Slave Power '' had seized control of the federal government and would try to make slavery legal in the territories , and perhaps even in the northern states . That would give rich slave owners the chance to go anywhere and buy up the best land , thus undercutting the wages of free labor and destroying the foundations of civil society . The Democratic response was to countercrusade in 1856 , warning that the election of Republican candidate John C. Frémont would produce civil war . The outstanding leader of the Democrats was Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas ‒ he believed that the democratic process in each state or territory should settle the slavery question . When President James Buchanan tried to rig politics in Kansas Territory to approve slavery , Douglas broke with him , presaging the split that ruined the party in 1860 . That year , Northern Democrats nominated Douglas as the candidate of democracy , while the southern wing put up John Breckinridge as the upholder of the rights of property and of states rights , which in this context meant slavery . In the South , ex-Whigs organized an ad - hoc `` Constitutional Union '' Party , pledging to keep the nation united on the basis of the Constitution , regardless of democracy , states rights , property or liberty . The Republicans played it safe in 1860 , passing over better - known radicals in favor of a moderate border state politician known to be an articulate advocate of liberty . Abraham Lincoln made no speeches , letting the party apparatus march the armies to the polls . Even if all three of Lincoln 's opponents had formed a common ticket -- quite impossible in view of their ideological differences -- his 40 percent of the vote was enough to carry the North and thus win the Electoral College . Civil war ( edit ) It was the measure of genius of President Lincoln not only that he won his war but that he did so by drawing upon and synthesizing the strengths of anti-slavery , free soil , democracy , and nationalism . The Confederacy abandoned all party activity , and thereby forfeited the advantages of a nationwide organization committed to support of the administration . In the Union , the Republican Party unanimously supported the war effort , finding officers , enlisted men , enlistment bonuses , aid to wives and widows , war supplies , bond purchases , and the enthusiasm that was critical to victory . The Democrats at first supported a war for Union , and in 1861 many Democratic politicians became colonels and generals . Announced by Lincoln in September 1862 , the Emancipation Proclamation was designed primarily to destroy the economic base of the Slave Power . It initially alienated many northern Democrats and even moderate Republicans . They were reluctant to support a war for the benefit of what they considered an inferior race . In the 1862 midterm elections , the Democrats made significant gains , but the Republicans remained in control with the support of the Unionist Party . Success on the battlefield ( especially the fall of Atlanta ) significantly bolstered the Republicans in the election of 1864 . The Democrats attempted to capitalize on negative reactions to the Emancipation , but by 1864 , these had faded somewhat due its success in undermining the South . Additionally , the Republicans made charges of treason against `` Copperheads '' a successful campaign issue . Increasingly the Union Army became the more and more Republican ; probably a majority of Democrats who enlisted marched home Republican , including such key leaders as John Logan and Ben Butler . Postbellum ( edit ) The Civil War and Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until the Compromise of 1877 finally ended the political warfare . War issues resonated for a quarter century , as Republicans waved the `` bloody shirt '' ( of dead union soldiers ) , and Democrats warned against Black supremacy in the South and plutocracy in the North . The modernizing Republicans who had founded the party in 1854 looked askance at the undisguised corruption of Ulysses S. Grant and his war veterans , bolstered by the solid vote of freedmen . The dissenters formed a `` Liberal Republican '' Party in 1872 , only to have it smashed by Grant 's reelection . By the mid-1870s it was clear that Confederate nationalism was dead ; all but the most ardent Republican `` Stalwarts '' agreed that the southern Republican coalition of African - American Freedmen , scalawags and carpetbaggers was helpless and hopeless . In 1874 the Democrats won big majorities in Congress , with economic depression a major issue . People asked how much longer the Republicans could use the Army to impose control in the South . 1881 cartoon attacks the imperial splendor of Garfield 's inauguration in contrast to Jefferson 's republican simplicity ( upper left ) Rutherford Hayes became President after a highly controversial electoral count , demonstrating that the corruption of Southern politics threatened the legitimacy of the presidency itself . After Hayes removed the last federal troops in 1877 , the Republican Party in the South sank into oblivion , kept alive only by the crumbs of federal patronage . It would be forty years before a Republican would win a former Confederate state in a presidential election . Climax and collapse , 1890 -- 1896 ( edit ) New issues emerged in the late 1880s , as Grover Cleveland and the Bourbon Democrats made the low tariff `` for revenue only '' a rallying cry for Democrats in the 1888 election , and the Republican Congress in 1890 legislated high tariffs and high spending . At the state level moralistic pietists pushed hard for prohibition , and in some states for the elimination of foreign - language schools serving German immigrants . The Bennett Law in Wisconsin produced a bruising ethnocultural battle in Wisconsin in 1890 , which the Democrats won . The millions of postwar immigrants divided politically along ethnic and religious lines , with enough Germans moving into the Democratic Party to give the Democrats a national majority in 1892 . Party loyalties were starting to weaken , as evidenced by the movement back and forth of the German vote and the sudden rise of the Populists . Army - style campaigns of necessity had to be supplemented by `` campaigns of education , '' which focused more on the swing voters . Democratic magazine ridicules Republican use of `` bloody shirt '' memories of war Cleveland 's second term was ruined by a major depression , the Panic of 1893 , which also undercut the appeal of the loosely organized Populist coalitions in the south and west . A stunning Republican triumph in 1894 nearly wiped out the Democratic Party north of the Mason -- Dixon line . In the 1896 election , William Jennings Bryan and the radical silverites seized control of the Democratic Party , denounced their own president , and called for a return to Jeffersonian agrarianism known as Jeffersonian Democracy . Bryan , in his Cross of Gold speech , talked about workers and farmers crucified by big business , evil bankers and the gold standard . With Bryan giving from 5 to 35 speeches a day throughout the Midwest , straw polls showed his crusade forging a lead in the critical Midwest . Then William McKinley and Mark Hanna seized control of the situation ; their countercrusade was a campaign of education making lavish use of new advertising techniques . McKinley warned that Bryan 's Bimetallism would wreck the economy and achieve equality by making everyone poor . McKinley promised prosperity through strong economic growth based on sound money and business confidence , and an abundance of high - paying industrial jobs . Farmers would benefit by selling to a rich home market . Every racial , ethnic and religious group would prosper , and the government would never be used by one group to attack another . In particular McKinley reassured the German - Americans , alarmed on the one hand by Bryan 's inflation and on the other by prohibition . McKinley 's overwhelming victory combined city and farm , Northeast and Midwest , businessmen and factory workers . He carried nearly every city of 50,000 population , while Bryan swept the rural South ( which was off - limits to the Republicans ) and Mountain states . McKinley 's victory , ratified by an even more decisive reelection in 1900 , thus solidified one of the central ideologies of twentieth - century American politics , pluralism . Campaigning changes in 1896 ( edit ) By campaigning tirelessly with over 500 speeches in 100 days , William Jennings Bryan seized control of the headlines in the 1896 election . It no longer mattered as much what the editorial page said -- most newspapers opposed him -- as long as his speeches made the front page . Financing likewise changed radically . Under the Second and Third Party Systems , parties financed their campaigns through patronage ; now civil service reform was undercutting that revenue , and entirely new , outside sources of funding became critical . Mark Hanna systematically told nervous businessmen and financiers that he had a business plan to win the election , and then billed them for their share of the cost . Hanna spent $3.5 million in three months for speakers , pamphlets , posters , and rallies that all warned of doom and anarchy if Bryan should win , and offered prosperity and pluralism under William McKinley . Party loyalty itself weakened as voters were switching between parties much more often . It became respectable to declare oneself an `` independent . '' Third parties ( edit ) Throughout the nineteenth century , third parties such as the Prohibition Party , Greenback Party and the Populist Party evolved from widespread antiparty sentiment and a belief that governance should attend to the public good rather than partisan agendas . Because this position was based more on social experiences than any political ideology , nonpartisan activity was generally most effective on the local level . As third - party candidates tried to assert themselves in mainstream politics , however , they were forced to betray the antiparty foundations of the movement by allying with major partisan leaders . These alliances and the factionalism they engendered discouraged nonpartisan supporters and undermined the third - party movement by the end of the nineteenth century . Many reformers and nonpartisans subsequently lent support to the Republican Party , which promised to attend to issues important to them , such as anti-slavery or prohibition . Fourth Party System , 1896 -- 1932 ( edit ) Main article : Fourth Party System The overwhelming Republican victory , repeated in 1900 , restored business confidence , began three decades of prosperity for which the Republicans took credit , and swept away the issues and personalities of the Third Party System . The period 1896 -- 1932 can be called the Fourth Party System . Most voting blocs continued unchanged , but others realigned themselves , giving a strong Republican dominance in the industrial Northeast , though the way was clear for the Progressive Era to impose a new way of thinking and a new agenda for politics . Alarmed at the new rules of the game for campaign funding , the Progressives launched investigations and exposures ( by the `` muckraker '' journalists ) into corrupt links between party bosses and business . New laws and constitutional amendments weakened the party bosses by installing primaries and directly electing senators . Theodore Roosevelt shared the growing concern with business influence on government . When William Howard Taft appeared to be too cozy with pro-business conservatives in terms of tariff and conservation issues , Roosevelt broke with his old friend and his old party . After losing the 1912 Republican nomination to Taft , he founded a new `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party and ran as a third candidate . Although he outpolled Taft ( who won only two states ) in both the popular vote and the electoral college , the Republican split elected Woodrow Wilson and made pro-business conservatives the dominant force in the Republican Party . See also ( edit ) First Party System , 1790s -- 1820s Second Party System , 1830s -- 1840s Fourth Party System , 1890s -- 1930s American election campaigns in the 19th century Gilded Age History of the United States Democratic Party History of the United States Republican Party Political parties in the United States Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ James E. Campbell , `` Party Systems and Realignments in the United States , 1868 -- 2004 , '' Social Science History Fall 2006 , Vol. 30 , Iss. 3 , pp. 359 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : Foner ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Kleppner ( 1979 ) gives detailed reports on voter behavior in every region . Jump up ^ Kleppner ( 1979 ) ; Jensen ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Kleppner ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Richard Jensen , The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 ( 1971 ) online Jump up ^ Gienap ( 1987 ) ; Holt ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Foner ( 1995 ) ; Silbey ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Paludan p. 25 . Paludan writes of Lincoln 's political skills , `` He was an excellent political leader at a time when parties provided unity and direction for governmental behavior and were sources of intense interest throughout the polity . He knew how to organize political strength , how to encourage his supporters to achieve their ends ... During the war when lawmakers began to question and at times to challenge decisions he had made or intrude on executive prerogatives , his political skills would find important uses . But there was a much deeper level to Lincoln 's political skills than his ability to maneuver and to balance factions ; there was the quality of the man himself . He possessed a basic self - knowledge and security that allowed him to negotiate and discuss and converse with friends and political foes while respecting their intrinsic integrity . '' Jump up ^ Silbey ( 1991 ) ; Hansen ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Vincent P. De Santis , Republicans Face the Southern Question ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : Jensen ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1971 ) ch 10 ; Keller ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ See Voss - Hubbard ( 1999 ) ; Keller ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Dean Burnham , Walter ( 2016 ) . `` Periodization Schemes and `` Party Systems '' : The `` System of 1896 '' as a Case in Point `` . Social Science History . 10 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 314 . doi : 10.1017 / S0145553200015467 . Jump up ^ Keller ( 1977 ) ; McGerr ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McGerr ( 2003 ) Further reading ( edit ) Bensel , Richard Franklin . The Political Economy of American Industrialization , 1877 -- 1900 ( 2000 ) Calhoun , Charles W. From Bloody Shirt to Full Dinner Pail : The Transformation of Politics and Governance in the Gilded Age ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Calhoun , Charles W. Minority Victory : Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 ( 2008 ) 243 pp . Campbell , James E. `` Party Systems and Realignments in the United States , 1868 -- 2004 , '' Social Science History , Fall 2006 , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 359 -- 386 Cherny , Robert . American Politics in the Gilded Age 1868 -- 1900 ( 1997 ) DeCanio , Samuel . `` Religion and Nineteenth - Century Voting Behavior : A New Look at Some Old Data '' Journal of Politics , 2007 69 : 339 -- 350 Dinkin , Robert J. Campaigning in America : A History of Election Practices . ( Greenwood 1989 ) Foner , Eric . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ( 1995 ) ... Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) Gienap , William E. The Origins of the Republican Party , 1852 -- 1856 . 1987 . Gienap , William E. `` Politics Seem to Enter into Everything '' : Political Culture in the North , 1840 -- 1860 , '' in Gienapp et al. , eds . Essays on American Antebellum Politics , 1840 - 1860 ( 1982 ) online edition pp. 15 -- 79 Hansen , Stephen L. The Making of the Third Party System : Voters and Parties in Illinois , 1850 -- 1876 . Ann Arbor : UMI Research Press , 1980 . 280 pp . Holt , Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s ( 1978 ) . Holt , Michael F. `` The Primacy of Party Reasserted . '' Journal of American History 1999 86 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 157 . in JSTOR James , Scott C. Presidents , Parties , and the State : A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice , 1884 -- 1936 . ( 2000 ) . 307 pp . Jensen , Richard . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 ( 1971 ) Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp. 149 -- 180 ; online version Josephson , Matthew . The Politicos : 1865 -- 1896 ( 1938 ) . Keller , Morton . Affairs of State : Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America ( 1977 ) . Keller , Morton . America 's Three Regimes : A New Political History ( 2007 ) 384 pp . Kleppner , Paul . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures ( 1979 ) , the most important and detailed analysis of voting behavior . online edition Klinghard , Daniel . The Nationalization of American Political Parties , 1880 -- 1896 ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search , political science perspective Lynch , G. Patrick `` U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century : Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered . '' Polity 35 # 1 ( 2002 ) pp. 29 +. online version , focus on 1884 McGerr , Michael . A Fierce Discontent : The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America , 1870 -- 1920 ( 2003 ) Miller , Worth Robert . `` The Lost World of Gilded Age Politics , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era vol 1 , no . 1 ( January 2002 ) : 49 -- 67 , online edition Morgan , H. Wayne . From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 ( 1969 ) online edition Ostrogorski , M. Democracy and the Party System in the United States , ( 1910 ) classic analysis , emphasizing party operations and corruption ; online edition Paludan , Phillip Shaw . The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0745 - 5 Postel , Charles . The Populist Vision ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Potter , David . The Impending Crisis 1848 -- 1861 . ( 1976 ) ; Pulitzer Prize Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt - Taft Administration ( 1920 ) , 8 vol . highly detailed narrative from 1850 to 1909 online edition Rothbard , Murray N. The Progressive Era ( 2017 ) , pp. 109 -- 98 , emphasis on popular voting online excerpt Schlesinger , Arthur , Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 ; v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 ; v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 ; v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 ; v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 ; v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 ; v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 ; v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 ; v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 ; v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 ; v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Silbey , Joel . The American Political Nation , 1838 -- 1893 ( 1991 ) . online edition Smith , Adam I.P. No Party Now : Politics in the Civil War North ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Era of Good Stealings ( 1993 ) , covers corruption 1868 -- 1877 Summers , Mark Wahlgren . Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion : The Making of a President , 1884 ( 2000 ) ( online version Summers , Mark Wahlgren . Party Games : Getting , Keeping , and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Summers , Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang : Newspapers and Politics , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1994 ) Voss - Hubbard , Mark . `` The ' Third Party Tradition ' Reconsidered : Third Parties and American Public Life , 1830 -- 1900 . '' Journal of American History 1999 86 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 150 . in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Silbey , Joel H. , ed . The American party battle : election campaign pamphlets , 1828 -- 1876 ( 2 vol 1999 ) vol 1 online ; online edition vol 2 External links ( edit ) Harper 's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860 -- 1912 ; Reconstruction topics ; Chinese exclusion ; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress , 1766 - 1876 Elections 1860 -- 1912 as covered by Harper 's Weekly ; news , editorials , cartoons ( many by Thomas Nast ) Thomas Nast cartoons strongly pro-Republican , pro-Reconstruction , anti-South , anti-Irish and anti-Catholic more Nast cartoons still more Nast `` Graphic Witness '' caricatures in history Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons , industry , labor , politics , prohibition from Ohio State Puck cartoons Keppler cartoons 1892 cartoons Photographs of prominent politicians , 1861 -- 1922 ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright Political eras of the United States First Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Party_System&oldid=861104999 '' Categories : Political history of the United States History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	during which time period did the third party system take place in american politics answers.com	[ "The Third Party System is a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to describe the history of political parties in the United States from 1854 until the mid-1890s, which featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race. This period, the later part of which is often termed the Gilded Age, is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System.\n" ]	[ "from 1854 until the mid-1890s" ]
-5013645916564289400	First Epistle of John	First epistle of John - wikipedia First epistle of John Not to be confused with Gospel of John . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John The First Epistle of John , often referred to as First John and written 1 John or I John , is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament , and the fourth of the catholic epistles . It is attributed to John the Evangelist , traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two Johannine epistles . This epistle was probably written in Ephesus in AD 95 -- 110 . The work was written to counter docetism , which is the belief that Jesus did not come `` in the flesh '' , but only as a spirit . It also defined how Christians are to discern true teachers : by their ethics , their proclamation of Jesus in the flesh , and by their love . Contents 1 Content 2 Style 3 Authorship 4 Purpose 5 Johannine Comma 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Content ( edit ) Philip the Apostle . The visible text ( in Old Church Slavonic ) in the book is : `` Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God , God dwelleth in him , and he in God . And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us . God is love ... '' The main themes of the epistle are love and fellowship with God . The author describes various tests by which readers may ascertain whether or not their communion with God is genuine , and teaches that the proof of spiritual regeneration is a life of active righteousness . It also distinguishes between the world ( which is full of evil and under the dominion of Satan ) and the children of God ( who are set apart from the world ) . Style ( edit ) The epistle is not written in the same form as the other biblical epistles , lacking an epistolary opening or conclusion . The epistle is written in a simple style , without syntactical flourishes , and makes frequent use of asyndeton , where related thoughts are placed next to one another without conjunctions . In contrast to the linear style used in the Pauline epistles , John 's thought moves in loops or circles forming a slowly advancing sequence of thought . This is similar to the parallel structure of Hebrew poetry , in which the second verse of a couplet often carries the same meaning as the first , though in the epistle the frequent recapitulations of already expressed ideas serve also to add to what has previously been said . In summary , the epistle may be said to exhibit a paraenetic style which is `` marked by personal appeal , contrasts of right and wrong , true and false , and an occasional rhetorical question '' . Some scholars have proposed the idea that the epistle is really John 's commentary on a selection of traditional parallel couplets . While this theory , first propounded by Ernst von Dobschütz and Rudolf Bultmann , is not universally accepted , Amos Wilder writes that , `` It is at least clear that there are considerable and sometimes continuous elements in the epistle whose style distinguishes them from that of the author both with respect to poetic structure and syntactic usage . '' Authorship ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The epistle is traditionally held to have been composed by John the Evangelist , at Ephesus , when the writer was in advanced age . The epistle 's content , language and conceptual style are very similar to the Gospel of John , 2 John , and 3 John , indicating that they were written by the same author . Indeed , at the end of the 19th century scholar Ernest DeWitt Burton wrote that there could be `` no reasonable doubt '' that 1 John and the gospel were written by the same author , and Amos Wilder has said that , `` Early Christian tradition and the great majority of modern scholars have agreed on the common authorship of these writings , even where the author has not been identified with the apostle John . '' This majority view is typified by the Swiss Reformer Johannes Oecolampadius , who , in summarizing the career of the beloved apostle , refers to his first epistle as `` the purest gospel . '' However , other modern scholars have challenged this position . Though the common authorship of the three epistles is still almost universally accepted , scholars such as Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and C.H. Dodd have maintained that the epistle and the gospel were written by different authors . There are at least two principal arguments for this view . The first is that the epistle often uses a demonstrative pronoun at the beginning of a sentence , then a particle or conjunction , followed by an explanation or definition of the demonstrative at the end of the sentence , a stylistic technique which is not used in the gospel . The second is that the author of the epistle `` uses the conditional sentence in a variety of rhetorical figures which are unknown to the gospel '' . Purpose ( edit ) `` The Fourth Gospel addresses itself to the challenges posed by Judaism and others outside Johannine circles who have rejected the community 's vision of Jesus as preexistent Son , sent by the Father . The epistles ( First , Second , and Third John ) `` describe the fracturing of the Johannine community itself '' . The author wrote the epistle so that the joy of his audience would `` be full '' ( 1 : 4 ) and that they would `` not practice sin '' ( 2 : 1 ) and that `` you who believe in the name of the Son of God ... may know that you have eternal life '' ( 5 : 13 ) . We can therefore distinguish in the epistle both a general purpose ( to increase mutual joy ) and a specific purpose ( to provide readers with tests by which they might assure themselves of their salvation ) . It appears as though the author was concerned about heretical teachers that had been influencing churches under his care . Such teachers were considered Antichrists ( 2 : 18 -- 19 ) who had once been church leaders but whose teaching became heterodox . It appears that these teachers taught a form of docetism in which Jesus came to earth as a spirit without a real body of flesh ( 4 : 2 ) that his death on the cross was not as a true atonement for sins ( 1 : 7 ) . It appears that John might have also been rebuking a proto - Gnostic named Cerinthus , who also denied the true humanity of Christ . The purpose of the author ( 1 : 1 -- 4 ) is to declare the Word of Life to those to whom he writes , in order that they might be united in fellowship with the Father and his Son Jesus Christ . He shows that the means of union with God are , ( 1 ) on the part of Christ , his atoning work ( 1 : 7 ; 2 : 2 ; 3 : 5 ; 4 : 10 , 14 ; 5 : 11 , 12 ) and his advocacy ( 2 : 1 ) ; and ( 2 ) , on the part of man , holiness ( 1 : 6 ) , obedience ( 2 : 3 ) , purity ( 3 : 3 ) , faith ( 3 : 23 ; 4 : 3 ; 5 : 5 ) , and love ( 2 : 7 , 8 ; 3 : 14 ; 4 : 7 ; 5 : 1 ) . Whereas the Gospel of John was written to unbelievers , this epistle was written to those who were already believers ( 5 : 13 ) . It seems likely that its audience was largely gentile rather than Jewish , since it contains few Old Testament quotations or distinctly Jewish forms of expression . The epistle was probably carried by itinerant missionaries to different churches throughout the region and read aloud to the congregations . Johannine Comma ( edit ) Main article : Comma Johanneum A Trinitarian gloss added to Latin translations of the epistle in the 4th century was interpolated in the text over the course of the Middle Ages , known as the Johannine Comma . Although no Greek manuscripts before the 15th century include the passage , Erasmus added it to later editions of his edition of the New Testament , beginning in 1522 . Bibles translated from his edition integrate the passage , including the King James Version ( 1611 ) , which renders it as follows ( in italics ) : For there are three that beare record in heaven , the Father , the Word , and the Holy Ghost : and these three are one . And there are three that beare witnesse in earth , the Spirit , and the Water , and the Blood , and these three agree in one . Translations made since the 18th century and based on a critical edition do not include this text , or include it as a footnote . See also ( edit ) If the world hates you John the Apostle John the Evangelist References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible ( Palo Alto : Mayfield , 1985 ) `` 1 John , '' p. 355 -- 356 ^ Jump up to : Wilder , p. 214 Jump up ^ Barbour , p. 346 Jump up ^ Barbour , p. 348 ^ Jump up to : Burton , Ernest DeWitt ( 1896 ) . `` The Epistles of John '' . The Biblical World . University of Chicago Press . 7 ( 5 ) : 368 . JSTOR 3140373 . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Amos ( 1957 ) . `` Introduction to the First , Second , and Third Epistles of John '' . In Harmon , Nolan . The Interpreter 's Bible . 12 . Abingdon Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Barbour , J.H. ( 1896 ) . `` The Structure of the First Epistle of Saint John '' . The Biblical World . 9 ( 5 ) : 343 . JSTOR 3140289 . Jump up ^ Barbour , p. 342 Jump up ^ Wilder , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Burton , p. 367 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 366 Jump up ^ Johannes Oecolampadius , Sermons on the First Epistle of John ( A Handbook for the Christian Life ) ( 1523 ; ET 2017 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Dodd , C.H. ( April 1937 ) . `` The first epistle of John and the Fourth Gospel '' . Bulletin of the John Rylands Library . 21 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 156 . doi : 10.7227 / bjrl. 21.1. 5 . Jump up ^ The New Jerome Biblical Commentary , Edited by Raymond E. Brown , S.S. , Union Theological Seminary , New York ; NY , William J. Dalton , S.J. ; Roland E. Murphy , O. Carm . ( emeritus ) The Divinity School , Duke University , Durham , NC ; ( The Johannine Epistles , Pheme Perkins ) , with a foreword by His Eminence Carlo Maria Cardinal Martini , S.J. ; Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , 1990 ^ Jump up to : Barbour , p. 341 Jump up ^ Wilder , p. 210 Jump up ^ Houghton , H.A.G. ( 2016 ) . The Latin New Testament : a guide to its early history , texts , and manuscripts . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198744733.001. 0001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874473 - 3 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Grantley ( 2017 ) . `` The Johannine Comma from Erasmus to Westminster '' . In Dirk van Miert , Henk J.M. Nellen , Piet Steenbakkers , Jetze Touber ( eds . ) . Scriptural authority and biblical criticism in the Dutch Golden Age : God 's word questioned . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 61 -- 72 . doi : 10.1093 / oso / 9780198806837.003. 0003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 880683 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Robert Dabney , `` The Doctrinal Various Readings of the New Testament Greek '' , 1894 : p. 32 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1 John Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Epistle of John Bible : 1 John public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions First Epistle of John General Epistle Preceded by Second Peter New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Second John First Epistle of John Bible 1 John 1 5 Bible portal Persons Cain Jesus Christ Terms / Phrases Antichrist Comma Johanneum Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Second Epistle of Peter ( chapter 3 ) Second Epistle of John ( 1 chapter ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Epistle_of_John&oldid=850466583 '' Categories : New Testament books Canonical epistles Johannine literature First Epistle of John Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles using Cite EBD template without article name Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 01 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the letter of 1 john written to	[ "Whereas the Gospel of John was written to unbelievers, this epistle was written to those who were already believers (5:13).[15] It seems likely that its audience was largely gentile rather than Jewish, since it contains few Old Testament quotations or distinctly Jewish forms of expression.[10] The epistle was probably carried by itinerant missionaries to different churches throughout the region and read aloud to the congregations.[16]\n" ]	[ "to those who were already believers" ]
-4797780423597450024	Ohio State University Marching Band	Ohio State University Marching band - wikipedia Ohio State University Marching band Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Ohio State University Athletic Band . This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2007 ) The Ohio State University Marching Band School The Ohio State University Location Columbus , Ohio Conference Big Ten Founded 1878 Director Christopher Hoch Members 228 ( 192 pregame marchers , 195 halftime marchers , 36 alternate members ) Fight song `` Across the Field '' , `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' Uniform Website http://tbdbitl.osu.edu The Ohio State University Marching Band ( OSUMB ) performs at Ohio State football games and other events during the fall semester . It is one of the few collegiate all - brass and percussion bands in the country , perhaps the largest of its type in the world . Its nickname is The Best Damn Band in the Land ( TBDBITL ) . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2014 hazing scandal 2 Performances and academics 3 Composition 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Squad leaders 3.3 Drum Major 3.4 Student staff 3.5 Directing staff 3.6 Arranging staff 3.7 Adjunct staff 4 Traditions 4.1 Script Ohio 4.1. 1 Honorary `` i '' - dotters 4.2 Diamond Ohio 4.3 Skull Session 4.4 Ramp entrance 4.5 Back bend 4.6 Neutron Man 5 Uniforms 5.1 Early years 5.2 1950s -- 1980s 5.3 1988 remodel 5.4 2006 changes 5.5 2013 changes 5.6 Drum Major uniform 5.7 Director uniforms 5.8 Blazer Uniform 5.9 Gray Uniform 6 Instruments 6.1 Current instruments 6.2 Previously used instruments 7 Filmography 8 Accolades 9 Relationship with other marching arts 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The 2008 Ohio State marching band performing before the Cleveland Browns season opening game of the 2008 season Military training was an important part of the early curriculum at Ohio State , and a band was formed to provide music to the cadets for drills . Organized in 1878 , the Marching Band was first organized as a fife and drum corps and was sponsored by the Military Department . In 1881 , a stolen mouthpiece incident , which prevented the Marching Band from performing , led the Military Department to end support . The band was a student - led organization until 1896 . Gustav Bruder , a professional musician with military band experience , was hired to lead the band . Under Bruder , the band 's size grew . It began playing and marching for all military and athletic events . In 1926 , it performed jointly with the Ohio State University Drum and Bugle Corps at West Point . The timing between the groups on the field was off because of errant counting , causing the groups to counter march through each other 's ranks . This spectacle was considered one of the most intense band formations done on the field at West Point . In 1929 , the Military Department , along with the School of Music , entered into a new agreement to bring the Marching Band under control of the School of Music , which would provide faculty , while the Military Department limited membership to cadets , who also received military instruction along with playing and marching . The band was so popular in 1929 that the entire 100 piece block band was composed of upperclassmen . This situation gave Director Eugene J. Weigel the idea to create two additional bands , the Infantry Regimental Band and the Artillery Regimental Band , which would provide training to underclassmen until they were able to try out for the Marching Band . These bands met in the Winter and Spring , and together with the Activities Band formed in 1947 , created the modern Athletic Band . During World War II , Ohio State was one of the few colleges able to field a marching band for every home game . The band was able to field 100 to 120 musicians throughout the war . Because the band was still under ROTC control , women were not allowed to perform . The band was open to alumni members of the band , woodwind players , vocalists , high school students , even strangers on the street who expressed interest . The morale with which this highly volunteer band helped to cheer on Ohio State football was during a time when spirits on the home front were at a low . By the early 1950s , the Department of Defense issued much more stringent rules about what courses and activities constitute eligible curriculum for the ROTC program . The Marching Band was no longer an eligible activity , and in 1952 , the Marching Band officially ended ties with the ROTC department . Cadets in the band could continue to try out and participate in band , but they would no longer receive ROTC credit . Once the Marching Band separated from ROTC control , the band was more free to experiment with show themes and music genres , culminating in the band 's 1965 performance of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' . After the extremely positive response for `` Sloopy '' , the band decided to venture into more modern and topical styles of music . The band maintained a 120 - piece block into the 1970s , when director Paul Droste expanded the band first to 160 , and then to 192 members by adding another row of Sousaphones , creating a full row of snare drums , and adding tenor duo - toms to the row of bass drums and cymbals . Women were admitted into the band starting in 1973 , after the passage of the 1972 Title IX legislation . Today , approximately 20 -- 25 % of the band 's members are women each year . By the mid-1970s , a limitation on the maximum number of years one could be in the Marching Band was imposed . Prior to this , there were people who had spent nearly a decade playing and marching with the band . Some of these band members were gainfully employed graduates of the university , who would continue to pay fees to try out for band . A decision was reached to limit the band to 5 years , 6 under extenuating circumstances and director approval . This allowed for more new students to try out and make the band , and also allowed for a better spirit of competition for the 225 total spots in the band . In 2016 , under the direction of Dr. Christopher Hoch and Percussion Instructor Mr. Mark Reynolds , a decision was made to expand the band for the first time in over 40 years . Three additional band members were added ; one each on bass drum , cymbals , and tenor drums . This allows for four of each part for the Ramp entrance , while expanding the percussion section by three for halftime . The driving decision to allow this expansion is to bring the band 's percussion section closer in number and substance to other comparable college marching bands by having a full tonal bass drum section . From 2005 to 2015 , the band used four tonal bass drums for halftime , which presents a challenge to percussion writers , as the standard instrumentation of a bass drum line is five drums . The addition of the fifth bass drum allows for a broader color of percussion parts to be written . The traditional Ramp entrance block band will still maintain four bass drums tuned to two pitches , high and low , for effect . Many marching band innovations were first tried and developed at Ohio State . Among them are : floating and animated formations , measured step marching , script writing , and the fast cadence with a high knee lift . Brass instruments especially designed for marching bands were also first used at Ohio State . In 1934 , the OSUMB became one of the first collegiate bands to adopt an all brass - and - percussion instrumentation . The school fight songs -- `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' and `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' -- were first performed in the early 20th century . Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit `` Hang on Sloopy '' and ( aimed at its archrival , the University of Michigan ) `` We Do n't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan '' , which was popularized by James Thurber in the Broadway production of The Male Animal . Other songs that are played commonly in the stands include : `` Night On Bald Mountain '' , `` Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi '' , `` Bully '' , `` Talkin ' Out the Side of Your Neck '' , `` Seven Nation Army '' , and a recently student - written and composed piece with a hip - hop feel called `` Buckeye Swag . '' 2014 hazing scandal ( edit ) The band made national headlines in the summer of 2014 following the release of an internal investigation into the band 's culture and reported incidents of hazing . On July 22 , 2014 , Ohio State University released an investigation report titled `` Complaint against Jonathan Waters , Director of the OSU Marching Band . '' In the report , the university 's Office of Compliance and Integrity found that the band 's `` culture facilitated acts of sexual harassment '' and that then - director Jon Waters knew or reasonably should have known about this culture . '' On July 24 , 2014 , following a two - month investigation into complaints of a `` sexualized '' culture amongst band members , Jon Waters was fired by the University . Waters later denied the report 's characterizations of the band and of his actions . A second investigation was led by former Ohio Attorney General , Betty Montgomery . The Task Force Report , released on November 18 , 2014 , identified a number of issues within the band , making 37 recommendations for changes , but also criticized Ohio State University for decades of lax oversight and inadequate resources for enforcing compliance . The task force final report include results of a survey of 278 then current and recent former band members ; see Appendix D . The survey seemed to contradict many of the university 's claims about Mr. Waters and the band . Performances and academics ( edit ) A typical season with the OSUMB runs from June until January . Starting in June , the band runs Summer Sessions to train and teach prospective and returning band members . In July , the band performs a joint concert with the Columbus Symphony Orchestra . This event is typically performed with 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 of the full band , and often accepts volunteers who did not march the previous season . In August , the schedule becomes highly packed . There are often small pep band events throughout Columbus , at OSU 's Regional Campuses across the state , as well as on the Columbus Campus . The band performs at all home football games , at an NFL game ( either Cincinnati Bengals or Cleveland Browns ) , and at least one or two away games . In 2013 , the band performed at four away games , a first for the band . If the football team is eligible for post-season play , the band will travel to those games as well . On away trips , there is almost always an Ohio State rally , put on by the local chapter of the OSU Alumni Association . This rally features guest speakers , the band , and cheerleaders . For trips to the University of Michigan or Michigan State University , the band performs a sit - down concert in the Toledo , Ohio area . There are additional full - band performances such as the Homecoming Parade , Circleville Pumpkin Show Parade , and two big concerts : one in an often remote part of Ohio , and the annual concert in Columbus at Value City Arena ( previously held at Veterans Memorial before its demolition during the 2014 season ) . The band holds tryouts usually two weeks before school starts . This is somewhat variable as the band staff tries to allow for members to perform in Drum Corps International World Championships in Indianapolis . In recent years , DCI Finals night was held on a Saturday night , while OSUMB Candidate Days ( for all prospective band members who have not made the band before ) would begin the following Sunday morning . Due to a tighter schedule in 2016 , Candidate Days were held during DCI Finals , and full band tryouts began the following morning . Typically this is avoided however , to allow incoming freshmen to finish a drum corps tour and then learn the OSU style in the two days prior to full band tryouts . Once the band is picked and until school starts up , the band practices three times a day Monday through Friday . Once school starts , the band rehearses Monday - Friday from 4 : 10 - 6 : 15 PM . However , the Band Center doors are typically not locked until midnight , as many band members will do other classwork while practicing and memorizing their music for the week 's show . Many shows must be learned in as little as four days , with all music and drill committed to memory . Composition ( edit ) Instrumentation ( edit ) An image of the 2008 Ohio State marching band spelling out `` Browns '' before the Browns 2008 season opener . The band consists of 228 musicians . The block band seen at every game consists of 192 members , while halftime shows consist of 195 members . The other 36 members are alternates . These are members of the band who challenge the regular members every week for a spot in the gameday block . The alternates also understudy the week 's halftime show with the squad leader in case someone gets sick or injured before the performance . Alternates have a chance to perform with the regular band members during performances of Double Script Ohio , as well as during pre-game shows on away game trips . All music is memorized and verified during music checks each Friday . On game day the alternates help move equipment around if the show has props or a pit , otherwise they are led by the assistant drum major and stand at attention ( minus instruments ) on the sideline near the south end of the field . The band block consists of lettered rows ABCEFHIJKLMQRSTX and D. D row consists of one Head Drum Major , one Assistant Drum Major ( who is the assistant to the Head Drum Major ) , and D - Row members who train and learn under the drum major in order to one day try out for the position . While the brass - only configuration has been unvarying since 1934 , the instrumentation has been subject to experimentation over the years . Around 1938 , slide trombones were removed from the band for fear they could not easily navigate the difficult Script Ohio drill . Trombones were originally replaced by tenor horns , and then eventually by the King 3B valve trombone - a valve trombone wrapped as a Euphonium - earning the name `` Trombonium . '' By 1970 , the band adopted the large - bore Conn 90G , prepared by Conn at the OSUMB 's instigation . Slide trombones returned to the band in 1980 , with the introduction of Bach Model 36 Stradivarius small shank tenor trombones . Tromboniums last marched in the varsity OSUMB block at the 1982 Alumni Reunion game , but continue to be used by Alumni members of the band . In 1997 , the band converted the alto voice of the band from Eb Alto horns , to F Mellophones . Several factors including instrument quality and durability , as well as tone projection , were cited in the switch . The last Eb Alto horns purchased by the OSUMB were Yamaha YAH - 203 's . The band switched to Getzen G4410 F Mellophones , and continued to use those until 2000 , when Getzen discontinued that instrument . The band switched to King 1120SP F Mellophones , and slowly phased these , along with the King 1121SP , which is the newest version of King Mellophone , through 2006 . All Getzen Mellophones are now used by Alumni Band or the OSU Athletic Band . In 1999 , Dr. Jon Woods , a trombone player himself , added Bass Trombones to the trombone section . This was done in an effort to round out the trombone choir , and to give a bit of an edge to Sousaphone parts in climactic music . The first model , and to date , only model of Bass Trombone used by the OSUMB is the Conn 110H . In 2008 , the band received a generous donation which allowed the entire high brass section ( Eb Cornets , Trumpets , and Flugelhorns ) to be outfitted with new Yamaha Xeno model instruments . These horns greatly influenced the sound of the band , as previous models of trumpets and flugelhorns were student level models , which typically are not constructed with the same quality as professional model instruments , such as the Xeno line . In 2013 , the band has begun a switch from King 2104SP tenor trombones to a special order Conn 8HY model . The percussion section of the band has been using Pearl percussion for several years . In 2014 , a decision was made to experiment with metal drum carriers . Drum carriers had been used for a number of years by tenor drum players , however the bass drums and snares continued to use cloth sling harnesses . Through a large amount of experimentation , metal carriers made their debut midway through the 2014 season for halftime and parade use only . The snares and basses are still carried by traditional sling for pregame , due to the visuals done with the drums that add to the excitement of the Ramp entrance . Drum Majors Years Name 2016 - 17 John LaVange 2015 Nathan MacMaster 2013 - 14 David Pettit 2012 - 13 Kyle West 2010 - 11 Jason Stuckert 2008 - 09 Joshua Halter 2006 - 07 Stewart Kitchen 2005 Alex Neffenger Eric Sommer 2003 Kathryn Mitchell 2001 - 02 Adam Prescott 1999 - 00 Matt Bally 1998 Scott Sommer 1996 - 97 Corey Thompson 1994 - 95 Karl Neudorfer 1992 - 93 Brian Berendts 1991 Lee Sartore 1989 - 90 Dale Wagner 1987 - 88 Rich Parks 1985 - 86 Greg Eyer 1984 Andrew Marks 1982 - 83 Bruce Hart 1981 Shelley Graf 1980 Dr. Oliver McGee 1977 - 79 Dwight Hudson 1976 Doug Secrist 1974 - 75 Rick Gammage 1972 - 73 Barry Kopetz 1971 Paul Zubrod 1969 - 70 Wayne Long 1968 Jack Swinehart 1967 Kirby Wyatt 1965 - 66 Mitch Breece 1963 - 64 Bob `` Link '' Harper 1962 Ben Kline 1961 Terrance Burton 1959 - 60 Lenny Hart 1957 - 58 Larry Cory 1956 Richard Marsh 1954 - 55 George Souder 1952 - 53 Dr. Jim Bodman 1951 Jim Spencer 1950 Dale York 1949 Johnny Criss 1947 - 48 Devon `` Deve '' Kesling 1946 Beverly Moseley 1945 Joseph Myers 1944 Cyril Costoff 1943 Robert Gulcher 1942 Gerald `` Jerry '' Johnston 1941 Edward Maundrell 1939 - 40 Richard Jones 1938 Myron McKelvey 1936 - 37 Wesley Leas 1934 - 35 William Casey 1932 - 33 Dr. James McCreary 1931 Wilburt Pettegrew 1928 - 30 William Knepper 1926 - 27 Robert Hines 1923 - 25 Dr. Augustus Hall 1920 - 22 Edwin `` Tubby '' Essington Squad Leaders ( edit ) Each row of the band has one Squad Leader , and one Assistant Squad Leader , with exception of J row which has two Assistants . The role of the Squad Leaders is to make sure their respective rows are at rehearsal on time , take attendance for the row , and make sure all members in the row are striving for their best during each rehearsal and performance . Squad Leaders also run Friday music checks and game day uniform and instrument inspections , as well as judge the row challenges on Mondays . The Squad Leaders must also try out for the band , typically during the week before the rest of the band does their tryouts . Squad Leaders have been cut from the band in past years . In this case , the Assistant would become Head Squad Leader , and one of the highest scoring returning band members would be offered the position of Assistant . Drum major ( edit ) Since the very early days of the band , there has been a drum major in charge of the band . The role of the drum major is to be the student in charge of the band on the field and during performances . Typically , the drum major would be the single point of contact in a military band `` chain of command '' that would directly interface with the directing staff in regards to complaints , comments , and questions from band members . The role of the drum major has evolved significantly over the years . Instead of simply marching in the front of the band , drum majors began doing tricks with their batons , and morphed into a single person show of pageantry on the field to complement the band during their formations . Today , being drum major for the OSUMB is one of the hardest collegiate drum major positions to achieve in the country . It is one of the most physically and mentally challenging , and requires the utmost in flexibility , concentration , and on - the - fly thinking and creativity . Typically , there is only one Drum Major and one Assistant Drum Major for the season . The Assistant Drum Major will often wear a different uniform , representative of the uniform that the Drum Major of the OSU Military Band wore . The Military Band was a marching band run separately from the OSUMB that allowed woodwind instruments , and played at mainly ROTC parades and other campus events when the Marching Band was unable to perform or during the off - season of the Marching Band . In 2013 , the Drum Major was unable to perform for the first four games of the season . This necessitated the Assistant Drum Major to assume the role of Drum Major . One of the highest - scoring ( at tryouts ) D - row trainees assumed the role of Assistant Drum Major . Once the Drum Major was able to return to the field , a historic first for the OSUMB occurred . At the 2013 OSU vs Wisconsin game , the band introduced three drum majors for the first time . The band finished the season with two Drum Majors and one Assistant ; in 2014 , the band went back to one Drum Major and one Assistant . Student staff ( edit ) As well as the 228 marching and playing members of the band , there are 14 additional student staff members who do not march . The student staff are responsible for the day to day happenings on the student level of the band . There are two Heads of Staff who are in charge of separate areas . The Head Secretary oversees the secretary 's office , the Head Manager oversees the Staff Managers . The 14 member Student Staff breaks down as follows : The band during pregame . Head Manager oversees the two uniform managers , one seamstress , two instrument managers , and two A / V technicians and Record Fund . Head Secretary , two assistant secretaries and one librarian / secretary All staff members wear the OSUMB uniform and work throughout the entire school year in the band offices . Members of Student Staff , along with the Drum Major Trainees , hold the directors ' ladders on the field , stand at intervals along the sidelines to observe for and collect instrument or uniform parts that may fall off during a show , and even dress in costume or work props for the field show . If there are holes in the band due to illness or injury , and the full 228 piece band is required for a performance , Student Staff will march with an instrument . These staff members typically get a `` crash course '' in the specifics of that instrument 's carry and positioning , but are not expected to play the instrument or memorize the music , although memorizing charted positions is often necessary . Many members of Student Staff are musicians themselves , however some do not have brass or percussion backgrounds . Directing staff ( edit ) Mr. Jonathan `` Jon '' Waters became Director in 2012 , succeeding longtime Director Dr. Jon Woods . Waters held the post until his firing in July 2014 ; the band marched during the 2014 season under the interim leadership of Dr. Russell Mikkelson , OSU Director of Bands , and Dr. Scott Jones , OSU Associate Director of Bands . Dr. Chris Hoch was named Interim Director in 2015 , becoming permanent Director in 2016 . A band the size of the OSUMB requires a large directing staff . All directors are versed in conducting all of the school songs and show music , and attend various pep band and spirit rally events with the band . The Director is typically busiest with the administrative side of the band , leaving most smaller performances that do not require the whole band to the other directing staff . These directors make up the uniformed directing staff . In addition , other professors from the OSU School of Music regularly conduct the band during performances . These include the Director of the School of Music , and the Director and Associate Director of Bands . The current directing staff of the OSUMB is as follows : Dr. Chris Hoch , Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , Mr. Phillip Day , Associate Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , Mr. Michael Smith , Assistant Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , as well as six graduate assistants , Mr. Joe Carver , PhD Candidate in Music Education , Mr. Onsby Rose , DMA Candidate in Conducting , Ms. Jennifer Ollis , Masters Candidate in Conducting , Mr. Jeff Krubsack , Masters Candidate in Conducting , Mr. Todd Fessler , Masters Candidate in Conducting , and Ms. Kristin Lin , Masters Candidate in Conducting . All of the Marching and Athletic Bands leadership report directly to , and are under the guidance of the Ohio State University Director of Bands , Dr. Russel Mikkelson . Arranging staff ( edit ) Because of the unique instrumentation of the OSUMB , all music for performances must be custom - arranged . The band typically plays a wide variety of music throughout the season , and employs the expertise of a number of local and well - known arrangers . The first arranger of the OSUMB , Richard Heine , is considered to be most responsible for the unique sound of the band . All staff arrangers since Heine have kept true to the same style of arranging , while broadening the repertoire of the band . John Tatgenhorst became a staff arranger after his wildly successful arrangement of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' in the mid 1960s . Other arrangers include world - renowned concert band composer James Swearingen , Dr. Ted McDaniel , Ken McCoy , Steve Pfaffman , Lisa Galvin , and John Brennan . Adjunct staff ( edit ) To keep the band running smoothly , there is a host of other staff members who wear blazer uniforms and work behind the scenes for the band . Some of these members include the audio engineering staff , announcers , visiting band liaisons , physical trainers , and Drum Major coaches . Traditions ( edit ) Script Ohio ( edit ) Script Ohio . Jack Nicklaus is seen dotting the i . Script Ohio , the signature formation of The Ohio State University Marching Band , is performed before home games . Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State Marching Band on October 24 , 1936 , at the Ohio State versus Indiana University football game . According to The Ohio State University Library , a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the University of Michigan Marching Band . The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated with Ohio State Football and The Ohio State University Marching Band . It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel , who based the looped `` Ohio '' script design on the marquee sign of the Loew 's Ohio Theatre in downtown Columbus . The script is an integrated series of evolutions and formations . The band first forms a triple Block O formation , then slowly unwinds to form the letters while playing Robert Planquette 's Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse . The drum major leads the outside O into a peel - off movement around the curves of the script , every musician in continual motion . Slowly the three blocks unfold into a long singular line which loops around , creating the OSUMB 's trademark . Unlike a typical follow - the - leader drill , the Script Ohio is a very specifically measured and charted maneuver . Each band member is required to memorize the counts for each portion of the formation . Squad Leaders , as part of their tryout drills , are required to march a Script Ohio , individually , from their spot in the block to their final charted position to ensure they are counting and not just following the person in front of them . This is also required in the event that the drum major is incapacitated for some reason ( injury , sudden illness ) . Each time the formation drill is performed , a different fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the `` i '' of `` Ohio . '' Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel , no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting . Originally , an E-flat cornet player , John Brungart , was the first `` i '' - dotter . Brungart dotted the `` i '' two more times that season , in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago . The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21 at home versus Michigan . In the fall of 1937 , Weigel turned to Glen Johnson , a sousaphone player , and shouted , `` Hey , you ! Switch places with the trumpet player in the dot . '' A year later , when the drum major arrived at the top of the `` i '' three or four measures too early , Johnson turned and bowed to the crowd to use up the rest of the music . The bow has been part of the show since then . Glen then became the second sousaphone player to dot the `` i '' on October 23 , 1937 . Since then , a sousaphone player has dotted the `` i '' over 800 times . Today , toward the end of the formation , drum major and the `` i '' - dotter high - five each other . Then with 16 measures to go in the song , they strut to the top of the `` i '' . When they arrive , the drum major points to the spot , and the `` i '' - dotter turns and bows deeply to both sides of the stadium . There are two commonly seen versions of the Script Ohio drill : Single Script , and Double Script . A Single Script is performed with the 192 member block band and is the most commonly photographed . A Double Script is performed with 224 of the full 228 member band . The three J row alternates take turns `` sitting out '' during a performance of Double Script . Double Scripts are almost always performed at away games , NFL performances , and at home games when there is a large number of i - dot eligible Sousaphone players . At the 2009 Ohio State - USC game , sousaphonist Frank Cosenza Jr. took his position dotting the `` i '' . In the course of taking his bow , the bell of the sousaphone struck the cameraman filming him . At the 2013 Ohio State - Florida A&M game , the OSUMB performed a single Script Ohio , sharing the field with the Ohio State School for the Blind , which performed a Script Braille Ohio . The Ohio State School for the Blind hosts the only visually impaired marching band in the world . Some students are low - vision , and can march unassisted , but many have almost no visual acuity , and require the help of marching assistants , who guide the musicians on the field . Some students can read very large print music , others can read Braille music , while some simply learn by ear , memorizing parts played to them . Honorary `` i '' - dotters ( edit ) Woody Hayes , Bob Hope , Jack Nicklaus , James `` Buster '' Douglas , OSU Presidents Novice Fawcett , Gordon Gee and their wives , the late composer Richard `` Dick '' Heine , Ann Droste , wife of retired director and former OSUMB member Paul Droste , and retired OSU ticket director Robert Ries , John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn , OSU alumnus and founder , chairman , and CEO of The Limited Brands Leslie Wexner , and former coach Earle Bruce are the select few non-band members who have had the honor of dotting the `` i '' . This is considered the greatest honor the band can bestow to any non-band member and is an extremely special ( and rare ) event . The fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player selected to dot the `` i '' for that specific game must give up their spot in order for an honorary member to dot the `` i '' . On November 19 , 2011 , Jon Woods , the marching band 's director for the previous 28 years , dotted the `` i '' in his final home game directing the band . He was informed of the nomination by the band with a note given to him in a special closed ceremony that morning . He is the only non band member to dot the `` i '' during the only game where the OSUMB did Script Ohio twice . The first Script Ohio of that game in its traditional pregame spot featured senior sousaphone player Jonathan Lampley dotting the `` i '' . Woods dotted the `` i '' in a special second performance of Script Ohio during halftime . Although not the famous Script Ohio formation , John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn returned to Ohio Stadium on September 22 , 2012 , to dot the `` i '' in the word America during a NASA - themed halftime show paying tribute to Glenn 's NASA accomplishments and time as an Ohio senator . Diamond Ohio ( edit ) The Diamond Ohio logo , which is created by superimposing the I over the center of the H , and making the O 's into pointed triangles , was first created by the OSUMB in the late 1930s . The band continues to use this formation today every home football game as the team entrance tunnel . The Ohio University Marching 110 has also used the Diamond Ohio logo since 1966 when director Gene Thrailkill designed a pregame set modeled after the Ohio State University Marching Band to give the newly reformed Marching 110 a symbol . Photographs show OSUMB director Manley Whitcomb ( 1939 - 1942 , 1946 - 1951 ) charting this formation on a table lined with field markings , and other photographs depict the band in performance of the Diamond Ohio as far back as 1939 . Skull Session ( edit ) The OSUMB arrives in St. John Arena for the Skull Session . The detail of the Drum Major and Assistant Drum Major uniforms can be seen . The first Skull Session held at St. John Arena was in 1957 . Prior to this , Skull Session was nothing more than a final run through of the music on the morning of the game . Originally , these were closed rehearsals that the band eventually opened up to friends and family members . Each week , more and more people showed up to hear the band rehearse that the director , Jack Evans , decided to move the rehearsal to St. John Arena across the street . Today , upwards of 14,000 people pack St. John Arena every home game to see the band and football team . Many of these people do not even have tickets to the game , but yet travel hours just for a chance to see and hear the band . During the Skull Session , fans are treated to a variety of activities . Each week the band 's `` cheer groups '' perform a song to go along with the football team 's opponent of the week . The cheer groups are selected from their respective sections : Trumpet Cheers ( the oldest Cheer Group ) , Trombone Cheers , Horn Cheers , Baritone Cheers , Stadium Brass ( An instrument from every part of the band except percussion ) , Percussion Cheers ( often playing Wipeout ) and the Tuba - Fours . At some point after these performances , the football team enters to the sounds of James Swearingen 's `` Fanfare for a New Era '' . Immediately after their entrance a pre-selected Senior football player speaks to the band and fans in St. John Arena followed by the head coach . The team then exits to the sounds of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' Upon the football team 's exit , the band commences with the traditions associated with the Skull Session . This includes performance of `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' first softly and slowly , and on the repeat of the chorus , at the well - known tempo and dynamics . The band is also known for performing Eternal Father , Strong to Save , otherwise known as The Navy Hymn to formally begin every Skull Session concert . If a visiting college band is in attendance they will perform their pre-game and halftime show , followed by the OSUMB 's performance of pre-game and halftime . At every Skull Session , there is a guest Ohio high school marching band . The high school band plays various songs before the Skull Session to entertain the audience waiting the arrival of the OSUMB . During Homecoming , the OSU Athletic Band also performs at Skull Session , trading off with the guest high school band on various pieces of music . The OSU Athletic Band is run by the same band staff as the marching band , and often has many students who perform in both . Ramp entrance ( edit ) The ramp entrance is known as one of the most highly regarded traditions among band members , as well as extremely physically demanding . The ramp entrance starts typically around 19 : 45 on the countdown clock . There is a trailer video shown on the scoreboard prior to the band emerging from the ramp tunnel . At the end of this video , a Diamond Ohio appears on the screen . This is the cue for the percussion section to start down the ramp . The percussion section is the first to march down the ramp , and onto the field ; not to cadences , rather cheers at a precise tempo of 180 beats per minute ( bpm ) . The snare drums perform a unique arm swing as everyone clearly chants O-H-I-O , OHIO over and over . A series of elaborately timed flanking maneuvers called the power `` V '' leads JI Row into their file in the block . The `` Ramp '' cadence is then played exactly 17 times in a row , also at 180 bpm , as the other rows in the band file down the ramp , onto the field , and into their positions . Once a row is placed , the members mark time until all rows are into position . As the final two rows , T and X file in , their squad leaders nod to the two Sousaphone row 's ( KL Row ) squad leaders , who then sound a loud blast on their whistles . The entire band responds to this call with a deafening yell of `` Whistle ! '' . After the last Ramp cadence is played , a roll - off is played , while the entire band ( except JI Row ) performs a conversion step maneuver , and a horns - up . The band proceeds to play the intro of `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' while marking time . This is followed by the verse , while the band goes into what is referred to as a `` half - time step '' ( mark time ) ; one step per every two beats . During the verse , a member 's leg lift ( completion of a full chair step ) is crucial to a clean and precision view from the crowd . Also , during the verse , KL Row performs a special horn flash in which they tilt their bells slightly back , and swing their entire upper body , including their horn , to the tempo of their step . The KL row horn flash is based on the horn swing that OSUMB Sousaphones did while marching until the 1970s . During this half - time step , there is a specific seat in C deck of Ohio Stadium that previous director Dr. Paul Droste always sits in , which gives him a clear picture of the diagonal alignment of the band in the block . After the completion of the verse , the band proceeds to march southward down the field to two choruses of Buckeye Battle Cry . The band then executes a `` halt , kick , down '' , followed by a `` step - forward about - face '' . At this point , the Drum Major runs back through the band , blowing a short whistle to the lead snare drummer , who initiates a roll off to begin the rest of the pregame show , which includes playing the visiting team 's fight song , Script Ohio , and the National Anthem , which is typically conducted by the visiting band 's director , or a staff member of the OSU School of Music . Back bend ( edit ) During the introduction and verse of `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' , the drum major enters the stadium running down the ramp , then struts through the band and comes to the front of the ranks where they execute a back bend , forming their body into the shape of an O. After a dramatic pause , the drum major 's plume touches the turf while the band starts to play two choruses of the Buckeye Battle Cry while marching toward the South Stands . The drum major reaches the end zone and tosses the baton through the goal post as the band finishes the downfield march . The opposing team 's fight song is played as a salute to their university returning the band to midfield before completing the pregame performance which typically includes the highly acclaimed Script Ohio . Neutron Man ( edit ) Orlas King , ( 1942 - 2004 ) also known as the Neutron Man would burst into original dances whenever the band played the Pointer Sisters 's Neutron Dance . Uniforms ( edit ) A 1930s or early 1940s Ohio State University ROTC uniform . The red and gray Shoulder Sleeve Insignia and ROTC Honor School Award star are visible in this photograph . Early years ( edit ) modern Eagle Ohio The current OSUMB uniform is very different from the earliest uniforms . The earliest band uniforms were military in style and were pieced together from U.S. military uniforms with pieces dating back to even the Civil War era . High collar jackets were the first solidified design for the band uniform . The first hats worn by the band were Pershing style military visor caps with military `` peace '' eagles as the hat emblem and red and gray `` powder puff '' plumes , so called because of the very fine , almost down - like feathers with which they were constructed . OSU also experimented with gray wool bucket hats that looked similar to a kepi or shako with a plume . As a Land - Grant school , Ohio State was required to provide military training as part of its core curriculum . Prior to World War II , each college ran its ROTC program as an independent organization with National guidelines . Each college designed its own uniforms and insignia to promote esprit de corps . Once an ROTC cadet graduated and received a military commission , then the new officer would wear the uniform of his or her respective branch . After World War II , ROTC programs were modified , ending college - specific uniforms for non-military colleges , and allowing cadets to wear the uniform of their chosen branch . OSU ROTC 's shoulder insignia was a red and gray circle . This was worn on the right shoulder . On the right sleeve , a five pointed star signifying OSU was the recipient of the ROTC Honor School award was worn . Near the cuff of the left sleeve , a shield patch with U.S.R.O.T.C embroidered on it was worn . If the cadet had attained a rank in ROTC , they wore their rank insignia on each sleeve . The color of rank chevrons and the ROTC shield patch were determined by the military division in which the cadet was looking to commission . For example , an Artillery cadet would wear a black shield with scarlet lettering and black chevrons on a scarlet background , while an Infantry cadet would wear a black shield with teal lettering and black chevrons on a teal background . The hat took on a more modern look as well , looking more like the modern military style visor hat . ROTC chin straps and uniform buttons were gold colored . The peace eagle remained , but an addition was made to the eagles , an extra banner that arced above the E. Pluribus Unum banner from the eagle 's beak . This banner simply read `` OHIO , '' earning the OSUMB 's peace eagles the nickname `` Eagle Ohio . '' These early Eagle Ohios were made in gold colored metal to match the buttons and chin strap of the uniform jacket and hat . The regular uniform of an OSU ROTC cadet included a navy blue service coat , a light blue dress shirt , black tie , navy blue pants , white cotton spats , black dress shoes , and a white canvas belt with a gold buckle . This uniform was standard for all branches of ROTC . Since the OSUMB was under control of the ROTC department for much of its early existence , the band uniform was simply the ROTC uniform with more additions , such as plumes , gloves , and West - point style Cadet cross belts . The red and gray plumes took on more of an upright style that is still seen today . Kappa Kappa Psi , the national honorary band fraternity , designed a special recognition bar for wear on band uniforms by brothers during these early days of college bands . This recognition bar is the same size and shape as a military ribbon . The bar is blue and white , separated along a diagonal axis , with the Greek letters KK Ψ along this diagonal . The letters are gold . This bar was to be worn on uniforms in the same manner as military ribbons , and the OSUMB allowed all KKY brothers to wear this bar . Kappa Kappa Psi Recognition Bar , worn up until the 1960s . 1950s -- 1980s ( edit ) In 1952 , the OSUMB formally ended ties with the ROTC department . Around the same time , the Lily Ames Co. , the last supplier of OSU - specific ROTC uniforms , closed its doors . OSU bought the remaining uniforms from Lily Ames . The band had custom patches sewn on to the jacket shoulders . Rank insignia was also removed from the band uniforms . The right shoulder held a gray circular patch with a red Buckeye leaf and around the edge of the patch read : The Ohio State University Buckeyes . The left shoulder patch was a miniature of The Ohio State University seal . The patch was red with the edge reading : The Ohio State University - Columbus - . During this time , Tau Beta Sigma , the national honorary band sorority , became active in the OSUMB as well , even though women were not permitted to be in the band on the field . At this point , all of the sisters of the sorority were given unique uniforms . The sisters wore the same jacket , shirt , and tie as the band members . The sisters wore long military - style dress skirts , hose , and female style military dress shoes . The sisters wore their ΤΒΣ recognition bar ( identical to the fraternity version ) on their uniforms . Women could fulfill roles with the band as secretaries and librarians , but were not permitted to march . During the 1960s and 1970s , these uniforms became outdated . The Fechheimer Bros. of Cincinnati created some uniforms for OSU . These uniforms were the same navy blue as the previous uniforms , except the buttons were changed to silver . At this time the chin straps and Eagle Ohio were also changed to silver . The plumes took on the modern red and gray appearance and were constructed of tough turkey feathers . The spats were changed from cloth to vinyl during this time as well . The shoulder patches changed design and size . The uniforms changed very little from the 1970s until 1988 , except for things like hat manufacturer , a short period in which a large metal diamond Ohio replaced the Eagle Ohio , and the use of aluminum hat bands instead of the silver adjustable type . After the directorship of Charles Spohn , the Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma recognition bars were no longer authorized for wear on the OSUMB uniform . During the expansion years in the 1970s , many uniforms dating back to the 1940s had to be dug out of storage and updated with the current patch designs of the band . To a careful and up - close observer , one would notice significant differences in the cut and style of the uniforms being worn . Even hats were not standardized . The only common thread among the uniforms was the color , which even began to fade on older uniforms . It was common practice for band members to use black marker to fix frayed parts of the uniform which exposed white cotton lining . These uniforms also had to be used by the Military band , and were falling apart . Pieces were sourced as needed from manufacturers such as Ostwald , Bayly , Frechheimer , and DeMoulin Brothers . The Fechheimer Corporation began producing a police uniform in the 1980s that matched the design of the Marching Band uniforms . These eventually became the standard replacement uniform coat until 1989 , when Dr. Woods commissioned a new uniform style . 1988 remodel ( edit ) This is one of the buttons on the OSUMB uniform . The detail of the Great Seal of Ohio can be easily seen . In 1988 , Dr. Jon Woods commissioned the biggest changes to the OSUMB uniform . The Fechheimer Bros. also constructed these uniforms . Everything visible was changed to some extent . These uniforms debuted for the homecoming game against Purdue in 1988 . 2006 changes ( edit ) From 1989 until 2005 , it was common practice for the Marching Band to only purchase a few new uniforms each season to replace badly worn , damaged , or lost pieces . The Fruhauf Company made these small batches of uniforms . In 2005 , a benefactor to the OSUMB donated a significant amount of money to buy new uniforms for the entire band . The benefactor wanted to uniform the entire band and not just have the money used for replacement uniforms . Dr. Jon Woods decided that additional small changes would help to give the band a new , fresh look for the 2006 season . The minimal changes include updated sleeve stripes ( new stripes consist of one red and one gray stripe ) to minimize the wearing out that the old stripes suffered , uniform patch alignment , and a slit placed underneath the left breast pocket flap for the snare drums to attach their drums through ( the common practice through band history was to cut a hole underneath the pocket flap to allow the attachment clip to pass through the uniform ) . The OSUMB marches to Ohio Stadium after Skull Session . Seen in detail are the drum major uniform and the director 's uniform . The four sleeve stripes and `` scrambled eggs '' visor show that Jon Woods is the director of the band . 2013 changes ( edit ) In 2013 , the band received a substantial boost in funding , which allowed the band to supply more uniform parts free of charge that were previously purchased by band students . The band also purchased new cold weather overcoats that could be worn in the stands during a game . Previous cold weather coats included black wool , collared jackets from Holloway and Liz Claiborne . In 2013 , the band has switched to double breasted wool overcoats which are similar to the U.S. Army 's Class A overcoat . This coat features six Great Seal of Ohio buttons , and has large pockets to keep band members ' hands warm while not playing their instrument . The band also changed the vinyl spats . Previously worn spats had white elastic straps , which were a custom ordered product . Due to shortages in marching band spats across the United States , the band opted to wear standard white vinyl spats which have a black elastic strap . Drum major uniform ( edit ) The drum major 's uniform has gone through countless changes since `` Tubby '' Essington 's uniform in the early days of the band . Every drum major uniform of the band is custom - tailored . Shortly after drum major tryouts in the spring , the Fruhauf Uniform company sends a representative to take exact measurements of the drum major and assistant drum major . At this point , the drum major is free to take artistic license on the style of their uniform . They can choose to model their uniform on a style consistent since the 1950s , with minor changes or they may choose to make more striking changes , which require approval of the directing staff . Most drum majors only choose small modifications , such as wearing of tassels on the tall fur hat or the set up of any cords worn adorning the hat . The modern drum major uniform , chosen by most drum majors without significant altering , has its roots in the 1950s . Director uniforms ( edit ) The directing staff has worn uniforms of differing style to the marching band since its inception . The uniforms took on a style similar to the U.S. Navy 's double - breasted dress jacket in the 1940s and 1950s . Directing staff had two thin golden stripes running around the circumference of the cuff area of the sleeves , similar to the U.S. Navy 's ranking system stripes . Directing staff also wore two lapel lyre - shaped insignia . These were gold along with all of the buttons on the uniforms . The directors wore the same hat as the marching band minus the plume . Director uniforms have come in various levels of decoration , some being very basic , others having plenty of designs and embroidery . Directing staff started using a sleeve stripe ranking system under Jack Evans , but pictures from Evans ' and Charlie Spohn 's directorships show that there was n't a clearly defined pattern for the stripes . Eventually , Dr. Paul Droste introduced the sleeve rank structure used today . His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director , and the Associate director , Jon Woods , had two stripes . The current sleeve stripe scheme is : 4 stripes for Director , 3 stripes for Associate Director , 2 stripes for Assistant Director and 1 stripe for Graduate Assistant Director . Droste also was the first to use a military style hat with the `` scrambled eggs '' acorns and leaves visor . Other directors had used various styles of band hats with varying levels of ornamentation . Woods , Waters and Hoch have continued the scrambled eggs tradition with their uniform hats . Other members of the band staff such as School of Music staff who conduct ( including Dr. Mikkelson and Dr. Jones during their term of interim leadership ) and Marching Band staff who do not conduct wear gray blazer jackets with the OSUMB crest embroidered on the left pocket , white dress shirt with an OSUMB red tie ( or any red styled tie ) , black dress pants and shoes . Blazer uniform ( edit ) Prior to the 1960s , the band wore a modified version of the full uniform on away trips . The modified uniform was also worn when the band was in concert . This consisted of the band hat without plume and a white waist belt was worn instead of cross belts . The band also wore a red citation cord on the left shoulder . As more away trips were taken , the band found it necessary to create a separate travel uniform which allowed the regular uniform to stay clean and pressed . Band students wear a black blazer with a patch of the OSUMB crest on the left brest pocket , white dress shirt , red OSUMB tie , gray pants , and black shoes . While not technically allowed , many band members can be seen wearing their band hats on away trips using air travel , as the hats can not be placed in the luggage bays for fear of breaking . Band students often collect pins at various functions they attend , which they then wear on the Blazer uniform . Band staff all wear gray Blazers with an embroidered OSUMB crest on the left breast pocket , white shirt , red OSUMB tie , black pants , and black shoes . While pins are generally not worn by band staff , some members do wear one or two . Gray uniform ( edit ) The Gray Uniform has been seen in photos as early as the 1960s . The purpose of the Gray Uniform is to give the band staff an idea of what the band looks like in formations while dressed alike . This allows for last minute modifications to drill without making the band wear full uniform . The Gray Uniform is nearly identical in use and wear as military Physical Training uniforms . The Gray Uniform consists of a gray T - shirt and gray shorts . The band hat with plume is worn with this uniform . Instruments ( edit ) Current instruments ( edit ) The OSUMB uses only the brass and percussion instruments listed below : S - Yamaha Silver Plate , SP - King / Conn Silver Plate , SB / SBW - King / Conn Satin Silver Special Order Plating Brass : E ♭ Cornets B ♭ Trumpets B ♭ Flugelhorns F Mellophones B ♭ Tenor Trombones Bass Trombones Baritones Sousaphones Percussion : Snare drums Cymbals Tenors Bass Drums Previously used instruments ( edit ) The Marching Band has used instruments from the following manufacturers in past years . Brass : E ♭ Cornets - Getzen Capri , York B ♭ Cornets and Trumpets - Yamaha Xeno , B ♭ Flugelhorns - Getzen Capri , Yamaha , Couesnon E ♭ Alto Horns - Yamaha , Holton , Couesnon , H.N. White / King F Mellophones - Getzen B ♭ Tromboniums and Tenor Horns - Conn , King B ♭ Trombones - King , Bach , Reynolds B ♭ Baritones / Euphoniums - King , Conn ( Double belled Euphoniums were also common ) Sousaphones ( E ♭ and B ♭ ) - Conn , King Percussion : Snares - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch ( various models have had wood or aluminum shells ) Tenors - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig ( Ludwig created the first set of canvas strapped tenor duos for the band , whereas trios and quads were worn with standard shoulder harnesses ) Basses - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch Cymbals - Sabian , Paiste Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Notes My Fellow Americans In the movie , Senator Russell Kramer ( Jack Lemmon ) , a Republican from Ohio , wins the election for President of the United States . A pep band , made of mostly squad leaders , was asked to perform for the celebration scenes . The band can be seen for several seconds during the opening credits . 2006 The Pride of the Buckeyes A documentary produced by WOSU Public Media which follows the Marching Band through the 2005 season . The program starts with scenes from Summer Sessions and Tryouts , and continues through the season , culminating with scenes from the 2006 Fiesta Bowl , and 2006 Drum Major tryouts . Accolades ( edit ) The Ohio State University Marching Band has been honored with The Sudler Trophy for outstanding college band , and in 1988 was featured in a multi-page article in USA Today . The band has also performed in seven Inaugural Parades . The band represented the State of Ohio during the inaugurations of Herbert Hoover , Richard Nixon ( 1969 and 1973 ) , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush ( 2001 and 2005 ) , and Barack Obama ( 2009 ) . In 2006 , the Marching Band was featured during a taping of The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Stewart brought his program to Columbus to spotlight Ohio 's 2006 gubernatorial race . The band performed an arrangement of the show 's theme music , and was featured during a closing segment known as the `` Moment of Zen . '' During the October 6 , 2012 football game between the University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and Ohio State , the Band performed a tribute to video games , containing music from games such as Pokémon , Super Mario Bros. , Halo , Tetris , Pac - Man and The Legend of Zelda . During the performance , the band executed arrangements based on these video games , including a falling set of Tetris blocks , and an animated galloping figure of the horse Epona . A fan 's recording of the performance posted to YouTube the next day soon became a viral video , spread in part through video game fans that were directed to the video . The band 's interim director at the time , Jon Waters , had planned for the performance based on the national broadcast of the night game , and that the video game theme would resonate with the college students that had grown up with the games . With the widespread attention to the performance , the school promoted Waters from interim to permanent band director . The September 7 , 2013 game against San Diego State University , put together on four days notice , featured music from television game shows The Price Is Right , Family Feud , Jeopardy ! , and Wheel of Fortune , as well as jabs at the University of Michigan . The September 28 , 2013 game against the University of Wisconsin featured a Country and Western themed show which received numerous accolades for a formation of a singing cowboy removing his hat , as well as a steam locomotive racing across the field . For the Homecoming game on October 19 against the University of Iowa , the band performed a tribute to Michael Jackson , featuring the OSU Gospel Voices choir for `` Man in the Mirror . '' During the show , band members performed individual `` Moonwalks , '' and also created an image of Michael Jackson performing a Moonwalk across the field , complete with sequined glove . This tribute has been seen on YouTube by well over 8 million people , and was featured on many television programs and newspapers . The performance even attracted the attention of Katherine Jackson , Michael 's mother . She was quoted as being very thankful and gracious for the band 's performance of Michael 's music . However , the accolades did not stop there . With four days of preparation , the band performed a movie - themed halftime show at the October 26 game against Pennsylvania State University . This performance featured music from Superman , Harry Potter , Jurassic Park , and Pirates of the Caribbean . Formations performed included an image of Superman righting and steadying a collapsing building , Harry Potter on a broomstick chasing a Snitch during a game of Quidditch , a Tyrannosaurus Rex chasing and eating a person wearing a University of Michigan football jersey , and two pirate ships , one with an Ohio State flag , and the other with a Michigan flag , engaged in a high seas fight , with the OSU ship ramming the Michigan ship and sinking it . This show has had well over 12 million views on YouTube , and the back - to - back success of both shows has caught the attention of national media . Many news media outlets have been doing interviews with band members , the directing staff , and other University officials on the successes of the band program . On November 23 , 2013 , The Onion , an online news satire website , featured a doctored image of the Marching Band forming a pentagram on the field during a performance . This satire of the band was partially done because of a YouTube video that is no longer available , in which the video 's creator claimed the band program was under demonic possession . The 2014 marching band season was difficult for band members and staff alike , with an interim directing staff and the national spotlight being turned on the program in a negative light due to the release of a report by the University claiming a `` sexualized '' culture . Many people in the media questioned whether the 2014 band would be able to continue to impress audiences without the leadership of Jon Waters . The band took to the field in Baltimore for the season opener against the United States Naval Academy . This condensed show featured much more traditional military - band style symmetrical drill that emphasizes precision . The band also created an image of soldiers marching with a Civil War regimental flag . The band also played the Navy service song and formed a floating anchor , a formation first performed by the OSUMB in 1934 , also at a game versus the Naval Academy in Baltimore . This show ended with a double Script Ohio . The show was well received by fans from both schools and was featured in national headlines for being the first performance of the band since the termination of their director . For the first home game of 2014 , the band performed a tribute to classic television shows , including Dragnet , The Simpsons , The Addams Family , M * A * S * H , I Dream of Jeannie , The Office , Game of Thrones , Hawaii Five - O , The Brady Bunch , and The Lone Ranger . Drill selections included Bart Simpson on a skateboard , Thing waving to the audience , a helicopter blowing up a Michigan Block M , a costumed Jeannie appearing from her magic bottle , a surfer riding a wave , costumed Brady Bunch characters in their trademark squares , a fire - breathing dragon , and the Lone Ranger 's horse Silver galloping across the field . This show instantly became a viral hit , making news across the country . The band titled the show `` TV Land , Too ! '' and had a large banner with the TV Land network logo on the field . The TV Land network responded to the band by releasing a video thanking them for celebrating classic TV . Actor Tom Hanks also gave the band substantial credit via Facebook and Twitter for this show . The second home game also featured the annual Alumni reunion . To date , the largest turnout of band alumni prompted the band staff to feature both bands on the field for a substantial portion of the show . The show theme was D - Day , celebrating the 70th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Normandy . Selections included `` This is My Country '' , `` American Patrol '' , a medley of military service songs , and `` America the Beautiful '' . The band formed an animation of the famous image of a sailor kissing a woman in New York City upon returning home from the war , an army tank , ship anchor , the planting of the American flag on Iwo Jima , a classic twin engine bomber aircraft , and a coast guard boat . The nearly 800 band alumni framed the current band during most of their formations . `` America the Beautiful '' ended with the unfurling of a giant American flag bordered by the current band , while the band alumni formed the letters USA to every side of the stadium . The show ended with the performance of a quadruple Script Ohio . This show also received national acclaim , particularly for its proximity to the anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Relationship with other Marching arts ( edit ) The band , due to its unique instrumentation , is sometimes compared to a drum and bugle corps . The composition of a drum corps consists of brass instruments , marching percussion , front ensemble , color guard , and a drum major . Drum corps are also independent , non-profit organizations . Many have affiliation with VFW or American Legion posts , or Boy Scout troops . The Marching Band is solely affiliated with The Ohio State University . The band also does not have a color guard , permanent front ensemble , or a drum major in the drum corps ' definition . A drum corps drum major solely conducts the corps during the performances , whereas the OSU drum major does not conduct the band at all . The Marching Band could now technically qualify if it cut its numbers due to a change in the Drum Corps 's rules allowing all brass instruments . The Marching Band is similar in style and substance to classic drum and bugle corps , such as those popular prior to the creation of Drum Corps International . Most classic corps , for example , carried their marching percussion using slings and straps , similar to how the Marching Band still does . Many classic drum corps also performed horn flashes or swings , body moves , and performed recognizable music loosely themed in a general show idea . The Marching Band has remained faithful to its military roots , while also pushing for new marching innovations . The percussion section is a prime example . The percussion section of the Marching Band first added tenor duo toms in 1970 . Around this time , drum corps began experimenting with marching timpani as well as duo and tri toms . The band transitioned to tri-toms in the 1980s . Drum corps continued to expand their percussion section with quad toms , adding additional spot drums to create quints or sextets , along with increasing bass drum lines with multiple sizes to allow for tonal passages to be played . In the 1990s , the Marching Band changed to quad - toms , but continued to use two - pitch bass drums . In 2005 , the Band made the transition to a full tonal bass drum line , and added two additional spot drums to the quads by 2008 . This gives the Marching Band a percussion section on par with many drum and bugle corps . From a marching perspective , the Ramp Entrance , at 180 beats per minute , was considered to be the fastest tempo performed by a marching ensemble until the late 1980s / early 1990s , when Star of Indiana Drum and Bugle Corps broke the 200 bpm threshold . The Marching Band is also larger than any drum corps , as the maximum performers in a DCI corps is 150 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History '' . OSUMarchingBand.com . The Ohio State University Marching & Athletic Bands. 2013 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rusty ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . `` From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB '' . Associated Press . Its former director Jon Woods claimed , ' Supposedly at a pep rally one year , Woody Hayes stood up after the band played a song and said , `` That 's the best damn band in the land ! '' That 's all it took . When Woody says something , it 's law . ' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` History of The Ohio State Marching Band '' . The Ohio State University . 2006 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of The Ohio State University '' . scarletandgray.info . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation Report - Complaint against Jonathan Waters , Director of the OSU Marching Band '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University Office of University Compliance . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Collin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio State fires band director Jonathan Waters over ' sexualized ' culture '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Collin ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Waters wants second chance from Ohio State '' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Logan ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Flawed band culture stems from lack of university oversight , Betty Montgomery 's investigation finds '' . The Lantern . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.osu.edu/bandculturetaskforce/report Jump up ^ `` Script Ohio Controversy '' . OSU v Michigan . Ohio State University Archives . 2002 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michigan Marching Band director Jamie Nix said , `` Yes , that 's true ( that Michigan formed OHIO with its marching band ) , but certainly not in the complex form it takes on now with the OSU band . '' Miller , Rusty ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . `` From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB '' . Associated Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ OSU Marching Band website , Eugene Weigel biography Jump up ^ `` The `` i '' - Dot Tradition `` . The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Script Ohio , Evolution . Kappa Kappa Psi , Eta Chapter . 2004 Jump up ^ Ohio State Marching Band Traditions , OhioStateBuckeyes.com Jump up ^ `` At least Ohio State 's tuba player went out with a bang '' . Rivals.com and Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Dept . Of Education Press Release '' . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Dispatch Article on Script Braille Ohio with Pictures and Video '' . Jump up ^ Castel , Brandon . `` Retiring Band Director Jon Woods to dot the `` i '' at Halftime `` . TheOZone.net . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brozak , George ( 2004 ) . Diamond Ohio , A History of the Ohio University Bands . Ashland , Ohio : Bookmasters , Inc . pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` OSU Marching Band Heading for Washington DC '' ( Press release ) . The Ohio State University . 2008 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Moment of Zen , November 2 , 2006 '' . The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lesmerises , Doug ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` How the Ohio State marching band pulled together the video - game halftime show everyone is talking about '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Silver , Curtis ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Ohio State University Marching Band ( TBDBITL ) Goes Retro Arcade '' . Wired . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , Winda ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` From Tetris to Halo : Marching band 's game tribute goes viral '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Netburn , Deborah ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Marching band showdown : ' Gangnam Style ' vs. video game tribute '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VztAMzzjH0I Jump up ^ Tzagournis , Elizabeth . `` Ohio State Marching Band attracts attention of ' TODAY , ' Michael Jackson 's mom '' . The Lantern . Retrieved 9 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Crowd Quiets Down As Marching Band Forms Pentagram '' . The Onion . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DCI 's New 2014 Rules '' . www.halftimemag.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ohio State University Marching Band . Official website Refuting the claim that Michigan performed the first Script Ohio Photo of original Ohio Theatre sign , source for Script Ohio design . Library of Congress . The Ohio State University Located in : Columbus , Ohio Campuses Columbus Main Campus Delaware Center Lima Campus Mansfield Campus Marion Campus Newark Campus Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Agricultural Technical Institute Academics College of Dentistry College of Engineering John Glenn School of Public Affairs College of Medicine Fisher College of Business Moritz College of Law Health Sciences Center for Global Health Reading Recovery Ross Mathematics Program Athletics Bill Davis Stadium Jerome Schottenstein Center Ohio Stadium Ohio State University Golf Club OSU Ice Rink OSU baseball OSU men 's basketball OSU women 's basketball OSU field hockey OSU football OSU men 's ice hockey OSU women 's ice hockey OSU men 's lacrosse OSU men 's soccer St. John Arena Woody Hayes Athletic Center Facilities Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Blackwell Inn Drake Performance and Event Center Hilandar Research Library John A. Prior Health Sciences Library Ohio State University Airport Ohio Union Orton Hall South Bass Island Light Lincoln and Morrill Towers Thompson Library Wexner Center for the Arts Wexner Medical Center Media Buckeye TV The Lantern Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society Journal of Money , Credit and Banking Journal of Number Theory Ohio State University Press WOSU - FM WOSU - TV / WPBO WOSA WVSG Research Aeronautical & Astronautical Research Laboratory The Big Ear Buckeye Bullet Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center Center for Interdisciplinary Law and Policy Studies Center for Survey Research Chadwick Arboretum DNB Extension for Education and Research Edison Welding Institute James Cancer Hospital Large Binocular Telescope Mershon Center for International Security Studies Mobius project National Cartoon Museum Newman projection Olentangy River Wetland Research Park Richard M. 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Block O Buckeye Leadership Society Old North Columbus The Oval Activities and Organizations Sigma Alpha Sigma Eta Chi Texnikoi Engineering Honorary The Stadium Scholarship Program University District 2016 attack Related Jack Nicklaus Museum Established : 1870 -- Endowment : $3.579 billion -- Students : 58,322 Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Marching bands of the Big Ten Conference Marching Illini ( Illinois ) Marching Hundred ( Indiana ) Hawkeye Marching Band ( Iowa ) Mighty Sound of Maryland ( Maryland ) Michigan Marching Band ( Michigan ) Spartan Marching Band ( Michigan State ) Pride of Minnesota ( Minnesota ) Cornhusker Marching Band ( Nebraska ) Wildcat Marching Band ( Northwestern ) Ohio State University Marching Band ( Ohio State ) Penn State Blue Band ( Penn State ) All - American Marching Band ( Purdue ) Marching Scarlet Knights ( Rutgers ) University of Wisconsin Marching Band ( Wisconsin ) Sudler Trophy recipients 1982 : Michigan 1983 : Illinois 1984 : Ohio State 1985 : Florida A&M 1986 : Texas 1987 : Oklahoma 1988 : Michigan State 1989 : Kansas 1990 : Iowa 1991 : Arizona State 1992 : Northwestern 1993 : UCLA 1994 : James Madison 1995 : Purdue 1996 : Nebraska 1997 : West Virginia 1998 : UMass Amherst 1999 : Texas Tech 2000 : Georgia 2001 : Texas A&M 2002 : LSU 2003 : Alabama 2004 : Auburn 2005 : Penn State 2006 : Arkansas 2007 : Indiana 2009 : Western Carolina 2011 : Notre Dame 2013 : Florida 2015 : Kansas State 2017 : Iowa State Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_State_University_Marching_Band&oldid=807064183 '' Categories : Sudler Trophy recipients Ohio State University College marching bands in the United States Musical groups established in 1878 Ohio State University musical groups 1878 establishments in Ohio Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles that may be too long from December 2007 Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who dotted the i at ohio state today	[ "Each time the formation drill is performed, a different fourth- or fifth-year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the \"i\" of \"Ohio.\" Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel, no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting. Originally, an E-flat cornet player, John Brungart, was the first \"i\"-dotter. Brungart dotted the \"i\" two more times that season, in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago. The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21 at home versus Michigan. In the fall of 1937, Weigel turned to Glen Johnson, a sousaphone player, and shouted, \"Hey, you! Switch places with the trumpet player in the dot.\" A year later, when the drum major arrived at the top of the \"i\" three or four measures too early, Johnson turned and bowed to the crowd to use up the rest of the music. The bow has been part of the show since then.[13] Glen then became the second sousaphone player to dot the \"i\" on October 23, 1937. Since then, a sousaphone player has dotted the \"i\" over 800 times.[14]" ]	[ "Brungart" ]
-7031827945406268470	Tracking number	Tracking number - wikipedia Tracking number Tracking numbers are numbers given to packages when they are shipped . Tracking numbers are useful for knowing the location of time sensitive deliveries . In the United States , some of the companies and organizations that use tracking numbers are UPS , FedEx , and the United States Postal Service . Most Postal Services use the international S10 ( UPU standard ) , including the United States Postal Service and most European Postal Services . Formats ( edit ) FedEx Ground and Express tracking numbers can be between 12 and 14 digits . Before January 2013 , Ground tracking numbers were up to 15 digits and Express numbers were up to 12 digits . A UPS tracking number , for domestic packages within the United States , will usually start with `` 1Z '' followed by a 6 character shipper number ( numbers and letters ) , a 2 digit service level indicator , and finally 8 digits identifying the package ( the last digit being a check digit ) , for a total of 18 characters . DHL Express supports the carrier - independent ISO standard 15459 - 1 for the identification of single packages . Such identifiers consist of uppercase characters and numerals , and they can be up to 35 digits long . Companies that already use this standard do not require an additional identifier to track their pieces when shipping with DHL Express . In addition , DHL Express uses numeric identifiers of exactly ten digits to track transport orders ( i.e. an order to transport a shipment consisting of one or more pieces from A to B) . Customers can use both codes for tracking purposes . See also ( edit ) FedEx S10 ( UPU standard ) United Parcel Service United States Postal Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tracking Information '' . UPS . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx Tracking '' . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Tracking '' . Jump up ^ USPS ( date unknown ) . Track & Confirm label ID numbers . United States Postal Service . Retrieved from http://www.uspstrack.org/2015/08/usps-tracking-number-format.html Jump up ^ http://fedex.p.delivery.net/m/p/fdx/bcc/home.asp Jump up ^ https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:15459:-1:ed-3:v1:en Jump up ^ http://de.slideshare.net/martintreder16/license-plate-the-iso-standard-for-transport-package-identifiers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracking_number&oldid=860313677 '' Categories : Freight transport Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has tracking numbers that start with 1z	[ "A UPS tracking number, for domestic packages within the United States, will usually start with \"1Z\" followed by a 6 character shipper number (numbers and letters), a 2 digit service level indicator, and finally 8 digits identifying the package (the last digit being a check digit), for a total of 18 characters.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "UPS" ]
2233609255084294145	New Jersey Attorney General	New Jersey Attorney General - wikipedia New Jersey Attorney General Jump to : navigation , search State of New Jersey Office of the Attorney General Agency overview Jurisdiction New Jersey Headquarters Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex , 25 Market Street , Trenton , New Jersey Agency executive Gurbir Grewal , Attorney General Parent agency State of New Jersey Website http://www.nj.gov/oag The attorney general of New Jersey is a member of the executive cabinet of the state and oversees the Department of Law and Public Safety . The office is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey , confirmed by the New Jersey Senate , and term limited . Under the provisions of the New Jersey State Constitution , the Attorney General serves a concurrent four - year term to the governor . Gurbir Grewal was nominated as Attorney General by Governor Phil Murphy . Grewal is the first Sikh attorney general in the United States . The conventional wisdom is that the Attorney General can not be removed from office except `` for cause '' by the Governor or by way of legislative impeachment . It is fifth in the line of succession after the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey , President of the New Jersey Senate , and Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly . The Attorney General can not also serve as the Lieutenant Governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of office holders 1.1 Colonial period 1.2 Post-independence 2 References 3 External links List of office holders ( edit ) Holders of the office of Attorney General include : Colonial period ( edit ) Term of office Attorney General Notes and references 1704 -- 1714 Alexander Griffith Alexander Griffith was the first Colonial New Jersey Attorney General . 1714 -- 1719 Thomas Burnett Gordon ( 17 April 1652 -- April 28 , 1722 ) was a Scottish emigrant to the Thirteen Colonies who became Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and New Jersey Attorney General for the Province of New Jersey . 1719 -- 1723 Jeremiah Basse ( died 1725 ) was a governor of both West Jersey and East Jersey . He became governor of West Jersey in 1697 , and became governor of East Jersey in 1697 . 1723 -- 1728 James Alexander ( May 27 , 1691 -- April 2 , 1756 ) was a lawyer and statesman in colonial New York . He served in the Colonial Assembly and as attorney general of the colony in 1721 -- 23 . His son William was later a major general in the Continental Army during the American revolution . Alexandria Township , New Jersey was named after James Alexander . 1728 -- 1733 Lawrence Smyth 1733 -- 1754 Joseph Warrell 1754 -- 1776 Cortlandt Skinner ( December 16 , 1727 -- March 15 , 1799 ) was the last Colonial Attorney General of New Jersey and a brigadier general in the British Loyalist force , the New Jersey Volunteers during the American Revolutionary War . Post-independence ( edit ) 1776 -- 1783 : William Paterson 1783 -- 1792 : Joseph Bloomfield 1792 -- 1811 : Aaron Woodruff 1811 : Andrew S. Hunter 1812 -- 1817 : Aaron Woodruff 1817 -- 1829 : Theodore Frelinghuysen 1829 -- 1833 : Samuel Lewis Southard 1833 -- 1838 : John Moore White 1838 -- 1841 : Richard Stockton Field 1841 -- 1844 : George P. Mollesson 1844 -- 1845 : Richard P. Thompson 1845 -- 1850 : Abraham Browning 1850 -- 1852 : Lucius Elmer 1852 -- 1857 : Richard P. Thompson 1857 -- 1861 : William L. Dayton 1861 -- 1867 : Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen 1867 -- 1870 : George M. Robeson 1870 -- 1875 : Robert Gilchrist , Jr . 1875 : Joel Parker 1875 -- 1877 : Jacob Vanatta 1877 -- 1897 : John P. Stockton 1897 -- 1902 : Samuel H. Grey 1902 -- 1903 : Thomas Nesbitt McCarter 1903 -- 1908 : Robert H. McCarter 1908 -- 1914 : Edmund Wilson 1914 -- 1919 : John Wesley Wescott 1919 -- 1924 : Thomas F. McCran 1924 -- 1929 : Edward L. Katzenbach 1929 -- 1934 : William A. Stevens 1934 -- 1944 : David T. Wilentz 1944 -- 1948 : Walter D. Van Riper 1948 -- 1954 : Theodore D. Parsons 1954 -- 1958 : Grover C. Richman , Jr . 1958 -- 1962 : David D. Furman 1962 -- 1970 : Arthur J. Sills 1970 -- 1974 : George Francis Kugler Jr . 1974 -- 1978 : William F. Hyland 1978 -- 1981 : John J. Degnan 1981 -- 1982 : James R. Zazzali 1982 -- 1986 : Irwin I. Kimmelman 1986 -- 1989 : W. Cary Edwards 1989 -- 1990 : Peter N. Perretti , Jr . 1990 -- 1994 : Robert Del Tufo 1994 -- 1996 : Deborah T. Poritz 1996 -- 1999 : Peter Verniero 1999 -- 2002 : John Farmer Jr . 2002 -- 2003 : David Samson 2003 -- 2006 : Peter C. Harvey was appointed as Acting Attorney General on February 15 , 2003 , and was confirmed by the Senate as Attorney General on June 16 , 2003 . 2006 : Zulima Farber ( resigned effective August 31 , 2006 ) 2006 -- 2007 : Stuart Rabner ( confirmed on September 25 , 2006 , served from September 26 , 2006 -- June 2007 ) 2007 -- 2010 : Anne Milgram ( confirmed on 21 June 2007 , sworn in 29 June 2007 ) 2010 -- 2011 : Paula T. Dow ( confirmed on February 22 , 2010 , sworn in on February 23 , 2010 ) 2012 -- 2013 : Jeffrey S. Chiesa ( sworn in on January 10 , 2012 ) ( Resigned to become United States Senator effective June 6 , 2013 ) . 2013 -- 2016 : John Jay Hoffman , acting AG 2016 -- : Robert Lougy , acting AG 2016 - 2018 Christopher Porrino 2018 - present Gurbir Grewal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matt Arco ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Murphy to appoint nation 's first Sikh attorney general '' . New Jersey On - Line LLC . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Letter from OLS Deputy Counsel Danielle A. Brucchieri to Senate Republican Office , Office of Legislative Services , May 9 , 2005 . Accessed December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Past Attorneys General , New Jersey Attorney General . Accessed December 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Gordon Attorney General 1714 - 1719 '' . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical Sketch of Brigadier General Cortland Skinner '' . www.royalprovincial.com . The On - Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Martha Joanna ( 1877 ) . Embracing the period prior to the Revolution , closing in 1774 . A.S. Barnes and Company . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ William Paterson , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Political Graveyard : Aaron Dickinson Woodruff , accessed August 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress : Theodore Frelinghuysen , accessed December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Samuel Lewis Southard , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Richard Stockton Field , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus Elmer , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ William L. Dayton , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ George Maxwell Robeson , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ New Jersey State Library biography for Joel Parker , New Jersey State Library . Accessed July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Potter Stockton , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ New Jersey : State Attorneys General , The Political Graveyard . Accessed April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hello to a new day '' , The Star - Ledger , June 22 , 2007 . Accessed July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms 5 NJ Cabinet picks '' . Asbury Park Press . 2010 - 02 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Paula Dow is sworn in as N.J. Attorney General '' . The Star - Ledger. 2010 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Official Biography . Accessed January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/states/NJ/senators.htm Jump up ^ http://blog.northjersey.com/thepoliticalstate/7543/john-hoffman-named-acting-attorney-general/ Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/02/christie_names_replacement_for_outgoing_attorney_g.html Jump up ^ `` Governor Christie Nominates Chris Porrino As Attorney General of the State of New Jersey '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.northjersey.com/story/news/new-jersey/2017/12/12/bergen-county-prosecutor-named-attorney-general/943847001/ External links ( edit ) New Jersey Attorney General official website New Jersey Attorney General articles at Legal Newsline Legal Journal New Jersey Attorney General articles at ABA Journal News and Commentary at FindLaw New Jersey Revised Statutes at Law.Justia.com U.S. Supreme Court Opinions - `` Cases with title containing : State of New Jersey '' at FindLaw New Jersey State Bar Association New Jersey Attorney General John Jay Hoffman profile at National Association of Attorneys General Press releases at New Jersey Attorney General Attorneys General of the United States United States Attorney General : Jeff Sessions ( R ) AL Steve Marshall ( R ) AK Jahna Lindemuth ( I ) AZ Mark Brnovich ( R ) AR Leslie Rutledge ( R ) CA Xavier Becerra ( D ) CO Cynthia Coffman ( R ) CT George Jepsen ( D ) DE Matthew Denn ( D ) FL Pam Bondi ( R ) GA Chris Carr ( R ) HI Russell Suzuki ( D ) ID Lawrence Wasden ( R ) IL Lisa Madigan ( D ) IN Curtis Hill ( R ) IA Tom Miller ( D ) KS Derek Schmidt ( R ) KY Andy Beshear ( D ) LA Jeff Landry ( R ) ME Janet Mills ( D ) MD Brian Frosh ( D ) MA Maura Healey ( D ) MI Bill Schuette ( R ) MN Lori Swanson ( D ) MS Jim Hood ( D ) MO Josh Hawley ( R ) MT Tim Fox ( R ) NE Doug Peterson ( R ) NV Adam Laxalt ( R ) NH Gordon MacDonald ( R ) NJ Gurbir Grewal ( D ) NM Hector Balderas ( D ) NY Barbara Underwood * ( D ) NC Josh Stein ( D ) ND Wayne Stenehjem ( R ) OH Mike DeWine ( R ) OK Mike Hunter ( R ) OR Ellen Rosenblum ( D ) PA Josh Shapiro ( D ) RI Peter Kilmartin ( D ) SC Alan Wilson ( R ) SD Marty Jackley ( R ) TN Herbert Slatery ( R ) TX Ken Paxton ( R ) UT Sean Reyes ( R ) VT T.J. Donovan ( D ) VA Mark Herring ( D ) WA Bob Ferguson ( D ) WV Patrick Morrisey ( R ) WI Brad Schimel ( R ) WY Peter Michael ( R ) DC Karl Racine ( D ) Territories : AS Talauega Ale ( D ) GU Elizabeth Barrett - Anderson ( R ) MP Edward Manibusan ( D ) PR Wanda Vázquez Garced ( D ) VI Claude Walker ( I ) Political party affiliations : 28 Republicans 26 Democrats 2 Independents * Acting Attorney General Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Attorney_General&oldid=831637591 '' Categories : New Jersey Attorneys General State constitutional officers of New Jersey 1704 establishments in New Jersey Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the attorney general for the state of new jersey	[ "The attorney general of New Jersey is a member of the executive cabinet of the state and oversees the Department of Law and Public Safety. The office is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, confirmed by the New Jersey Senate, and term limited. Under the provisions of the New Jersey State Constitution, the Attorney General serves a concurrent four-year term to the governor. Gurbir Grewal was nominated as Attorney General by Governor Phil Murphy. Grewal is the first Sikh attorney general in the United States.[1]" ]	[ "Gurbir Grewal" ]
-7091198555981936835	American Horror Story: Freak Show	American Horror Story : freak show - Wikipedia American Horror Story : freak show American Horror Story : Freak Show Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Sarah Paulson Evan Peters Michael Chiklis Frances Conroy Denis O'Hare Emma Roberts Finn Wittrock Angela Bassett Kathy Bates Jessica Lange Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network FX Original release October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) -- January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) Season chronology ← Previous Coven Next → Hotel List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It premiered on October 8 , 2014 and concluded on January 21 , 2015 . The season is mainly set in 1952 Jupiter , Florida , telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States , and their struggle for survival . Returning cast members from the previous season of the series include : Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Frances Conroy , Denis O'Hare , Emma Roberts , Angela Bassett , Kathy Bates , Jessica Lange , Grace Gummer , Gabourey Sidibe , Danny Huston , Jamie Brewer , and Mare Winningham , along with new cast members Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock . Ben Woolf also makes his return to the series . In the seventh season , Twisty the Clown makes an appearance . This is the first season of the series that is not strictly anthological , with Lily Rabe , Naomi Grossman , and John Cromwell ( as a younger Dr. Arthur Arden ) reprising their roles from the series 's second cycle , Asylum . Like its predecessors , Freak Show was met with mostly positive reviews , and consistently strong ratings , with the premiere episode attracting a then series high of 6.13 million viewers . It ultimately became FX 's most - watched program ever , surpassing its previous installment , Coven . The season garnered a total of twenty Emmy Award nominations , the most for any season of American Horror Story to date , including nominations for Outstanding Limited Series , and six acting nominations for Lange , O'Hare , Finn Wittrock , Paulson , Bassett , and Bates . In addition , Paulson won for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series at the 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At Jupiter , Florida in 1952 , German expatriate Elsa Mars ( Jessica Lange ) , is the ambitious owner of one of the last struggling freak shows in the United States , entitled `` Fräulein Elsa 's Cabinet of Curiosities , '' and is seeking her own fame and stardom . She recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler ( Sarah Paulson ) , whose two heads share one body , as new members of her troupe after being identified by the police as fugitives since Bette 's recent murder of their overprotective mother during an argument . When the sisters arrive , they were welcomed by their fellow freaks ; Elsa 's subordinate and confidante Ethel Darling ( Kathy Bates ) the bearded lady , her lobster - handed son Jimmy ( Evan Peters ) , Paul the Illustrated Seal ( Mat Fraser ) , the giantess Amazon Eve ( Erika Ervin ) , the legless Suzi ( Rose Siggins ) , pinheads Salty and Pepper ( Christopher Neiman and Naomi Grossman ) , the youngest Meep ( Ben Woolf ) , and the dwarf performers : ex-convict Toulouse ( Drew Rin Varick ) and Elsa 's most significant companion Ma Petite ( Jyoti Amge ) who was the smallest of the group . During the troupe 's first performance with the twins , the only spectators in the audience were wealthy socialite widow Gloria Mott ( Frances Conroy ) and her spoiled , mentally unstable son Dandy ( Finn Wittrock ) , who displayed an unhealthy fascination for the freaks , especially for Bette and Dot , who were romantically attracted by him after he tried to purchase them , for $15,000 , from Elsa . The disappearance of a detective , whom Jimmy had murdered in defense of the Tattlers earlier , left the police to enforce a citywide curfew in search for the culprit , which would adversely impact Elsa 's business . Other new members of the troupe include Dell Toledo ( Michael Chiklis ) , the strongman who was Ethel 's ex-husband and Jimmy 's birth father ; and his three - breasted wife Desiree Dupree ( Angela Bassett ) -- both are deputized by Elsa , as emcee and musical director . Dell committed a crime against a troupe in Chicago , to bolster Ethel 's floundering troupe due to her alcoholism . When the twins , as the headliners of their second performance , attract an audience based on their popularity due to Dot 's singing ability , Elsa 's jealousy and cruelty towards everyone in the troupe leads her to make selfish decisions to achieve her personal desires . After Jimmy denies Dandy 's request to join the troupe , Gloria , with the intent of consoling her son , mistakes a demented , serial killer clown , named Twisty ( John Carroll Lynch ) ( the one responsible for the recent crimes that have plagued the town ) , as a stray circus performer and brings him back to surprise Dandy as his playmate . When Dandy peeks in Twisty 's belongings , however , the latter knocks him down and runs away back to his dwelling in the woods , where he has several kidnapped children for his plans , which consist of winning their attention back from the freaks by keeping them `` safe '' from their parents . Dandy follows Twisty and forms an allegiance with him after discovering the clown 's intentions . In flashbacks , several episodes of Twisty 's past life are revealed , showing how his mouth got deformed . As a member of Rusty Westchester 's Traveling Carnival , two other carnival troupe members , jealous of Twisty 's popularity with people , cruelly taunted him with comments about his past career as a clown and defamed him by spreading rumours about him molesting children , which left him devastated and suicidal . Furthermore , he had been dropped on his head as a baby , which also had left him with a minor mental disability . Hence , upon returning to Jupiter and learning his alcoholic mother had died , coupled with whispers of the past rumours concerning him , he decided to shoot himself in the mouth , resulting in his mutilated lower jaw . On Halloween after Meep was framed for the detective 's murder and killed in a prison assault , an old superstition tells the tale of a two - faced spirit Edward Mordrake ( Wes Bentley ) , who was originally a wealthy man from England driven insane by the second face on the back of his head and soon murdered the performers in the freak show he had joined up with before hanging himself on Halloween . The story goes that Mordrake claims a soul of a performer on Halloween should any freak show perform on that night . While Jimmy and the troupe hold a funeral for Meep , they meet and welcome Maggie Esmerelda ( Emma Roberts ) -- a young convict posing as a fortune teller from Philadelphia sent by con artist Stanley ( Denis O'Hare ) , her abettor . Stanley intends to murder the freaks and sell their corpses to a dying human oddity museum . Elsa performs on Halloween night , unknowingly summoning Mordrake , who goes around camp learning the sad tales of its performers . Coming to Elsa 's tent , she reveals her past life in Germany , where she worked as a dominatrix . She reveals that she was a victim of Hans Grüper , also known as Dr. Arthur Arden ( John Cromwell ) , who amputated her legs while filming a snuff film . Mordrake is about to choose Elsa to take to Hell , but he hears music and realizes Elsa is not the one . He instead visits Twisty , asking to learn his tale . After revealing his misdeeds , Mordrake kills Twisty and takes his soul to Hell . Now that his mentor is dead , Dandy gets more curious about killing and starts by killing his maid Dora ( Patti LaBelle ) , soon followed by a prostitute named Andy ( Matt Bomer ) . Dora 's daughter Regina Ross ( Gabourey Sidibe ) later visits Mott Manor looking for her mother . Gloria asks Dandy to see a therapist , but he refuses to go anymore after the first visit . Gloria attempts to end the madness , but Dandy steals her gun , shoots her in the head , and bathes in her blood . Stanley pressures Maggie to murder Jimmy and Ma Petite , but when she can not go through with either one , he turns to Dell . After Stanley blackmails Dell with the knowledge of his homosexual tendencies , Dell kills Ma Petite . Overhearing Elsa 's plans to help get rid of the twins with Stanley , Ethel confronts Elsa , accusing her of killing anyone who steals her spotlight . Ethel shoots Elsa in her wooden leg , finding out her secret . However , Elsa throws a dagger through Ethel 's eye , killing her . After she and Stanley make her death look like a suicide , Jimmy sinks into a drunken despair over his mother 's death . Dandy visits the Tupperware party women and kills them all , framing Jimmy for the crime . Elsa prepares for her move to Hollywood after Stanley promises her a career in television , but when Dell tells her of Stanley convincing Jimmy to sell his hands to afford bail , she realizes he is not to be trusted . Traveling salesman and magician Chester Creb ( Neil Patrick Harris ) visits the freak show with his ventriloquist dummy , Marjorie , and falls in love with the twins . Elsa sells the show to Chester to go with Stanley to Hollywood . Dell tries to commit suicide by hanging himself but is saved by Desiree . When he admits to murdering Ma Petite to Desiree , Elsa shoots Dell in the head and kills him . During a feast to welcome the new owner , the freaks reveal they know of Stanley 's true intentions , after Maggie confesses to Desiree . Desiree kills the curator of the museum and gives her head to Stanley . Stanley is chased around camp by the freaks , who later turn him into their own version of Meep . The next day , the troupe is rehearsing under Chester but Bette and Dot , once his lovers , refuse to be his assistants and leave . Maggie volunteers , but Chester hallucinates and sees Maggie as his wife who criticized him ; he saws Maggie in half , killing her . He then goes to Marjorie , in his caravan , and kills her also , believing Marjorie caused the hallucination . Chester leaves the freak show and turns himself in to the police . After careful consideration , the troupe believes Stanley 's word about Elsa and they plan to kill her the same night . Before they can , Elsa is warned by Bette and Dot that she will be killed next , so Elsa sells the show to Dandy and moves to Hollywood . The freaks quit and turn on Dandy which causes him to go on a killing spree . Desiree survives by hiding during the rampage while Jimmy is away from the grounds , and Bette and Dot are tied up in his tent . Jimmy comes back to see the corpses of his family in the performing tent , and finds that Desiree is the only survivor . The twins marry Dandy back at his mansion , but is revealed to be an act of vengeance , as Desiree drugs Dandy at dinner . He awakens to find himself chained in Hardeen Houdini 's ( Harry Houdini 's brother ) Chinese torture tank , and drowns while the remaining freaks watch . In 1960 , Elsa is now a household name with her very own TV show and multiple hit songs , yet she is not entirely happy with her life . When asked to perform for Halloween , Elsa refuses and meets with her old flame Massimo Dolcefino ( Danny Huston ) . Massimo refuses to run away with her and tells her that he is dying . That night , the president of WBN tells Elsa that a copy of her snuff film has surfaced and her involvement with a freak show whose members ( she is shocked to hear ) were all murdered has been discovered , and this will ruin her career and marriage . She agrees to perform on Halloween , summoning Edward Mordrake and his troupe , who kills her . During the telecast , Desiree is married with two children , and a pregnant Bette and Dot are happily married to Jimmy . Instead of taking her to Hell , Mordrake banishes Elsa to a reincarnation of her freak show , where all of her deceased freaks now reside and she finally finds happiness with her true family . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story characters and List of American Horror Story : Freak Show characters Main ( edit ) Jessica Lange , Sarah Paulson and Angela Bassett ( left to right ) . Finn Wittrock , Michael Chiklis and Denis O'Hare ( left to right ) . Sarah Paulson as Bette and Dot Tattler Evan Peters as Jimmy Darling Michael Chiklis as Dell Toledo Frances Conroy as Gloria Mott Denis O'Hare as Stanley Emma Roberts as Maggie Esmerelda Finn Wittrock as Dandy Mott Angela Bassett as Desiree Dupree Kathy Bates as Ethel Darling Jessica Lange as Elsa Mars Special guest Stars ( edit ) Erika Ervin , Gabourey Sidibe , and Neil Patrick Harris ( left to right ) . Wes Bentley as Edward Mordrake Celia Weston as Lillian Hemmings Gabourey Sidibe as Regina Ross Matt Bomer as Andy Danny Huston as Massimo Dolcefino Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee Neil Patrick Harris as Chester Creb Recurring ( edit ) Naomi Grossman as Pepper Grace Gummer as Penny Chrissy Metz as Barbara / Ima Wiggles Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Angus T. Jefferson Angela Sarafyan as Alice Erika Ervin as Amazon Eve Mat Fraser as Paul the Illustrated Seal Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite Rose Siggins as Legless Suzi Christopher Neiman as Salty Drew Rin Varick as Toulouse PJ Marshall as Detective Colquitt John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown Skyler Samuels as Bonnie Lipton Patti LaBelle as Dora Lee Tergesen as Vince Guest stars ( edit ) Jamie Brewer as Marjorie Mare Winningham as Rita Gayheart Matthew Glave as Larry Gayheart David Burtka as Michael Beck Heather Langenkamp as Female Toulouse Major Dodson as Corey Bachman Ben Woolf as Meep Jerry Leggio as Dr. Bonham Dalton E. Gray as Mike Shauna Rappold as Lucy Creb Kathy Deitch as Young Ethel Edward Gelhaus as Younger Dell John Cromwell as Young Arthur Arden Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 39 `` Monsters Among Us '' Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 4ATS01 6.13 Jupiter , Florida . 1952 . Conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler ( Sarah Paulson ) , who share the same entire body , are taken to the hospital after a milkman finds them injured in their home , near their dead mother who was brutally murdered . News spread of the twins ' existence , leading local carnival freak show owner Elsa Mars ( Jessica Lange ) to visit them in the hospital where she attempts to recruit them to join her troupe . Although skeptical , the twins agree since they have no one else to look after them and they move in with Elsa 's troupe of freaks who include Jimmy Darling ( Evan Peters ) , a boy with syndactyly , and his mother Ethel Darling ( Kathy Bates ) , a bearded lady . Meanwhile , Twisty ( John Carroll Lynch ) is a killer clown / serial killer who murders a teenage girl 's boyfriend and a young boy 's parents , imprisoning the young boy and teen girl in an old bus . Twisty later shows up at the freak show camp grounds , but goes seemingly unnoticed . When a police detective arrives and attempts to arrest Bette and Dot for the murder of their mother , Jimmy slices the man 's neck open after he calls them all `` freaks '' . Jimmy leads the troupe in hacking the corpse apart , pronouncing they are no longer going to be pushed around and made to feel different from everybody else . After Elsa 's group puts on their first show with Bette and Dot as `` The Siamese Twins '' , there are only two attendees , the wealthy but shallow socialite Gloria Mott ( Frances Conroy ) and her dangerously disturbed son Dandy ( Finn Wittrock ) , who purchased all the seats for that night 's performance . Dandy bargains with Elsa to buy Bette and Dot for $15,000 , but the twins refuse . Elsa later tells Ethel that she brought the twins aboard to get more attention for the show and to boost her own fame . As Elsa prepares for bed , it 's revealed that she is an amputee , legless below the knees . 40 `` Massacres and Matinees '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Tim Minear October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 4ATS02 4.53 The police arrive at the freak show to investigate the detective 's disappearance , and to inform Elsa that a curfew is now in place in Jupiter following the string of murders around the county . Meanwhile , the carnival strong man Dell Toledo ( Michael Chiklis ) , Jimmy 's father , and his three - breasted hermaphrodite wife Desiree ( Angela Bassett ) arrive to ask Elsa for a job . Elsa , initially reluctant , makes Dell head of security , but soon realizes what a mistake it was after Dell schedules a matinee against Elsa 's orders , attacks Jimmy much to Ethel 's dismay , and frames another performer , Meep , for the murder of the detective after Jimmy had tried to frame Dell . Meep is arrested by the police and eventually murdered by inmates in jail . His body is then returned to the freak show site where the fellow freaks gather round and mourn . Elsewhere , Dandy asks Jimmy if he can join the freak show , as he dreams of being on stage , but after Dandy accidentally insults Jimmy , he is rebuffed and sent away . After falling into a fit of rage , Dandy returns home to find that his mother , Gloria , has hired Twisty the Clown to cheer him up . However , Twisty storms off after Dandy tries to look inside his clown bag . Dandy follows Twisty back to his trailer where the two children Twisty is holding hostage attempt an escape but are recaptured by Twisty and Dandy . 41 `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Uppendahl James Wong October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 4ATS03 4.44 On Halloween , the freak show gains a new member , a young clairvoyant fortune - teller named Maggie Esmerelda ( Emma Roberts ) who tells Elsa that her fame is yet to come and she will be meeting a `` tall dark stranger '' soon . Maggie is a con artist working with a man called Stanley ( Denis O'Hare ) , who is determined to find and dissect a freak to sell to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . Meanwhile , Ethel learns that she has cirrhosis of the liver and has only six months to one year left to live . Falling into a pit of despair , she turns to alcohol and tells Dell to keep an eye on Jimmy . Elsewhere , the deranged Dandy becomes even more obsessed with Twisty and even goes trick or treating dressed in a homemade Twisty costume . After attempting to kill his maid Dora ( Patti LaBelle ) and backing off after she calls him out , he visits Twisty 's trailer and torments the children being held captive there . Twisty stalks a family with a daughter scared of clowns , and kidnaps her teenage brother ( Dalton E. Gray ) . Meanwhile , the freak show troupe refuses to perform on Halloween due to the superstition surrounding an English freak from the 1800s named Edward Mordrake ( Wes Bentley ) who murdered his travelling troupe and killed himself because the face on the back of his head told him to . The majority of the troupe is convinced that Mordrake will arrive as a ghost should any carny perform on Halloween night . Elsa , refusing to believe this , practices on stage , and Mordrake appears , looking to take a soul from the purest freak to join his spiritual troupe in Hell . 42 `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' Howard Deutch Jennifer Salt October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 4ATS04 4.51 As Mordrake continues his search for a new freak to join his spirit troupe , he learns the past of Ethel , Legless Suzi , Paul the Illustrated Seal , and Elsa . After revisiting her story , Elsa begs Mordrake to take her with him ; as he is about to comply , he is distracted by some distant music and passes on her . Meanwhile , Jimmy and Maggie venture into the woods to avoid being arrested for violating curfew , but stumble across Twisty 's trailer . After freeing the children and phoning the police , Maggie hides in the woods as Twisty gets ready to murder Jimmy . After following the music , Mordrake finds Twisty in the woods about to kill Jimmy , and the killer clown reveals his backstory . Twisty was bullied by the carnies of the freak show he worked for previously out of jealousy for his popularity among the children , and was forced to flee after being tricked into thinking the police wanted to arrest him for child molestation . Falling into a pit of despair and rejected by the townsfolk , who labeled him a pervert and molester , Twisty fails to kill himself , only to obtain gruesome facial disfigurement from the botched attempt , and becomes obsessed with making children happy . After several failed attempts , he becomes deranged and kidnaps children for an audience . Mordrake , seeing the pain and grief Twisty has suffered , kills Twisty and adopts him into his spiritual troupe . A distraught Dandy picks up Twisty 's mask and returns home , where he murders Dora , continuing Twisty 's murderous path . As the town learns that Twisty is dead , the curfew is lifted ; and , as a mark of respect , many residents of the town visit the freak show to thank Jimmy , and a newfound respect is given to the freaks as they mingle and get along with the townsfolk . Elsa announces her grand premiere to the town and tickets sell out . Stanley arrives at the freakshow where he poses as a Hollywood agent and asks for a ticket . 43 5 `` Pink Cupcakes '' Michael Uppendahl Jessica Sharzer November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 4ATS05 4.22 Stanley tries to kill Bette and Dot by making them eat poisoned pink cupcakes , however the attempt fails . Next , Stanley begins to move in on Elsa by making deals with her about her possibly appearing on television and having her own show . Elsa is reluctant until she is laughed and booed off stage midway through her performance . Maggie tries to send Jimmy away , fearing for what Stanley will do to him . Dell is nowhere to be found and Jimmy is sent to look for him in his trailer . Jimmy only finds a drunk Desiree , and after the two bond , Jimmy begins to pleasure Desiree with his hands . However , she screams and begins bleeding from her vagina . Ethel takes her to the hospital where she is informed that she has had a miscarriage . The doctor also reveals that Desiree is in fact 100 % female , and he can perform a surgery to make her a normal woman . Meanwhile , Dandy visits a gay bar on the hunt for his next victim . Dell visits the same bar and meets with his regular lover , Andy ( Matt Bomer ) , the two have a fight and Dell leaves . Dandy finds Andy and the two go to Twisty 's bus , where Dandy kills him . Gloria receives a call from Dora 's daughter , Regina Ross ( Gabourey Sidibe ) , who asks to speak with her mother . Determined to protect her murderous and psychotic son , Gloria lies and tells her that she will not be able to contact her mother for a while . Desiree informs Dell that she can have children and that she is a real woman , and tells him she knows he is Jimmy 's father . She leaves him and moves in with Ethel . After learning of Desiree 's possible surgery , Dell visits the doctor at his office and breaks his fingers so he can no longer perform any surgery . Elsa sees Stanley taking the twins on a picnic , which makes her jealous and angry . Later , she lies to the twins saying she is taking them to a fitting , but actually drives them straight to Gloria and Dandy 's mansion . 44 6 `` Bullseye '' Howard Deutch John J. Gray November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 4ATS06 3.65 Elsa brings an old spinning wheel out of storage and begins practicing throwing daggers at it in preparation for her upcoming TV show . After sleeping with Paul , Elsa soon becomes jealous of him having an affair with Penny ( Grace Gummer ) , a local girl from town , behind her back . The night of her birthday party , she learns of her performers ' suspicions that she had something to do with Bette and Dot 's disappearance . Elsa reminds them all that none of them would be here without her , and they should be grateful for her saving them . To prove their loyalty , Elsa demands that one of them be strapped to the wheel and let Elsa do her routine . Paul reluctantly volunteers and after two missed hits , Elsa purposefully hits him in the gut ; also refusing to call for a doctor . At Mott Manor , Dandy declares his love for the twins , telling Gloria that he intends on marrying them . Mistrustful of Dandy , Dot soon learns of a pair of conjoined twins that have been separated for the first time . She realizes that Dandy could easily pay for the surgery . Stanley pressures Maggie into leading Jimmy to a barn and killing him . Reluctant to do so , she suggests an easier freak ; Ma Petite . After taking Ma Petite out to the barn and putting her in a tank to be killed , Maggie realizes she ca n't go through with it . She begs Jimmy to leave town with her immediately , but Stanley confronts her angrily , telling her they need the hands of Jimmy no matter what . Dandy asks Bette and Dot to share their secrets with him , telling them that he saved the children Twisty kidnapped . Dot declines to tell him a secret , calling Dandy out on his lies . Dandy later reads Dot 's diary and realizes he can never truly feel love . He admits to Gloria that his only true purpose on Earth is to bring death . The doorbell rings and Gloria follows Dandy to the door , finding Jimmy . Dandy welcomes him in and says he must be here for the twins . 45 7 `` Test of Strength '' Anthony Hemingway Crystal Liu November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 4ATS07 3.91 Jimmy goes to the Mott 's mansion to retrieve Dot and Bette , but a comment made by Dandy makes Jimmy realize that Dandy was the second masked clown who captured the children , and was the one who was going to saw Maggie in half . The twins leave Dandy after Dot learns that he read her diary , and Dandy becomes furious . Upon returning to the freak show , Jimmy confronts Elsa for selling the twins , but the twins tell Jimmy he misunderstood and lie for Elsa , hoping to blackmail her for 50 % of the box office returns in the process . Penny , after caring for Paul , returns home to tell her father that she is moving out , but he knocks her out and has his `` artist friend '' tattoo her face and head , and give her a forked tongue , making her the freak she wants to be . Meanwhile , Stanley sees Dell at the gay bar and threatens to out him to the troupe unless he delivers him the body of a freak . While trying to kill Amazon Eve , Dell underestimates her size and strength , and is beaten up by her and thrown out of her caravan . After the women of the freak show mistakenly assume Dell was intending on raping Eve , they rally together and threaten to kill him until Jimmy steps in and takes Dell out for a drink to discuss his violent attitude . Dell tries to bash a drunken Jimmy over the head with a brick to kill him , but ca n't go through with it . Jimmy tells Dell that he knows Dell is his father and they bond . Upon returning to the showgrounds the next morning , Dell puts a drunk Jimmy to bed . However , later that night , Dell sneaks into Ma Petite 's tent and brings her a pretty dress . She tries it on and he hugs her until he crushes her , breaking her spine in the process . He delivers the body to Stanley who sells it to Lillian Hemmings ( Celia Weston ) from the Museum of Morbid Curiosities , where Ma Petite 's body is proudly shown on exhibition . 46 8 `` Blood Bath '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 4ATS08 3.30 Ma Petite 's bloody dress is found in the woods , along with some bones of unknown origin , and the troupe assumes that she has been mauled and eaten by a wild animal . However , Ethel has other suspicions and accuses Elsa of killing Ma Petite for stealing her thunder . As the relationship between the two comes to a crashing halt , Ethel shoots Elsa in one of her legs , only for Ethel to be taken aback by the revelation that Elsa has fake legs . A flashback reveals that Elsa was carried from the aftermath of the snuff movie to a doctor ( Danny Huston ) who crafted the legs for her . While Ethel prepares to shoot Elsa in the head for lying to her and betraying her , Elsa throws a knife into Ethel 's head , killing her . With the help of Stanley , Elsa constructs a suicide for Ethel in which Ethel crashes her car into a tree with a chain around her neck , decapitating her . The troupe believes this story and they mourn Ethel while Jimmy falls into a pit of despair and casts Maggie away . In response , he falls into the arms of a new recruit of the troupe , a morbidly obese woman with the stage name Ima Wiggles . After Ethel 's burial , and sick of being treated badly , Amazon Eve , Desiree , Penny , and Legless Suzi plan revenge on Penny 's father by sneaking into his house , knocking him unconscious and bringing him to Dell 's caravan . They tar and feather Penny 's father and prepare to mutilate and kill him . Maggie hears his screams and begs them not go through with it . Penny lets her father go and banishes him from her life . Meanwhile , Dora 's daughter Regina pays the Mott household a visit to investigate her mother 's disappearance and refuses to leave without seeing her . Gloria , under , lies to Regina . Dandy is tricked by Gloria into visiting the therapist and becomes enraged when he realizes what is going on and that his mother thinks he should be institutionalized . Upon returning to the house , Dandy shoots Gloria in the head and bathes in her blood . 47 9 `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' Loni Peristere Brad Falchuk December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 4ATS09 3.07 After killing his mother , a deranged Dandy visits Maggie at the freak show to receive a reading . Maggie assures Dandy that there may be some trouble in his future but he will prevail . More confident than ever , Dandy leaves to continue his grisly work of being a serial killer , but is stopped by an extremely drunk Jimmy . Jimmy accuses Dandy of having something to do with the twins ' disappearance and threatens Dandy , knowing he had a part in the clown murders . Dandy calls Jimmy pathetic as he falls to the ground , promising vengeance on Jimmy for taking Bette and Dot away from him . Elsa and Stanley track down the twins and bring them to the farmhouse . Stanley declares that the townspeople have gone on a rampage and that they will be safe there until the doctor comes to perform their surgery . The twins realize that having separate lives is not worth losing one of their own and vow to not get the surgery . With the truth of his sexuality and guilt over Ma Petite 's murder becoming too much for Dell , he attempts to hang himself , but is later saved by Desiree . After Jimmy is too drunk to perform at a Tupperware party for the housewives , he sees hallucinations of Ethel , who tells him to get over her death and move on . Once Jimmy leaves , Dandy shows up at the door claiming that his car broke down . He murders the whole group of women , gouging out their eyes and leaving them to float in the pool . Regina confronts Dandy and tells him she has contacted the police about her mother , but is shocked when Dandy openly admits his murderous streak . He lets Regina escape , but she soon returns with Detective Colquitt . Dandy promises the detective one million dollars if he kills Regina ; which Colquitt does without a blink , shooting Regina in the head . A drunken Jimmy goes back to his caravan , only to find Dot and Bette waiting for him . Dot declares her love for Jimmy and says they can live happily together , with Bette agreeing , but Jimmy declines their advances , claiming he is in love with someone else . As he exits the caravan , police cars show up to the freak show . The corrupt Detective Colquitt arrests Jimmy for the murders of the Tupperware party women , and drags him away in a police car . 48 10 `` Orphans '' Bradley Buecker James Wong December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 4ATS10 2.99 Pepper 's life is shattered when she awakens to find that her husband Salty has died in his sleep . After trying to console Pepper , Desiree learns from Elsa about the origins of the freak show . Elsa reveals that when she first moved to the United States , she worked as a chorus girl in a carnival in Boston , Massachusetts . Noticing the freaks were not treated as they should be , Elsa set out to make a business and a family of her own . Pepper was the first to join Elsa 's troupe , after being found in an orphanage . Elsa recalls that soon later she realized Pepper needed something else , thus she recruited Ma Petite to act as Pepper 's own child and found Salty who became her husband . Realizing Pepper has no one now after both have died , Desiree suggests returning Pepper to her elder sister . Meanwhile , Stanley convinces Elsa to let him take care of Salty 's body after telling her he would have the pinhead cremated , but he chops the head off and sells it to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . Maggie finally confesses to Desiree that she and Stanley are con artists . Desiree warns her that if she finds out either of them hurt any of the freaks , she will kill her . Dot and Bette attempt to convince Maggie to help Jimmy by getting him a lawyer with the money they saved up for the surgery , but Stanley gets to Jimmy first , suggesting another way to earn the money . Realizing she needs help , Maggie finally confesses to Desiree her and Stanley 's true intentions , warning her that all the freaks will soon die if nothing is done . The two visit the museum , where Desiree is shocked to find Ma Petite 's body and Salty 's severed head on display . The curator reveals their newest display ; a pair of hands supposedly belonging to Jimmy . Elsa tracks down Pepper 's sister , Rita ( Mare Winningham ) , and convinces her to take Pepper in . Flash forward to nine years later , Rita gives birth to a deformed baby . Pepper 's brother - in - law convinces her sister to frame Pepper for the baby 's murder , committing her wrongly to Briarcliff Asylum . Sister Mary Eunice ( Lily Rabe ) , has Pepper assist her in the library at Briarcliff with sorting magazines . While doing so , Pepper finds a magazine with Elsa on the cover . 49 11 `` Magical Thinking '' Michael Goi Jennifer Salt January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) 4ATS11 3.11 Stanley convinces an imprisoned Jimmy that the only way to pay for a lawyer is to sever one of his hands and sell it . He concocts a plan to smuggle Jimmy out of the prison using his Viking prostitute , who poses as an EMT . After Stanley puts him under , Jimmy awakens to find not one , but both of his hands have been removed . Dell visits him in the hospital and realizes Stanley double crossed Jimmy . The two make a plan to buy the Freak Show from Elsa once she leaves for Hollywood . Bette and Dot set out to find someone to deflower them , when they run across traveling salesman , named Chester ( Neil Patrick Harris ) . Chester dreams of performing his magic in front of an audience , along with his Dummy named Marjorie ( Jamie Brewer ) . Chester also reveals that after fighting in Normandy , he had a metal plate implanted in his skull ; which causes him to hallucinate Marjorie as being alive . Elsa agrees to let him perform , but only if he balances the books in return . After Chester asks for them to accompany him in his magic act , Bette and Dot seduce Chester and sleep with him . Dell reveals to Elsa what happened to Jimmy and Elsa pleads with him to get Jimmy out of there . As the cops are transporting Jimmy back to prison , Eve throws a brick through the windshield and she and Dell kill both officers , rescuing Jimmy in the process . Meanwhile , Dandy hires a private investigator to follow the twins and soon learns of their transgression with Chester . He confronts Chester after Marjorie goes missing , revealing that he knows what Chester did in his past . A flashback reveals that Chester 's wife , Lucy , had an affair with a woman named Alice ( Angela Sarafyan ) , and in a jealous rage he murdered the two , believing that Marjorie committed the murders . Dandy tells Chester where Marjorie is and once finding her , she tells Chester that he needs to kill the twins . Maggie tells Elsa about Ma Petite 's true fate . Desiree pulls a gun on Dell in his caravan , demanding to know whom he has killed . Once Dell confesses his crime of smothering Ma Petite , Elsa shoots him in the head . 50 12 `` Show Stoppers '' Loni Peristere Jessica Sharzer January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 4ATS12 2.94 The freaks hold a feast to welcome Chester as the new owner of the freak show , but after Elsa asks him to leave her and the troupe alone , she reveals their true intentions . Maggie reveals to Stanley that she told them everything he had done , outing him as a con artist and a murderer . They also reveal the severed head of the Museum of Morbid Curiosities curator , Lillian Hemmings , whom Desiree murdered in vengeance . Stanley pleads with them to let him live and claims Elsa is not to be trusted , that she was the one who murdered Ethel . The freaks ignore him , proceeding to chase Stanley around the camp with weapons . Meanwhile , Dandy visits the twins and warns them of Chester 's dark past , but they demand that he leaves after claiming they do not trust him . Elsa introduces Jimmy to an old friend of hers , Massimo Dolcefino , who intends on making him a pair of prosthetics just as he did with Elsa . In a flashback , Massimo tells of how he went after and slaughtered the men who took Elsa 's legs . All except the leader that is , Dr. Hans Grüper , who shot Massimo and tortured him until he was later released by a general . As Chester goes over the new routines , the twins admit they no longer want to be his assistants after he requests to saw them in two as part of the performance . Maggie volunteers to do the trick and Chester places her into the box . Seeing the faces of his deceased wife and her lover , Chester saws Maggie in half without realizing and to the dismay of the freaks , her organs spill out from both halves . Chester `` murders '' Marjorie in a rage , blaming her for making him commit all those atrocities . Dot and Bette warn Elsa that she needs to leave immediately , as her freaks intend on killing her to avenge Ethel 's murder . Desiree declares justice for Ethel , but as she and the others rampage into Elsa 's tent they find she is already gone . A bloody and distraught Chester walks into a police station and admits to a murder , revealing Marjorie to the confused officers . Elsa meets Dandy before she leaves town and receives $10,000 in exchange for the freak show . Reveling on his new stage , Dandy discovers an extremely mutilated Stanley , who now resembles Meep . In the final scene , Massimo delivers Jimmy his prosthetics , revealing wooden replicas of Jimmy 's lobster claws . 51 13 `` Curtain Call '' Bradley Buecker John J. Gray January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 4ATS13 3.27 After purchasing the freak show from Elsa , Dandy blames the freaks for the lack of tickets sold . Having enough of their new owner , the remaining freaks announce that they quit . In another psychotic rage , Dandy walks the camp grounds with his pistol and begins to massacre the freaks one by one ; killing all of the remaining freaks . Desiree is the sole survivor of the carnage , avoiding Dandy by hiding underneath her bed as Eve sacrifices herself to save Desiree . A newly healed Jimmy returns to the freak show to find his entire family displayed under the big top , dead . Desiree reveals herself and the two embrace . Bette and Dot , following a kidnapping by Dandy , agree to his hand in marriage and the sisters announce they have brought in a new maid to make Dandy a glorious feast . At dinner , Dandy begins to feel lightheaded and it is revealed that Desiree , having posed as the maid , has drugged Dandy with the help of the twins and Jimmy . Confused and betrayed , Dandy learns of the freaks plan to seek vengeance on him just before he passes out . Dandy awakens to find himself locked in Hardeen Houdini 's Chinese water torture cell . Desiree , Jimmy , Bette , and Dot watch on in pleasure as he slowly drowns in the tank . Meanwhile , Elsa arrives in Hollywood to fulfill her dreams of stardom . She requests to meet with the president of WBN , but is turned down by the secretary who makes her wait all day . Elsa instead meets Michael Beck ( David Burtka ) , the Junior vice-president of casting . In a flash forward to 1960 , a now - famous Elsa receives a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Now married to her manager , Michael , and having immense fame , Elsa is still unhappy and meets with her old flame Massimo Dolcefino . Elsa asks him to run away with her to Rome , but Massimo reveals that he is dying of lung cancer . She is later confronted by her husband and the president of WBN , telling her that a copy of her snuff film has surfaced . Realizing that she will never find true love and that her career is nearly over , Elsa agrees to perform on a Halloween special , knowing this will summon Edward Mordrake . With Elsa singing on the live telecast , Mordrake and his coterie appear . As Elsa performs , Desiree , now with a family of her own , is shown watching the broadcast , along with a pregnant Bette and Dot who are happily married to Jimmy . Mordrake stabs Elsa and takes her into the afterlife , but banishes her to the freak show grounds , saying she does not belong in his troupe . Walking into the big tent in the afterlife , Elsa is greeted by Ma Petite and all her other deceased freaks , including Ethel who welcomes her back . She takes the stage along with her freak show family , as she closes the series singing `` Life on Mars ? '' in front of a large and sold - out audience , finally finding true happiness and absolute fame . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` It feels like a Douglas Sirk movie ; it 's very 1952 presentational and then the horror is an unexpected jab . As opposed to last year , which was crazy camera work and comedy . This year feels different . '' -- Series co-creator Ryan Murphy on the fourth season In November 2013 , FX announced that the show had been renewed for a fourth season . Series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that clues about the fourth season would be hidden in the final episodes of the third season . In March 2014 , the season was revealed to be set at a carnival , according to co-executive producer / writer Douglas Petrie . It was also revealed that Lange will be playing a role similar to Marlene Dietrich . Murphy revealed that the season will take place in 1950 , adding : `` If you look historically what happened in the year 1950 , there 's some more clues in that year . It 's a period piece . We try and do the opposite of what we 've done before . Jessica Lange has already started practicing her German accent so I 'm very excited ! '' Murphy indicated that this season draws inspiration from Tod Browning 's Freaks and Herk Harvey 's Carnival of Souls . This season features the largest set ever constructed for American Horror Story , with Murphy stating : `` We had to build an entire city . We built an entire huge compound and then we had to build the interior of all those buildings on set . It 's all period . And it 's all based on ( production designer ) Mark Worthington 's immaculate research . '' Casting ( edit ) Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season , although said to be in a reduced capacity . She portrayed Elsa Mars , the owner of the freak show . In November 2013 , Murphy said he approached Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett to return . Bassett later confirmed in an interview with Access Hollywood that she would be indeed coming back . They portrayed Desiree Dupree and Ethel Darling , respectively . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning , possibly for a main role , which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler . It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members present at the panel would all be returning for the fourth season in some capacity , including Denis O'Hare ( Stanley ) , Emma Roberts ( Maggie Esmerelda ) , Frances Conroy ( Gloria Mott ) , Evan Peters ( Jimmy Darling ) , and Gabourey Sidibe ( Regina Ross ) . Jamie Brewer was also added to the present roster , although Murphy later indicated Brewer may not appear during the season . She was later confirmed to portray the ventriloquist dummy Marjorie after appearing in a promo for the final episodes . Additionally , Michael Chiklis was announced to play the father of Peters ' character and ex-husband of Bates ' character , the strongman Dell Toledo . Finn Wittrock was the last lead actor joining the cast . He portrayed the psychopathic Dandy Mott . In July 2014 , TVLine reported that Wes Bentley would appear in the season ' two - part Halloween episode as Edward Mordrake . At the Comic - Con 2014 , it was announced that John Carroll Lynch would portray one of the central antagonist during the season , Twisty the Clown . In August 2014 , Patti LaBelle joined the cast for a four - episode story arc as the mother of Sidibe 's character , named Dora , the Motts ' housekeeper . Also in August 2014 , it was revealed that Matt Bomer would be guest - starring in one episode as Andy , Dell 's secret lover . Murphy took to his Twitter account to announce that the world 's smallest woman Jyoti Amge has joined the cast as Ma Petite . Murphy had written a role specifically for Coven alum Leslie Jordan , but he was unable to appear on the show due to scheduling conflicts . In September 2014 , it was reported that Asylum alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper , which marks the first time a character appears in multiple seasons of the series . Lily Rabe also reprised her Asylum character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode , `` Orphans '' . Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode , as Pepper 's sister Rita . Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester , who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood . Harris ' husband , David Burtka , appeared in the season finale as Elsa 's husband . Filming ( edit ) `` There 's something going on there that is so non-American but totally American , so sexy and dark but there 's hope everywhere . '' -- Co-creator Brad Falchuk on shooting in New Orleans , Louisiana At Paley Center for Media 's 2014 PaleyFest event , Ryan Murphy announced that the season 's filming would take place again in New Orleans , Louisiana , although the show 's setting is in Jupiter , Florida . The premiere episode was directed by co-creator Murphy , his first effort since the pilot . Principal photography for the season began on July 15 , 2014 . Production on the season concluded on December 19 , 2014 . Marketing ( edit ) A video released in July 2014 , entitled `` Fallen Angel '' , was reported by many news sources to be an official Freak Show trailer . The video -- which featured the American Horror Story title card -- was later taken down after FX confirmed it was fan - made . Before the debut of the fan - made video , FX had not released any official trailers concerning the upcoming season . The first official teaser was released on August 20 , 2014 , entitled `` Admit One '' . As with previous seasons , FX released a series of teaser trailers on the show 's YouTube page . FX also used the marketing hashtag # WirSindAlleFreaks in the German language , and its English translation # WeAreAllFreaks . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Freak Show received a Metacritic score of 69 out of 100 based on 19 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 79 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.29 / 10 based on 32 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness , Freak Show still brings the thrills , thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast . '' American Horror Story ( season 4 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story In its fourth season , the series was nominated for 76 awards , 21 of which were won . Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 46th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding TV Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated 72nd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Mini-Series or TV Film Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Mini-Series or TV Film Kathy Bates Nominated 19th Satellite Awards Best TV Series -- Genre American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or TV Film Sarah Paulson Won 41st People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Jessica Lange Nominated 26th PGA Awards Outstanding Producer of Long - Form TV Brad Buecker , Dante Di Loreto , Brad Falchuk , Joseph Incaprera , Alexis Martin Woodall , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Jennifer Salt , James Wong ( also for Coven ) Nominated 19th ADG Awards TV Movie or Mini-Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Massacres and Matinees '' ) Won 17th CDG Awards Outstanding Made for TV Movie or Mini-Series Lou Eyrich Won Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2015 Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period Special Make - up Effects Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , Christopher Nelson ( petition ) Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C. Haught , Michelle Ceglia Won 13th VES Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Jason Piccioni , Jason Spratt , Mike Kirylo , Justin Bal , Eric Roberts ( for `` Edward Mordrake : Part 2 '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal / Live Action Broadcast Program Tommy Tran , JV Pike , Rob Lutz , Matt Lefferts ( for `` Edward Mordrake : Part 2 '' ) Nominated 62nd MPSE Golden Reel Awards TV Short Form Music Score Episode : `` Monsters Among Us '' Nominated 51st CAS Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Mini-Series Bruce Litecky , CAS ( Production Mixer ) Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Evan Daum ( ADR Mixer ) Kyle Billingsley ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` Monsters Among Us '' ) Nominated 6th Dorian Awards TV Musical Performance of the Year Jessica Lange ( for `` Life on Mars ? '' ) Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 2015 Best TV Series Nominated Best TV Actress Sarah Paulson Won Best TV Supporting Actor Finn Wittrock 2nd place 41st Saturn Awards Best Actress on TV Jessica Lange Nominated Best Guest Starring Role on TV Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Best Syndicated / Cable TV Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Glamour Awards 2014 International TV Actress Jessica Lange Nominated 36th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actor 15 - 21 Dalton E. Gray Nominated SXSW Film Design Awards 2015 Excellence in Title Design American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated 5th Critics ' Choice TV Awards Most Bingeworthy Show Nominated Best Actress in a Movie or Limited Series Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Movie or Limited Series Finn Wittrock Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series Sarah Paulson Won BMI Film & TV Awards 2015 BMI Cable TV Music Awards Mac Quayle Won Charlie Clouser Won César Dávila - Irizarry Won 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Limited Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Jessica Lange Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Denis O'Hare Nominated Finn Wittrock Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated Angela Bassett Nominated Kathy Bates Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special Ryan Murphy ( for `` Monsters Among Us '' ) Nominated 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Monte C. Haught , Michelle Ceglia , Daina Daigle , Amy Wood , Sherri B. Hamilton Won Outstanding Main Title Design Ryan Murphy , Kyle Cooper , Lee Nelson , Nadia Tzuo Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Jason Piccioni , Justin Ball , Jason Spratt , Tim Jacobsen , David Altenau , Tommy Tran , Mike Kirylo , Matt Lefferts , Donnie Dean ( for `` Edward Mordrake : Part 2 '' ) Won Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series or Movie Lou Eyrich , Elizabeth Macey , Ken van Duyne ( for `` Monsters Among Us '' ) Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Bruce Litecky , Joe Earle , Doug Andham , Evan Daum ( for `` Magical Thinking '' ) Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie Michael Goi ( for `` Monsters Among Us '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie or Special Gary Megregian , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , Steve M. Stuhr , Lance Wiseman , Jason Krane , John Green , David Klotz , Noel Vought ( for `` Curtain Call '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie or Special Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Meagan Lewis Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David L. Anderson , Justin Raleigh , Christopher Nelson , Kim Ayers , Luis Garcia , James MacKinnon Won Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited Series , Movie or Special ( Original Dramatic Score ) Mac Quayle ( for `` Orphans '' ) Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Lucy O'Reilly , Michael Mekash , Christopher Nelson , Jillian Erickson Won Outstanding Short - Format Nonfiction Program `` American Horror Story : Extra-Ordinary Artists '' Nominated 19th Online Film & TV Association Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Michael Chiklis Nominated Denis O'Hare Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Angela Bassett Nominated Kathy Bates Won Frances Conroy Nominated Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Miniseries American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Music in a Non-Series Nominated Best Editing in a Non-Series Nominated Best Cinematography in a Non-Series Nominated Best Costume Design in a Non-Series Won Best Makeup / Hairstyling in a Non-Series Won Best Sound in a Non-Series Nominated Best Visual Effects in a Non-Series Won Best New Titles Sequence Nominated 2016 31th Artios Awards TV Movie or Mini-Series Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Meagan Lewis ( Location Casting ) , Becky Silverman ( Associate ) Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Every cover song used in the season was made available for digital download on services such as iTunes and Amazon.com after the episode in which it appeared aired , except the cover of David Bowie 's ' `` Heroes '' ' performed by Jessica Lange at the climax of the season finale `` Curtain Call '' . Song Performer Episode ( s ) Notes `` Life on Mars ? '' Jessica Lange `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Curtain Call '' Originally performed by David Bowie Released on October 9 , 2014 `` Criminal '' Sarah Paulson `` Massacres and Matinees '' Originally performed by Fiona Apple Released on October 15 , 2014 `` Gods and Monsters '' Jessica Lange `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 1 ) '' Originally performed by Lana Del Rey Released on October 22 , 2014 `` September Song '' Jessica Lange `` Bullseye '' Originally performed by Kurt Weill Released on November 12 , 2014 `` Come as You Are '' Evan Peters `` Test of Strength '' Originally performed by Nirvana Released on November 19 , 2014 Note : All songs released by 20th Century Fox TV Records . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' Sets FX Ratings Record '' . Variety . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Spot Nightmare on Elm Street Star on American Horror Story Last Night ? '' . ihorror.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Did They Find That Identical Young Dr. Arden ' AHS ' ? '' . The Huffington Post . November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' South Park ' ' Teen Mom II ' , ' The Daily Show , ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , Baseball , ' Impact Wrestling ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' Key & Peele ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' Ghost Hunters ' , ' Top Chef ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' Tops Night + ' South Park ' , NBA Basketball , ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' Top Chef ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' South Park ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + College Basketball , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' South Park ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More - Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' The Daily Show ' , ' The Colbert Report ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ribel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Wahlburgers ' , ' Mob Wives ' , ' Little Women LA ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' The Game ' , ' Broad City ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : First Look at ' Freak Show ' Cast Art ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed for Season 4 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 4 Set at a Carnival , According to Writer '' . E !. Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Season 4 will be set in the year ( Spoiler ) -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Murphy on ' AHS : Freak Show ' : ' This season , once you die , you 're dead ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Jessica Lange : Why New ' American Horror ' Season Will Be ' Extraordinary ' '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Jessica Lange on why next season will be her last -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett approached to return for season 4 -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett : ' I 'm Coming Back ' To ' American Horror Story ' '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven 's ' New Supreme Speaks -- Plus Who 's Returning for Season 4 ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drake , Grae ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` American Horror Story : Coven : 10 Highlights from PaleyFest 2014 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' premiere : Ryan Murphy talks sex , scary clowns , and season 5 clues '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's Your First Look At Neil Patrick Harris In ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' Casts ' All My Children ' Vet Finn Wittrock '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wes Bentley Joins AHS : Freak Show as ( Spoiler ) 's Tormentor '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' at Comic - Con : ' Freak Show ' cast announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Patti LaBelle Hits Mother Lode , Joins AHS : Freak Show as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perlman , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Bomer to guest star on ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Jessica and our newest cast member Jyoti Amge ... the world 's smallest woman '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klompus , Jack ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Leslie Jordan missing American Horror Story for Celebrity Big Brother '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , fan favorite Pepper will return to ' American Horror Story ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Lily Rabe to appear on ' American Horror Story : Freak Show , ' reprise ' Asylum ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Officially Joins AHS : Freak Show -- and David Burtka , His Husband , Is Coming With ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Q&A : Noah Hawley and Brad Falchuk Reap Benefits From Movie Stars ' Move to TV '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Chiklis added to FX 's ' AHS : Freak Show ' '' . USA Today . March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` InsideTV Podcast : Trish from ' Survivor ' unloads on ' unbearable ... cruel ... vicious ... no class ' Kass '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story : Freakshow ' filming underway in New Orleans '' . OLV . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gray , Johnny ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's a # AmericanHorrorStory season 4 wrap ! ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Fan - Made ' Freak Show ' Teaser Debuts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Step Right Up For ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' exclusive : New teaser takes viewers under the big top '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced at the 17th Costume Designers Guild Awards with Presenting Sponsor Lacoste '' . Costume Designers Guild . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Winners '' . Make - up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild . February 14 , 2015 . local706.org . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' American Sniper ' Top Golden Reel Awards : MPSE Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 51st CAS Awards -- Winners '' . Cinema Audio Society . February 16 , 2015 . http://cinemaaudiosociety.org/ . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ GUS ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Gay & Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association announced Dorian award winners - TV Musical Performance of the Year '' . Queer Me Up . InnOptum Enterprises . queermeup.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The 2015 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! '' . Fangoria . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glamour Awards 2015 : Full Winners List '' . Glamour . June 3 , 2015 . glamourmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominations & Results '' . Young Artist Awards . youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 SXSW Film Awards : Excellence in Title Design '' . Art of the Title . March 18 , 2015 . artofthetitle.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar - Winning Composer Alexandre Desplat Honored as BMI Icon at 2015 Film / TV Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV : 19th Annual Television Award Winners '' . Online Film & Television Association . September 6 , 2015 . oftaawards.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Artios Awards '' . Casting Society of America . January 21 , 2016 . castingsociety.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story Cast , The ; Lange , Jessica ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Life on Mars ? '' . iTunes Store . Apple . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story Cast , The ; Paulson , Sarah ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Criminal '' . iTunes Store . Apple . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story Cast , The ; Lange , Jessica ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Gods and Monsters '' . iTunes Store . Apple . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story Cast , The ; Lange , Jessica ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` September Song '' . iTunes Store . Apple . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story Cast , The ; Peters , Evan ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Come As You Are '' . iTunes Store . Apple . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Horror Story Season 4 Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website American Horror Story Seasons Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Apocalypse Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Characters Freak Show Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Freak_Show&oldid=857065760 '' Categories : 1952 in fiction 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons 2010s American drama television series American historical fiction American Horror Story seasons Circus television programs Filicide in fiction Ghosts in television Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in Florida Mass murder in fiction Matricide in fiction Works about discrimination Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 09 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year was ahs freak show set in	[ "American Horror Story: Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on October 8, 2014 and concluded on January 21, 2015. The season is mainly set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States, and their struggle for survival.\n" ]	[ "1952" ]
-8107834934390478676	I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)	I 'll Be There ( the Jackson 5 song ) - wikipedia I 'll Be There ( the Jackson 5 song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'll Be There '' Artwork for Turkish vinyl single Single by The Jackson 5 from the album Third Album B - side `` One More Chance '' Released August 28 , 1970 ( 1970 - 08 - 28 ) Format 7 '' 45 RPM Recorded Hitsville West , Los Angeles , June 1970 Genre Soul Length 3 : 57 Label Motown M 1171 Songwriter ( s ) Berry Gordy Bob West Willie Hutch Hal Davis Producer ( s ) Hal Davis The Jackson 5 singles chronology `` The Love You Save '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1970 ) `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 1970 ) `` The Love You Save '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1970 ) `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'll Be There '' The Jackson 5 's `` I 'll Be There '' from Third Album Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I 'll Be There '' is a soul song written by Berry Gordy , Hal Davis , Bob West , and Willie Hutch . The song was recorded by The Jackson 5 and released by Motown Records on August 28 , 1970 as the first single from their Third Album on the same date . Produced by the songwriters , `` I 'll Be There '' was The Jackson 5 's fourth number one hit in a row ( after `` I Want You Back '' in 1969 , `` ABC '' and `` The Love You Save '' earlier in 1970 ) , making them the first black male group to achieve four consecutive number one pop hits . `` I 'll Be There '' is also notable as the most successful single released by Motown during its `` Detroit era '' ( 1959 -- 72 ) . The cover version / duet by Mariah Carey and Trey Lorenz was recorded during Carey 's appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992 , and released as the first single from her EP MTV Unplugged in the second quarter of 1992 . Co-produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff , `` I 'll Be There '' became Carey 's sixth number one single in the U.S. , and her biggest hit elsewhere at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Jackson 5 version 1.1 Release and reaction 1.2 Performances 1.3 Chart performance 1.4 Weekly singles charts 1.5 Year - end charts 1.6 Certifications 2 Mariah Carey version 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Track listing 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Charts and certifications 2.4. 1 Weekly charts 2.4. 2 Year - end charts 2.4. 3 Decade - end charts 2.4. 4 Certifications and sales 3 Arthur Hanlon version 3.1 Charts 4 See also 5 External links 6 References The Jackson 5 version ( edit ) Release and reaction ( edit ) In his autobiography Moon Walk , Michael Jackson noted that `` I 'll Be There '' was the song that solidified The Jackson 5 's careers and showed audiences that the group had potential beyond bubblegum pop . Said Allmusic about the song , `` Rarely , if ever , had one so young sung with so much authority and grace , investing this achingly tender ballad with wisdom and understanding far beyond his years '' . Jackson turned 12 one day after the song was released . The most successful single ever released by the Jackson 5 , `` I 'll Be There '' sold 4.2 million copies in the United States , and 6.1 million copies worldwide . It replaced Marvin Gaye 's `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' as the most successful single released on Motown in the U.S. , a record it held until the release of Lionel Richie 's duet with Diana Ross , `` Endless Love '' ( 1981 ) . Outside the U.S. , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' remained Motown 's biggest - selling record with worldwide sales of over seven million copies . The song held the number one position on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart for five weeks from October 17 to November 14 , replacing `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' by Neil Diamond ; it was succeeded by `` I Think I Love You '' by The Partridge Family . `` I 'll Be There '' was also a number one hit on the Billboard Black Singles Chart for six weeks , and a number 4 hit in the United Kingdom . The single 's B - side was `` One More Chance '' , a song from their second album . `` I 'll Be There '' was the Jackson 5 's final number one Hot 100 hit as a group . For the rest of their career as a major - label act , Jackson 5 singles would climb no higher than number 2 . Michael Jackson scored numerous number one hits as a solo artist , beginning with `` Ben '' in 1972 . Performances ( edit ) `` I 'll Be There '' remains one of the most popular of the Jackson 5 's hits , and has been covered by a number of artists , including Josie and the Pussycats and Mariah Carey , whose cover brought the song back into the public 's consciousness two decades after its original release . `` I 'll Be There '' was one of the songs used in the showcase for Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! . Andy Williams released a version in 1971 on his album , You 've Got a Friend . Willie Hutch , who was an original co-writer on the song , recorded a version for his 1973 album Fully Exposed . Green Day has frequently performed a live medley beginning with their original song `` King For A Day '' , morphing into The Isley Brothers ' `` Shout '' and breaks into a smaller medley including The Penguins ' `` Earth Angel '' , `` I 'll Be There '' , and Ben E. King 's `` Stand by Me '' , then back into `` Shout '' . The song was performed in the `` Jackson 5 medley '' during all of Michael 's tours : The Bad , Dangerous and HIStory tours . The song was performed by Michael Jackson in the 2009 film Michael Jackson 's This Is It . However , the song was performed by Jackson and backup singers as if they were the Jackson 5 . During the song , clips of the Jackson 5 are shown . At the end of the song , Michael dedicates the song to all of his brothers and his parents . `` I 'll Be There '' was used for a Pepsi commercial during the Dangerous World Tour in 1992 . The commercial featured Michael playing the song on his home piano , remembering the Jackson 5 days until his younger self arrives to sing the song with him . Kids Incorporated covered `` I 'll Be There '' in 1992 in the season 8 episode `` Lay Off '' . In 2000 , the song was recorded by Irish boy band Westlife on the Deluxe Edition of their album Coast to Coast . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 New Zealand ( Listener ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 24 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 60 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 62 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 73 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7 Chart ( 1971 ) Rank UK 49 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Mariah Carey version ( edit ) `` I 'll Be There '' Single by Mariah Carey featuring Trey Lorenz from the album MTV Unplugged B - side `` So Blessed '' `` Vanishing '' `` All in Your Mind '' Released May 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 26 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single Recorded March 16 , 1992 Studio Kaufman Astoria Studios Genre R&B soul Length 4 : 42 ( original album version ) 4 : 24 ( video edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Berry Gordy Bob West Willie Hutch Hal Davis Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff Mariah Carey singles chronology `` Make It Happen '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1992 ) `` If It 's Over '' ( 1992 ) `` Make It Happen '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1992 ) `` If It 's Over '' ( 1992 ) Trey Lorenz singles chronology `` Someone to Hold '' ( 1992 ) Someone to Hold1992 `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1992 ) I 'll Be There1992 `` Photograph of Mary '' ( 1993 ) Photograph of Mary1993 `` I 'll Be There '' Mariah Carey 's version of The Jackson 5 's `` I 'll Be There '' featuring Trey Lorenz from MTV Unplugged Problems playing this file ? See media help . Mariah Carey had included `` I 'll Be There '' as a last - minute addition to her MTV Unplugged setlist , after she had been informed that most acts on the show commonly perform at least one cover . `` I 'll Be There '' was the sixth track on Carey 's MTV Unplugged special , taped on March 16 , 1992 . It was performed as a romantic duet , with Carey singing Michael Jackson 's lines and R&B singer Trey Lorenz singing Jermaine Jackson 's lines . The program and resulting MTV Unplugged album were produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff , who played the piano for the performance . Boyz II Men 's Wanya Morris sang the song with Carey in the concert home video , Fantasy : Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden . The MTV Unplugged special aired on May 20 , 1992 , and was a notable success . Carey 's label , Columbia Records , received many requests to release `` I 'll Be There '' as a single , which had not been planned . A radio edit of the song was created which removed dialogue portions of the performance , and `` I 'll Be There '' was released as a single . In the U.S. , the song was issued with `` So Blessed '' as a B - side ; in the United Kingdom , the `` I 'll Be There '' single included the live version of `` Vision of Love '' , and the album versions of `` If It 's Over '' and `` All in Your Mind '' . `` I 'll Be There '' was nominated for the 1993 Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song , losing both categories to Boyz II Men 's `` End of the Road '' . The `` I 'll Be There '' music video , directed by Larry Jordan , was compiled from footage of Carey 's MTV Unplugged appearance . During Michael Jackson 's memorial service on July 7 , 2009 , Carey and Lorenz sang their rendition of the song in tribute to Jackson after 17 years of their first performance together . Regularly , `` I 'll Be There '' has been featured on Carey 's catalog albums included on # 1 's ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) , The Ballads ( 2008 ) , The Essential Mariah Carey ( 2011 ) , and # 1 to Infinity ( 2015 ) . Critical reception ( edit ) Allmusic editor Shawn M. Haney highlighted it and wrote , `` ... the power and esteem of these tales lift to new heights and remain at a peak with the breathtaking , moment - making performance of `` I 'll Be There . '' '' Entertainment Weekly editor wrote that Mariah turned this song into a `` killer duet . '' Track listing ( edit ) Worldwide CD single `` I 'll Be There '' `` So Blessed '' European CD maxi - single `` I 'll Be There '' `` So Blessed '' `` Vanishing '' UK CD maxi - single `` I 'll Be There '' `` Vision of Love '' ( live ) `` If It 's Over '' `` All in Your Mind '' Chart performance ( edit ) After the underperformance of `` Make It Happen '' compared to her previous singles , `` I 'll Be There '' was a return to form for Carey : it became her sixth number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and allayed any concerns her record label had about her career in decline . `` I 'll Be There '' was the number one song on the Hot 100 for two weeks , from June 13 , 1992 to June 27 . It replaced `` Jump '' by Kris Kross , and was itself replaced by `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mix - a-Lot . It became number one on the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . In fact , it is the only single released from the MTV Unplugged series that hit number one . `` I 'll Be There '' was Carey 's breakthrough hit outside North America , becoming her most successful single in numerous markets . It topped the Canadian Singles Chart for two weeks , and became her biggest hit at the time in the United Kingdom ( where it hit number 2 ) and Australia ( where it reached number 9 ) . It peaked inside the top 20 in most markets across Europe , where Carey 's success had previously been limited . The song has sold a total of 345,000 copies in the UK . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 40 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 25 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 96 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 345,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Arthur Hanlon version ( edit ) `` I 'll Be There ( Allí Estaré ) '' Single by Arthur Hanlon featuring Karlos Rosé Released May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) Format Digital download Genre Bachata Length 3 : 32 Label Universal Latin Songwriter ( s ) Berry Gordy Bob West Willie Hutch Hal Davis Producer ( s ) Arthur Hanlon David Cabrera Karlos Rosé singles chronology `` Infiel '' ( 2013 ) `` I 'll Be There ( Allí Estaré ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Infiel '' ( 2013 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 2013 ) In 2013 , American pianist Arthur Hanlon covered the song in bachata with Dominican guest singer Karlos Rosé as the lead vocalist . Their cover was recorded in Spanglish and will be included on Hanlon 's Encanto del Caribe tour . The song was produced by Hanlon and David Cabera . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) See also ( edit ) Hot 100 number - one hits of 1970 ( United States ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1992 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny . `` I 'll Be There - The Jackson 5 Listen , Appearances , Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 287 . ^ Jump up to : `` Go - Set Australian charts - 12 December 1970 '' . Poparchives.com.au . December 12 , 1970 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson 5 - I 'll Be There '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I 'll Be There '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackson 5 : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson 5 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson 5 Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson 5 Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jackson 5 -- I 'll Be There '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jackson 5 -- I 'll Be There '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jackson 5 -- I 'll Be There '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1971 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shawn M. Haney . `` MTV Unplugged - Mariah Carey Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carey On '' . EW.com . December 25 , 1992 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mariah Carey official top 20 biggest - selling songs in the UK MTV . retrieved : May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . July 11 , 1992 . p. 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2006 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2004 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . August 1 , 1992 . p. 39 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey - I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 30 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There ( Unplugged ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1992 '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1992 '' . RIANZ . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepsze single na UK Top 40 - 1992 wg sprzedaży '' ( in Polish ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music : 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 26 , 1992 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard . December 25 , 1999 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- I 'll Be There '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I 'll Be There in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Longo , Federica ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Dominicano Karlos Rose shines in Hanlon collaboration of ' Alli Estare ' '' . Voxxi . News Website . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Hanlon canta a dúo con Karlos Rosé '' ( in Spanish ) . lamusica.com . May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Hanlon Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Hanlon Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T. : Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! Live at the Forum Compilations Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie Soulsation ! Jackson 5 : The Ultimate Collection The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back ! 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The Elusive Chanteuse Live albums MTV Unplugged Compilation albums # 1 's Greatest Hits The Remixes The Ballads The Essential Mariah Carey # 1 to Infinity Soundtrack albums Glitter Video albums The First Vision MTV Unplugged + 3 Here Is Mariah Carey Fantasy : Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden Around the World # 1 's The Adventures of Mimi Television A Christmas Melody Mariah 's World Concert tours Music Box Tour Daydream World Tour Butterfly World Tour Rainbow World Tour Charmbracelet World Tour The Adventures of Mimi Angels Advocate Tour The Elusive Chanteuse Show The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour All the Hits Tour The # 1 's Tour Concert residencies Live at the Pearl All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity # 1 to Infinity The Butterfly Returns Fragrances M by Mariah Carey Luscious Pink Forever Companies Monarc Entertainment Related topics Tommy Mottola Nick Cannon Lionel Cole James Packer Book Category Portal Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Someday '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Westlife Nicky Byrne Kian Egan Mark Feehily Shane Filan Brian McFadden Studio albums Westlife Coast to Coast World of Our Own Turnaround ... Allow Us to Be Frank Face to Face The Love Album Back Home Where We Are Gravity Compilation albums Unbreakable : The Greatest Hits Volume 1 Greatest Hits Video albums The Karaoke Collection ( Westlife video album ) Where We Are Tour : Live from the O2 Concert tours Where Dreams Come True Tour World of Our Own Tour Unbreakable Tour Turnaround Tour The No 1 's Tour Face to Face Tour The Love Tour Back Home Tour Where We Are Tour Gravity Tour Greatest Hits Tour Book Westlife : Our Story Related articles Discography Songs Originals Covers Tours Awards Book Category Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Be_There_(The_Jackson_5_song)&oldid=840991627 '' Categories : 1970 singles 1970s ballads 1992 singles 2013 singles Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Hal Davis The Jackson 5 songs Mariah Carey songs Trey Lorenz songs Westlife songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles Motown singles Columbia Records singles Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Vocal duets Live singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis 1970 songs Sony Music Entertainment singles Universal Music Latin Entertainment singles Songs written by Willie Hutch Soul ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardtropicalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 10 : 49 . 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About Wikipedia	who sung the song i'll be there	[ "\n\n\"I'll Be There\"\n\n\n\nArtwork for Turkish vinyl single\n\n\n\nSingle by The Jackson 5\n\n\nfrom the album Third Album\n\n\nB-side\n\"One More Chance\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 28, 1970 (1970-08-28)\n\n\nFormat\n7\" 45 RPM\n\n\nRecorded\nHitsville West, Los Angeles, June 1970\n\n\nGenre\nSoul\n\n\nLength\n3:57\n\n\nLabel\nMotown M 1171\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBerry Gordy\nBob West\nWillie Hutch\nHal Davis\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nHal Davis\n\n\nThe Jackson 5 singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Love You Save\"\n(1970)\n\"I'll Be There\"\n(1970)\n\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\"\n(1970)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Love You Save\"\n(1970)\n\"I'll Be There\"\n(1970)\n\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\"\n(1970)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "The Jackson 5" ]
-4929126693046447466	Bangalore City railway station	Bangalore City railway station - wikipedia Bangalore City railway station Jump to : navigation , search Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru City ಕ್ರಾಂತಿವೀರ ಸಂಗೊಳ್ಳಿ ರಾಯಣ್ಣ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಸಿಟಿ Express train , Passenger train , Commuter rail and Goods railway station Station main entrance Location Railway Station Road , Gubbi Cross , Bangalore , Karnataka India Coordinates 12 ° 58 ′ 42 '' N 77 ° 34 ′ 10 '' E / 12.97833 ° N 77.56944 ° E / 12.97833 ; 77.56944 Coordinates : 12 ° 58 ′ 42 '' N 77 ° 34 ′ 10 '' E / 12.97833 ° N 77.56944 ° E / 12.97833 ; 77.56944 Elevation 896.920 metres ( 2,942.65 ft ) Owned by Government of India Operated by Indian Railways Line ( s ) Triple Electric Line Platforms 10 Connections Kempegowda Bus Station Namma Metro Purple Line Construction Structure type At -- ground Parking Available Other information Status Functioning Station code SBC Zone ( s ) South Western Railway zone Division ( s ) Bangalore History Electrified Yes Previous names Bangalore City railway station Traffic Passengers ( 2013 ) 220,000 Location Bangalore City railway station . Bangalore City railway station , officially known as Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna railway station , is the main railway station serving the city of Bengaluru , Karnataka , India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Platforms 3 Trains 4 Connections 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Location ( edit ) It is located across the Kempegowda Bus Station . The station has 10 platforms and two entrances . Platforms ( edit ) Platforms 1 to 7 connect to the Chennai and Salem railway lines . On platforms 8 to 10 , service trains arrive via Yeshwantpur from Hubballi - Dharwad . Platforms 1 to 4 terminate at Bangalore . On platforms 5 to 10 , service trains depart towards Mysuru . There are railway lines between Platforms 4 and 5 that are used as the railway yard . There are 5 railway lines passing from Bangalore City railway station - to Hyderabad via Guntakal , Chennai via Krishnarajapuram , Salem via Hosur , Mysuru , Hubballi - Dharwad via Tumkur , Birur . The Bangalore - Chennai railway line via Bangalore Cantonment , Bangarpet , is fully electrified and open for traffic . The Bangalore - Mysore line is yet to be electrified since the doubling work at SriRanga Pattana is going on . Trains ( edit ) The station handles 88 trains a day , including 63 express trains , and is used by 220,000 commuters every day . Connections ( edit ) The railway station is served by City Railway Station metro station on the Namma Metro 's Purple Line , which opened on 30 April 2016 . Later that year , the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited ( BMRCL ) decided to construct a foot - over-bridge from the metro station until the boundary of the railway station , while the South Western Railway , would complete the rest of the work . The foot - over-bridge is expected to open in June 2017 . The railway station is also served by Kempegowda Bus Station . See also ( edit ) Mysore - Bangalore railway line Bangalore city railway station shown on map Areas around KSR Bangalore City Railway Station Old Mysore Road Okalipuram Sheshadri Road Old Mysore Road KSR Bangalore City Railway Station Kempegowda Bus Station / Majestic Magadi Road TCM Royan Road Gubbi Thotadappa Road / Kempegowda Bus Station / Majestic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bangalore still on waitlist for better rail facilities '' . The Hindu . 2013 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` South Central Railway Press Release '' . South Central Railway zone . 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bengaluru still on waitlist for better rail facilities '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff . `` Wait for FOB to City Railway Station gets longer '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff . `` Wait for metro - city railway station bridge gets longer '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bangalore City railway station . 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College of Engineering Christ University Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering Indian Institute of Astrophysics Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Indian Institute of Science Indian Statistical Institute International Institute of Information Technology National Institute of Fashion Technology National Law School of India University National College National Centre for Software Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology University of Agricultural Sciences University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship Hospitals Apollo Hospitals Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals Fortis Hospitals HOSMAT Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Minto eye hospital Narayana Hrudayalaya NCBS NIMHANS Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics SDS Tuberculosis Sanatorium St. John 's Hospital Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital Victoria Hospital Industry List of Bangalore telecom companies Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Famous people Central business district Bangalore Rural District List of cities known as Silicon Valleys Tourist attractions Lakes Chola temples in Bangalore Economy Top 100 booking stations of Indian Railways Agra Cantonment Ahmedabad Junction Ajmer Junction Akola Junction Allahabad Junction Ambala Cantonment Amritsar Junction Asansol Junction Aurangabad Bangalore City Bareilly Junction Bhagalpur Junction Bhopal Junction Bhubaneswar Bhusaval Junction Bilaspur Junction Chandigarh Junction Chennai Central Chhapra Junction Coimbatore Junction Cuttack Junction Darbhanga Junction Dehradun Dhanbad Junction Durg Junction Ernakulam Junction Erode Junction Gaya Junction Ghaziabad Junction Gorakhpur Junction Guntur Junction Guwahati Junction Gwalior Junction Haridwar Junction Hatia Hazur Sahib Nanded Howrah Junction Hubli Junction Indore Junction Jabalpur Junction Jaipur Junction Jalandhar City Jammu Tawi Jhansi Junction Jodhpur Junction Kanpur Central Katihar Junction Katni Junction Katpadi Junction Kharagpur Junction Kollam Junction Kota Junction Kozhikode Lucknow Charbagh Ludhiana Junction Madgaon Junction Madurai Junction Malda Town Mangalore Central Manmad Junction Mathura Junction Moradabad Junction Mughalsarai Junction Mumbai Central Muzaffarpur Junction Mysore Junction Nagpur Junction Nasik Road Nellore New Delhi New Jalpaiguri Junction Palakkad Junction Patna Junction Pune Junction Puri Raipur Junction Rajahmundry Rajkot Junction Ranchi Junction Ratlam Junction Rourkela Junction Salem Junction Satna Junction Secunderabad Junction Siwan Junction Solapur Surat Tatanagar Junction Tiruchirappalli Junction Tirunelveli Junction Tirupati Main Thrissur Thiruvananthapuram Central Udaipur City Ujjain Junction Vapi Vadodara Junction Varanasi Junction Vijayawada Junction Visakhapatnam Source : `` 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways '' . Railway stations in Karnataka Indian Railways SWR Bangalore Bangalore City Bangalore Cantonment Bangalore East Bangarapet Kengeri Shrirangapattana Yesvantpur Junction Hubli Bagalkot Junction Belagavi Bellary Junction Bijapur Cansaulim Caranzol Castle Rock Curchorem Dabolim Dharwad Dudh Sagar Water Falls Ginigera Junction Gadag Junction Hosapete Junction Hubli Junction Kulem Londa Junction Sanjuje Da Arey Sankval Sonalium Toranagallu Junction Vasco da Gama Mysore Kadur Junction Arsikere Junction Ashokapuram Badanaguppe Chamarajanagar Chamarajapuram Chikkamagaluru Chinnadagudihundi Davangere Kadakola Kavalande Konanur Mariyala Gangavadi Mysore Junction Nanjangud Town Narasambudhi Sujathapuram Tandavapura SCR Secunderabad Bidar Guntakal Raichur SR Palakkad Mangalore Central Mangalore Junction CR Solapur Gulbarga Wadi Junction Konkan Railways KAWR Karwar Thokur Udupi Namma metro Namma Metro stations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_City_railway_station&oldid=809504335 '' Categories : Railway stations in Bangalore Bangalore railway division Railway junction stations in Karnataka Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox station with map locator Pages with no open date in Infobox station Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Polski தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 15 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of bangalore city railway station	[ "Bangalore City railway station, officially known as Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna railway station,[2] is the main railway station serving the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India." ]	[ "Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna" ]
-8872360101523410257	High Court of Australia	High Court of Australia - Wikipedia High Court of Australia Jump to : navigation , search High Court of Australia The High Court and its surroundings Established 1903 Country Australia Location Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( Map ) Composition method Vice-regal appointment upon Prime Ministerial nomination , following advice of Attorney - General and Cabinet Authorized by Constitution of Australia Judge term length Until age of 70 years ( Constitution of Australia , s 72 following 1977 referendum ) No. of positions 7 , by statute Website www.hcourt.gov.au Chief Justice of Australia Currently Susan Kiefel Since 30 January 2017 The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the States , and the ability to interpret the Constitution of Australia thereby powerfully shaping the development of federalism in Australia . The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution , which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia . The Court was constituted by , and its first members were appointed under , the Judiciary Act 1903 . It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution , the Judiciary Act , and the High Court of Australia Act 1979 . It is composed of seven Justices : the Chief Justice of Australia , currently Susan Kiefel , and six other Justices . They are appointed by the Governor - General of Australia , on the advice of the federal government , and under the constitution must retire at age 70 . Since 1979 , The High Court has been located in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . The majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building , situated in the Parliamentary Triangle , overlooking Lake Burley Griffin . With an increasing utilisation of video links , sittings are also often held in the state capitals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role of the court 1.1 Original jurisdiction 1.2 Appellate jurisdiction 1.3 Appeals to the Privy Council 1.4 Appellate jurisdiction for Nauru 2 History 2.1 Constitutional conventions 2.2 Formation of the court 2.3 First years of the court 2.4 Post-war period 3 Jurisprudence 3.1 Griffith court 3.2 Knox , Isaacs and Gavan Duffy courts 3.3 Latham court 3.4 Dixon court 3.5 Barwick court 3.6 Gibbs court 3.7 Mason court 3.8 Brennan court 3.9 Gleeson court 3.10 French court 3.11 Kiefel court 4 Composition of the court 4.1 Appointment process 4.2 Current composition 4.3 Initial composition 4.4 Expansion of composition 4.5 Recent developments in composition 4.6 Judge 's Associates 5 Facilities 5.1 Building 5.2 Online 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Role of the Court ( edit ) The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction ( cases that originate in the High Court ) and appellate jurisdiction ( appeals made to the High Court from other courts ) . The High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia , not just the state or territory in which the matter arose . The High Court 's broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada and unlike the Supreme Court of the United States which has a more limited jurisdiction . As such , the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories . This role , alongside its role in constitutional interpretation , is one of the court 's most significant . As Sir Owen Dixon said on his swearing in as Chief Justice of Australia : `` The High Court 's jurisdiction is divided in its exercise between constitutional and federal cases which loom so largely in the public eye , and the great body of litigation between man and man , or even man and government , which has nothing to do with the Constitution , and which is the principal preoccupation of the court . '' This broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to a consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are originally heard in the High Court . The Constitution confers actual ( section 75 ) and potential ( section 76 ) original jurisdiction . Section 75 of the Constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to `` all matters '' : arising under any treaty affecting consuls or other representatives of other countries in which the Commonwealth , or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth , is a party between States , or between residents of different States , or between a State and a resident of another State in which a writ of mandamus or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an officer of the Commonwealth . The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court . For example , challenges against immigration - related decisions are often brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court . Section 76 provides that Parliament may confer original jurisdiction in relation to matters : arising under the constitution or involving its interpretation arising under any laws made by the Parliament of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction relating to the same subject matter claimed under the laws of different states . Constitutional matters , referred to in section 76 ( i ) , have been conferred to the High Court by section 30 of the Judiciary Act 1903 . However , the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76 , rather than section 75 , means that the High Court 's original jurisdiction regarding constitutional matters could be removed . In practice , section 75 ( iii ) ( suing the Commonwealth ) and section 75 ( iv ) ( conflicts between states ) are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction . The original constitutional jurisdiction of the High Court is now well established : the Australian Law Reform Commission has described the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76 rather than section 75 as `` an odd fact of history . '' The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament . Failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step . The requirement of `` a matter '' in section 75 and section 76 of the constitution means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved and the High Court can not give an advisory opinion . Appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) Australian court hierarchy Federal Law Courts High Court of Australia Federal Court of Australia Family Court of Australia Federal Circuit Court of Australia Military Court of Australia Commonwealth courts and tribunals Courts of Australian states and territories New South Wales courts Victorian courts Queensland courts Western Australian courts South Australian courts Tasmanian courts Australian Capital Territory courts Northern Territory courts Norfolk Island courts The High Court 's appellate jurisdiction is defined under section 73 of the Constitution . The High Court can hear appeals from the Supreme Courts of the states and territories , any federal court or court exercising federal jurisdiction ( such as the Federal Court of Australia , the Federal Circuit Court of Australia , or other federal courts ) , and decisions made by one or more Justices exercising the original jurisdiction of the court . However , section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited `` with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes '' . Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903 . This requires `` special leave '' to appeal . Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance ; or involves a conflict between courts ; or `` is in the interests of the administration of justice '' . Therefore , while the High Court is the final court of appeal , it can not be considered a general court of appeal . The decision as to whether to grant special leave to appeal is determined by one or more Justices of the High Court ( in practice , a panel of two or three judges ) . That is , the Court exercises the power to decide which appeal cases it will consider . Appeals to the Privy Council ( edit ) High Court building The issue of appeals from the High Court to the United Kingdom 's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was a significant one during the drafting of the Constitution and it continued to be significant in the years after the court 's creation . The wording of section 74 of the constitution that was put to voters in the various colonies was that there was to be no appeal to the Privy Council in any matter involving the interpretation of the Constitution or of the Constitution of a State , unless it involved the interests of some other dominion . Section 74 of the Constitution , as enacted by the Imperial Parliament , prohibited appeals on constitutional matters involving disputes about the limits inter se of Commonwealth or state powers , except where the High Court certified it was appropriate for the appeal to be determined by the Privy Council . It did so only once : in the 1912 case of Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney - General ( Cth ) when the Court was equally divided . After that case , in which the Privy Council refused to answer the constitutional questions put to it , the High Court never certified another inter se appeal . Indeed , in the case of Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd ( 1985 ) , the court said that it would never again grant a certificate of appeal . In general matters , however , section 74 did not prevent the Privy Council from granting leave to appeal against the High Court 's wishes and the Council did so often . In some cases the Council acknowledged that the Australian common law had developed differently from English law and thus did not apply its own principles ( for example , in Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren ( 1967 ) , or in Viro v The Queen ( 1978 ) ) , by using a legal fiction that stated that different common law can apply to different circumstances . However , in other cases , the Privy Council enforced English decisions , over-ruling decisions by the High Court . In Parker v The Queen ( 1963 ) , Chief Justice Sir Owen Dixon led a unanimous judgment that rejected a precedent of the House of Lords in DPP v Smith saying , `` I shall not depart from the law on this matter as we have long since laid it down in this Court and I think that Smith 's case should not be used in Australia as authority at all '' ; the following year the Privy Council upheld an appeal , applying the House of Lords precedent . Section 74 did provide that the parliament could make laws to prevent appeals to the Privy Council and it did so , beginning in 1968 , with the Privy Council ( Limitation of Appeals ) Act 1968 , which closed off all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation . In 1975 , the Privy Council ( Appeals from the High Court ) Act 1975 was passed , which had the effect of closing all routes of appeal from the High Court . Appeals from the High Court to the Privy Council are now only theoretically possible in inter se matters if the High Court grants a certificate of appeal under section 74 of the Constitution . As noted above , the High Court indicated in 1985 it would not grant such a certificate in the future and it is practically certain that all future High Courts will maintain this policy . In 1986 , with the passing of the Australia Act by both the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Australia ( with the request and consent of the Australian States ) , appeals to the Privy Council from state Supreme Courts were closed off , leaving the High Court as the only avenue of appeal . Thirteen High Court judges have heard cases as part of the Privy Council . Sir Isaac Isaacs is the only judge to have sat on an appeal from the High Court , in 1936 after his retirement as Governor - General . Sir Garfield Barwick insisted on an amendment to Privy Council procedure to allow dissent , however he exercised that only once . The appeals mostly related to decisions from other Commonwealth countries , although they occasionally included appeals from a State Supreme Court . Sir Samuel Griffith Sir Edmund Barton Sir Adrian Knox Sir Isaac Isaacs Sir George Rich Sir Garfield Barwick Sir Douglass Menzies Sir Alan Taylor Sir Frank Kitto Sir Edward McTiernan Sir Victor Windeyer Sir Harry Gibbs Sir Ninian Stephen J Appellate jurisdiction for Nauru ( edit ) As per an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 , in application of article 57 of the Constitution of Nauru , the High Court of Australia is the ultimate court of appeal for the sovereign Republic of Nauru , formerly an Australian League of Nations mandate . Thus the High Court may hear appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru in both criminal and civil cases , with certain exceptions ; in particular , no case pertaining to the Constitution of Nauru may be decided by the Australian court . History ( edit ) The genesis of the court can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century . Before the establishment of the High Court , appeals from the state Supreme Courts could be made only to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , which involved the great expense of travelling to London . For this reason some politicians in the colonies wanted a new court that could travel between the colonies hearing appeals . Following Earl Grey 's 1846 proposal for federation of the Australian colonies , an 1849 report from the Privy Council of the United Kingdom suggested that a national court be created . In 1856 , the then Governor of South Australia , Richard Graves MacDonnell , suggested to the Government of South Australia that they and the other colonies should consider establishing a court of appeal that would hear appeals from the Supreme Courts in each colony , and in 1860 the Parliament of South Australia passed legislation encouraging MacDonnell to put forward the idea to his colleagues in the other colonies . However , only the Government of Victoria seriously considered this proposal . At an inter-colonial conference in 1870 in Melbourne , the idea of an inter-colonial court was again raised and subsequently a Royal Commission was established in Victoria to investigate options for establishing a court of appeal and for unifying extradition laws between the colonies and other similar matters . A draft bill establishing a court was put forward by the Commission , but it completely excluded appeals to the Privy Council , which reacted critically and prevented any serious attempts to implement the bill in London ( before federation , any laws affecting all the colonies would have to be passed by the British Imperial Parliament in London ) . In 1880 another inter-colonial conference was convened , which proposed the establishment of an Australasian Court of Appeal . This conference was more firmly focussed on having an Australian court . Another draft bill was produced , providing that judges from the colonial Supreme Courts would serve one - year terms on the new court , with one judge from each colony at a given time . New Zealand , which was at the time also considering joining the Australian colonies in federation , was also to be a participant in the new court . However , the proposal retained appeals from colonial Supreme Courts to the Privy Council , which some of the colonies disputed , and the bill was eventually abandoned . Constitutional Conventions ( edit ) Sir Samuel Griffith , first Chief Justice of Australia The Constitutional Conventions of the 1890s , which met to draft an Australian Constitution , also raised the idea of a federal Supreme Court . Initial proposals at a conference in Melbourne in February 1890 led to a convention in Sydney in March and April 1891 , which produced a draft constitution . The draft included the creation of a Supreme Court of Australia , which would not only interpret the Constitution , like the United States Supreme Court , but also would be a court of appeal from the state Supreme Courts . The draft effectively removed appeals to the Privy Council , allowing them only if the British monarch gave leave to appeal and not allowing appeals at all in constitutional matters . This draft was largely the work of Sir Samuel Griffith , then the Premier of Queensland , later Chief Justice of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of Australia . Other significant contributors to the judicial clauses in the draft included Attorney - General of Tasmania Andrew Inglis Clark , who had prepared his own constitution prior to the convention . Inglis Clark 's most significant contribution was to give the court its own constitutional authority , ensuring the separation of powers ; the original formulation from Griffith , Edmund Barton and Charles Kingston provided only that the parliament could establish a court . Andrew Inglis Clark , prominent contributor to the clauses about the High Court in the Constitution of Australia . At the later conventions , in Adelaide in 1897 , in Sydney later the same year and in Melbourne in early 1898 , there were changes to the earlier draft . In Adelaide , the name of the court was changed from Supreme Court of Australia to High Court of Australia . Many people also opposed the new court completely replacing the Privy Council : many large businesses , particularly those which were subsidiaries of British companies or regularly traded with the United Kingdom , preferred for business reasons to keep the colonies under the unified jurisdiction of the British courts , and petitioned the conventions to that effect . Other arguments posited against removing Privy Council appeals were that Australian judges were of a poorer quality than English ones , and that without the Council 's oversight , the law in the colonies risked becoming different from English law . Some politicians , such as Sir George Dibbs , supported the petitioners , but others , including Alfred Deakin , supported the design of the court as it was . Inglis Clark took the view that the possibility of divergence was a good thing , for the law could adapt appropriately to Australian circumstances . Despite the debate , the portions of the draft dealing with the court remained largely unchanged , as the delegates focused on different matters . After the draft had been approved by the electors of the colonies , it was taken to London in 1899 , for the assent of the British Imperial Parliament . However the issue of Privy Council appeals remained a sticking point with a number of Australian and British politicians , including the Secretary of State for the Colonies , Joseph Chamberlain , the Chief Justice of South Australia , Sir Samuel Way , and the Chief Justice of Queensland , Sir Samuel Griffith . Indeed , in October 1899 , Griffith made representations to Chamberlain soliciting suggestions from British ministers for alterations to the draft , and offering some alterations of his own . Indeed , such was the effect of these and other representations that Chamberlain called for delegates from the colonies to come to London to assist with the approval process , with a view to their approving any alterations that the British government might see fit to make ; delegates were sent , including Deakin , Barton and Charles Kingston , although they were under instructions that they would never agree to changes . After intense lobbying both in Australia and in the United Kingdom , the Imperial Parliament finally approved the draft constitution , albeit with an altered section 74 , which represented a compromise between the two sides : there would be a general right of appeal from the High Court to the Privy Council , except that the Parliament of Australia would be able to make laws restricting this avenue , and also that appeals in inter se matters ( matters concerning the boundary between and limits of the powers of the Commonwealth and the powers of the states ) were not as of right , but had to be certified by the High Court . Formation of the Court ( edit ) The first Chief Justice of Australia , Sir Samuel Griffith , is administered the judicial oath at the first sitting of the High Court , in the Banco Court of the Supreme Court of Victoria , 6 October 1903 . The Constitution was passed by the Imperial Parliament , and came into effect on 1 January 1901 . However , the High Court was not established immediately ; it was necessary for the new Parliament of Australia to make laws about the structure and procedure of the court . Some of the members of the First Parliament , including Sir John Quick , then one of the leading legal experts in Australia , opposed legislation to set up the court . Even H.B. Higgins , who was himself later appointed to the court , objected to setting it up , on the grounds that it would be impotent while Privy Council appeals remained , and that in any event there was not enough work for a federal court to make it viable . In 1902 , the then Attorney - General Alfred Deakin introduced the Judiciary Bill 1902 in the House of Representatives . Although Deakin and Griffith had produced a draft bill as early as February 1901 , it was continually delayed by opponents in the parliament , and the success of the bill is generally attributed to Deakin 's passion and effort in pushing the bill through the parliament despite this opposition . Deakin had proposed that the court be composed of five judges , specially selected to the court ; opponents instead proposed that the court should be made up of state Supreme Court justices , taking turns to sit on the High Court on a rotation basis , as had been mooted at the Constitutional Conventions a decade before . Deakin eventually negotiated amendments with the opposition , reducing the number of judges from five to three , and eliminating financial benefits such as pensions . At one point , Deakin even threatened to resign as Attorney - General due to the difficulties he faced . In what is now a famous speech , Deakin gave a second reading to the House of Representatives , lasting three and a half hours , in which he declared : `` The federation is constituted by distribution of powers , and it is this court which decides the orbit and boundary of every power ... It is properly termed the keystone of the federal arch ... The statute stands and will stand on the statute - book just as in the hour in which it was assented to . But the nation lives , grows and expands . Its circumstances change , its needs alter , and its problems present themselves with new faces . ( The High Court ) enables the Constitution to grow and be adapted to the changeful necessities and circumstances of generation after generation that the High Court operates . '' Deakin 's friend , painter Tom Roberts , who viewed the speech from the public gallery , declared it Deakin 's `` magnum opus '' . The Judiciary Act 1903 was finally passed on 25 August 1903 , and the first three justices , Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith and Justices Sir Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor were appointed on 5 October of that year . On 6 October , the court held its first sitting in the Banco Court in the Supreme Court of Victoria . On 12 October 1906 , the size of the High Court was increased to five Justices , and Deakin appointed H.B. Higgins and Isaac Isaacs to the High Court . In February , 1913 , the High Court was increased again , with the addition of two justices , bringing the total to seven . Charles Powers and Albert Bathurst Piddington were appointed , however , the outcry against their appointments was so great that Justice Piddington resigned on 5 April 1913 , without having taken up his seat . First years of the Court ( edit ) The court 's home between 1928 and 1980 , the purpose - built courtroom in Little Bourke Street , Melbourne . After the court 's first sitting in the Banco Court in Melbourne , the court continued to use that court until 1928 , when a dedicated courtroom was built in Little Bourke Street , next to the Supreme Court of Victoria , which provided the court 's Melbourne sitting place and housed the court 's principal registry until 1980 . The court also sat regularly in Sydney , where it originally shared space in the Criminal Courts in the suburb of Darlinghurst , before a dedicated courtroom was constructed next door in 1923 . The annexe to the Criminal Court in Darlinghurst , the court 's home in Sydney . The court travelled to other cities across the country , where it did not have any facilities of its own but used facilities of the Supreme Court in each city . Deakin had envisaged that the court would sit in many different locations , so as to truly be a federal court . Shortly after the court 's creation , Chief Justice Griffith established a schedule for sittings in state capitals : Hobart , Tasmania in February , Brisbane , Queensland in June , Perth , Western Australia in September and Adelaide , South Australia in October ; it is said that Griffith established this schedule because those were the times of year he found the weather most pleasant in each city . The tradition remains to this day , although most of the court 's sittings are now conducted in Canberra . Sittings were dependent on the caseload and to this day sittings in Hobart occur only once every few years . There are annual sittings in Perth , Adelaide and Brisbane for up to a week each . During the Great Depression , sittings outside of Melbourne and Sydney were suspended to reduce costs . During World War II , the court faced a period of change . The Chief Justice , Sir John Latham , served from 1940 to 1941 as Australia 's first ambassador to Japan , although his activities in this role were limited by the mutual assistance pact that Japan had entered into with the Axis powers before he could arrive in Tokyo , and were curtailed by the commencement of the Pacific War . Justice Sir Owen Dixon was also absent for several years , while he served as Australia 's minister to the United States in Washington . Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Latham 's absence . There were many difficult cases concerning the federal government 's use of the defence power during the war . Post-war period ( edit ) From 1952 , with the appointment of Sir Owen Dixon as Chief Justice , the court entered a period of stability . After World War II , the court 's workload continued to grow , particularly from the 1960s onwards , putting pressures on the court . Sir Garfield Barwick , who was Attorney - General from 1958 to 1964 , and from then until 1981 Chief Justice , proposed that more federal courts be established , as permitted under the Constitution . In 1976 the Federal Court of Australia was established , with a general federal jurisdiction , and in more recent years the Family Court and Federal Magistrates Court have been set up to reduce the court 's workload in specific areas . In 1968 , appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation were barred by the Privy Council ( Limitation of Appeals ) Act 1968 . In 1975 , the Privy Council ( Appeals from the High Court ) Act 1975 closed all routes of appeal from the High Court . In 1986 , with the passing of the Australia Act by both the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Australia ( with the request and consent of the Australian States ) , direct appeals to the Privy Council from state Supreme Courts were also closed off , leaving the High Court as the only avenue of appeal . The life tenure of High Court Justices was ended in 1977 . A national referendum in May 1977 approved the Constitution Alteration ( Retirement of Judges ) Act ( Cth ) , which upon its commencement on 29 July 1977 amended section 72 of the Constitution so as require that all Justices appointed from then on must retire on attaining the age of 70 years . The High Court of Australia Act 1979 ( Cth ) , which commenced on 21 April 1980 , gave the High Court power to administer its own affairs and prescribed the qualifications for , and method of appointment of , its Justices . Jurisprudence ( edit ) The legal history of the court is commonly summarised by reference to the Chief Justice of the time . While it is a convenient way of breaking the history of the Court into periods , it tends to overstate the importance of the Chief Justice and ignores the influence and tenure of other members of the Court . For example , Isaacs J was the primary force in the Knox Court , while the time of his own appointment as Chief Justice saw the emergence of Dixon J as the new intellectual leader of the Court . Griffith Court ( edit ) Sir Isaac Isaacs , Justice from 1906 and Chief Justice from 1930 -- 1931 As the first High Court , the court under Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith had to establish its position as a new court of appeal for the whole of Australia and had to develop a new body of principle for interpreting the Constitution of Australia and federal legislation . Griffith himself was very much the dominant influence on the court in its early years , but after the appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs and H.B. Higgins in 1906 , and the death of foundation Justice Richard O'Connor , Griffith 's influence began to decline . The court was keen to establish its position at the top of the Australian court hierarchy . In Deakin v Webb ( 1904 ) Griffith criticised the Supreme Court of Victoria for following a Privy Council decision about the Constitution of Canada , rather than following the High Court 's own decision on the Australian Constitution . In Australian constitutional law , the early decisions of the court were influenced by United States constitutional law . In the case of D'Emden v Pedder ( 1904 ) , which involved the application of Tasmanian stamp duty to a federal official 's salary , the court adopted the doctrine of implied immunity of instrumentalities which had been established in the United States Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1803 ) . That doctrine established that any attempt by the federal government to interfere with the legislative or executive power of the Australian states was invalid , and vice versa . Accompanying that doctrine was the doctrine of reserved State powers , which was based on the principle that the powers of the Australian parliament should be interpreted narrowly , to avoid intruding on areas of power traditionally exercised by the state parliaments . The concept was developed in such cases as Peterswald v Bartley ( 1904 ) , R v Barger ( 1908 ) and the Union Label case ( 1908 ) . Together the two doctrines helped smooth the transition to a federal system of government and `` by preserving a balance between the constituent elements of the Australian federation , probably conformed to community sentiment , which at that stage was by no means adjusted to the exercise of central power . '' The court had a generally conservative view of the Constitution , taking narrow interpretations of section 116 ( which guarantees religious freedom ) and section 117 ( which prevents discrimination on the basis of someone 's state of origin ) , interpretations that were to last well into the 1980s . Two of the original judges of the Court , Griffith and Sir Edmund Barton , were frequently consulted by governors - general , including on the exercise of the reserve powers . This practice of consultation has continued from time to time since . Knox , Isaacs and Gavan Duffy courts ( edit ) Adrian Knox became Chief Justice on 18 October 1919 and less than three months later , foundation Justice Sir Edmund Barton died , leaving no original members . The most significant case of the era was the Engineers case ( 1920 ) , decided at the beginning of Knox 's term . In that case , the doctrines of reserved State powers and implied immunity of instrumentalities were both overturned , and the court entered a new era of constitutional interpretation in which the focus would fall almost exclusively on the text of the Constitution , and in which the powers of the Australian parliament would gain increasing importance . Knox was knighted in 1921 , the only Chief Justice to be knighted during his term . Some of the Knox court 's early work related to the aftermath of World War I. In Roche v Kronheimer ( 1921 ) , the Court upheld federal legislation which allowed for the making of regulations to implement Australia 's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles . The majority decided the case on the defence power , but Higgins decided it on the external affairs power , the first case to decide that the external affairs power could be used to implement an international treaty in Australia . Sir Isaac Isaacs was Chief Justice for only forty - two weeks , before leaving the court to be appointed Governor - General of Australia . Isaacs was ill for much of his term as Chief Justice and few significant cases were decided under his formal leadership ; rather , his best years were under Knox , where he was the most senior Justice and led the court in many decisions . Sir Frank Gavan Duffy was Chief Justice for four years beginning in 1931 , although he was already 78 when appointed to the position and did not exert much influence , given that ( excluding single - Justice cases ) he participated in only 40 per cent of cases in that time , and regularly gave short judgments or joint judgments with other Justices . In the context of the Great Depression , the court was reduced to six Justices , resulting in many tied decisions which have no lasting value as precedent . During this time , the court did decide several important cases , including Attorney - General ( New South Wales ) v Trethowan ( 1932 ) , which considered Premier of New South Wales Jack Lang 's attempt to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council , and the First State Garnishee case ( 1932 ) , which upheld federal legislation compelling the Lang government to repay its loans . Much of the court 's other work related to legislation passed in response to the Depression . Latham Court ( edit ) John Latham , before his appointment to the court , as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for External Affairs in the Lyons government . The court under Chief Justice Sir John Latham , who came to the office in 1935 , was punctuated by World War II . Although it dealt with cases in other areas , its most important and lasting work related to wartime legislation , and the transition back to peace following the war . The court upheld much legislation under the defence power , interpreting it broadly wherever there was a connection to defence purposes , in cases such as Andrews v Howell ( 1941 ) and de Mestre v Chisholm ( 1944 ) . In general , the Curtin Labor government was rarely successfully challenged , the court recognising the necessity that the defence power permit the federal government to govern strongly . The court also allowed the federal government to institute a national income tax scheme in the First Uniform Tax case ( 1942 ) , and upheld legislation allowing the proclamation of the pacifist Jehovah 's Witnesses religion as a subversive organisation , in the Jehovah 's Witnesses case ( 1943 ) . The court reined in the wide scope of the defence power after the war , allowing for a transitional period . It struck down several key planks of the Chifley Labor government 's reconstruction program , notably an attempt to nationalise the banks in the Bank Nationalisation case ( 1948 ) , and an attempt to establish a comprehensive medical benefits scheme in the First Pharmaceutical Benefits case ( 1945 ) . However the court also famously struck down Menzies Liberal government legislation banning the Communist Party of Australia in the Communist Party case ( 1951 ) , Latham 's last major case . Apart from the wartime cases , the Latham court also developed the criminal defence of honest and reasonable mistake of fact , for example in Proudman v Dayman ( 1941 ) . It also paved the way for the development of the external affairs power by upholding the implementation of an air navigation treaty in R v Burgess ; Ex parte Henry ( 1936 ) . Dixon Court ( edit ) The bench in 1952 , shortly before Chief Justice Latham 's retirement . Back , left to right , Fullagar , Webb , Williams & Kitto . Front , left to right , Dixon , Latham & McTiernan . Under Chief Justice Sir Owen Dixon , who was elevated to that role in 1952 after 23 years as a Justice , the court enjoyed its most successful period , with British judge , Master of the Rolls Lord Denning , describing the time as the court 's `` Golden Age '' . Dixon , widely regarded as Australia 's greatest judge , had a commanding personal and legal influence over the court in this time , measurable in the rise in joint judgments ( many of which were led by Dixon ) and good relations between the Justices . While there were fewer cases which tested the limits of federal power , probably due to the Menzies government which was firmly entrenched in its conservative phase throughout Dixon 's tenure , the court did decide several important constitutional cases . Dixon led the court in firmly establishing the separation of powers for the judiciary in the Boilermakers ' case ( 1956 ) , and the court also upheld the continuing existence of the federal government 's income tax scheme in the Second Uniform Tax case ( 1957 ) . During Dixon 's time as Chief Justice , the court came to adopt several of the views that Dixon had advanced in minority opinions in years prior . In several cases , the court upheld Dixon 's interpretation of section 92 ( one of the most troublesome sections of the Constitution ) , which he regarded as guaranteeing a constitutional right to engage in interstate trade , subject to reasonable regulation . It also followed Dixon 's interpretation of section 90 ( which prohibits the states from exacting duties of excise ) , although both these interpretations were ultimately abandoned many years later . Barwick Court ( edit ) Sir Garfield Barwick came to the court as Chief Justice in 1964 . A significant decision of the Barwick court marked the beginning of the modern interpretation of the corporations power , which had been interpreted narrowly since 1909 . The Concrete Pipes case ( 1971 ) established that the federal parliament could exercise the power to regulate at least the trading activities of corporations , whereas earlier interpretations had allowed only the regulation of conduct or transactions with the public . The court decided many other significant constitutional cases , including the Seas and Submerged Lands case ( 1975 ) , upholding legislation asserting sovereignty over the territorial sea ; the First ( 1975 ) and Second ( 1977 ) Territory Senators ' cases , which concerned whether legislation allowing for the mainland territories to be represented in the Parliament of Australia was valid ; and Russell v Russell ( 1976 ) , which concerned the validity of the Family Law Act 1975 . The court also decided several cases relating to the historic 1974 joint sitting of the Parliament of Australia , including Cormack v Cope ( 1974 ) and the Petroleum and Minerals Authority case ( 1975 ) . The Barwick court decided several infamous cases on tax avoidance and tax evasion , almost always deciding against the taxation office . Led by Barwick himself in most judgments , the court distinguished between avoidance ( legitimately minimising one 's tax obligations ) and evasion ( illegally evading obligations ) . The decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s , a result which drew much criticism upon the court . Gibbs Court ( edit ) Sir Harry Gibbs was appointed as Chief Justice in 1981 . Under his leadership , the court moved away from the legalism and conservative traditions which had characterised the Dixon and Barwick courts . The Gibbs court made several important decisions in Australian constitutional law . It allowed the Federal Parliament to make very wide use of the external affairs power , by holding that this power could be used to implement treaties into domestic law with very few justiciable limits . In Koowarta v Bjelke - Petersen ( 1982 ) four judges to three upheld the validity of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 , although no single view had majority support . However , in the Tasmanian Dams case ( 1983 ) , a majority of the court upheld federal environmental legislation under the power . The court also adopted a more expansive interpretation of the corporations power . In the Actors Equity case ( 1982 ) , the court upheld regulations which , although they did not directly regulate corporations , indirectly protected corporations . In the Tasmanian Dams case , the court indicated that it would interpret the power to uphold legislation regulating the non-trading activities of corporations , although it did not decide the case on that basis . The external affairs power and the corporations power have both been increasingly relied on by the federal government to extend its authority in recent years . In administrative law , the court expanded on the doctrines of natural justice and procedural fairness in Kioa v West ( 1985 ) . Although Gibbs himself dissented on those points , he did decide that executive decision makers were obliged to take humanitarian principles into consideration . Outside of specific areas of law , the court was also involved in several cases of public significance , including the Chamberlain case ( 1984 ) , concerning Lindy Chamberlain , and A v Hayden ( 1984 ) , concerning the botched ASIS exercise at the Sheraton Hotel in Melbourne . Mason Court ( edit ) Sir Anthony Mason became Chief Justice in 1987 . The Mason court was very stable , with only one change in the bench in its eight years , the appointment of Michael McHugh after Sir Ronald Wilson 's retirement . The court under Mason was widely regarded as the most liberal bench in the court 's history . The Mason court made many important decisions in all areas of Australian law . One of its first major cases was Cole v Whitfield ( 1988 ) , concerning the troublesome section 92 , which had been interpreted inconsistently and confusingly since the beginning of the court . For the first time , the court referred to historical materials such as the debates of the Constitutional Conventions to ascertain the purpose of the section , and the unanimous decision indicated `` a willingness to overturn established doctrines and precedents perceived to be no longer working '' , a trend which typified the Mason court . The most popularly significant case decided by the Mason court was the Mabo case ( 1992 ) , in which the court found that the common law was capable of recognising native title . The decision was one of the High Court 's most controversial of all time and represented the tendency of the Mason court to receive `` high praise and stringent criticism in equal measure . '' Other controversial cases included the War Crimes Act case ( 1991 ) , regarding the validity of the War Crimes Act 1945 ; Dietrich v The Queen ( 1992 ) , in which the court found that a lack of legal representation in a serious criminal case can result in an unfair trial ; Sykes v Cleary ( 1992 ) , regarding the disputed election of Phil Cleary ; and Teoh 's case ( 1995 ) , in which the court held that ratification of a treaty by the executive could create a legitimate expectation that members of the executive would act in accordance with that treaty . The court developed the concept of implied human rights in the Constitution in cases such as Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth ( 1992 ) , Nationwide News v Wills ( 1992 ) and Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times ( 1994 ) , in which the court recognised an implied freedom of political communication arising from the nature of the Constitution in laying out a system of representative government . In other areas of law , the court developed doctrines of equity in relation to commercial law and contract law , in cases such as Waltons Stores v Maher ( 1988 ) and Trident General Insurance v McNiece ( 1988 ) , and made significant developments in tort law , in cases such as Rogers v Whitaker ( 1992 ) and Burnie Port Authority v General Jones ( 1994 ) . Brennan Court ( edit ) Sir Gerald Brennan succeeded Mason in 1995 . In contrast to the previous court , the Brennan court had many changes in its membership despite being only three years long . The court decided many significant cases . In Ha v New South Wales ( 1997 ) the court invalidated a New South Wales tobacco licensing scheme , reining in the licensing scheme exception to the prohibition states levying excise duties , contained in section 90 of the Australian Constitution . While it did not overturn previous cases in which schemes had been upheld , it did emphasise that the states could not stray too far from the constitutional framework . The Brennan court made a number of significant decisions in relation to the judiciary of Australia . In Grollo v Palmer ( 1995 ) and Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs ( 1998 ) , the court developed the persona designata doctrine , and in Kable v DPP ( 1997 ) , the court rejected attempts by the Parliament of New South Wales to establish a system of preventative detention and found that the states do not have unlimited ability to regulate their courts , given the place of the courts in the Australian court hierarchy . The court decided several cases relating to the implied freedom of political communication developed by the Mason court , notably Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) and Levy v Victoria ( 1997 ) . It also decided several native title cases , including the controversial Wik case ( 1996 ) . Gleeson Court ( edit ) Murray Gleeson was appointed Chief Justice in 1998 . The court under Gleeson 's leadership was generally regarded as more conservative than under Mason or Brennan , favouring legalism in the tradition of the Dixon and Barwick courts . In the Cross-vesting case ( 1999 ) , the court struck down legislation vesting certain areas of federal jurisdiction in the Supreme Courts of the states . In Al - Kateb v Godwin ( 2004 ) a majority of the court applied a narrow interpretation of the Migration Act 1958 , finding that it permitted executively - imposed indefinite detention of stateless persons . However , the court did not entirely shy away from principle and public policy in its decisions . In Egan v Willis ( 1998 ) , the court supported the New South Wales Legislative Council 's ability to suspend the Treasurer when he failed to produce documents before the Council , emphasising the purpose of the ability in facilitating responsible government . In Sue v Hill ( 1999 ) , the court recognised Australia 's emergence as a sovereign independent nation , finding that the United Kingdom was a `` foreign power '' . The Gleeson court decided a number of important native title cases , including Yanner v Eaton ( 1999 ) , Western Australia v Ward ( 2002 ) and the Yorta Yorta case ( 2002 ) . In tort law , the court 's significant decisions include Perre v Apand Pty Ltd ( 1999 ) , concerning negligence actions where there is only pure economic loss as opposed to physical or mental injury , Dow Jones v Gutnick ( 2002 ) , regarding defamation on the Internet , and Cattanach v Melchior ( 2003 ) , a wrongful life case involving a healthy child . In criminal law , the court in R v Tang ( 2008 ) upheld slavery convictions against the owner of a brothel who had held several women in debt bondage after they had been trafficked to Australia . Perhaps the Gleeson court 's most significant case was among its later ones . In the WorkChoices case ( 2006 ) , the court finally explicitly accepted a wide reading of the corporations power , after years of gradual expansion following the Concrete Pipes case ( 1971 ) . French Court ( edit ) Robert French was appointed Chief Justice in September 2008 . The first decision handed down by the French Court was Lujans v Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd ( 2008 ) , a case dealing with a motor vehicle accident . One of the most notable judgments handed down by the French Court was Pape v Commissioner of Taxation ( 2009 ) , a constitutional law case concerning the existence of the Commonwealth 's so - called `` appropriation power '' and the scope of its executive and taxation powers . Kiefel Court ( edit ) Susan Kiefel was appointed Chief Justice in January 2017 . The Kiefel court has decided two important constitutional cases : in Brown v Tasmania , its members adopted a conflicting variety of approaches to the implied freedom of political communication ; while in Re Canavan , which attracted huge public interest , the court 's unanimous decision adhered to an interpretation of section 44 of the Constitution according to its `` ordinary and natural meaning '' . In Wilkie v Commonwealth the Court held that expenditure for the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey had been approved by Parliament and was the collection of `` statistical information '' that could be conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics . Composition of the Court ( edit ) Main article : List of Justices of the High Court of Australia The High Court of Australia is composed of seven Justices : the Chief Justice of Australia and six other Justices . Appointment process ( edit ) Appointments are officially made by the Governor - General in Council . In practice , appointees are nominated by the Prime Minister , on advice from the Cabinet , particularly from the Attorney - General of Australia . For example , four Justices were appointed while Andrew Fisher was Prime Minister , but it was largely on Attorney - General Billy Hughes ' authority that the candidates were chosen . Since 1979 , the Attorney - General has been required to consult with the Attorneys - General of the states and territories of Australia about appointments to the court . The process was first used in relation to the appointment of Justice Wilson , and has been generally successful , despite the occasional criticism that the states merely have a consultative , rather than a determinative , role in the selection process . There are no qualifications for Justices in the Constitution ( other than that they must be under the compulsory retirement age of 70 ) . The High Court of Australia Act 1979 requires that appointees have been a judge of a federal , state or territory court , or that they have been enrolled as a legal practitioner for at least five years with either the High Court itself or with a state or territory Supreme Court . There are no other formal requirements . The appointment process stands in stark contrast with the highly public selection and confirmation process for justices of the Supreme Court of the United States . While there are people who are critical of the secrecy of the process and who advocate a more public method for appointments , there are relatively few who dispute the quality of appointees . Three Chief Justices ( Sir Adrian Knox , Sir John Latham and Sir Garfield Barwick ) had previously been conservative politicians prior to their appointment . However , there is frequent criticism of Barwick 's intervention in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , when he gave advice to Governor - General Sir John Kerr . On the other side of politics , Labor politicians Dr H.V. Evatt QC , Sir Edward McTiernan and Lionel Murphy QC were also appointed to the High Court ; Murphy , Attorney - General in the Whitlam government , was criticised by the conservative side at the time of his appointment but after a decade in office had risen , on occasion , to the heights of Acting Chief Justice . His reputation was gravely damaged in 1985 after illegal police phone - tapping led to charges that he had attempted to pervert the course of justice . He was eventually acquitted of all charges . Current composition ( edit ) v t e Name State Date appointed Mandatory retirement Appointing Governor - General Nominating Prime Minister Previous judicial posting ( s ) Education Kiefel , Susan Susan Kiefel AC ( Chief Justice ) Queensland 000000002017 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2017 ( as Chief Justice ) 000000002007 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 2007 ( as Justice ) 000000002024 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2024 Cosgrove , Sir Peter Sir Peter Cosgrove ( as Chief Justice ) Jeffery , Michael Michael Jeffery ( as Justice ) Turnbull , Malcolm Malcolm Turnbull ( Liberal , as Chief Justice ) Howard , John John Howard ( Liberal , as Justice ) Supreme Court of Queensland Federal Court of Australia Queensland Barristers ' Admission Board University of Cambridge Bell , Virginia Virginia Bell AC New South Wales 000000002009 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2009 000000002021 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2021 Bryce , Dame Quentin Dame Quentin Bryce Rudd , Kevin Kevin Rudd ( Labor ) Supreme Court of New South Wales University of Sydney Gageler , Stephen Stephen Gageler AC New South Wales 000000002012 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2012 000000002028 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 2028 Bryce , Dame Quentin Dame Quentin Bryce Gillard , Julia Julia Gillard ( Labor ) None ; former Solicitor - General of Australia Australian National University Harvard University Keane , Patrick Patrick Keane AC Queensland 000000002013 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2013 000000002022 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2022 Bryce , Dame Quentin Dame Quentin Bryce Gillard , Julia Julia Gillard ( Labor ) Supreme Court of Queensland Federal Court of Australia University of Queensland University of Oxford Nettle , Geoffrey Geoffrey Nettle Victoria 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2015 000000002020 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 2020 Cosgrove , Sir Peter Sir Peter Cosgrove Abbott , Tony Tony Abbott ( Liberal ) Supreme Court of Victoria Australian National University University of Melbourne University of Oxford Gordon , Michelle Michelle Gordon Victoria 000000002015 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2015 000000002034 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2034 Cosgrove , Sir Peter Sir Peter Cosgrove Abbott , Tony Tony Abbott ( Liberal ) Federal Court of Australia University of Western Australia Edelman , James James Edelman Western Australia 000000002017 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2017 000000002044 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2044 Cosgrove , Sir Peter Sir Peter Cosgrove Turnbull , Malcolm Malcolm Turnbull ( Liberal ) Federal Court of Australia Supreme Court of Western Australia University of Western Australia Murdoch University University of Oxford Initial composition ( edit ) The first bench of the High Court : Barton , Griffith and O'Connor seated , with court officials in the background . Photo taken at the first sitting of the court on 6 October 1903 . The first three justices of the High Court were Chief Justice , Sir Samuel Griffith , Justice Sir Edmund Barton , and Justice Richard Edward O'Connor . There were a number of possible candidates for the first bench of the High Court . In addition to the eventual appointees , names which had been mentioned in the press included two future Justices of the court , Henry Higgins and Isaac Isaacs , along with Andrew Inglis Clark , Sir John Downer , Sir Josiah Symon and George Wise . ( Crucially , all of the above had previously served as politicians , with only Griffith and Inglis Clark possessing both political and judicial experience . ) Barton and O'Connor were both members of the federal parliament and both from the government benches ; indeed Barton was Prime Minister . Each of the eventual appointees had participated in the drafting of the Constitution and had intimate knowledge of it . All three were described as conservative and their jurisprudence was very much influenced by English law , and in relation to the Constitution , by United States law . Expansion of composition ( edit ) In 1906 , at the request of the Justices , two more seats were added to the bench , with Isaacs and Higgins the appointees . After O'Connor's death in 1912 , an amendment to the Judiciary Act 1903 expanded the bench to seven . For most of 1930 two seats were left vacant due to monetary constraints placed on the court by the Depression . The economic downturn had also led to a reduction in litigation and consequently less work for the court . After Sir Isaac Isaacs retired in 1931 , his seat was left empty , and in 1933 an amendment to the Judiciary Act officially reduced the number of seats to six . However , this led to some decisions being split three - all . With the appointment of William Webb in 1946 , the number of seats returned to seven , and since then the court has had a full complement of seven Justices . As of 2015 there have been 52 Justices , twelve of whom have been Chief Justice . Recent developments in composition ( edit ) Current Justices Susan Kiefel , Virginia Bell and Michelle Gordon are the third , fourth and fifth women to sit on the bench , after Justices Mary Gaudron and Susan Crennan . There are three women sitting concurrently on the bench , alongside four men . In 2017 , Justice Kiefel became the first woman to be appointed Chief Justice . More than half of the Justices , twenty - six , have been residents of New South Wales ( with twenty - four of these graduates of Sydney Law School ) . Thirteen have been from Victoria , eight from Queensland and four from Western Australia . No Justices have been residents of South Australia , Tasmania or any of the territories . The majority of the Justices have been from Protestant backgrounds , with a smaller number from Catholic backgrounds . Sir Isaac Isaacs was of Polish / Jewish background , the only representative of any other faith . Many Justices have not indicated whether they have religious views . Michael Kirby was the first openly gay justice in the history of the Court ; his replacement , Virginia Bell , is the first lesbian , who has been an active campaigner for gay and lesbian rights and was one of the participants in the first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in 1978 . Almost every single judge on the High Court has taken silk as a Queen 's Counsel ( QC ) , King 's Counsel ( KC ) or Senior Counsel ( SC ) before appointment . The exceptions are : Justice Sir Hayden Starke ( although he refused to take silk ) , Justices Sir Edward McTiernan , Sir William Webb , Sir Cyril Walsh , Michael Kirby , Robert French and James Edelman . From the retirement of Ian Callinan in 2007 until the appointment of Stephen Gageler in 2012 , every justice of the High Court had prior judicial experience ( serving on state supreme courts or the Federal Court of Australia ) for the only time in its history . Although 13 justices of the Court had previously served in state , colonial or federal Parliaments , no parliamentarian has been appointed to the Court since Lionel Murphy 's appointment in 1975 . Judge 's associates ( edit ) The Chief Justice and each of the Justices engage associates to assist them in the exercise of their judicial functions . At present , all members of the High Court engage two associates for one - year terms . In addition , the Chief Justice is assisted by an employee of the library as a legal research officer . The role of the associate is broadly equivalent to that of a law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States . Depending on the judge , an associate 's responsibilities will typically include legal research , assistance in preparation for oral arguments , tipping in court during oral argument , editing judgments and assisting with extrajudicial functions , such as speechwriting . Associates generally will have graduated with first class honours , at or near the top of their class , from a leading law school . Associates will typically also have research experience ( and often experience working for a law firm or university or another court ) . Accordingly , competition for associate positions is very high with hundreds of applications being received annually . Sir Keith Aickin , Justice Stephen Gageler and Justice James Edelman all served as associates at the High Court of Australia to Sir Owen Dixon , Sir Anthony Mason and Justice Toohey respectively . Facilities ( edit ) Building ( edit ) High Court building , viewed across Lake Burley Griffin In the 1950s , Prime Minister Robert Menzies established a plan to develop Canberra and construct other important national buildings . A 1959 plan featured a new building for the High Court on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin , next to the location for the new Parliament House and the National Library of Australia . This plan was abandoned in 1968 and the location of the Parliament was moved , later settling on the present site on Capital Hill . In March 1968 , the government announced that the court would move to Canberra . In 1972 an international competition was held attracting 158 entries . In 1973 the firm of Edwards Madigan Torzillo Briggs was declared the winner of the two - stage competition . Architect Chris Kringas was the Principal Designer and Director in charge working with Feiko Bouman . In March 1975 , only one month before construction began , Kringas died , aged 38 . Following his death , Feiko Bouman , Hans Marelli and Colin Madigan supervised the construction of the design . The constructed building is largely identical to the 1973 competition design . Entry hall Construction began in April 1975 on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin , in the Parliamentary Triangle . The site is just to the east of the axis running between Capital Hill and the Australian War Memorial . The High Court building houses three courtrooms , Justices ' chambers , and the Court 's main registry , library , and corporate services facilities . It is an unusual and distinctive structure , built in the brutalist style , and features an immense public atrium with a 24 - metre - high roof . The neighbouring National Gallery was also designed by the firm of Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs . There are similarities between the two buildings in material and style but significant differences in architectural form and spatial concept . The building was completed in 1980 and the majority of the court 's sittings have been held in Canberra since then . The High Court and the National Gallery Precinct were added to the Australian National Heritage List in November 2007 . Online ( edit ) The High Court makes itself generally available to the public through its own website . Judgment Alerts , available on the Court 's website and by email with free subscription , provide subscribers with notice of upcoming judgments ( normally a week beforehand ) and , almost immediately after the delivery of a major judgment , with a brief summary of it ( normally not more than one page ) . All of the Court 's judgments , as well as transcripts of its hearings since 2009 and other materials , are made available , free of charge , through the Australasian Legal Information Institute . The Court has recently established on its website an `` eresources '' page , containing for each case its name , keywords , mentions of relevant legislation and a link to the full judgment ; these links go to the original text from 2000 onward , scanned texts from 1948 to 1999 and facsimiles from the Commonwealth Law Reports for their first 100 volumes ( 1903 to 1959 ) ; there are also facsimiles of some unreported judgments ( 1906 - 2002 ) . Since October 2013 , audio - visual recordings of full - court hearings held in Canberra have been available on its website . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Law portal Judiciary Act 1903 Australian court hierarchy Judiciary of Australia Law of Australia List of High Court of Australia cases List of Justices of the High Court of Australia List of Justices of the High Court of Australia by time in office List of law schools attended by Australian High Court Justices List of Chief Justices of Australia by time in office References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Courts '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . The High Court of Australia is the highest court of appeal Jump up ^ Owen Dixon ( 1952 ) . `` Address on being sworn in as Chief Justice '' . Commonwealth Law Reports . 85 : XIII . Jump up ^ Bennett , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` Foreword by Sir Garfield Barwick '' . Keystone of the Federal Arch . Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service . ISBN 0 - 642 - 04866 - 5 . Jump up ^ Judiciary Act 1903 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Australian Law Reform Commission . `` The Judicial Power of the Commonwealth '' . Australian Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ In Re Judiciary and Navigation Acts ( 1921 ) 29 CLR 257 , at 265 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia '' . Courts . Queensland Government . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ See for example `` Australasian Federation Enabling Act 1899 No 2 ( NSW ) '' ( PDF ) . NSW Parliamentary Council 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney - General ( Cth ) ( 1912 ) HCA 94 , ( 1912 ) 15 CLR 182 ^ Jump up to : Hull , Crispin ( 2003 ) . The High Court of Australia : celebrating the centenary 1903 -- 2003 . Lawbook Co . ISBN 0 - 455 - 21947 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd ( No 2 ) ( 1985 ) HCA 27 , ( 1985 ) 159 CLR 461 . Jump up ^ Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren ( 1967 ) HCA 21 . Jump up ^ Viro v The Queen ( 1978 ) HCA 9 . Jump up ^ * Gleeson , M ( 2002 ) . `` The Birth , Life and Death of Section 74 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Parker v The Queen ( 1963 ) HCA 14 . Jump up ^ Parker v The Queen ( 1964 ) AC 1369 ; ( 1964 ) 111 CLR 665 Jump up ^ Privy Council ( Limitation of Appeals ) Act 1968 ( Cth ) , which ended all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation Jump up ^ Privy Council ( Appeals from the High Court ) Act 1975 ( Cth ) , which prohibited almost all types of appeal from the High Court . Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( Imp ) Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( Cth ) ^ Jump up to : Payne v The Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation ( Australia ) ( 1936 ) UKPC 45 Jump up ^ Gleeson , M ( 2008 ) . `` The Privy Council -- An Australian Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Attorney General for Guyana v Nobrega ( Guyana ) ( 1969 ) UKPC 24 ^ Jump up to : Brunton v The Acting Commissioner of Stamp Duties for the State of New South Wales ( New South Wales ) ( 1913 ) UKPC 28 , ( 1913 ) AC 747 ^ Jump up to : The Municipal Council of Sydney v Campbell ( New South Wales ) ( 1924 ) UKPC 101 , ( 1925 ) AC 338 ^ Jump up to : Caratti Holding Co Pty Ltd v Zampatti ( Western Australia ) ( 1978 ) UKPC 24 ^ Jump up to : The Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Donald Peinkinna ( Queensland ) ( 1978 ) UKPC 1 Jump up ^ Odonkor v Kole ( Gold Coast Colony ) ( 1915 ) UKPC 34 Jump up ^ The Commissioner of Income Tax , Bombay Presidency v The Bombay Trust Corporation , Limited ( Bombay ) ( 1936 ) UKPC 53 Jump up ^ Kariapper v SS Wijesinha ( Ceylon ) ( 1967 ) UKPC 20 Jump up ^ Peiris v Appu ( Ceylon ) ( 1968 ) UKPC 5 , ( 1968 ) AC 869 Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Attorney - General for Dominica v Shillingford ( Dominica ) ( 1970 ) UKPC 15 Jump up ^ Tek v The Public Prosecutor ( Malaysia ) ( 1972 ) UKPC 10 Jump up ^ Ramcharan v The Queen ( Trinidad and Tobago ) ( 1972 ) UKPC 9 , ( 1973 ) AC 414 Jump up ^ Chin v The Collector of Stamp Duties ( Malaysia ) ( 1981 ) UKPC 22 Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Nauru relating to Appeals to the High Court of Australia from the Supreme Court of Nauru , 1976 ^ Jump up to : Williams , John ( 2003 ) . One hundred years of the High Court of Australia . King 's College , London . ISBN 1 - 85507 - 124 - X . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , J.M. ( 1980 ) . Keystone of the Federal Arch . Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service . ISBN 0 - 642 - 04866 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Williams hundred was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Gleeson s74 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ McHugh , Michael ( 15 February 2002 ) . The High Court and the Oxford Companion to the High Court ( Speech ) . Constitutional Law and Conference Dinner . Botanical Gardens Restaurant . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Alfred Deakin ( 1902 ) . `` Judiciary Bill , second reading '' . Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates. 8 : 10967 . Jump up ^ `` History of the High Court '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court Building '' . Our Nation 's First Capital . Public Records Office Victoria . Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ch 3 . History of the Origins and Development of the High Court of Australia '' ( PDF ) . High Court of Australia . 15 March 2011 . p. 19 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre ( 1986 ) . `` Latham , Sir John Greig ( 1877 -- 1964 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 10 . Melbourne University Press . pp. 2 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84327 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Philip ( April 2003 ) . `` Australia 's War in American Eyes : Owen Dixon in Washington , 1942 -- 43 '' ... Sydney : Quadrant Magazine . 47 ( 4 ) : 317 -- 24 . ISSN 1121 - 760X . PMID 14706927 . Archived from the original ( -- ) on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the High Court -- History of the High Court '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 10 December 2005 . ^ Jump up to : High Court of Australia -- History of the High Court Jump up ^ `` Constitution Alteration ( Retirement of Judges ) Act 1977 '' . ComLaw . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia Act 1979 '' . ComLaw . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , R ; Williams , G , eds. ( 2015 ) . The High Court , the Constitution and Australian Politics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107043664 . at pp. 7 - 8 , 101 - 103 , 118 - 119 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` Griffith Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Deakin v Webb ( 1904 ) HCA 57 , ( 1904 1 CLR 585 . Jump up ^ D'Emden v Pedder ( 1904 ) HCA 1 , ( 1904 ) 1 CLR 91 Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) Jump up ^ Peterswald v Bartley ( 1904 ) HCA 21 , ( 1904 ) 1 CLR 497 . Jump up ^ R v Barger ( 1908 ) HCA 43 , ( 1908 ) 6 CLR 41 Jump up ^ Attorney - General for NSW v Brewery Employees Union of NSW ( 1908 ) HCA 94 , ( 1908 ) 6 CLR 469 . Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 1999 ) . `` Griffith , Barton and the early governor - generals : aspects of Australia 's constitutional development '' . Public Law Review . Jump up ^ Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd . ( Engineers ' Case ) ( 1920 ) HCA 54 , ( 1920 ) 28 CLR 129 . Jump up ^ Roche v Kronheimer ( 1921 ) HCA 25 , ( 1921 ) 29 CLR 329 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Zelman ( 2001 ) . `` Isaac Alfred Isaacs '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fricke , Graham ( 2001 ) . `` Gavan Duffy Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Attorney - General ( NSW ) v Trethowan ( 1932 ) HCA 20 , ( 1932 ) 47 CLR 97 . Jump up ^ NSW v Commonwealth ( first State Garnishee case ) ( 1932 ) HCA 7 , ( 1932 ) 46 CLR 155 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Latham Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1941 ) HCA 20 ; ( 1941 ) 65 CLR 255 Jump up ^ ( 1944 ) HCA 8 ; ( 1944 ) 69 CLR 51 Jump up ^ ( 1942 ) 65 CLR 373 Jump up ^ ( 1943 ) HCA 12 ; ( 1943 ) 67 CLR 116 Jump up ^ ( 1948 ) HCA 7 ; ( 1948 ) 76 CLR 1 Jump up ^ ( 1945 ) HCA 30 ; ( 1945 ) 71 CLR 237 Jump up ^ ( 1951 ) HCA 5 ; ( 1951 ) 83 CLR 1 Jump up ^ ( 1941 ) HCA 28 ; ( 1941 ) 67 CLR 536 Jump up ^ ( 1936 ) HCA 52 ; ( 1936 ) 55 CLR 608 ^ Jump up to : Zines , Leslie ( 2001 ) . `` Dixon Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Ninian Sir ( 1986 ) . Sir Owen Dixon : a celebration . Carlton , Victoria : Melbourne University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 84330 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1956 ) HCA 10 ; ( 1956 ) 94 CLR 254 Jump up ^ ( 1957 ) HCA 54 ; ( 1957 ) 99 CLR 575 ^ Jump up to : ( 1971 ) HCA 40 ; ( 1971 ) 124 CLR 468 Jump up ^ ( 1975 ) HCA 58 ; ( 1975 ) 135 CLR 337 Jump up ^ ( 1975 ) HCA 46 ; ( 1975 ) 134 CLR 201 Jump up ^ ( 1977 ) HCA 60 ; ( 1977 ) 139 CLR 585 Jump up ^ ( 1976 ) HCA 23 ; ( 1976 ) 134 CLR 495 Jump up ^ ( 1974 ) HCA 28 ; ( 1974 ) 131 CLR 432 Jump up ^ ( 1975 ) HCA 39 ; ( 1975 ) 134 CLR 81 Jump up ^ Mason , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` Barwick Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Twomey , Anne ( 2001 ) . `` Gibbs Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1982 ) HCA 27 ; ( 1982 ) 153 CLR 168 Jump up ^ ( 1983 ) HCA 21 ; ( 1983 ) 158 CLR 1 Jump up ^ ( 1982 ) HCA 23 ; ( 1982 ) 150 CLR 169 Jump up ^ ( 1985 ) HCA 81 ; ( 1985 ) 159 CLR 550 Jump up ^ ( 1984 ) HCA 7 ; ( 1984 ) 153 CLR 521 Jump up ^ ( 1984 ) HCA 67 ; ( 1984 ) 156 CLR 532 Jump up ^ Pierce , Jason Louis ( 2006 ) , Inside the Mason Court revolution : the High Court of Australia transformed , Carolina Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59460 - 061 - 6 Jump up ^ ( 1988 ) HCA 18 ; ( 1988 ) 165 CLR 360 ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Michelle ; Doyle , John ( 2001 ) . `` Mason Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) HCA 23 ; ( 1992 ) 175 CLR 1 Jump up ^ ( 1991 ) HCA 32 ; ( 1991 ) 172 CLR 501 Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) HCA 57 ; ( 1992 ) 177 CLR 292 Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) HCA 60 ; ( 1992 ) 176 CLR 77 Jump up ^ ( 1995 ) HCA 20 ; ( 1995 ) 183 CLR 273 Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) HCA 45 ; ( 1992 ) 177 CLR 106 Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) HCA 46 ; ( 1992 ) 177 CLR 1 Jump up ^ ( 1994 ) HCA 46 ; ( 1994 ) 182 CLR 104 Jump up ^ ( 1988 ) HCA 7 ; ( 1988 ) 164 CLR 387 Jump up ^ ( 1988 ) HCA 44 ; ( 1988 ) 165 CLR 107 Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) HCA 58 ; ( 1992 ) 175 CLR 479 Jump up ^ ( 1994 ) HCA 13 ; ( 1994 ) 179 CLR 520 Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( 2001 ) . `` Brennan Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1997 ) HCA 34 ; ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 465 Jump up ^ ( 1995 ) HCA 26 Jump up ^ ( 1996 ) HCA 18 Jump up ^ ( 1996 ) HCA 24 Jump up ^ ( 1997 ) HCA 25 Jump up ^ ( 1997 ) HCA 31 Jump up ^ ( 1996 ) HCA 40 Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) HCA 27 Jump up ^ ( 2004 ) HCA 37 ; ( 2004 ) 219 CLR 562 Jump up ^ Zines , Leslie ( 2001 ) . `` Gleeson Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1998 ) HCA 71 Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) HCA 30 ; ( 1999 ) 199 CLR 462 Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) HCA 53 Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) HCA 28 Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) HCA 58 Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) HCA 36 Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) HCA 56 Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) HCA 38 Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) HCA 39 Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) HCA 52 Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) HCA 51 Jump up ^ ( 2009 ) HCA 23 Jump up ^ Brown v Tasmania ( 2017 ) HCA 43 . `` Judgment summary '' ( PDF ) . High Court . 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackshield , Tony ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Green in Judgment '' . Inside Story . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chordia , Shipra ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` The Trajectory of Structured Proportionality : Brown v Tasmania '' . AUSPUBLAW . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Tony ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Citizenship verdict : The High Court and the theatre of public execution '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Re Canavan ( 2017 ) HCA 45 . `` Judgment summary '' ( PDF ) . High Court . 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkie v Commonwealth ; Australian Marriage Equality v Minister for Finance ( 2017 ) HCA 40 . `` Judgment summary '' ( PDF ) . High Court . 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon & Williams ( eds ) , Ch 5 The Griffith Court by John M Williams p. 83 . Jump up ^ High Court of Australia Act 1979 ( Cth ) s 6 Jump up ^ Durack , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` High Court of Australia Act '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Section 72 of the Constitution , as amended in 1977 , before which there had been no compulsory retirement age . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( 2001 ) . `` Appointment of Justices '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lee , H.P. ; Winterton , G , eds. ( 2003 ) . Australian Constitutional Landmarks . Cambridge University Press . pp. 248 -- 50 . ISBN 052183158X . Jump up ^ Hocking , Jenny Lionel Murphy : A political biography , Cambridge University Press Melbourne 2000 , p304 Jump up ^ `` About the Justices '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the High Court '' . High Court . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dixon & Williams ( eds ) , Ch 5 The Griffith Court by John M Williams . Jump up ^ Dixon & Williams ( eds ) , pp. 78 - 80 , 118 - 119 , 141 - 143 , 160,161 . Jump up ^ `` Former Justices '' . High Court . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , George ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Susan Kiefel : Australia 's first female chief justice '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pely , Michael ( 20 December 2008 ) . `` NSW Supreme Court farewells High Court appointee Virginia Bell '' . The Australian . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dennett , Harley ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` New justice a 78'er '' . Sydney Star Observer . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , Katherine ( 2007 ) . `` Open Chambers : High Court Associates and Supreme Court Clerks Compared '' . Melbourne University Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 646 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applying for an associateship with a Justice of the High Court of Australia '' . High Court of Australia . Jump up ^ Feneley , Rick ( 10 January 2009 ) . `` The boy from Sandy Hollow '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Colin Madigan 1900 -- 2002 ( manuscript ) '' . Catalogue record . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 19 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian National Heritage listing for the High Court - National Gallery Precinct Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia : eresources '' . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia : Recent AV recordings '' . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Burnside , Sarah ( 2011 ) . `` Australian Judicial Biography : Past , Present and Future '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 57 ( 2 ) : 221 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2011. 01593. x . ISSN 0004 - 9522 . Fricke , Graham ( 1986 ) . Judges of the High Court . Hawthorn , Victoria : Hutchinson of Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 157150 - 4 . Carter , David J , James Brown and Adel Rahmani ( 2016 ) `` Reading the High Court at a Distance : Topic Modelling the Legal Subject Matter and Judicial Activity of the High Court of Australia , 1903 - 2015 '' University of New South Wales Law Journal , 39 ( 2 ) : 1300 . Full Text . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Court of Australia . High Court of Australia High Court Documentary , a short documentary on the High Court and its building . The Highest Court Documentary film , 1998 , DVD . Only film ever permitted to be made of the High Court in session , before video recordings of its proceedings . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sits in the high court of australia	[ "The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel, and six other Justices. They are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70.", "The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel, and six other Justices. They are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70.", "The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel, and six other Justices. They are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70.", "The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel, and six other Justices. They are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70." ]	[ "seven Justices", "Chief Justice of Australia", "Susan Kiefel", "six other Justices" ]
4984357305715153952	Congo River	Congo river - wikipedia Congo river It has been suggested that Lower Congo be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2018 . For other uses , see Congo River ( disambiguation ) . Congo River Zaire River The ninth - longest river in the World Source Lualaba River - location Boyoma Falls Mouth Atlantic Ocean Length 4,700 km ( 2,920 mi ) Basin 4,014,500 km ( 1,550,007 sq mi ) Discharge - average 41,200 m / s ( 1,454,964 cu ft / s ) - max 75,000 m / s ( 2,648,600 cu ft / s ) - min 23,000 m / s ( 812,237 cu ft / s ) The great Congo River ( also spelled Kongo River and known as the Zaire River ; French : ( le ) fleuve Congo / Zaïre ; Portuguese : rio Congo / Zaire ; Kongo : Nzâdi Kôngo ) is the second longest river in Africa , shorter only than the Nile , as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume , following only the Amazon . It is also the world 's deepest recorded river , with measured depths in excess of 220 m ( 720 ft ) . The Congo - Lualaba - Chambeshi River system has an overall length of 4,700 km ( 2,920 mi ) , which makes it the world 's ninth - longest river . The Chambeshi is a tributary of the Lualaba River , and Lualaba is the name of the Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls , extending for 1,800 km ( 1,120 mi ) . Measured along with the Lualaba , the main tributary , the Congo River has a total length of 4,370 km ( 2,715 mi ) . It is the only river to cross the equator twice . The Congo Basin has a total area of about 4,000,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) , or 13 % of the entire African landmass . Contents 1 Name 2 Basin and course 2.1 Tributaries to the great Congo river 3 Economic importance 3.1 Hydro - electric power 4 Natural history 5 Exploration 6 Bridges in the Congo Basin 6.1 Bridges on the Congo proper and Lualaba 6.2 Bridges on the Uele and Kibali rivers 6.3 Bridges on the Lulua river 7 Ferries in the Congo Basin 7.1 Ferries on the Congo proper 7.2 Ferries on the Kasai River and tributaries 7.3 Ferry on the Ubangi river 7.4 Ferry on the Mbomou river 7.5 Ferries on the Lulua river 7.6 Ferries on the Uele river 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Name ( edit ) The name Congo / Kongo river originates from the Kingdom of Kongo once located on the southern bank of the river . The kingdom in turn was named for the indigenous Bantu Kongo people , known in the 17th century as `` Esikongo '' . South of the Kingdom of Kongo proper lay the similarly named Kakongo kingdom , mentioned in 1535 . Abraham Ortelius in his world map of 1564 labeled as `` Manicongo '' the city at the mouth of the river . The tribal names in Kongo possibly derive from a word for a public gathering or tribal assembly . The modern name of the Kongo people or Bakongo was introduced in the early 20th century . The name Zaire is from a Portuguese adaptation of a Kikongo word , nzere ( `` river '' ) , a truncation of nzadi o nzere ( `` river swallowing rivers '' ) . The river was known as Zaire during the 16th and 17th centuries ; Congo seems to have replaced Zaire gradually in English usage during the 18th century , and Congo is the preferred English name in 19th - century literature , although references to Zahir or Zaire as the name used by the inhabitants remained common . The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo are named after it , as was the previous Republic of the Congo which had gained independence in 1960 from the Belgian Congo . The state of Zaire during 1971 -- 1997 was also named after the river , after its name in French and Portuguese . Basin and course ( edit ) Main article : Congo Basin The Congo 's drainage basin covers 4,014,500 square kilometres ( 1,550,000 sq mi ) . The Congo 's discharge at its mouth ranges from 23,000 to 75,000 cubic metres per second ( 810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft / s ) , with an average of 41,000 cubic metres per second ( 1,400,000 cu ft / s ) . The river and its tributaries flow through the Congo Rainforest , the second largest rain forest area in the world , second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America . The river also has the second - largest flow in the world , behind the Amazon ; the third - largest drainage basin of any river , behind the Amazon and Plate rivers ; and is one of the deepest rivers in the world , at depths greater than 220 m ( 720 ft ) . Because its drainage basin includes areas both north and south of the equator , its flow is stable , as there is always at least one part of the river experiencing a rainy season . The sources of the Congo are in the highlands and mountains of the East African Rift , as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru , which feed the Lualaba River , which then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls . The Chambeshi River in Zambia is generally taken as the source of the Congo in line with the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary , as with the Nile River . The Congo flows generally toward the northwest from Kisangani just below the Boyoma falls , then gradually bends southwestwards , passing by Mbandaka , joining with the Ubangi River , and running into the Pool Malebo ( Stanley Pool ) . Kinshasa ( formerly Léopoldville ) and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool , where the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons ( collectively known as the Livingstone Falls ) , running by Matadi and Boma , and into the sea at the small town of Muanda . The Congo River Basin is one of the distinct physiographic sections of the larger Mid-African province , which in turn is part of the larger African massive physiographic division . Tributaries to the great Congo river ( edit ) Course and Drainage basin of the Congo River with countries marked Course and Drainage basin of the Congo River with topography shading . The drainage basin of the Congo River includes most of Central Africa . The main river and tributaries are : Sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream . Lower Congo ( river mouth to Kinshasa ) Downstream of Kinshasa , from the river mouth at Banana , there are two major tributaries . Kwilu ( left ) Inkisi ( left ) Middle Congo ( Kinshasa to the Boyoma Falls ) Kwa - Kassai ( left ) -- 2150 km -- 881,900 km , 9,900 m / s Fimi Lukenie Kwango Sankuru Lefini ( right ) Sangha ( right ) -- 1,400 km , 213,400 km , 750 m / s Kadéï Ubangi / ( right ) -- 2,270 km , 772,800 km , 4,000 m / s Mbomou Uele Tshuapa or Ruki River ( left ) -- 1,000 km Lomami River ( left ) -- 1,400 km Upper Congo ( Upstream from the Boyoma Falls ) Upstream of Boyoma Falls near Kisangani , the river Congo is known as the Lualaba River . Luvua Luapula Chambeshi Economic importance ( edit ) The town of Mbandaka is a busy port on the banks of the Congo River . The Congo River at Maluku . Although the Livingstone Falls prevent access from the sea , nearly the entire Congo above them is readily navigable in sections , especially between Kinshasa and Kisangani . Large river steamers worked the river until quite recently . The Congo River still is a lifeline in a land with few roads or railways . Railways now bypass the three major falls , and much of the trade of Central Africa passes along the river , including copper , palm oil ( as kernels ) , sugar , coffee , and cotton . The river is also potentially valuable for hydroelectric power , and the Inga Dams below Pool Malebo are first to exploit the Congo river . Hydro - electric power ( edit ) See also : Inga dams The Congo River is the most powerful river in Africa . During the rainy season over 50,000 cubic metres ( 1,800,000 cu ft ) of water per second flow into the Atlantic Ocean . Opportunities for the Congo River and its tributaries to generate hydropower are therefore enormous . Scientists have calculated that the entire Congo Basin accounts for 13 percent of global hydropower potential . This would provide sufficient power for all of sub-Saharan Africa 's electricity needs . Currently there are about forty hydropower plants in the Congo Basin . The largest are the Inga dams , about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) southwest of Kinshasa . The project was launched in the early 1970s , when the first dam was completed . The plan as originally conceived called for the construction of five dams that would have had a total generating capacity of 34,500 megawatts . To date only the Inga I and Inga II dams have been built , generating 1,776 MW . In February 2005 , South Africa 's state - owned power company , Eskom , announced a proposal to expand generation through improvements and the construction of a new hydroelectric dam . The project would bring the maximum output of the facility to 40 gigawatts ( 54,000,000 hp ) , twice that of China 's Three Gorges Dam . It is feared that these new hydroelectric dams could lead to the extinction of many of the fish species that are native to the river . Natural history ( edit ) The beginning of the Livingstone Falls ( Lower Congo Rapids ) near Kinshasa The current course of the Congo River formed 1.5 -- 2 million years BP , during the Pleistocene . The Congo 's formation may have led to the allopatric speciation of the bonobo and the common chimpanzee from their most recent common ancestor . The bonobo is endemic to the humid forests in the region , as are other iconic species like the Allen 's swamp monkey , dryas monkey , aquatic genet , okapi , and Congo peafowl . In terms of aquatic life , the Congo River Basin has a very high species richness , and among the highest known concentrations of endemics . Until now , almost 700 fish species have been recorded from the Congo River Basin , and large sections remain virtually unstudied . This is by far the highest diversity of any African river system ( in comparison , the next richest are the Niger , Volta and Nile with about 210 , 140 and 130 fish species , respectively ) . Due to this and the great ecological differences between the regions in the Congo basin , it is often divided into multiple ecoregions ( instead of treating it as a single ecoregion ) . Among these ecoregions , the Lower Congo Rapids alone has more than 300 fish species , including approximately 80 endemics while the southwestern part ( Kasai Basin ) alone has more than 200 fish species , of which about a quarter are endemic . The dominant fish families -- at least in parts of the river -- are Cyprinidae ( carp / cyprinids , such as Labeo simpsoni ) , Mormyridae ( elephantfishes ) , Alestidae ( African tetras ) , Mochokidae ( squeaker catfishes ) , and Cichlidae ( cichlids ) . Among the natives in the river is the huge , highly carnivorous giant tigerfish . Three of the more unusual endemics are the whitish ( non-pigmented ) and blind Lamprologus lethops , which is believed to live as deep as 160 metres ( 520 ft ) below the surface , Heterochromis multidens , which appears to be more closely related to cichlids of the Americas than other African cichlids , and Caecobarbus geertsii , the only known cavefish in Central Africa . There are also numerous endemic frogs and snails . Several hydroelectric dams are planned on the river , and these may lead to the extinction of many of the endemics . Several species of turtles , and the slender - snouted , Nile and dwarf crocodile are native to the Congo River Basin . African manatees inhabit the lower parts of the river . Exploration ( edit ) 17th - century map of the Congo estuary In this 1853 map of Africa , the remaining Unexplored Region essentially corresponds to the Congo basin The entire Congo basin is populated by Bantu peoples , divided into several hundred ethnic or tribal groups ( see ethnic groups of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) . Bantu expansion is estimated to have reached the Middle Congo by about 500 BC , and the Upper Congo by the first century AD . Remnants of the aboriginal population displaced by the Bantu migration , Pygmies / Abatwa of the Ubangian phylum , remain in the remote forest areas of the Congo basin . The Kingdom of Kongo was formed around 1400 on the left banks of the lower Congo River . Its territorial control along the river remained limited to what corresponds to the modern Bas - Congo province . European exploration of the Congo begins in 1482 , when Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão discovered the river estuary ( likely in August 1482 ) , which he marked by a Padrão , or stone pillar ( still existing , but only in fragments ) erected on Shark Point . Cão also sailed up the river for a short distance , establishing contact with the Kingdom of Congo . The full course of the river remained unknown throughout the early modern period . The upper Congo basin runs west of the Albertine Rift . Its connection to the Congo was unknown until 1877 . The extreme northeast of the Congo basin was reached by the Nilotic expansion at some point between the 15th and 18th centuries , by the ancestors of the Southern Luo speaking Alur people . Francisco de Lacerda following the Zambezi reached the uppermost part of the Congo basin ( the Kazembe in the upper Luapula basin ) in 1796 . The upper Congo River , known as the Lualaba was first reached by the Arab slave trade by the 19th century . Nyangwe was founded as a slavers ' outpost around 1860 . David Livingstone was the first European to reach Nyangwe in March 1871 . Livingstone proposed to prove that the Lualaba connected to the Nile , but on 15 July , he witnessed a massacre of about 400 Africans by Arab slavers in Nyangwe , which experience left him too horrified and shattered to continue his mission to find the sources of the Nile , so he turned back to Lake Tanganyika . Henry M Stanley with the officers of the Advance Column , Cairo , 1890 . From the left : Dr. Thomas Heazle Parke , Robert H. Nelson , Henry M. Stanley , William G. Stairs , and Arthur J.M. Jephson The middle reaches of the Congo remained unexplored from either the east or west , until Henry Morton Stanley 's expedition of 1876 -- 77 . At the time one of the last open questions of the exploration of Africa ( or indeed of the world ) whether the Lualaba River fed the Nile ( Livingstone 's theory ) , the Congo or even the Niger . Financed in 1874 , Stanley 's first trans - Africa exploration started in Zanzibar , and reached the Lualaba on October 17 , 1876 . Overland he reached Nyangwe , the centre of a lawless area containing cannibal tribes at which Tippu Tip based his trade in slaves . Stanley managed to hire a force from Tippu Tip , to guard him for the next 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) or so , for 90 days . The party left Nyangwe overland through the dense Matimba forest . On November 19 they reached the Lualaba again . Since the going through the forest was so heavy , Tippu Tip turned around with his party on December 28 , leaving Stanley on his own , with 143 people , including 8 children and 16 women . They had 23 canoes . His first encounter with a local tribe was with the cannibal Wenya . In total Stanley would report 32 unfriendly meetings on the river , some violent , even though he attempted to negotiate a peaceful thoroughfare . But the tribes were wary as their only experience of outsiders was of slave traders . On January 6 , 1877 , after 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) , they reached Boyoma Falls ( called Stanley Falls for some time after ) , consisting of seven cataracts spanning 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) which they had to bypass overland . It took them to February 7 to reach the end of the falls . Here Stanley learned that the river was called Ikuta Yacongo , proving to him that he had reached the Congo , and that the Lualaba did not feed the Nile . From this point , the tribes were no longer cannibals , but possessed firearms , apparently as a result of Portuguese influence . Some four weeks and 1,900 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) later he reached Stanley Pool ( now Pool Malebo ) , the site of the present day cities Kinshasa and Brazzaville . Further downstream were the Livingstone Falls , misnamed as Livingstone had never been on the Congo : a series of 32 falls and rapids with a fall of 270 metres ( 900 ft ) over 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) . On 15 March they started the descent of the falls , which took five months and cost numerous lives . From the Isangile Falls , five falls from the foot , they beached the canoes and Lady Alice and left the river , aiming for the Portuguese outpost of Boma via land . On August 3 they reached the hamlet Nsada . From there Stanley sent four men with letters forward to Boma , asking for food for his starving people . On August 7 relief came , being sent by representatives from the Liverpool trading firm Hatton & Cookson . On August 9 they reached Boma , 1,001 days since leaving Zanzibar on November 12 , 1874 . The party then consisted of 108 people , including three children born during the trip . Most probably ( Stanley 's own publications give inconsistent figures ) , he lost 132 people through disease , hunger , drowning , killing and desertion . Kinshasa was founded as a trading post by Stanley in 1881 and named Léopoldville in honour of Leopold II of Belgium . The Congo basin was claimed by Belgium as Congo Free State in 1885 . Congo River Allegory by Thomas Vinçotte . Bridges in the Congo basin ( edit ) The Congo river basin is notable for the lack of bridges crossing the main rivers , although there are a number of ferries available for crossing the great Congo river and the major tributaries . The main reasoning is the mere width of the Congo river and main rivers , and the second is the lack of funds to set up permanent river crossings , this is however slowly changing to the better . Bridges on the Congo proper and Lualaba ( edit ) There are only two bridges on the Congo river proper and main tributaries , which both are found in the DR Congo : The Matadi Bridge , 148 km from the rivermouth , at the port of Matadi in the Kongo Central province . The Kongolo Bridge on the Lualaba River , some 3,900 km along the tributary from the rivermouth , near the town Kongolo , in the eastern province Katanga . Bridges on the Uele and Kibali rivers ( edit ) There are one bridge on the Uele River , and two on the Kibali River , which all lies in the northern province Haut - Uele of DR Congo : The Niangara Bridge on the Uele , some 2,000 km along the tributary from the rivermouth , near the town Niangara . The Dungu Bridge on the Kibali , some 2,050 km along the tributary from the rivermouth , near the town Dungu , at the confluence of Dungu and Kibali rivers , where the Uele river is formed . The Kalimva Bridge on the Kibali , some 2,250 km along the tributary from the rivermouth , near the town Kalimva . Bridges on the Lulua river ( edit ) There are two bridges on the Lulua river in the provice of Kasai of DR Congo : At the town of Luebo . Near the town of Kananga . Ferries in the Congo basin ( edit ) Ferries on the Congo proper ( edit ) Angola - DR Congo border : None Lower Congo ( Matadi - Pioka ) : Mafuambo - Kinganga , some 200 km from the mouth . Near Luozi , some 250 km from the mouth . DR Congo - Congo Republic border : Kinshasa - Brazzaville , the ferry between the twin capitals - the most busy international ferry connection within Africa . Upper Congo ( Irebu - Ubundu ) : Near Isangi , some 1250 km from the mouth . At Kisangani , some 1500 km from the mouth . At Ubundu , some 1700 km from the mouth Ferries on the Kasai River and tributaries ( edit ) Near Bandundu on the Kasai River . At Bandundu on the Kwango River . Near Bandundu on the Bunzili River . At Loange on the Loange River . Ferry on the Ubangi river ( edit ) DR Congo - Central African Republic border : Zongo - Bangui Ferry on the mbomou river ( edit ) DR Congo - Central African Republic border : Ndu - Bangassou Ferries on the Lulua river ( edit ) Near the township of Tshinkenke , in the province of Kasai in DR Congo . Near the township of Mpungu , in the province of Kasai in DR Congo . Ferries on the Uele river ( edit ) Uele river crossing at Bondo . Uele river crossing at Malengoya . Uele river crossing at Bambili . On the minor tributaries of the great Congo there are noumerous river crossings , which can not be included here . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Hydrology transport model Portage railway Congo Basin Congo river steamers Niger River References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bossche , J.P. vanden ; G.M. Bernacsek ( 1990 ) . Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa , Volume 1 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . pp. 338 -- 339 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 102983 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oberg , Kevin ( July 2008 ) . `` Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River , July 2008 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter . The River Congo ( 1979 ) , p. 6 . `` Not until it crosses the equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and , describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest , flow back across the equator and on down to the Atlantic . In this the Congo is exceptional . No other major river in the world crosses the equator even once , let alone twice . '' Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( 2000 ) . Africa 's Urban Past . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Manikongo was properly the title of the kings of Kongo ; their capital was at the site of modern M'banza - Kongo , capital of Angola 's northwestern Zaire Province . Orteilus had no knowledge of the orography of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers ; his Congo upstream of its estuary turns sharply south , flowing through what would correspond to Angola and Botswana . Jump up ^ Peter Forbath ( 1977 ) . The River Congo . p. 19 . Jump up ^ James Barbot ( 1746 ) . An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River , Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 . James Hingston Tuckey ( 1818 ) . Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire , Usually Called the Congo , in South Africa , in 1816 . John Purdy ( 1822 ) . Memoir , Descriptive and Explanatory , to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean . p. 112 . Congo River , called Zahir or Zaire by the natives Jump up ^ `` Monster Fish of the Congo '' . National Geographic Channel . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Congo River . Rainforests.mongabay.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Thierry Michel 's film Congo River ^ Jump up to : Alain Nubourgh , Belgian Technical Cooperation ( BTC ) Archived 2011 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Weetlogs.scilogs.be ( 2010 - 04 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Showers , Kate B. ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Electrifying Africa : An Environmental History with Policy Implications '' . Geografiska Annaler : Series B , Human Geography. 93 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 221 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0467.2011. 00373. x . ISSN 1468 - 0467 . Jump up ^ Vasagar , Jeevan ( 2005 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Could a $50 bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa ? '' . World news . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Norlander , Britt ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Rough waters : one of the world 's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species . Now , large dams are threatening their future '' . Science World . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard C. Beadle ( 1981 ) . The inland waters of tropical Africa : an introduction to tropical limnology . Longman . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 46341 - 7 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . `` It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene , a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool , connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean . '' Thieme et al. , Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar : A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments , Island Press , 2005 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Caswell JL , Mallick S , Richter DJ , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments '' . PLoS Genet. 4 ( 4 ) : e1000057 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000057 . PMC 2278377 . PMID 18421364 . Jump up ^ Kingdon , Jonathan ( 1997 ) . The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals . London : Academic Press Limited . ISBN 0 - 1240 - 8355 - 2 . Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2008 ) . `` Afropavo congensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2010.4 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Kyle ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Evolution in the Deepest River in the World '' . Science & Nature . Smithsonian Magazine . Jump up ^ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Sudanic Congo -- Oubangi . Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Winemiller , K.O. ; A.A. Agostinho ; and É. P. Caramaschi ( 2008 ) . `` Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams '' . In Dudgeon , D. Tropical Stream Ecology . Academic Press . pp. 107 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088449 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Kasai . Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Upper Lualaba . Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kullander , S.O. ( 1998 ) . A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae ( Teleostei : Perciformes ) . pp. 461 -- 498 in Malabarba , L. , et al. ( eds . ) , Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes , Porto Alegre . Jump up ^ Proudlove , G. ( 2006 ) . Subterranean fishes of the world . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9527084 - 0 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Lower Congo Rapids . Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , J. & Kouadio , A. ( 2008 ) . `` Trichechus senegalensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2014.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cana , Frank Richardson ( 1911 ) . `` Congo '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 917 . Jump up ^ The Dieppe maps of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river , while having the Nile run throughout the continent , rising in Southern Africa . The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu 's Atlas Maior of 1660 . Jacques Bellin 's map of the Congo in Histoire Generale Des Voyages by Antoine François Prévost ( 1754 ) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland , to the provinces of Sundi and Pango , but has no detailed knowledge of its course . Jump up ^ Livingstone , David ( 2012 ) . Livingstone 's 1871 Field Diary . A Multispectral Critical Edition . UCLA Digital Library : Los Angeles , CA . Available < http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ > Jump up ^ See also Jeal , Tim ( 1973 ) . Livingstone . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Pp. 331 - 335 . Jump up ^ Jeal , 2007 pp. 188 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Jeal , 2007 p. 199 ; February 7 , 1877 Jump up ^ Jeal , 2007 p. 217 . Stanley , Henry M. ( 1988 ) . Through the Dark Continent . Dover Publications . pp. 432 pages . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25667 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brussels , Monument to Congo pionniers , 50th Jubileum Park . Sources ( edit ) Forbath , Peter . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic River . New York : E.P. Dutton , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47573 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Congo River ( category ) The Royal Geography Society 's Hidden Journeys project : The River Congo Basin Audio slideshow : The River Congo : Following in Explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley 's Footsteps -- Tim Butcher recounts his trip through the Congo on the route of 19th - century explorer Sir Henry Morgan Stanley . Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas The Congo Project , American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH ) Democratic Republic of the Congo articles History Early history Colonization ( 1867 -- 85 ) Congo Free State ( 1885 -- 1908 ) Belgian Congo ( 1908 -- 60 ) World War II Congo - Léopoldville ( 1960 -- 65 ) Congo Crisis ( 1960 -- 65 ) Zaire ( 1965 -- 97 ) First Congo War ( 1996 -- 98 ) Second Congo War ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 2000s Transitional Government ( 2003 -- 06 ) M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 13 ) Geography Cities Conservation Deforestation Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Former place names Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court of Cassation Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Senate Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy Franc ( currency ) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Child marriage Corruption Demographics Education Health Languages Religion Social issues Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Flag Football Media Music Public holidays Outline Index Portal Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo left bank ( south ) Congo Inkisi Lomami Lukaya Lulonga Ndjili Tshuapa Kasai and tributaries Kasai Fimi Fwa Kwango Kwilu Lubu Lulua Lukenie Sankuru Congo right bank ( north ) Aruwimi Mongala Ebola Mbomou Lukunga Ubangi Uele Lualaba and tributaries Lualaba Elila Luama Luapula Lubudi Lufira Lukuga Luvua Ulindi Other Chiloango Ruzizi Semliki Rivers of the Republic of the Congo Rivers Aïna Alima Chiloango Congo Kouilou - Niari Kouyou Nyanga Sangha Ubangi Rivers of Angola Rivers Chiloango Congo Cuando Cuanza Cunene Kasai Kwango Luanginga Lucala Luena Lungwebungu Okavango Rio Quicombo Zambezi Coordinates : 6 ° 04 ′ 45 '' S 12 ° 27 ′ 00 '' E / 6.07917 ° S 12.45000 ° E / - 6.07917 ; 12.45000 WorldCat Identities GND : 4032096 - 0 NARA : 10046175 NKC : ge311619 VIAF : 237691217 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_River&oldid=866161451 '' Categories : Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Rivers of the Republic of the Congo Rivers of Angola Congo River Congolian forests Democratic Republic of the Congo -- Republic of the Congo border Border rivers International rivers of Africa Congo drainage basin Physiographic sections Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles to be merged from October 2018 All articles to be merged Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Kongo - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 124 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which river begins in central africa near lake tanganyika	[ "The sources of the Congo are in the highlands and mountains of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which feed the Lualaba River, which then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls. The Chambeshi River in Zambia is generally taken as the source of the Congo in line with the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River.\n" ]	[ "the Congo" ]
8164325824645604050	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte - wikipedia Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Jump to : navigation , search `` Kotte '' redirects here . For the kingdom , see Kingdom of Kotte . `` Capital of Sri Lanka '' redirects here . For the ancient capitals , see List of capitals in Sri Lanka . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ ஶ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுர கோட்டே Administrative Capital Colombo Metropolitan Region Diyatha Uyana Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Show map of Colombo District Show map of Sri Lanka Show all Coordinates : 6 ° 55 ′ N 79 ° 55 ′ E / 6.917 ° N 79.917 ° E / 6.917 ; 79.917 Country Sri Lanka Province Western Province District Colombo District Government Mayor R.A.D Janaka Ranawaka ( Sri Lanka Freedom Party ) Area Administrative Capital 17 km ( 7 sq mi ) Population ( 2001 ) ( 1 ) Administrative Capital 115,826 Density 3,305 / km ( 8,560 / sq mi ) Metro 2,234,289 Time zone SLST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Postal code 10100 Area code ( s ) 011 Website www.kotte.mc.gov.lk This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte ( commonly known as Kotte / ˈkoʊteɪ / ) is the official capital of Sri Lanka . Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is a satellite city and within the urban area of Sri Lanka 's de-facto capital , Colombo . Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Municipal Council area is bounded in the North by Kolonnawa Urban Council area North - East by Kotikawatta -- Mulleriyawa Pradeshiya Sabha area East by Kaduwela Municipal Council area South - East by Maharagama Urban Council area South - West by Dehiwala - Mount Lavinia Municipal Council are West by Colombo Municipal Council area Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legislature 3 Municipal structure 3.1 Zones 3.2 Wards 3.3 Grama Niladhari Division 4 Demographics 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transport 5.2 Health 5.3 Education 6 Climate 7 Sports and recreation 8 Notable residents 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Map of Kotte ( 1557 - 1565 ) The village of Darugama lay at the confluence of two streams , the Diyawanna Oya and the Kolonnawa Oya . As Darugama was a naturally secure place , it was not easy for enemies to enter it . Here , in the 13th century , a chieftain named Nissanka Alagakkonara built a Kotte ( meaning fortress ) Alagakkonara is mentioned by Ibn Batuta as ruling in Kurunegala , but other sources indicate that he was the Bandara ( Guardian ) of Raigama Korale ( county ) in the modern Kalutara District . Arya Chakravarthy 's army was held by Alagakkonara in front of Kotte , while he defeated the enemy 's invasion fleet at Panadura to the south - west . Kotte was a jala durgha ( water fortress ) , in the shape of a triangle , with the Diyawanna Oya and Kolonnawa Oya marshes forming two long sides ; along the shorter third ( land ) side a large moat ( the ' inner moat ' ) was dug . The fortress was nearly 2.5 km ( 0.97 sq mi ) in area , fortified with ramparts of kabook or laterite rock , 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high and 10.7 metres ( 35 ft ) in breadth . In 1391 , following the conquest of the Jaffna Kingdom by Prince Sapumal ( Sembahap Perumal ) , Kotte was given the epithet ' Sri Jayawardhanapura ' ( ' resplendent city of growing victory ' ) . It became the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Kotte , which it remained until the end of the 16th century . From the ramparts to the magnificent three storied buildings that housed the Kings Palace , Laterite and clay were the main raw material used in its construction . One of the places from which the laterite blocks were mined can be seen even today inside the premises of Ananda Sasthralaya ( a local school ) . The main features of the capital city were - The King 's palace , with walls of quartz that sparkle in the moonlight ( candrakanta pasana ) and a golden spire , with beautiful flower gardens and springs of water . The three - storeyed Dalada Maligawa with Buddha 's sacred tooth relic in it ( Temple of the tooth ) The five - storeyed `` Arama '' where sixty Buddhist Bhikkus resided , with a Sangha Raja ( a high priest ) as the chief incumbent . The King 's Treasure House The ' Kotavehara ' at Baddagana , the only Buddhist temple of the city outside the moat and rampart . The Royal cemetery at Beddagana ( Veherakanda memorial ) The ' Angampitiya ' , the military parade and training ground just inside the inner moat . The Portuguese arrived on the island in 1505 and were initially welcomed by the king . But they had militaristic and monopolistic intentions and gained control of the city by 1565 . Failing to withstand repeated assaults by the forces of the neighbouring kingdom of Sitawaka , the city was abandoned by the Portuguese , who made Colombo their new capital . Like similar cities of that era , Sri Jayawardhanapura was built with security in mind . A rampart and moat protected the entire city . Traces of this moat and rampart are still visible today at certain places . Along parts of the rampart , encroachers have now built houses , garages and even toilets . The urbanisation of Kotte restarted in the 19th century . The archaeological remains were torn up and used as building materials ( a process that continues ) -- some of it even ending up in the Victoria Bridge , across the Kelani River . Legislature ( edit ) The New Parliament was inaugurated on 29 April 1982 . The buildings were built on reclaimed land , after a massive lake was formed by dredging the marshlands around the Diyawanna Oya . The new parliamentary buildings were built on Duwa , a 50,000 square metre ( 12 acre ) island in the centre of the lake . The island ( off Baddegana Road , Pita Kotte ) had been used as a recreation and brawling spot for Portuguese soldiers in the last days of the Kotte era , alcohol being banned from the Royal City . It had belonged to E.W. Perera and had housed a chicken farm prior to being vested in the state . On 29 April 1982 , the new parliamentary complex was declared open by the former president J.R. Jayewardene . The process of relocating government institutions from the former capital of Colombo is still in progress . Municipal structure ( edit ) Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is located at the south east of Colombo . The Kotte Urban Development Council was created in the 1930s , with a modern building at Rajagiriya . It was succeeded by the Kotte Urban Council , which had a large section of its area removed and tagged onto the Colombo Municipal Council ward of Borella while the Battaramulla urban council was dissolved and a small section of Battaramulla tagged onto the Kotte Urban Council . The Kotte Urban Council became the Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council in 1997 , with Chandra Silva as the first Mayor . There are 20 Members of the Municipal Council ( MMCs ) , elected on proportional representation . There are 18 wards , but these are now merely polling divisions , without individual representation . Zones ( edit ) Pita Kotte Ethul Kotte Nawala Nugegoda Rajagiriya Wards ( edit ) Ward Map of Sri Jayawardanapura Kotte Municipal Council Ward No Ward Name 01 Obesekarapura 02 Moragasmulla 03 Meda Welikada 04 Rajagiriya 05 Bandaranayakapura 06 Nawala West 07 Koswatta 08 Ethulkotte 09 Pitakotte East 10 Pitakotte 11 Pitakotte West 12 Nawala East 13 Nugegoda West 14 Pagoda North 15 Gangodavila East 16 Pagoda South 17 Nugegoda East 18 Gangodavila West Grama Niladhari Division ( edit ) Division No Division Name 514 Welikada East 514A Welikada West 514B Rajagiriya 514C Obesekarapura 514D Welikada North 519 Nugegoda 519A Pagoda 519B Nugegoda West 519C Pagoda East 520 Nawala West 520A Koswatte 520B Nawala East 521 Ethul Kotte 521A Ethul Kotte West 522 Pitakotte West 522A Pitakotte East 522B Pitakotte 526 Gangodavila North 526A Gangodavila South 526C Gangodavila East Demographics ( edit ) Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte is a multi-ethnic , multi-religious urban centre . According to the census of 2012 the demographics by ethnicity and religion is as follows : Religious & Ethnic Identification in Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 2012 Percentage Buddhist 82,841 77.06 % Roman Catholic 7,827 7.28 % Muslim 6,772 6.30 % Other Christian 5,040 4.69 % Hindu 4,864 4.52 % Other 164 0.15 % Total 107,508 100.00 % Sinhalese 91,268 84.89 % Sri Lankan Tamil 7,503 6.98 % Sri Lankan Moor 5,207 4.84 % Burgher 1,049 0.98 % Other 840 0.78 % Indian Tamil 801 0.75 % Malay 710 0.66 % Sri Lankan Chetty 72 0.07 % Baratha 58 0.05 % Total 107,508 100.00 % Infrastructure ( edit ) The HSBC Service Center The Parliament of Sri Lanka situated in Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Transport ( edit ) The only main railway station is at Nugegoda , on the Kelani Valley Line . Also at Nugegoda is the main bus terminus . There is subsidiary bus stands at Pita Kotte . This urban area is well served by buses and there is a CTB bus depot at Udahamulla . In 2005 , a Passenger boat service was being finalised and would commence adjacent to Parliament Junction at Bataramulla and end at the Wellawatte canal near Marine drive . Each journey would take around 30 minutes . It would have stations at the Kotte Marsh , Nawala , Open University , Apollo Hospital , Duplication road , Wellawatte and at St Peter 's College , Colombo . The Sri Lanka Navy is currently conducting a pilot project between the Open University and Wellawatte . Health ( edit ) The main hospital of area situated at Madivela known as Sri Jayawardenapura Hospital is a gift from the Japanese government . There is a dedicated Eye & ENT hospital at Rajagiriya , and another maternity hospital under construction in Nawala . A small private health centre , the Blue Cross Hospital at Rajagiriya , provides basic facilities for medical diagnostics , and there is a small nursing home in Park Lane , Welikada , much patronised by Maldivians . Education ( edit ) There are a number of State and Private Schools in Kotte . They are either `` National schools '' ( run by the central government ; Main School President 's College , Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte ) , `` Government schools '' ( run by the Provincial Councils ) , Semi-government / Private schools , or International schools ( run by trusts and individuals ; Gateway College Colombo is an example of the latter class of school ) . The oldest English School on the island is Sri Jayawardenepura Maha Vidyalaya , formerly known as Christian College , located in Pita Kotte . The Ananda Sastralaya at Pita Kotte is the oldest Buddhist school in the city , and Anula Vidyalaya , Nugegoda is the biggest Buddhist girls school in South Asia , with over 5000 students . The Education Ministry as well as the Department of Examinations is based in Kotte . A considerable number of the students living within the zone study at government owned colleges and International schools in Colombo . Located at Nawala is the Open University , Sri Lanka , and at Nugegoda is the University of Sri Jayewardenepura . Public Libraries are conveniently located , and can be found at Nugegoda and Rajagiriya . Climate ( edit ) Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte features a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ) , with little variation in temperatures throughout the course of the year . The city does feature wetter and drier months , with February on average being its driest month , seeing on average 63 mm ( 2.5 in ) of precipitation . However , since none of the average monthly precipitation falls below 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) , Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte falls under the tropical rainforest climate category . ( hide ) Climate data for Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 30.67 ( 87.22 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 27.38 ( 81.28 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 24.12 ( 75.42 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 85 ( 3.35 ) 63 ( 2.48 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 252 ( 9.92 ) 335 ( 13.19 ) 195 ( 7.68 ) 130 ( 5.12 ) 95 ( 3.74 ) 165 ( 6.5 ) 358 ( 14.09 ) 309 ( 12.17 ) 153 ( 6.02 ) 2,251 ( 88.62 ) Source # 1 : Free Meteo ( 1961 - 1990 ) Source # 2 : Weatherbase for precipitation Sports and recreation ( edit ) Diyatha Uyana Cricket is the most popular sport in this urban area as well as the country and is usually played in the grounds around the city . Association football was at one time the most popular sport in the Colombo area , although it was eclipsed by cricket after 1980 . Four separate football clubs ( Lido , Welikada Progress , Welikada Red Star and Welikada United ) once used the EW Perera Park grounds at Welikada , Rajagiriya where a pavilion was constructed in the 1970s . However , when the grounds were destroyed by the JR Jayawardene regime in the late 1970s , the football clubs disappeared . Football continued to be played at the grounds at Obeysekerapura in Rajagiriya . In the 1990s the Kotte Municipal Council constructed the Chandra Silva Stadium , to replace the EW Perera Grounds . Part of the grounds was sold and later used to construct the HSBC building . In 2007 the Municipality , with aid from the Ministry of Urban Development , completed the first stage of the new Chandra Silva Stadium on the site of a rubbish dump behind the HSBC building . Recently , football has once more grown in popularity , and the sport now has a considerable following . The football association 's new training facility at Kotte is aimed at harnessing and developing the available talent and organizing the individual players into a cohesive team . It includes a football playground with a sprinkler system , gym and a host of other facilities . Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gyms , and include tennis , squash , billiards , horse riding , indoor cricket , badminton and table tennis . Horse riding can be pursued at the Premadasa Riding School in Nugegoda . Coordinates : 6 ° 54 ′ 39 '' N 79 ° 53 ′ 16.21 '' E / 6.91083 ° N 79.8878361 ° E / 6.91083 ; 79.8878361 Notable residents ( edit ) Edward Walter Perera ( 1875 -- 1953 ) , a Ceylonese ( Sri Lankan ) barrister , politician and freedom fighter . Sir James Peter Obeyesekere II Maha Mudaliyar , JP ( 1879 - 1968 ) , a Ceylonese colonial - era headmen , the last Head Mudaliyar and served as aide - de-camp to the British Governor of Ceylon and Governor General of Ceylon . Tissa Abeysekara ( 1939 -- 2009 ) , an eminent film personality . See also ( edit ) University of Sri Jayewardenepura References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Administrative Capital of Sri Lanka since 1982 is Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte '' . Official Sri Lanka government website . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka : A Country Study '' . Russell R. Ross and Andrea Matles Savada . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ds.gov.lk/ds/kotte/english/index.php?p=cultural_background Jump up ^ Edmund Jayasuriya ( Tr ) , sälaḷihini sandeśa of Toṭagamuve Srī Rāhula Thera , Colombo : Central Cultural Fund , 2002 , ISBN 955 - 613 - 144 - 2 Jump up ^ `` European encroachment and dominance '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Jayawardanapura Kotte Municipal Council - Colombo District '' . Jump up ^ `` Ward Map of Sri Jayawardanapura Kotte Municipal Council - Colombo District '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka - Population by ethnicity and district according to Divisional Secretary 's Division , 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka - Population by divisional secretariat division , religion and sex - 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Canal transport to ease traffic pile up '' . Chanuka Mannapperuma . Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Forecast Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte : Averages ( 1961 - 1990 ) '' . Free Meteo . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kotte , Sri Lanka Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` National training centre for Football at Beddegana '' . Sri Lanka Football . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Sri Lanka portal Find more aboutSri Jayawardenepura Kotteat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage University of Sri Jayawardenepura 1400 - 1565 A. D Sri Lankan cities with a 50,000 + population 500,000 and more Colombo 200,000 -- 499,999 Dehiwala - Mount Lavinia Moratuwa 50,000 -- 249,999 Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Negombo Kandy Kalmunai Vavuniya Galle Trincomalee Batticaloa Jaffna Katunayake Dambulla Kolonnawa Anuradhapura Ratnapura Metropolitan cities of Sri Lanka National capitals Colombo ( Commercial ) Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte ( Administrative ) Municipal councils Kandy Anuradhapura Galle Jaffna Ratnapura Badulla Kurunegala Kaduwela Dehiwala - Mount Lavinia Moratuwa Negombo Kalmunai Batticaloa Matara Gampaha Matale Akkaraipattu Bandarawela Nuwara Eliya Dambulla Hambantota Urban councils Trincomalee Ambalangoda Ampara Balangoda Beruwala Boralesgamuwa Chavakachcheri Chilaw Embilipitiya Eravur Gampola Haputale Hatton - Dickoya Hikkaduwa Horana Ja - Ela Kadugannawa Kalutara Kattankudy Katunayake Seeduwa Kegalle Kesbewa Kinniya Kolonnawa Kuliyapitiya Maharagama Mannar Minuwangoda Nawalapitiya Panadura Peliyagoda Point Pedro Puttalam Seethawakapura Talawakelle - Lindula Tangalle Valvettithurai Vavuniya Wattala Wattegama Weligama Note : also a Provincial capital , also a Municipal council Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat , Turkmenistan Astana , Kazakhstan * Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe , Tajikistan Moscow , Russia * Tashkent , Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing , China Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) Macau , Macau ( China ) Pyongyang , North Korea Seoul , South Korea Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC ) Tokyo , Japan Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Kabul , Afghanistan Dhaka , Bangladesh Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad , Pakistan Kathmandu , Nepal Kotte / Colombo , Sri Lanka Malé , Maldives New Delhi , India Thimphu , Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Bangkok , Thailand Dili , East Timor Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi , Vietnam Jakarta , Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Naypyidaw , Myanmar Phnom Penh , Cambodia Singapore Vientiane , Laos West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Ankara , Turkey * Baghdad , Iraq Baku , Azerbaijan * Beirut , Lebanon Cairo , Egypt * Doha , Qatar Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine † Kuwait City , Kuwait Manama , Bahrain Muscat , Oman Nicosia , Cyprus * North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus * Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Sana'a , Yemen Stepanakert , Artsakh * Sukhumi , Abkhazia * Tbilisi , Georgia * Tehran , Iran Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * Yerevan , Armenia * * Transcontinental country . † Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem . VIAF : 131376549 GND : 1027780792 BNF : cb16639992s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte&oldid=837355276 '' Categories : Capitals in Asia Planned cities Populated places in Western Province , Sri Lanka Planned capitals Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Colombo Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did sri jayawardenepura kotte become the capital	[ "In 1391, following the conquest of the Jaffna Kingdom by Prince Sapumal (Sembahap Perumal), Kotte was given the epithet 'Sri Jayawardhanapura' ('resplendent city of growing victory'). It became the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Kotte, which it remained until the end of the 16th century." ]	[ "1391" ]
8586935663075243027	List of superhero debuts	List of superhero debuts - wikipedia List of superhero debuts Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the first known appearances of various superhero fictional characters and teams . A superhero ( also known as a super hero or super-hero ) is a fictional character `` of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring - do in the public interest . '' Since the debut of Superman in 1938 by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , stories of superheroes -- ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years - long sagas -- have dominated American comic books and crossed over into other media . A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine or super heroine . By most definitions , characters need not have actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes , although sometimes terms such as costumed crimefighters are used to refer to those without such powers who have many other common traits of superheroes . For a list of comic book supervillain debuts , see List of comic book supervillain debuts . This literature - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This film , television or video - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it with reliably sourced additions . Contents ( hide ) 1 1850 -- 1900 2 1900 -- 1909 2.1 Newspaper comics 2.2 Play 3 1910s 3.1 Magazine 4 1920s 4.1 Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre 5 1930s 5.1 Radio 5.2 Pulp fiction 5.3 Newspaper comics 5.4 Other media 5.5 Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre 5.6 Comic book 6 1940s 6.1 Newspaper comics 6.2 Comic book 6.3 Other media 7 1950s 7.1 Comic book 7.2 Television 8 1960s 8.1 Comic book 8.2 Television 8.3 Radio 9 1970s 9.1 Comic book 9.2 Television 10 1980s 10.1 Comic book 10.2 Television 11 1990s 11.1 Comic book 11.2 Movies 11.3 Television 12 2000s 12.1 Comic book 12.2 Movies 12.3 Television 13 2010s 13.1 Comic book 13.2 Movies 13.3 Television 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links 1850 -- 1900 ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Spring Heeled Jack 1878 George Augustus Sala or Alfred Burrage as `` Charlton Lea '' Spring - Heeled Jack , the Terror of London The folkloric Spring - heeled Jack came to be featured in a series of Penny Dreadfuls as a villain . However , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , he was reinvented as a crime - fighter with a disguise , secret lair , and gadgets , hallmarks of superheroes . 1900 -- 1909 ( edit ) Newspaper Comics ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Hugo Hercules 1902 Wilhelm Heinrich Detlev Körner Chicago Tribune Despite its short run , it 's widely seen as the earliest superhero fiction comic . Play ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Scarlet Pimpernel 1903 Baroness Emmuska Orczy The Scarlet Pimpernel Often cited as perhaps the earliest superhero akin to those to become popularized through American comic books . 1910s ( edit ) Magazine ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance John Carter of Mars 1911 Edgar Rice Burroughs A Princess of Mars Tarzan the Apeman 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan of the Apes The Night Wind 1913 Varick Vanardy ( Frederick Van Rensselaer Dey ) Alias the Night Wind The Gray Seal 1914 Frank L. Packard `` The Adventures of Jimmie Dale '' 1917 book version of 1914 and 1915 stories in People 's Magazine The Scarecrow 1915 Russell Thorndike Doctor Syn : A Tale of the Romney Marsh Zorro 1919 Johnston McCulley `` The Curse of Capistrano '' All Weekly Story 1920s ( edit ) Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Creator / s Media First appearance The Red Shadow 1926 Oscar Hammerstein II , Otto Harbach , and Frank Mandel Play The Desert Song Buck Rogers January 7 , 1929 Philip Francis Nowlan Newspaper Comic Buck Rogers in the 25th Century A.D adapted from the story `` Armageddon 2419 A.D. '' ( Amazing Stories , August , 1928 ) . 1930s ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Shadow ( as announcer voice ) 1930 ( July 31 ) Maxwell Grant ( Walter B. Gibson ) Detective Stories The Lone Ranger 1933 ( January 30 ) George W. Trendle The Lone Ranger Tonto 1933 ( February 25 ) Fran Striker The Lone Ranger The Green Hornet and Kato 1936 ( January 31 ) George W. Trendle and Fran Striker The Green Hornet Pulp fiction ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Shadow ( as character ) 1931 ( April ) Maxwell Grant ( Walter B. Gibson ) `` The Living Shadow '' The Shadow Magazine # 1 Conan the Barbarian 1932 ( December ) Robert E. Howard `` The Phoenix on the Sword '' Weird Tales Doc Savage 1933 ( March ) Kenneth Robeson ( Lester Dent ) The Man of Bronze The Avenger 1939 ( September ) Kenneth Robeson ( Paul Ernst ) `` Justice , Inc . '' The Avenger Magazine # 1 Newspaper comics ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s Series Mandrake the Magician 1934 ( June 11 ) Lee Falk Mandrake the Magician The Phantom Magician 1935 ( April 15 ) Mel Graff ( fr ) The Adventures of Patsy The Phantom 1936 ( February 17 ) Lee Falk The Phantom Other media ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Creator / s Media Ôgon Batto ( the Golden Bat ) 1930 Takeo Nagamatsu Kamishibai ( Japanese scroll show ) Hugo Danner 1930 Philip Wylie Gladiator ( novel ) Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Creator / s Media Dan Dunn 1933 Norman Marsh Original Comic Book Character Dick Tracy 1931 ( October 4 ) Chester Gould Newspaper Comic Flash Gordon 1934 ( January 7 ) Alex Raymond Newspaper Comic Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Doctor Occult ( Doctor Mystic ) 1935 ( October ) DC Jerry Siegel , Joe Shuster New Fun Comics # 6 The Clock 1936 ( November ) Comics Magazine Co George Brenner Funny Pages # 6 or Funny Picture Stories # 1 Sheena , Queen of the Jungle 1937 Fiction House Will Eisner and S.M. `` Jerry '' Iger Wags # 1 Superman ( Clark Kent ) 1938 ( June ) DC Jerry Siegel , Joe Shuster Action Comics # 1 Zatara 1938 ( June ) DC Fred Guardineer Action Comics # 1 Americommando ( Harold `` Tex '' Thompson ) 1938 ( June ) DC Ken Fitch , Bernard Baily Action Comics # 1 Fatman ( Bob Daley ) 1938 ( July ) DC Ken Fitch , Bernard Baily Action Comics # 2 Arrow 1938 ( September ) Centaur Publications Paul Gustavson Funny Pages vol. 2 # 10 ( or # 21 ) Crimson Avenger ( Lee Travis ) 1938 ( October ) DC Jim Chambers Detective Comics # 20 Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) 1939 ( March ) DC Bob Kane , Bill Finger Detective Comics # 27 Namor the Sub-Mariner 1939 ( April ) Marvel / Timely Bill Everett Motion Picture Funnies Weekly # 1 Wonder Man ( Fox ) 1939 ( May ) Fox Publications Will Eisner Wonder Comics # 1 The Flame ( Gary Preston ) 1939 ( June ) Fox Publications Will Eisner Wonderworld Comics # 3 Sandman ( Wesley Dodds ) 1939 ( July ) DC Gardner Fox , Bert Christman World 's Fair Comics # 1 Blue Beetle ( Dan Garret ) 1939 ( August ) Fox Publications Charles Nicholas Mystery Men Comics # 1 Green Mask ( Michael Shelby ) 1939 ( August ) Fox Publications Walter Frehm Mystery Men Comics # 1 Bozo the Iron Man 1939 ( August ) Quality Comics George Brenner Smash Comics # 1 Amazing - Man ( Centaur Publications ) 1939 ( September ) Centaur Publications Bill Everett Amazing - Man Comics # 5 The Human Torch ( Jim Hammond , original ) 1939 ( October ) Marvel / Timely Carl Burgos Marvel Comics # 1 Angel ( Thomas Halloway ) 1939 ( October ) Marvel / Timely Paul Gustavson Marvel Comics # 1 Shock Gibson 1939 ( October ) Brookwood Publications Maurice Scott Speed Comics # 1 Ultra-Man ( Gary Concord , Jr . ) 1939 ( November ) DC Jon L. Blummer All - American Comics # 8 Doll Man 1939 ( December ) Quality Comics Will Eisner Feature Comics # 27 1940s ( edit ) Newspaper comics ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s Series The Spirit 1940 ( June 2 ) Will Eisner The Spirit Invisible Scarlet O'Neil 1940 ( June 3 ) Russell Stamm Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Flash ( Jay Garrick ) 1940 ( January ) DC Gardner Fox , Harry Lampert Flash Comics # 1 Hawkman ( Carter Hall ) 1940 ( January ) DC Gardner Fox Flash Comics # 1 Johnny Thunder 1940 ( January ) DC John W. Wentworth , Stan Asch Flash Comics # 1 Whip ( Rodney Gaynor ) 1940 ( January ) DC John B. Wentworth , George Storm Flash Comics # 1 The Shield ( Archie ) 1940 ( January ) MLJ / Archie Harry Shorten , Irv Novick Pep Comics # 1 Captain Marvel ( DC Comics ) 1940 ( February ) Fawcett Comics / DC C.C. Beck , Bill Parker ( comics ) Whiz Comics # 2 Electro ( comics ) 1940 ( February ) Marvel / Timely Steve Dahlman Marvel Mystery # 4 Spectre ( comics ) ( Jim Corrigan ) 1940 ( February ) DC Jerry Siegel More Fun Comics # 52 Doc Strange 1940 ( February ) Nedor Comics Richard E. Hughes , Alexander Kostuk Thrilling Comics # 1 Hourman ( Rex Tyler ) 1940 ( March ) DC Ken Fitch , Bernard Bailey Adventure Comics # 48 Black Marvel ( Daniel Lyons ) 1940 ( March ) Marvel / Timely Al Gabriele and unknown writer Mystic Comics # 5 Blazing Skull ( Mark Todd ) 1940 ( March ) Marvel / Timely Mystic Comics # 5 Robin ( comics ) ( Dick Grayson , original ) 1940 ( April ) DC Bob Kane , Bill Finger , Jerry Robinson Detective Comics # 38 Catwoman ( Selina Kyle ) 1940 ( April ) DC Bob Kane , Bill Finger Batman # 1 Bulletman and Bulletgirl 1940 ( May ) Fawcett Comics / DC Bill Parker ( comics ) Nickel Comics # 1 Doctor Fate ( Kent Nelson & Nabu ) 1940 ( May ) DC Gardner Fox , Howard Sherman More Fun Comics # 55 Scarlet Avenger 1940 ( June ) Harry Shorten , Irv Novick Zip Comics # 1 Uncle Sam ( comics ) 1940 ( July ) Quality Comics / DC Will Eisner National Comics # 1 Green Lantern ( Alan Scott , original ) 1940 ( July ) DC Martin Nodell , Bill Finger All - American Comics # 16 The Red Bee 1940 ( July ) Quality Comics / DC Toni Blum , Charles Nicholas Hit Comics # 1 Daredevil ( Gleason Publications ) 1940 ( September ) Gleason Publications Jack Binder ( comics ) Silver Streak # 6 Atom ( Al Pratt ) 1940 ( October ) DC Ben Flinton , Bill O'Conner All - American Comics # 19 Vision ( Timely Comics ) 1940 ( November ) Marvel / Timely Joe Simon , Jack Kirby Marvel Mystery Comics # 13 Red Tornado ( Ma Hunkel ) 1940 ( November ) DC Sheldon Mayer All - American Comics # 20 Quicksilver ( Max Mercury ) 1940 ( November ) Quality Comics / DC Jack Cole ( artist ) , Chuck Mazoujian National Comics # 5 Justice Society of America 1940 ( Winter ) DC Gardner Fox All Star Comics # 3 Black Terror 1941 ( January ) Nedor Comics Richard E. Hughes , Don Gabrielson Exciting Comics # 9 Professor Supermind and Son 1941 ( February ) Dell Comics Popular Comics # 60 Captain America ( Steve Rogers ) 1941 ( March ) Marvel / Timely Joe Simon , Jack Kirby Captain America Comics # 1 Starman ( Ted Knight ) ( Ted Knight ) 1941 ( April ) DC Gardner Fox , Jack Burnley Adventure Comics # 61 Doctor Mid-Nite ( Charles McNider ) 1941 ( April ) DC Charles Reizenstein , Stanley Aschmeier All - American Comics # 25 Sargon the Sorcerer 1941 ( May ) DC John B. Wentworth , Howard Purcell All American Comics # 26 Hawkgirl ( Shiera Sanders Hall ) 1941 ( July ) DC Gardner Fox Evelyn Gaines All - Star Comics # 5 Whizzer ( Robert Frank ) 1941 ( August ) Marvel / Timely Al Avison , Al Gabriele USA Comics # 1 American Crusader 1941 ( August ) Nedor Comics Writer and artist unknown Thrilling Comics # 19 Blackhawk ( DC Comics ) 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Will Eisner , Chuck Cuidera Military Comics # 1 Miss America ( DC Comics ) 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Military Comics # 1 711 ( Quality Comics ) 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC George Brenner Police Comics # 1 Human Bomb 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Paul Gustavson Police Comics # 1 Plastic Man 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Jack Cole ( artist ) Police Comics # 1 Phantom Lady 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Arthur Peddy Police Comics # 1 Nelvana of the Northern Lights 1941 ( August ) Hillborough Studios ( Canada ) Adrian Dingle Triumph Comics # 1 Johnny Quick ( Johnny Chambers ) 1941 ( September ) DC Mort Weisinger , Chad Grothkopf More Fun Comics # 71 Captain Flag 1941 ( September ) MLJ / Archie Joe Blair , Lin Streeter Blue Ribbon Comics # 16 Fighting Yank 1941 ( September ) Nedor Comics Richard Hughes , Jon Blummer Startling Comics # 10 Aquaman 1941 ( November ) DC Mort Weisinger , Paul Norris More Fun Comics # 73 Green Arrow ( Oliver Queen ) and Speedy ( comics ) 1941 ( November ) DC Mort Weisinger , Greg Papp More Fun Comics # 73 Sandy the Golden Boy 1941 ( December ) DC Joe Simon and Jack Kirby Adventure Comics # 69 Seven Soldiers of Victory 1941 ( December ) DC Mort Weisinger Leading Comics # 1 Wonder Woman ( Diana Prince ) 1941 ( December ) DC William Moulton Marston , H.G. Peter All Star Comics # 8 / Sensation Comics # 1 Liberator ( Nedor ) 1941 ( December ) Nedor Comics Writer and artist unknown Exciting Comics # 15 Captain Marvel , Jr . 1941 ( December ) Fawcett Comics / DC Ed Herron , Mac Raboy Whiz Comics # 25 Wildcat ( comics ) 1942 ( January ) DC Bill Finger , Irwin Hasen Sensation Comics # 1 Mister Terrific ( comics ) ( Terry Sloane ) 1942 ( January ) DC Chuck Reizenstein , Hal Sharp Sensation Comics # 1 Air Wave 1942 ( February ) DC Murray Boltinoff or Mort Weisinger , and Lee Harris ( illustrator ) Detective Comics # 60 Johnny Canuck ( as superhero ) 1942 ( February ) ( Canada ) Leo Bachle Dime Comics # 1 Manhunter ( comics ) ( Paul Kirk ) 1942 ( April ) DC Jack Kirby , Joe Simon Adventure Comics # 73 Manhunter ( comics ) ( Dan Richards ) 1942 ( March ) Quality Comics / DC Police Comics # 8 Robotman ( Robert Crane ) 1942 ( April ) DC Jerry Siegel , Leo Nowak Star - Spangled Comics # 7 Commando Yank 1942 ( July ) Fawcett Comics / DC Wow Comics # 6 Captain Commando 1942 ( August ) S.M. `` Jerry '' Iger , Alex Blum Pep Comics # 30 Kid Eternity 1942 ( December ) Quality Comics / DC Otto Binder , Sheldon Moldoff Hit Comics # 25 Mary Marvel 1942 ( December ) Fawcett Comics / DC Otto Binder , Marc Swayze Captain Marvel Adventures # 18 Canada Jack 1943 ( March ) George Menendez Rae Canadian Heroes Vol. 1 , # 5 Miss America ( Marvel Comics ) 1943 ( November ) Marvel / Timely Otto Binder , Al Gabriele Marvel Mystery Comics # 49 Grim Reaper ( Nedor ) 1944 ( May ) Nedor Comics Author unknown , artist Al Camy Fighting Yank # 7 Superboy ( Clark Kent ) 1945 ( January ) DC Don Cameron , Jerry Siegel , Joe Shuster More Fun Comics # 101 All - Winners Squad 1946 ( Fall ) Marvel / Timely Martin Goodman ( publisher ) , Bill Finger All Winners Comics # 19 Black Canary 1947 ( August ) DC Robert Kanigher , Carmine Infantino Flash Comics # 86 Moon Girl 1947 ( Fall ) Gardner Fox , Sheldon Moldoff The Happy Houligans # 1 Golden Girl ( Betsy Ross ) 1947 ( December ) Marvel / Timely Captain America # 1 ( As Betsy Ross ) ; Captain America # 66 ( As Golden Girl ) Other media ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Maximo 1940 Russell Winterbotham Maximo , the Amazing Superman ( Big Little Book ) 1950s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Captain Comet 1951 ( June ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino Strange Adventures # 9 Phantom Stranger 1952 ( August ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino , Sy Barry Phantom Stranger # 1 Marvelman ( later Miracleman ) 1954 ( February ) ( U.K. ) Mick Anglo Marvelman # 25 Captain Flash 1954 ( November ) Mike Sekowsky ( artist , writer unknown ) Captain Flash # 1 Martian Manhunter 1955 ( November ) DC Joseph Samachson , Joe Certa Detective Comics # 225 Batwoman ( Kathy Kane , 1st ver ) 1956 ( July ) DC Edmond Hamilton , Sheldon Moldoff Detective Comics # 233 Flash ( Barry Allen , 2nd ver ) 1956 ( October ) DC Robert Kanigher , Carmine Infantino Showcase # 4 Challengers of the Unknown 1957 ( February ) DC Jack Kirby Showcase # 6 Legion of Super-Heroes 1958 ( April ) DC Mort Weisinger , Otto Binder Adventure Comics # 247 Super Girl ( tryout version ) 1958 ( August ) DC Otto Binder , Al Plastino Superman # 123 Adam Strange 1958 ( November ) DC Gardner Fox , Mike Sekowsky Showcase Comics # 17 Herbie Popnecker 1958 ( December ) Richard E. Hughes , Ogden Whitney Forbidden Worlds # 73 Lady Blackhawk 1959 ( February ) DC Jack Schiff and Dick Dillin Blackhawks # 133 Supergirl ( Kara Zor - El ) 1959 ( May ) DC Otto Binder , Al Plastino Action Comics # 252 The Fly ( Archie Comics ) 1959 ( June ) Archie Comics Joe Simon , Jack Kirby The Double Life of Private Strong # 1 Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) ( Hal Jordan , 2nd ver ) 1959 ( October ) DC Julius Schwartz , John Broome , Gil Kane Showcase # 22 Kid Flash 1959 ( December ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino The Flash # 110 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Captain Video 1955 ( April 1 ) Captain Video Gekko Kamen ( Moonlight Mask ) 1958 Kōhan Kawauchi Moonlight Mask 1960s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Justice League 1960 ( February ) DC Gardner Fox The Brave and the Bold # 28 Captain Atom 1960 ( March ) Charlton Comics / DC Joe Gill , Steve Ditko Space Adventures # 33 Elongated Man 1960 ( May ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino The Flash vol. 1 # 112 Groot 1960 ( November ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Tales to Astonish # 13 Hawkman ( Katar Hol , 2nd ver ) 1961 ( February ) DC Gardner Fox , Joe Kubert The Brave and the Bold # 34 Flygirl 1961 ( July ) Archie Comics Robert Bernstein , John Rosenberger Adventures of the Fly # 13 The Jaguar 1961 ( September ) Archie Comics Robert Bernstein The Adventures of the Jaguar # 1 The Atom ( Ray Palmer , 2nd ver ) 1961 ( October ) DC Julius Schwartz , Gardner Fox , Gil Kane Showcase # 34 Fantastic Four ( Mister Fantastic , Invisible Girl , Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , The Thing ) 1961 ( November ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby The Fantastic Four # 1 Ant - Man ( Henry Pym ) 1962 ( January ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Tales to Astonish # 27 The Hulk ( Bruce Banner ) 1962 ( May ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby The Incredible Hulk # 1 Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) 1962 ( August ) Marvel Stan Lee , Steve Ditko Amazing Fantasy # 15 Thor ( Thor Odinson ) 1962 ( August ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Journey into Mystery # 83 Doctor Solar 1962 ( October ) Gold Key Comics Paul S. Newman , Matt Murphy Doctor Solar , Man of the Atom # 1 Wonder Wart - Hog 1962 Underground Gilbert Shelton Bacchanal Magnus , Robot Fighter 1963 ( February ) Gold Key Comics Chase Craig , Russ Manning Magnus Robot Fighter 4000 A.D. # 1 Iron Man ( Tony Stark ) 1963 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Don Heck Tales of Suspense # 39 Doom Patrol ( The Chief , Robotman ( Cliff Steele ) , Elasti - Girl ( Rita Farr ) , Negative Man ) 1963 ( June ) DC Bob Haney , Arnold Drake , Bruno Premiani My Greatest Adventure # 80 Wasp 1963 ( June ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Tales to Astonish # 44 Doctor Strange ( Stephen Strange ) 1963 ( July ) Marvel Stan Lee , Steve Ditko Strange Tales # 110 X-Men ( Professor X , Cyclops , Angel ( Warren Worthington ) , Beast , Iceman , Marvel Girl ) 1963 ( September ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby X-Men # 1 The Avengers 1963 ( September ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Dick Ayers Avengers # 1 Quicksilver 1964 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby X-Men # 4 Scarlet Witch 1964 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby X-Men # 4 Black Widow 1964 ( April ) Marvel Stan Lee , Don Rico , Don Heck Tales of Suspense # 52 Daredevil ( Matt Murdock ) 1964 ( April ) Marvel Stan Lee , Bill Everett Daredevil # 1 Hawkeye ( Clint Barton ) 1964 ( July ) Marvel Stan Lee , Don Heck Tales of Suspense # 57 Teen Titans 1964 ( July ) DC Robert Haney , Bruno Premiani The Brave and the Bold # 54 Wonder Man 1964 ( October ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Avengers # 9 Zatanna 1964 ( November ) DC Gardner Fox , Murphy Anderson Hawkman # 4 Metamorpho 1965 ( January ) DC Bob Haney , Ramona Fradon The Brave and the Bold # 57 Hercules 1965 ( June ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Journey into Mystery Annual # 1 Animal Man 1965 ( September ) DC Dave Wood , Carmine Infantino Strange Adventures # 180 Mighty Crusaders 1965 Archie Comics Jerry Siegel , Paul Reinman Fly - Man # 31 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents 1965 ( November ) Tower Wally Wood T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 1 Silver Surfer 1966 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Fantastic Four # 48 Black Panther 1966 ( July ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Fantastic Four # 52 Nightshade 1966 ( September ) Charlton Comics / DC Joe Gill , Steve Ditko Captain Atom # 82 Blue Beetle ( Ted Kord , 2nd ver ) 1966 ( November ) Charlton Comics / DC Steve Ditko Captain Atom # 83 Batgirl ( Barbara Gordon ) 1967 ( January ) DC Gardner Fox , Carmine Infantino Detective Comics # 359 Banshee 1967 ( January ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Werner Roth X-Men # 28 Question 1967 ( June ) Charlton Comics / DC Steve Ditko Blue Beetle # 1 Black Knight 1967 ( December ) Marvel Roy Thomas , John Buscema Avengers # 47 Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) 1967 ( December ) Marvel Stan Lee , Gene Colan Marvel Super Heroes # 12 Carol Danvers ( a.k.a. Ms. Marvel , Binary , Warbird ) 1968 ( March ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gene Colan Marvel Super Heroes # 13 The Creeper 1968 ( March ) DC Steve Ditko Showcase # 73 Vision 1968 ( October ) Marvel Roy Thomas , John Buscema Avengers # 57 Polaris 1968 ( October ) Marvel Arnold Drake , Don Heck , Werner Roth , Jim Steranko X-Men # 49 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1st version ) 1969 ( January ) Marvel Arnold Drake , Gene Colan Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 Havok 1969 ( March ) Marvel Arnold Drake , Don Heck , Neal Adams X-Men # 54 Falcon ( Sam Wilson ) 1969 ( September ) Marvel Stan Lee , Gene Colan Captain America # 117 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Ultraman 1966 Eiji Tsuburaya Ultraman Captain Nice 1967 ( January ) Buck Henry Captain Nice Mister Terrific ( Stanley Beamish ) 1967 ( January ) Mr. Terrific The Mighty Heroes ( Strong Man , Cuckoo Man , Tornado Man , Rope Man , Diaper Man ) 1966 Ralph Bakshi Mighty Mouse Playhouse Space Ghost 1966 Alex Toth William Hanna & Joseph Barbera Space Ghost and Dino Boy Birdman 1967 Alex Toth William Hanna & Joseph Barbera Birdman and the Galaxy Trio Ultra Seven 1967 Eiji Tsuburaya Ultra Seven Radio ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Kalimán 1963 Rafael Cutberto Navarro and Modesto Vázquez González Kalimán 1970s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Sunfire 1970 ( January ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Don Heck X-Men # 64 Valkyrie 1970 ( December ) Marvel Roy Thomas , John Buscema The Avengers # 83 Squadron Supreme 1971 ( February ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Sal Buscema The Avengers # 85 - 86 The Forever People 1971 ( February ) DC Jack Kirby The Forever People # 1 New Gods 1971 ( February ) DC Jack Kirby New Gods # 1 Mister Miracle 1971 ( March ) DC Jack Kirby Mister Miracle # 1 Big Barda 1971 ( March ) DC Jack Kirby Mister Miracle # 1 Man - Thing 1971 ( May ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gerry Conway , Gray Morrow Savage Tales # 1 Swamp Thing 1971 ( July ) DC Len Wein , Bernie Wrightson House of Secrets # 92 The Defenders 1971 ( December ) Marvel Roy Thomas Marvel Feature # 1 Luke Cage a.k.a. Power Man 1972 ( June ) Marvel Archie Goodwin , George Tuska Luke Cage , Hero for Hire # 1 Ghost Rider ( Johnny Blaze ) 1972 ( August ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gary Friedrich , Mike Ploog Marvel Spotlight # 5 Drax The Destroyer 1973 ( February ) Marvel Mike Friedrich , Jim Starlin Iron Man # 55 Brother Voodoo 1973 ( September ) Marvel Len Wein , Gene Colan Strange Tales # 169 Shang - Chi 1973 ( December ) Marvel Steve Englehart , Jim Starlin Special Marvel Edition # 15 Punisher ( Frank Castle ) 1974 ( February ) Marvel Gerry Conway , Ross Andru The Amazing Spider - Man # 129 Iron Fist 1974 ( May ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gil Kane Marvel Premiere # 15 Deathlok 1974 ( August ) Marvel Rich Buckler , Doug Moench Astonishing Tales # 25 Wolverine 1974 ( October ) Marvel Len Wein , Herb Trimpe Incredible Hulk # 180 ( cameo last panel ) , # 181 first full appearance Captain Canuck Richard Comely , Ron Leishman Captain Canuck # 1 All - New , All - Different X-Men ( Storm , Nightcrawler , Colossus , Thunderbird ) 1975 ( May ) Marvel Len Wein , Dave Cockrum Giant - Size X-Men # 1 Gamora 1975 ( June ) Marvel Jim Starlin Strange Tales # 180 Moon Knight 1975 ( August ) Marvel Doug Moench , Don Perlin Werewolf by Night # 32 Power Girl 1976 ( January ) DC Gerry Conway All - Star Comics # 58 Star - Lord 1976 ( January ) Marvel Steve Englehart , Steve Gan Marvel Preview # 4 Captain Britain 1976 Marvel Chris Claremont , Herb Trimpe Captain Britain Weekly # 1 Spider - Woman 1977 ( February ) Marvel Archie Goodwin , Jim Mooney Marvel Spotlight # 32 Black Lightning 1977 ( April ) DC Tony Isabella , Trevor Von Eeden Black Lightning # 1 3 - D Man 1977 ( April ) Marvel Roy Thomas Marvel Premiere # 35 Firestorm 1978 ( March ) DC Gerry Conway , Allen Milgrom Firestorm , The Nuclear Man # 1 Alpha Flight 1979 ( April ) Marvel Chris Claremont , John Byrne Uncanny X-Men # 120 Black Cat 1979 ( July ) Marvel Marv Wolfman , Keith Pollard The Amazing Spider - Man # 194 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance El Chapulín Colorado 1970 Roberto Gomez Bolaños Chespirito ( segment : El Chapulín Colorado ) Kamen Rider 1971 Shotaro Ishinomori Kamen Rider G - Force 1972 Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman ( Battle of the Planets ) Six Million Dollar Man 1973 ( March 7 ) Martin Caiden The Six Million Dollar Man movie ( based on 1972 novel Cyborg ) The Bionic Woman 1975 ( March 16 ) Kenneth Johnson The Six Million Dollar Man ( episode : `` The Bionic Woman '' ) 1980s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Kitty Pryde 1980 ( January ) Marvel Chris Claremont , John Byrne Uncanny X-Men # 129 Emma Frost 1980 ( January ) Marvel Chris Claremont , John Byrne Uncanny X-Men # 129 Dazzler 1980 ( February ) Marvel Tom DeFalco , Louise Simonson , Roger Stern Uncanny X-Men # 130 She - Hulk 1980 ( February ) Marvel Stan Lee , John Buscema Savage She - Hulk # 1 Elektra 1981 ( January ) Marvel Frank Miller Daredevil # 168 Omega Men 1981 ( January ) DC Marv Wolfman , Joe Staton Green Lantern # 136 Captain Victory and the Galactic Rangers 1981 ( November ) DC Jack Kirby Captain Victory and the Galactic Rangers # 1 Rogue 1981 ( November ) Marvel Chris Claremont , Michael Golden Avengers Annual # 10 Rocket Raccoon 1982 ( May ) Marvel Bill Mantlo , Keith Giffen Incredible Hulk # 271 Monica Rambeau ( a.k.a. Captain Marvel , Photon , Pulsar ) 1982 ( December ) Marvel Roger Stern , John Romita , Jr . The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 16 New Mutants 1982 ( December ) Marvel Chris Claremont The New Mutants , Marvel Graphic Novel # 4 The Maxx 1982 Comico Sam Kieth Primer # 5 ( as Max the Hare ) , The Maxx # 1 ( as The Maxx ) Robin ( Jason Todd ) 1983 ( March ) DC Comics Jim Starlin , Max Collins `` Batman '' # 357 Lobo ( DC Comics ) 1983 ( June ) DC Roger Slifer , Keith Giffen Omega Men # 3 Outsiders 1983 ( July ) DC Mike Barr , Jim Aparo The Brave and the Bold # 200 American Flagg 1983 ( October ) First Comics Howard Chaykin American Flagg # 1 Atari Force 1984 ( January ) DC Gerry Conway , Roy Thomas , Ross Andru Atari Force # 1 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1984 ( May ) Mirage Kevin Eastman , Peter Laird Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 Power Pack 1984 ( August ) Marvel Louise Simonson , June Brigman Power Pack ( Vol. 1 ) # 1 West Coast Avengers 1984 ( September ) Marvel Roger Stern , Bob Hall West Coast Avengers ( Vol. 1 ) # 1 Femforce 1984 ( September ) AC Comics Bill Black , Stephanie Sanderson , Mark Heike Femforce Special Julia Carpenter ( a.k.a. Spider - Woman , Arachne ) 1984 ( October ) Marvel Jim Shooter , Mike Zeck Secret Wars # 6 - 7 Northguard 1984 ( Canada ) Mark Shainblum , Gabriel Morrissette New Triumph featuring Northguard # 1 Zot 1984 Eclipse Comics Scott McCloud Zot ! # 1 Mr. Monster 1984 Michael T. Gilbert Vanguard Illustrated # 7 Fleur de Lys 1985 ( Canada ) Mark Shainblum , Gabriel Morrissette New Triumph featuring Northguard # 5 Nagraj 1986 ( January ) Raj Comics Sanjay Gupta Nagraj # 1 X-Factor 1986 ( February ) Marvel Bob Layton , Jackson Guice , Josef Rubinstein X-Factor # 1 Booster Gold 1986 ( February ) DC Dan Jurgens Booster Gold # 1 Savage Dragon 1986 ( February ) Erik Larsen Megaton # 3 Watchmen 1986 ( September ) DC Alan Moore , Dave Gibbons Watchmen # 1 Super Commando Dhruva 1987 ( April ) Raj Comics Anupam Sinha GENL # 74 Pratishodh Ki Jwala Excalibur 1988 ( April ) Marvel Chris Claremont , Alan Davis Excalibur : The Sword is Drawn The Crow 1989 ( January ) Caliber James O'Barr Caliber Presents # 1 Robin ( Tim Drake ) 1989 ( August ) DC Comics Marv Wolfman Batman # 436 New Warriors 1989 ( December ) Marvel Tom DeFalco , Ron Frenz Thor # 411 Dawn 1989 ( December ) Sirius Entertainment Joseph Michael Linsner Cry for Dawn # 1 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Ralph Hinkley 1981 ( March ) The Greatest American Hero Thundercats 1985 Tobin `` Ted '' Wolf & Rankin / Bass Productions Silverhawks 1986 Rankin / Bass Productions Tigersharks Rankin / Bass Productions 1990s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Cable ( comics ) 1990 ( March ) Marvel Louise Simonson , Rob Liefeld The New Mutants # 87 X-Men # 201 ( January 1986 , as Nathan Summers ) Gambit ( comics ) 1990 ( August ) Marvel Chris Claremont , Jim Lee X-Men # 266 Bhokal 1991 ( January ) Raj Comics Sanjay Gupta Bhokal # 1 Darkhawk 1991 ( February ) Marvel Tom Defalco , Mike Manley Marvel Age # 97 Deadpool 1991 ( February ) Marvel Rob Liefeld , Fabian Nicieza The New Mutants # 98 X-Force 1991 ( April ) Marvel Rob Liefeld The New Mutants # 100 Jesse Quick ( daughter of Johnny Quick and Liberty Belle ) 1991 ( April ) DC Len Strazewski , Mike Parobeck Justice Society of America ( vol. 2 ) # 1 Next Men 1991 ( September ) Dark Horse John Byrne Dark Horse Presents # 54 Parmanu 1991 ( October ) Raj Comics Sanjay Gupta Nagraj and Super Commando Dhruva # 1 Bishop ( comics ) 1991 ( November ) Marvel Whilce Portacio Jim Lee X-Men # 282 Spawn 1992 ( May ) Image Todd McFarlane Spawn # 1 War Machine 1992 ( June ) Marvel Len Kaminski , Kev Hopgood Iron Man # 281 Eternal Warrior 1992 ( June ) Valiant Comics Jim Shooter Solar : Man of the Atom # 10 WildC. A.T.s 1992 ( August ) Image Comics Jim Lee Supreme 1992 ( August ) Image Rob Liefeld Youngblood # 3 Doga 1992 ( November ) Raj Comics Tarunkumar Wahi , Sanjay Gupta and Manu Curfew Stormwatch 1993 ( March ) Image Jim Lee Stormwatch # 1 Gen13 1993 ( September ) Image Jim Lee , Brandon Choi Deathmate # Black Hellboy 1993 ( December ) Dark Horse Mike Mignola Next Men # 21 Prime 1993 Malibu Comics Gerard Jones , Len Strazewski , Norm Breyfogle Prime # 1 Static 1993 DC Dwayne McDuffie , John Paul Leon Static # 1 Bheriya 1994 ( January ) Raj Comics Dheeraj Verma Bheriya # 1 Purgatori 1994 Chaos ! Comics Brian Pulido , Steven Hughes Lady Death # 3 Generation X 1994 Marvel Scott Lobdell , Chris Bachalo X-Men # 318 Starman ( Jack Knight ) 1994 DC James Robinson , Tony Harris Starman # 0 Astro City 1995 Image Kurt Busiek , Brent Anderson Astro City # 1 Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man 1995 Neil Gaiman , James Vance , Ted Slampyak Neil Gaiman 's Mr. Hero , The Newmatic Man # 1 X-Man 1995 Marvel Jeph Loeb , Steve Skroce X-Man # 1 The Thunderbolts 1997 Marvel Kurt Busiek , Mark Bagley The Incredible Hulk # 449 The Authority 1999 Wildstorm / DC Warren Ellis , Bryan Hitch The Authority vol. 1 # 1 Movies ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Rocketeer 1991 Dave Stevens Meteor Man 1993 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Adventures of T - Rex Lee Gunther & Michael Wehl Power Rangers 1993 Haim Saban Mighty Morphin Power Rangers VR Troopers 1994 Haim Saban VR Troopers Masked Rider 1995 Haim Saban Masked Rider Beetleborgs Haim Saban Big Bad Beetleborgs Astralborgs 1997 Haim Saban Beetleborgs Metallix Shaktimaan 1997 Mukesh Khanna Shaktimaan 2000s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Black Fox ( Dr. Robert William Paine ) 2000 Marvel Roger Stern , John Byrne Marvel : The Lost Generation # 12 Buzz 2000 Marvel Tom DeFalco , Ron Frenz Spider - Girl # 18 Night Eagle 2000 DC J.M. DeMatteis , Mike Miller The Adventures of Superman # 586 Sentry 2000 Marvel Paul Jenkins , Jae Lee , Rick Veitch The Sentry # 1 Typeface 2000 Marvel Paul Jenkins , Mark Buckingham Peter Parker : Spider - Man v2 # 23 Orpheus 2001 DC Alex Simmons , Dwayne Turner Batman : Orpheus Rising # 1 Spike 2001 Marvel Peter Milligan , Mike Allred X-Force # 121 Ultimate Marvel characters 2001 Marvel various Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 X-Statix 2001 Marvel Peter Milligan , Mike Allred X-Force # 116 X-Treme X-Men 2001 Marvel Chris Claremont X-Treme X-Men # 1 Runaways 2002 Marvel Brian K. Vaughan , Adrian Alphona Runaways vol. 1 # 1 Invincible 2002 Image Robert Kirkman , Cory Walker Noble Causes : Family Secrets # 3 Super Buddies 2003 DC Keith Giffen , J.M. DeMatteis , Kevin Maguire , Joe Rubinstein Formerly Known as the Justice League # 1 X-23 2003 Marvel Craig Kyle NYX # 3 Anya Corazon Marvel Fiona Avery , Mark Brooks Amazing Fantasy vol. 2 # 1 Doc Frankenstein Geof Darrow , Steve Skroce , Wachowski Brothers Doc Frankenstein # 1 Freakshow Marvel Chris Claremont Excalibur vol. 3 # 1 Young Avengers 2005 Marvel Allan Heinberg , Jim Cheung Young Avengers # 1 Blue Beetle ( Jamie Reyes , 3rd ver ) 2006 DC Keith Giffen , John Rogers , Cully Hamner Infinite Crisis # 5 Crimson Chin 2006 Butch Hartman The Fairly OddParents # 1 Miss Martian 2006 DC Geoff Johns , Tony Daniel Teen Titans vol. 3 , # 37 The 99 2007 Teshkeel Comics Naif Al - Mutawa The 99 # 1 Atomic Robo 2007 Brian Clevinger , Scott Wegener Atomic Robo # 46 Bob , Agent of HYDRA 2007 Marvel Fabian Nicieza Cable & Deadpool # 38 Forerunner 2007 DC Jimmy Palmiotti , Justin Gray , Jesus Saiz . Countdown # 46 Anna Mercury 2008 Warren Ellis Anna Mercury # 1 Blue Marvel 2008 Marvel Kevin Grevioux Adam : Legend of the Blue Marvel # 1 Kick - Ass 2008 Mark Millar Kick - Ass # 1 She - Hulk ( Lyra ) 2008 Marvel Jeff Parker , Mitch Breitweiser Hulk : Raging Thunder # 1 Guardians of the Galaxy 2nd version 2008 ( April ) Marvel Dan Abnett , Andy Lanning Annhiliation Conquest # 6 Achilles Warkiller 2009 DC Gail Simone , Aaron Lopresti Wonder Woman ( vol. 3 ) # 30 Haunt 2009 Image Robert Kirkman , Todd McFarlane Haunt # 1 King Chimera 2009 DC Matthew Sturges , Fernando Pasarin Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 24 Mot 2009 Nick Simmons Incarnate # 1 Movies ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance David Dunn 2000 M. Night Shyamalan Unbreakable ( film ) The Incredibles , Frozone Brad Bird The Incredibles Catwoman ( Patience Phillips , 2nd ver ) Catwoman Sky High students and graduates 2005 Paul Hernandez , Robert Schooley , Mark McCorkle Sky High Krrish 2006 Rakesh Roshan Krrish Zenith Team ( Captain Zoom , Concussion , Mega-Boy , Wonder , Houdini , Princess , Marsha Holloway ) 2006 Adam Rifkin Zoom John Hancock 2008 Vincent Ngo Hancock Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Danny Phantom Butch Hartman Danny Phantom Ben Tennyson 2005 Man of Action ( Duncan Rouleau , Joe Casey , Joe Kelly , and Steven T. Seagle ) Ben 10 Heroes 2006 Tim Kring Heroes Kamen Rider Dragon Knight 2009 Steve Wang Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight 2010s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Biały Orzeł ( White Eagle ) 2011 Wizuale ( Poland ) Maciej Kmiołek & Adam Kmiołek Biały Orzeł # 1 Soundman 2012 Brian Bondurant `` Power Couple ! '' ( part of Kumate Works anthology ) Captain China 2012 Excel Comics ( China ) Chi Wang & Jim Lai Captain China # 1 - The World 's Greatest Communist Super Hero ! Miss Marvel 2014 Marvel Sana Amanat Captain Marvel # 14 Spider - Gwen 2014 Marvel Jason Latour and Robbi Rodriguez Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 Gwenpool 2016 Marvel Chris Bachalo Howard the Duck Vol 6 # 1 Movies ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Cutthroat , Charge , Shadow , The Wall 2011 Jason Trost Vs Andrew Detmer , Matt Garetty , Steve Montgomery 2017 Emilio Insolera Sign Gene Television ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Powell family Ra . One Greg Berlanti , Jon Harmon Feldman No Ordinary Family The Cape 2011 Tom Wheeler The Cape See also ( edit ) List of years in comics List of comic book supervillain debuts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Periodical Publications v. Empire Comics , New York Court of Appeals , April 21 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Per Lawrence Journal - World ( March 17 , 2006 ) : `` ' V for Vendetta ' is S for Subversive '' , by Jon Niccum , `` The Dark Knight : Batman -- A NonSuper Superhero '' , GameSpot : PS2 Games : Batman Begins Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Spotlight Comics Annual # 2 ( May 2002 ) Archived 2008 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. ; `` The Religious Affiliation of Comic Book Characters : Rev. Dr. Christopher Syn , the Scarecrow of Romney Marsh ( one of the world 's first masked crime - fighters ) '' ( no date ) , and other sources . Jump up ^ The Complete Spring Heeled Jack Page Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) References ( edit ) Daniels , Les . The Golden Age of DC Comics : 365 Days . New York : H.N. Abrams , 2004 . External links ( edit ) Comic Book Timeline Guardians of the North `` The Comic Book Villain , Dr. Fredric Wertham , M.D. '' The Silver Age and the Marvel Age at Web Cite The Bronze Age at Web Cite The Gimmick Age at Web Cite Coville , Jamie . `` The History of Superhero Comic Books '' , `` Part 1 : Comic Strips Lead to a New Form '' Evanier , Mark . `` News from Me '' , POV Online , August 26 , 2001 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_superhero_debuts&oldid=836898348 '' Categories : Comics - related lists Comic book publication histories Superhero fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete literature lists Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	who was the first superhero in dc comics	[ "\n\nCharacter / Team\nYear Debuted\nCompany\nCreator/s\nFirst Appearance\n\n\nDoctor Occult (Doctor Mystic)\n1935 (October)\nDC\nJerry Siegel, Joe Shuster\nNew Fun Comics #6\n\n\nThe Clock\n1936 (November)\nComics Magazine Co\nGeorge Brenner\nFunny Pages #6 or Funny Picture Stories #1\n\n\nSheena, Queen of the Jungle\n1937\nFiction House\nWill Eisner and S.M. \"Jerry\" Iger\nWags #1\n\n\nSuperman (Clark Kent)\n1938 (June)\nDC\nJerry Siegel, Joe Shuster\nAction Comics #1\n\n\nZatara\n1938 (June)\nDC\nFred Guardineer\nAction Comics #1\n\n\nAmericommando (Harold \"Tex\" Thompson)\n1938 (June)\nDC\nKen Fitch, Bernard Baily\nAction Comics #1\n\n\nFatman (Bob Daley)\n1938 (July)\nDC\nKen Fitch, Bernard Baily\nAction Comics #2\n\n\nArrow\n1938 (September)\nCentaur Publications\nPaul Gustavson\nFunny Pages vol. 2 #10 (or #21)\n\n\nCrimson Avenger (Lee Travis)\n1938 (October)\nDC\nJim Chambers\nDetective Comics #20\n\n\nBatman (Bruce Wayne)\n1939 (March)\nDC\nBob Kane, Bill Finger\nDetective Comics #27\n\n\nNamor the Sub-Mariner\n1939 (April)\nMarvel/Timely\nBill Everett\nMotion Picture Funnies Weekly #1\n\n\nWonder Man (Fox)\n1939 (May)\nFox Publications\nWill Eisner\nWonder Comics #1\n\n\nThe Flame (Gary Preston)\n1939 (June)\nFox Publications\nWill Eisner\nWonderworld Comics #3\n\n\nSandman (Wesley Dodds)\n1939 (July)\nDC\nGardner Fox, Bert Christman\nWorld's Fair Comics #1\n\n\nBlue Beetle (Dan Garret)\n1939 (August)\nFox Publications\nCharles Nicholas\nMystery Men Comics #1\n\n\nGreen Mask (Michael Shelby)\n1939 (August)\nFox Publications\nWalter Frehm\nMystery Men Comics #1\n\n\nBozo the Iron Man\n1939 (August)\nQuality Comics\nGeorge Brenner\nSmash Comics #1\n\n\nAmazing-Man (Centaur Publications)\n1939 (September)\nCentaur Publications\nBill Everett\nAmazing-Man Comics #5\n\n\nThe Human Torch (Jim Hammond, original)\n1939 (October)\nMarvel/Timely\nCarl Burgos\nMarvel Comics #1\n\n\nAngel (Thomas Halloway)\n1939 (October)\nMarvel/Timely\nPaul Gustavson\nMarvel Comics #1\n\n\nShock Gibson\n1939 (October)\nBrookwood Publications\nMaurice Scott\nSpeed Comics #1\n\n\nUltra-Man (Gary Concord, Jr.)\n1939 (November)\nDC\nJon L. Blummer\nAll-American Comics #8\n\n\nDoll Man\n1939 (December)\nQuality Comics\nWill Eisner\nFeature Comics #27\n\n" ]	[ "Superman" ]
4390627461848179188	Politics of the United States	Politics of the United States - Wikipedia Politics of the United States Jump to : navigation , search See also : Elections in the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Political system of the United States The United States is a federal republic in which the president , Congress , and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution . At the same time , the federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments . The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary . The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President . They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judicial branch ( or judiciary ) , composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts , exercises judicial power ( or judiciary ) . The judiciary 's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations . This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches . The federal government 's layout is explained in the Constitution . Two political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party , have dominated American politics since the American Civil War , although there have also been smaller parties like the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , and the Constitution Party . There are a few major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies . These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature , a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court , the ( separation of powers ) between the legislature and the executive , and the dominance of only two main parties . Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries ; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls . These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws , informal media prohibitions , and winner - take - all elections , and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules . The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated the United States as `` flawed democracy '' in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political culture 1.1 Colonial origins 1.2 American ideology 1.3 Usage of `` left -- right '' politics 1.4 Suffrage 2 State government 3 Local government 3.1 Mayor - Council 3.2 The Commission 3.3 Council - Manager 3.4 County government 3.5 Town and village government 4 Campaign finance 5 Political parties and elections 5.1 Political parties 5.2 Elections 5.3 Organization of American political parties 5.4 General developments 5.5 Development of the two - party system in the United States 5.6 Gerrymandering 6 Political pressure groups 7 Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy 8 Concerns about the rise of authoritarianism in the United States 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links Political culture ( edit ) Main article : Political culture of the United States Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core American political values since the time of the American Revolution in the late 18th century . Colonial origins ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States Some of Britain 's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . Reasons for this American exceptionalism included : Suffrage was the most widespread in the world , with every man who owned a certain amount of property allowed to vote . While fewer than 20 % of British men could vote , a majority of white American men were eligible . While the roots of democracy were apparent , nevertheless deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . That deference declined sharply with the American Revolution . In each colony , elected bodies , especially the assemblies and county governments , decided a wide range of public and private business . Topics of public concern and debate included land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans spent a great deal of time in court , as private lawsuits were very common . Legal affairs were overseen by local judges and juries , with a central role for trained lawyers . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , and the dominant role of lawyers in politics was apparent by the 1770s , as attested by the careers of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , among many others . The North American colonies were exceptional in the world context because of the growth of representation of different interest groups . Unlike in Europe , where royal courts , aristocratic families and established churches exercised control , the American political culture was open to merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups . Over 90 % of the representatives elected to the legislature lived in their districts , unlike in the United Kingdom where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . Americans became fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of republicanism , which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power . American ideology ( edit ) Republicanism , along with a form of classical liberalism , remains the dominant ideology . Central documents include the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , Constitution ( 1787 ) , The Federalist Papers ( 1788 ) , Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) , and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) , among others . The political scientist Louis Hartz articulated this theme in American political culture in The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1955 ) . Hartz saw the antebellum South as breaking away from this central ideology in the 1820s as it constructed a fantasy to support hierarchical , feudal society . Others , such as David Gordon of the libertarian , Alabama - based Mises Institute argue that the secessionists who formed the Confederacy in 1861 retained the values of classical liberalism . Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following : Civic duty : Citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government , participate in elections , pay taxes , and perform military service . Opposition to Political corruption Democracy : The government is answerable to citizens , who may change the representatives through elections . Equality before the law : The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen . Government officials are subject to the law just as others are Freedom of religion : The government can neither support nor suppress religion Freedom of speech : The government can not restrict through law or action the personal speech of a citizen ; a marketplace of ideas In response to Hartz and others , political scientist Rogers M. Smith argued in Civic Ideals ( 1999 ) that in addition to liberalism and republicanism , United States political culture has historically served to exclude various populations from access to full citizenship . Terming this ideological tradition `` ascriptive inegalitarianism , '' Smith traces its relevance in nativist , sexist , and racist beliefs and practices alongside struggles over citizenship laws from the early colonial period to the Progressive Era , and further political debates in the following century . At the time of the United States ' founding , agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy , and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative . Laissez - faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression . Between the 1930s and 1970s , fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus , a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged . Since the late - 1970s and early 1980s , however , laissez - faire ideology , as explained especially by Milton Friedman , has once more become a powerful force in American politics . While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II , it has been at 20 % of GDP since the late - 1970s . As of 2014 modern American liberalism , and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political battle , characterized by what The Economist describes as `` greater divisiveness ( and ) close , but bitterly fought elections . '' Usage of `` left -- right '' politics ( edit ) Main article : Usage of `` left -- right '' politics in the United States The modern American political spectrum and the usage of the terms `` left -- right politics '' , `` liberalism '' , and `` conservatism '' in the United States differs from that of the rest of the world . According to American historian Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( writing in 1956 ) , `` Liberalism in the American usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any European country , save possibly Britain '' . Schlesinger noted that American liberalism does not support classical liberalism 's commitment to limited government and laissez - faire economics . Because those two positions are instead generally supported by American conservatives , historian Leo P. Ribuffo noted in 2011 , `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism . '' Suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The right of suffrage is nearly universal for citizens eighteen years of age and older . All states and the District of Columbia contribute to the electoral vote for President . However , the District , and other U.S. holdings like Puerto Rico and Guam , lack federal representation in Congress . These constituencies do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas . Each commonwealth , territory , or district can only elect a non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives . Women 's suffrage became an important issue after the American Civil War of 1861 - 65 . After the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1870 , giving African - American men the right to vote , various women 's groups wanted the right to vote as well . Two major interest groups formed . The first group was the National Woman Suffrage Association , formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , that wanted to work for suffrage on the federal level and to push for more governmental changes , such as the granting of property rights to married women . The second group , the American Woman Suffrage Association formed by Lucy Stone , aimed to give women the right to vote . In 1890 , the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . The NAWSA then mobilized to obtain support state - by - state , and by 1920 , the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified , giving women the right to vote . Student activism against the Vietnam War in the 1960s prompted the passage of the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which lowered the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen , the legal age of the draft . State government ( edit ) See also : State governments of the United States States governments have the power to make laws that are not granted to the federal government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution for all citizens . These include education , family law , contract law , and most crimes . Unlike the federal government , which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution , a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution . Like the federal government , state governments have three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor , who typically holds office for a four - year term ( although in some states the term is two years ) . Except for Nebraska , which has unicameral legislature , all states have a bicameral legislature , with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives , the House of Delegates , Assembly or something similar . In most states , senators serve four - year terms , and members of the lower house serve two - year terms . The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution , including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government . However , state constitutions are generally more detailed . Local government ( edit ) See also : Urban politics in the United States The United States has 89,500 local governments , including 3,033 counties , 19,492 municipalities , 16,500 townships , 13,000 school districts , and 37,000 other special districts that deal with issues like fire protection . Local governments directly serve the needs of the people , providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes , health regulations , education , public transportation , and housing . Typically local elections are nonpartisan -- local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing . About 28 % of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population . City governments are chartered by states , and their charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government . The United States Constitution only provides for states and territories as subdivisions of the country , and the Supreme Court has accordingly confirmed the supremacy of state sovereignty over municipalities . For most big cities , cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents . Types of city governments vary widely across the nation . However , almost all have a central council , elected by the voters , and an executive officer , assisted by various department heads , to manage the city 's affairs . Cities in the West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics . There are three general types of city government : the mayor - council , the commission , and the council - manager . These are the pure forms ; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them . Mayor - council ( edit ) This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and , until the beginning of the 20th century , was used by nearly all American cities . Its structure is like that of the state and national governments , with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch . The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials , sometimes with the approval of the council . He or she has the power of veto over ordinances ( the laws of the city ) and often is responsible for preparing the city 's budget . The council passes city ordinances , sets the tax rate on property , and apportions money among the various city departments . As cities have grown , council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood . The Commission ( edit ) This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials , usually three or more in number , elected citywide . Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments . Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated . One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor , although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners . Council - manager ( edit ) The city manager is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials . The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers , including law enforcement and provision of services , to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager . The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities . Under this plan , a small , elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy , but hires a paid administrator , also called a city manager , to carry out its decisions . The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments . Usually , there is no set term ; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work . County government ( edit ) The county is a subdivision of the state , sometimes ( but not always ) containing two or more townships and several villages . New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs , each a county in its own right . On the other hand , Arlington County , Virginia , the United States ' smallest county , located just across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , is both an urbanized and suburban area , governed by a unitary county administration . In other cities , both the city and county governments have merged , creating a consolidated city -- county government . In most U.S. counties , one town or city is designated as the county seat , and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets . In small counties , boards are chosen by the county ; in the larger ones , supervisors represent separate districts or townships . The board collects taxes for state and local governments ; borrows and appropriates money ; fixes the salaries of county employees ; supervises elections ; builds and maintains highways and bridges ; and administers national , state , and county welfare programs . In very small counties , the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a sole commissioner , who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections . In some New England states , counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land . Town and village government ( edit ) Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments . These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with local needs such as paving and lighting the streets , ensuring a water supply , providing police and fire protection , and waste management . In many states of the US , the term town does not have any specific meaning ; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places ( both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities ) . Moreover , in some states , the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states . The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council , which may be known by a variety of names : town or village council , board of selectmen , board of supervisors , board of commissioners . The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer , or there may be an elected mayor . Governmental employees may include a clerk , treasurer , police and fire officers , and health and welfare officers . One unique aspect of local government , found mostly in the New England region of the United States , is the town meeting . Once a year , sometimes more often if needed , the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers , debate local issues , and pass laws for operating the government . As a body , they decide on road construction and repair , construction of public buildings and facilities , tax rates , and the town budget . The town meeting , which has existed for more than three centuries in some places , is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy , in which the governmental power is not delegated , but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people . Campaign finance ( edit ) Main article : Campaign finance in the United States Successful participation , especially in federal elections , requires large amounts of money , especially for television advertising . This money is very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base , although in the 2008 election , candidates from both parties had success with raising money from citizens over the Internet , as had Howard Dean with his Internet appeals . Both parties generally depend on wealthy donors and organizations -- traditionally the Democrats depended on donations from organized labor while the Republicans relied on business donations . This dependency on donors is controversial , and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted ( see campaign finance reform ) . Opponents of campaign finance laws cite the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech , and challenge campaign finance laws because they attempt to circumvent the people 's constitutionally guaranteed rights . Even when laws are upheld , the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation , leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope , especially in comparison to those of other countries such as the United Kingdom , France or Canada . Fundraising plays a large role in getting a candidate elected to public office . Without money , a candidate may have little chance of achieving their goal . In the 2004 general elections , 95 % of House races and 91 % of senate races were won by the candidates who spent the most on their campaigns . Attempts to limit the influence of money on American political campaigns dates back to the 1860s . Recently , Congress passed legislation requiring candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions , how the campaign money is spent , and regulated use of `` soft money '' contributions . Political parties and elections ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mention political parties , primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan . In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10 , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively , wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . In addition , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president . Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed , fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless , the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers . Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . In modern times , in partisan elections , candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent . Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated , and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot . Typically , major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention , whereas minor party and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : Political parties in the United States The modern political party system in the United States is a two - party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856 . The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left - of - center in American politics and supports a modern American liberal platform , while the Republican Party generally positions itself as right - of - center and supports a modern American conservative platform . Third parties have achieved relatively minor representation from time to time at local levels . The Libertarian Party is the largest third party in the country , claiming more than 250,000 registered voters in 2013 ; it generally positions itself as centrist or radical centrist and supports a classical liberal position . Other contemporary third parties include the left - wing Green Party , supporting Green politics , and the right - wing Constitution Party , supporting paleoconservatism . Elections ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Elections in the United States . Unlike in some parliamentary systems , Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party . With a federal government , officials are elected at the federal ( national ) , state and local levels . On a national level , the President , is elected indirectly by the people , through an Electoral College . In modern times , the electors virtually always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of Congress , and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected . Various federal and state laws regulate elections . The United States Constitution defines ( to a basic extent ) how federal elections are held , in Article One and Article Two and various amendments . State law regulates most aspects of electoral law , including primaries , the eligibility of voters ( beyond the basic constitutional definition ) , the running of each state 's electoral college , and the running of state and local elections . Organization of American political parties ( edit ) See also : Political party strength in U.S. states American political parties are more loosely organized than those in other countries . The two major parties , in particular , have no formal organization at the national level that controls membership , activities , or policy positions , though some state affiliates do . Thus , for an American to say that he or she is a member of the Democratic or Republican party , is quite different from a Briton 's stating that he or she is a member of the Conservative or Labour party . In the United States , one can often become a `` member '' of a party , merely by stating that fact . In some U.S. states , a voter can register as a member of one or another party and / or vote in the primary election for one or another party . Such participation does not restrict one 's choices in any way . It also does not give a person any particular rights or obligations within the party , other than possibly allowing that person to vote in that party 's primary elections . A person may choose to attend meetings of one local party committee one day and another party committee the next day . The sole factor that brings one `` closer to the action '' is the quantity and quality of participation in party activities and the ability to persuade others in attendance to give one responsibility . Party identification becomes somewhat formalized when a person runs for partisan office . In most states , this means declaring oneself a candidate for the nomination of a particular party and intent to enter that party 's primary election for an office . A party committee may choose to endorse one or another of those who is seeking the nomination , but in the end the choice is up to those who choose to vote in the primary , and it is often difficult to tell who is going to do the voting . The result is that American political parties have weak central organizations and little central ideology , except by consensus . A party really can not prevent a person who disagrees with the majority of positions of the party or actively works against the party 's aims from claiming party membership , so long as the voters who choose to vote in the primary elections elect that person . Once in office , an elected official may change parties simply by declaring such intent . An elected official once in office may also act contradictory to many of his or her party 's positions ( this had led to terms such as `` Republican In Name Only '' ) . At the federal level , each of the two major parties has a national committee ( See , Democratic National Committee , Republican National Committee ) that acts as the hub for much fund - raising and campaign activities , particularly in presidential campaigns . The exact composition of these committees is different for each party , but they are made up primarily of representatives from state parties and affiliated organizations , and others important to the party . However , the national committees do not have the power to direct the activities of members of the party . Both parties also have separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level . The most significant of these are the Hill committees , which work to elect candidates to each house of Congress . State parties exist in all fifty states , though their structures differ according to state law , as well as party rules at both the national and the state level . Despite these weak organizations , elections are still usually portrayed as national races between the political parties . In what is known as `` presidential coattails '' , candidates in presidential elections become the de facto leader of their respective party , and thus usually bring out supporters who in turn then vote for his party 's candidates for other offices . On the other hand , federal midterm elections ( where only Congress and not the president is up for election ) are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president 's performance , with voters either voting in or out the president 's party 's candidates , which in turn helps the next session of Congress to either pass or block the president 's agenda , respectively . General developments ( edit ) See also : History of the United States Republican Party and History of the United States Democratic Party Most of the Founding Fathers rejected political parties as divisive and disruptive . By the 1790s , however , most joined one of the two new parties , and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy . By the 1790s , the First Party System was born . Men who held opposing views strengthened their cause by identifying and organizing men of like mind . The followers of Alexander Hamilton , were called `` Federalists '' ; they favored a strong central government that would support the interests of national defense , commerce and industry . The followers of Thomas Jefferson , the Jeffersonians took up the name `` Republicans '' ; they preferred a decentralized agrarian republic in which the federal government had limited power . By 1828 , the First Party System had collapsed . Two new parties emerged from the remnants of the Jeffersonian Democracy , forming the Second Party System with the Whigs , brought to life in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his new Democratic Party . The forces of Jacksonian Democracy , based among urban workers , Southern poor whites , and western farmers , dominated the era . In the 1860s , the issue of slavery took center stage , with disagreement in particular over the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the country 's new territories in the West . The Whig Party straddled the issue and sank to its death after the overwhelming electoral defeat by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election . Ex-Whigs joined the Know Nothings or the newly formed Republican Party . While the Know Nothing party was short - lived , Republicans would survive the intense politics leading up to the Civil War . The primary Republican policy was that slavery be excluded from all the territories . Just six years later , this new party captured the presidency when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 . By then , parties were well established as the country 's dominant political organizations , and party allegiance had become an important part of most people 's consciousness . Party loyalty was passed from fathers to sons , and party activities , including spectacular campaign events , complete with uniformed marching groups and torchlight parades , were a part of the social life of many communities . By the 1920s , however , this boisterous folksiness had diminished . Municipal reforms , civil service reform , corrupt practices acts , and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions had all helped to clean up politics . Development of the two - party system in the United States ( edit ) See also : Causes of a two - party system This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1790s , the country has been run by two major parties . Many minor or third political parties appear from time to time . They tend to serve a means to advocate policies that eventually are adopted by the two major political parties . At various times the Socialist Party , the Farmer - Labor Party and the Populist Party for a few years had considerable local strength , and then faded away -- although in Minnesota , the Farmer -- Labor Party merged into the state 's Democratic Party , which is now officially known as the Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party . At present , the Libertarian Party is the most successful third party . New York State has a number of additional third parties , who sometimes run their own candidates for office and sometimes nominate the nominees of the two main parties . In the District of Columbia , the D.C. Statehood Green Party has served as a strong third party behind the Democratic Party and Republican Party . Most officials in America are elected from single - member districts and win office by beating out their opponents in a system for determining winners called first - past - the - post ; the one who gets the plurality wins , ( which is not the same thing as actually getting a majority of votes ) . This encourages the two - party system ; see Duverger 's law . In the absence of multi-seat congressional districts , proportional representation is impossible and third parties can not thrive . Although elections to the Senate elect two senators per constituency ( state ) , staggered terms effectively result in single - seat constituencies for elections to the Senate . Another critical factor has been ballot access law . Originally , voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported . Later on , this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party 's ballot into the voting box . In the late nineteenth century , states began to adopt the Australian Secret Ballot Method , and it eventually became the national standard . The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected ( hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters ) and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot . The fact that state legislatures were dominated by Democrats and Republicans provided these parties an opportunity to pass discriminatory laws against minor political parties , yet such laws did not start to arise until the first Red Scare that hit America after World War I. State legislatures began to enact tough laws that made it harder for minor political parties to run candidates for office by requiring a high number of petition signatures from citizens and decreasing the length of time that such a petition could legally be circulated . It should also be noted that while more often than not , party members will `` toe the line '' and support their party 's policies , they are free to vote against their own party and vote with the opposition ( `` cross the aisle '' ) when they please . `` In America the same political labels ( Democratic and Republican ) cover virtually all public officeholders , and therefore most voters are everywhere mobilized in the name of these two parties , '' says Nelson W. Polsby , professor of political science , in the book New Federalist Papers : Essays in Defense of the Constitution . `` Yet Democrats and Republicans are not everywhere the same . Variations ( sometimes subtle , sometimes blatant ) in the 50 political cultures of the states yield considerable differences overall in what it means to be , or to vote , Democratic or Republican . These differences suggest that one may be justified in referring to the American two - party system as masking something more like a hundred - party system . '' Gerrymandering ( edit ) Main article : Gerrymandering in the United States U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County , Texas ( outlined in red ) in 2002 , left , and 2004 , right . In 2003 , the majority of Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state , diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county by parcelling its residents out to more Republican districts . Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case involving the redistricting and racial gerrymandering of North Carolina 's 12th congressional district ( pictured ) . The United States has a long tradition of gerrymandering . In some states , bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm . State legislators from both parties sometimes agree to draw congressional district boundaries in a way that ensures the re-election of most or all incumbent representatives from both parties . Rather than allowing more political influence , some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions . The states of Washington , Arizona , and California 's Proposition 11 ( 2008 ) and Proposition 20 ( 2010 ) have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census . Rhode Island and New Jersey have developed ad hoc committees , but developed the past two decennial reapportionments tied to new census data . Florida 's amendments 5 and 6 , meanwhile , established rules for the creation of districts but did not mandate an independent commission . International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights , who were invited to observe and report on the 2004 national elections , expressed criticism of the U.S. congressional redistricting process and made a recommendation that the procedures be reviewed to ensure genuine competitiveness of Congressional election contests . Political pressure groups ( edit ) See also : Advocacy group and Lobbying in the United States Special interest groups advocate the cause of their specific constituency . Business organizations will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions of the right to strike , whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining . Other private interest groups , such as churches and ethnic groups , are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs . The Israel lobby is the diverse coalition of those who , as individuals and as groups , seek to influence the foreign policy of the United States in support of Zionism , Israel or the specific policies of its government . The Israel lobby is known for its success in encouraging U.S. lawmakers to support the policies that it supports . One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the political action committee or PAC . These are independent groups , organized around a single issue or set of issues , which contribute money to political campaigns for U.S. Congress or the presidency . PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections . There are no restrictions , however , on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office . PACs today number in the thousands . `` The number of interest groups has mushroomed , with more and more of them operating offices in Washington , D.C. , and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies , '' says Michael Schudson in his 1998 book The Good Citizen : A History of American Civic Life . `` Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens . Since many of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue , and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight , they compete with the parties for citizens ' dollars , time , and passion . '' The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow , as campaigns become increasingly expensive . Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests , whether corporations , unions or PACs , are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences . Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy ( edit ) Some views suggest that the political structure of the United States is in many respects an oligarchy , where a small economic elite overwhelmingly determines policy and law . Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations , wealthy , and other special interest groups , leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process . A study by political scientists Martin Gilens ( Princeton University ) and Benjamin Page ( Northwestern University ) released in April 2014 suggested that when the preferences of a majority of citizens conflicts with elites , elites tend to prevail . While not characterizing the United States as an `` oligarchy '' or `` plutocracy '' outright , Gilens and Page do give weight to the idea of a `` civil oligarchy '' as used by Jeffrey A. Winters , saying , `` Winters has posited a comparative theory of ' Oligarchy , ' in which the wealthiest citizens -- even in a ' civil oligarchy ' like the United States -- dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth - and income - protection . '' In their study , Gilens and Page reached these conclusions : When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose . Moreover , because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system , even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change , they generally do not get it ... ( T ) he preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy . -- Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page , 2014 E.J. Dionne Jr. described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary . The journalist , columnist , and scholar interprets recent Supreme Court decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use economic power to influence political outcomes in their favor . `` Thus , '' Dionne wrote , in speaking about the Supreme Court 's McCutcheon et al. v. FEC and Citizens United v. FEC decisions , `` has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot . '' Nobel Prize - winning economist Paul Krugman wrote : The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people . This threatens to make us a democracy in name only . -- Paul Krugman , 2012 The effects of oligarchy on democracy and the economy were key points of the 2016 presidential campaigns of Bernie Sanders and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Bernie Sanders said about the Citizens United verdict and the Republicans ' rise to power in Congress , I fear that we may be on the verge of becoming an oligarchic form of society where a handful of billionaires control not just the economy , but the political life of this country . And that 's just something we 're going to have wrestle with . -- Bernie Sanders , 2014 Concerns about the rise of authoritarianism in the United States ( edit ) With President Donald J. Trump 's campaign and subsequent election , scholars and democratic observers are openly speculating about whether the United States may be backsliding into a brand of authoritarianism . Critics of the Trump administration point to a reckless disregard for the rule of law , especially in the president 's recurring attacks on the free press , independent judiciary , political opponents , intelligence communities , immigrants , minorities , and even his Oval Office predecessors . Writing for Foreign Affairs , authors Robert Mickey , Steven Levitsky , and Lucan Ahmad Way raised fears about a form of `` competitive authoritarianism '' that could erode democratic decision - making . In their view , Trump 's willingness to repeatedly threaten 2016 Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton with jail time and discredit the country 's free press opens a door to authoritarian politics that could undermine competition between the two major political parties . Others maintain that U.S. institutions are checking Trump 's more authoritarian impulses but fear an erosion of expectations in America 's democratic culture that could lead the country down a far more slippery slope . In an article for Foreign Policy , Stephen M. Walt wrote that `` ( t ) he real danger may not be the rapid slide into authoritarianism , but rather the possibility that a new generation of Americans grows up thinking that it 's perfectly OK for presidents to lie , to use the White House as a vehicle to advance their business interests while in office , to see the presidency as the employer of first resort for their unqualified relatives , and to believe that public servants are to be loyal not to the public interest or the Constitution but to whoever happens to be sitting in the Oval Office . '' See also ( edit ) American exceptionalism Criticism of United States foreign policy Deep state in the United States Fifth Party System Issue voting Money loop Political arguments of gun politics in the United States Political culture of the United States Political divisions of the United States Political ideologies in the United States American Left Progressivism in the United States Modern liberalism in the United States Alt - right Conservativism in the United States List of political parties in the United States Constitution Party Democratic Party Green Party Libertarian Party Modern Whig Party Reform Party Republican Party Socialist Party USA Politics of the Southern United States Reform topics Campaign finance reform in the United States Electoral reform in the United States Health care reform in the United States Marijuana law reform in the United States Tort reform in the United States Sixth Party System Tea Party movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ solutions , EIU digital . `` Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit '' . www.eiu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Samuel P. Huntington ( 1981 ) . American Politics : The Promise of Disharmony . Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) p. 281 Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth - Century America , '' Early American Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal , Volume 3 # 2 Fall 2005 , pp. 311 -- 40 Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) pp. 281 -- 2 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , The Rise of the legal profession in America ( 2 vol. 1965 ) , vol. 1 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , pp. 281 -- 86 Jump up ^ Cal Jillson ( 2013 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Taylor & Francis . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hartz , Louis . The Liberal Tradition in America : An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution . Orlando : Harcourt , 1955 . Jump up ^ David Gordon , ed. ( 2002 ) . Secession , State , and Liberty . Transaction Publishers . p. 99 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Civic Ideals Yale University Press '' . yalebooks.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , B. ( 1998 ) . Political economy : A comparative approach . Westport , CT : Preager . Jump up ^ Alber , J. ( 1988 ) . Is There a crisis of the welfare state ? Cross-national evidence from Europe , North America , and Japan . European Sociological Review , 4 ( 3 ) , 181 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Barr , N. ( 2004 ) . Economics of the welfare state . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) . Jump up ^ `` Economist Intelligence Unit . ( July 11 , 2007 ) . United States : Political Forces '' . The Economist . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liberalism in America : A Note for Europeans by Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( 1956 ) from : The Politics of Hope ( Boston : Riverside Press , 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo , `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy '' , Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6 , quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Ellen Carol Dubois , Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Moore Kerr , Lucy Stone : speaking out for equality ( 1992 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Paul D. Buchanan , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events ( 2009 ) p. 129 Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract : 2010 p. 416 . Jump up ^ Ann O 'M . Bowman and Richard C. Kearney , State and Local Government : The Essentials ( 2008 ) p. 78 Jump up ^ `` City Commission '' . Talgov.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Funding of Presidential Elections Brochure '' . Fec.gov . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mishak , Michael ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Recession means there 's less money for political campaigns '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Revolutionizes Campaign Fundraising '' . America.gov . July 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty - Ninth Congress . -- Second Session . Senate ... House of Representatives '' . New York Times . March 2 , 1867 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Libertarian Party '' . Libertarian National Committee . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; VandeHei , Jim ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` A Voter Rebuke For Bush , the War And the Right '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall , hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president 's leadership . Jump up ^ `` Election ' 98 Lewinsky factor never materialized '' . CNN . November 4 , 1998 . Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday 's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton 's behavior , dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William Nisbet Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Siegel , Harry ; Siegel , Fred ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` New York 's Two - Party System '' . City-Journal.org . City Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. BOARD OF ELECTIONS MONTHLY REPORT OF VOTER REGISTRATION STATISTICS '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington State Redistricting Commission `` Washington State Redistricting Commission '' . Redistricting.wa.gov . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission `` Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission '' . Azredistricting.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Reapportionment Commission '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Palm Beach County & Florida Voting , Candidates , Endorsements The Palm Beach Post '' . Projects.palmbeachpost.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` XI '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer , John J. and Walt , Stephen . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , London Review of Books , Volume 28 Number 6 , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sevcik , J.C. ( April 16 , 2014 ) `` The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy , study concludes '' UPI Jump up ^ Gilens & Page ( 2014 ) Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens , Perspectives on Politics , Princeton University . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : * `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' Jump up ^ ( French economist Thomas Piketty ) , Associated Press , April 23 , 2014 , The Washington Post , Q&A : A French economist 's grim view of wealth gap , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions . It 's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ... '' Jump up ^ Alan Wolfe ( book reviewer ) , October 24 , 2010 , The Washington Post , Review of `` The Mendacity of Hope , '' by Roger D. Hodge , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy , the main charge he levels against Obama is that , like all politicians in the United States , he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy ... '' Jump up ^ COLIN MOYNIHAN , September 17 , 2011 , The New York Times , Wall Street Protest Begins , With Demonstrators Blocked , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... End the Oligarchy and said ... '' And 1 percent of the people have 99 percent of the money . '' Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics Jump up ^ Do the Rich Call the Shots ? April 23 , 2014 New York Times , `` ... A recent study by Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page examining 30 years of opinion surveys and policy decisions by the federal government found that , `` When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose ... '' Jump up ^ Nesbit , J. ( April 21 , 2014 ) `` Oligarchy Nation : Political scientists find wealthy elites control politics in America '' US News& World Report Jump up ^ Clark , M. ( April 19 , 2014 ) `` U.S. more oligarchy than democracy , study suggests '' MSNBC Jump up ^ Cassidy , J. ( April 18 , 2014 ) `` Is America an Oligarchy ? '' The New Yorker Jump up ^ Prokop , A. ( April 18 , 2014 ) `` The new study about oligarchy that 's blowing up the Internet , explained '' Vox Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics . '' Accessed November 6 , 2015 , `` ... When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for , the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy ... '' Jump up ^ E.J. Dionne Jr. , April 6 , 2014 , Washington Post , Supreme oligarchy , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot ... '' Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , The New York Times , November 3 , 2011 , Oligarchy , American Style , Accessed April 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` No To Oligarchy '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ George Galloway ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Clinton & Trump both representatives of oligarchy ' - Jill Stein , Green Party presidential candidate '' . RT . Jump up ^ Democracy Now , November 5 , 2014 , ( 1 ) , Accessed February 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The world is watching Trump 's attacks on the press '' UPI Jump up ^ `` All the times Trump personally attacked judges -- and why his tirades are ' worse than wrong ' '' UPI Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Promise to Jail Clinton Is a Threat to American Democracy '' UPI Jump up ^ `` Schiff : Trump 's attacks on intelligence community are ' deeply counterproductive ' '' UPI Jump up ^ `` UN human rights chief attacks Trump over surge in ' discrimination , anti-Semitism and anti-minority violence '' UPI Jump up ^ `` How Significant Are Trump 's Attacks on Obama ? ' '' UPI Jump up ^ `` Is America Still Safe for Democracy ? '' UPI Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Signs of Creeping Authoritarianism , Revisited '' UPI Further reading ( edit ) Barone , Michael et al . The Almanac of American Politics , 2012 ( 2011 ) ; covers every member of Congress and governor in depth ; rich details on politics of each state Edwards , George C. , Martin P. Wattenberg , and Robert L. Lineberry . Government in America : People , Politics , and Policy ( 15th Edition , 2010 ) Finkelman , Paul , and Peter Wallenstein , eds . The Encyclopedia Of American Political History ( 2001 ) , short essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. , ed . Encyclopedia of American Political History : Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas ( 3 vol. 1984 ) , long essays by scholars Hansen , Susan B. ( January 2016 ) . `` Women 's equality , candidate difference , and the vote '' . Journal of Women , Politics & Policy . Taylor and Francis . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 1554477X. 2016.1116917 . Harrington , Mona . The Dream of Deliverance in American Politics . New York : A.A. Knopf , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54973 - 2 Hershey , Marjorie R. Party Politics in America ( 14th Edition , 2010 ) Hetherington , Marc J. , and Bruce A. Larson . Parties , Politics , and Public Policy in America ( 11th edition , 2009 ) Kazin , Michael , Rebecca Edwards , and Adam Rothman , eds . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2 vol. 2009 ) ; Concise edition ( 2011 ) Maisel , L. Sandy , ed . Political Parties and Elections in the United States : an Encyclopedia 2 vol . ( Garland , 1991 ) . ( ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7975 - 2 ) , short essays by scholars Maisel , L. Sandy . American Political Parties and Elections : A Very Short Introduction ( 2007 ) O'Connor , Karen , Larry J. Sabato , and Alixandra B. Yanus . American Government : American Government : Roots and Reform ( 11th ed. 2011 ) Swirski , Peter . Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . Montreal , London : McGill - Queen 's University Press ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3766 - 8 Wilson , James Q. , and John J. Diiulio and Meena Bose . American Government : Institutions and Policies ( 12th ed. 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Politics of the United States . Politics of the United States at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Official party websites Official Democratic Party Web Site Official Republican Party Web Site Official Green Party Web Site Official Libertarian Party Web Site Official Constitution Party Web Site Politics of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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-4624893432044282068	Porter Airlines	Porter Airlines - wikipedia Porter Airlines Jump to : navigation , search Porter Airlines IATA ICAO Callsign PD POE PORTER Founded February 2 , 2006 Commenced operations October 23 , 2006 Hubs Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Focus cities Halifax Stanfield International Airport Montréal - Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Ottawa Macdonald - Cartier International Airport Frequent - flyer program VIPorter Fleet size 29 Destinations 24 Parent company Porter Aviation Holdings Inc . Headquarters Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , Toronto , Ontario , Canada Key people Robert Deluce ( CEO / President ) Donald J. Carty ( Chairman ) Website www.flyporter.com Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings , formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc. , Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Toronto and locations in Canada and the United States using Canadian - built Bombardier Dash - 8 Q 400 turboprop aircraft . Porter 's operation at the Toronto airport was launched in 2006 with some controversy . Robert Deluce , who is now the CEO of Porter Airlines , proposed creating a regional airline using Bombardier turboprop aircraft to service major cities of Canada within the range of Toronto . A planned bridge to the airport was cancelled in 2003 , leading to lawsuits between Deluce and the City of Toronto . The airline lost the case in court but the idea for the airline remained . With the compensation received from the Toronto Port Authority for the lawsuit , REGCO bought the island airport terminal used by Air Canada Jazz and terminated Air Canada 's access . Porter has expanded its operations since 2006 , adding more destinations and planes . Porter opened a new , larger passenger terminal at the island airport in March 2010 . In 2013 , Porter made a proposal to expand Toronto Island airport to allow jets . Toronto City Council reserved its support , requiring the controversial proposal to be the focus of Ports Toronto studies . In November 2015 , the federal government announced it would not support the proposal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization 2 History 2.1 2013 Toronto Island Airport expansion proposal 3 Destinations 4 Interline agreements 5 Fleet 6 Services 7 References 8 External links Organization ( edit ) Porter building at Billy Bishop Airport Porter Airlines along with Porter FBO Limited , which operates the Porter facilities at Billy Bishop , and City Centre Terminal Corp. , are owned by Porter Aviation Holdings ( PAHL ) , formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc . The company was founded in 1999 . Porter Aviation Holdings Inc. is controlled by : Robert Deluce - part of the Deluce aviation family -- with brother Peter , son Michael and others has been an owner and / or executive with Air Ontario , Canada 3000 and other airlines . Principal executives Robert J. Deluce is President and CEO of Porter Airlines and Porter Aviation Holdings Inc . His salary is $204,167 for 2010 . Michael Deluce , Robert 's son , is the Chief Commercial Officer of Porter Airlines . His salary is $145,833 for 2010 . D. Paul Moffat , Chief Financial Officer . Andrew Pierce - Director of Commercial Planning . Paul Larocque - Director of Information Technology . Source : Bloomberg Business Week Directors Donald J. Carty , a former American Airlines chief executive , is Chairman of the Board of Directors . Carty is also Vice Chairman and CFO at Dell Inc . James Little - Chief Marketing Officer at Shaw Communications , Inc . David Wilkins - Former U.S. ambassador to Canada . Source : Bloomberg Business Week Investors At startup , $125 million CAD was put into the airline including money from : EdgeStone Capital Partners Borealis Infrastructure -- the investment arm of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System ( OMERS ) . In 2009 , Porter 's institutional investors include EdgeStone Capital Partners , Borealis Infrastructure , GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc . In 2013 , Porter 's investors are listed as EdgeStone Capital Partners , OMERS Strategic Investments , GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc . The then REGCO Holdings purchased the Toronto island airport assets of City Centre Aviation Ltd in 2005 . This included the terminal used by Air Canada 's Jazz airline , which at the time operated daily flights to Ottawa from the airport . On February 15 , 2006 , Air Canada had announced that its contract to operate its Jazz Airline service out of the REGCO terminal at the airport had been terminated . On February 27 , 2006 , REGCO was able to evict Air Canada Jazz from the publicly owned airport . Air Canada took the case to court , but lost an Ontario Superior Court ruling . REGCO 's fully owned subsidiary ' City Centre Aviation ' ( now Porter FBO ) then commenced renovations of the terminal building to serve Porter Airlines , which started flights in October 2006 . Porter FBO operates the terminal along with fuel and other services . A new subsidiary , City Centre Terminal Corp. , was set up in 2009 to manage Porter 's new terminal at the Toronto island airport . The new terminal 's cost of construction is estimated at $50 million CAD . The first half of the new terminal opened on March 7 , 2010 . The terminal was completed in early 2011 . The new terminal has ten gates , two lounges , check - in and security areas , and food outlets . The airline 's mascot is a stylised raccoon named `` Mr. Porter '' . The raccoon appears in Porter newspaper ads . Porter also advertises on radio , using an announcer . The design of staff uniforms is based on 1960s standards of airline fashion . Porter has 933 employees as of March 31 , 2010 . Porter was initially organized as a private company . On April 16 , 2010 , Porter Aviation Holdings announced they were going to be listed as a publicly traded company . The company filed a preliminary prospectus -- a business plan -- with securities commissions across the country , a requirement before it can offer shares . The company has $306 million of debt and leases and intended to raise $120 million of new shares in the company and order seven new Q400 planes . However , after twice delaying the final deadline for the offering , and lowering its share price from between $6 and $7 per share to $5.50 , Porter cancelled the initial public offering . According to Robert Deluce `` We came to the conclusion that it was really prudent to defer the offering at this time and to wait until better market conditions existed . We wanted to raise some capital . We thought the IPO was the way to go , but we were n't prepared in any way to sell our stock at just any price . '' The media had openly speculated on the profitability of Porter as being a money - losing operation , as would be typical of a start - up . CEO Deluce had been asked by the media to provide information on the financial status of Porter , but declined . In its prospectus , the company outlined a loss of $4.6 million on revenues of $151 million for 2009 . To be profitable , the airline needs to be filling 49.3 % of its seats with paying customers . In 2009 , the airline filled 41 % of its seats , and in the first quarter of 2010 , it filled 47 % . Overall , the airline carried 900,000 passengers in 2009 , 800,000 through Toronto island airport . In 2011 , the airline filled 55.9 % of its seats . As part of disclosure for its public offering , Porter disclosed that from its startup in 2006 until May 2010 , Porter lost $44.5 million . In an interview with Toronto Life magazine in May 2013 , Robert Deluce stated that Porter turned a profit in 2011 and 2012 , and paid out profit sharing . Porter sold the terminal at the island airport in Toronto to Nieuport Aviation Infrastructure Partners GP in January 2015 . According to Deluce , this meant that the airline was debt - free , although it would now pay to lease the facility . The sale was estimated to be in the range of CA $ 750 million . Being debt - free was considered a good position to be in , if it were to buy Bombardier CS100 jets to use at the island airport . However , in November 2015 , the federal government announced it would not support the proposal to expand the island airport . History ( edit ) Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport viewed from CN Tower Porter Airlines ' launch was controversial , as it pitted Toronto residents seeking to close or stop the expansion of the airport against business interests and a government agency determined to make the airport self - sufficient . In 2002 , the ' Toronto City Centre Airport ' , or ' Island Airport ' , operated by the Toronto Port Authority ( TPA ) ( renamed in 2015 as `` PortsToronto '' ) was subsidized by CA $1 million per year . Only Air Canada flew flights from the airport as part of its `` Jazz '' service , operating daily flights to Ottawa after the closure of the regional airline City Express in 1991 . In October 2002 , the TPA announced a $35 million plan of improvements to the airport to expand its usage . The TPA planned to build a $15 million bridge and a $20 million airport terminal . A new regional airline would be launched at the airport , to be run by Robert Deluce , the former CEO of Air Ontario . Since its opening , the airport , located on Toronto Island , was accessible by passenger ferry only and the ferry - only access was seen as an obstacle to expansion . In a deal with the City of Toronto , the TPA 's plans were approved by Toronto City Council in November 2002 . The TPA 's plans were opposed by neighbouring residents and community associations who together formed the Community Air special interest group to fight the expansion . The expansion became a primary issue in the 2003 Toronto municipal election . Mayoral candidates Barbara Hall and John Tory supported the bridge and David Miller opposed it . Miller and a slate of like - minded candidates for council ran on a common platform , the centrepiece of which was to stop the bridge . After Miller was elected Mayor in November 2003 , the new council voted to cancel the previous Council 's decision , stopping the bridge project . After the bridge was cancelled , Deluce launched a $505 million lawsuit against the City of Toronto and later expanded it to the Government of Canada . After receiving an unspecified amount of compensation from the TPA to settle the suit , his company bought the airport building that Jazz was using at the airport and cancelled Jazz 's lease on January 31 , 2006 . Two days later , on February 2 , 2006 , he announced that Porter Airlines , a regional airline operating locally built Bombardier turboprops would begin service in 2006 , operating from the airport , initially on a Toronto - Ottawa route . In a show of political support , the Porter press conference was staged at the Bombardier plant in suburban Toronto , where the airplanes are built , with support from Canadian Auto Workers leader Buzz Hargrove , who said it would create new employment opportunities in the region . On the same day the TPA announced plans to improve ferry service to serve the new airline , buying a $4.5 million , 150 - passenger ferry . Immediately , political opponents of the TPA , including Miller , City Council members , local community associations and local Members of Parliament Olivia Chow and Jack Layton expressed concern that the operation of a major airline from the island will cause increased noise and air pollution in the downtown core . Concerns raised include safety . The airport 's main runway is 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) long , 600 feet ( 180 m ) shorter than Bombardier 's specifications for a fully loaded Q400 . Porter solved this problem by fitting the planes for 70 passengers , less than the maximum load of 78 passengers . There are several cautions to pilots flying into the airport , including boat masts , a nearby wind turbine , and no - fly areas . The flight path into the airport requires the airplanes to fly an approach offset from the runway centre - line to avoid nearby hazards such as tall chimneys and buildings . Jazz filed a $11.5 million lawsuit against the TPA and later , Porter , in the Ontario Superior Court in February 2006 , alleging that the TPA signed contracts forcing Jazz out of the airport , causing a monopoly at the airport , and were anti-competitive . Jazz later filed a suit in Federal Court . On October 20 , 2009 , Jazz formally dropped its suit in Ontario Court , but plans to continue its lawsuit against Porter and the TPA in Federal Court . According to the announcement , Jazz dropped the matter in provincial court as the TPA is a federal agency , and the Airport is a federal facility . Damages in the federal case are not specified . Porter filed a counter-claim to Jazz ' lawsuit citing damages of $850 million , based on Jazz agreement with Air Canada , and Porter has not dropped its counter-claim . The airline 's maiden flight took place on October 23 , 2006 to Ottawa . When flights began , airline passengers were at first blocked by protesters at the ferry dock , urging a boycott of the service . Although on - site protests eventually stopped , Community Air continues to monitor Porter 's operations along with those of the TPA . The TPA confirmed at its annual meeting of September 12 , 2008 , that Porter was fined for breaking noise curfews in its operations following complaints from local residents . The TPA commissioned a study to reduce noise from Porter 's takeoffs and landings . The TPA and Porter remain partners in the expansion of the airport . In January 2009 , the TPA announced plans to purchase a new , larger passenger ferry to support Porter 's expansion plans . The ferry was financed out of an improvement fee to be charged to passengers . The ferry had been proposed by Porter 's Deluce to the TPA 's Board of Directors over the period of March -- June 2008 . The decision to approve the $5 million ferry precipitated a conflict - of - interest investigation of TPA director Colin Watson , who is a self - described friend of Deluce 's , and who voted in a 5 -- 4 decision to approve the ferry . Watson was cleared of the charge by the federal ethics commissioner Mary Dawson in June 2009 . In April 2009 , Porter announced that it would build a $45 million terminal at the island airport , with Canadian Customs , restaurants , car rental kiosks , expanded lounge space and office space totalling 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m ) . The terminal cost $50 million and its first phase opened on March 7 , 2010 . It was completed in 2011 and Porter hopes to add a US Customs section . At the September 2009 annual meeting of the TPA , it was disclosed that Porter has broken its 11 p.m. curfew for landing at the airport three times in 2009 , each time incurring a $5,000 fine . On one occasion , a Porter plane landed at the airport after - hours even after being advised by controllers to land at Pearson . According to Porter Airlines CEO Robert Deluce , `` You know hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of flights come and go on a daily basis , so there are very , very few occasions where it happens . And there are also particular circumstances -- and the circumstances are rare -- to operate outside these normal times . '' According to the TPA , they are powerless to stop Porter other than imposing fines , and that planes landing at the airport when no controllers are present is not a safety risk . TPA director Mark McQueen has requested that the NAV Canada personnel stay on - site until the last flight has landed , but NAV Canada has refused to do so . On February 9 , 2012 , Transport Canada advised Porter it had received an Access to Information request for what are called `` Notices of Suspension issues to Porter . '' Such notices are departmental warnings with strict deadlines to deal with problems that could be safety related , but could also be demands to replace key personnel , like pilots , who have left the company . Transport Canada told Porter it was considering releasing some information and wanted a written response from the company detailing why any records should be withheld . Based on Porter 's response , the department decided to release a censored version of the material in question . Porter went to court to prevent that from happening . On July 11 , 2013 the federal court ruled in Porter 's favour and the Confidentiality Order dated September 14 , 2012 would remain in effect . A technical issue with Transport Canada 's handling of the matter was cited as the reason for the ruling . On January 10 , 2013 , 22 Porter ground crew members went on strike in Toronto . This was the airline 's first labour dispute since it began business . In April 2013 , Porter filed a libel lawsuit against the Canadian Office and Professional Employees union representing the 22 striking workers . Porter suit was for $4 million in damages for alleged defamatory statements made by the union using its Twitter account . The strike was settled in June 2013 , and Porter 's lawsuit was dropped . In 2014 , Montreal 's Montréal / Saint - Hubert Airport settled four civil lawsuits and announced it was trying to get service to Toronto Island Airport as part of its expansion plans . According to Porter , there would need to be a brand new terminal built in order for the airline to start serving the airport , which the airport hoped to build with grants from the Government of Canada . In June 2017 , it was announced that Porter Airlines had `` blacklisted '' the conservative Canadian media outlet `` The Rebel Media '' , and had directly tweeted to Ezra Levant notifying him in person that they had removed their advertisements from Rebel Media 's advertising space . Levant reacted by calling for a boycott of the airline . Porter Airlines subsequently announced that they had made a mistake and had only meant to withdraw advertising . They apologised for the use of the word `` blacklist '' . 2013 Toronto island airport expansion proposal ( edit ) In April 2013 , Porter announced expansion plans to serve new destinations in Western Canada , California and Florida . To support the expansion , Porter reached a provisional agreement to purchase 12 107 - seat Bombardier CS100 jets , with a future option to purchase up to 18 more . Porter 's plans required regulatory and facility changes to its Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport hub . Porter asked for modifications to the operating agreement of the airport to allow jets and extensions to the runway to support the new aircraft . Changes to the operating agreement require the unanimous agreement of the Toronto Port Authority ( TPA ) , the City of Toronto and the Government of Canada . The TPA stated that it had no position on the expansion and would await a decision from Toronto City Council . Then - Toronto Mayor Rob Ford had indicated his support for the proposal while some councillors expressed their opposition with others urging further study . Porter CEO Robert Deluce was already a supporter of Mayor Ford , having contributed the maximum $2,500 to Ford 's mayoral campaign while other Deluce family members donated an additional $5,000 to Ford 's campaign . Deluce privately sought Ford 's support on the proposal before its public announcement but the meetings between Ford and Deluce raised controversy as Deluce had not registered with the City as a lobbyist . When announcing the proposal , Porter Airlines claimed in advertisements that 2 / 3 of Torontonians polled supported the expansion . However , the result was disputed by pollster Warren Kinsella who considered the survey 's trustworthiness tainted as it was done by Nick Kouvalis , Ford 's 2010 campaign manager , and the questions were ' directing ' the result . The No Jets TO group filed a complaint with the Advertising Standards Council of Canada , calling the ads `` patently false '' . Toronto City Council held public consultations on the proposal during the fall of 2013 , leading to a city staff report addressing the proposal . At the same time , Porter mounted a public relations campaign , based around the porterplans.com web site . Porter customers were telephoned and e-mailed and radio and newspaper advertisements were bought by Porter asking for the public to register their support with Toronto Council . After the consultation , and study of consultant reports , City staff recommended in a report to delay acting on the proposal until 2015 . Concerns about the required infrastructure , public health concerns and the lack of an airport master plan were cited by staff . The TPA was also seeking an extension of the airport management agreement as a condition of the proposal . City Council 's Executive Committee on December 5 voted to delay consideration of the proposal until 2014 . In January 2014 , the Toronto Port Authority announced that it would seek $100 million from the federal government to expand infrastructure around the airport if the expansion plans and jets were approved for use at the airport . Another public hearing at Council was announced for January 27 , 2014 . At that time , Toronto City Council announced it could not support the proposal without further studies from Ports Toronto , leading the body to initiate a series of investigation and viability analyses . In November 2015 , federal Minister of Transport Marc Garneau announced he would not support the proposal and in December 2015 , the TPA ( rebranded as PortsToronto 11 months before ) announced that it had `` halted work on an environmental assessment and two studies '' it had commissioned concerning the expansion . Destinations ( edit ) As of November 2017 , Porter Airlines destinations are : Porter Destinations City Airport Notes Fredericton , NB Fredericton International Airport Halifax , NS Halifax Stanfield International Airport Focus City Moncton , NB Greater Moncton International Airport Montreal , QC Montréal - Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Focus City Mont Tremblant , QC Rivière Rouge -- Mont Tremblant International Airport Seasonal Ottawa , ON Ottawa Macdonald - Cartier International Airport Focus City Quebec City , QC Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport Stephenville , NL Stephenville International Airport Seasonal Saint John , NB Saint John Airport St. John 's , NL St. John 's International Airport Seasonal Sault Ste . Marie , ON Sault Ste . Marie Airport Sudbury , ON Greater Sudbury Airport Timmins , ON Timmins Victor M. Power Airport Thunder Bay , ON Thunder Bay International Airport Toronto , ON Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Hub Windsor , ON Windsor International Airport USA Boston , MA Logan International Airport Burlington , VT Burlington International Airport Seasonal Charleston , SC Charleston International Airport Seasonal Chicago , IL Midway International Airport Melbourne , FL Orlando Melbourne International Airport Seasonal Myrtle Beach , SC Myrtle Beach International Airport Seasonal Newark , NJ Newark Liberty International Airport Washington , DC Washington Dulles International Airport Terminated destinations are : North Bay , Ontario ( North Bay / Jack Garland Airport ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Pittsburgh International Airport ) Interline agreements ( edit ) On September 17 , 2012 , Porter Airlines announced a new interline agreement with South African Airways in which passengers would fly from Toronto - Billy Bishop to Washington - Dulles on Porter , and then transfer to South African to Dakar , Senegal or Johannesburg . Porter also has an interline agreement with Qatar Airways in which passengers can fly to Washington - Dulles on Porter and connect to Qatar Airways to Doha . In January 2013 , Porter announced an interline agreement with Singapore Airlines with connections at Newark Liberty International Airport . In July 2013 , Porter Airlines and Icelandair signed an interline agreement allowing customers to book a single e-ticket for Porter Airlines and Icelandair flights and booking baggage through to the final destination . Connections from 10 Canadian gateways between airlines are available in Halifax ( seasonally ) , Boston , Washington - Dulles , and Newark . This marked the first time Porter had signed an interline agreement providing access to Europe . Additional airline partners include El Al Airlines and Sata International . An agreement with JetBlue sees passengers connecting to other US destinations through Boston and Newark . El Al Airlines Emirates Icelandair JetBlue Qatar Airways Sata International Fleet ( edit ) Porter Airlines Dash - 8 at landing at Montréal - Trudeau airport The Porter Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of August 2017 : Porter Airlines Fleet Aircraft In Service On Order Options Passengers Notes Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 29 - 10 74 10 aircraft are Q400NextGen Total 29 - 10 Originally , Porter ordered ten 70 - seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 turboprops , with ten more as options , at a value estimated by Porter of over $500 million . In June 2009 , Porter exercised the option on the 19th and 20th Dash 8s . Porter chose the 70 - seat configuration ( less than the maximum of 78 seats ) due to the short length of the runway at Toronto Island Airport ; a fully loaded 78 - seat configuration would need a longer runway than available at the airport . This means Porter aircraft have a slightly greater seat pitch than a 78 - seat aircraft . The 70 - seat configuration also allows Porter to use the shorter runway 11 / 29 at Newark . In May 2010 , Porter announced that it intended to order seven more Dash 8 Q400 . On August 6 , 2010 , it was announced that Porter had ordered four more Q400s with options for six more . In November 2011 , Porter Airlines accepted two new Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft , bringing the company 's fleet to 26 . In late 2013 , Porter added an additional 4 seats to all of their Q400s , giving them a total of 74 seats per aircraft . In April 2013 , Porter Airlines announced a conditional ( if Bishop Airport is expanded ) purchase agreement for up to thirty Bombardier CS100 aircraft , including purchase rights for six more Q400 NextGen aircraft . Porter had signed a letter of intent with Bombardier in December 2012 . The total value of the deal was estimated at US $2.29 billion for all 30 CS100s and six Q400s . On November 13 , 2015 , Canada 's transport minister Marc Garneau released a statement saying that the government would not reopen the Tripartite agreement , cancelling the expansion of the airport . In July 2016 , Porter announced the purchase of a further three Q400 planes . Deluce stated that it still had its deposit in place for the 2013 order of jets and six Q400s , as `` something we are looking at carefully '' . Services ( edit ) Shuttle service ( using Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF ) runs every 15 minutes from the Royal York Hotel In Toronto , Porter provides a bus shuttle from the downtown Royal York Hotel to the airport ferry dock and tunnel entrance . The 4 buses ( mix of Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF and New Flyer Industries D40LF ) are operated by Pacific Western Transportation . The shuttle service had moved to the Royal York from its original location at 20 York Street , next to Union Station , in March 2008 , when city construction for the Simcoe Street Tunnel blocked access . Porter planned to return to the location , but in September 2009 , Porter was evicted from the 20 York Street building due to non-payment of rent . Porter provides complimentary snacks and beverages at their lounges at Toronto 's Billy Bishop , Ottawa International and Newark Airport . and in - flight . Porter Airlines offers a frequent flyer reward program called ' VIPorter ' , whereby points can be redeemed for free flights . References ( edit ) Dawson , Mary ( June 25 , 2009 ) . The Watson Report . Office of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner . Notes Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Porter Airlines . Retrieved on September 13 , 2011 . `` Address : Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Toronto , Ontario Canada M5V 1A1 '' Jump up ^ http://airwaysnews.com/blog/2015/11/18/analysis-porter-airlines-future-is-uncertain-without-toronto-city-runway-extension/ ^ Jump up to : Jang , Brent ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Porter revenue rises before IPO launch '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` About Porter -- Our Team : Investors Background '' . Porter Airlines . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Investors Background '' . Porter Airlines . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jang , Brent ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Porter loses its airport monopoly '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media advisory -- Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport terminal opening '' ( Press release ) . Porter Airlines . March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines Press release '' . Porter Airlines . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines going public '' . CBC News . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porter Aviation 's IPO : Figuring the flight plan '' . CTV News . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveau , Scott ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Porter scraps public offering '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines Releases February Statistics '' ( Press release ) . newswire.ca . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Malcolm ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Porter CEO Robert Deluce on his plans to vanquish the anti -- Island airport faction '' . Toronto Life . ^ Jump up to : `` Porter Airlines works to win Liberals over for Toronto airport expansion as it enters debt - free era '' . Financial Post . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pigg , Susan ( October 5 , 2002 ) . Toronto Star . pp. E01 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cowan , James ( July 6 , 2004 ) . `` Airline suing Toronto for $505 M over bridge '' . The National Post . pp. A7 . Jump up ^ `` New regional airline to serve Ontario , U.S '' . Ottawa Business Journal . February 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` New airline renews T.O. Island airport dispute '' . CTV.ca . ^ Jump up to : Lu , Vanessa ; Aveling , Nick ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto 's island airport gets second , bigger ferry ; Newly expanded board of port authority says it will borrow $5 million '' . Toronto Star . p . A5 . Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Porter Airlines expanding service to Montreal '' . CTV.ca . Jump up ^ `` Specifications '' . Bombardier . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Safety '' . Community Air . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Deloitte & Touche LLP ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Financial Reports for 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jazz drops suit against Toronto Port Authority , Porter '' . CBC.ca . October 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff ( October 23 , 2006 ) . `` Protests as Porter Airlines takes flight '' . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines takes off despite protest '' . CBC News . October 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Port Authority refuses to rule out new ferry '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . September 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dawson , p. 25 Jump up ^ Dawson , p. 15 Jump up ^ Dawson , p. 18 Jump up ^ Haines , Alison ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Porter Airlines to invest $45 M in expanded island terminal '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : Lu , Vanessa ; McLean , Jesse ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Sparks fly over late landings '' . Toronto Star . p . GT1 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . A Porter Airlines plane , advised by the island airport to divert to Pearson , instead landed on the island after an 11 p.m. curfew Jump up ^ `` Activists complain about late landings at island airport '' . CBC News . CBC.ca . September 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Access to airline safety reports held up by court action '' . CBC NEWS . January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines Inc. v. Canada ( Attorney General ) , 2013 FC 780 ( CanLII ) '' . CanLII . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter fuel staff on strike Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Porter Airlines sues union over comments made on Twitter '' . CBC . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lu , Vanessa ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Porter strike ends after contract ratified '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ http://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/aerospace/st-hubert-airport-set-to-fly-after-long-running-feud Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.metronews.ca/business/2017/06/07/porter-airlines-pulls-ads-from-the-rebel-media-site-after-social-outcry.html Jump up ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-rebel-media-site-blacklisted-by-porter-airlines-after-social-media-outcry Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines new routes '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines may reveal national plans today '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines wants to extend Toronto island airport runways '' . Toronto Star . April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Toronto Port Authority on Announcement by Porter Airlines '' ( Press release ) . Toronto Port Authority . April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dhillon , Sunny ; Howlett , Karen ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Porter 's plan faces turbulence on the runway '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario . ^ Jump up to : `` Elections - Campaign Contributions -- 2010 to 2013 '' . City of Toronto . Jump up ^ Porter Airlines . `` 66.2 % of Torontonian 's support use of CS100 jet aircraft at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport '' ( Press release ) . Newswire.ca . Jump up ^ `` Rob Ford and Porter CEO Deluce : A Cozy Relationship '' . No Jets TO . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jets at the Island Airport : The pungent aroma of polling bullshit '' . Warren Kinsella . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Iler , Brian ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` What 's Norm Kelly 's Flight Plan '' . Now Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Port Authority seeks $100 M for island airport congestion '' . 680 News . January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Bishop airport expansion off the table , Garneau says '' . CBC News . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Push for jets at Toronto island airport officially dead '' . Toronto Star . December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.portstoronto.com/PortsToronto/Media-Room/News/PortsToronto-Issues-Statement-Related-to-Studies-A.aspx Jump up ^ `` Porter Destinations '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/porter-airlines-arriving-central-florida-120000755.html Jump up ^ Liu , Jim ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Porter Airlines ends Toronto -- North Bay service in Sep 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Belko , Mark ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Toronto airline to drop flights from Pittsburgh airport '' . Jump up ^ `` News Releases - Porter Airlines '' . Flyporter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Partners - Porter Airlines '' . Flyporter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Airlines signs agreement with Porter Airlines CTV News '' . Ctvnews.ca. 2013 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Porter Airlines . ( 2013 ) . Icelandair and Porter Airlines sign interline agreement . Retrieved 2013 08 06 from https://www.flyporter.com/About/News-Release-Details?id=4b764ec7-9c62-4585-9190-2f83a417a9af&culture=en-CA . Jump up ^ `` Airline Partners '' . Porter Airlines . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Partners - JetBlue '' . Porter Airlines . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Global Airline Guide 2017 ( Part One ) '' . Airliner World ( October 2017 ) : 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines exercises remaining two Bombardier Q400 options ; Full initial order of 20 to be in service by spring 2010 '' . Porter Airlines . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morra , Bernadette ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Porter Airlines takes a bite out of the Big Apple '' . Toronto Star . p . L3 . Jump up ^ Jang , Brent ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Porter claims airport advantage '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto : theglobeandmail.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCrank , John ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` UPDATE 1 - Porter orders four Bombardier turboprops '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines receives two more Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft '' . Porter Airlines . Flyporter.com . Nov 28 , 2011 . Retrieved Nov 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porter Airlines Signs Purchase Agreement for up to 30 Bombardier CS100 Aircraft ; Becomes CSeries Aircraft 's Canadian Launch Customer '' ( Press release ) . Bombardier Inc . April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lu , Vanessa ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Porter Airlines to add to Q400 fleet with new order '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Deveau , Scott ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Porter Air evicted from shuttle site in rent dispute ; Owes Nearly $9,500 '' . National Post . p . A10 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airport Lounges - Porter Airlines '' . Flyporter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` In - Flight Service '' . Porter Airlines . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Porter Airlines introduces VIPorter frequent flyer program '' . Porter Press Release . June 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porter Airlines . 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2612187123403058184	Ichigo Kurosaki	Ichigo Kurosaki - wikipedia Ichigo Kurosaki Jump to : navigation , search Ichigo Kurosaki Bleach character Ichigo Kurosaki as illustrated by Tite Kubo First appearance Bleach manga chapter 1 Created by Tite Kubo Voiced by Japanese Masakazu Morita Yuki Matsuoka ( child ) English Johnny Yong Bosch Mona Marshall ( child ) Portrayed by Sota Fukushi Profile Relatives Isshin Kurosaki ( father ) Masaki Kurosaki ( mother , deceased ) Yuzu Kurosaki ( sister ) Karin Kurosaki ( sister ) Orihime Inoue ( wife ) Kazui Kurosaki ( son ) Ichigo Kurosaki ( Japanese : 黒崎一護 , Hepburn : Kurosaki Ichigo ) is a fictional character in the Bleach manga series and its adaptations created by Tite Kubo . He is the main protagonist of the series , who receives Soul Reaper powers after befriending Rukia Kuchiki , the Soul Reaper assigned to patrol around the fictional city of Karakura Town . These powers come at the cost of Rukia 's own , and as a result , Ichigo concedes to work as Rukia 's stand - in , fighting to protect people from evil spirits called Hollows and sending good spirits , wholes , to a dimension known as the Soul Society . In addition to the manga series , Ichigo appears in many other pieces of Bleach media , including the anime series , the four featured films , the two original video animations , rock musicals , several video games , light novels and the upcoming live - action film . Kubo said that Ichigo was created to replace Rukia as the protagonist of the series because he felt she was n't suited for the role . His character has been well received among both readers and reviewers . Ichigo is often featured in Weekly Shōnen Jump character popularity polls . He was consistently ranked as the most popular character in Bleach . The 2007 Japanese Newtype magazine polls ranked Ichigo as one of the top 100 most - loved anime characters . Reviewers of the series have praised his personality , though some consider him to be a stereotypical anti-hero . Merchandise based on Ichigo 's likeness has been released , including toys , clothing and action figures . In the animated adaptations of Bleach , Ichigo is voiced by Masakazu Morita in Japanese . In the English adaptations , he is voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch . In the live - action film , he will be played by Sota Fukushi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and conception 2 Appearances 2.1 In Bleach 2.2 In other media 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Creation and conception ( edit ) When drawing the manga series , Kubo commented that Rukia Kuchiki , the first Bleach character he introduced , was originally intended to be the protagonist . Through subsequent development of the series , however , Kubo decided to make her a valued ally and instead introduced Ichigo as the central character . Initial design sketches show Ichigo wearing glasses , and having dark hair and softer eyes . When designing Rukia , however , Kubo modified Ichigo 's appearance to contrast with hers , giving Ichigo orange hair , a trademark scowl , and removing the glasses . During the series ' first chapter , Ichigo 's wristwatch was based on one Kubo himself wore at the time . In later chapters , his wristwatch was based on Naoto Fukasawa 's W11K cellphone . According to Kubo , Ichigo , along with Orihime Inoue , are the most arduous characters to sketch . While illustrating one of Ichigo 's scenes , Kubo found it awkward to draw him with a cheerful smile . Kubo has stated that Ichigo 's greatest strength is his considerate and thoughtful nature ; he always thinks about other 's needs . However , he also noted it as his greatest weakness , since worrying about his friends tends to put him in danger . When asked in an interview if he had any plans to focus on the love triangle between Ichigo , Orihime , and Rukia , Kubo chose neither to confirm nor deny it as he did n't want to focus on romance . Kubo attributes Ichigo 's popularity among readers to the fact that he `` looks cool '' . He also mentioned that as people read more about him they will discover that he is a warm and kind - hearted person . Following over fifty volumes of the manga 's released , Kubo believes that Ichigo was the most developed character . He said that Ichigo leads the story and introduces readers to the events in it . When the Arrancar arc ended , Kubo rebooted the series which resulted in Ichigo losing his Soul Reaper powers . In the same way Ichigo became a Soul Reaper during the series ' first chapter ; he starts searching for methods to recover his original powers . Ichigo is voiced by Masakazu Morita in the Japanese anime , while as a child he is voiced by Yuki Matsuoka . Morita said that Ichigo was one of his favorite characters he ever played alongside Tidus from Final Fantasy X . Johnny Yong Bosch voices him in the English dub as a teenager , and Mona Marshall as a kid . While describing Ichigo as one of his best roles , Morita notes that voicing him can be at times difficult . Bosch has enjoyed voicing Ichigo 's character due to his personal interest in the character 's morals . However , he experienced difficulty voicing him in some scenes where Ichigo shouts for a long time . Appearances ( edit ) In Bleach ( edit ) Ichigo is one of the teenagers attending Karakura High School and having the ability to see ghosts . He meets a Soul Reaper named Rukia Kuchiki from a secret organization called the Soul Society who are in charge of sending souls to the afterlife . At the same time , Ichigo 's family is attacked by a Hollow , a deceased spirit that became a warped soul - eating monster which Soul Reapers deal with . After being wounded in an attempt to shield Ichigo from a Hollow attack , Rukia transmits her Soul Reaper powers to him so he can save his family . In following months , Ichigo acts in Rukia 's place as the Soul Reaper in protecting Karakura Town from Hollows as their friendship continues to bloom . Ichigo 's past is also revealed as he faces the Grand Fisher , a hollow who killed his mother when he was nine years old . In time , the Soul Society sends two high - seated officers to take Rukia back for committing the crime of transferring her Soul Reaper powers to a human . In training with Kisuke Urahara in order to rescue Rukia , Ichigo obtains his own Soul Reaper powers and learns the name of his Zanpakutō , Zangetsu ( 斬月 , literally `` Slaying Moon '' ) . In his search for Rukia , Ichigo is confronted by members of Gotei 13 , the main military force in the Soul Society . As he approaches the prison where Rukia is being held captive , Ichigo does battle with , faces and defeats enemy Soul Reapers including Renji Abarai , Kenpachi Zaraki , Byakuya Kuchiki , who adopted Rukia as his sister . For his match against Byakuya , Ichigo learns his Bankai , Tensa Zangetsu ( 天鎖斬月 , literally `` Heaven Chain Slaying Moon '' ) , which highly increases his speed . After a long fight , he defeats Byakuya , who confesses why he tried to kill his sister . Captain Sōsuke Aizen , who faked his death prior , have been behind Rukia 's sentencing and the chaos that plagued the Soul Society . He flees to Hollows ' realm of Hueco Mundo before the other Soul Reapers can apprehend him . Ichigo 's appearance while performing Bankai and using his Hollow powers . In time , Aizen begins targeting Karakura Town with an army of Arrancars , Hollows that assumed human form with Soul Reaper powers , after subjecting them to the Hōgyoku . In order to defeat the Arrancars and to control his Hollow powers , Ichigo begins his training with the group of Soul Reaper outcasts known as the Vizard . During the Arrancar 's attack on Karakura Town , Ichigo 's friend Orihime Inoue has been abducted by Ulquiorra Cifer of the Aizen 's strongest Arrancars : The Espadas . When the Soul Society refuses to help save Orihime , Ichigo and his friends go to Hueco Mundo to rescue her . In Hueco Mundo , after defeating the Espada Grimmjow Jaegerjaquez , Ichigo manages to save Orihime and defeat Ulquiorra . Soon after , Ichigo returns from Hueco Mundo to Karakura Town , and confront Aizen . During the battles interim , Ichigo learns a technique called the Final Getsuga Tenshō ( 最後の月牙天衝 , Saigo no Getsuga Tenshō , literally `` The Final Moon Fang Heaven - Piercer '' ) that weakens and defeats Aizen , allowing Urahara to seal him within a kidō barrier , at the expense of his Soul Reaper powers . Seventeen months later , Ichigo becomes a senior in high school . The start of the Lost Agent arc describes Ichigo 's life after he loses his Soul Reaper powers . One day , he meets Kūgo Ginjō , a Fullbringer from the group Xcution . Ginjo offers to replenish Ichigo 's Soul Reaper powers in return for helping him and his group to become ordinary humans . With their help , Ichigo unlocks his own Fullbring powers through his Substitute Soul Reaper Badge . However , Ichigo later learns that Ginjo and his ally Shūkurō Tsukishima , a Fullbringer with ability to change people 's memories , used him to take Fullbring powers for Xcution 's use . Luckily , Rukia transfers the Reiatsu of the Gotei 13 's senior officers and other Shinigami through a special sword and restores Ichigo 's Soul Reaper powers . Ichigo fights Ginjo with his improved Shinigami powers and during their duel , it is revealed that Ginjo was the first Substitute Soul Reaper . Despite learning the truth , Ichigo resolves to protect everyone ( something about him which Rukia notes has never changed ) and kill Ginjo , which he does after a prolonged fight . Though learning from Ginjō that the Soul Society monitor and limit their powers , Ichigo tells the Court Squad that he will continue to fight by their side as he asks for their consent to bury Ginjō . While patrolling Karakura Town , Ichigo is informed about invasion of Hueco Mundo by Wandenreich , a group of Quincies . He goes to Hueco Mundo with his friends to liberate it from one of the Wandenreich 's high - ranked officers Quilge Opie . After dealing with Opie , Ichigo finds out that the Quincies are attacking the Soul Society . Arriving just after Head Captain Yamamoto 's death , Ichigo encounters the Wandenreich 's leader Yhwach . At the end of the encounter , which ends in a draw , Ichigo learns his mother was a Quincy . During the fight , Ichigo 's Zanpakutō is shattered while attempting to stop Yhwach from escaping . Ichigo goes back to the World of Living where he learns the truth that his mother was a Quincy who was on a verge of hollowification until she was saved by Isshin at the cost of his Soul Reaper powers . Ichigo later learns that entity he believed to be Zangetsu is actually the embodiment of his Quincy powers yet accept him as he gains his reforged Zanpakutō in its new split Shikai form . During the second invasion by the Wandenreich , Ichigo and his friends confront Yhwach at the Soul King 's Palace . During the prolonged fight that followed , Ichigo is defeated by Yhwach . With help from new allies , Ichigo faces Yhwach once again and slices him in two after getting help from the now free Aizen . Ten years after Yhwach 's defeat , Ichigo and Orihime have a son named Kazui , who destroys the remnants of Yhwach 's power . In other Media ( edit ) Ichigo appears in each films for the series , including Memories of Nobody ; The DiamondDust Rebellion ; Fade to Black and Hell Verse . He also appears in both of the original video animations ; fighting against a Hollow called the Grand Fisher in the first one and combating the rogue Soul Reaper Baishin in the second . In the Bleach video games , Ichigo is a playable character , including the Heat the Soul and Blade Battlers series . In some games , his Hollow form and Bankai state are available as separate characters . In Rock Musical Bleach , a musical based on the Bleach series , Ichigo is played by Tatsuya Isaka . His character is featured in two volumes from the Bleach Beat Collection CD soundtrack series which features themes composed by his Japanese voice actor , Masakazu Morita . These include the first of them , in which he is the only character and the fourth season 's fourth volume along with Rukia . Ichigo also appears in the first volume of Bleach Breathless Collection CD soundtrack series together with the embodiment of his Quincy powers that posed as the Zanpakutō spirit Zangetsu . Reception ( edit ) Johnny Yong Bosch , who voices the character in the English dub , has received praise . Amongst the Bleach reader base , Ichigo has been always highly ranked in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series . He has usually taken first place , though in early 2008 he dropped to third . His sword , Zangetsu , also ranked third in the Zanpakutō popularity polls . In the 2007 Japanese Newtype magazine poll , Ichigo was ranked one of the best male anime characters . In the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation ( SPJA ) , Ichigo was elected for the best anime male character in 2008 . The Japanese music distributor Recochoku has made two annual survey of which anime characters that people would like to marry . Ichigo ranked tenth in the category `` The Character I Want to Be My Groom '' from the 2008 survey and eight in the 2009 poll . Wizard Entertainment considered Ichigo the best hero from 2007 , commenting that he does n't try to be a typical hero but he fights in order to protect his friends . He was also 20th in IGN 's `` Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time '' with comments focused on his design and personality . Ichigo has also appeared twice in the Anime Grand Prix polls , ranking as one of the most popular male anime characters . At the first Seiyu Awards in March 2007 , Masakazu Morita won in the category `` Best Rookie Actor '' for his role as Ichigo Kurosaki . Ichigo 's voice actor in the English adaptation , Johnny Yong Bosch , has also been praised for his voice work on Ichigo 's character by Anime News Network ( ANN ) , which favorably compared Bosch and Morita 's work . Various merchandise based on Ichigo 's appearance has been created , including action figures , plush toys and key - chains . Since the series was released , replica models of Ichigo 's Zanpakutō and Bankai have been produced for purchase by collectors and fans . Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and other related media have provided praise and criticism on Ichigo 's character . ANN 's Melissa Harper commented that Ichigo 's initial rebellious actions make him almost a stereotypical anti-hero , but note that he is soon revealed to be a more complex character with a sad past . Los Angeles Times 's Charles Solomon comments Ichigo 's character has little in common with protagonists from other series due to his bad temper and how he tends to fight . However , he added that readers from the series still `` love '' Ichigo . The way Ichigo becomes a Soul Reaper was found to be relatively common by Carlos Alexandre . He noted that Ichigo 's character of a `` tough guy with a heart of gold '' had already been done in several series . Charles White from IGN praised Ichigo 's climactic fight against Byakuya Kuchiki as one of the best fights in the Bleach series , and later Ramsey Isler gave additional praise to both the design and voice acting for Ichigo 's inner Hollow . Ichigo 's development during the Rescue arc in which he sets to save Rukia Kuchiki from being executed have been praised by ANN 's Theron Martin . He praised the scenes in which Ichigo manages to stop Rukia 's execution and his subsequent demonstration of his Bankai as one of the `` eminently satisfying landmark moments in the series '' . Wired News 's Corrina Lawson stated that she liked Ichigo 's strong sense of responsibility , and commented it was one of the reasons of the series ' popularity . During the serialization of the manga , Tite Kubo said he received a letter from a reader who decided to name his son `` Ichigo '' . This brought joy as well as fear to the manga artist due to how his work influenced other people . While feeling that he also made a good manga during this comment , Kubo decided to work more on the character in hopes that once the real Ichigo grows up , he would feel proud with his name . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Fictional characters portal List of Bleach characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : TV Tokyo , Dentsu , Studio Pierrot ( October 5 , 2004 ) . `` 死神になっちゃった日 '' . Bleach . Episode 1 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : TV Tokyo , Dentsu , Studio Pierrot ( November 23 , 2004 ) . `` 6 月 17 日、雨の記憶 '' . Bleach . Episode 8 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : TV Tokyo , Dentsu , Studio Pierrot ( September 8 , 2006 ) . `` A Soul Reaper is Born ! '' . Bleach . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : TV Tokyo , Dentsu , Studio Pierrot ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` June 17 , a Memory of Rain '' . Bleach . Episode 8 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Bleach manga Character Poll ; chapter 307 , pages 1 and 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/08/18-1/sota-fukushi-to-lead-live-action-bleach-movie Jump up ^ Tite Kubo , Masakazu Morita ( August 2007 ) . Tite Kubo Interview , Bleach B - Station 112 . Japan : Bleach B - Sation . Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump , Number 9 ( February ) . Shueisha. 2008 . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2008 ) . The Art of Bleach . Viz Media . p. 104 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1884 - 8 . Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump interview , year 2004 , issue 42 Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2008 ) . The Art of Bleach . Viz Media . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1884 - 8 . Jump up ^ Aoki , Deb . `` Interview : Tite Kubo ( page 2 ) '' . About.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Creator Tite Kubo surprised by ' Bleach ' success '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 423 '' . Bleach , Volume 48 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870144 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kido , Misaki C. ( February 2012 ) . `` Interview with Tite Kubo ( Creator of Bleach ) '' . Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha . Viz Media ( 02 - 27 - 12 ) : 124 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Truong , Kei ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Anime Expo 2010 : Interview with Masakazu Morita '' . Asia Pacific Arts . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Truong , Kei ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Anime Expo 2010 : Interview with Masakazu Morita '' . Asia Pacific Arts . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bleach Uncut Season 1 Box Set ; Behind the scenes of Bleach ( DVD ) . Viz Media . October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Bleach , Volume 1 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873213 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 94 '' . Bleach , Volume 11 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873555 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 20 '' . Bleach , Volume 3 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873275 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 52 '' . Bleach , Volume 6 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 66 '' . Bleach , Volume 8 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873435 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 113 '' . Bleach , Volume 13 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873610 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 162 '' . Bleach , Volume 19 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873862 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 176 '' . Bleach , Volume 20 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873883 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 181 '' . Bleach , Volume 21 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 874027 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 195 '' . Bleach , Volume 22 . Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 215 '' . Bleach , Volume 25 . Shueisha . ISBN 4 - 08 - 874289 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 237 '' . Bleach , Volume 27 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 240 '' . Bleach , Volume 27 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 318 '' . Bleach , Volume 37 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874628 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 420 '' . Bleach , Volume 48 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870144 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 421 '' . Bleach , Volume 48 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870144 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 424 '' . Bleach , Volume 49 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870186 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 433 '' . Bleach , Volume 50 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870219 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 444 '' . Bleach , Volume 51 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870272 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 459 '' . Bleach , Volume 52 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870291 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 460 '' . Bleach , Volume 53 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 476 '' . Bleach , Volume 54 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870386 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 485 '' . Bleach , Volume 55 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870418 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 513 '' . Bleach , Volume 58 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870551 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 514 '' . Bleach , Volume 58 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870551 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 537 '' . Bleach , Volume 60 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870782 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 542 '' . Bleach , Volume 61 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870818 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bleach : Memories of Nobody ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2008 . Jump up ^ 劇場版 BLEACH The DiamondDust Rebellion もう一つの氷輪丸 ( DVD ) . TV Tokyo . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third Bleach Film , First Major Film Have Titles , Dates '' . Anime News Network . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bleach : Hell Verse ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2012 . Jump up ^ Bleach : Memories in the Rain ( DVD ) . TV Tokyo . 2006 . Jump up ^ Bleach - The Sealed Sword Frenzy ( DVD ) . TV Tokyo . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bleach : Heat the Soul official site '' ( in Japanese ) . SCEI . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SCEI , ed. ( 2007 ) . Bleach : Heat the Soul 4 Japanese instruction manual ( in Japanese ) . SCEI . Jump up ^ `` Bleach Rock Musical Official '' . Studio Pierrot . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morita , Masakazu ( 2005 ) . Bleach Beat Collection Ichigo Kurosaki ( Media notes ) . Sony . SVWC - 7264 . Jump up ^ Orikasa , Fumiko ; Morita , Masakazu ( 2008 ) . Bleach Beat Collection 4th Session 04 Ichigo Kurosaki & Rukia Kuchiki ( Media notes ) . Sony . SVWC - 7594 . Jump up ^ Masakazu Morita , Takayuki Sugo ( 2009 ) . Bleach Breathless Collection 01 Ichigo Kurosaki & Zangetsu ( Media notes ) . Sony . SVWC - 7653 . Jump up ^ Bleach manga ; chapter 209 , pages 2 and 3 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 348 '' . Bleach , Volume 40 . Shueisha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874712 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` NT Research '' . Newtype , Issue 6 . Kadokawa Shoten . May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Society For The Promotion Of Japanese Animation Announces SPJA Industry Award Finalists At Tokyo International Anime Fair '' . Comipress.com . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SPJA Industry Award Winners are Up '' . Giapet . July 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Survey : K - ON 's Mio , Reborn 's Hibari are # 1 Bride , Groom '' . Anime News Network . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BEST OF 2007 : BEST HERO -- ICHIGO KUROSAKI '' . Wizard Entertainment . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Chris ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time '' . IGN . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 第 28 回アニメグランプリ ( 2006 年 6 月号 ) ( 現在位置 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 第 27 回アニメグランプリ ( 2005 年 6 月号 ) ( 現在位置 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 声優アワード ( in Japanese ) . Seiyu Awards . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Melissa ( January 22 , 2007 ) . `` Bleach DVD 1 - Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bleach 5 '' PVC 2 - pack - Ichigo Kurosaki & Rukia Kuchiki `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bleach Ichigo Kurosaki Plush BL - 007a '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bleach Chibi Ichigo Key Chain '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ichigo - Cutting Moon Replica Sword '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ichigo BANKAI Sword Inspired by Anime , Tensa Zangetsu '' . True Swords . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` ' Bleach , ' a manga series by Tite Kubo ( page 1 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexandre Carlos ( July 30 , 2007 ) . `` Anime Review : Bleach , Vol. 1 '' . popcultureshock.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Charles ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bleach : `` Conclusion of the Death Match ! White Pride and Black Desire '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Isler , Ramsey ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bleach : `` Ichigo vs. Dalk ! Appearance of the Faded Darkness '' Review '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Bleach DVD - Season 3 Uncut Box Set '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Corrina ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Comics Spotlight on : Bleach '' . Wired News . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kubo , Tite ( 2003 ) . Bleach , Volume 8 . Shueisha . p. 1 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 873435 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ichigo Kurosaki at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Bleach by Tite Kubo Media Manga Volumes 1 -- 21 22 -- 48 49 -- 74 Anime Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Soundtracks Musicals Films Memories of Nobody The DiamondDust Rebellion Fade to Black Hell Verse Bleach ( 2018 film ) Video games Blade Battlers series Nintendo Home Consoles series Heat the Soul series The Blade of Fate Dark Souls The 3rd Phantom Flame Bringer Soul Resurrección Characters Ichigo Kurosaki Rukia Kuchiki Orihime Inoue Yasutora `` Chad '' Sado Uryū Ishida Renji Abarai Byakuya Kuchiki Gin Ichimaru Kenpachi Zaraki Sōsuke Aizen Tōshirō Hitsugaya Mayuri Kurotsuchi Soul Reapers Hollows Related Trading card game Loituma Girl Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Book Category MusicBrainz : 5542678a - b76e - 4193 - a9a2 - f8d7c8ef3726 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichigo_Kurosaki&oldid=805825855 '' Categories : Anime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speeds Anime and manga characters with superhuman strength Comics characters introduced in 2001 Fictional swordsmen Fictional characters with multiple personalities Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga Male characters in anime and manga Bleach characters Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 21 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of ichigo's sword in bleach	[ "Amongst the Bleach reader base, Ichigo has been always highly ranked in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series. He has usually taken first place, though in early 2008 he dropped to third.[58][5] His sword, Zangetsu, also ranked third in the Zanpakutō popularity polls.[59] In the 2007 Japanese Newtype magazine poll, Ichigo was ranked one of the best male anime characters.[60] In the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation (SPJA), Ichigo was elected for the best anime male character in 2008.[61][62] The Japanese music distributor Recochoku has made two annual survey of which anime characters that people would like to marry. Ichigo ranked tenth in the category \"The Character I Want to Be My Groom\" from the 2008 survey and eight in the 2009 poll.[63] Wizard Entertainment considered Ichigo the best hero from 2007, commenting that he doesn't try to be a typical hero but he fights in order to protect his friends.[64] He was also 20th in IGN's \"Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time\" with comments focused on his design and personality.[65] Ichigo has also appeared twice in the Anime Grand Prix polls, ranking as one of the most popular male anime characters.[66][67] At the first Seiyu Awards in March 2007, Masakazu Morita won in the category \"Best Rookie Actor\" for his role as Ichigo Kurosaki.[68] Ichigo's voice actor in the English adaptation, Johnny Yong Bosch, has also been praised for his voice work on Ichigo's character by Anime News Network (ANN), which favorably compared Bosch and Morita's work.[69] Various merchandise based on Ichigo's appearance has been created, including action figures, plush toys and key-chains.[70][71][72] Since the series was released, replica models of Ichigo's Zanpakutō and Bankai have been produced for purchase by collectors and fans.[73][74]" ]	[ "Zangetsu" ]
-114276270542337893	Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles	Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles This article is about the franchise . For entries in the franchise , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Art by Kevin Eastman Publication information Publisher Mirage Studios First appearance Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird In - story information Base ( s ) Manhattan , New York City Member ( s ) Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main characters 3 Comics 3.1 Mirage 3.2 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures 3.3 Dreamwave 3.4 IDW 3.5 Manga 3.6 Comic strip 4 Television series 4.1 First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 4.2 Original video animation 4.3 Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 4.4 Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) 4.5 Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 4.6 Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) 5 Feature films 6 Merchandise 6.1 Toys 7 Video games 8 In other media 8.1 Tabletop role playing game 8.2 Food tie - ins 8.3 Concert tour 8.4 At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park 8.5 Parodies 9 Controversies 9.1 Departure from origins 9.2 Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles 10 Ownership rights 10.1 Television 10.2 Films 10.3 Comic books 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cover of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover , New Hampshire . The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird . Using money from a tax refund , together with a loan from Eastman 's uncle , the young artists self - published a single - issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s : Marvel Comics ' Daredevil and New Mutants , Dave Sim 's Cerebus , and Frank Miller 's Ronin . The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984 . The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent , Mark Freedman , sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 - mm ( approximately 0.6 inch ) lead figurines . In January 1987 , Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys , a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action - figure market . Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals : Jerry Sachs , advertising agent of Sachs - Finley Agency , brought together the animators at Murakami - Wolf - Swenson headed by Fred Wolf . Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew , headed by Karl Aaronian , vice president ( VP ) of sales Richard Sallis , and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson . Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte , and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show . Sachs called the high concept pitch `` Green Against Brick '' . The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami - Wolf - Swenson animation firm 's writers . Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell - in the toy action figures . Phrases like `` Heroes in a half shell '' and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ( `` Turtle power ! '' ) came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team . As the series developed , veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter . David Wise , Michael Charles Hill , and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts . The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience . Once the product started selling , the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W , which funded the next round of animation . The show then went network , on CBS . Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series , and the subsequent action figure line , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success . At the height of the frenzy , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Turtles ' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children 's merchandise , from Pez dispensers to skateboards , breakfast cereal , video games , school supplies , linens , towels , cameras , and toy shaving kits . While the animated TV series , which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996 , was more light - hearted , the comic - book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone . In 1990 , a live - action feature film was released , with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels , as well as inspiring a three - dimensional animated film set in the same continuity , which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT . After the end of the cartoon series , a live - action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment . The series was called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth , female turtle called Venus de Milo . However , the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season . The property lay dormant until 2003 , when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box ( 4Kids TV ) . The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series , but was still less violent . It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes , ending in February 2009 . On October 21 , 2009 , it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon ( a subsidiary of Viacom ) had purchased all of Mirage 's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property . Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year , though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown . Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI - animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters . The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29 , 2012 . The live - action film , produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters Leonardo ( Leo ) -- The tactical , courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei , Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana . As the most conscientious of the four , he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers , which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael . Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath , painter , engineer , inventor , writer , anatomist , and sculptor , Leonardo da Vinci . Michelangelo ( Mikey ) -- The most stereotypical teenager of the team , Michelangelo is a free - spirited , relaxed , and often goofy jokester , known for his love of pizza . Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks . He provides the comic relief , though he still has an adventurous side . The least mature of the four Turtles , he shows characteristics of a `` surfer '' type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent . He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer , Michelangelo . His name was originally misspelled `` Michaelangelo '' by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman . Donatello ( Donnie or Don ) -- The scientist , inventor , engineer , and technological genius , Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff . Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle , preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts , but never hesitates to defend his brothers . He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence , Donatello . Raphael ( Raph ) -- The team 's bad boy , Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai . He has an aggressive nature , and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch . He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent . His personality can be fierce and sarcastic , and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor . He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei . He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance , Raphael . Splinter -- The Turtles ' sensei and adoptive father , Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master , Hamato Yoshi . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , and the 2012 TV series , Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat . In the 2003 TV series , he was Hamato Yoshi 's pet rat . He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building . In the IDW comics , he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat . April O'Neil -- A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman , April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter 's Mouser robots . She embarks on many of the Turtles ' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles can not . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , the subsequent three films , and the 2014 film reboot , April was a television news reporter . In the 2007 CGI film ( following the continuity from the original three films ) , Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm . In the 2012 series , April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some `` crash courses '' in being a ninja by Splinter . Casey Jones -- A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity , Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles ' closest allies , as well as a love interest to April . Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael . He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag , such as baseball bats , golf clubs , and hockey sticks . The Shredder -- A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki , he is the leader of the Foot Clan , an evil ninja clan . In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise , he has been the archenemy of Splinter and the Turtles . The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions . Foot Soldiers / Ninjas -- The ninjas of the Foot Clan , working for the Shredder . Karai -- A female high - rank member of the Foot Clan , she has appeared in several different TMNT comics , cartoons , and films , as well as in multiple video games . In some incarnations of the character , she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter . In most works , she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo , which occasionally even borders on romantic interest . Comics ( edit ) Mirage ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Mirage Studios ) Eastman and Laird 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984 , at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine - style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint , limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies . Through a clever media kit that included a press release in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 542 and a full - page ad placed in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 547 , the public 's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon . The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items , and within months , they were trading for over 50 times their cover price . The name `` Mirage Studios '' was chosen because of Eastman and Laird 's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career , before their creation made them both multimillionaires . Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson , which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe . This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity , and the two are thus canon to each other . The title 's first volume was from 1987 -- 1989 , released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book . All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice , and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each . As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media , Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut . However , this prevented the two creators from participating in the day - to - day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book . So , many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe . The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories gave the series a disjointed , anthology - like feel . Fans stuck with the series , and what was originally intended as a one - shot became a continuing series that lasted for 129 issues , spanning four separate volumes ( having 62 , 13 , 23 , and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes ) . In June 1996 , Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered `` volume 3 '' of the series . It was a slightly more action - oriented TMNT series and although notable for inflicting major physical changes on the main characters , Peter Laird , co-creator of the TMNT , has said this volume is no longer in canon as he began publishing volume 4 at Mirage Publishing . As an explanation , he offered in the pages of the volume 4 ( issue # 8 ) letter column : `` It just did n't feel right . '' After taking back the series from Image Comics , Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001 , under the simple title TMNT . After the publication of issue number 28 , writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight - month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 TMNT movie . However , after that eight months had passed , Mirage 's official website went on to list the series as in `` indefinite hiatus '' . In January 2008 , Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008 . Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each , and were available through the official TMNT website . Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity , no new material was released in the next few years . The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue # 32 which came out in print May 4 , 2014 , and online on May 9 , 2014 , almost 4 years after issue # 31 was last released . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles adventures ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic - book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics . The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series , but with the fifth issue , Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy , who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all - new original adventures , including the uniting of several of the series ' recurring characters as a separate team , the Mighty Mutanimals . Dreamwave ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Dreamwave Productions ) A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003 . It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas . In the first four issues , which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series , the story was told from the perspectives of April , Baxter , Casey , and a pair of New York City police officers . IDW ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( IDW Publishing ) In April 2011 , IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series . The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 , 2011 . Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write , with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores . Manga ( edit ) The Turtles have appeared in several manga series . Mutant Turtles ( ミュータント・タートルズ , Myūtanto Tātoruzu ) is a 15 - issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada , Zuki mora , and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episodes of the original American animated series . Super Turtles ( スーパータートルズ Sūpā Tātoruzu ) is a three - issue miniseries by Hidemasa Idemitsu , Tetsurō Kawade , and Toshio Kudō that featured the `` TMNT Supermutants '' Turtle toys that were on sale at the time . The first volume of the anime miniseries followed this storyline . Mutant Turtles Gaiden ( ミュータント・タートルズ外伝 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Gaiden ) by Hiroshi Kanno is a reinterpretation of the Turtles story with no connection to the previous manga . Mutant Turtles III ( ミュータント・タートルズ 3 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Tsuri ) is Yasuhiko Hachino 's adaptation of the third feature film . Mutant Turtles ' 95 ( ミュータント・タートルズ 95 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūgo ) is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom . Mutant Turtles ' 96 ( ミュータント・タートルズ 96 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūroku ) is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996 . Comic strip ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( comic strip ) A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990 . It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends ( with fan art appearing later ) . The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996 . At its highest point in popularity , it was published in over 250 newspapers . Television series ( edit ) First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1987 TV series ) Logo of the 1987 cartoon When little - known Playmates Toys , Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line , they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first . On December 28 , 1987 , the TMNT 's first cartoon series began , starting as a five - part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday - morning syndicated series on October 1 , 1988 , with 13 more episodes . The series was produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson Film Productions , Inc. ( later Fred Wolf Films ) . Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series . The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do . Here , the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise - cracking , pizza - obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout , and they make their first appearance in masks color - coded to each turtle , where previously they had all worn red . The cast included new and different characters , such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos . Original characters such as Splinter , Shredder , and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only . Instead of being Hamato Yoshi 's mutated pet rat , Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself . The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts , allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying ( this was a very important decision in terms of the show 's child audience ; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children , the show 's target demographic ) . Krang , one of the series ' most memorable villains , was inspired by the design of the Utrom , a benign alien race from the Mirage comics . The animated Krang , however , was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X . Baxter Stockman , whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children 's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist . Either way , Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder , later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly . During the final two seasons of the show , to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg , an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself . Starting on September 25 , 1989 , the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season . There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990 . The `` European Vacation '' episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the `` Awesome Easter '' episodes were not seen until 1991 . These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems . The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time , especially by Michelangelo . Words and phrases included `` bummer '' , `` dude '' , `` bogus '' , `` radical '' , `` far - out '' , `` tubuloso '' , `` bodacious '' , and possibly the most recognized , `` cowabunga '' . On April 21 , 1990 , a drug - prevention television special was broadcast on ABC , NBC , and CBS named Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time ; representing TMNT was Michelangelo , voiced by Townsend Coleman . Starting on September 8 , 1990 ( with a different opening sequence ) , the show began its run on CBS . The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994 , initially airing a few Saturday - exclusive episodes back - to - back . Also , a brief `` Turtle Tips '' segment aired between the two episodes , which served as public - service announcement about the environment or other issues . After 1994 , the show was reduced to just a half - hour and only eight episodes per season were produced , grouped into a `` CBS Action Zone '' block that also featured WildC. A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors , both of which were canceled after one season ; though TMNTs retained their `` Action Zone '' introduction . The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films . The series ran until November 2 , 1996 , when it aired its final episode . Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators , including the Battletoads , Cheetahmen , Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa , Road Rovers , Street Sharks , Extreme Dinosaurs , and Biker Mice from Mars . Currently , all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS . Original video animation ( edit ) Main article : Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen In addition to the American series , a Japan - exclusive two - episode anime original video animation ( OVA ) series was made in 1996 , titled Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen . The OVA is similar in tone to the 1987 TV series and uses the same voices from TV Tokyo 's Japanese dub of the 1987 TV series . The first episode was made to advertise the TMNT Supermutants toys . It featured the Turtles as superheroes , that gained costumes and superpowers with the use of Mutastones , while Shredder , Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone . As with the Super Sentai and Power Rangers franchises , the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint . The second episode was created to advertise the Metal Mutants toys in which the characters gain Saint Seiya-esque mystical metal armor that can transform into beasts . Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Logo of the live - action series Main article : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation In 1997 -- 1998 , the Turtles starred in a live - action television series called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies . A fifth turtle was introduced , a female named Venus de Milo , who was skilled in the mystical arts of the shinobi . The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise , as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains . Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter 's ear was cut , the Foot Soldiers were humans , and the Turtles lived in the abandoned subway station seen in the second and third movies . The Next Mutation Turtles made a guest appearance on Power Rangers in Space . It was canceled after one season of 26 episodes . Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2003 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) In 2003 , a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the `` FoxBox '' ( later renamed `` 4Kids TV '' ) programming block . It later moved to `` The CW4Kids '' block . The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios , and Mirage owned one - third of the rights to the series . Mirage 's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics , creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon , but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children . This series lasted until 2009 , ending with a feature - length television movie titled Turtles Forever , which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series . 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series , until September 2010 , when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons . Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2012 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment , Inc. and announced a new CGI - animated TMNT television series . The 2012 version is characterized by anime - like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies . The series ran for five seasons . Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise , which will debut in September 2018 . Feature films ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( film series ) The Turtles have appeared in six feature films . The first three are live - action features produced in the early 1990s : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III ( 1993 ) . The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads , initially produced by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The fourth film is a CGI - animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007 . A reboot , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Out of the Shadows was released on June 3 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role - playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness , published by Palladium Books in 1985 , and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird . The game features a large list of animals , including elephants and sparrows , that are available as mutant player characters . Several more titles were in this genre , including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures , Truckin ' Turtles , Turtles Go Hollywood , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe , and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures in Boise , Idaho , produced an attendant set of lead figurines ; unlike later incarnations , the bandannas on the store 's display set were painted all black before the multicolored versions were released to help younger readers distinguish between the four characters other than their weaponry . Palladium allowed the license to lapse in 2000 , in part due to declining sales stemming from the `` kiddification '' of the animated and live - action incarnations to that point . However , Palladium 's publisher , Kevin Siembieda , has indicated a potential willingness to revisit the license given the franchise 's recent moves closer to its roots . Toys ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures During the run of the 1987 TV series , Playmates Toys produced hundreds of TMNT action figures , along with vehicles , playsets , and accessories , becoming one of the top collectibles for children . Staff artists at Northampton , Massachusetts - based Mirage Studios provided conceptual designs for many of the figures , vehicles , and playsets and creator credit can be found in the legal text printed on the back of the toy packaging . In addition , Playmates produced a series of TMNTs / Star Trek crossover figures , due to Playmates holding the Star Trek action - figure license at the time . Playmates employed many design groups to develop looks and styles for the toy line , including Bloom Design , White Design , Pangea , Robinson - Clarke , and McHale Design . The marketing vice president of Playmates , Karl Aaronian , was largely responsible for assembling the talented team of designers and writers , which in turn , helped germinate continued interest in the toy line . Never before in toy history did an action - figure line have such an impact for over two decades , generating billions of dollars in licensing revenue . The series was highly popular in the UK , where in the run - up to Christmas , the Army & Navy Store in London 's Lewisham devoted its entire basement to everything Turtle , including games , videos , costumes , and other items . Playmates continue to produce TMNT action figures based on the 2003 animated series . The 2007 film TMNT also gave Playmates a new source from which to make figures , while National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of high - quality action figures based on character designs from the original Mirage comics . In 2012 , a new toy line and a new classic toy line from Playmates were announced to be released . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games The first console video game based on the franchise , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) by Konami under their `` Ultra Games '' label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console . Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game , also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Arcade Game , leading to an NES - only sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : The Manhattan Project , which used the look of the arcade game , as opposed to the first NES game . The next Turtles game , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time , was released in 1991 as an arcade game , and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( Super NES ) in 1992 . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year , and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV . There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami , consisting of : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fall of the Foot Clan , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : Back from the Sewers , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : Radical Rescue . As the video game series progressed , and the Ninja Turtles ' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s , the video games changed direction . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one - on - one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series ; versions were released for the NES , SNES , and Genesis , each a distinct game . Konami also acquired the license to adapt the 2003 TV series into a video game franchise , resulting in a new series of games with 3D gameplay inspired by the old TMNT beat ' em up games , consisting of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 video game ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 : Battle Nexus , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 : Mutant Nightmare , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutant Melee . In 2006 , Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games , beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film , along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games . A beat ' em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 , to coincide with the series ' 25th anniversary . In 2013 , Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network and Steam . On January 25 , 2016 , Activision and PlatinumGames announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and PC . The game is described as a third - person , team - based brawler . The campaign will be playable either single - player or co-op and will have an original story written by Tom Waltz , IDW comic writer and editor . The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends , a Free to play Role - playing video game has been released by Ludia in summer 2016 for iPhone , iPad , Android , and Kindle Fire . It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) . The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles appear as playable characters in the DC Comics fighting game Injustice 2 as a part of the `` Fighter Pack 3 '' downloadable content . In other media ( edit ) Tabletop role playing game ( edit ) In 1985 , Palladium Books published Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness . This was a stand - alone game , as well as acting as an expansion for their game Rifts . The game used many key mechanics from the Palladium system . The game itself is limited to which martial arts are available , but a separate book , Ninjas and Superspies , increased the amount available to a choice of 41 martial arts styles . Examples of animals created are included in the appendices as potential antagonists , including the Terror Bears , Caesers Weasels , and Sparrow Eagles , as well as including stats for the Turtles and other characters . Food tie - ins ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles food tie - ins During the height of their popularity , the Turtles had a number of food tie - ins . Among the most notable of these products was Ninja Turtles Cereal , produced by Ralston - Purina as a kind of `` Chex with TMNT - themed marshmallows '' which also came with a small pouch of Pizza Crunchabungas , pizza - flavored corn snacks in the shape of pizzas ( the commercial starred the Ninja Turtles as Will Vinton - created claymations ) ; Hostess Ninja Turtles Pudding Pies , featuring a green sugar crust and vanilla pudding inside ; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts , distributed by Nabisco under `` Royal Gelatin '' in three different flavors : orange , strawberry , and lime . Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children . One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon ( 1992 ) . There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered . Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles . Concert tour ( edit ) To capitalize on the Turtles ' popularity , a concert tour was held in 1990 , premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17 . The `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' tour featured live - action turtles playing music as a band ( Donatello , keyboards ; Leonardo , bass guitar ; Raphael , drums and sax ; Michelangelo , guitar ) on stage around a familiar plotline : April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder , and the Turtles have to rescue her . The story had a very Bill - n ' - Ted-esque feel , with its theme of the power of rock n ' roll literally defeating the enemy , in the form of the Shredder ( who only rapped about how he hates music ) trying to eliminate all music . A pay - per - view special highlighting the concert was shown , and a studio album was also released . The track listing is as follows : show Concert tour track list `` Coming Out of Our Shells ! '' `` Sing About It '' `` Tubin ' '' `` Skipping Stones '' `` Pizza Power '' `` Walk Straight '' `` No Treaties '' `` Cowabunga '' `` April Ballad '' `` Count on Us '' Since the tour was sponsored by Pizza Hut in real life , many references are made to their pizza . Empty Pizza Hut boxes are seen onscreen in the `` Behind the Shells '' VHS . As part of a cross-marketing strategy , Pizza Hut restaurants gave away posters , audio cassettes of `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' , and `` Official Tour Guides '' as premiums . The original show of the tour was released on video with a making of video also released . The song `` Pizza Power '' was later used by Konami for the second arcade game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time . At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park ( edit ) On June 30 , 1990 , the TMNT appeared in the `` New York Street '' section of Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Orlando . Emerging from their Turtle Party Wagon , they would `` ninja dance '' across the stage while April performed the theme song to the show . After the main show was done , they posed for pictures and signed autographs . The Turtles also made appearances in Disney 's Very Merry Christmas Parade to sing their own rendition of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' . They also appeared during the Easter parade dancing to their single `` Pizza Power ! '' The Turtles ' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996 . Parodies ( edit ) Cover of Cracked # 255 , August 1990 Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody , the comic 's explosive success led to a wave of small - press , black and white comic parodies of TMNT itself , including Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters , Pre-Teen Dirty - Gene Kung - Fu Kangaroos , and a host of others . Dark Horse Comics ' Boris the Bear was launched in response to these TMNT clones ; its first issue was titled `` Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters '' . Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream , parodies also proliferated in other media , such as in satire magazines Cracked and Mad and numerous TV series of the period . The satirical British television series Spitting Image featured a recurring sketch `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turds '' . Controversies ( edit ) Departure from origins ( edit ) The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird . As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream , they were radically redesigned . In issue # 19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this . It stated , in part : `` We 've allowed the wacky side to happen , and enjoy it very much . All the while , though , we 've kept the originals very much ours -- forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books , whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with . '' In the film Turtles Forever , the original Mirage Turtles refer to their counterparts from the 1987 cartoon series and the 2003 cartoon series as `` sell - outs '' , in reference to their colorful accessories ( the originals are conveyed in black and white ) . Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles ( edit ) The title screen from the TMHT version , altered due to censorship . Upon TMNT 's first arrival in the United Kingdom the name was changed to `` Teenage Mutant ' Hero ' Turtles '' ( or TMHT , for short ) , since the British Broadcasting Corp deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children 's program . Consequently , everything related to the Turtles ( comic books , video games , toys , etc . ) was renamed before being released in the UK as well as various other European countries . The lyrics were also changed , such as changing `` Splinter taught them to be ninja teens '' to `` Splinter taught them to be fighting teens '' . The policies also had other effects , such as editing out use of Michelangelo 's nunchaku ( which were at the time banned by James Ferman , chairman of the BBFC , from appearing in films and generally toning down the usage of all the turtles ' weapons . ) To head this problem off , the showrunners elected to remove Michelangelo 's nunchaku entirely during season three , replacing them with a grappling hook called the `` Turtle Line '' that served as Mikey 's signature weapon for the rest of the show 's run . In Italy , Spain and Portugal , they kept Michelangelo 's nunchaku but the `` TMHT '' logo could be seen in the intro , as it was not edited to reflect the title in each of those translations . In Spain the cartoon was originally aired in regional TV channels and thus had different dubs in addition to Castillian : Galician and Catalan ; in the Galician version , the title As Tartarugas Mutantes ( `` The Mutant Turtles '' ) was used . The Italian and European Portuguese dubs also had few edits . However , when the live - action movie came out in 1990 , the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK . In time , nunchaku scenes were retained in previously - censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee . The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games , which had Michelangelo 's weapon of choice fully visible and usable . By the time of the 2003 TV series , these censorship policies had been abolished , and no changes have occurred in the content of the show . The name `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series . As a result , in the UK , the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 2009 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK . This 3 - Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season , as well as a 1 - Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1 . This release features the original , unedited episodes under the `` Ninja Turtles '' title , and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK . Ownership rights ( edit ) Due to various movie and television deals , the various TMNT films and television series have split between various companies , with Mirage Studios having retained copyright and trademark until October 19 , 2009 , at which point the rights for the entire TMNT franchise were sold by co-creator Peter Laird to Nickelodeon . Television ( edit ) The original animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin ( as Murakami Wolf Swenson ( MWS ) and Murakami Wolf Dublin ( MWD ) during earlier seasons ) , and syndicated by Group W . The series itself is owned by Wolf Films , with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment , and until recently , syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon 's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution . The initial five - part miniseries ( retroactively considered the first season ) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys , although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films . Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation was produced by Saban Entertainment , and as of September 2011 , is owned and distributed by Saban Brands . The second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) was a co-production between Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment . Nickelodeon 's October 19 , 2009 buyout of the TMNT franchise included an approximate $9.75 million payment to 4Kids to terminate its right to serve as the merchandise licensing agent prior to the scheduled expiration of the representation agreement in 2012 . Due to the buyout , all future TMNT film and television series rights are owned by Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon also gained the rights to the 2003 series after terminating 4Kids ' contract . Films ( edit ) The first three TMNT live - action films were produced by Golden Harvest , with New Line Cinema ( now a sister company of Warner Bros. Entertainment ) distributing the films in the United States , with 20th Century Fox distributing the second and third films in most other territories . The first two films were copyrighted by the UK - based Northshore Investments . The third film was copyrighted by Clearwater Holdings . The fourth film was produced by Imagi Animation Studios , and released by Warner Bros. Entertainment in association with the Weinstein Company . Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , was released on June 3 , 2016 , with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones . Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director . Comic Books ( edit ) Initially , Mirage allowed employees and freelancers to retain the rights to characters they created for the TMNT Universe but had never licensed for media and merchandise outside comic books . Eventually , due to the difficulty of keeping track of everyone 's rights , Mirage made TMNT character creators sign retroactive work - for - hire contracts . One creator who did not sign over the rights to his TMNT work was Swamp Thing veteran Rick Veitch . See also ( edit ) Comics portal 1980s portal Table of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character appearances List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Ninja in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heroes in a Half Shell Turn the Big 2 -- 5 '' . The New York Times . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey R. ( April 15 , 1990 ) . `` Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT : The Rennaissance ( sic& ) Reptiles Return '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Was a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle '' . January 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . Villard Books . ISBN 0679734848 . Jump up ^ Laird , Peter ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` palblog : Musings about the sale '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon '' . Reuters . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : TMNT Origin Story , official site . Retrieved November 16 , 2007 . Archived June 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGill , Douglas C. ( December 25 , 1988 ) . `` DYNAMIC DUO : Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird ; Turning Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Into a Monster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ninja Turtles '' . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archived April 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . IDW Publishing April 1 , 2011 Accessed April 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ About the Creators TMNT25.com ( January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 -- 31 -- 09 . Archived April 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice C. ( April 2 , 1990 ) . `` Show Business : Lean , Green and on the Screen '' . Time . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( 1987 / I ) -- Trivia IMDB.com ( February 2019 ) . Retrieved on 2 -- 21 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Official TMNT Web Site ! '' . Tmnt25.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT Celebrates 25 Years , III -- Peter Laird '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Eileen ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` WonderCon 2011 -- PR : IDW to Publish New Ninja Turtles Series Based on Original Comics '' . toonzone news . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David McCutcheon ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMNT Gets a Makeover '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Ninja Turtles TV Series and Film Coming '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , ' Lip Sync Battle ' and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon unveils 2017 upfront lineup '' . kidscreen.com . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Chris ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Kevin Siembieda Interview , Part 2 '' ( mp3 ) . Space Station Liberty . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lazzareschi , Carla ( December 23 , 1991 ) . `` Rapid - Paced Turtle Sales Starting to Slow Down : Toys : Rival manufacturers see a cooling of the ' Ninja ' fad as a chance to regain a larger share of the market '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Reveals 2012 ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Action Figures -- ComicsAlliance Comic book culture , news , humor , commentary , and reviews '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft to create video game based on 2007 TMNT movie '' . Starpulse.com . January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4Kids Entertainment And The Mirage Group Sign Worldwide Video Game Agreement With Ubisoft '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . January 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack hands - on ign.com Jump up ^ `` Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows announced -- trailer '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT - Mutants in Manhattan '' . www.tmntmutantsinmanhattan.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ; Laird , Peter ; Eastman , Kevin ( 1988 ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness ( Revised ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211142 . OCLC 20101871 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ( 1990 ) . Ninjas & Superspies ( Rev ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211312 . OCLC 24330062 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` ' Turtles ' Tapes Being Served at Burger King '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mutant Merchandise '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( August 17 , 1990 ) . `` Music news for August 17 , 1990 -- Prince and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles made news this week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 28 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Music ; After the Hype , an Elaborate High - Tech Show for the Ninja Turtles Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Ted ; Churnin , Nancy ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Shell Out Ninja Concert Fun '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shell Schlocked '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 12 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spitting Image Fun . ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Spitting Image Series 9 Episode 3 ( full episode . ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles vol. 1 # 19 , March 1989 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Susan ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` KID VIDEO GAMES '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Ninjaturtles.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter . `` So Much for a Dark and Twisted ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie '' . amazon.imdb.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programming Catalog : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation '' . MarVista Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cynopsis : Kids ! 09 / 19 / 11 '' . Cynopsis . September 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Michael ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` MarVista picks up live Turtles '' . C21Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon - 4Kids Entertainment to End Long - Standing Relationship as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Licensing Agent and Production Partner '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Kevin Eastman Interview Part I The Comics Journal '' . Tcj.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Eastman , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Kevin Eastman 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Artobiography . Los Angeles : Heavy Metal . ISBN 1 - 882931 - 85 - 8 . Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . New York : Villard . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73484 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the ninja turtles get their names	[ "The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance. They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu. From their home in the sewers of New York City, they battle petty criminals, evil overlords, mutated creatures, and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society. They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird." ]	[ "Italian artists of the Renaissance" ]
-1738350861329517107	Settlement of the Americas	Settlement of the Americas - wikipedia Settlement of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The continents of North and South America was settled by natives from Asia between 10 and 20 thousand years ago after they crossed a land bridge that was created between far northeastern Siberia and Alaska by the lowering of sea level during the last ice age . Available scientific evidence indicates that modern humans emerged from Africa over 100,000 years ago , yet did not arrive in the Americas until less than 20,000 years ago . Current understanding of the settlement of the Americas derives from advances in four interrelated disciplines : archaeology , Pleistocene geology , physical anthropology , and DNA analysis . While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia , the pattern of migration , its timing , and the place ( s ) of origin in Asia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear . In the 2000s , researchers sought to use familiar tools to validate or reject established theories , such as Clovis first . The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo - Indians ' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period or , more specifically , what is known as the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) , around 16,500 -- 13,000 years ago . The settlement of the Americas is of intense interest to archaeologists and anthropologists . Modern biochemical techniques , as well as the accumulation of archaeological and geological evidence , have shed progressively more light on the subject ; however , significant questions remain unresolved . Contents ( hide ) 1 The environment during the latest Pleistocene 1.1 Emergence and submergence of Beringia 1.2 Glaciers 1.3 Climate and biological environments 1.4 Environmental changes during deglaciation 2 Chronology and sources of migration 2.1 Chronology 2.1. 1 Archaeological evidence 2.1. 2 Genomic age estimates 2.2 Source populations 2.2. 1 Human genomic models 2.2. 2 HTLV - 1 genomics 2.2. 3 Physical anthropology 2.2. 4 Stemmed points 3 Migration routes 3.1 Interior route 3.2 Pacific coastal route 3.2. 1 East Asians : Paleoindians of the coast 3.2. 2 Problems with evaluating coastal migration models 4 Y - DNA among South American and Alaskan natives 5 Other hypotheses 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The environment during the latest Pleistocene ( edit ) For an introduction to the radiocarbon dating techniques used by archaeologists and geologists , see radiocarbon dating . Emergence and submergence of Beringia ( edit ) Figure1 . Submergence of the Beringian land bridge with post-Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) rise in eustatic sea level During the Wisconsin Glaciation , varying portions of the Earth 's water were stored as glacier ice . As water accumulated in glaciers , the volume of water in the oceans correspondingly decreased , resulting in lowering of the eustatic sea level . The variation of the eustatic sea level with time has been reconstructed using oxygen isotope analysis of deep sea cores , the dating of marine terraces , and high resolution oxygen isotope sampling from ocean basins and modern ice caps . A drop of eustatic sea level by about 60 m to 120 m lower than present - day levels , commencing around 30,000 years BP , caused the revealing of Beringia as a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska . With the rise of sea level after the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) , the Beringian land bridge was again submerged . Estimates of the final re-submergence of the Beringian land bridge based purely on present bathymetry of the Bering Strait and eustatic sea level curve place the event around 11,000 years BP ( Figure 1 ) . Ongoing research reconstructing Beringian paleogeography during deglaciation could change that estimate and possible earlier submergence could further constrain models of human migration into North America . Glaciers ( edit ) The onset of the Last Glacial Maximum after 30,000 years BP saw the expansion of alpine glaciers and continental ice sheets that blocked migration routes out of Beringia . By 21,000 years BP , and possibly thousands of years earlier , the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets coalesced east of the Rocky Mountains , closing off a potential migration route into the center of North America . Alpine glaciers in the coastal ranges and the Alaskan Peninsula isolated the interior of Beringia from the Pacific coast . Coastal alpine glaciers and lobes of Cordilleran ice coalesced into piedmont glaciers that covered large stretches of the coastline as far south as Vancouver Island and formed an ice lobe across the Straits of Juan de Fuca by 15,000 C years BP ( 18,000 cal years BP ) . Coastal alpine glaciers started to retreat around 19,000 cal years BP while Cordilleran ice continued advancing in the Puget lowlands up to 14,000 C years BP ( 16,800 cal years BP ) Even during the maximum extent of coastal ice , unglaciated refugia persisted on present - day islands , that supported terrestrial and marine mammals . As deglaciation occurred , refugia expanded until the coast became ice - free by 15,000 cal years BP . The retreat of glaciers on the Alaskan Peninsula provided access from Beringia to the Pacific coast by around 17,000 cal years BP . The ice barrier between interior Alaska and the Pacific coast broke up starting around 13,500 C years ( 16,200 cal years ) BP . The ice - free corridor to the interior of North America opened between 13,000 and 12,000 cal years BP . Glaciation in eastern Siberia during the LGM was limited to alpine and valley glaciers in mountain ranges and did not block access between Siberia and Beringia . Climate and biological environments ( edit ) The paleoclimates and vegetation of eastern Siberia and Alaska during the Wisconsin glaciation have been deduced from high resolution oxygen isotope data and pollen stratigraphy . Prior to the Last Glacial Maximum , climates in eastern Siberia fluctuated between conditions approximating present day conditions and colder periods . The pre-LGM warm cycles in Arctic Siberia saw flourishes of megafaunas . The oxygen isotope record from the Greenland Ice Cap suggests that these cycles after about 45k years BP lasted anywhere from hundreds to between one and two thousand years , with greater duration of cold periods starting around 32k cal years BP . The pollen record from Elikchan Lake , north of the Sea of Okhotsk , shows a marked shift from tree and shrub pollen to herb pollen prior to 26k C years BP , as herb tundra replaced boreal forest and shrub steppe going into the LGM . A similar record of tree / shrub pollen being replaced with herb pollen as the LGM approached was recovered near the Kolyma River in Arctic Siberia . The abandonment of the northern regions of Siberia due to rapid cooling or the retreat of game species with the onset of the LGM has been proposed to explain the lack of archaeosites in that region dating to the LGM . The pollen record from the Alaskan side shows shifts between herb / shrub and shrub tundra prior to the LGM , suggesting less dramatic warming episodes than those that allowed forest colonization on the Siberian side . Diverse , though not necessarily plentiful , megafaunas were present in those environments . Herb tundra dominated during the LGM , due to cold and dry conditions . Coastal environments during the Last Glacial Maximum were complex . The lowered sea level , and an isostatic bulge equilibrated with the depression beneath the Cordilleran Ice Sheet , exposed the continental shelf to form a coastal plain . While much of the coastal plain was covered with piedmont glaciers , unglaciated refugia supporting terrestrial mammals have been identified on Haida Gwaii , Prince of Wales Island , and outer islands of the Alexander Archipelago . The now - submerged coastal plain has potential for more refugia . Pollen data indicate mostly herb / shrub tundra vegetation in unglaciated areas , with some boreal forest towards the southern end of the range of Cordilleran ice . The coastal marine environment remained productive , as indicated by fossils of pinnipeds . The highly productive kelp forests over rocky marine shallows may have been a lure for coastal migration . Reconstruction of the southern Beringian coastline also suggests potential for a highly productive coastal marine environment . Environmental changes during deglaciation ( edit ) Pollen data indicate a warm period culminating between 14k and 11k C years BP ( 17k - 13k cal years BP ) followed by cooling between 11k - 10k C years BP ( 13k - 11.5 k cal years BP ) . Coastal areas deglaciated rapidly as coastal alpine glaciers , then lobes of Cordilleran ice , retreated . The retreat was accelerated as sea levels rose and floated glacial termini . Estimates of a fully ice - free coast range between 16k and 15k cal years BP . Littoral marine organisms colonized shorelines as ocean water replaced glacial meltwater . Replacement of herb / shrub tundra by coniferous forests was underway by 12.4 k C years BP ( 15k cal years BP ) north of Haida Gwaii . Eustatic sea level rise caused flooding , which accelerated as the rate grew more rapid . The inland Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets retreated more slowly than did the coastal glaciers . Opening of an ice - free corridor did not occur until after 13k to 12k cal years BP . The early environment of the ice - free corridor was dominated by glacial outwash and meltwater , with ice - dammed lakes and periodic flooding from the release of ice - dammed meltwater . Biological productivity of the deglaciated landscape was gained slowly . The earliest possible viability of the ice - free corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11.5 k cal years BP . Birch forests were advancing across former herb tundra in Beringia by 14.3 ka C years BP ( 17k cal years BP ) in response to climatic amelioration , indicating increased productivity of the landscape . Chronology and sources of migration ( edit ) While most of the archaeological community is in general agreement that the Americas were settled by migrants from northeastern Asian populations , the chronology of the migrations , the source populations that contributed to the migrations , and their migration routes remain uncertain . The uncertainty is fed by a lack of archaeological evidence along migration routes that date to the periods when those migrations are proposed to have occurred ; uncertainties in the dating and interpretation of the oldest proposed archaeosites in the Americas ; and uncertainties of assumptions underlying chronological and source models of migration derived from studies of modern Native American genetics . Chronology ( edit ) Map of the Americas showing pre Clovis sites . In the early 21st century , the models of the chronology of migration are divided into two general approaches . The first is the short chronology theory , that the first migration occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum , which went into decline after about 19,000 years ago , and was then followed by successive waves of immigrants . The second theory is the long chronology theory , which proposes that the first group of people entered the Americas at a much earlier date , possibly 21,000 -- 40,000 years ago , followed by a much later second wave of immigrants . Further controversy has been generated as age - dating of archaeosites in the Americas and the timing of the opening of the ice - free corridor have challenged the Clovis First theory , which dominated thinking on New World anthropology for much of the 20th century . Archaeological evidence ( edit ) Figure 2 . Schematic illustration of maternal ( mtDNA ) gene - flow in and out of Beringia ( long chronology , single source model ) . Figure 3 . Illustration of hypothetical chronology for migration through Beringia ( long chronology model ) . Not authoritative on timing of glacial features and not constrained by archaeological data . Pre-Last Glacial Maximum migration across Beringia into the Americas has been proposed to explain purported pre-LGM ages of archaeosites in the Americas such as Bluefish Caves and Old Crow Flats in the Yukon Territory , and Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Pennsylvania . The earlier C date from a bone artifact at the Old Crow Flats site has been supplanted by an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry C date that indicates a Holocene age . The interpretations of butcher marks and the geologic association of bones at the Bluefish Cave and Old Crow Flats sites have been called into question . The ages of the earliest positively identified artifacts at the Meadowcroft site are constrained by a compiled age estimate from C in the range of 12k - 15k C years BP ( 13.8 k - 18.5 k cal years BP ) . The Meadowcroft Rockshelter site and the Monte Verde site in southern Chile , with a date of 14.8 k cal years BP , are the archaeosites in the Americas with the oldest dates that have gained broad acceptance . Stones described as probable tools , hammerstones and anvils , have been found in southern California , at the Cerutti Mastodon site , that are associated with a mastodon skeleton which appeared to have been processed by humans . The mastodon skeleton was dated by thorium - 230 / uranium radiometric analysis , using diffusion -- adsorption -- decay dating models , to 130.7 ± 9.4 thousand years ago . No human bones were found , and the claims of tools and bone processing have been described as `` not plausible '' . Michael R. Waters commented that `` To demonstrate such early occupation of the Americas requires the presence of unequivocal stone artefacts . There are no unequivocal stone tools associated with the bones ... this site is likely just an interesting paleontological locality . '' Chris Stringer said that `` extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence - each aspect requires the strongest scrutiny , '' adding that `` High and concentrated forces must have been required to smash the thickest mastodon bones , and the low energy depositional environment seemingly provides no obvious alternative to humans using the heavy cobbles found with the bones . '' The Yana River Rhino Horn site ( RHS ) has dated human occupation of eastern Arctic Siberia to 27k C years BP ( 31.3 k cal years BP ) . That date has been interpreted by some as evidence that migration into Beringia was imminent , lending credence to occupation of Beringia during the LGM . However , the Yana RHS date is from the beginning of the cooling period that led into the LGM . But , a compilation of archaeosite dates throughout eastern Siberia suggest that the cooling period caused a retreat of humans southwards . Pre-LGM lithic evidence in Siberia indicate a settled lifestyle that was based on local resources , while post-LGM lithic evidence indicate a more migratory lifestyle . The oldest archaeosite on the Alaskan side of Beringia date to 12k C years BP ( 14k cal years BP ) . It is possible that a small founder population had entered Beringia before that time . However , archaeosites that date closer to the Last Glacial Maximum on either the Siberian or the Alaskan side of Beringia are lacking . Genomic age estimates ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas . Recent studies of Amerindian genetics have used high resolution analytical techniques applied to DNA samples from modern Native Americans and Asian populations regarded as their source populations to reconstruct the development of human Y - chromosome DNA haplogroups ( yDNA haplogroups ) and human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups ( mtDNA haplogroups ) characteristic of Native American populations . Models of molecular evolution rates are used to estimate the ages at which Native American DNA lineages branched off from their parent lineages in Asia and to deduce the ages of demographic events . One model based on Native American mtDNA Haplotypes ( Figure 2 ) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 30k and 25k cal years BP , with migration into the Americas occurring around 10k to 15k years after isolation of the small founding population . Another model ( Figure 3 ) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred approximately 36k cal years BP , followed by 20k years of isolation in Beringia . Yet another model proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 40k and 30k cal years BP , with a pre-LGM migration into the Americas followed by isolation of the northern population following closure of the ice - free corridor . The three Native American mtDNA evolution rate models all fall within the long chronology theory of migration into the Americas . A study of the diversification of mtDNA Haplogroups C and D from southern Siberia and eastern Asia , respectively , suggests that the parent lineage ( Subhaplogroup D4h ) of Subhaplogroup D4h3 , a lineage found among Native Americans and Han Chinese , emerged around 20k cal years BP , constraining the emergence of D4h3 to post-LGM . Age estimates based on Y - chromosome micro-satellite diversity place origin of the American Haplogroup Q1a3a ( Y - DNA ) at around 10k to 15k cal years BP . Greater consistency of DNA molecular evolution rate models with each other and with archaeological data may be gained by the use of dated fossil DNA to calibrate molecular evolution rates . Source populations ( edit ) There is general agreement among anthropologists that the source populations for the migration into the Americas originated from an area somewhere east of the Yenisei River . The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A , B , C , and D among eastern Asian and Native American populations has long been recognized , along with the presence of Haplogroup X . As a whole , the greatest frequency of the four Native American associated haplogroups occurs in the Altai - Baikal region of southern Siberia . Some subclades of C and D closer to the Native American subclades occur among Mongolian , Amur , Japanese , Korean , and Ainu populations . Human genomic models ( edit ) For a non-technical introduction to genetics in general , see Introduction to genetics . The development of high - resolution genomic analysis has provided opportunities to further define Native American subclades and narrow the range of Asian subclades that may be parent or sister subclades . For example , the broad geographic range of Haplogroup X has been interpreted as allowing the possibility of a western Eurasian , or even a European source population for Native Americans , as in the Solutrean hypothesis , or suggesting a pre-Last Glacial Maximum migration into the Americas . The analysis of an ancient variant of Haplogroup X among aboriginals of the Altai region indicates common ancestry with the European strain rather than descent from the European strain . Further division of X subclades has allowed identification of Subhaplogroup X2a , which is regarded as specific to Native Americans . With further definition of subclades related to Native American populations , the requirements for sampling Asian populations to find the most closely related subclades grow more specific . Subhaplogroups D1 and D4h3 have been regarded as Native American specific based on their absence among a large sampling of populations regarded as potential descendants of source populations , over a wide area of Asia . Among the 3764 samples , the Sakhalin - lower Amur region was represented by 61 Oroks . In another study , Subhaplogroup D1a has been identified among the Ulchis of the lower Amur River region ( 4 among 87 sampled , or 4.6 % ) , along with Subhaplogroup C1a ( 1 among 87 , or 1.1 % ) . Subhaplogroup C1a is regarded as a close sister clade of the Native American Subhaplogroup C1b . Subhaplogroup D1a has also been found among ancient Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido The modern Ainu are regarded as descendants of the Jōmon . The occurrence of the Subhaplogroups D1a and C1a in the lower Amur region suggests a source population from that region distinct from the Altai - Baikal source populations , where sampling did not reveal those two particular subclades . The conclusions regarding Subhaplogroup D1 indicating potential source populations in the lower Amur and Hokkaido areas stand in contrast to the single - source migration model . Subhaplogroup D4h3 has been identified among Han Chinese . Subhaplogroup D4h3 from China does not have the same geographic implication as Subhaplotype D1a from Amur - Hokkaido , so its implications for source models are more speculative . Its parent lineage , Subhaplotype D4h , is believed to have emerged in east Asia , rather than Siberia , around 20k cal years BP . Subhaplogroup D4h2 , a sister clade of D4h3 , has also been found among Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido . D4h3 has a coastal trace in the Americas . The contrast between the genetic profiles of the Hokkaido Jōmon skeletons and the modern Ainu illustrates another uncertainty in source models derived from modern DNA samples : However , probably due to the small sample size or close consanguinity among the members of the site , the frequencies of the haplogroups in Funadomari skeletons were quite different from any modern populations , including Hokkaido Ainu , who have been regarded as the direct descendant of the Hokkaido Jomon people . The descendants of source populations with the closest relationship to the genetic profile from the time when differentiation occurred are not obvious . Source population models can be expected to become more robust as more results are compiled , the heritage of modern proxy candidates becomes better understood , and fossil DNA in the regions of interest is found and considered . HTLV - 1 genomics ( edit ) The Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus 1 ( HTLV - 1 ) is a virus transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids and from mother to child through breast milk . The mother - to - child transmission mimics a hereditary trait , although such transmission from maternal carriers is less than 100 % . The HTLV virus genome has been mapped , allowing identification of four major strains and analysis of their antiquity through mutations . The highest geographic concentrations of the strain HLTV - 1 are in sub-Saharan Africa and Japan . In Japan , it occurs in its highest concentration on Kyushu . It is also present among African descendants and native populations in the Caribbean region and South America . It is rare in Central America and North America . Its distribution in the Americas has been regarded as due to importation with the slave trade . The Ainu have developed antibodies to HTLV - 1 , indicating its endemicity to the Ainu and its antiquity in Japan . A subtype `` A '' has been defined and identified among the Japanese ( including Ainu ) , and among Caribbean and South American isolates . A subtype `` B '' has been identified in Japan and India . In 1995 , Native Americans in coastal British Columbia were found to have both subtypes A and B. Bone marrow specimens from an Andean mummy about 1500 years old were reported to have shown the presence of the A subtype . The finding ignited controversy , with contention that the sample DNA was insufficiently complete for the conclusion and that the result reflected modern contamination . However , a re-analysis indicated that the DNA sequences were consistent with , but not definitely from , the `` cosmopolitan clade '' ( subtype A ) . The presence of subtypes A and B in the Americas is suggestive of a Native American source population related to the Ainu ancestors , the Jōmon . Physical Anthropology. ( edit ) Paleoamerican skeletons in the Americas such as Kennewick Man ( Washington State ) , Hoya Negro skeleton ( Yucatán ) , Luzia Woman and other skulls from the Lagoa Santa site ( Brazil ) , Buhl Woman ( Idaho ) , Peñon Woman III , two skulls from the Tlapacoya site ( Mexico City ) , and 33 skulls from Baja California have exhibited craniofacial traits distinct from most modern Native Americans , leading physical anthropologists to the opinion that some Paleoamericans were of an Australoid rather than Siberian origin . The most basic measured distinguishing trait is the dolichocephaly of the skull . Some modern isolates such as the Pericúes of Baja California and the Fuegians of Tierra del Fuego exhibit that same morphological trait . Other anthropologists advocate an alternative hypothesis that evolution of an original Beringian phenotype gave rise to a distinct morphology that was similar in all known Paleoamerican skulls , followed by later convergence towards the modern Native American phenotype . Resolution of the issue awaits the identification of a Beringian phenotype among paleoamerican skulls or evidence of a genetic clustering among examples of the Australoid phenotype . A report published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in January 2015 reviewed craniofacial variation focussing on differences between early and late Native Americans and explanations for these based on either skull morphology or molecular genetics . Arguments based on molecular genetics have in the main , according to the authors , accepted a single migration from Asia with a probable pause in Berengia , plus later bi-directional gene flow . Studies focussing on craniofacial morphology have argued that Paleoamerican remains have `` been described as much closer to African and Australo - Melanesians populations than to the modern series of Native Americans '' , suggesting two entries into the Americas , an early one occurring before a distinctive East Asian morphology developed ( referred to in the paper as the `` Two Components Model '' . A third model , the `` Recurrent Gene Flow '' ( RGF ) model , attempts to reconcile the two , arguing that circumarctic gene flow after the initial migration could account for morphological changes . It specifically re-evaluates the original report on the Hoya Negro skeleton which supported the RGF model , the authors disagreed with the original conclusion which suggested that the skull shape did not match those of modern Native Americans , arguing that the `` skull falls into a subregion of the morphospace occupied by both Paleoamericans and some modern Native Americans . '' Stemmed points ( edit ) Stemmed points are a lithic technology distinct from Beringian and Clovis types . They have a distribution ranging from coastal east Asia to the Pacific coast of South America . The emergence of stemmed points has been traced to Korea during the upper Paleolithic . The origin and distribution of stemmed points have been interpreted as a cultural marker related to a source population from coastal east Asia . Migration routes ( edit ) Interior route ( edit ) Map showing the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . Historically , theories about migration into the Americas have centered on migration from Beringia through the interior of North America . The discovery of artifacts in association with Pleistocene faunal remains near Clovis , New Mexico in the early 1930s required extension of the timeframe for the settlement of North America to the period during which glaciers were still extensive . That led to the hypothesis of a migration route between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets to explain the early settlement . The Clovis site was host to a lithic technology characterized by spear points with an indentation , or flute , where the point was attached to the shaft . A lithic complex characterized by the Clovis Point technology was subsequently identified over much of North America and in South America . The association of Clovis complex technology with late Pleistocene faunal remains led to the theory that it marked the arrival of big game hunters that migrated out of Beringia then dispersed throughout the Americas , otherwise known as the Clovis First theory . Recent radiocarbon dating of Clovis sites has yielded ages of 11.1 k to 10.7 k C years BP ( 13k to 12.6 k cal years BP ) , somewhat later than dates derived from older techniques . The re-evaluation of earlier radiocarbon dates led to the conclusion that no fewer than 11 of the 22 Clovis sites with radiocarbon dates are `` problematic '' and should be disregarded , including the type site in Clovis , New Mexico . Numerical dating of Clovis sites has allowed comparison of Clovis dates with dates of other archaeosites throughout the Americas , and of the opening of the ice - free corridor . Both lead to significant challenges to the Clovis First theory . The Monte Verde site of Southern Chile has been dated at 14.8 k cal years BP . The Paisley Cave site in eastern Oregon yielded a C date of 12.4 k years ( 14.5 k cal years ) BP , on a coprolite with human DNA and C dates of 11.3 k - 11k ( 13.2 k - 12.9 k cal years ) BP on horizons containing western stemmed points . Artifact horizons with non-Clovis lithic assemblages and pre-Clovis ages occur in eastern North America , although the maximum ages tend to be poorly constrained . Geological findings on the timing of the ice - free corridor also challenge the notion that Clovis and pre-Clovis human occupation of the Americas was a result of migration through that route following the Last Glacial Maximum . Pre-LGM closing of the corridor may approach 30k cal years BP and estimates of ice retreat from the corridor are in the range of 12 to 13k cal years BP . Viability of the corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11.5 k cal years BP , later than the ages of the Clovis and pre-Clovis sites . Dated Clovis archaeosites suggest a south - to - north spread of the Clovis culture . Pre-Last Glacial Maximum migration into the interior has been proposed to explain pre-Clovis ages for archaeosites in the Americas , although pre-Clovis sites such as Meadowcroft Rock Shelter , Monte Verde , and Paisley Cave have not yielded confirmed pre-LGM ages . The interior route is consistent with the spread of the Na Dene language group and Subhaplogroup X2a into the Americas after the earliest paleoamerican migration . Pacific coastal route ( edit ) Possible migration routes to the Americas as predicted by the distribution of Y - DNA haplogroups : inland route ( purple lines ) , Pacific coastal route ( brown dashed line ) , and possible trans - Atlantic route ( light blue double line ) . Main article : Coastal migration Pacific models propose that people first reached the Americas via water travel , following coastlines from northeast Asia into the Americas . Coastlines are unusually productive environments because they provide humans with access to a diverse array of plants and animals from both terrestrial and marine ecosystems . While not exclusive of land - based migrations , the Pacific ' coastal migration theory ' helps explain how early colonists reached areas extremely distant from the Bering Strait region , including sites such as Monte Verde in southern Chile and Taima - Taima in western Venezuela . Two cultural components were discovered at Monte Verde near the Pacific coast of Chile . The youngest layer is radiocarbon dated at 12,500 radiocarbon years ( ~ 14,000 cal BP ) and has produced the remains of several types of seaweeds collected from coastal habitats . The older and more controversial component may date back as far as 33,000 years , but few scholars currently accept this very early component . As the chronology of deglaciation in the interior and coastal regions of North America became better understood , the coastal migration hypothesis was advanced by Knute Fladmark as an alternative to the ice - free corridor hypothesis . Debate on coastal versus interior migration for initial settlement has centered on evidence for chronology of initial settlement of Beringia , interior North America , the Pacific coast of the Americas , and timing of the opening of coastal versus interior migration routes indicated by geological evidence . Complicating the debate has been the absence of archaeological data from the coastal and interior migration routes from the periods when the initial migration is proposed to have occurred . A recent variation of the coastal migration hypothesis is the marine migration hypothesis , which proposes that migrants with boats settled in coastal refugia during deglaciation of the coast . The proposed use of boats adds a measure of flexibility to the chronology of coastal migration , as a continuous ice - free coast ( 16k - 15k cal years BP ) would no longer be required . A coastal east Asian source population is integral to the marine migration hypothesis . In 2014 , the autosomal DNA of a toddler from Montana , dated at 10.7 k C years ( 12.5 - 12.7 cal years ) BP was sequenced . The DNA was taken from a skeleton referred to as Anzick - 1 , found in close association with several Clovis artifacts . The analysis yielded identification of the mtDNA as belonging to Subhaplogroup D4h3a , a rare subclade of D4h3 occurring along the west coast of the Americas , as well as geneflow related to the Siberian Mal'ta population . The data indicate that Anzick - 1 is from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations . Anzick - 1 is less closely related to present North American Native American populations . D4h3a has been identified as a clade associated with coastal migration . The problems associated with finding archaeological evidence for migration during a period of lowered sea level are well known . Sites related to the first migration are usually submerged , so the location of such sites is obscured . Certain types of evidence dependent on organic material , such as radiocarbon dating , may be destroyed by submergence . Wave action can destroy site structures and scatter artifacts along a prograding shoreline . Additionally , Pacific coastal conditions tend to be unstable due to steep unstable terrain , earthquakes , tsunamis , and volcanoes . Strategies for finding earliest migration sites include identifying potential sites on submerged paleoshorelines , seeking sites in areas uplifted either by tectonics or isostatic rebound , and looking for riverine sites in areas that may have attracted coastal migrants . Otherwise , coastal archaeology is dependent on secondary evidence related to lifestyles and technologies of maritime peoples from sites similar to those that would be associated with the original migration . Other coastal models , dealing specifically with the peopling of the Pacific Northwest and California coasts , have been advocated by archaeologists Knut Fladmark , Roy Carlson , James Dixon , Jon Erlandson , Ruth Gruhn , and Daryl Fedje . In a 2007 article in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology , Erlandson and his colleagues proposed a corollary to the coastal migration theory -- the `` kelp highway hypothesis '' -- arguing that productive kelp forests supporting similar suites of plants and animals would have existed near the end of the Pleistocene around much of the Pacific Rim from Japan to Beringia , the Pacific Northwest , and California , as well as the Andean Coast of South America . Once the coastlines of Alaska and British Columbia had deglaciated about 16,000 years ago , these kelp forest ( along with estuarine , mangrove , and coral reef ) habitats would have provided an ecologically similar migration corridor , entirely at sea level , and essentially unobstructed . A 2016 DNA analysis of plants and animals suggest a coastal route was feasible . East asians : Paleoindians of the coast ( edit ) See also : Genetic studies of Austronesian peoples and Migration and dispersion of Austronesian peoples to the Americas supported by coconut and sweet potato population genetics The boat - builders from Southeast Asia ( Austronesian peoples ) may have been one of the earliest groups to reach the shores of North America . One theory suggests people in boats followed the coastline from the Kurile Islands to Alaska down the coasts of North and South America as far as Chile . 62 54 , 57 . The Haida nation on the Queen Charlotte Islands off the coast of British Columbia may have originated from these early Asian mariners between 25,000 and 12,000 years ago . Early watercraft migration would also explain the habitation of coastal sites in South America such as Pikimachay Cave in Peru by 20,000 years ago ( disputed ) and Monte Verde in Chile by 13,000 years ago ( 6 30 ; 8 383 ) . ' There was boat use in Japan 20,000 years ago , ' says Jon Erlandson , a University of Oregon anthropologist . ' The Kurile Islands ( north of Japan ) are like stepping stones to Beringia , ' the then continuous land bridging the Bering Strait . Migrants , he said , could have then skirted the tidewater glaciers in Canada right on down the coast . ( 7 64 ) ' Problems with evaluating coastal migration models ( edit ) The coastal migration models provide a different perspective on migration to the New World , but they are not without their own problems . One of the biggest problems is that global sea levels have risen over 120 metres ( 390 ft ) since the end of the last glacial period , and this has submerged the ancient coastlines that maritime people would have followed into the Americas . Finding sites associated with early coastal migrations is extremely difficult -- and systematic excavation of any sites found in deeper waters is challenging and expensive . On the other hand , there is evidence of marine technologies found in the hills of the Channel Islands of California , circa 10,000 BCE . If there was an early pre-Clovis coastal migration , there is always the possibility of a `` failed colonization '' . Another problem that arises is the lack of hard evidence found for a `` long chronology '' theory . No sites have yet produced a consistent chronology older than about 12,500 radiocarbon years ( ~ 14,500 calendar years ) , but research has been limited in South America related to the possibility of early coastal migrations . Y - DNA among South American and Alaskan natives ( edit ) The micro-satellite diversity and distribution of a Y lineage specific to South America suggest that certain Amerindian populations became isolated after the initial colonization of their regions . The Na - Dené , Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q ( Y - DNA ) mutations , but are distinct from other indigenous Amerindians with various mtDNA and autosomal DNA ( atDNA ) mutations . This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations . Other hypotheses ( edit ) Other known or supposed trans - oceanic migrations and contacts are not within the scope of this article . The well - documented 10th century Viking colonies in Canada , and the Solutrean hypothesis of Palaeolithic migration from Europe to the Americas , are discussed in those articles . An examination of the many theories , myths and legends about the settlement of the Americas is found in this article about Pre-Columbian contact . See also ( edit ) Bluefish Caves Little John ( archeological site ) Dené -- Yeniseian languages - proposed family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples of Asia and North America Early human migrations Historical migration History of Mesoamerica ( Paleo - Indian ) List of countries and islands by first human settlement Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Norse colonization of the Americas Olmec alternative origin speculations Origins of Paleoindians Pendejo Cave Paleo - Indians period ( Canada ) Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact Recent African origin of modern humans References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Goebel , Ted ; Waters , Michael R. ; O'Rourke , Dennis H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Science . 319 ( 5869 ) : 1497 -- 1502 . PMID 18339930 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1153569 . 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ISBN 0 - 87480 - 786 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pinsker , Lisa . `` Geotimes - February 2004 - The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . ^ Jump up to : Jackson L.E. Jr. ; Phillips F.M. ; Shimamura K. ; Little E.C. ( 1997 ) . `` Cosmogenic Cl dating of the Foothills Erratics train , Alberta , Canada '' . Geology. 25 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 198 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1997 ) 025 < 0195 : ccdotf > 2.3.co ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , Carole A.S. , Josenhans , Heiner , Fedje , Daryl W. , and Mathewes , Rolf W. `` Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of Northwestern North America : implications for inland versus coastal migration routes '' ( PDF ) . Quaternary Science Reviews . 20 : 301 -- 314 . doi : 10.1016 / s0277 - 3791 ( 00 ) 00115 - 3 . 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Jump up ^ Humans may have taken different path into Americas than thought Arctic passage would n't have provided enough food for the earliest Americans ' journey by Thomas Summer , published in `` Science News '' on August 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gunn , Bee ; Luc Baudouin ; Kenneth M. Olsen ( 2011 ) . `` Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut ( Cocos nucifera L . ) in the Old World Tropics '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 6 ) : e21143 . PMC 3120816 . PMID 21731660 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0021143 . Jump up ^ Van Tilburg , Jo Anne . 1994 . Easter Island : Archaeology , Ecology and Culture . Washington D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press Jump up ^ Langdon , Robert . The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia , The Journal of Pacific History ' , Vol. 36 , No. 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ Gornitz , Vivian ( January 2007 ) . `` Sea Level Rise , After the Ice Melted and Today '' . Goddard Institute for Space Studies . NASA . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` California islands give up evidence of early seafaring : Numerous artifacts found at late Pleistocene sites on the Channel Islands , '' ScienceDaily , March 4 , 2011 . http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110303141540.htm Jump up ^ `` Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q '' . Genebase Systems . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ruhlen M ( November 1998 ) . `` The origin of the Na - Dene '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 23 ) : 13994 -- 6 . PMC 25007 . PMID 9811914 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.23. 13994 . Jump up ^ Zegura SL , Karafet TM , Zhivotovsky LA , Hammer MF ; Karafet ; Zhivotovsky ; Hammer ( January 2004 ) . `` High - resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single , recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 ( 1 ) : 164 -- 75 . PMID 14595095 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msh009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Saillard , Juliette Saillard , Peter Forster , Niels Lynnerup1 , Hans - Jürgen Bandelt and Søren Nørby ; Forster , Peter ; Lynnerup , Niels ; Bandelt , Hans - Jürgen ; Nørby , Søren ( 2000 ) . `` mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos . The Edge of the Beringian Expansion '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 67 ( 3 ) : 718 -- 726 . PMC 1287530 . PMID 10924403 . doi : 10.1086 / 303038 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Schurr , Theodore G. ( 2004 ) . `` The peopling of the New World - Perspectives from Molecular Anthropology '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 33 : 551 -- 583 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 33.070203. 143932 . Jump up ^ `` Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations '' . Genetics Society of America . 130 : 153 -- 162 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Bibliography Diamond , Jared , Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years , 1997 . Dixon , E. James . Quest for the Origins of the First Americans . University of New Mexico Press . 1993 . Dixon , E. James . Bones , Boats , and Bison : the Early Archeology of Western North America . University of New Mexico Press . 1993 . Erlandson , Jon M. Early Hunter - Gatherers of the California Coast . Plenum Press . 1994 . Erlandson , Jon M ( 2001 ) . `` The Archaeology of Aquatic Adaptations : Paradigms for a New Millennium '' . Journal of Archaeological Research . 9 : 287 -- 350 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1013062712695 . Erlandson , Jon M. Anatomically Modern Humans , Maritime Migrations , and the Peopling of the New World . In The First Americans : The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World , edited by N. Jablonski , 2002 . pp. 59 -- 92 . Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences . San Francisco . Erlandson , Jon . M. ; Graham , M.H. ; Bourque , Bruce J. ; Corbett , Debra ; Estes , James A. ; Steneck , R.S. ( 2007 ) . `` The Kelp Highway Hypothesis : Marine Ecology , The Coastal Migration Theory , and the Peopling of the Americas '' . Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. 2 : 161 -- 174 . doi : 10.1080 / 15564890701628612 . Eshleman , Jason A. ; Malhi , Ripan S. ; Glenn Smith , David ( 2003 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans : Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas '' . Evolutionary Anthropology. 12 : 7 -- 18 . doi : 10.1002 / evan. 10048 . Fedje ; Christensen ( 1999 ) . `` Modeling Paleoshorelines and Locating Early Holocene Coastal Sites in Haida Gwaii '' . American Antiquity. 64 ( 4 ) : 635 -- 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 2694209 . Greenman , E.F. ( 1963 ) . `` The Upper Palaeolithic and the New World '' . Current Anthropology. 4 : 41 -- 66 . doi : 10.1086 / 200337 . Hey , Jody ( 2005 ) . `` On the Number of New World Founders : A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas '' . PLOS Biology . 3 ( 6 ) : e193 . PMC 1131883 . PMID 15898833 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030193 . Jones , Peter N. Respect for the Ancestors : American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West . Bauu Institute Press . 2005 . Matson and Coupland . The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast . Academic Press . New York . 1995 . Adovasio , J.M. , with Jake Page . The First Americans : In Pursuit of Archaeology 's Greatest Mystery . New York : Random House , 2002 . Bradley , B. ; Stanford , D. ( 2004 ) . `` The North Atlantic ice - edge corridor : a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World '' . World Archaeology. 36 ( 4 ) : 2004 . doi : 10.1080 / 0043824042000303656 . Bradley , B. ; Stanford , D . `` The Solutrean - Clovisct = result connection : reply to Straus , Meltzer and Goebel '' . World Archaeology. 38 : 704 -- 714 . JSTOR 40024066 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240601022001 . Lauber , Patricia . Who Came First ? New Clues to Prehistoric Americans . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2003 . Snow , Dean R . `` The First Americans and the Differentiation of Hunter - Gatherer Cultures . '' In Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb * E. Washburn , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas , Volume I : North America ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) , 125 - 199 . Jones , Peter N. `` Respect for the Ancestors : American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West . '' Boulder , Colorado : Bauu Press . 2004 Dixon , E. James . Bones , Boats and Bison : the Early Archeology of Western North America . University of New Mexico Press . 1999 . Evidence Supports Earlier Date for People in North America , April 4 , 2008 Dennis J. Stanford , Bruce Bradely , Pre-Clovis First Americans : The Origin of America 's Clovis Culture ( University of California Press , 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22783 - 5 Dennis J. Stanford , Bruce A. Bradley , Across Atlantic Ice : The Origin of America 's Clovis Culture ( University of California Press ( 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22783 - 5 First peoples in a new world : colonizing ice age America - by David J Meltzer - University of California , Berkeley , 2009 ISBN 0 - 520 - 25052 - 4 The First Americans : The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World - by Nina G. Jablonski - California Academy of Sciences , 2002 ISBN 0 - 940228 - 49 - 1 Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey ( book ) - by Spencer Wells - Princeton University Press , 2002 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7146 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indigenous nations of the Americas . `` The first Americans : How and when were the Americas populated ? '' , Earth , January 2016 `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' - Smithsonian Magazine February 2013 Ordering information and news items for The Dene -- Yeniseian Connection ; the 2011 2nd printing has corriagenda for 14 articles in the 2010 ist printing Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey ( movie ) on YouTube - by Spencer Wells - PBS and National Geographic Channel , 2003 - 120 Minutes , UPC / EAN : 841887001267 Atlas of the Human Journey , Genographic Project , National Geographic Journey of Mankind - Genetic Map -- Bradshaw Foundation The Paleoindian Period -- United States Department of the Interior , National Park Service Alabama Archaeology : Prehistoric Alabama -- The University of Alabama , Department of Archaeology The Paleoindian Database -- The University of Tennessee , Department of Anthropology . Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die - Off -- American Academy of Arts and Sciences , National Humanities Center Links to related articles History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-history Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Mythology / Religion Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas ‎ List of deities Native American religion Mesoamerican mythology Mesoamerican religion European colonization European colonization Population history Columbian Exchange Modern societies by country North America Canada Caribbean Dominica Jamaica Costa Rica El Salvador Greenland Mexico Panama United States South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Indigenous American studies Indigenous languages Indigenous movements Indigenous art Artists Writers Portal Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America Pre-Columbian era Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures Americas Paleo - Indians Genetic history Archaeology of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas North America North American pre-Columbian cultures Caddoan Mississippian Chichimeca Hopewell tradition Coles Creek Fremont Marksville Mississippian Mogollon Plaquemine Plum Bayou Poverty Point Troyville Weeden Island Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chalcatzingo Cholula Coclé Epi - Olmec Huastec Izapa Mezcala Mixtec Olmec Pipil Quelepa Shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan Purépecha Teotihuacan Tlatilco Tlaxcaltec Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec South America Andean civilizations South American Indigenous people El Abra Cañaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavín Chimú Chinchorro Cultural periods of Peru Hydraulic culture of mounds ( Bolivia ) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita ( Tumaco ) Manteño - Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Nariño Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustín Shuar Sican Taíno Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wankarani Wari Zenú Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Language Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua Writing Script Script Numerals Quipu Religion Religion Religion Religion Religion Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Society Society Society Economy ( Women ) Society Infrastructure Chinampas Architecture Architecture Agriculture Architecture ( road system ) Agriculture History History History History Inca history Neo-Inca State People Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene Quemuenchatocha Tisquesusa Tundama Zoratama Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru II Conquest Spanish conquest ( Hernán Cortés ) Spanish conquest Spanish conquest of Yucatán ( Francisco de Montejo ) Spanish conquest of Guatemala ( Pedro de Alvarado ) Spanish conquest ( Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) ( Hernán Pérez de Quesada ) ( List of conquistadors ) Spanish conquest ( Francisco Pizarro ) See also Portal : Indigenous peoples of North America Portal : Mesoamerica Columbian Exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre ‐ Columbian art Painting in the Americas before European colonization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settlement_of_the_Americas&oldid=807353720 '' Categories : Pre-Columbian era History of indigenous peoples of the Americas Human migrations Modern human genetic history History of the Americas Recent African origin of modern humans Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups Paleo - Indian period Peopling of the world Native American history Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Nederlands Plattdüütsch Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which continent was the last one to be settled by humans starting around 12 000 years ago	[ "The continents of North and South America was settled by natives from Asia between 10 and 20 thousand years ago after they crossed a land bridge that was created between far northeastern Siberia and Alaska by the lowering of sea level during the last ice age. Available scientific evidence indicates that modern humans emerged from Africa over 100,000 years ago, yet did not arrive in the Americas until less than 20,000 years ago. Current understanding of the settlement of the Americas derives from advances in four interrelated disciplines: archaeology, Pleistocene geology, physical anthropology, and DNA analysis. While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia, the pattern of migration, its timing, and the place(s) of origin in Asia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear.[1] In the 2000s, researchers sought to use familiar tools to validate or reject established theories, such as Clovis first.[2] The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo-Indians' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period or, more specifically, what is known as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), around 16,500–13,000 years ago.[1]" ]	[ "North and South America" ]
-3563756144458787899	Campaign song	Campaign song - wikipedia Campaign song Jump to : navigation , search Campaign songs are songs used by candidates or political campaigns . Most modern campaign songs are upbeat popular songs or original compositions that articulate a positive message about a campaign or candidate , usually appealing to patriotism , optimism , or a good - natured reference to a personal quality of the candidate such as their ethnic origin or the part of the country they are from . In some cases , the campaign song can be a veiled attack on an opposing candidate or party . The use of a campaign song is primarily known in the quadrennial United States presidential election , where both major party candidates usually use one or more songs to identify with their campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 History in the United States 1.1 Presidential campaign songs 2 References 3 External links History in the United States ( edit ) The origin of campaign songs were partisan ditties used in American political canvasses and more especially in presidential contests . The words were commonly set to established melodies like `` Yankee Doodle , '' `` Hail , Columbia , '' `` Rosin the Bow , '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` John Brown 's Body , '' `` Dixie '' and `` O Tannenbaum '' ( `` Maryland , My Maryland '' ) ; or to tunes widely popular at the time , such as `` Few Days , '' `` Champagne Charlie , '' `` The Wearing of the Green '' or `` Down in a Coal Mine , '' which served for `` Up in the White House . '' Perhaps the best known of them was `` Tippecanoe and Tyler Too , '' ( in which words by Alexander C. Ross were adapted to the folk tune , `` Little Pigs '' ) . First heard at Zanesville , Ohio , this spread rapidly over the country , furnishing a party slogan . It has been said : `` What the Marseilles Hymn was to Frenchmen , ' Tippecanoe and Tyler Too ' was to the Whigs of 1840 . '' In 1872 an attempt was made to revive the air for `` Greeley Is the Real True Blue . '' The words , sometimes with music , of campaign songs were distributed in paper - covered song books or `` songsters . '' Among these were the Log Cabin Song Book of 1840 and Hutchinson 's Republican Songster for the presidential campaign of 1860 , compiled by J.W. Hutchinson . For many years national campaigns included itinerant stumpspeakers , live animals , fife - and - drum corps , red fire , floats , transparencies and rousing mass meetings in courthouses and town halls . Glee clubs were organized to introduce campaign songs and to lead audiences and matchers in singing them . The songs were real factors in holding the interest of crowds , emphasizing issues , developing enthusiasm and satirizing opponents . With changes in the methods of campaigning , the campaign song declined as a popular expression . Source : Dictionary of American History by James Truslow Adams , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1940 Presidential campaign songs ( edit ) Election Candidate Song Songwriter / Lyricist 1800 John Adams ( Federalist ) `` Adams and Liberty '' John Stafford Smith and Robert Treat Paine , Jr . 1808 James Madison ( Democratic - Republican ) `` Huzzah for Madison , Huzzah '' 1824 John Quincy Adams ( Democratic - Republican ) `` Little Know Ye Who 's Coming '' Andrew Jackson ( Democratic - Republican ) `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' Samuel Woodworth 1828 Andrew Jackson ( Democratic campaign ) 1840 William Henry Harrison ( Whig ) `` Tippecanoe and Tyler Too '' Alexander Coffman Ross Martin Van Buren ( Democratic ) `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Traditional 1860 Abraham Lincoln ( Republican ) `` Lincoln and Liberty '' Jesse Hutchinson 1864 `` Battle Cry of Freedom '' George F. Root 1920 Warren G. Harding ( Republican ) `` Harding , You 're the Man for Us '' Al Jolson 1928 Al Smith ( Democratic ) `` Sidewalks of New York '' Charles B. Lawlor and James W. Blake 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( Democratic ) `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' Milton Ager and Jack Yellen 1948 Harry S. Truman ( Democratic ) `` I 'm Just Wild About Harry '' Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle 1960 John F. Kennedy ( Democratic ) `` High Hopes '' Jimmy Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson ( Democratic ) `` Hello Lyndon '' Jerry Herman ( performed by Carol Channing ) Barry Goldwater ( Republican campaign ) `` Go with Goldwater '' Tom McDonnell and Otis Clements 1968 Richard Nixon ( Republican 1968 : campaign ) `` Nixon 's the One '' Moose Charlap and Alvin Cooperman 1972 `` Nixon Now '' Ken Sutherland , performed by the Mike Curb Congregation George McGovern ( Democratic campaign ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Paul Simon 1976 Jimmy Carter ( Democratic ) `` Ode to The Georgia Farmer '' K.E. and Julia Marsh Gerald Ford ( Republican ) `` I 'm Feeling Good about America '' Robert K. Gardner 1980 Ronald Reagan ( Republican 1980 : campaign ) `` California , Here I Come '' Buddy DeSylva and Joseph Meyer 1984 Walter Mondale ( Democratic ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' Bill Conti George H.W. Bush ( Republican ) `` This Land Is Your Land '' Woody Guthrie `` The George Bush Song '' Willie Barrow and Sylvia Johns Cain Michael Dukakis ( Democratic ) `` America '' Neil Diamond Ross Perot ( Independent campaign ) `` Crazy '' Patsy Cline Bill Clinton ( Democratic 1992 : campaign ) `` Do n't Stop '' Fleetwood Mac `` This Is the Moment '' Frank Wildhorn and Leslie Bricusse Bob Dole ( Republican ) `` Dole Man '' Sam and Dave 2000 Al Gore ( Democratic campaign ) `` You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet '' Bachman -- Turner Overdrive `` Let the Day Begin '' The Call `` Praise You '' Fatboy Slim George W. Bush ( Republican 2000 : campaign 2004 : campaign ) `` I Wo n't Back Down '' Tom Petty `` We the People '' Billy Ray Cyrus `` Right Now '' Van Halen `` Only in America '' Brooks & Dunn `` Wave on Wave '' Pat Green Howard Dean ( Democratic primary campaign ) `` We Can '' LeAnn Rimes John Kerry ( Democratic campaign ) `` No Surrender '' Bruce Springsteen `` Fortunate Son '' Creedence Clearwater Revival `` Beautiful Day '' U2 2008 Rudy Giuliani ( Republican primary campaign ) `` Take Us Out '' Jerry Goldsmith `` Rudie Ca n't Fail '' The Clash Mike Huckabee ( Republican primary campaign ) `` More Than a Feeling '' Boston Dennis Kucinich ( Democratic primary campaign ) `` Give Peace a Chance '' John Lennon Chris Dodd ( Democratic primary campaign ) `` Get Ready '' The Temptations `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' Four Tops John Edwards ( Democratic primary campaign ) `` Our Country '' John Mellencamp Hillary Clinton ( Democratic primary campaign ) `` Blue Sky '' Big Head Todd and the Monsters `` Suddenly I See '' KT Tunstall `` You and I '' Celine Dion `` Takin ' Care of Business '' Bachman -- Turner Overdrive `` 9 to 5 '' Dolly Parton `` American Girl '' Tom Petty Cynthia McKinney ( Green campaign ) `` Power to the People '' John Lennon John McCain ( Republican campaign ) `` Take Us Out '' Jerry Goldsmith `` Take A Chance On Me '' ABBA `` Our Country '' John Mellencamp `` Raisin ' McCain '' John Rich Barack Obama ( Democratic 2008 : campaign 2012 : campaign ) `` Yes We Can '' will.i.am `` Better Way '' Ben Harper `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Stevie Wonder `` City of Blinding Lights '' U2 `` Higher and Higher '' Jackie Wilson `` Think '' Aretha Franklin `` The Rising '' Bruce Springsteen `` Only in America '' Brooks & Dunn 2012 `` We Take Care of Our Own '' Bruce Springsteen Mitt Romney ( Republican campaign ) `` Born Free '' Kid Rock `` It 's America '' Rodney Atkins 2016 John Kasich ( Republican primary campaign ) `` Beautiful Day '' U2 Bernie Sanders ( Democratic primary campaign ) `` America '' Simon & Garfunkel `` Starman '' David Bowie Donald Trump ( Republican campaign ) `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' The Rolling Stones `` God Bless the USA '' Lee Greenwood Hillary Clinton ( Democratic campaign ) `` Fight Song '' Rachel Platten `` Roar '' Katy Perry Ted Cruz ( Republican primary campaign ) `` Where the Stars and Stripes and the Eagle Fly '' Aaron Tippin Hunters of Kentucky Jackson supporters used this Battle of New Orleans anthem as their campaign song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Tippecanoe and Tyler too As used in the 1840 campaign . Problems playing this file ? See media help . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HUGHES DECLARES HARDING BEST MAN ; Tells Theatrical Visitors to Marion Nominee Has Courage and Common Sense . HARDING FOR ALL - STAR CAST Country Drifting Under One - Load Activities , He Says , and Americans Want Change . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shanley , John P. ( 1964 - 08 - 21 ) . `` ' Hello , Lyndon ! ' Joins Campaign At Democratic Parley Next Week '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ BRODER , JOHN M. ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Perot Winds Up Campaign With a New Theme : ' Crazy ' '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wartofsky , Alona ( 2000 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Al Gore , Drawing on Fatboy Slim 's ' Praise ' '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim On Gore 's Use Of `` Praise You '' `` . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Why Politicians Keep Using Songs Without Artists ' Permission '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Margaret ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) . `` John Kasich , Mainstream Outsider '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Tippin Responds to Ted Cruz 's Use of His Music '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Listen up ! Here are the campaign launch songs you need to hear '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Timely Tunes , Voices Across Time Center for American Music , University of Pittsburgh Library System , University of Pittsburgh . ' Music Minefield ' - a humorous AP interactive with animations . Examines certain candidates Campaign Songs intended and unintended meanings . The Republican campaign songster , for 1860 by William Henry Burleigh . Digitized from the collection of the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Library . Sing a Song of Howard Dean Campaign Jukebox , 2004 model Gone are the days of ' Happy Days Are Here Again . ' Singing to the Oval Office Songs in the Key of Presidency Candidate 's Tunes Hit A Few Sour Notes ' Only in America ' could Obama borrow the GOP 's favorite Brooks and Dunn song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaign_song&oldid=797142110 '' Categories : Election campaigning Political party songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the official theme song to george hw bush's 1988 presidential campaign	[ "\n1988\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n(Republican)\n\"This Land Is Your Land\"\nWoody Guthrie\n" ]	[ "\"This Land Is Your Land\"" ]
8444323932551180190	Meredith Grey	Meredith Grey - wikipedia Meredith Grey Meredith Grey Grey 's Anatomy character Promotional image of Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Ellen Pompeo ( adult ) Nicolette Collier ( young ) Claire Geare ( age 3 ) Aria Leabu ( Season 11 flashbacks ) Information Occupation Attending general surgeon Board Director Title Chief of General Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Ellis Grey ( mother , deceased ) Thatcher Grey ( father ) Lexie Grey ( paternal half - sister , deceased ) Molly Thompson ( paternal half - sister ) Maggie Pierce ( maternal half - sister ) Spouse ( s ) Derek Shepherd ( m . 2009 ; d . 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Finn Dandridge Will Thorpe Nathan Riggs George O'Malley Children Zola Grey Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter ) Meredith Grey , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo . Meredith is the series ' protagonist and title character , and was introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital ( later Seattle Grace - Mercy West , and afterwards Grey Sloan Memorial ) , eventually obtaining the position of a resident , and later the position of an attending , and in 2015 , attaining the Chief of General Surgery position . As the daughter of world - renowned surgeon Ellis Grey , Meredith struggles with the everyday life of being in a competitive profession , maintaining the relationship with her one - night stand and eventual husband Derek Shepherd , her motherhood , and her friendships with her colleagues . Meredith is the narrator of the show and serves as the focal point for most episodes . Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series . Rhimes has characterized Meredith as not believing in good or bad , but instead doing what she thinks is right . Grey has been positively received by television critics , with Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times referring to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . News of Pompeo leaving arose when it was made clear that her contract ended after the eighth season , and whether or not she would return to the series after her contract expires has been the centre of media speculation ever since . In 2016 , Pompeo re-negotiated her contract and signed up for the thirteenth season of the show . Pompeo has now signed a contract for a fifteenth and sixteenth season . Rhimes says the show will not continue without Pompeo . Pompeo 's performance has been well received throughout the show and the character has gained widespread popularity worldwide . Pompeo has been nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of the character in the long running ABC medical drama including Satellite Award for Best Actress and multiple nominations at the People 's Choice Awards for Best Actress winning at 39th People 's Choice Awards in 2013 and again in 2015 at 41st People 's Choice Awards , Pompeo has also received a Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 64th Golden Globe Awards . Contents 1 Storylines and Characteristics 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Awards 4 References 5 External links Storylines and characteristics ( edit ) Dr. Meredith Grey is the daughter of world - renowned surgeon Ellis Grey , and grew up in her shadow . Ellis was a deeply flawed , emotionally and verbally abusive , neglectful mother . Meredith is described as a `` dark and twisty , '' damaged person who sees the world in varying shades of gray . Because of this , she is an emotionally complex person . She is capable of empathizing with others when they 're at their lowest points , and is a sensitive observer of the people around her . Meredith is a graduate of Dartmouth College . While in college , conflicts with her mother lead Meredith to question her decision to attend medical school . That indecision leads her to make plans to sleep and party her way through Europe once she graduates . However , after a month abroad , Meredith is called back to care for her mother , who has developed early - onset Alzheimer 's disease . This news drives Meredith 's decision to obtain her M.D. The night before Meredith 's internship begins , she has a one - night stand with Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , a stranger she meets at a bar . She discovers the next day that he is a recently hired attending ; the new head of neurosurgery at her new workplace , Seattle Grace Hospital . Meredith is assigned to work under resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , and befriends her fellow interns , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) . She is particularly close with Cristina Yang , who becomes her best friend and `` person '' . Though she initially thinks poorly of him , Alex Karev also evolves into Meredith 's `` person '' and the two assume a sibling-esque familial relationship . Meredith has a conflicted relationship with Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace . Richard was very close to Ellis when Meredith was a child . Because of his relationship with Meredith 's mother , he tends to save , mentor and make exceptions for her . Meredith has a habit of `` collecting strays '' , and allows her friends and coworkers to live in the house her mother left her . Those friends become her pseudo-family . Meredith is endlessly loyal to those she deems her family , and will bend the traditional rules of morality to keep them safe . Having grown up in a hospital , Meredith shows immense natural talent . She possesses a steadfast , calm ease during medical procedures and emergencies , and is a natural observer of people . She exhibits a knack for catching subtle hints and accurately determining difficult - to - catch diagnoses . Her placid , non-judgmental bedside manner often causes people to open up and trust her . Her surgical skills are solidly impressive and she shows a talent and patience for medical research trials and dealing with psychologically damaged patients . Meredith resists Derek 's advances throughout her internship , but is eventually charmed into starting a relationship with him despite misgivings about an intern dating an attending . She is therefore shocked by the arrival of Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , Derek 's wife , unaware that he was married . Derek struggles to choose between the two , but ultimately returns to Addison , despite Meredith begging to be chosen instead . Meredith is devastated and turns to multiple , self - destructive means of coping . Initially she falls on old habits of self - medicating with tequila and sex , and buys a dog . She also tries to resolve some issues by searching for her long - absent father , Thatcher . She learns that her father , who left when she was five and she has not seen since , remarried and had two more daughters . The two do not become close , but Grey becomes fond of her stepmother . Meredith spirals further when Ellis is admitted to the hospital , revealing Ellis ' diagnosis of early - onset Alzheimer 's and her verbally abusive tendencies . Meredith self - destructive behavior increases when she saves a patient with a bomb in their chest by impulsively inserting her hand to hold it until the bomb squad can remove it . Mereidth has a series of one - night stands , including one with George , who is in love with her . When she cries in the middle of their encounter , their friendship temporarily ends . Meredith swears off her behavior , agrees to be friends only with Shepherd , and embarks on a relationship with veterinarian Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ) . Derek regrets his decision to return to his wife and Meredith must decide whether to continue a relationship with Finn , or allow Derek a second chance . When Ellis experiences a rare , completely lucid day , and expresses her immense disappointment at how ordinary Meredith has turned out to be , she becomes depressed and possibly suicidal . During a ferryboat accident , Meredith is knocked into the water and chooses to give up and drown , rather than fight and swim . She flatlines at the hospital , and awakens in an `` afterlife '' , where she interacts with deceased former acquaintances . Ellis dies in the interim , and Meredith meets with her mother , who tells her that she is anything but ordinary . She is subsequently resuscitated at the insistence of Cristina . Derek distances himself from Meredith as the result of her self recklessness , prompting her to seek therapy to address her problems . Meredith sees a therapist , Dr. Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) , to seek happiness and begins to successfully tackle her issues . Meredith found her mother 's diaries , dredging up old memories and secrets for her to work through . Meanwhile , Meredith nearly fails her intern exam after a drunken Thatcher publicly blames Meredith for the death of his wife , Susan , a distraught Grey sits through her entire test without writing a single answer . Dr. Webber gives her a second chance , saving her from destroying her career . After Meredith is promoted to a resident , her younger half - sister Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) begins working at Seattle Grace as an intern . Meredith initially rejects Lexie 's attempts to form a relationship , but slowly softens towards her . The sisters are very different people with different childhoods . Lexie had an idealistic family life and often has difficulty understanding her much darker sister , who does not have the same positive associations with family as Lexie . She later initiates a neurosurgical clinical trial , enlisting Derek as a consulting neurosurgeon . The trial fails repeatedly , but the final patient they treat survives , which leads them to reuniting and moving in together . Their relationship is healthier than before , but still experiences snags as the two attempt to understand each other and navigate what they now look on as a permanent , long - term relationship . Meredith relies heavily on Cristina for emotional support and guidance . Eventually , Derek and Meredith decide to marry , but on their wedding day , the pair give their `` perfect '' wedding ceremony to Izzie and Alex , to marry each other during the planned ceremony instead . The development of Grey and Shepherd 's relationship , during season three , was disliked among television critics . Meredith and Derek marry by writing their wedding vows on a post-it note . Meredith spends the majority of a season out of commission after donating part of her liver to Thatcher and supporting Cristina 's new relationship with Owen Hunt , an army doctor with worrisome PTSD . Meredith experiences another immense trauma after the hospital is put under a lockdown from an active mass - shooter seeking revenge against Derek . Meredith offers her own life in exchange for his and miscarries her baby during the crisis . She goes through this traumatic experience with Cristina , who operates on Derek while threatened at gunpoint . Meredith hides her loss and the trauma psychiatrist refuses to clear neither Cristina nor Meredith for their return to surgery . Meredith is able to work through her issues and become cleared , but Cristina remains deeply traumatized . Meredith covers for and supports her friend through her dark time , but is ultimately unable to fully help her return to surgery . Meredith decides to actively try to become pregnant , but learns that she has a `` hostile uterus '' , which leads her to consider her other possible genetic flaws . Derek , who is constantly worried about the possibility that she will develop Alzheimer 's , initiates a clinical trial hoping to cure the disease . Meredith opts to work on the trial and appears to be leaning towards a neuro specialty . When the chief of surgery , Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) 's wife , Adele , is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's , she receives a spot on the trial . Meredith tampers with the drugs so that Adele does not receive the placebo . She and Derek decide to adopt Zola , an orphaned baby from Malawi , and make their marriage legal . When the truth about the tampering comes out , however , a furious Derek tells her he can not raise a child with her because of her moral ambiguity . Meredith is fired , and tries to conceal both this and her marital separation from the adoption counselor in order to keep Zola . Although Dr. Webber steps down as chief of surgery and takes the blame for the trial tampering to protect Meredith , Zola is taken away . She and Derek reconcile . Meredith chooses a general specialty over neuro , and they successfully fight to get Zola back . As her last year of residency is coming to a close , the residents travel around the country , searching for the best jobs in their specialties . In order to finish their residency , the residents must take the medical boards . Meredith takes the exam while sick with the flu . She decides to take a job offer at The Brigham and Women 's Hospital as the next step in her career . During a medical flight to undertake a prestigious surgery involving conjoined twins , Meredith , Derek , Cristina , and Lexie , among others , are involved in an aviation accident . The plane crash kills Lexie , and the survivors are trapped in the wooded wilderness for days waiting for help . Following their rescue , Merdith becomes an attending general surgeon at Seattle Grace , now Seattle Grace - Mercy West . While Cristina flees Seattle for her fellowship , Meredith , afraid of flying and change , declines her job offer , and clings to what remains in Seattle . Cristina and Meredith begin calling the hospital Seattle Grace Mercy Death in light of the immense amount of trauma , death , and pain they have experienced there . Meredith 's newfound attitude and sarcasm leads to her being dubbed `` Medusa '' by the hospital 's new batch of interns . In the aftermath of the plane accident , the hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim including Derek , Cristina , Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) and herself must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurance company refuses to pay due to a loophole . The doctors along with Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) buy the hospital with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing and become new members of the directing board . Meredith asks Dr. Bailey to perform gene mapping on her to finally know whether she has Alzheimer 's genes like her mother . She tests positive for more than one of the genetic markers for the disease . Meredith moves to the completed dream home and sells her house to Alex , who purchases it as the only true home he 's ever known . He continues Meredith 's tradition of keeping the house open to any `` strays '' needing a home . Meredith discovers she is pregnant and gives birth to a son . The baby is delivered via C - section . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operated on her is called away to another patient and intern Shane Ross completes the stitching . When blood begins to appear from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself in as being in DIC . Dr. Bailey performs a spleen removal , which saves her life . In return , Derek and Meredith name their son Bailey . As a spouse , surgeon , and mother , Meredith has cited a number times that she did not want to be like either of her parents : her father had followed her mother around pathetically before leaving to be happy , while her mother valued her career over her family . Meredith is frequently conflicted trying to balance between the two , and fears her family are hindering her medical aspirations , as much as she fears becoming like her mother whenever she 's tempted to choose surgery over family . Meredith and Cristina have a huge rift when Cristina confirms Meredith 's fears by stating that Meredith 's skills have fallen behind Cristina 's due to her familial obligations taking her away from OR time . Meredith and Derek come to an agreement that he , already established in his career and reputation , would take a step back to take care of the children and allow her to shine . Meredith attempts to regain some ground by starting a promising research trial 3 - D printing portal veins . The conflict between Cristina and Meredith widens when Cristina commandeers Meredith 's resources for her own trial , ultimately garnering a Harper Avery nomination for Cristina . Cristina and Meredith repair their relationship when Meredith confesses that Cristina was correct , her skills have surpassed Meredith 's . Cristina moves to Switzerland take up a job offer from Dr. Preston Burke , her former attending , mentor and fiancé , who was looking for a replacement at a research hospital he was running , thus leaving Alex in charge of being Meredith 's `` person '' in her place , an honor he gladly accepts . Meredith and Derek 's marriage becomes strained when Derek goes against his promise and accepts an offer from the U.S. President to participate in the Brain Mapping Initiative , which consumes his time and eclipses Meredith , who is feeling increasingly left behind and mommy - tracked . He receives an offer to head the project itself in Washington D.C. , meaning that he would have to be based there permanently . Meredith puts her foot down as she does not want to uproot their young family to move across the country for his career at the sacrifice of her own . They begin a series of on - and - off arguments and `` cold wars '' over their careers . Derek accepts the job in the heat of the moment and promptly leaves for Washington . During a phone call with Meredith , they agree to work things out after she tells him that she did not want them to become `` one of those couples '' and he reciprocates , saying that he missed her . She privately admits to Alex that she has realized that she could live independently of Derek , but chooses not to . Meredith finds out she has a maternal half sister named Maggie Pierce who is now working in Grey Sloan Memorial . Meredith is in denial and rejects Maggie , thinking she would have remembered if her mother was pregnant until she finds a hospital document confirming the revelation . Meredith tries to piece together her relationship with her mother and half sister by going through old videos of her mother . She eventually recovers her repressed memories of the pregnancy when she views her mother 's diary and has a change of heart , choosing to accept Maggie and begin building a relationship . Meredith is widowed when Derek is killed in a car accident and was taken to an understaffed hospital . The doctors failed to recognize his head injury in time and allowed personal conflicts to interfere . Derek is declared brain dead , and Meredith must go to the medical center to consent to remove him from life support , shortly before she 's hit with the first waves of morning sickness . She tells Penny , the intern who was assigned to Derek that every doctor has `` that one '' patient who dies on their watch and haunts them forever and `` that one will make you work harder , and they make you better . '' After Derek 's death , Meredith returns to Grey Sloan Memorial to inform the others of his passing . Following the funeral service , Meredith impulsively packs up her belongings and leaves with the children to San Diego . Months pass by while her friends and family are unaware of her whereabouts . Eventually , parallels show similarities in Meredith 's and Ellis ' lives : Both have lost the love of their life , both run away from Seattle following their loss , and both eventually give birth to a daughter . Meredith names her newborn daughter after her mother . Although still grieving over Derek , Meredith returns to Seattle with the children and later becomes chief of general surgery . She sells the `` dream house '' and moves back to her mother 's house , having purchased it back from Alex , and now lives there with Maggie and Amelia Shepherd , her sister - in - law . Meredith hosts a dinner party and at the party Callie brings Penny as a date . Later at the event Meredith finds out Penny will be joining her at Grey Sloan Memorial . Meredith eventually forgives Penny , who becomes her favorite resident over Alex 's girlfriend , Jo. Alex and Meredith continue their close , sibling - like relationship of being each other 's `` person '' , despite Jo 's displeasure and inability to understand their closeness . He supports her when she is violently attacked by a disoriented patient , and she supports him through his legal difficulties . Alex initiates a weekly family waffle day where he makes waffles for everyone in the house . Meredith recovers enough to start seeing Nathan Riggs , Owen Hunt 's former best friend , by season 13 , although their relationship is complicated by the fact that Maggie confesses to Meredith that she has feelings for Riggs and Meredith is not ready to declare their relationship formally or publicly . Eventually she accepts her relationship with Riggs , but it 's complicated by the unexpected return of Owen 's sister , Megan Hunt , Riggs ' fiancée . Meredith finds herself in another love triangle when Megan rejects Riggs because he is still in love with Meredith , but Meredith pushes them to be together . After her relationship with Riggs ends , Meredith is nominated for a Harper Avery Award for her groundbreaking surgery on Megan . In the 300th episode , after failing to attend the awards ceremony to stay for a medical trauma , post-surgery , Meredith learns with all her closest friends in the OR and gallery that she has won the Harper Avery Award . In season 14 Meredith is doing surgery to remove a women 's spleen when the computers and whole hospital ( including lights and AC ) are hacked into . Meredith removes the women 's spleen but weeks later the patient comes back in with the same symptoms . They scan the patient to find she has produced mini spleens . This inspires her for her next research project . She gets chosen to continue her project by the Grey Sloan research contest . However Meredith needs a polymer that is patented by a man in Europe . Meredith learns the man has died a week before his meeting . She then meets his daughter who she recognizes as her `` aunt '' Ellis ' former best friend . To give Meredith access to the polymer she demands that the Grey method be renamed for Ellis and her and as was a key part and Ellis cut her out . Meredith refuses and looks for other polymers to continue her project . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Pompeo discovered Grey 's Anatomy after an extended period of doing nothing in the acting profession . Her agent suggested she audition amongst other projects . While casting actresses for the part of Meredith Grey , series ' creator Shonda Rhimes said : `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile , and after a while , they were like , ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile . ' I spent time with her and got to know her , and then we started casting for the men . '' She reported that Grey was not an easy role to cast because of the strong verbal possibilities . Rhimes was informed that the actress in question was Pompeo , who had a deal in place with ABC , having previously tested for a pilot show on the network . It has been speculated that Pompeo was the first character to be cast , but when asked , she said she did not know of this . When asked of how she created Pompeo 's character , Rhimes said : `` `` ( I was ) in my pajamas at home , which is where I spent a lot of time writing . I kept asking myself , ' What kind of woman should the heroine be ? ' I thought she should be someone who had made some big mistakes . As it turns out , Meredith also has another problem : She is trying to live up to her mother 's renowned career in surgery . Meredith is the daughter of a mother who basically never spent any time with her -- the daughter of a mother who now has Alzheimer 's and does n't even remember her . '' '' Pompeo was cast as the program 's titular character , described by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times as `` a prickly , independent sort whose ambition , and ambivalence , is fueled by the fact that her mother was a gifted surgeon and now suffers from Alzheimer 's . '' Grey also serves as the show 's narrator , and as such was likened in early reviews to Carrie Bradshaw ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) , the narrator and protagonist of Sex and the City . After her initial contract with Grey 's Anatomy expired , Pompeo negotiated a new one , in which she would be paid US $200,000 per episode , making her and Dempsey the highest - paid cast members on the show . In 2012 , Forbes recognized Pompeo as the eighth highest - paid actress on television , with a salary of US $275,000 per episode for her role on Grey 's Anatomy . Pompeo 's second contract with Grey 's Anatomy expired after the eighth season , and speculation arose that she would be leaving subsequently . In September 2011 , Pompeo reported that she is open to the idea of extending her contract , if invited . She told TV Guide : `` I would never turn up my nose at ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . As long as the stories are honest and truthful , and Patrick ( Dempsey ) and I feel there is material for us to be passionate about , it still beats a 9 - to - 5 job any day . If I hear from the fans that they want us to keep going , then I would continue because we owe them everything . '' E ! Online reported in May 2012 , that Pompeo , as well as all original cast members have signed on for two more years . With the Huffington Post 's announcement of season nine having officially been renewed , the contract is set into place for Pompeo to return . Pompeo 's contract expired again at the end of the twelfth season . She signed a new contract to keep her in the starring role on the series for the thirteenth season . According to a report in Deadline Hollywood , Pompeo was earning $300,000 per episode under the new deal . On January 17 , 2018 , it was announced by ABC that Ellen Pompeo 's contract had been renewed through season 16 . Not only does the contract renewal secure that Pompeo 's return as Meredith Grey , but it also makes her a producer of Grey 's Anatomy and a co-executive producer of the spin - off series . The deal will make Pompeo the highest paid actress currently on a dramatic TV series , with her making $575,000 per episode and over $20 million yearly . Characterization ( edit ) Whatever I come up with , ( Pompeo ) is always game to play . She 's been so good at what she 's done that I 've just let the character do what I 've wanted the character to do , which has been wonderful . She 's managed to sell every single thing because she 's really believed it . The incredible thing is that you can have no fear to write what you think because she is always able to deliver . Executive producer Betsy Beers on developing Pompeo 's character Grey is the protagonist and focal point of the series . She has been called `` intelligent , compassionate , hard - working , oftentimes outspoken , easily distracted , and indecisive '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives . Pompeo says she is unaware if her character knows how to have fun , adding : `` All of my scenes with ( Dempsey ) are the same -- we 're either breaking up or having sex . '' Her personality has evolved over the past few seasons from depressed , to happy and `` fixed '' . Pompeo said to Good Morning America , `` I am so incredibly lucky to have Patrick ( Dempsey ) , to have the chemistry that we do , we have an amazing relationship , and it 's like any other relationship , you have your ups and downs . But we work it out , and we 've found a way to do this for this long and still get along , and make it work and believe in what we 're doing . '' Pompeo told Entertainment Weekly : `` It 's awkward with Patrick ( Dempsey ) because he 's like my brother . As soon as the camera is off , I 'm like , ' Is your hand on my butt ? ' But there are millions of girls who have been waiting for this , so I feel an obligation to the fans . '' Rhimes used the dog `` Doc '' , which Meredith and Derek shared , as a metaphor of their relationship during the second season . She characterizes Grey as doing what she thinks is right : `` Meredith is the girl who put her hand on a bomb in a body cavity . Meredith is the girl who tried to help a serial killer kill himself , so that he could donate his organs . Meredith -- and this is obvious -- has a compass that has always led her to shades of grey . She does not believe in black - and - white , she does not believe in good or bad , she does what she thinks is right . '' McKee deemed Grey and O'Malley's sexual encounter irreversible . The character had a one - night stand with George O'Malley , in the second season . Series writer Stacy McKee , said of the sexual encounter : `` There 's no turning back . There 's nothing George and Meredith can do . The damage is done -- things will never be the same . They 've just changed something important in their lives FOREVER and ... they are freaking out . '' Grey 's character development has also been known as an influence on the creation of her half - sister , Lexie Grey . Particularly , it has been made clear that they both share the same motives . McKee offered her thoughts : `` Meredith and Lexie both want to succeed . They want to be strong . They want to feel normal . They want , so much , to be whole . But it 's a struggle -- a genuine struggle for them . Being hardcore does n't come naturally . Sometimes , they have to fake it . '' Grey 's personality has been compared with that of Alex Karev 's . Rhimes offered the insight : `` I like to create moments for him and Meredith . Because , in my head , they are very similar people . Even though Karev can be such an ass , even though he 's arrogant , even though he gave O'Malley the Syph . He and Meredith are both lost , both lonely , both former screw - ups who got their acts together . In another lifetime , they would be really good friends . So throughout the season , we watch them pause from time to time to look at each other and see that they are mirrors of one another . -- Shonda Rhimes , Grey Matter Pompeo fights for a truthful storyline for her character -- she wants it to be realistic and says you ca n't always wrap it up in a neat little package . Referring to Grey 's tampering with Shepherd 's trial , Pompeo said : `` Listen , what Meredith did clearly crossed a line . Derek has a right to be pissed . '' Following the tampering , Rhimes said she believes that Grey and Shepherd are meant to be together and that it in the end , they will end up with each other . Grey 's relationship with Cristina Yang , has been looked upon as `` sisterhood '' , and Yang has repeatedly referred to Grey as `` her person '' . This led to the two being dubbed `` the twisted sisters '' . At the conclusion of season three , the duo went on a `` honeymoon '' together , and Rhimes called it her favorite detail of the finale . Grey has been characterized , by some , as `` whiny '' . Rhimes offered her insight : `` I 've heard a lot of talk about Meredith being whiny but the truth is , she 's got a mom ( who died of ) Alzheimer 's , no other family to speak of , and the man she loves is married . She 's pretty freaking lonely , people . She 's got a right to get her whine on . So , when she falters , it 's partly because she 's got nothing to hang on to . As she says in the first episode , she needs a reason to go on , she needs some hope . '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode showed well Meredith 's evolution throughout the show from a `` dark and twisty girl '' to a `` happy woman '' . She said : `` She is the thing her mother wished for her . She is extraordinary . Because , to get past the crap of your past ? To move on ? To let the past go and change ? That is extraordinary . To love ? Without fear ? Without screwing it up ? That is extraordinary . It makes me happy to see her happy . '' Following the departure of Patrick Dempsey 's character , Rhimes was quoted as saying that `` ... Meredith and the entire Grey 's Anatomy family are about to enter uncharted territory as we head into this new chapter of her life . The possibilities for what may come are endless . '' With at least a year left in Pompeo 's contract with the show , viewers are sure to witness some of the most difficult times of Meredith 's life yet . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The character has received both overwhelmingly positive reviews to weary response from television critics throughout the course of the show . The initial response to the character was positive but as the series progressed Meredith Grey became immensely popular and Pompeo established the character as a critic and fan favorite featuring on a number of Top TV Character lists . The development of the character has been deemed as the highlight of the show . Grey has constantly been defined as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . At the time of inception Newsday 's Diane Werts praised the character stating , `` Like Hugh Laurie 's irascible `` House '' title character , star Ellen Pompeo 's newly minted Dr. Grey conveys such substance that you simply ca n't stop watching . '' Ellen A. Kim of After Pompeo not receiving an Emmy nomination for her work as Grey , McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo , `` who has worked very hard and against all narrative odds to make Meredith Grey an interesting character at last '' should have received a nomination at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . Later , during the twelfth season Western Gazette gave Ellen Pompeo the credit for carrying the show and re-ittirated . '' ( It 's ) time for Pompeo to finally win an Emmy Award . '' Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly referred to Grey as the `` trusty voice over master '' of Grey 's Anatomy . Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series . Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall expressed his boredom on the focus given on Grey 's relationships storylines while reviewing the second season 's finale : `` On those occasions when Meredith 's not involved in a plot about her love life , I do kind of like her , but those moments are so infrequent compared to her constant angsting over McDreamy -- not to mention all those seemingly unrelated storylines that always turn into a metaphor for that relationship -- that I really , really ca n't stand her . '' During the show 's third season , the development of the character received negative reviews , with Cristopher Monfette of IGN stating that her storyline has become `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do . '' Also during the third season , Robert Rorke of the New York Post noted the decline in Meredith 's role in the show , expressing disappointment : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas , but lately , she 's been a little dopey , what with the endless McDreamy soliloquies . '' Similarly , Macleans.ca found their storyline in the fourth season overused , `` This whole ' Oh I need more time , ' but ' Oh , I 'm jealous if you look at someone else ' angst was tired in the second season , frustrating in the third and now a total channel changer . The will - they - or - wo n't - they plot does n't work because they 've already been in and out of that relationship too many times . Meredith is a nag and McDreamy is henpecked . '' On a more positive note , her relationship with Shepherd was included in AOL TV 's list of the `` Best TV Couples of All Time '' and in the same list by TV Guide . During the sixth season the development of the character was praised , Glenn Diaz of BuddyTV commented that `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy . '' , in addition to praising Pompeo 's performance . In her review of the episode Tainted Obligation she wrote `` I felt for Meredith , but after Lexie 's heartfelt begging and pleading , I was happy that Mere finally grows up and casts her selfishness aside . Three seasons ago Meredith would never have dreamed of putting Lexie first , and I was proud of her for giving up part of her liver -- her offer to get to know her dad was an even bigger milestone . '' Reviewing the first part of the eighth season , TV Fanatic lauded the character and wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey . She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding . This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman . Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season . '' Wit & Fancy praised the transformation of the character and stated , `` Of course Meredith will still make rash decisions like when she took off with Zola , or tampered with the trial but she does things out of love and the kindness of her heart now and not because she is dark and twisty . Considering where Meredith was at the beginning and where she is now , I think she went through a remarkable journey and did more than just growing up , she finally became `` all whole and healed `` . '' Maura O'Malley of Bustle also lauded the development of the character ahead of season 12 saying , `` When the series began , Meredith was just a girl sitting in a bar celebrating the exciting next phase of her life . She had graduated medical school , she was starting her residency at a prestigious hospital , and she was simply looking for a no - strings attached , one night stand . What she got instead was a complicated romantic relationship that rivals Romeo and Juliet -- but the key is , she was n't searching for love . Working and learning were -- and continue to be -- her priorities , while McDreamy was simply an added perk . Hopefully , the new season of Grey 's Anatomy will reflect this change in tone , because Meredith is a strong , independent woman -- and she will be just fine . '' Later in the series , Ellen Pompeo received critical acclaim with numerous critics lauding her portrayal of the character . Reviewing the episode She 's Leaving Home CarterMatt called her the `` anchor '' for Grey 's saying , `` Throughout , this was an episode completely anchored by Ellen Pompeo , who has done some of her best work ever on the show the past couple of weeks . Tonight , she cried , she fought , and she learned that she was carrying his child . '' and added that Pompeo is often `` ovelooked '' saying , `` Her subtlety is probably why she is often overlooked . '' Rick Porter of Zap2it reviewing `` How to Save a Life '' wrote , `` Without Meredith , and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show , `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode , the likes of which the show has done several times before . He added . `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' USA Today also lauded Pompeo saying , `` In some ways , the episode ( How to Save a Life ) was even more of a showcase for Pompeo . She had some of the more memorable and well - played scenes , from her angry response to the doctor who tries to tell her what her choices are , to her resignation when she realizes she has to comfort and motivate the young doctor whose mistakes cost Derek his life . '' Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered Meredith 's friendship with Cristina ( Sandra Oh ) to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . The relation between Meredith and Cristina has been acclaimed and been a highlight of the show . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the friendship to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . Aisha Harris of Slate called their relation The Best Female Friendship on TV adding that `` With those two characters , showrunner Shonda Rhimes and her team of writers created one of the most nuanced and realistic portrayals of female friendship on television . '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly called Cristina and Meredith the best female friends on TV because `` they do n't try to be '' . There 's nothing fake about them , which is a rarity in how female friends are portrayed on television . She further went on to call them ' soulmates ' , `` And even though they 'd never dare get sappy enough to say it , they 're soul mates . Margaret Lyons of Vulture ( magazine ) called the friendship '' dream BFF relationship . '' and the primary focus of the show , `` One of the series ' calling cards has been its depiction of female friendship and particularly the primacy that friendship enjoyed over romantic relationships . '' `` `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women . Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew . They felt like ideas of what women are . They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry . They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend . But who gets to be the bitch ? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman ? '' - Rhimes on Cristina - Meredith friendship . '' E ! at the time of Sandra Oh 's exit wrote , `` In Grey 's Anatomy 's 10 - year history , the doctor duo has been through a lot together : weddings , deaths , plane crashes , bomb threats , shooting , you name it , they 've lived ( and danced ) through it . '' and added , `` And with the three words , `` You 're my person . '' Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey solidified their status as the small screen 's best best friends ever . '' Marama Whyte of Hypable wrote , `` Critically , the key relationship in Meredith 's life was not her romance with Derek Shepherd , but her passionate , indestructible , absolutely enviable friendship with Cristina . Talk about relationship goals ; who wants McDreamy when Cristina Yang could be your person . These two were the real powerhouse , and Shonda Rhimes did n't shy away from making the audience remember this . Derek was the love of her life , but Cristina was her soul mate . More than anyone else , Cristina challenged Meredith , was honest with her , and inspired her . For these reasons , it was Cristina who was constantly the source of Meredith 's character development , not Derek . '' Pompeo 's character has also been used to define the image a strong woman , Bustle previewing the 12th season wrote , `` Meredith Grey has always been capable of being on her own . Grey 's Anatomy is about Meredith 's journey . Men and romantic interests are a part of her life , but they are not the priority . She does n't need McDreamy . Grey 's Anatomy does n't need McDreamy . So even if the writers do decide to create a new love interest for Ms. Grey ( Martin Henderson , perhaps ? ) , it would n't matter . I have faith that the show 's writers will do this storyline justice , because TV needs more strong single women -- and Meredith seems like the perfect candidate . '' The site added , `` This past season was almost a trial run for a McDreamy-less Grey 's Anatomy . When Derek left for Washington D.C. to pursue his research , Meredith stayed behind and focused on her own career . She did n't chase him . Her priority were her children and the Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Meredith showed that she would never put aside her own dreams and aspirations for a man , and I believe that this wo n't change after Derek 's death . '' Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Pompeo 's failure to garner an Emmy Award nomination has been called a `` snub '' on multiple occasions . Pompeo has won and has been nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of Grey . She and the Grey 's Anatomy cast won Best Ensemble in a Television Series at the 2006 Satellite Awards . During the following year 's ceremony , she was named Best Actress in a Television Drama Series . She was among the Grey 's Anatomy cast members awarded the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series accolade at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and received nominations in the same category in 2006 and 2008 . Pompeo received a Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 64th Golden Globe Awards -- the program won Best Drama Series at the same ceremony . Also in 2007 , Pompeo and the female cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy received the Women in Film Lucy Award , which honors those `` whose work in television has positively influenced attitudes toward women . '' Pompeo 's performance has garnered her multiple People 's Choice Awards . At the 37th People 's Choice Awards , she was nominated against Dempsey and Oh in the Favorite TV Doctor category , and the following year , she was a contender in the Favorite TV Drama Actress category . Since 2012 Pompeo has received nomination at the People 's Choice Awards every year in two categories at 40th People 's Choice Awards alongside Patrick Dempsey and Sandra Oh respectively . She won the Best Drama Actress Award at both the 39th People 's Choice Awards and the 41st People 's Choice Awards . In 2007 , show - business awards reporter Tom O'Neil commented that Pompeo was overdue an Emmy Award nomination for her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Readers of O'Neil's awards website , The Envelope , included Pompeo in their 2009 nominations for Best Drama Actress in the site 's Gold Derby TV Awards . Entertainment Weekly launched the EWwy Awards in 2008 , to honor actors who have not received Emmy nominations . Pompeo was nominated in the Best Actress in a Drama Series category , and placed fourth , with 19 percent of readers ' votes . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Ellen Pompeo Biography '' . Yahoo . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Playing Doctors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ellen Pompeo from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Fanbolt . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Winfrey , Oprah ( December 2006 ) . `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . O , The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' takes a scalpel to standard procedure '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brownfield , Paul ( March 25 , 2005 ) . `` Lessons in the OR and via voice - over '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( March 25 , 2005 ) . `` Tales of Sex and Surgery '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' stars get pay rises `` . Reuters . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Highest Paid TV Actresses '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Not Worried About ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Star Contracts ; ' Revenge ' Could Move Out Of Hamptons '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh and Justin Chambers Set to Return ! '' . NBC Universal . E ! Online . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once , ' ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's ' And Two Comedies Renewed By ABC '' . Huffington Post . Huffington Post TV . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo signs new deal with Grey 's Anatomy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo Signs New Deal for Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Because No Duh '' . E !. Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/ellen-pompeo-tvs-20-million-woman-reveals-her-behind-scenes-fight-what-i-deserve-1074978 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season Three DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2007 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` A lighter shade of ' Grey 's ' on the set '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen Pompeo Biography '' . People . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` Shonda Rhimes : Grey 's Anatomy Finale Sets Up What May Be Original Cast 's Final Run '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` From Stacy McKee , writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' `` . ABC . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Stacy McKee on `` Kung Fu Fighting '' ... '' ABC . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( November 22 , 2005 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes , creator and writer of `` Thanks For The Memories '' `` . ABC . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mosthof , Marielle . `` Ellen Pompeo Discusses Keeping the Spark Alive With Her On - Screen Hubby '' . Wet Paint . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` Grey 's Exclusive : Ellen Pompeo Weighs In on Mer - Der Fight : ' He Needs To Get Over It , Quick ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Shonda on the Season Premiere Episode `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ... '' ABC . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda : It 's the end of the episode ( as we know it ) '' . ABC . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Patrick Dempsey leaves ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ; creator Shonda Rhimes says show entering ' uncharted territory ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` TV Review : Men In Trees '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/tv/greys-anatomy/critic-reviews Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Seven Emmy nods a good fit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Alex ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy returns swinging in a new direction '' . Western Gazette . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Odds and sods '' . Sepinwall.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . TV.IGN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert . `` HEART THROB - GREY 'S ANATOMY 'S KATHERINE HEIGL ON SEX , LOVE AND CUPCAKES '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Treble , Patricia ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy is on life support '' . Macleans.ca . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kimberly ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Best TV Couples of All Time '' . AOL TV . Aol , Inc . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos - Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.buddytv.com/articles/greys-anatomy/greys-anatomy-episode-64-taint-31787.aspx Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . 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Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/538821/grey-s-anatomy-we-dare-you-not-to-cry-during-this-tribute-to-cristina-and-meredith-s-epic-friendship Jump up ^ http://www.hypable.com/shondaland-shonda-rhimes-feminism/ Jump up ^ `` Winner Announcement '' ( PDF ) . www.pressacademy.com . International Press Academy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites Award ' No Country , ' ' Juno ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . www.goldenglobes.org . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ben G. ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` WIF 's Lucy Award goes to women of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . www.peopleschoice.com . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees '' . www.peopleschoice.com . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . 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External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Television portal Meredith Grey at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Grey&oldid=855491493 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters from Massachusetts Fictional characters from Seattle Fictional feminist characters Fictional storytellers Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional surgeons Fictional female doctors Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does meredith grey date after derek died	[ "Meredith recovers enough to start seeing Nathan Riggs, Owen Hunt's former best friend, by season 13, although their relationship is complicated by the fact that Maggie confesses to Meredith that she has feelings for Riggs and Meredith is not ready to declare their relationship formally or publicly. Eventually she accepts her relationship with Riggs, but it's complicated by the unexpected return of Owen's sister, Megan Hunt, Riggs' fiancée. Meredith finds herself in another love triangle when Megan rejects Riggs because he is still in love with Meredith, but Meredith pushes them to be together. After her relationship with Riggs ends, Meredith is nominated for a Harper Avery Award for her groundbreaking surgery on Megan. In the 300th episode, after failing to attend the awards ceremony to stay for a medical trauma, post-surgery, Meredith learns with all her closest friends in the OR and gallery that she has won the Harper Avery Award.\n" ]	[ "Nathan Riggs" ]
-280989644233733990	Skeletal formula	Skeletal formula - wikipedia Skeletal formula Jump to : navigation , search `` Skeletal structure '' redirects here . For other uses , see Skeleton . The skeletal formula of the antidepressant drug escitalopram , featuring skeletal representations of heteroatoms , a triple bond , phenyl groups and stereochemistry The skeletal formula , also called line - angle formula or shorthand formula , of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule 's bonding and some details of its molecular geometry . A skeletal formula shows the skeletal structure or skeleton of a molecule , which is composed of the skeletal atoms that make up the molecule . It is represented in two dimensions , as on a page of paper . It employs certain conventions to represent carbon and hydrogen atoms , which are the most common in organic chemistry . An early form of this representation was first developed by the organic chemist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz . For this reason , they are sometimes termed Kekulé structures . Skeletal formulae have become ubiquitous in organic chemistry , partly because they are relatively quick and simple to draw , and also because the curved arrow notation used for discussions of reaction mechanism and / or delocalization can be readily superimposed . As in Lewis structures , covalent bonds are indicated by line segments , with a doubled or tripled line segment indicating double or triple bonding , respectively . Likewise , skeletal formulae generally indicate formal charges associated with each atom ( although lone pairs are usually optional , see below ) . In fact , skeletal formulae can be thought of as abbreviated Lewis structures that observe the following conventions : ( 1 ) Carbon atoms are generally represented by the vertices ( intersections and termini ) of line segments . As exceptions , methyl groups are often explicitly written out as Me or CH , while cumulene carbons are usually represented by a heavy center dot . ( 2 ) Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon are implied : an unlabeled vertex is understood to be a carbon atom attached to the number of hydrogens required to satisfy the octet rule , while a vertex labeled with a formal charge and / or nonbonding electrons is understood to have the number of hydrogen atoms required for consistency with these properties . Frequently , acetylenic and formyl hydrogens are also explicitly shown for the sake of clarity . ( 3 ) Hydrogen atoms attached to a heteroatom must be explicitly shown ; the heteroatom and hydrogen atoms attached thereto are usually shown as a single group ( e.g. , OH , NH ) without explicitly showing the hydrogen -- heteroatom bond ; ( 4 ) Nonbonding electron pairs on heteroatoms are optionally shown , while ones on carbon ( e.g. , carbenes ) must be indicated explicitly . As additional conventions , wedged or dashed line segments are employed to indicate bonds pointing out of or receding into the plane of the paper , respectively , as a means of representing absolute and / or relative stereochemistry . Bonds to sp and / or sp hybridized carbon atoms are conventionally represented using 120 ° angles whenever possible . ( If all four substituents to a tetrahedral carbon are explicitly shown , bonds to the two in - plane substituents meet at 120 ° , while the other two substituents , shown with wedged and dashed bonds , subtend a smaller angle of ~ 60 ° . ) On the other hand , the linear geometry at sp hybridized atoms is normally depicted by line segments meeting at 180 ° . Carbo - and heterocycles ( 3 to 8 atoms ) are generally represented as regular polygons , whereas larger ring sizes tend to be represented by concave polygons . In the standard depiction of a molecule , the canonical form ( resonance structure ) with the greatest contribution is drawn . However , the skeletal formula is understood to represent the `` real molecule '' -- that is , the weighed average of all contributing canonical forms . Thus , in cases where two or more canonical forms contribute with equal weight ( e.g. , in benzene , or a carboxylate anion ) and one of the canonical forms is selected arbitrarily , the skeletal formula is understood to depict the true structure , containing equivalent bonds of fractional order , even though the delocalized bonds are depicted as nonequivalent single and double bonds . Several other methods for depicting chemical structures are also commonly used in organic chemistry ( though less frequently than skeletal formulae ) . For example , conformational structures look similar to skeletal formulae and are used to depict the approximate positions of the atoms in a molecule , as a perspective drawing . Other types of representations , e.g. , Newman projections , Haworth projections and Fischer projections , also look somewhat similar to skeletal formulae . However , there are differences in the conventions used , and the reader needs to be aware of them in order to understand the structural details that are encoded in these depictions . Contents ( hide ) 1 The skeleton 2 Implicit carbon and hydrogen atoms 3 Explicit heteroatoms 4 Pseudoelement symbols 4.1 General symbols 4.2 Alkyl groups 4.3 Aromatic substituents 4.4 Functional groups 4.5 Leaving groups 4.6 Protecting groups 5 Multiple bonds 6 Benzene rings 7 Stereochemistry 8 Hydrogen bonds 9 References 10 External links The skeleton ( edit ) The skeletal structure of an organic compound is the series of atoms bonded together that form the essential structure of the compound . The skeleton can consist of chains , branches and / or rings of bonded atoms . Skeletal atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are called heteroatoms . The skeleton has hydrogen and / or various substituents bonded to its atoms . Hydrogen is the most common non-carbon atom that is bonded to carbon and , for simplicity , is not explicitly drawn . In addition , carbon atoms are not generally labelled as such directly ( i.e. with a `` C '' ) , whereas heteroatoms are always explicitly noted as such ( i.e. using `` N '' for nitrogen , `` O '' for oxygen , etc . ) Heteroatoms and other groups of atoms that give rise to relatively high rates of chemical reactivity , or introduce specific and interesting characteristics in the spectra of compounds are called functional groups , as they give the molecule a function . Heteroatoms and functional groups are known collectively as `` substituents '' , as they are considered to be a substitute for the hydrogen atom that would be present in the parent hydrocarbon of the organic compound in question . Implicit carbon and hydrogen atoms ( edit ) For example , in the image below , the skeletal formula of hexane is shown . The carbon atom labeled C appears to have only one bond , so there must also be three hydrogens bonded to it , in order to make its total number of bonds four . The carbon atom labelled C has two bonds to other carbons and is therefore bonded to two hydrogen atoms as well . A ball - and - stick model of the actual molecular structure of hexane , as determined by X-ray crystallography , is shown for comparison , in which carbon atoms are depicted as black balls and hydrogen atoms as white ones . NOTE : It does n't matter which end of the chain you start numbering from , as long as you 're consistent when drawing diagrams . The condensed formula or the IUPAC name will confirm the orientation . Some molecules will become familiar regardless of the orientation . Any hydrogen atoms bonded to non-carbon atoms are drawn explicitly . In ethanol , C H OH , for instance , the hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen is denoted by the symbol H , whereas the hydrogen atoms which are bonded to carbon atoms are not shown directly . Lines representing heteroatom - hydrogen bonds are usually omitted for clarity and compactness , so a functional group like the hydroxyl group is most often written − OH instead of − O − H. These bonds are sometimes drawn out in full in order to accentuate their presence when they participate in reaction mechanisms . Shown below for comparison are a ball - and - stick model of the actual three - dimensional structure of the ethanol molecule in the gas phase ( determined by microwave spectroscopy , left ) , the Lewis structure ( centre ) and the skeletal formula ( right ) . Explicit heteroatoms ( edit ) All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol , for instance Cl for chlorine , O for oxygen , Na for sodium , and so forth . These atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms in the context of organic chemistry . Pseudoelement symbols ( edit ) There are also symbols that appear to be chemical element symbols , but represent certain very common substituents or indicate an unspecified member of a group of elements . These are known as pseudoelement symbols or organic elements . The most widely used symbol is Ph , which represents the phenyl group . A list of pseudoelement symbols in common use is shown below : General symbols ( edit ) X for any ( pseudo ) halogen atom L or L for a ligand or ligands M or Met for any metal atom ( ( M ) is used to indicate a ligated metal , ML , when the identities of the ligands are unknown or irrelevant ) E for any electrophile ( in some contexts , it is also used to indicate a p - block element ) Nu for any nucleophile D for a deuterium ( H ) atom T for a tritium ( H ) atom Alkyl groups ( edit ) R for any alkyl group or even any organyl group ( Alk can be used to unambiguously indicate an alkyl group ) Me for the methyl group Et for the ethyl group Pr , n - Pr , or Pr for the ( normal ) propyl group ( Pr is also the symbol for the element praseodymium . However , since the propyl group is monovalent , while praseodymium is nearly always trivalent , ambiguity rarely , if ever , arises in practice . ) i - Pr or Pr ( i often italicized ) for the isopropyl group Bu , n - Bu or Bu for the ( normal ) butyl group i - Bu or Bu ( i often italicized ) for the isobutyl group s - Bu or Bu for the secondary butyl group t - Bu or Bu for the tertiary butyl group Pn for the pentyl group ( or Am for the synonymous amyl group , although Am is also the symbol for americium . ) Cy or Chx for the cyclohexyl group Ad for the 1 - adamantyl group Tr for the trityl group Aromatic substituents ( edit ) Ar for any aromatic substituent ( Ar is also the symbol for the element argon . However , argon is inert under all usual conditions encountered in organic chemistry , so the use of Ar to represent an aryl substituent never causes confusion . ) Het for any heteroaromatic substituent Bn or Bzl for the benzyl group ( not to be confused with Bz for benzoyl ) Mes for the mesityl group Ph , Φ , or φ for the phenyl group ( The use of phi for phenyl has been in decline ) Tol for the tolyl group Cp for the cyclopentadienyl group ( Cp was the symbol for cassiopium , a former name for lutetium ) Cp * for the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl group Functional groups ( edit ) Ac for the acetyl group ( Ac is also the symbol for the element actinium . However , actinium is almost never encountered in organic chemistry , so the use of Ac to represent the acetyl group never causes confusion ) Bz for the benzoyl group Piv for the pivalyl ( t - butylcarbonyl ) group Leaving groups ( edit ) See the article leaving group for further information Bs for the brosyl ( p - bromobenzenesulfonyl ) group Ms for the mesyl ( methanesulfonyl ) group Ns for the nosyl ( p - nitrobenzenesulfonyl ) group Tf for the triflyl ( trifluoromethanesulfonyl ) group Ts for tosyl ( p - toluenesulfonyl ) group ( Ts is also the symbol for the element tennessine . However , tennessine is never encountered in organic chemistry , so the use of Ts to represent the tosyl group never causes confusion ) Protecting groups ( edit ) A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction , facilitating multistep organic synthesis . Boc for the t - butoxycarbonyl group Cbz or Z for the carboxybenzyl group Fmoc for the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group Multiple bonds ( edit ) Two atoms can be bonded by sharing more than one pair of electrons . The common bonds to carbon are single , double and triple bonds . Single bonds are most common and are represented by a single , solid line between two atoms in a skeletal formula . Double bonds are denoted by two parallel lines , and triple bonds are shown by three parallel lines . In more advanced theories of bonding , non-integer values of bond order exist . In these cases , a combination of solid and dashed lines indicate the integer and non-integer parts of the bond order , respectively . Hex - 3 - ene has an internal carbon - carbon double bond Hex - 1 - ene has a terminal double bond Hex - 3 - yne has an internal carbon - carbon triple bond Hex - 1 - yne has a terminal carbon - carbon triple bond Note : in the gallery above , double bonds have been shown in red and triple bonds in blue . This was added for clarity - multiple bonds are not normally coloured in skeletal formulae . Benzene rings ( edit ) Thiele diagram of a benzene ring with circle In recent years , benzene is generally depicted as a hexagon with alternating single and double bonds , much like the structure originally proposed by Kekulé in 1872 . As mentioned above , the alternating single and double bonds of `` 1 , 3 , 5 - cyclohexatriene '' are understood to be a drawing of one of the two equivalent canonical forms of benzene , in which all carbon - carbon bonds are of equivalent length and have a bond order of 1.5 . An alternative representation that emphasizes this delocalization uses a circle , drawn inside the regular hexagon of single bonds . This style , based on one proposed by Johannes Thiele , used to be very common in introductory organic chemistry textbooks and is still frequently used in informal settings . However , because this depiction does not keep track of electron pairs and is unable to show the precise movement of electrons , it has largely been superseded by the Kekuléan depiction in pedagogical and formal academic contexts . Kekulé structure of a benzene ring with alternating double bonds Stereochemistry ( edit ) Different depictions of chemical bonds in skeletal formulae Stereochemistry is conveniently denoted in skeletal formulae : Ball - and - stick model of ( R ) - 2 - chloro - 2 - fluoropentane Skeletal formula of ( R ) - 2 - chloro - 2 - fluoropentane Skeletal formula of ( S ) - 2 - chloro - 2 - fluoropentane Skeletal formula of amphetamine , indicating a mixture of two stereoisomers : ( R ) - and ( S ) - The relevant chemical bonds can be depicted in several ways : Solid lines represent bonds in the plane of the paper or screen . Solid wedges represent bonds that point out of the plane of the paper or screen , towards the observer . Hashed wedges or dashed lines ( thick or thin ) represent bonds that point into the plane of the paper or screen , away from the observer . Wavy lines represent either unknown stereochemistry or a mixture of the two possible stereoisomers at that point . An obsolescent depiction of hydrogen stereochemistry that used to be common in steroid chemistry is the use of a filled circle centered on a vertex for an upward pointing hydrogen atom and two hash marks next to vertex or a hollow circle for a downward pointing hydrogen atom . A small filled circle represents an upward pointing hydrogen , while two hash marks represents a downward pointing one . An early use of this notation can be traced back to Richard Kuhn who in 1932 used solid thick lines and dotted lines in a publication . The modern wedges were popularised in the 1959 textbook `` Organic Chemistry '' by Donald J. Cram and George S. Hammond Skeletal formulae can depict cis and trans isomers of alkenes . Wavy single bonds are the standard way to represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers ( as with tetrahedral stereocenters ) . A crossed double - bond has been used sometimes ; is no longer considered an acceptable style for general use , but may still be required by computer software . Alkene stereochemistry Hydrogen bonds ( edit ) Using dashed lines ( green ) to show hydrogen bonding in acetic acid . Hydrogen bonds are generally denoted by dotted or dashed lines . In other contexts , dashed lines may also represent partially formed or broken bonds in a transition state . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ General , Organic , and Biological Chemistry , H. Stephen Stoker 2012 Jump up ^ This term is ambiguous , because `` Kekulé structure '' also refers to Kekulé 's famous proposal of hexagonal , alternating double - bonds for the structure of benzene . Jump up ^ Brecher , Jonathan ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Graphical representation standards for chemical structure diagrams ( IUPAC Recommendations 2008 ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1351 / pac200880020277 . ISSN 1365 - 3075 . Jump up ^ IUPAC Recommendations 1999 , Revised Section F : Replacement of Skeletal Atoms Jump up ^ Clayden , Jonathan ; Greeves , Nick ; Warren , Stuart ; Wothers , Peter ( 2001 ) . Organic Chemistry ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 850346 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : J. Brecher ( 2006 ) . `` Graphical representation of stereochemical configuration ( IUPAC Recommendations 2006 ) '' ( PDF ) . Pure Appl . Chem. 78 ( 10 ) : 1897 -- 1970 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200678101897 . Jump up ^ American and European chemists use slightly different conventions for a hashed bond . Whereas American chemists draw the hash with short hash marks that gradually become longer further away from the stereocenter , European chemists start with long hash marks that gradually become shorter . In the past , the IUPAC has suggested the use of hash marks of equal length through the bond as a compromise but now recommends the American - style hashed bonds ( Brecher , J. Pure Appl . Chem. 2006 , 78 , 1897 - 1970 ) . Jump up ^ The IUPAC now recommends against this notation . Jump up ^ The Historical Origins of Stereochemical Line and Wedge Symbolism William B. Jensen Journal of Chemical Education 2013 90 ( 5 ) , 676 - 677 doi : 10.1021 / ed200177u External links ( edit ) Drawing organic molecules from chemguide.co.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeletal_formula&oldid=812651393 '' Categories : Organic chemistry Chemical formulas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 02 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is hydrogen shown in a skeletal structure	[ "The skeletal formula, also called line-angle formula or shorthand formula, of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of its molecular geometry. A skeletal formula shows the skeletal structure or skeleton of a molecule, which is composed of the skeletal atoms that make up the molecule.[1] It is represented in two dimensions, as on a page of paper. It employs certain conventions to represent carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are the most common in organic chemistry." ]	[ "organic chemistry" ]
-4208482328294871930	Coca-Cola	Coca - Cola - Wikipedia Coca - Cola Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the beverage . For its manufacturer , see The Coca - Cola Company . `` Coca - Cola Classic '' redirects here . For the college football game , see Coca - Cola Classic ( college football ) . Coca - Cola Type Cola Manufacturer The Coca - Cola Company Country of origin United States Introduced May 8 , 1886 ; 131 years ago ( 1886 - 05 - 08 ) Color Caramel E-150d Flavor Cola Variants Diet Coke Diet Coke Caffeine - Free Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Zero Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Life Related products Pepsi RC Cola Afri - Cola Postobón Inca Kola Kola Real Cavan Cola Website www.coca-colacompany.com Coca - Cola bottle Coca - Cola , or Coke , is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca - Cola Company . Originally intended as a patent medicine , it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler , whose marketing tactics led Coca - Cola to its dominance of the world soft - drink market throughout the 20th century . The drink 's name refers to two of its original ingredients , which were kola nuts ( a source of caffeine ) and coca leaves . The current formula of Coca - Cola remains a trade secret , although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published . The Coca - Cola Company produces concentrate , which is then sold to licensed Coca - Cola bottlers throughout the world . The bottlers , who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company , produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate , in combination with filtered water and sweeteners . A typical 12 - US - fluid - ounce ( 350 ml ) can contains 38 grams ( 1.3 oz ) of sugar ( usually in the form of high fructose corn syrup ) . The bottlers then sell , distribute , and merchandise Coca - Cola to retail stores , restaurants , and vending machines throughout the world . The Coca - Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and foodservice distributors . The Coca - Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name . The most common of these is Diet Coke , along with others including Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola , Diet Coke Caffeine - Free , Coca - Cola Cherry , Coca - Cola Zero , Coca - Cola Vanilla , and special versions with lemon , lime , and coffee . Based on Interbrand 's `` best global brand '' study of 2015 , Coca - Cola was the world 's third most valuable brand , after Apple and Google . In 2013 , Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide , with consumers downing more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings each day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th - century historical origins 1.2 The Coca - Cola Company 1.3 Origins of bottling 1.4 20th century 1.5 New Coke 1.6 21st century 2 Production 2.1 Ingredients 2.2 Formula of natural flavorings 2.3 Use of stimulants in formula 2.3. 1 Coca -- cocaine 2.3. 2 Kola nuts -- caffeine 2.4 Franchised production model 3 Geographic spread 4 Brand portfolio 4.1 Logo design 4.2 Contour bottle design 4.3 Types 4.4 Designer bottles 5 Competitors 6 Advertising 6.1 5 cents 6.2 Holiday campaigns 6.3 Sports sponsorship 6.4 In mass media 7 Medicinal application 8 Criticism 9 Colombian death - squad allegations 10 Use as political and corporate symbol 11 Social causes 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 15 External links History 19th - century Historical origins Eagle Drug and Chemical House in Columbus , Georgia John Pemberton , the original inventor of Coca - Cola Believed to be the first coupon ever , this ticket for a free glass of Coca - Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink . By 1913 , the company had redeemed 8.5 million tickets . This Coca - Cola advertisement from 1943 is still displayed in Minden , Louisiana . Early Coca - Cola bottling machine at Biedenharn Museum and Gardens in Monroe , Louisiana Confederate Colonel John Pemberton , who was wounded in the American Civil War and became addicted to morphine , began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug . The prototype Coca - Cola recipe was formulated at Pemberton 's Eagle Drug and Chemical House , a drugstore in Columbus , Georgia , originally as a coca wine . He may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani , a French coca wine . It is also worth noting that a Spanish drink called `` Kola Coca '' was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885 , a year before the official birth of Coca - cola . The patent for this Spanish drink was bought by Coca - Cola in 1953 . In 1885 , Pemberton registered his French Wine Coca nerve tonic . In 1886 , when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation , Pemberton responded by developing Coca - Cola , a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca . The first sales were at Jacob 's Pharmacy in Atlanta , Georgia , on May 8 , 1886 . It was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass at soda fountains , which were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was good for the health . Pemberton claimed Coca - Cola cured many diseases , including morphine addiction , indigestion , nerve disorders , headaches , and impotence . Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal . By 1888 , three versions of Coca - Cola -- sold by three separate businesses -- were on the market . A co-partnership had been formed on January 14 , 1888 between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen : J.C. Mayfield , A.O. Murphey , C.O. Mullahy , and E.H. Bloodworth . Not codified by any signed document , a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton 's company as early as 1887 . John Pemberton declared that the name `` Coca - Cola '' belonged to his son , Charley , but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula . Charley Pemberton 's record of control over the `` Coca - Cola '' name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca - Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father 's place . Charley 's exclusive control over the `` Coca - Cola '' name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler 's side . Candler 's oldest son , Charles Howard Candler , authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University . In this definitive biography about his father , Candler specifically states : `` ... , on April 14 , 1888 , the young druggist ( Asa Griggs Candler ) purchased a one - third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca - Cola . '' Old German Coca - Cola bottle opener . The deal was actually between John Pemberton 's son Charley and Walker , Candler & Co. -- with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son . For $50 down and $500 in 30 days , Walker , Candler & Co. obtained all of the one - third interest in the Coca - Cola Company that Charley held , all while Charley still held on to the name . After the April 14 deal , on April 17 , 1888 , one - half of the Walker / Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $750 . The Coca - Cola Company In 1892 , Candler set out to incorporate a second company ; `` The Coca - Cola Company '' ( the current corporation ) . When Candler had the earliest records of the `` Coca - Cola Company '' burned in 1910 , the action was claimed to have been made during a move to new corporation offices around this time . After Candler had gained a better foothold on Coca - Cola in April 1888 , he nevertheless was forced to sell the beverage he produced with the recipe he had under the names `` Yum Yum '' and `` Koke '' . This was while Charley Pemberton was selling the elixir , although a cruder mixture , under the name `` Coca - Cola '' , all with his father 's blessing . After both names failed to catch on for Candler , by the middle of 1888 , the Atlanta pharmacist was quite anxious to establish a firmer legal claim to Coca - Cola , and hoped he could force his two competitors , Walker and Dozier , completely out of the business , as well . On August 16 , 1888 , Dr. John Stith Pemberton suddenly died ; Asa G. Candler then sought to move swiftly forward to attain his vision of taking full control of the whole Coca - Cola operation . Charley Pemberton , an alcoholic , was the one obstacle who unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else . Candler is said to have quickly maneuvered to purchase the exclusive rights to the name `` Coca - Cola '' from Pemberton 's son Charley right after Dr. Pemberton 's death . One of several stories was that Candler bought the title to the name from Charley 's mother for $300 ; approaching her at Dr. Pemberton 's funeral . Eventually , Charley Pemberton was found on June 23 , 1894 , unconscious , with a stick of opium by his side . Ten days later , Charley died at Atlanta 's Grady Hospital at the age of 40 . In Charles Howard Candler 's 1950 book about his father , he stated : `` On August 30th ( 1888 ) , he ( Asa Candler ) became sole proprietor of Coca - Cola , a fact which was stated on letterheads , invoice blanks and advertising copy . '' With this action on August 30 , 1888 , Candler 's sole control became technically all true . Candler had negotiated with Margaret Dozier and her brother Woolfolk Walker a full payment amounting to $1,000 , which all agreed Candler could pay off with a series of notes over a specified time span . By May 1 , 1889 , Candler was now claiming full ownership of the Coca - Cola beverage , with a total investment outlay by Candler for the drink enterprise over the years amounting to $2,300 . In 1914 , Margaret Dozier , as co-owner of the original Coca - Cola Company in 1888 , came forward to claim that her signature on the 1888 Coca - Cola Company bill of sale had been forged . Subsequent analysis of certain similar transfer documents had also indicated John Pemberton 's signature was most likely a forgery , as well , which some accounts claim was precipitated by his son Charley . On September 12 , 1919 , Coca - Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors for $25 million and reincorporated . The company publicly offered 500,000 shares of the company for $40 a share . In 1986 , The Coca - Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators ( owned by JTL Corporation and BCI Holding Corporation ) to form Coca - Cola Enterprises Inc . ( CCE ) . In December 1991 , Coca - Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca - Cola Bottling Group , Inc . Origins of bottling Bottling plant of Coca - Cola Canada Ltd . January 8 , 1941 . Montreal , Canada . The first bottling of Coca - Cola occurred in Vicksburg , Mississippi , at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891 . The proprietor of the bottling works was Joseph A. Biedenharn . The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles , very different from the much later hobble - skirt design of 1915 now so familiar . It was then a few years later that two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga , Tennessee , namely Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead , proposed the idea of bottling and were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar . Candler never collected his dollar , but in 1899 , Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca - Cola bottling company . Candler remained very content just selling his company 's syrup . The loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for The Coca - Cola Company for decades to come . Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies , effectively becoming parent bottlers . This contract specified that bottles would be sold at 5 ¢ each and had no fixed duration , leading to the fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 . 20th century The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca - Cola drink was painted in 1894 in Cartersville , Georgia . Cola syrup was sold as an over-the - counter dietary supplement for upset stomach . By the time of its 50th anniversary , the soft drink had reached the status of a national icon in the USA . In 1935 , it was certified kosher by Atlanta Rabbi Tobias Geffen , after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients . Original framed Coca - Cola artist 's drawn graphic presented by The Coca - Cola Company on July 12 , 1944 to Charles Howard Candler on the occasion of Coca - Cola 's `` 1 Billionth Gallon of Coca - Cola Syrup . '' Claimed to be the first installation anywhere of the 1948 model `` Boat Motor '' styled Coca - Cola soda dispenser , Fleeman 's Pharmacy , Atlanta , Georgia . The `` Boat Motor '' soda dispenser was introduced in the late 1930s and manufactured till the late 1950s . Photograph circa 1948 . The longest running commercial Coca - Cola soda fountain anywhere was Atlanta 's Fleeman 's Pharmacy , which first opened its doors in 1914 . Jack Fleeman took over the pharmacy from his father and ran it until 1995 ; closing it after 81 years . On July 12 , 1944 , the one - billionth gallon of Coca - Cola syrup was manufactured by The Coca - Cola Company . Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955 . New Coke Main article : New Coke The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca - Cola museum in 2003 On April 23 , 1985 , Coca - Cola , amid much publicity , attempted to change the formula of the drink with `` New Coke '' . Follow - up taste tests revealed most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi but Coca - Cola management was unprepared for the public 's nostalgia for the old drink , leading to a backlash . The company gave in to protests and returned to a variation of the old formula using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar as the main sweetener , under the name Coca - Cola Classic , on July 10 , 1985 . 21st century On July 5 , 2005 , it was revealed that Coca - Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the first time since the Arab League boycotted the company in 1968 . In April 2007 , in Canada , the name `` Coca - Cola Classic '' was changed back to `` Coca - Cola '' . The word `` Classic '' was removed because `` New Coke '' was no longer in production , eliminating the need to differentiate between the two . The formula remained unchanged . In January 2009 , Coca - Cola stopped printing the word `` Classic '' on the labels of 16 - US - fluid - ounce ( 470 ml ) bottles sold in parts of the southeastern United States . The change is part of a larger strategy to rejuvenate the product 's image . The word `` Classic '' was removed from all Coca - Cola products by 2011 . In November 2009 , due to a dispute over wholesale prices of Coca - Cola products , Costco stopped restocking its shelves with Coke and Diet Coke for two months ; a separate pouring rights deal in 2013 saw Coke products removed from Costco food courts in favor of Pepsi . Some Costco locations ( such as the ones in Tucson , Arizona ) additionally sell imported Coca - Cola from Mexico with cane sugar instead of corn syrup from separate distributors . Coca - Cola introduced the 7.5 - ounce mini-can in 2009 , and on September 22 , 2011 , the company announced price reductions , asking retailers to sell eight - packs for $2.99 . That same day , Coca - Cola announced the 12.5 - ounce bottle , to sell for 89 cents . A 16 - ounce bottle has sold well at 99 cents since being re-introduced , but the price was going up to $1.19 . In 2012 , Coca - Cola resumed business in Myanmar after 60 years of absence due to U.S. - imposed investment sanctions against the country . Coca - Cola 's bottling plant will be located in Yangon and is part of the company 's five - year plan and $200 million investment in Myanmar . Coca - Cola with its partners is to invest USD 5 billion in its operations in India by 2020 . In 2013 , it was announced that Coca - Cola Life would be introduced in Argentina that would contain stevia and sugar . In August 2014 the company announced it was forming a long - term partnership with Monster Beverage , with the two forging a strategic marketing and distribution alliance , and product line swap . As part of the deal Coca - Cola was to acquire a 16.7 % stake in Monster for $2.15 billion , with an option to increase it to 25 % . In December 2016 , Coca - Cola bought many of the former SABMiller 's Coca - Cola operations . Production Ingredients Carbonated water Sugar ( sucrose or high - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) depending on country of origin ) Caffeine Phosphoric acid Caramel color ( E150d ) Natural flavorings A typical can of Coca - Cola ( 12 fl ounces / 355 ml ) contains 38 grams of sugar ( usually in the form of HFCS ) , 50 mg of sodium , 0 grams fat , 0 grams potassium , and 140 calories . On May 5 , 2014 , Coca - Cola said it is working to remove a controversial ingredient , brominated vegetable oil , from all of its drinks . Formula of natural flavorings Main article : Coca - Cola formula The exact formula of Coca - Cola 's natural flavorings ( but not its other ingredients , which are listed on the side of the bottle or can ) is a trade secret . The original copy of the formula was held in SunTrust Bank 's main vault in Atlanta for 86 years . Its predecessor , the Trust Company , was the underwriter for the Coca - Cola Company 's initial public offering in 1919 . On December 8 , 2011 , the original secret formula was moved from the vault at SunTrust Banks to a new vault containing the formula which will be on display for visitors to its World of Coca - Cola museum in downtown Atlanta . Coca - Cola Museum in Atlanta , Georgia According to Snopes , a popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula , with each executive having only half the formula . However , several sources state that while Coca - Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives , each knows the entire formula and others , in addition to the prescribed duo , have known the formulation process . On February 11 , 2011 , Ira Glass said on his PRI radio show , This American Life , that TAL staffers had found a recipe in `` Everett Beal 's Recipe Book '' , reproduced in the February 28 , 1979 , issue of The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , that they believed was either Pemberton 's original formula for Coca - Cola , or a version that he made either before or after the product hit the market in 1886 . The formula basically matched the one found in Pemberton 's diary . Coca - Cola archivist Phil Mooney acknowledged that the recipe `` could ... be a precursor '' to the formula used in the original 1886 product , but emphasized that Pemberton 's original formula is not the same as the one used in the current product . Use of stimulants in formula An early Coca - Cola advertisement . When launched , Coca - Cola 's two key ingredients were cocaine and caffeine . The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut , leading to the name Coca - Cola ( the `` K '' in Kola was replaced with a `` C '' for marketing purposes ) . Coca -- cocaine Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup , a significant dose ; in 1891 , Candler claimed his formula ( altered extensively from Pemberton 's original ) contained only a tenth of this amount . Coca - Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass . ( For comparison , a typical dose or `` line '' of cocaine is 50 -- 75 mg . ) In 1903 , it was removed . After 1904 , instead of using fresh leaves , Coca - Cola started using `` spent '' leaves -- the leftovers of the cocaine - extraction process with trace levels of cocaine . Since then , Coca - Cola uses a cocaine - free coca leaf extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood , New Jersey . In the United States , the Stepan Company is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the Federal Government to import and process the coca plant , which it obtains mainly from Peru and , to a lesser extent , Bolivia . Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca - Cola , the Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves , which it sells to Mallinckrodt , a St. Louis , Missouri , pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use . Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine , in the southeastern U.S. , `` dope '' remained a common colloquialism for Coca - Cola , and `` dope - wagons '' were trucks that transported it . Kola nuts -- caffeine Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca - Cola . In Britain , for example , the ingredient label states `` Flavourings ( Including Caffeine ) . '' Kola nuts contain about 2.0 to 3.5 % caffeine , are of bitter flavor , and are commonly used in cola soft drinks . In 1911 , the U.S. government initiated United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca - Cola , hoping to force Coca - Cola to remove caffeine from its formula . The case was decided in favor of Coca - Cola . Subsequently , in 1912 , the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended , adding caffeine to the list of `` habit - forming '' and `` deleterious '' substances which must be listed on a product 's label . Coca - Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces ( 9.8 mg per 100 ml ) . Franchised production model The actual production and distribution of Coca - Cola follows a franchising model . The Coca - Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate , which it sells to bottlers throughout the world , who hold Coca - Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas . The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners , and then carbonate it before putting it in cans and bottles , which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores , vending machines , restaurants , and food service distributors . The Coca - Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises , such as Coca - Cola Enterprises , Coca - Cola Amatil , Coca - Cola Hellenic Bottling Company , and Coca - Cola FEMSA , but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world . Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local tastes . The bottling plant in Skopje , Macedonia , received the 2009 award for `` Best Bottling Company '' . Geographic spread Since it announced its intention to begin distribution in Burma in June 2012 , Coca - Cola has been officially available in every country in the world except Cuba and North Korea . However , it is reported to be available in both countries as a grey import . Coca - Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East . In the early 20th century , a fatwa was created in Egypt to discuss the question of `` whether Muslims were permitted to drink Coca - Cola and Pepsi cola . '' The fatwa states : `` According to the Muslim Hanefite , Shafi'ite , etc. , the rule in Islamic law of forbidding or allowing foods and beverages is based on the presumption that such things are permitted unless it can be shown that they are forbidden on the basis of the Qur'an . '' The Muslim jurists stated that , unless the Qu'ran specifically prohibits the consumption of a particular product , it is permissible to consume . Another clause was discussed , whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of the item in question . Brand portfolio This is a list of variants of Coca - Cola introduced around the world . In addition to the caffeine - free version of the original , additional fruit flavors have been included over the years . Not included here are versions of Diet Coke and Coca - Cola Zero ; variant versions of those no - calorie colas can be found at their respective articles . Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola ( 1983 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola without the Caffeine . Coca - Cola Cherry ( 1985 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a Cherry Flavor . Was available in Canada starting in 1996 . Called `` Cherry Coca - Cola ( Cherry Coke ) '' in North America until 2006 . New Coke / Coca - Cola II ( 1985 -- 2002 ) - A short - lived formula change , remained after the original formula returned and was later rebranded as Coca - Cola II . Coca - Cola with Lemon ( 2001 -- 05 ) -- Coca - Cola with a Lemon flavor . Available in : Australia , American Samoa , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , China , Denmark , Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Finland , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Iceland , Korea , Luxembourg , Macau , Malaysia , Mongolia , Netherlands , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Réunion , Singapore , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Tunisia , United Kingdom , United States , and West Bank - Gaza Coca - Cola Vanilla ( 2002 -- 05 ; 2007 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a Vanilla flavor . Available in : Austria , Australia , China , Czech Republic , Finland , Germany , Hong Kong , New Zealand , Malaysia , Slovakia , South - Africa , Sweden , Switzerland , United Kingdom , and United States . It was reintroduced in June 2007 by popular demand . Coca - Cola with Lime ( 2005 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a Lime flavor . Available in Belgium , Netherlands , Singapore , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Coca - Cola Raspberry ( 2005 ) -- Coca - Cola with a Raspberry flavor . Was only available in New Zealand . Currently available in the United States and the United Kingdom in Coca - Cola Freestyle fountain since 2009 . Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla ( 2006 -- 07 ) -- Coca - Cola with a combination of Black Cherry and Vanilla flavor . It replaced and was replaced by Vanilla Coke in June 2007 . Coca - Cola Blāk ( 2006 -- 08 ) -- Coca - Cola with a rich coffee flavor , formula depends on country . Only available in the United States , France , Canada , Czech Republic , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , and Lithuania Coca - Cola Citra ( 2005 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a citrus flavor . Only available in Bosnia and Herzegovina , New Zealand , and Japan . Coca - Cola Orange ( 2007 ) -- Coca - Cola with an orange flavor . Was available in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar for a limited time . In Germany , Austria , and Switzerland it is sold under the label Mezzo Mix . Currently available in Coca - Cola Freestyle fountain outlets in the United States since 2009 and in the United Kingdom since 2014 . Coca - Cola Life ( 2013 -- present ) -- A version of Coca - Cola with stevia and sugar as sweeteners rather than just simply sugar . Coca - Cola Ginger ( 2016 -- present ) -- A version that mixes in the taste of ginger beer . Only available in Australia and New Zealand . Logo design The Coca - Cola logo was created by John Pemberton 's bookkeeper , Frank Mason Robinson , in 1885 . Robinson came up with the name and chose the logo 's distinctive cursive script . The writing style used , known as Spencerian script , was developed in the mid-19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period . Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca - Cola advertising . His promotional suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and plastering the city of Atlanta with publicity banners and streetcar signs . Contour bottle design `` Coke bottle '' redirects here . For the song , see Coke Bottle ( song ) . The Coca - Cola bottle , called the `` contour bottle '' within the company , was created by bottle designer Earl R. Dean . In 1915 , The Coca - Cola Company launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles , `` a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark , and so shaped that , even if broken , a person could tell at a glance what it was . '' Chapman J. Root , president of the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute , Indiana , turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff , including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards , plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson , and Earl R. Dean , bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room . Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle 's design on one of the soda 's two ingredients , the coca leaf or the kola nut , but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like . Dean and Edwards went to the Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library and were unable to find any information about coca or kola . Instead , Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd - shaped cocoa pod in the Encyclopædia Britannica . Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root . He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle . Root gave Dean his approval . Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold - making machinery , over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the next morning . Dean then proceeded to create a bottle mold and produced a small number of bottles before the glass - molding machinery was turned off . Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a design patent was issued on the bottle in November 1915 . The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base , making it unstable on conveyor belts . Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle 's middle diameter . During the 1916 bottler 's convention , Dean 's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year . By 1920 , the contour bottle became the standard for The Coca - Cola Company . A revised version was also patented in 1923 . Because the Patent Office releases the Patent Gazette on Tuesday , the bottle was patented on December 25 , 1923 , and was nicknamed the `` Christmas bottle . '' Today , the contour Coca - Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet ... `` even in the dark ! '' . As a reward for his efforts , Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime job at the Root Glass Company . He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the Owens - Illinois Glass Company bought out the Root Glass Company in the mid-1930s . Dean went on to work in other Midwestern glass factories . One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design , but , while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years , he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and did not emigrate to the United States until 1919 . Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod , but to a Victorian hooped dress . In 1944 , Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca - Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liability for defective products . Traynor 's concurring opinion in Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as a landmark case in U.S. law today . Types Earl R. Dean 's original 1915 concept drawing of the contour Coca - Cola bottle The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base , making it unstable on conveyor belts . Final production version with slimmer middle section . Designer bottles Karl Lagerfeld is the latest designer to have created a collection of aluminum bottles for Coca - Cola . Lagerfeld is not the first fashion designer to create a special version of the famous Coca - Cola Contour bottle . A number of other limited edition bottles by fashion designers for Coca - Cola Light soda have been created in the last few years . In 2009 , in Italy , Coca - Cola Light had a Tribute to Fashion to celebrate 100 years of the recognizable contour bottle . Well known Italian designers Alberta Ferretti , Blumarine , Etro , Fendi , Marni , Missoni , Moschino , and Versace each designed limited edition bottles . Competitors Pepsi , the flagship product of PepsiCo , The Coca - Cola Company 's main rival in the soft drink industry , is usually second to Coke in sales , and outsells Coca - Cola in some markets . RC Cola , now owned by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group , the third largest soft drink manufacturer , is also widely available . Around the world , many local brands compete with Coke . In South and Central America Kola Real , known as Big Cola in Mexico , is a growing competitor to Coca - Cola . On the French island of Corsica , Corsica Cola , made by brewers of the local Pietra beer , is a growing competitor to Coca - Cola . In the French region of Brittany , Breizh Cola is available . In Peru , Inca Kola outsells Coca - Cola , which led The Coca - Cola Company to purchase the brand in 1999 . In Sweden , Julmust outsells Coca - Cola during the Christmas season . In Scotland , the locally produced Irn - Bru was more popular than Coca - Cola until 2005 , when Coca - Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales . In the former East Germany , Vita Cola , invented during Communist rule , is gaining popularity . In India , Coca - Cola ranked third behind the leader , Pepsi - Cola , and local drink Thums Up . The Coca - Cola Company purchased Thums Up in 1993 . As of 2004 , Coca - Cola held a 60.9 % market - share in India . Tropicola , a domestic drink , is served in Cuba instead of Coca - Cola , due to a United States embargo . French brand Mecca Cola and British brand Qibla Cola are competitors to Coca - Cola in the Middle East . In Turkey , Cola Turka , in Iran and the Middle East , Zamzam Cola and Parsi Cola , in some parts of China , China Cola , in Slovenia , Cockta , and the inexpensive Mercator Cola , sold only in the country 's biggest supermarket chain , Mercator , are some of the brand 's competitors . Classiko Cola , made by Tiko Group , the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar , is a serious competitor to Coca - Cola in many regions . Laranjada is the top - selling soft drink on Madeira . Advertising This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Coca - Cola slogans An 1890s advertisement showing model Hilda Clark in formal 19th - century attire . The ad is titled Drink Coca - Cola 5 ¢ . ( US ) . Coca - Cola ghost sign in Fort Dodge , Iowa . Older Coca - Cola ghosts behind Borax and telephone ads . April 2008 . Coca - Cola delivery truck of Argentina , with the slogan `` Drink Coca - Cola -- delicious , refreshing '' . Coca - Cola 's advertising has significantly affected American culture , and it is frequently credited with inventing the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red - and - white suit . Although the company did start using the red - and - white Santa image in the 1930s , with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon Sundblom , the motif was already common . Coca - Cola was not even the first soft drink company to use the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising : White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 , after first using him to sell mineral water in 1915 . Before Santa Claus , Coca - Cola relied on images of smartly dressed young women to sell its beverages . Coca - Cola 's first such advertisement appeared in 1895 , featuring the young Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman . 1941 saw the first use of the nickname `` Coke '' as an official trademark for the product , with a series of advertisements informing consumers that `` Coke means Coca - Cola '' . In 1971 a song from a Coca - Cola commercial called `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' , produced by Billy Davis , became a hit single . The typeface You 2 that was created for the `` Share a Coke '' campaign Coca - Cola sales booth on the Cape Verde island of Fogo in 2004 . Coke advertisement in Budapest , 2013 . Coke 's advertising is pervasive , as one of Woodruff 's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca - Cola as their preferred beverage . This is especially true in southern areas of the United States , such as Atlanta , where Coke was born . Some Coca - Cola television commercials between 1960 through 1986 were written and produced by former Atlanta radio veteran Don Naylor ( WGST 1936 -- 1950 , WAGA 1951 -- 1959 ) during his career as a producer for the McCann Erickson advertising agency . Many of these early television commercials for Coca - Cola featured movie stars , sports heroes , and popular singers . During the 1980s , Pepsi - Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests demonstrating that , according to the commercials , `` fifty percent of the participants who said they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi . '' Statisticians pointed out the problematic nature of a 50 / 50 result : most likely , the taste tests showed that in blind tests , most people can not tell the difference between Pepsi and Coke . Coca - Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi 's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars ; one of Coke 's ads compared the so - called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier . Thereafter , Coca - Cola regained its leadership in the market . Selena was a spokesperson for Coca - Cola from 1989 until the time of her death . She filmed three commercials for the company . During 1994 , to commemorate her five years with the company , Coca - Cola issued special Selena coke bottles . The Coca - Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982 , and began inserting Coke - product images into many of its films . After a few early successes during Coca - Cola 's ownership , Columbia began to under - perform , and the studio was sold to Sony in 1989 . Coca - Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history , including `` The pause that refreshes '' , `` I 'd like to buy the world a Coke '' , and `` Coke is it '' . In 2006 , Coca - Cola introduced My Coke Rewards , a customer loyalty campaign where consumers earn points by entering codes from specially marked packages of Coca - Cola products into a website . These points can be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes entries . In Australia in 2011 , Coca - Cola began the `` share a Coke '' campaign , where the Coca - Cola logo was replaced on the bottles and replaced with first names . Coca - Cola used the 150 most popular names in Australia to print on the bottles . The campaign was paired with a website page , Facebook page , and an online `` share a virtual Coke '' . The same campaign was introduced to Coca - Cola , Diet Coke & Coke Zero bottles and cans in the UK in 2013 . Coca - Cola has also advertised its product to be consumed as a breakfast beverage , instead of coffee or tea for the morning caffeine . 5 cents Main article : The fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 From 1886 to 1959 , the price of Coca - Cola was fixed at five cents , in part due to an advertising campaign . Holiday campaigns Throughout the years , Coca - Cola has released limited time collector bottles for Christmas . A Freightliner Coca - Cola Christmas truck in Dresden , Germany , 2004 . The `` Holidays are coming ! '' advertisement features a train of red delivery trucks , emblazoned with the Coca - Cola name and decorated with Christmas lights , driving through a snowy landscape and causing everything that they pass to light up and people to watch as they pass through . The advertisement fell into disuse in 2001 , as the Coca - Cola company restructured its advertising campaigns so that advertising around the world was produced locally in each country , rather than centrally in the company 's headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia . In 2007 , the company brought back the campaign after , according to the company , many consumers telephoned its information center saying that they considered it to mark the beginning of Christmas . The advertisement was created by U.S. advertising agency Doner , and has been part of the company 's global advertising campaign for many years . Keith Law , a producer and writer of commercials for Belfast CityBeat , was not convinced by Coca - Cola 's reintroduction of the advertisement in 2007 , saying that `` I do n't think there 's anything Christmassy about HGVs and the commercial is too generic . '' In 2001 , singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign 's advertising jingle as a single , Wonderful Dream ( Holidays are Coming ) , which entered the pop - music charts in Germany at no . 9 . In 2005 , Coca - Cola expanded the advertising campaign to radio , employing several variations of the jingle . In 2011 , Coca - Cola launched a campaign for the Indian holiday Diwali . The campaign included commercials , a song , and an integration with Shah Rukh Khan 's film Ra. One . Sports sponsorship Coca - Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic games , at the 1928 games in Amsterdam , and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since . This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta , which allowed Coca - Cola to spotlight its hometown . Most recently , Coca - Cola has released localized commercials for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver ; one Canadian commercial referred to Canada 's hockey heritage and was modified after Canada won the gold medal game on February 28 , 2010 by changing the ending line of the commercial to say `` Now they know whose game they 're playing '' . Since 1978 , Coca - Cola has sponsored the FIFA World Cup , and other competitions organized by FIFA . One FIFA tournament trophy , the FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997 , was called `` FIFA -- Coca - Cola Cup '' . In addition , Coca - Cola sponsors the annual Coca - Cola 600 and Coke Zero 400 for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina and Daytona International Speedway in Daytona , Florida . Coca - Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships , which over the years have included Major League Baseball , the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League , as well as with many teams within those leagues . Coca - Cola has had a longtime relationship with the NFL 's Pittsburgh Steelers , due in part to the now - famous 1979 television commercial featuring `` Mean Joe '' Greene , leading to the two opening the Coca - Cola Great Hall at Heinz Field in 2001 and a more recent Coca - Cola Zero commercial featuring Troy Polamalu . Coca - Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout the nation , partly due to Coca - Cola providing those schools with upgraded athletic facilities in exchange for Coca - Cola 's sponsorship . This is especially prevalent at the high school level , which is more dependent on such contracts due to tighter budgets . Coca - Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent . Coca - Cola is also one of the associate sponsor of Delhi Daredevils in Indian Premier League . In England , Coca - Cola was the main sponsor of The Football League between 2004 and 2010 , a name given to the three professional divisions below the Premier League in soccer ( football ) . In 2005 , Coca - Cola launched a competition for the 72 clubs of The Football League -- it was called `` Win a Player '' . This allowed fans to place one vote per day for their favorite club , with one entry being chosen at random earning £ 250,000 for the club ; this was repeated in 2006 . The `` Win A Player '' competition was very controversial , as at the end of the 2 competitions , Leeds United A.F.C. had the most votes by more than double , yet they did not win any money to spend on a new player for the club . In 2007 , the competition changed to `` Buy a Player '' . This competition allowed fans to buy a bottle of Coca - Cola or Coca - Cola Zero and submit the code on the wrapper on the Coca - Cola website . This code could then earn anything from 50p to £ 100,000 for a club of their choice . This competition was favored over the old `` Win a Player '' competition , as it allowed all clubs to win some money . Between 1992 and 1998 , Coca - Cola was the title sponsor of the Football League Cup ( Coca - Cola Cup ) , the secondary cup tournament of England . Between 1994 and 1997 , Coca - Cola was also the title sponsor of the Scottish League Cup , renaming it the Coca - Cola Cup like its English counterpart . From 1998 to 2001 , the company were the title sponsor of the Irish League Cup in Northern Ireland , where it was named the Coca - Cola League Cup . Coca - Cola is the presenting sponsor of the Tour Championship , the final event of the PGA Tour held each year at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta , GA . Introduced March 1 , 2010 , in Canada , to celebrate the 2010 Winter Olympics , Coca - Cola sold gold colored cans in packs of 12 355 mL ( 12 imp fl oz ; 12 US fl oz ) each , in select stores . In 2012 , Coca - Cola ( Philippines ) hosted / sponsored the Coca - Cola PBA Youngstars in the Philippines . In mass Media Coca - Cola advertised on a Volkswagen T2 in Maringá , Paraná , Brazil , 2012 . Coca - Cola has been prominently featured in countless films and television programs . Since its creation , it remains as one of the most prominent elements of the popular culture . It was a major plot element in films such as One , Two , Three , The Coca - Cola Kid , and The Gods Must Be Crazy , among many others . It provides a setting for comical corporate shenanigans in the novel Syrup by Maxx Barry . In music , in the Beatles ' song , `` Come Together '' , the lyrics say , `` He shoot Coca - Cola , he say ... '' . The Beach Boys also referenced Coca - Cola in their 1964 song `` All Summer Long '' ( i.e. `` ' Member when you spilled Coke all over your blouse ? '' ) The best selling artist of all time and worldwide cultural icon , Elvis Presley , promoted Coca - Cola during his last tour of 1977 . The Coca - Cola Company used Elvis ' image to promote the product . For example , the company used a song performed by Presley , A Little Less Conversation , in a Japanese Coca - Cola commercial . Other artists that promoted Coca - Cola include the Beatles , David Bowie , George Michael , Elton John , and Whitney Houston , who appeared in the Diet Coca - Cola commercial , among many others . Not all musical references to Coca - Cola went well . A line in `` Lola '' by the Kinks was originally recorded as `` You drink champagne and it tastes just like Coca - Cola . '' When the British Broadcasting Corporation refused to play the song because of the commercial reference , lead singer Ray Davies re-recorded the lyric as `` it tastes just like cherry cola '' to get airplay for the song . Political cartoonist Michel Kichka satirized a famous Coca - Cola billboard in his 1982 poster `` And I Love New York . '' On the billboard , the Coca - Cola wave is accompanied by the words `` Enjoy Coke . '' In Kichka 's poster , the lettering and script above the Coca - Cola wave instead read `` Enjoy Cocaine . '' Medicinal application Coca - Cola is sometimes used for the treatment of gastric phytobezoars . In about 50 % of cases studied , Coca - Cola alone was found to be effective in gastric phytobezoar dissolution . Unfortunately , this treatment can result in the potential of developing small bowel obstruction in a minority of cases , necessitating surgical intervention . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Coca - Cola Criticism of Coca - Cola has arisen from various groups , concerning a variety of issues , including health effects , environmental issues , and business practices . The drink 's coca flavouring , and the nickname `` Coke '' , remain a common theme of criticism due to the relationship with the illegal drug cocaine . The Coca - Cola Company , its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups , leftist activists , and watchdogs , particularly since the early 2000s . Coca - Cola is rich in sugar , especially sucrose , which causes dental caries when consumed regularly . Besides this , the high caloric value contributes to obesity . Both are major health issues in the developed world . Colombian death - squad allegations In July 2001 , the Coca - Cola company was sued over its alleged use of political far - right wing death squads ( the United Self - Defense Forces of Colombia ) to kidnap , torture , and kill Colombian bottler workers that were linked with trade union activity . Coca - Cola was sued in a US federal court in Miami by the Colombian food and drink union Sinaltrainal . The suit alleged that Coca - Cola was indirectly responsible for having `` contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces that utilized extreme violence and murdered , tortured , unlawfully detained or otherwise silenced trade union leaders '' . This sparked campaigns to boycott Coca - Cola in the UK , US , Germany , Italy , and Australia . Javier Correa , the president of Sinaltrainal , said the campaign aimed to put pressure on Coca - Cola `` to mitigate the pain and suffering '' that union members had suffered . Speaking from the Coca - Cola company 's headquarters in Atlanta , company spokesperson Rafael Fernandez Quiros said `` Coca - Cola denies any connection to any human - rights violation of this type '' and added `` We do not own or operate the plants '' . A documentary on the controversy , titled The Coca - Cola Case , was released in 2010 . Use as political and corporate symbol As sold in China Astronauts served Coca - Cola from this device on the Space Shuttle in 1995 . Coca - Cola has a high degree of identification with the United States , being considered by some an `` American Brand '' or as an item representing America . During World War II , this gave rise to brief production of the White Coke as a neutral brand . The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca - Cola Company . Coca - Cola was introduced to China in 1927 , and was very popular until 1949 . When the Cultural Revolution began in 1949 , the beverage was no longer imported into China , as it was perceived to be a symbol of decadent Western culture and the capitalist lifestyle . Importation and sales of the beverage resumed in 1979 , after diplomatic relations between the United States and China were restored . There are some consumer boycotts of Coca - Cola in Arab countries due to Coke 's early investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott of Israel ( its competitor Pepsi stayed out of Israel ) . Mecca Cola and Pepsi have been successful alternatives in the Middle East . A Coca - Cola fountain dispenser ( officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus or FGBA ) was developed for use on the Space Shuttle as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide , water , and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation . FGBA - 1 flew on STS - 63 in 1995 and dispensed pre-mixed beverages , followed by FGBA - 2 on STS - 77 the next year . The latter mixed CO2 , water , and syrup to make beverages . It supplied 1.65 liters each of Coca - Cola and Diet Coke . Social causes In 2012 , Coca - Cola was listed as a partner of the ( RED ) campaign , together with other brands such as Nike , Girl , American Express , and Converse . The campaign 's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 ( the campaign 's byline is `` Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation '' ) . See also Food portal Drink portal United States portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Atlanta portal Coca - Cola HBC AG Coca - Cola treatment of phytobezoars Coca Colla Colalife Fanta List of Coca - Cola brands Mexican Coke OpenCola ( drink ) Premix and postmix References Jump up ^ In June 2012 , Coca - Cola announced its intentions to begin distributing in Myanmar . Stafford , Leon ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola to spend $30 billion to grow globally '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ranking '' . Jump up ^ Elmore , 2013 , p 717 Jump up ^ Geuss , Megan ( October 2010 ) . `` First Coupon Ever '' . Wired. 18 ( 11 ) : 104 . Jump up ^ Richard Gardiner , `` The Civil War Origin of Coca - Cola in Columbus , Georgia , '' Muscogiana : Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society ( Spring 2012 ) , Vol. 23 : 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` . '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist '' . 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New Georgia Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola Enterprises : Our Story '' . Coca - Cola Enterprises . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola History '' . worldofcoca-cola.com . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Coca - Cola History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History Of Bottling '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ First painted wall sign to advertise Coca - Cola : Cartersville , GA -- Waymarking Jump up ^ Staff , The Doctors Book of Home Remedies . Nausea : 10 Stomach - Soothing Solutions Jump up ^ Example : Flent 's Cola Syrup Label says `` For Simple Nausea associated with an upset stomach. * * These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration . This product is not intended to diagnose , treat , cure , or prevent any disease . '' Jump up ^ `` Beyond Seltzer Water : The Kashering of Coca - Cola '' . American Jewish Historical Society . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fleeman 's Pharmacy ( now the Belly General Store ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Jack Fleeman -- 86 -- Owner '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Georgia . August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Can History '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Coke -- Top 10 Bad Beverage Ideas '' . TIME.com. April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rory Carroll in Baghdad ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Cola wars as Coke moves on Baghdad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ According to a Coca - Cola customer - service representative . ^ Jump up to : McKay , Betsy ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Coke to Omit ' Classic ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Klinemann , Jeffrey ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` PepsiCo 's In The Club ... Store , that is , Capturing Costco Food Service Account '' . BevNET . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fredrix , Emily and Sarah Skidmore ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Costco nixes Coke products over pricing dispute '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coke cuts price on mini cans to lure shoppers '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Associated Press . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola returns to Burma after a 60 - year absence '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Tony ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola Announces Will Return to Myanmar After 60 Years '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Calderon , Justin ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Coca - Cola starts bottling in Myanmar '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola to invest Rs 28,000 cr in India '' . June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geller , Martinne ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Coke to sell ' natural ' mid-calorie cola in Argentina '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beverages giant Coca - Cola acquires 16.7 pc stake in Monster for $2.15 bn '' . Pittsburgh News.Net . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Coca - Cola Buys AB InBev Out of Africa Unit for $3.2 Billion '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Coca - Cola Co. will pay $3.15 billion to buy Anheuser - Busch InBev NV out of an African bottling joint venture ... Coca - Cola also agreed to buy AB InBev 's interest in bottling operations in Zambia , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Swaziland , Lesotho , El Salvador , and Honduras for an undisclosed sum . Jump up ^ `` Home of Coca - Cola UK : Diet Coke : Coke Zero -- Coca - Cola GB '' . Letsgettogether.co.uk. April 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foods List '' . usda.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Plate '' . The Daily Plate . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coke , Pepsi to Drop Controversial Chemical from All Drinks '' . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola formula , after 86 years in vault , gets new home '' . csmonitor website . December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Cokelore '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Cokelore ( Have a Cloak and a Smile ) '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers , `` ' This American Life ' bursts Coca - Cola 's bubble : What 's in that original recipe , anyway ? , '' Washington Post BlogPost , February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brett Michael Dykes , `` Did NPR 's ' This American Life ' discover Coke 's secret formula ? , '' Archived February 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . The Lookout , Yahoo ! News , February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David W. Freeman , `` ' This American Life ' Reveals Coca - Cola 's Secret Recipe ( Full Ingredient List ) , '' CBS News Healthwatch blogs , February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Recipe , This American Life . Jump up ^ `` Coca - cola '' . Pponline.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Coca Cola '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cocaine Facts - How to Tell Use of Cocaine - Questions , Myths , Truth '' . www.thegooddrugsguide.com . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Michael , R. ( 1983 ) . The Chemistry of Love . Boston : Little , Brown , & Co . Jump up ^ `` Is it true Coca - Cola once contained cocaine ? '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : May , Clifford D. `` How Coca - Cola Obtains Its Coca '' , The New York Times , July 1 , 1988 . Accessed April 11 , 2008 . `` A Stepan laboratory in Maywood , N.J. , is the nation 's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves , which it obtains mainly from Peru and , to a lesser extent , Bolivia . Besides producing the coca flavoring agent sold to The Coca - Cola Company , Stepan extracts cocaine from the coca leaves , which it sells to Mallinckrodt Inc. , a St. Louis pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify the product for medicinal use . '' See links for more information Jump up ^ Benson , Drew . `` Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dope Wagons '' . ncpedia.org . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Your Health -- You and Your Family 's GDA Questions Answered '' . Coca-cola.co.uk. April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gene A. Spiller ( 1998 ) . Caffeine Content of Some Cola Beverages . CRC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2647 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Offices & Bottling Plants '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Difference Between Coca - Cola Enterprises and the Coca - Cola Company '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola : Macedonia makes the best Coke '' . Macedoniaonline.eu . June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Leon ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola to spend $30 billion to grow globally '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Weissert ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Cuba stocks US brands despite embargo '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian Ryall ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola denies ' cracking ' North Korea '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liebesny , Herbert J. ( 1975 ) . The law of the Near and Middle East readings , cases , and materials . Albany : State University of New York Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola Company -- Red Spencerian Script '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson , creator of the Coca - Cola logo '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inventory : Earl R. Dean Collection '' . Vigo County Public Library . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lundy , Betty ( 1986 ) . The Bottle ( PDF ) . American Heritage Inc . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Jump up ^ `` Snopes urban legend of the Coca - Cola bottle shape '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lawrence M. Friedman , American Law in the 20th century ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2004 ) , 356 -- 357 , and Jay M. Feinman , Law 101 : Everything You Need to Know About the American Legal System , rev . ed . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , 165 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Light Gets Dressed By Another Designer , Karl Lagerfeld '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mireles , Ricardo . `` In Mexico , Big Cola is the real thing '' . Logistics Today . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` '' About Kristall Beverage `` '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2003 . Retrieved January 31 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2006 . Archived December 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Murden , Terry ( January 30 , 2005 ) . Coke adds life to health drinks sector . Scotland on Sunday . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kripalani , Manjeet and Mark L. Clifford ( February 10 , 2003 ) `` Finally , Coke Gets It Right in India '' Archived February 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fizzical Facts : Coke claims 60 % mkt share in India '' , Times News Network , August 5 , 2005 Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson , `` The Claus That Refreshes , '' snopes.com , February 27 , 2001 . Retrieved June 10 , 2005 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ See George McKay ' Consumption , Coca - colonisation , cultural resistance -- and Santa Claus ' , in Sheila Whiteley , ed. ( 2008 ) Christmas , Ideology and Popular Culture . Edinburgh University Press , pp. 50 -- 70 . Jump up ^ The White Rock Collectors Association , `` Did White Rock or The Coca - Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement ? , '' whiterocking.org , 2001 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , December 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Coke means Coca - Cola '' . Coca - Cola Conversations . June 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Cynthia E. Quintanilla Perez , Selena . The Handbook of Texas online . Retrieved on June 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ My Coke Rewards ( Official Site ) Jump up ^ Jessica Burke ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sharing your Coke : marketing genius or just entirely weird ? '' . Foodmag.com.au . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Voxy.co.nz . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For Summer Campaign , Coke Prints 150 Popular First Names on Bottles '' . DesignTAXI.com . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca ‐ Cola Bottles History '' . London , UK : Coca - Cola GB . 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Share a Coke : Is your name on the list ? '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Belfast , UK : Independent News & Media . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Morning Cola Instead of Coffee ? '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1988 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Karen ( November 30 , 1987 ) . `` Soft drink for breakfast could be your cup of tea '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nikki Sandison ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Coca - Cola revives popular ' holidays are coming ' ad '' . Brand Republic . Jump up ^ Stephen Armstrong ( May 14 , 2001 ) . `` Coke goes for broke '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Jump up ^ `` The Coca - Cola Challenge '' . Campaign . October 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jane Hardy ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Do TV campaigns ad up ? '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Thornton : `` Ich wollte immer Musik '' `` . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . SPIEGELnet GmbH . November 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Prentiss Findlay ( December 7 , 2001 ) . `` Charleston native Thornton to be buried on Saturday . '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , SC . Jump up ^ Nicola Clark ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Coca - Cola restructures in healthy drinks focus '' . Brand Republic . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola launches its Diwali campaign `` Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry '' . Bestmediainfo.com . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Diwali ! '' . YouTube . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pia Heikkila ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` From Bollywood to the world '' . The National . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola '' . Olympic Movement . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Post of Coca - Cola 2010 Olympic Hockey Commercial '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Partners - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOUR Championship by Coca - Cola '' . PGATour . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to Release Gold Can Commemorating the 2010 Olympics '' . BevWire . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Summer Long Lyrics -- Beach Boys '' . Sing365.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley is overrated '' . CNN . August 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley '' . YouTube . June 21 , 1977 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola celebrates 125th anniversary with ' Elvis and Coke ' '' . Rica.alfahosting.org . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Music In Japanese Coca - Cola Commercial -- Misc '' . ElvisNews.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : Coca - Cola Planet Live ( Rare Euro Promo ) FLAC -- Guitars101 -- Guitar Forums '' . Guitars101 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Diet Coke commercial on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola Light CM -- Elton John '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Diet Coke Commercial ( 1986 ) '' . YouTube . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lola by The Kinks Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ... And I Love New York '' . Rogallery.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Iwamuro M. ; Okada H. ; Matsueda K. ; Inaba T. ; Kusumoto C. ; Imagawa A. ; Yamamoto K. ( 2015 ) . `` Review of the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bezoars '' . World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 7 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 345 . doi : 10.4253 / wjge. v7. i4. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Stomach , Definition and Patient Education '' . Healthline . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Accused '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola boycott launched after killings at Colombian plants '' . theguardian.com . Guardian . July 24 , 2003 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coke sued over death squad claims '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coca Cola 's Role in the Assassinations of Union Leaders Explored in Powerful New Documentary . Alternet. April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( August 15 , 1993 ) . `` Viewpoints ; A Brief History of Coca - Colonization '' . The New York Times . p. 256 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Koetse , Manya ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Coca Cola in China '' . Marketing . Netherlands : whatsonweibo.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boycott Israel Campaign page on Coca - Cola '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , John ( December 31 , 2002 ) . `` They Choke on Coke , But Savor Mecca - Cola '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Robert . `` Coke machines on - board the space shuttle '' . CollectSpace . Jump up ^ Orloff , Richard W. ( January 2001 ) ( Press Kit May 1996 ) . `` Space Shuttle Mission STS - 77 '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( RED ) Partners '' . ( RED ) . The ONE Campaign. 2012 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Further reading Allen , Frederick . Secret Formula : How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca - Cola the Best - Known Product in the World . New York : Harper Business , 1994 . Blanding , Michael . The Coke Machine : The Dirty Truth Behind the World 's Favorite Soft Drink . New York : Avery , 2010 . Elmore , Bartow J. `` Citizen Coke : An Environmental and Political History of the Coca - Cola Company , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2013 ) 14 # 4 pp 717 -- 731 online Foster , Robert ( 2008 ) . Coca - Globalization : Following Soft Drinks from New York to New Guinea . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Hamblin , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda '' . The Atlantic . When cocaine and alcohol meet inside a person , they create a third unique drug called cocaethylene . Hays , Constance L. The Real Thing : Truth and Power at the Coca - Cola Company . New York : Random House , 2004 . Kahn , Ely J. , Jr . The Big Drink : The Story of Coca - Cola . New York : Random House , 1960 . Louis , Jill Chen and Harvey Z . Yazijian . The Cola Wars . New York : Everest House Publishers , 1980 . Oliver , Thomas . The Real Coke , The Real Story . New York : Random House , 1986 . Pendergrast , Mark . For God , Country , and Coca - Cola : The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink And the Company That Makes It . New York : Basic Books , 2000 . Primary sources Isdell , Neville . Inside Coca - Cola : A CEO 's Life Story of Building the World 's Most Popular Brand . With the assistance of David Beasley . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coca - Cola . Official website Kinescope of a live 1954 TV commercial for Coca - Cola ( Internet Archive ) Coca - Cola Advertising History Coca - Cola : Refreshing Memories -- slideshow by Life magazine China Advisory : Avoiding the Wax Tadpole -- Effective Chinese Language Trademark Strategy Chinese language trademark for Coca - Cola Varieties of Coca - Cola Regular Coca - Cola Mexican Coke New Coke ( Coke II ) Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola with Lime Coca - Cola Vanilla Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla Coca - Cola BlāK Coca - Cola with Lemon Coca - Cola Raspberry Coca - Cola Orange Coca - Cola Life White Coke Low - calorie TaB Diet Coke / Coke Light Coca - Cola C2 Coca - Cola Zero Coca - Cola Light Sango Diet Coke Plus The Coca - Cola Company List of Coca - Cola brands Soft drinks Ambasa Ameyal Barq 's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Cannings Chinotto Citra Coca - Cola Fanta Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Gold Spot Guaraná Jesus Hit Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Lilt Limca Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Mr. Pibb Nordic Mist OK Soda Pibb Xtra Pibb Zero Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin ' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Royal Tru Santiba Sarsi Seagram 's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Stoney Surge Tab Tanora Thums Up Tiky Urge Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Cappy Capri Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi - C Honest Tea Innocent Maaza Matte Leão Minute Maid Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Royal Tru Simply Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum - E Yummies VitaminWater ZICO Sports drinks Aquarius Powerade Monster Beverage ( 17.9 % stake ) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Lift Plus Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Vault Von Dutch Bottled water AdeS Arwa Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smart Water Topo Chico Valpre Coffee - based Caribou Coffee Georgia illy Dairy - based Fairlife Swerve Vio Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines ( 49 % ) Coca - Cola Hellenic ( 23.2 % ) Coca - Cola European Partners ( 18 % ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa ( 11.3 % ) Former holdings Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. ( 1944 ) POM Wonderful v. Coca - Cola ( 2014 ) Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) U.S. v. 40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca - Cola ( ( 1916 ) Other Coca - Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Freestyle Limca Book of Records My Coke Rewards Cola brands Afri - Amrat Apotekarnes Auvergnat Baikal Barr Beed Big 8 Big Breizh Bubba Campa Cassinelli Cavan China Classic ( UK ) Club Coca - Cola Cockta Turka Cole Cold Corsica Count Cricket Cuba Diet Coke Diet Rite Double Double Seven El Ché - Est Evoca Export Fada Faygo Fentimans Curiosity Frescolita Fritz - Fruti Fuji - Future Grandpa Graf 's Guaranito Isaac Jolly Jolt Jones Soda Kitty Kofola Real Román Kristal LA Ice Lava Like Mecca - Mr . No Name Olvi Open Pakola Pepsi Parsi Perú Polo - Cockta Pran Premium - President 's Choice Qibla RC Red Bull Red Reed 's Rola Sam 's Choice Schweppes Sinalco Tab Thums Up Topsia Triple tuKola Ubuntu Vess Virgin Vita XL Zamzam Zelal Zevia GND : 4125197 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca-Cola&oldid=802937763 '' Categories : Coca - Cola Products introduced in 1886 American drinks American inventions Cola brands Coca - Cola brands Kosher food Patent medicines Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the caffeine in coca cola come from	[ "Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a carbonated soft drink[1] produced by The Coca-Cola Company. Originally intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The drink's name refers to two of its original ingredients, which were kola nuts (a source of caffeine) and coca leaves. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published." ]	[ "kola nuts" ]
4580175707435472632	Catharsis	Catharsis - wikipedia Catharsis Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Catharsis ( disambiguation ) . Catharsis ( from Greek κάθαρσις katharsis meaning `` purification '' or `` cleansing '' ) is the purification and purgation of emotions -- particularly pity and fear -- through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration . It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics , comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of a spectator to the effect of a cathartic on the body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dramatic uses 1.1 Purgation and purification 1.2 Intellectual clarification 1.3 Literary analysis of catharsis 1.4 Attempts to subvert catharsis 2 `` Catharsis '' before tragedy 3 Therapeutic uses 4 Social catharsis 4.1 Stages 4.2 Motives 4.3 The grapevine effect 4.4 Collective catharsis 4.5 Effect on emotional recovery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Dramatic uses ( edit ) Catharsis is a term in dramatic art that describes the effect of tragedy ( or comedy and quite possibly other artistic forms ) principally on the audience ( although some have speculated on characters in the drama as well ) . Nowhere does Aristotle explain the meaning of `` catharsis '' as he is using that term in the definition of tragedy in the Poetics ( 1449b21 - 28 ) . G. F. Else argues that traditional , widely held interpretations of catharsis as `` purification '' or `` purgation '' have no basis in the text of the Poetics , but are derived from the use of catharsis in other Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian contexts . For this reason , a number of diverse interpretations of the meaning of this term have arisen . The term is often discussed along with Aristotle 's concept of anagnorisis . D. W. Lucas , in an authoritative edition of the Poetics , comprehensively covers the various nuances inherent in the meaning of the term in an Appendix devoted to `` Pity , Fear , and Katharsis '' . Lucas recognizes the possibility of catharsis bearing some aspect of the meaning of `` purification , purgation , and ' intellectual clarification ' '' although his discussion of these terms is not always , or perhaps often , in the precise form with which other influential scholars have treated them . Lucas himself does not accept any one of these interpretations as his own but adopts a rather different one based on `` the Greek doctrine of Humours '' which has not received wide subsequent acceptance . Purgation and purification , used in previous centuries , as the common interpretations of catharsis are still in wide use today . More recently , in the twentieth century , the interpretation of catharsis as `` intellectual clarification '' has arisen as a rival to the older views in describing the effect of catharsis on members of the audience . Purgation and purification ( edit ) In his works prior to the Poetics , Aristotle had used the term catharsis purely in its medical sense ( usually referring to the evacuation of the katamenia -- the menstrual fluid or other reproductive material ) . Here , however , he employs it as a medical metaphor . F.L. Lucas maintains , therefore , that purification and cleansing are not proper translations for catharsis ; that it should rather be rendered as purgation . `` It is the human soul that is purged of its excessive passions . '' Gerald F. Else made the following argument against the `` purgation '' theory : `` It presupposes that we come to the tragic drama ( unconsciously , if you will ) as patients to be cured , relieved , restored to psychic health . But there is not a word to support this in the `` Poetics '' , not a hint that the end of drama is to cure or alleviate pathological states . On the contrary it is evident in every line of the work that Aristotle is presupposing `` normal '' auditors , normal states of mind and feeling , normal emotional and aesthetic experience . '' Lessing sidesteps the medical attribution . He translates catharsis as a purification , an experience that brings pity and fear into their proper balance : `` In real life , '' he explained , `` men are sometimes too much addicted to pity or fear , sometimes too little ; tragedy brings them back to a virtuous and happy mean . '' Tragedy is then a corrective ; through watching tragedy , the audience learns how to feel these emotions at proper levels . Intellectual clarification ( edit ) In the twentieth century a paradigm shift took place in the interpretation of catharsis with a number of scholars contributing to the argument in support of the intellectual clarification concept . The clarification theory of catharsis would be fully consistent , as other interpretations are not , with Aristotle 's argument in chapter 4 of the Poetics ( 1448b4 - 17 ) that the essential pleasure of mimesis is the intellectual pleasure of `` learning and inference . '' It is generally understood that Aristotle 's theory of mimesis and catharsis are responses to Plato 's negative view of artistic mimesis on an audience . Plato argued that the most common forms of artistic mimesis were designed to evoke from an audience powerful emotions such as pity , fear , and ridicule which override the rational control that defines the highest level of our humanity and lead us to wallow unacceptably in the overindulgence of emotion and passion . Aristotle 's concept of catharsis , in all of the major senses attributed to it , contradicts Plato 's view by providing a mechanism that generates the rational control of irrational emotions . All of the commonly held interpretations of catharsis , purgation , purification , and clarification are considered by most scholars to represent a homeopathic process in which pity and fear accomplish the catharsis of emotions like themselves . For an alternate view of catharsis as an allopathic process in which pity and fear produce a catharsis of emotions unlike pity and fear , see E. Belfiore , `` Tragic Pleasures : Aristotle on Plot and Emotion . '' Princeton , 1992 , 260 ff . Literary analysis of catharsis ( edit ) The following analysis by E.R. Dodds , directed at the character of Oedipus in the paradigmatic Aristotelian tragedy , Oedipus Rex , incorporates all three of the aforementioned interpretations of catharsis : purgation , purification , intellectual clarification : ... what fascinates us is the spectacle of a man freely choosing , from the highest motives a series of actions which lead to his own ruin . Oedipus might have left the plague to take its course ; but pity for the sufferings of his people compelled him to consult Delphi . When Apollo 's word came back , he might still have left the murder of Laius uninvestigated ; but piety and justice required him to act . He need not have forced the truth from the reluctant Theban herdsman ; but because he can not rest content with a lie , he must tear away the last veil from the illusion in which he has lived so long . Teiresias , Jocasta , the herdsman , each in turn tries to stop him , but in vain ; he must read the last riddle , the riddle of his own life . The immediate cause of Oedipus ' ruin is not `` fate or `` the gods '' -- no oracle said that he must discover the truth -- and still less does it lie in his own weakness ; what causes his ruin is his own strength and courage , his loyalty to Thebes , and his loyalty to the truth . Attempts to subvert catharsis ( edit ) There have been , for political or aesthetic reasons , deliberate attempts made to subvert the effect of catharsis in theatre . For example , Bertolt Brecht viewed catharsis as a pap ( pabulum ) for the bourgeois theatre audience , and designed dramas which left significant emotions unresolved , intending to force social action upon the audience . Brecht then identified the concept of catharsis with the notion of identification of the spectator , meaning a complete adhesion of the viewer to the dramatic actions and characters . Brecht reasoned that the absence of a cathartic resolution would require the audience to take political action in the real world , in order to fill the emotional gap they had experienced vicariously . This technique can be seen as early as his agit - prop play The Measures Taken , and is mostly the source of his invention of an epic theatre , based on a distancing effect ( Verfremdungseffekt ) between the viewer and the representation or portrayal of characters . `` Catharsis '' before tragedy ( edit ) Catharsis before the sixth - century rise of tragedy is , for the Western World , essentially a historical footnote to the Aristotelian conception . The practice of purification had not yet appeared in Homer , as later Greek commentators noted : the Aithiopis , an epic set in the Trojan War cycle , narrates the purification of Achilles after his murder of Thersites . Catharsis describes the result of measures taken to cleanse away blood - guilt -- `` blood is purified through blood '' , a process in the development of Hellenistic culture in which the oracle of Delphi took a prominent role . The classic example -- Orestes -- belongs to tragedy , but the procedure given by Aeschylus is ancient : the blood of a sacrificed piglet is allowed to wash over the blood - polluted man , and running water washes away the blood . The identical ritual is represented , Burkert informs us , on a krater found at Canicattini , wherein it is shown being employed to cure the daughters of Proetus from their madness , caused by some ritual transgression . To the question of whether the ritual obtains atonement for the subject , or just healing , Burkert answers : `` To raise the question is to see the irrelevance of this distinction '' . Therapeutic uses ( edit ) In psychology , the term was first employed by Sigmund Freud 's colleague Josef Breuer ( 1842 -- 1925 ) , who developed a cathartic method of treatment using hypnosis for persons suffering from intensive hysteria . While under hypnosis , Breuer 's patients were able to recall traumatic experiences , and through the process of expressing the original emotions that had been repressed and forgotten , they were relieved of their hysteric symptoms . Catharsis was also central to Freud 's concept of psychoanalysis , but he replaced hypnosis with free association . The term catharsis has also been adopted by modern psychotherapy , particularly Freudian psychoanalysis , to describe the act of expressing , or more accurately , experiencing the deep emotions often associated with events in the individual 's past which had originally been repressed or ignored , and had never been adequately addressed or experienced . There has been much debate about the use of catharsis in the reduction of anger . Some scholars believe that `` blowing off steam '' may reduce physiological stress in the short term , but this reduction may act as a reward mechanism , reinforcing the behavior and promoting future outbursts . However , other studies have suggested that using violent media may decrease hostility under periods of stress . Legal scholars have linked `` catharsis '' to `` closure '' ( an individual 's desire for a firm answer to a question and an aversion toward ambiguity ) and `` satisfaction '' which can be applied to affective strategies as diverse as retribution , on one hand , and forgiveness on the other . Interestingly , there 's no `` one size fits all '' definition of `` catharsis '' , therefore this does not allow a clear definition of its use in therapeutic terms . Social catharsis ( edit ) Emotional situations can elicit physiological , behavioral , cognitive , expressive , and subjective changes in individuals . Affected individuals often use social sharing as a cathartic release of emotions . Bernard Rimé studies the patterns of social sharing after emotional experiences . His works suggests that individuals seek social outlets in an attempt to modify the situation and restore personal homeostatic balance . Rimé found that 80 -- 95 % of emotional episodes are shared . The affected individuals talk about the emotional experience recurrently to people around them throughout the following hours , days , or weeks . These results indicate that this response is irrespective of emotional valence , gender , education , and culture . His studies also found that social sharing of emotion increases as the intensity of the emotion increases . Stages ( edit ) Émile Durkheim proposed emotional stages of social sharing : Directly after emotional effects , the emotions are shared . Through sharing , there is a reciprocal stimulation of emotions and emotional communion . This leads to social effects like social integration and strengthening of beliefs . Finally , individuals experience a renewed trust in life , strength , and self - confidence . Motives ( edit ) Affect scientists have found differences in motives for social sharing of positive and negative emotions . ( 1 ) Positive emotion A study by Langston found that individuals share positive events to capitalize on the positive emotions they elicit . Reminiscing the positive experience augments positive affects like temporary mood and longer - term well - being . A study by Gable et al. confirmed Langston 's `` capitalization '' theory by demonstrating that relationship quality is enhanced when partners are responsive to positive recollections . The responsiveness increased levels of intimacy and satisfaction within the relationship . In general , the motives behind social sharing of positive events are to recall the positive emotions , inform others , and gain attention from others . All three motives are representatives of capitalization . ( 2 ) Negative emotion Rimé studies suggest that the motives behind social sharing of negative emotions are to vent , understand , bond , and gain social support . Negatively affected individuals often seek life meaning and emotional support to combat feelings of loneliness after a tragic event . The grapevine effect ( edit ) If emotions are shared socially and elicits emotion in the listener then the listener will likely share what they heard with other people . Rimé calls this process `` secondary social sharing . '' If this repeats , it is then called `` tertiary social sharing . '' Collective catharsis ( edit ) Collective emotional events share similar responses . When communities are affected by an emotional event , members repetitively share emotional experiences . After the 2001 New York and the 2004 Madrid terrorist attacks , more than 80 % of respondents shared their emotional experience with others . According to Rimé , every sharing round elicits emotional reactivation in the sender and the receiver . This then reactivates the need to share in both . Social sharing throughout the community leads to high amounts of emotional recollection and `` emotional overheating . '' Pennebaker and Harber defined three stages of collective responses to emotional events . In the first stage , a state of `` emergency '' takes place in the first month after the emotional event . In this stage , there is an abundance of thoughts , talks , media coverage , and social integration based on the event . In the second stage , the `` plateau '' occurs in the second month . Abundant thoughts remain , but the amount of talks , media coverage , and social integration decreases . In the third stage , the `` extinction '' occurs after the second month . There is a return to normalcy . Effect on emotional recovery ( edit ) This cathartic release of emotions is often believed to be therapeutic for affected individuals . Many therapeutic mechanisms have been seen to aid in emotional recovery . One example is `` interpersonal emotion regulation , '' in which listeners help to modify the affected individual 's affective state by using certain strategies . Expressive writing is another common mechanism for catharsis . Joanne Frattaroli published a meta - analysis suggesting that written disclosure of information , thoughts , and feelings enhances mental health . However , other studies question the benefits of social catharsis . Finkenauer and colleagues found that non-shared memories were no more emotionally triggering than shared ones . Other studies have also failed to prove that social catharsis leads to any degree of emotional recovery . Zech and Rimé asked participants to recall and share a negative experience with an experimenter . When compared with the control group that only discussed unemotional topics , there was no correlation between emotional sharing and emotional recovery . Some studies even found adverse effects of social catharsis . Contrary to the Frattaroli study , Sbarra and colleagues found expressive writing to greatly impede emotional recovery following a marital separation . Similar findings have been published regarding trauma recovery . A group intervention technique is often used on disaster victims to prevent trauma - related disorders . However , meta - analysis showed negative effects of this cathartic `` therapy '' . See also ( edit ) Abreaction Closure ( psychology ) Kenosis Kairosis Sublimation ( psychology ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` catharsis '' . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Merriam - Webster . 1995 . p. 217 . Jump up ^ Berndtson , Arthur ( 1975 ) . Art , Expression , and Beauty . Krieger . p. 235 . ISBN 9780882752174 . The theory of catharsis has a disarming affinity with the expressional theory , since it emphasizes emotion , asserts a change in emotion as a result of aesthetic operations , and concludes on a note of freedom in relation to the emotion Jump up ^ Levin , Richard ( 2003 ) . Looking for an Argument : Critical Encounters with the New Approaches to the Criticism of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries . p. 42 . Catharsis in Shakespearean tragedy involves ... some kind of restoration of order and a renewal or enhancement of our positive feelings for the hero . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics , 1449b Jump up ^ `` catharsis ( criticism ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Scheff , Thomas J. ( 1979 ) . Catharsis in Healing , Ritual , and Drama . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 595 - 15237 - 6 . Jump up ^ Golden , Leon . `` Catharsis '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 93 : 51 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 283751 . JSTOR 283751 . Jump up ^ Lucas , D.W. ( 1977 ) . Aristotle : Poetics . Oxford University Press . pp. 276 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0198140245 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Michael P. ; Zax , Melvin ( 1977 ) . Catharsis in Psychotherapy . John Wiley & Sons Inc , New York . ISBN 978 - 0470990643 . Jump up ^ Belifiore , Elizabeth S. ( 1992 ) . Tragic Pleasures : Aristotle on Plot and Emotion . Princeton University Press . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Lucas , F.L. Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle 's Poetics , p. 24 Jump up ^ Else , Gerald F. Aristotle 's Poetics : The Argument , p. 440 . Cambridge , Mass . ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Lucas , F.L. Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle 's Poetics , p. 23 . Hogarth , 1928 Jump up ^ The following works can be usefully consulted in this regard : L. Golden , `` Aristotle on Tragic and Comic Mimesis , '' Atlanta , 1992 ; S. Halliwell , `` Aristotle 's Poetics , '' London , 1986 ; D. Keesey , `` On Some Recent Interpretations of Catharsis , `` The Classical World '' , ( 1979 ) 72.4 , 193 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Dodds , E.R. ( 1966 ) . `` On Misunderstanding the ' Oedipus Rex ' '' . Greece and Rome . 13 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 49 . doi : 10.1017 / s0017383500016144 . JSTOR 642354 . Jump up ^ Brecht , Bertold , `` La dramaturgie non aristotélicienne '' , Théâtre épique , théâtre dialectique , éd. Jean - Marie Valentin , Paris , Éditions de L'Arche , 1999 , p. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Burkert , Walter ( 1992 ) . The Orientalizing Revolution : Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age . Harvard University Press . p. 56 . This sub-section depends largely on Burkert . Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1992 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Burkert notes parallels with a bilingual Akkadian - Sumerian ritual text : `` the knowledgeable specialist , the sacrificial piglet , slaughter , contact with blood , and the subsequent cleansing with water '' Burkert ( 1992 ) , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1992 ) , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Bonnie , ed. ( 2001 ) . Catharsis . Gale . Jump up ^ Bushman , B.J. ; Baumeister , R.F. ; Stack , A.D. ( March 1999 ) . `` Catharsis , aggression , and persuasive influence : self - fulfilling or self - defeating prophecies ? '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 76 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 376 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.76. 3.367 . PMID 10101875 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Theresa A. ( 2007 ) . Gannon , Theresa A. ; Ward , Tony ; Beech , Anthony R. ; Fisher , Dawn , eds . Aggressive offenders ' cognition : theory , research , and practice . Wiley series in forensic clinical psychology . 35 . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 03401 - 9 . Jump up ^ Baron , Robert A. ; Richardson , Deborah R. ( 2004 ) . `` Catharsis : does ' getting it out of one 's system ' really help ? '' . Human Aggression . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 48434 - 6 . Jump up ^ Denzler , Markus ; Förster , Jens ; Liberman , Nira ( January 2009 ) . `` How goal - fulfillment decreases aggression '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 45 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jesp. 2008.08. 021 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Christopher ; Rueda , Stephanie ( 2010 ) . `` The Hitman study : Violent video game exposure effects on aggressive behavior , hostile feelings and depression '' ( PDF ) . European Psychologist. 15 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 108 . doi : 10.1027 / 1016 - 9040 / a000010 . Jump up ^ Bandes , Susan A. ( 2009 ) . `` Victims , ' Closure , ' and the Sociology Of Emotion '' . Law and Contemporary Problems . 72 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 26 . JSTOR 40647733 . SSRN 1112140 . Jump up ^ Kanwar , Vik ( 2002 ) . `` Capital Punishment as ' Closure ' : Limits of a Victim - Centered Jurisprudence '' . New York University Review of Law and Social Change . 27 ( 2&3 ) : 215 -- 255 . SSRN 978347 . Jump up ^ Powell , Esta . `` Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond A Historic Overview '' . ^ Jump up to : Rimé , Bernard ( 2009 ) . `` Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion : Theory and Empirical Review '' . Emotion Review . 1 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 85 . doi : 10.1177 / 1754073908097189 . ISSN 1754 - 0739 . Jump up ^ Durkheim , Émile ( 1915 ) . The elementary forms of the religious life , a study in religious sociology . Translated by Swain , Joseph Ward . George Allen & Unwin . Jump up ^ Langston , Christopher A. `` Capitalizing on and coping with daily - life events : Expressive responses to positive events '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 67 ( 6 ) : 1112 -- 1125 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.67. 6.1112 . Jump up ^ Gable , Shelly L. ; Reis , Harry T. ; Impett , Emily A. ; Asher , Evan R. `` What Do You Do When Things Go Right ? The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 87 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 245 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.87. 2.228 . PMID 15301629 . Jump up ^ Rimé , Bernard ; Páez , Darío ; Basabe , Nekane ; Martínez , Francisco ( 2009 ) . `` Social sharing of emotion , post-traumatic growth , and emotional climate : Follow - up of Spanish citizen 's response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in Madrid '' . European Journal of Social Psychology . 40 ( 6 ) : 1029 -- 1045 . doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 700 . ISSN 1099 - 0992 . Jump up ^ Pennebaker , James W. ; Harber , Kent D. ( 1993 ) . `` A Social Stage Model of Collective Coping : The Loma Prieta Earthquake and The Persian Gulf War '' . Journal of Social Issues . 49 ( 4 ) : 125 -- 145 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 4560.1993. tb01184. x . ISSN 1540 - 4560 . Jump up ^ Reeck , Crystal ; Ames , Daniel R. ; Ochsner , Kevin N. ( 2016 ) . `` The Social Regulation of Emotion : An Integrative , Cross-Disciplinary Model '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 20 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2015.09. 003 . ISSN 1879 - 307X . PMID 26564248 . Jump up ^ Frattaroli , Joanne . `` Experimental disclosure and its moderators : A meta - analysis '' . Psychological Bulletin . 132 ( 6 ) : 823 -- 865 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.132. 6.823 . Jump up ^ Finkenauer , Catrin ; Luminet , Olivier ; Gisle , Lydia ; El - Ahmadi , Abdessadek ; Linden , Martial Van Der ; Philippot , Pierre ( 1998 ) . `` Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation : Toward an emotional - integrative model '' . Memory & Cognition . 26 ( 3 ) : 516 -- 531 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03201160 . ISSN 0090 - 502X . PMID 9610122 . Jump up ^ Zech , Emmanuelle ; Rimé , Bernard ( 2005 ) . `` Is talking about an emotional experience helpful ? effects on emotional recovery and perceived benefits '' . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 12 ( 4 ) : 270 -- 287 . doi : 10.1002 / cpp. 460 . ISSN 1099 - 0879 . Jump up ^ Sbarra , David A. ; Boals , Adriel ; Mason , Ashley E. ; Larson , Grace M. ; Mehl , Matthias R. ( 2013 ) . `` Expressive Writing Can Impede Emotional Recovery Following Marital Separation '' . Clinical Psychological Science . 1 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 134 . doi : 10.1177 / 2167702612469801 . ISSN 2167 - 7026 . PMC 4297672 . PMID 25606351 . Jump up ^ van Emmerik , Arnold A.P. ; Kamphuis , Jan H. ; Hulsbosch , Alexander M. ; Emmelkamp , Paul M.G. ( 2002 ) . `` Single session debriefing after psychological trauma : a meta - analysis '' . Lancet . 360 ( 9335 ) : 766 -- 771 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 09897 - 5 . ISSN 0140 - 6736 . PMID 12241834 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Dictionary of the History of Ideas : `` Catharsis '' Catholic Encyclopedia : `` Mysticism '' and `` NeoPlatonism '' Blackwell Reference Kohn , Alfie ( 1992 ) . No Contest : The Cast Against Competition . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 63125 - 4 . `` Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond : A Historic Overview '' by Esta Powell External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Catharsis The dictionary definition of catharsis at Wiktionary Psychotherapy ( list ) Schools Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy Mentalization - based treatment Transference focused psychotherapy Cognitive and behavioral Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Compassion focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Combined with Applied behavior analysis Clinical behavior analysis or CBA Functional analytic psychotherapy Acceptance and commitment therapy Humanistic Person - centered therapy Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy Other Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Multimodal therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List Integrative Eclectic psychotherapy Integrative psychotherapy Transtheoretical model Approaches Brief psychotherapy Counseling Online counseling Residential treatment Self - help Support groups Research Clinical formulation Clinical pluralism Common factors theory History Practitioner -- scholar model Society for Psychotherapy Research Techniques Behaviour therapy Aversion therapy Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) ( formerly Behavior modification ) Desensitization Homework Other individual therapy Autogenic training Biofeedback Cognitive restructuring Exposure therapy Free association Hypnotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training Relationship counseling People Philippe Pinel ( 1745 -- 1826 ) Josef Breuer ( 1842 -- 1925 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Pierre Janet ( 1859 -- 1947 ) Alfred Adler ( 1870 -- 1937 ) Sándor Ferenczi ( 1873 -- 1933 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) Ludwig Binswanger ( 1881 -- 1966 ) Melanie Klein ( 1882 -- 1960 ) Otto Rank ( 1884 -- 1939 ) Karen Horney ( 1885 -- 1952 ) Harry Stack Sullivan ( 1892 -- 1949 ) Fritz Perls ( 1893 -- 1970 ) Anna Freud ( 1895 -- 1982 ) Donald Winnicott ( 1896 -- 1971 ) Wilhelm Reich ( 1897 -- 1957 ) Milton H. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said the function of tragedy is to produce the katharsis of pity and fear	[ "Catharsis (from Greek κάθαρσις katharsis meaning \"purification\" or \"cleansing\") is the purification and purgation of emotions—particularly pity and fear—through art[1] or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration.[2][3] It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the Poetics, comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of a spectator to the effect of a cathartic on the body.[4][5]" ]	[ "Aristotle" ]
183480279858323357	List of South African provinces by area	List of South african provinces by area - wikipedia List of South african provinces by area Since the election of 27 April 1994 , South Africa has been divided into nine provinces . They vary widely in size , from the Northern Cape , which covers nearly one - third of the country 's land area , to Gauteng , which takes up a mere 1.5 % . Rank Province Area ( km2 ) Percentage Northern Cape 372,889 30.5 Eastern Cape 168,966 13.8 Free State 129,825 10.6 Western Cape 129,462 10.6 Limpopo 125,755 10.2 6 North West 104,882 8.6 7 KwaZulu - Natal 94,361 7.7 8 Mpumalanga 76,495 6.3 9 Gauteng 18,178 1.5 South Africa 1,220,813 100.0 The Prince Edward Islands , which are considered part of the Western Cape for legal purposes but are administered by the national Department of Environmental Affairs , are not included in this table ; they have surface areas of 290 km2 ( Marion Island ) and 45 km2 ( Prince Edward Island ) . Historical data ( edit ) The provincial borders have changed twice since 1994 : once on 1 March 2006 , when all provinces except the Free State and the Western Cape were affected ; and once on 3 April 2009 , when only the Gauteng -- North West border was altered . Province 1994 -- 2006 ( km2 ) Percentage 2006 -- 2009 ( km2 ) Percentage 2009 -- present ( km2 ) Percentage Northern Cape 361,830 29.7 372,889 30.5 372,889 30.5 Eastern Cape 169,580 13.9 168,966 13.8 168,966 13.8 Free State 129,480 10.6 129,825 10.6 129,825 10.6 Western Cape 129,370 10.6 129,462 10.6 129,462 10.6 Limpopo 123,910 10.2 125,755 10.2 125,755 10.2 North West 116,320 9.5 106,512 8.7 104,882 8.6 KwaZulu - Natal 92,100 7.6 94,361 7.7 94,361 7.7 Mpumalanga 79,490 6.5 76,495 6.3 76,495 6.3 Gauteng 17,010 1.4 16,548 1.4 18,178 1.5 South Africa 1,219,090 100.0 1,220,813 100.0 1,220,813 100.0 The pre-2006 figures are based on a less accurate calculation , and therefore the total is different from that for the post-2006 figures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stats in brief , 2009 ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2009 . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 621 - 38774 - 2 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John ( June 2006 ) . `` Antarctica and Islands : Background Research Paper produced for the South Africa Environment Outlook report on behalf of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Stats in brief , 2000 ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2000 . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 621 - 29480 - 2 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Stats in brief , 2006 ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2006 . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 621 - 36558 - 0 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Lists relating to the provinces of South Africa Ranked by area by population by population density by GDP by GDP per capita by HDI by highest point Political Capitals Administrators ( 1910 -- 1994 ) Premiers ( since 1994 ) Legislatures Districts Municipalities Other ISO 3166 - 2 codes Vehicle registration plates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_South_African_provinces_by_area&oldid=592295684 '' Categories : Lists of provinces of South Africa Ranked lists of country subdivisions Demographics of South Africa Lists by area Talk About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2014 , at 08 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	which one is the biggest province in south africa	[ "\n\n\nRank\n\nProvince\n\nArea (km²)[1]\n\nPercentage\n\n\n1\n\nNorthern Cape\n\n372,889\n\n30.5\n\n\n2\n\nEastern Cape\n\n168,966\n\n13.8\n\n\n3\n\nFree State\n\n129,825\n\n10.6\n\n\n4\n\nWestern Cape\n\n129,462\n\n10.6\n\n\n5\n\nLimpopo\n\n125,755\n\n10.2\n\n\n6\n\nNorth West\n\n104,882\n\n8.6\n\n\n7\n\nKwaZulu-Natal\n\n94,361\n\n7.7\n\n\n8\n\nMpumalanga\n\n76,495\n\n6.3\n\n\n9\n\nGauteng\n\n18,178\n\n1.5\n\n\nSouth Africa\n\n1,220,813\n\n100.0\n" ]	[ "Northern Cape" ]
-5539735476314982448	Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo	Houston livestock show and rodeo - wikipedia Houston livestock show and rodeo Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Reliant Stadium filled with rodeo attendees at the 2006 HLSR Genre Rodeo , livestock show and fair Dates 25 February -- 17 March 2019 Location ( s ) Houston , Texas , United States Founded 1931 ( as the Houston Fat Stock Show and Livestock Exposition ) Attendance 2,611,176 ( 2017 ) The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , also called RodeoHouston or abbreviated HLSR , is the largest livestock exhibitions and rodeo in the world . It also includes one of the richest regular - season rodeo events . It has been held at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas , since 2003 . It was previously held in the Astrodome . It is considered to be the city 's `` signature event '' , much like New Orleans 's Mardi Gras , Dallas 's Texas State Fair , San Diego 's Comic - Con and New York City 's New Year 's Eve at Times Square . In 2017 , attendance reached a record high of 2,611,176 people and 33,000 volunteers . In 2007 , the rodeo was deemed `` the year of the volunteer . '' The event is 20 days long . It is kicked off by the Downtown Rodeo Roundup held near Houston City Hall , the Downtown Rodeo parade , and the ConocoPhillips Rodeo Run -- a 10k and 5k walk & run and the World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest . The show features championship rodeo action , livestock competitions , concerts , a carnival , pig racing , barbecue and the Rodeo Uncorked ! International Wine Competition , shopping , sales and livestock auctions . Traditional trail rides , which start in different areas of Texas and end in Houston , precede the Rodeo events . The City of Houston celebrates this event with Go Texan Day , where residents are encouraged to dress in western wear the Friday before the rodeo begins . The rodeo has drawn some of the world 's biggest recording artists , including Beyoncé , Selena Gomez , Fifth Harmony , Demi Lovato , Ariana Grande , Selena , Kiss , Dixie Chicks , Elvis Presley , Bob Dylan , Justin Bieber , Big Time Rush , Brooks & Dunn , George Strait , Janet Jackson , Garth Brooks , Willie Nelson , Kenny Chesney , Bon Jovi , ZZ Top , John Legend , Taylor Swift and Lynyrd Skynyrd , among others . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Astrodome era 1.3 1990s 1.4 21st century 2 Events 2.1 Rodeo Uncorked ! RoundUp and Best Bites Competition 2.2 Go Texan Day 2.3 Trail rides 2.4 Rodeo parade and Rodeo Run 2.5 World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest 2.6 Rodeo and concert 2.7 Grounds 2.8 Livestock show 3 Impact 4 Milestones 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) In the early part of the 20th century , Houston - area ranchers developed a new breed of cattle , the ( American Brahman , which was a blend of four breeds of cattle from India . The cattle were well - adapted to the hot , swampy conditions of the Texas Gulf Coast . In the early 1920s , James W. Sartwelle , a stockyard manager from Sealy , Texas , founded the American Brahman Breeders Association . Ranchers had no opportunities to show their cattle and raise awareness of the breed . Some attempted to show at the Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth , Texas , but they were n't allowed into the main arena . In January 1931 , Sartwelle invited six other businessmen to a lunch at the Texas State Hotel . They decided to host a livestock exposition in Houston . Sartwelle was named the first president of the new Houston Fat Stock Show and Livestock Exposition . Their inaugural event was held in late April 1932 at Sam Houston Hall in downtown Houston . It was primarily a regional event , designed to showcase the agriculture and livestock , including Brahmans , in the area around Houston . The show lasted one week and ran a deficit of $2,800 . Approximately 2,000 people attended the exposition , where they were also entertained by the Future Farmers Band , comprising 68 high school students from around the state . The Grand Champion Steer was purchased by a local restaurant owner for $504 . The Fat Stock show was held annually for the next four years . Realizing they had outgrown the space , organizers began looking for a larger venue . Shortly after the 1936 show ended , Sam Houston Hall was torn down . Sam Houston Coliseum , a 10,000 - seat arena , would take its place . To allow for construction time , the 1937 exposition was cancelled . The year off allowed Fat Stock show organizers to solidify plans for a larger event . When the show resumed in 1938 , it included a parade through downtown Houston , a carnival and midway , and a rodeo with a total purse of $640.50 . In the 1940s , organizers added musical entertainment . Local talent was invited to perform after the rodeo on some evenings . In 1942 , singing cowboy Gene Autry became the first nationally recognized entertainer to perform at the show . Attendance flagged in the early 1950s . To attract more attention to the event , organizers decided to hold a cattle drive . In 1952 , the media were invited to join cowboys on a 75 miles ( 121 km ) trek from Brenham , Texas to the Fat Stock show . The publicity stunt was well received . The following year , the Salt Grass Trail Association again held the cattle drive . Other areas of the state organized their own trail rides to the show . This began the transition from a smaller regional event to larger , statewide notice . Archer Romero , one of the key proponents of the trail ride , took over as president of the Fat Stock Show in 1954 . That year , he founded the Go Texan Committee to further publicize the show . The committee would designate a day shortly before the show commenced as Go Texan Day . They encouraged Houston residents to dress in Western wear . The day had the dual purpose of celebrating Texas culture and advertising the show . In 1957 , Myrtis Dightman organized the first trail ride for African - Americans . He led 10 other cowboys in a ride from Prairie View , Texas to Houston . Because of their color , they were not welcomed in Memorial Park , where trail riders typically spent the night . Armed guards were there to ensure that the men could enter safely . That same year , the show granted its first major scholarship . Ben Dickerson was given $2,000 ( $16,000 in 2016 ) towards his education . This was the first step a major shift in the show 's purpose . Over the next few decades , the show placed an increasing emphasis on education and scholarships . Astrodome era ( edit ) Throughout the 1950s , influential local leaders had been advocating that the city acquire a professional sports team . In 1957 , the Texas State Legislature granted Harris County the ability to issue bonds to finance a new stadium , so that the city could attract a team . The county put together a commission to formulate a plan . Romero stepped down as Fat Stock Show president to join the commission . They visited stadiums in several large cities , as well as a fairgrounds in Oklahoma . After several years of research , the commission recommended that the county build both a stadium and a connected , air - conditioned coliseum . The presentation to the county commissioners listed four main uses for the new facility : 1 ) Major league baseball , 2 ) football , 3 ) the Fat Stock Show , and 4 ) various other activities . County commissioners approved the project , sending it to a vote of Harris County residents . Just before the election , Fat Stock Show organizers announced that the show would donate 230 acres ( 93 ha ) near South Main for the project , provided the show have input into the design . Voters approved the new stadium , and the Fat Stock Show became one of the focal residents of the new Astrodome . The show was renamed the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo in 1961 . The show had continued to grow , and organizers realized that Sam Houston Coliseum would not be a viable alternative for much longer . The number of exhibitors had declined because many activities were held outside in tents . The chicken , rabbit , and hog shows were cancelled because organizers could not find space for them . Construction began on the Astrohall , next to the Astrodome , in 1965 . The following year , the Livestock Show and Rodeo officially moved to the Astrodome . To mark their new location , the organizing committee introduced a new logo , the Bowlegged H. The first night of the rodeo featured entertainment by the stars of the television series Gunsmoke . Some locals scoffed at the idea that the rodeo and concert could fill a 45,000 - seat stadium , but more than 40,000 fans attended the rodeo the night Jimmy Dean performed that year . Louis Pearce Jr served sixty years as a board member of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . He served on the executive committee as president and CEO , and remained an active executive committee member until his death in 2012 . As a result of his dedication and significant contributions to the event , Pearce became known as `` Mr. Houston Livestock Show '' . The first Hispanic trail ride commenced in 1973 . Calling themselves Los Vaqueros Rio Grande Trail Ride , the group journeyed 400 miles ( 640 km ) from the border crossing at Reynosa , Mexico to Houston . The Go Texan committee launched the World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest in 1974 . Seventeen teams entered the competition , which was held in the Astrodome parking lot . Teams were asked to barbecue a minimum of 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) on a wood fire . The inaugural judges included actor Ben Johnson . The competition grew in popularity ; by 1981 it had grown to over 200 teams , with 45,000 people visiting . In 1988 , the show added a 5k run and 10k fun run through downtown Houston . Participants would pay an entry fee , with proceeds going to the scholarship fund . 1990s ( edit ) By the 1990s , the show had been expanded to 20 days . Each evening featured a rodeo , sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) . The rodeo offered hundreds of thousands of dollars in prize money , second only to the National Finals Rodeo . After the rodeo , attendees would see a concert , usually by a famous entertainer . Tickets were relatively inexpensive . For $10 or a little more , a person could buy a ticket to see the livestock shows , wild west shows , the rodeo and concert , and enjoy the carnival . The livestock show was billed as the largest of its kind , with more animals shown by adolescents than anywhere else in the country . Winning livestock were auctioned at the end of the judging , and , in the 1990s , the combined auction take was usually over $7 million . This was far beyond market value . The rodeo was generally limited to the top PRCA contestants , based on prize money earned throughout the year . It was popular with cowboys ; Houston won the inaugural Indoor Rodeo Committee of the Year award from the PRCA in 1992 , and then won each of the next four years as well . The facility had huge screens hanging from the ceiling . Attendees could watch the competition live , then see an instant replay on the screens . In 1996 , the rodeo was halted one evening . The crew on the space shuttle Columbia appeared live on the big screens to address the crowd . Later that year , country singer George Strait set a record , having played to more than 1 million Houston rodeo attendees . The 1996 rodeo earned a net profit of $16.8 million and gave more than $7.9 million away in scholarships , assistantships , and research grants . The Hideout was created in 1997 to give attendees more entertainment options after the rodeo and concert had ended . It is a nightclub for adults over 21 to dance and drink . 21st century ( edit ) A new venue , Reliant Stadium ( now NRG Stadium ) , was built on the Astrodome grounds in 2002 . The rodeo marked its last night in the Astrodome on March 3 , 2002 , with a performance by country legend George Strait . The show was recorded and became Strait 's first official live album , For the Last Time : Live from the Astrodome . Following the show , the Astrohall was torn down . A new exhibition space , Reliant Center , was constructed on the grounds , expanding exhibition capacity to 1.4 million square feet . Rodeo executives moved their offices into the second floor of the center . When the rodeo opened in 2003 in its new homes , Strait performed on opening night . In the first two seasons at Reliant , the Hideout was cancelled , but it resumed in 2005 , now located within the Astrodome . In 2004 , show organizers added a new event , Rodeo Uncorked ! International . Vintners from around the world entered their wines into a competition . These were then auctioned , raising $313,700 . The following year , the wine auction raised more than $500,000 . To give livestock show attendees the opportunity to taste the wines , the show launched the Wine Garden in 2008 . Attendance at the rodeo began falling . Attendees would purchase a ticket and arrive just before the concert , leaving a largely empty stadium for the rodeo itself . Joe Bruce Hancock , then the general manager of the rodeo , theorized that the audience was more urban and less familiar with rodeo events . The current show structure moved slowly and made it difficult for this type of audience to follow what was happening . As one of the PRCA - sanctioned rodeos , show organizers had little ability to make changes . The PRCA required that certain events be held , dictated the general structure of the rodeo , and insisted that each organizing committee use the PRCA national registration system . This meant that rodeos did not know which contestants were going to be appearing , or on which days . The Houston rodeo committee requested a waiver from the PRCA in 2008 . Houston would still remit 6 % of the rodeo purse to the PRCA , but they would change the format and the registration system . Now , the rodeo knew who would be competing on which days and could market those individual appearances . The rodeo was restructured into a playoff format . Attendance at the rodeo skyrocketed . Champion bareback rider Bobby Mote said competitors appreciated the changes : `` It was exciting to be a part of because people were really getting into it . Finally we were performing for a real crowd in Houston . '' The finale of the 2008 rodeo was the PRCA 's Xtreme Bulls tour . The same year , HLSR was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame along with 15 other PRCA rodeos that had previously been granted special recognition . During the 2009 state legislative session , local state senator Mario Gallegos filed a bill that would require the livestock show organizing committee to comply with the state open records rules . The bill would also encourage the rodeo to contract with more minority - owned business and to add minorities to the livestock show 's executive committee . At the time , the 19 - member executive committee composed entirely of men , without a single Hispanic or African - American representative . Livestock show president Leroy Shafer insisted that the legislation was unprecedented , and that non-profits should not be held to the same standards as public entities . Shafer maintained that the executive committee membership was determined in large part by length of volunteer service , with the members having served , on average , for 37.5 years . According to Shafer , in time minorities and women would accumulate the years of service required to be on the committee . Minority leaders in Houston advocated a boycott . The controversy caused new Harris County sheriff Adrian Garcia to decline an invitation to be co-grand marshal of the rodeo parade , although Garcia still marched in the parade as part of the sheriff 's office mounted patrol . When the Astrodome was permanently closed in 2009 , the Hideout moved to a giant tent on the grounds of the facility . The rodeo 's waiver from the PRCA expired in 2011 . Houston applied for a renewal but were denied . The PRCA was under new management , who insisted that all of their rodeos should abide by the same rules . The show ended its contract with the organization , making the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo an independent rodeo . As an unsanctioned rodeo , none of the prize money would count towards competitors ' world standings , and thus qualification for the National Finals Rodeo . Some competitors were upset with the change , as winning the RodeoHouston $50,000 prize had generally been enough to qualify a cowboy for the National Finals Rodeo . However , because the $1.75 million purse was the largest one in rodeo at that time , there was little difficulty in attracting cowboys . Because they were now independent , the show could now invite specific competitors who might not otherwise have qualified to appear , such as local cowboy , 8 - time world champion calf roper Fred Whitfield . Of the 280 competitors invited to attend in 2012 , all but one accepted . In an additional change , the rodeo dropped the PRCA 's Xtreme Bulls tour from its last evening . As a replacement , they offered the Cinch RodeoHouston Super Shootout , inviting the champions from the top 10 rodeos in North America to compete in bull riding , saddle - bronc and bareback riding , and barrel racing . Two of the rodeos represented , the Calgary Stampede and the Ponoka Stampede , were also non-PRCA sanctioned invitiational rodeos . Total attendance in 2011 topped 2.26 million , an increase of almost 119,000 people over 2010 . Events ( edit ) Rodeo Uncorked ! Roundup and best Bites competition ( edit ) Almost 3,000 bottles of wine are submitted each year for judging in the Rodeo International Wine Competition . High scoring wines are served to the public at the Rodeo Uncorked ! RoundUp and Best Bites Competition before the HLSR begins . More than 5,000 people purchase tickets to attend the event . There , they can sample food from more than 100 local restaurants and vote on their pick for tastiest food . During the livestock show , attendees can purchase glasses of these wine entries at the Wine Garden , an outdoor area comprising six tents that shelter 30,000 square feet of space . Live music is offered in the Wine Garden area each evening . Go Texan Day ( edit ) The unofficial kickoff of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is Go Texan Day . Traditionally held the Friday before the rodeo begins , the day is meant to encourage the Houston community to celebrate Western culture . Houston - area residents are encouraged to wear Western attire , such as jeans , cowboy boots , and cowboy hats . The day is an unofficial holiday , and local school districts and many businesses encourage their students and employees to participate . Writing in The New York Times , journalist Manny Fernandez described Go Texan Day as `` '' the one day of the year on which people in Houston dress the way people outside Houston think people in Houston dress `` . Trail rides ( edit ) Since 1952 , traditional trail rides have been a part of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . As of 2017 , there were 13 official trail rides , totaling over 3,000 riders . The trail rides range in size from a dozen to over one thousand people who ride on horseback or in horse - drawn wagons from various areas of the state to Houston . They make their way at about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) per hour , covering up to 17 miles ( 27 km ) each day . Many of the routes take place in part along major highways and busy city streets , making safety a major concern . The trail rides last from a few days to three weeks , depending on the distance they cover . Some of the participants are able to join only on weekends or at the end of the trip . The days start very early , and often end with live music or a small celebration . Many riders choose to camp in recreational vehicles rather than in the open . Each morning , they drive their vehicles and horse trailers to the next camping spot , then have a bus or convoy take them back so they can retrace their path on horseback . Participants can bring their own provisions , or , in some cases , purchase meals at a chuck wagon that is also following the trail . The rides converge at Memorial Park in Houston on Go Texan Day , the Friday before the livestock show and rodeo begins . The city closes some roads downtown to allow the riders to reach their destination safely . The resulting traffic interruption cause annual complaints from those who work downtown . The following day , all of the trail riders participate in the parade . Rodeo parade and rodeo run ( edit ) The official kickoff of the show is the annual Rodeo Parade . It is held the Saturday before the show begins and runs through downtown Houston . The parade features members of the 13 trail rides , influential Houstonians , bands , and floats . Preceding the parade is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Run . More than 10,000 people compete annually in 5k and 10k fun runs . All proceeds go to the show 's scholarship fund . The run generally begins near Bagby Street and ends at Eleanor Tinsley Park . World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest ( edit ) The Thursday , Friday , and Saturday before the livestock show begins , the World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest is held on the grounds of NRG Park . It is one of the largest barbecue cookoffs in the United States , but it is not sanctioned by the Kansas City Barbecue Society . More than 250 teams , including a handful from outside of the United States , compete to be named best entry in several categories , including brisket , chicken , and ribs . The barbecue must be cooked on a wood fire ; electric or gas fires are prohibited . Entries are judged on a 50 - point scale , with the most points gained for taste and tenderness , and lesser amounts available for smell and the look and feel of the entry . Winners are named in each category , and then an overall Grand Champion is named . Teams can also compete for non-food - related awards , such as cleanest area , most unique pit , and most colorful team . Each barbecue team has their own tent on the grounds . Many offer their own entertainment , generally cover bands or djs . Entrance into each tents is by invitation only . Many teams sell sponsorships that provide access to their tent , with the money often going to charity . Attendees without an invitation to a specific tent can congregate in one of the three general admission areas , each with its own live entertainment . A record 264,132 people attended the World 's Championship Barbecue Contest in 2013 . Rodeo and concert ( edit ) Sold - out concert for Miley Cyrus One of the largest draws for the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the 20 consecutive evenings of rodeo and concert , held in NRG Stadium . Tickets are relatively inexpensive , averaging about $29 in 2016 , and also grant admission to the livestock show and fairgrounds . More than 43,000 season tickets are sold every year , with the remaining seats 30,000 seats available for individual - show sale . Members of the HLSR are given an opportunity to buy individual tickets before the general public . RodeoHouston is run independently of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) . It offers one of the largest prize purses in North America , over $2 million , but the winnings do not count towards the competitors ' qualification for the PRCA National Finals Rodeo . RodeoHouston is an invitational , featuring 280 of the top professional cowboys . They compete in a playoff format , with the ultimate champion in each event earning $50,000 . On the final evening , the rodeo hosts the Cinch SuperShootout . Champions from each of the top 10 rodeos in North America are invited to compete as teams in a subset of rodeo events . The finals and the SuperShoot are televised on Fox Sports . After the professional rodeo concludes , children are given an opportunity to compete . Each evening , 30 high school students from across the state compete in the calf scramble . They are given the opportunity to chase down ( on foot ) and catch one of 15 calves , put a halter on them , and drag them back to the center of the stadium . Winners are given money to purchase their own heifer or steer to show the following year . Immediately following the calf scramble is mutton busting . Five - and six - year - olds wearing protective gear try to ride a sheep across a portion of the arena . On the last night of the rodeo , the winners from each of the previous evenings compete again to see who will become grand champion . A rotating stage is then brought into the arena for the nightly concert . The majority of evenings are performances by country music singers , although several nights are dedicated to pop or rock music . The annual Tejano music night generally draws the largest crowds . The winner of the annual Mariachi Invitational competition is invited to perform onstage with the Tejano acts . Grounds ( edit ) Visitors who are not attending the rodeo and concert can purchase a lower - cost general admission ticket to gain access to all of NRG Park except the stadium . According to livestock show CEO Joel Cowley , `` if we can draw people here for a concert or a carnival or a rodeo and teach them something about agriculture , it 's a win in regard to our mission . '' NRG Center contains AgVenture , which provides educational displays about agriculture and the origins of the food for sale at grocery stores . More than 61,000 schoolchildren visited AgVenture in 2015 on official tours . Displays include an area where attendees can see cows , pigs , and sheep give birth or see chickens hatch . There are also displays with live rabbits and honeybees . NRG Center also hosts a large vendor area . The grounds feature an area where children can do pretend farm chores and compete in races using pedal - driven tractors . There is also a petting zoo , pony and camel rides , and a full carnival and midway . Over the course of the 20 - day event in 2015 , visitors purchased over $23 million of food outside of the stadium . Other competitions are held throughout the three weeks at NRG Center and NRG Arena . These include open cattle shows and a paint horse competition . Children with mental and physical disabilities are invited to compete in the Lil ' Rustlers Rodeo , which offers imitation rodeo events , such as riding a stick horse . Free educational seminars are available throughout the three weeks of the livestock show . They are open to the public and cover topic related to wildlife , agricultural in general , and farming and hunting . Adults can visit The Hideout , a temporary dance hall located in a large tent near NRG Arena . After the show in NRG Stadium concludes , The Hideout features live music from new artists . Several past performers at The Hideout , including the Dixie Chicks , Blake Shelton , Keith Urban , and the Eli Young Band , later became headliners at the main rodeo show . Approximately 2,000 - 3,000 people visit The Hideout each evening . Livestock show ( edit ) HLSR is the largest indoor livestock show in the world . For a full week , cattle auctions are held in NRG Arena for professional breeders to sell their stock . The livestock show has a larger international presence than any other . In 2017 , the Ministers of Agriculture from Russia and Colombia made official visits to HLSR , joining more than 2,600 other international businessmen representing 88 countries . The HLSR International Committee estimated that they facilitated more than $2.6 million in agriculture sales between livestock show participants and international visitors in 2016 . Junior market auctions are also held . Children from around the state show the livestock that they have raised , including cows , pigs , goats , sheep , rabbits , and chicken . The livestock are judged , with the winners auctioned off . It is the largest set of animals to be shown and judged of any livestock show . Most champion animals sell for well over market value . Winning children are guaranteed a certain amount of scholarship money ; if the bid is larger than that amount , the excess funds are directed to the general scholarship fund . More than 4,368 cattle were shown in 2017 , with Brahmans the largest category . Impact ( edit ) HLSR is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) charitable organization and ranks as the 7th - largest Better Business Bureau accredited charity in Houston . Its primary source of revenue is an annual livestock show and rodeo and the events leading up to it . HLSR has 85 full - time employees and over 31,000 volunteers , divided into 108 committees . The volunteers contribute an estimated 2.1 million hours of work per year , averaging almost 68 hours per person . All of them are required to pay a minimum fee of $50 , and some committees require a larger donation . The most popular committees have a wait list . More than 2.5 million people , including visitors from around the world , attended in 2016 . It is the largest cultural event in Houston , and its attendance numbers dwarf those of annual attendance for most professional sports teams and most major cultural events in other cities . In comparison , New Orleans ' Mardi Gras generally draws about 1.4 million visitors . In 2015 , the organization reported operating revenue of $133.35 million . The Corral Club , which covers the sale of much of the alcohol on the grounds , but not that within the stadium , sold more alcohol in the three weeks of the HLSR than any other mixed - beverage permit holder in the state for the month of March 2016 , and in the year prior was only outsold by the stadium where the Dallas Cowboys play . A 2010 economic impact analysis estimate that the HLSR funneled $220 million into the Houston economy , with almost half of that coming from visitors outside of the Houston metro region . HLSR and its suppliers and vendors paid over $27 million in taxes to local entities . The study 's author estimates that by 2017 , the HLSR would be contributing almost $500 million to the local economy each year , the equivalent of hosting the Super Bowl every year . HLSR awarded $26.07 million in scholarships , grants , and graduate assistantships in 2017 . More than 750 students received scholarships , many of them worth $20,000 over four years . Recipients can pursue any field of study but are required to attend a university or college in Texas . Eleven different colleges were awarded funds to pay for graduate assistants . The remainder of the money was allocated for grants to other nonprofits or educational facilities to provide programs to help educate youth about agriculture or pioneer heritage . Since 1932 , HLSR boasts that it has given away over $430 million . Milestones ( edit ) 1931 : First established as The Houston Fat Stock Show and Livestock Exposition . 1932 : First Show is held at the Sam Houston Hall . 1938 : Moved to new location : Sam Houston Coliseum . 1942 : First star entertainer : Gene Autry , `` the Singing Cowboy '' ; calf scramble event added to the Show 's rodeo . 1952 : First trail ride ( Salt Grass Trail Ride ) commences from Brenham , Texas . 1957 : First major educational scholarship ( $2,000 ) awarded to Ben Dickerson . 1961 : Name changes to Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . 1963 : The School Art Program begins 1966 : New location : Astrodome complex ; Astrohall built for Livestock Exposition . 1970 : Research program launched committing $100,000 annually in support of research studies at various universities and colleges in Texas 1974 : The first World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest . Elvis Presley sets attendance record of 43,944 . On his second show , on the same day , he breaks his own record drawing 44,175 , for a one - day record 88,119 1975 : The Astroarena is completed . 1977 : Four - year scholarships increased from $4,000 to $6,000 . 1983 : Four - year scholarships increased from $6,000 to $8,000 . 1989 : Scholarship program expands to Houston metropolitan area . 1992 : Four - year scholarships upgraded from $8,000 to $10,000 retroactive to all students currently on scholarship . 1993 : Tejano superstar Selena breaks attendance record at the Astrodome by drawing a crowd of exactly 57,894 fans . 1994 : Tejano superstar Selena sets another attendance record at the Astrodome by drawing another crowd of 60,081 fans , breaking her previous record . 1995 : Tejano superstar Selena holds famed Astrodome concert with over 67,000 fans , again , breaking her previous records 1997 : Rodeo Institute for Teacher Excellence is created as a 3 - year pilot program with $4.6 million in funding ; websites www.hlsr.com and www.rodeohouston.com introduced . 1998 : Number of 4 - H and FFA scholarships increased to 60 per program , totaling 120 four - year $10,000 awards . 1999 : Number of 4 - H and FFA scholarships increased to 70 per program , totaling 140 four - year $10,000 awards ; Opportunity Scholarships awarded based on financial need and academic excellence . 2000 : Rodeo Institute for Teacher Excellence extended another 3 years with another $4.6 million ; Reliant Energy acquires naming rights for the Astrodomain ; renamed Reliant Park includes the Reliant Astrodome , Reliant Arena , Reliant Hall , Reliant Center and Reliant Stadium . 2001 : Largest presentation of scholarships to date , with 300 four - year $10,000 awards through the Metropolitan , Opportunity and School Art scholarship programs , totaling $3 million . 2002 : George Strait sets paid attendance record for any Rodeo event in the Reliant Astrodome with 68,266 ; Reliant Hall is demolished . 2003 : New location : Reliant Stadium and Reliant Center ; Carruth Plaza , a Western sculpture garden named in honor of past president and chairman , Allen H. `` Buddy '' Carruth , completed at Reliant Park . 2006 : Brooks & Dunn break rodeo attendance record set by Hilary Duff in 2005 with 72,867 in attendance . 2007 : The Cheetah Girls and supporting act Hannah Montana sell out in just three minutes and set a new rodeo attendance record of 73,291 . 2008 : Hannah Montana sets an attendance record of 73,459 . 2008 : Inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame . 2009 : Ramón Ayala and Alacranes Musical set the all - time paid Rodeo attendance record on Go Tejano Day , with 74,147 in attendance for championship Rodeo action , concert entertainment and the Mariachi finals . 2012 : The Professional Bull Riders held their first event at Reliant Stadium , and it was their first to be a part of RodeoHouston . 2013 : George Strait , Martina McBride , and the Randy Rogers Band set a new all - time attendance record with 80,020 . 2015 : La Arrolladora Banda El Limón / La Maquinaria Norteña set a new all - time paid Rodeo attendance record on Go Tejano Day with 75,357 . 2016 : Banda Los Recoditos / Los Huracanes Del Norte broke the all - time paid Rodeo attendance record on Go Tejano Day with 75,508 . 2017 : Banda El Recodo / Banda Siggno broke the all - time paid Rodeo attendance record on Go Tejano Day with 75,557 . 2017 : Rodeo officials announced plans to replace the stage used in NRG Stadium for concerts with a new stage resembling that of a five point star . It can fold and it can be elevated or lowered so the performer can have a higher up stage or walk on the ground level . Garth Brooks is scheduled to be the first performer on the new stage . 2018 : Garth Brooks kicked off and ended Livestock Show & Rodeo . 2018 : Calibre 50 beat last year 's all - time attendance record , as 75,565 fans showed up on Go Tejano Day . It was later broken by Garth Brooks , attended by 75,577 . Houston portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Houston rodeo hits 2 million attendance record '' . Houston Chronicle . www.chron.com . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attendance at record high in 2011 RodeoHouston '' . People 's Daily Online . en.people.cn . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo TM celebrates record - breaking attendance of more than 2.6 millions fans at the 2017 show '' . Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . www.rodeohouston.com . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attendance '' . Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . www.rodeohouston.com . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo sets attendance record with 2.1 M visitors '' . KHOU Houston Texas . www.khou.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicks ' Dig ConocoPhillips Rodeo Run '' . KRIV - my Fox Houston . www. myfoxhouston . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Salt Grass Trail Ride `` '' . Texas Bob Travels . www.texasbob.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Community Involvement Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo '' . USMed - Equip . www.usmedequip.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Glenn , Mike ( June 11 , 2016 ) , `` A downtown lunch helped spark Houston Rodeo '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Trumpbour , Robert C. ; Womack , Kenneth ( 2016 ) , `` Of Cows and Construction : Houston 's Livestock Show and Rodeo '' , The Eighth Wonder of the World : The Life of Houston 's Iconic Astrodome , University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 9780803295704 ^ Jump up to : Balke , Jeff ( January 23 , 2017 ) , `` The Boss : Myrtis Dightman , Jr. on Preserving the Tradition of Black Cowboys in Texas '' , Houstonia Magazine , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Hlavaty , Craig ( March 2 , 2017 ) , `` 15 years ago RodeoHouston left the Astrodome for NRG Stadium '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Louis Monroe Pearce '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Albee ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Our Condolences to Families of Louis Pearce and Walter Hughes Following Their Passing '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Binkovitz , Leah ( February 21 , 2015 ) , `` Trail rides to Houston 's rodeo : paying homage on horseback to the disappearing cowboy '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo : World 's Championship Bar - B - Que contest '' ( PDF ) , Houston History Magazine , Houston , TX , 7 ( 1 ) , 2009 , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Diane ( February 16 , 2017 ) , `` Rodeo fun run kicks off annual parade '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Santos , Kendra ( January 1997 ) , `` Where Big is Better : The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is a Texas - Sized Treat '' , American Cowboy , pp. 62 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Rumbaugh , Andrea ( March 24 , 2017 ) , `` Boots and booze : For the three weeks of RodeoHouston , it 's always five o'clock somewhere '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ Peterson , Liz Austin ( February 20 , 2009 ) , `` Broken - down Astrodome may have seen its last rodeo '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kahakauwila , Kristiana ( June 30 , 2005 ) , `` Rodeo Uncorked ! Rides High with $502,300 in Auction Bids '' , Wine Spectator ^ Jump up to : Wray , Diana ( March 15 , 2016 ) , `` Why the Biggest Organization in Rodeo Kicked Out Houston and its Top Cowboys '' , Houston Press , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 6 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : McDaniel , Jason ( March 4 , 2011 ) , `` Houston rodeo loses professional sanctioning '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ProRodeo Hall of Fame welcomes newest class '' , Cattle Business Weekly , Philip , SD , July 14 , 2008 , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Murphy , Bill ( February 27 , 2009 ) , `` Garcia backs out of serving as rodeo parade grand marshal '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 11 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Steve ( February 27 , 2012 ) , `` Rodeo goes without sanctioning again after format works '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , Texas , retrieved Apr 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Robertson , Dale ( February 16 , 2017 ) , `` Wine an important part of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Morago , Greg ( February 24 , 2016 ) , `` Rodeo Uncorked ! kicks off rodeo party season '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( February 24 , 2012 ) , `` For a Change , Texans in Houston Dress the Part '' , New York Times , New York , NY , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 24 , 2016 ) , `` Trail riders mosey along for Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo '' , The San Diego Union - Tribune , San Diego , CA , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Meyer , Alex ( March 4 , 2017 ) , `` Spectators line streets for annual downtown rodeo parade '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Leighton , Heather ( March 2 , 2017 ) , `` Houston 's Rodeo season kicks off with annual World 's Championship Bar - B - Que Contest '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reid , J.C. ( February 13 , 2015 ) , `` Rodeo barbecue cook - off keeps smoking the good stuff '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reid , J.C. ( November 4 , 2016 ) , `` International barbecue competitions are booming '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Reid , J.C. ( February 16 , 2017 ) , `` Barbecue cook - off continues to gain in popularity at home and abroad '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Morago , Greg ( February 25 , 2016 ) , `` Stakes grow in barbecue competition cooking '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 12 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Beyer , Scott ( March 3 , 2017 ) , `` The Houston Rodeo Has Returned For Its 86th Year '' , Forbes , retrieved Apr 13 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Stark , Phyllis ( January 4 , 2016 ) , `` Not His First Rodeo : Jason Kane Talks Growth of Music at Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo '' , Billboard , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Gray , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) , `` Rodeo Steels Itself Against Houston 's Shrinking Economy '' , Houston Press , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Katz , Chelsea ( March 21 , 2017 ) , `` Teens scramble for awards '' , Kilgore News - Herald , Kilgore , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hlavaty , Craig ( March 9 , 2015 ) , `` Mutton busting is serious business at RodeoHouston '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Bands compete in Mariachi Invitational '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , February 16 , 2017 , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Nakashima , Rebecca ( March 24 , 2015 ) , `` Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Shines Through Rain '' , Venues Today , Huntington Beach , CA , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Rumbaugh , Andrea ( March 1 , 2016 ) , `` Shannon and Cody 's excellent AgVenture '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Nash , Leah ( February 15 , 2016 ) , `` Fun for the kids at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Holt , Vanessa ( March 6 , 2017 ) , `` Did you know ? Seminars part of Houston rodeo '' , Community Impact Newspaper , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Cook , Phaedra ( February 26 , 2015 ) , `` Houston Rodeo Guide : Something for everyone at the Big Show '' , Houston Press , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dansby , Andrew ( February 16 , 2017 ) , `` At the Hideout , the music keeps playing '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : DePillis , Lydia ( March 12 , 2017 ) , `` The Brahman Connection '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Pulsinelli , Olivia ( November 1 , 2016 ) , `` Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo increases 4 - year scholarship amounts '' , Houston Business Journal , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Crawford , Holly ( February 15 , 2016 ) , `` Army of volunteers helps rodeo go off without a hitch '' , Houston Chronicle , Houston , TX , retrieved Apr 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo - Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame '' . Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rodeo Announces Star - Studded 2018 Lineup , Including Garth Brooks , Blake Shelton , Luke Bryan , Kelsea Ballerini & More '' . WCTO - FM . 8 January 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jorgenson , Dawn . `` Houston rodeo breaks attendance record '' . KPRC2 . www.click2houston.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Homepage Houston Livestock Show - Pro Rodeo Online Coordinates : 29 ° 41 ′ 5 '' N 95 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 29.68472 ° N 95.41083 ° W / 29.68472 ; - 95.41083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo&oldid=844384123 '' Categories : Rodeos Culture of Houston Concerts in the United States Agricultural shows in the United States Tourist attractions in Houston ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees Rodeo venues in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the houston rodeo start and end	[ "\n\nHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReliant Stadium filled with rodeo attendees at the 2006 HLSR\n\n\n\nGenre\nRodeo, livestock show and fair\n\n\nDates\n25 February–17 March 2019\n\n\nLocation(s)\nHouston, Texas, United States\n\n\nFounded\n1931 (as the Houston Fat Stock Show and Livestock Exposition)\n\n\nAttendance\n2,611,176 (2017)[1]\n\n" ]	[ "25 February–17 March 2019" ]
-1319560252587851671	Roo Stewart	Roo Stewart - wikipedia Roo Stewart Jump to : navigation , search Roo Stewart Georgie Parker as Roo Stewart ( 2013 ) Home and Away character Portrayed by Justine Clarke ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Georgie Parker ( 2010 -- ) Duration 1988 -- 1989 , 2010 -- First appearance 20 January 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 20 ) Introduced by Alan Bateman ( 1988 ) Cameron Welsh ( 2010 ) Book appearances Family Matters Home and Away Volume 1 : Summer Bay Blues Home and Away Volume 2 : Scandal at Summer Bay Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Macklin employee Businesswoman Foster parent Waitress University lecturer Teacher 's aide Home Summer Bay House Justine Clarke as Roo Stewart ( 1988 ) ( show ) Family Father Alf Stewart Mother Martha Stewart Stepmother Ailsa Stewart Half - brothers Owen Dalby Duncan Stewart Half - sisters Quinn Jackson Husband Frank Morgan ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Harvey Ryan ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Daughters Martha MacKenzie Stepdaughters Lottie Ryan Grandfathers Gordon Stewart Grandmothers Sarah Stewart Aunts Morag Bellingham Celia Stewart Barbara Stewart Debra Stewart Colleen Smart Nephews Ric Dalby Bryce Stewart First cousins Alan Fisher Rebecca Nash Bobby Simpson Lance Smart Other relatives Seb Miller Ruth Martha `` Roo '' Stewart ( also Morgan ) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away , played by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989 . The character made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 January 1988 . Clarke quit the role in 1989 and the character was written out . In August 2010 , it was announced that Roo would return to Home and Away with Georgie Parker in the role . The character returned on 29 October 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character development 2.1 Characterisation 2.2 Teenage pregnancy 2.3 Departure and return 2.4 Meningitis 3 Storylines 3.1 1988 -- 89 3.2 2010 -- 4 Reception 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Casting ( edit ) In 1987 , Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris , Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson ; but was unsuccessful each time . After the series had finished filming their pilot episode , producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo , which she won . Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was `` really pleased '' because she thought Roo was a `` great character '' . Character development ( edit ) Characterisation ( edit ) `` Roo is the much - hated character who attempts to sabotage her father 's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby . There are two sides to her personality ; to the adults she is charming and personable . To people her own age she is boy - crazy and scheming . '' -- Kesta Desmond on Roo ( 1990 ) . Roo 's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers . Clarke said that `` everyone '' hated Roo and revealed that people would `` boo '' at her while attending promotional appearances . On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting `` slut '' at her . Clarke said that Roo is `` a cow '' but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering . Teenage pregnancy ( edit ) In the serial 's first season , Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy . The production team felt that Roo 's pregnancy was `` risque '' because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time - slot . Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research . While filming the storyline , Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing . This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant , and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity . Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene . The wife of the episode 's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour . She helped Clarke with her research , which also included watching child birth videos . Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour , not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes . The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day , consisting of more than fifteen shoots . Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her `` dizzy '' and even caused her to hyperventilate . Departure and return ( edit ) Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988 , until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show . Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times , but she has never agreed . In August 2010 , it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away . Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children 's singer . Former All Saints actress , Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month . Of her casting , Parker said `` I 'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away . Working with Ray is a joy . We are having a fantastic time together . The whole cast and crew have been wonderful '' . Of the decision to bring the character back , series producer Cameron Welsh said `` We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons 's return as Marilyn ; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay . Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show '' . Parker called her `` a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show '' . Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager . She said `` She was a colourful character when she left . She lost her mother when she was very young , and I think that when girls lose their mothers , they can go off the rails - and that 's exactly what Roo did '' . Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes . During an interview , Meagher said the adult Roo is `` still full of energy , bluff and bravado . She 's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke . '' He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth , but he is `` pleased to see her back in the Bay . '' Meningitis ( edit ) In July 2014 , the character was diagnosed with meningitis . After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart ( Lyn Collingwood ) , Roo was very secretive about her times away . Within a day , Roo started showing symptoms of an illness . Parker explained `` This illness hits her fast and hard . She 's lethargic , but thinks it 's just jetlag . She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes , and she 's low on energy . It 's all very out of character . '' Roo 's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her . Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious . Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis . Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure . In order to treat her , the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster - daughter Maddy Osborne ( Kassandra Clementi ) found her passport , which revealed that she had been to Peru . With the information , the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life . Storylines ( edit ) 1988 -- 89 ( edit ) Roo begins to resent her father 's relationship with Ailsa Hogan ( Judy Nunn ) out of loyalty to her late mother , Martha ( Alison Mulvaney ) . Roo begins dating Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) and they start a band with Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) and Martin Dibble ( Craig Thompson ) . Roo 's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank , despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over . Roo contacts her aunt , Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) , who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa . At Alf and Ailsa 's engagement party , Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father . However , Ailsa 's friends and Frank , side with her . Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) , Ailsa 's friend . Tired of her behaviour , Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney . Roo begins dating Brett Macklin ( Gerry Sont ) and she gets pregnant . Brett 's reaction to this to book an abortion for her . Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby 's father . She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa 's relationship so she will be allowed to stay . Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together . She tells her aunt , Celia Stewart ( Fiona Spence ) , that she is pregnant with Frank 's baby . Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa 's marriage . Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby . She refuses to let him back into her life , so Brett goes to Morag , who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind . In the middle of her wedding , she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby . Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch , almost killing him . The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town . Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her , but Celia talks her out of it . Brett applies for custody , but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves . She begins helping Brett 's family as they set up a business in the Bay . She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa 's differences over the development causes them to split up . With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher 's ( Ashleigh Bell - Weir ) godmother , Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening . However , by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl , who she names , Martha ( Burcin Kapkin ) . She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest , until she learns that he is dating Bobby . Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha . He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide , before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha . Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they can not raise Martha , so they give her up for adoption . Roo then begins to accept Ailsa , when she and Alf reconcile . Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns , she reveals that she has a new boyfriend , David Lee ( Anthony Wong ) . Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship . Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing , but David later leaves town . Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag 's daughter and thus her cousin . Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation . Her manager , Nicholas Walsh ( Robert Taylor ) , sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo , with help from Morag . With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her , Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag . When Alf discovers the truth , he apologises and Roo moves back in . She then starts dating Simon Yates ( Christopher Saunders ) . Ailsa becomes pregnant , which pleases Roo . Alf and Tom Fletcher ( Roger Oakley ) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour . Roo stays as her half - brother Duncan ( Allana Ellis ) is born , shortly before Alf is found . Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city , he celebrates by kissing Roo . She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby , everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair . Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher ( Katie Ritchie ) blames her for the break - up . Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing . Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go . Frank and Roo marry , but they split by the time Frank returns to town . Roo later moves to New York , where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan . In 2005 , Roo has a near fatal car - accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers . 2010 -- ( edit ) Five years later , Roo returns to Summer Bay . Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent - flyer miles to use up . Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend , Tim , and her bank manager . Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past , until Alf tells her to stop . Robert Robertson ( Socratis Otto ) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin ( Bernard Curry ) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them . Roo later tries to persuade Hugo 's mother , Gina ( Sonia Todd ) , to give them the money Hugo left behind , but Gina is reluctant . Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke . Roo denies wanting the money for herself . Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham ( Christian Clark ) . Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer ( Shane Withington ) , who pays her with Hugo 's money . Roo attends Bianca Scott 's ( Lisa Gormley ) bridal shower and wedding , before leaving for the States . On her return , Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park . Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta 's ( Luke Jacobz ) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland ( Josh Quong Tart ) . Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her . John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival . Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin ( Tessa James ) and Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) . She also gets on well with Marilyn 's partner , Sid Walker ( Robert Mammone ) . Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth . Roo also supports Romeo Smith 's ( Luke Mitchell ) attempts to start a charter business . Laura Carmody ( Roxanne Wilson ) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends . Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser . Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker ( Samara Weaving ) with them . When they announce that they are getting married , Roo calls Sid and he flies over . Sid kisses Roo , but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn . However , she runs after his taxi , but fails to stop him leaving . When she returns home , Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up . She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple . Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid 's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn . Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys . Alf disapproves of Roo 's relationship with Sid , as he is worried about how he will treat her . Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her . Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan ( Marcus Graham ) , despite being warned not to by Romeo , Indi and Sid . Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf 's boat . Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections . Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend , Fleur Simpson ( Alys Daroy ) . Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife , Mel ( Allison Cratchley ) , and daughter , Lottie ( Morgan Weaving ) , arrive in Summer Bay . Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her . Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election , so he would win . Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him . She later tells Harvey that she loves him . Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey , when Mel goes to the city . Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him . Roo 's ex-boyfriend , Tim ( Jonny Pasvolsky ) , comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back . Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington ( Andrew Morley ) . Harvey sails around the world with his best friend , Winston Markman ( John Batchelor ) . Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey . Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye . Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns . However , he can not cope being back in the Bay , causing problems with his marriage . Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced . Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay . When Colleen has an accident , Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her . On her return , she becomes ill and collapses . She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain , but she shows no improvement . Nate Cooper ( Kyle Pryor ) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru , where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations . Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers . Roo plans Marilyn and John 's wedding . At the reception , she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes . Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt , preferring that Maddy owes her instead . When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer , Roo supports her through her treatment . Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder . He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist . James Edmunds ( Myles Pollard ) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university . She and James get on well and begin dating . Roo and Maddy then move in with James . He later proposes to her and she accepts . James and Roo try to get married quickly , but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work . James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold . Roo later discovers James is already married with children , and has been lying to her all along . She calls off their engagement , but continues her relationship with him . After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive , she finally breaks up with him . When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii , she meets James Mayvers ( Tim Ross ) and they begin a relationship . Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them , but Morag soon catches them together . Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause . However , she soon learns she is pregnant . James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion , but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent . James 's father David Mayvers ( Noel Hodda ) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James . Roo turns the offer down . While driving back from the pharmacy , she collapses in pain . Nate and Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy . She undergoes surgery , but loses the baby . Roo leaves town to try and find Martha , but she is unsuccessful and returns home . Reception ( edit ) A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list . They called Roo `` evil '' for trying to break up Alf 's relationship with Ailsa , lying to and trying to marry Frank , leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him . They added `` If she had n't already left town , I would n't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay 's beloved butch Bobby and killed her . On the plus side , she does have the rather hilarious name of ' Roo ' . '' Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart 's ( Ray Meagher ) `` Minxy teenage daughter '' in his book , Super Aussie soaps : behind the scenes of Australia 's best loved TV shows . A TV Week columnist describe Roo as `` Summer Bay 's original spoilt brat '' who was never very far from drama . A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo 's most memorable moment was `` Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away . '' The Herald Sun said Roo is `` Manipulative , mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York '' , they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers . When she slept with Miles , The Sun 's television magazine Buzz said : `` Will she ever give up her wild - child way ? '' Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another . She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of `` days rather than weeks . '' Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said : `` Keep your hands off that Sid , Roo ! '' When Roo finds happiness with Harvey , Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justine Clarke - Roo Stewart '' . TV Life . Star Magazine Group ( 1 ) : 18 . 1990 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kesta 1990 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kesta 1990 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Oram 1990 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Kesta 1990 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Mercado 2004 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Kesta 1990 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Millar , Paul ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` ' Home and Away ' recasts Alf 's daughter '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Swift , Lynn ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Roo Stewart to return to Home and Away '' . ATV News Network . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roo 's back , but what 's she hiding ? '' . TV Week . ACP Magazines : 8 -- 9 . 21 -- 27 August 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Georgie Parker joins Home and Away as Alf Stewart 's daughter Roo '' . Courier Mail . Queensland Newspapers. 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Meagher : From Summer Bay to the West End ! '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roo 's shock collapse ! '' . Inside Soap ( 32 ) : 27 . 16 -- 22 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Roo pull through ? '' . Inside Soap ( 34 ) : 26 . 30 August -- 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ausculture. com 's Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains '' . Ausculture. 3 August 2004 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Mercado 2004 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` Roo Stewart '' . Holy Soap . Channel Five . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Georgie Parker no soapie snob with role in Home and Away '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away '' . Buzz . News Group Newspapers ( 28 ) : 32 . 2 April 2011 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( 7 May 2011 ) . `` Soap Watch : The ultimate insight into the week 's soaps '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Laura ( 16 -- 27 May 2011 ) . `` Mailbox '' . All About Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 244 ) : 62 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( 25 November 2011 ) . `` SOAP WATCH : The ultimate insight into the week 's soaps '' . Daily Mail . ( Associated Newspapers ) . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Desmond , Kesta ( 1990 ) . Home and Away Annual . Grandreams Ltd . ISBN 0 - 86227 - 787 - 6 . Mercado , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Super Aussie soaps : behind the scenes of Australia 's best loved TV shows . Pluto Press Australia . ISBN 1 - 86403 - 191 - 3 . Oram , James ( 1989 ) . Home and away : behind the scenes . Angus & Robertson . ISBN 0 - 207 - 16315 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Roo Stewart at the Official Home and Away website ( hide ) Home and Away characters ( hide ) Present characters Martin Ashford Marilyn Chambers Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roo_Stewart&oldid=831836371 '' Categories : Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 1988 Fictional businesspeople Fictional teenage parents Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays roos mam in home and away	[ "Ruth Martha \"Roo\" Stewart (also Morgan) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989. The character made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 January 1988. Clarke quit the role in 1989 and the character was written out. In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would return to Home and Away with Georgie Parker in the role. The character returned on 29 October 2010.", "Ruth Martha \"Roo\" Stewart (also Morgan) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989. The character made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 January 1988. Clarke quit the role in 1989 and the character was written out. In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would return to Home and Away with Georgie Parker in the role. The character returned on 29 October 2010." ]	[ "Justine Clarke", "Georgie Parker" ]
-1363243837441956532	Nocturnal Animals	Nocturnal Animals - wikipedia Nocturnal Animals Jump to : navigation , search For the behaviors of animals that are characteristically active at night , see Nocturnality . Nocturnal Animals Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Ford Produced by Tom Ford Robert Salerno Screenplay by Tom Ford Based on Tony and Susan by Austin Wright Starring Amy Adams Jake Gyllenhaal Michael Shannon Aaron Taylor - Johnson Isla Fisher Armie Hammer Laura Linney Andrea Riseborough Michael Sheen Music by Abel Korzeniowski Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Joan Sobel Production company Fade to Black Distributed by Focus Features Release date September 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) ( Venice ) November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22.5 million Box office $30.7 million Nocturnal Animals is a 2016 American neo-noir psychological thriller film written , co-produced , and directed by Tom Ford , based on the 1993 novel Tony and Susan by Austin Wright . The film stars Amy Adams , Jake Gyllenhaal , Michael Shannon , Aaron Taylor - Johnson , Isla Fisher , Armie Hammer , Laura Linney , Andrea Riseborough , Karl Glusman , and Michael Sheen . Principal photography began on October 5 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . The film was released in the United States on November 18 , 2016 , by Focus Features , received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $30 million worldwide . Nocturnal Animals was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival , where it won the Grand Jury Prize . It received numerous accolades , including nine BAFTA Award nominations and Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Director and Best Screenplay , plus a Best Supporting Actor win for Taylor - Johnson . At the 89th Academy Awards , Shannon received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 The real world 1.2 The novel 1.3 The real world ( continued ) 2 Cast 2.1 The real world 2.2 The novel 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The real world ( edit ) Angeleno art gallery owner Susan Morrow receives the manuscript for a novel penned by her estranged ex-husband Edward Sheffield along with an invitation for dinner during Edward 's upcoming visit to Los Angeles . Marred by her deteriorating marriage to unfaithful businessman Hutton Morrow , Susan becomes consumed by the novel , which is both dedicated to her and named Nocturnal Animals after Edward 's nickname for her . The novel ( edit ) Tony Hastings is a peaceful man who runs afoul of three local troublemakers -- Ray Marcus , Lou , and Turk -- during a road trip through West Texas . Forced off the road , Tony is powerless to stop Ray and Turk from kidnapping his wife , Laura , and their daughter , India , and leaving him with Lou , who forces him to drive Ray 's car to the end of a road where he is abandoned . Tony manages to evade Ray and Lou when they return looking for him and makes his way to a nearby farmhouse to call the police . Detective Bobby Andes is assigned to the case and , with Tony , discovers the bodies of Laura and India near an abandoned shack , where they had been raped and murdered . Tony is wracked with guilt . He is contacted by Andes a year later and is asked to identify Lou , who is charged as an accomplice in the murders of Laura and India . Turk has been fatally shot in a botched robbery , leaving Ray as the final culprit to be brought to justice . Andes arrests Ray , but is ultimately forced to release him as they only have circumstantial evidence of his involvement . On the verge of retirement and having been diagnosed with terminal lung cancer , Andes decides to take matters into his own hands and with Tony 's help abducts Ray and Lou . Andes shoots Lou when he attempts to escape , but Ray succeeds in getting away . On his own , Tony tracks down Ray to the shack where Laura and India were killed . Ray admits to raping and murdering Tony 's wife and daughter , calling him weak . Tony fatally shoots him , but is blinded when Ray hits him on the head with an iron bar . Tony stumbles outside , succumbing to his brain hemorrhage , and dies after falling on his gun , shooting himself in the stomach in the process . The real world ( continued ) ( edit ) Shocked by the dark content and raw emotion of the novel , Susan reminisces about meeting Edward in college and their blossoming relationship , which Susan 's domineering mother Anne Sutton objected to , claiming that Edward was not worthy of Susan 's affections and that because of his romantic worldviews , he lacked the drive to actually achieve his goals ; Susan ignored her mother 's objections , ultimately marrying Edward . After finding further evidence of Hutton 's extramarital affair , Susan resumes reading the manuscript . Susan begins to recall her troubled marriage to Edward , which was strained by her frustration with his fledgling career and her dismissive attitude towards his literary aspirations , and culminated with Susan cheating on him with Hutton and ultimately divorcing Edward to marry him . Edward attempted to repair their relationship , but ultimately cut ties with Susan upon learning that she was pregnant with his child but secretly had an abortion to ensure the divorce proceeded . Susan arranges a meeting with Edward at a restaurant , but Edward does not show up . Cast ( edit ) The real world ( edit ) Amy Adams as Susan Morrow , a rich art gallery owner living in Los Angeles Jake Gyllenhaal as Edward Sheffield , Susan 's estranged ex-husband and novelist Armie Hammer as Hutton Morrow , Susan 's second husband , who has been neglectful towards Susan Laura Linney as Anne Sutton , Susan 's estranged mother Andrea Riseborough as Alessia Holt , Carlos ' wife Michael Sheen as Carlos Holt , Alessia 's homosexual husband India Menuez as Samantha Morrow , Susan 's daughter Zawe Ashton as Alex Jena Malone as Sage Ross Kristin Bauer van Straten as Samantha Van Helsing The novel ( edit ) Jake Gyllenhaal as Tony Hastings , motorist on vacation with his family who is forced off the road by Ray Marcus ' gang Michael Shannon as Detective Bobby Andes , a dedicated detective for a local police department Aaron Taylor - Johnson as Ray Marcus , leader of the gang Isla Fisher as Laura Hastings , Tony 's wife , who is taken by Ray Marcus ' gang Ellie Bamber as India Hastings , Tony 's daughter , who is also taken alongside her mother Karl Glusman as Lou Bates , gang member Robert Aramayo as Turk / Steve Adams , gang member Graham Beckel as Lt. Graves Production ( edit ) On March 24 , 2015 , it was announced that Smoke House Pictures ' partners George Clooney and Grant Heslov would produce a thriller , Nocturnal Animals , based on Austin Wright 's 1993 novel Tony and Susan . Tom Ford was set to direct the film , based on his own script . Ford said that the storytelling concept of the novel appealed to him , explaining , `` The film is very different than the book it 's based on . However , the central themes are the same , meaning that when I read the book , what appealed to me as a writer and a filmmaker was the idea of this device of communicating to someone through a work of fiction . Through a written work of fiction . And thereby communicating something that they had not been able to really communicate clearly . I loved that concept . '' The next day , Jake Gyllenhaal was set to star in the lead roles , Edward and Tony , Amy Adams was in talks for the female lead role , Susan , and sources confirmed that Joaquin Phoenix and Aaron Taylor - Johnson may be cast in other roles . Focus Features acquired the US distribution rights to the film on May 17 , 2015 , while Universal Pictures handles the international distribution . Focus ' deal was made with $20 million , making this the biggest deal of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival , and one of the biggest of the mid 2010s . On August 6 , 2015 , Taylor - Johnson was confirmed to play a mysterious character who poses a threat to Gyllenhaal 's character Tony 's family , while Michael Shannon was also added to the cast , playing a detective investigating the violent incident . On August 28 , 2015 , Armie Hammer also joined the cast of the film , to play Hutton Morrow , Adams ' character 's husband . On September 9 , 2015 , Isla Fisher joined the film to play Laura Hastings , Tony 's wife . On September 18 , 2015 , Ellie Bamber was cast in the film to play Tony 's daughter . On September 30 , 2015 , Robert Aramayo was added to the cast . On October 5 , 2015 , Karl Glusman signed on to star in the film . On October 8 , 2015 , Peter Nyong'o was also cast in the film . Principal photography on the film began on October 5 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . The final scene in the Japanese restaurant was filmed in the main building of the Yamashiro Historic District . It wrapped up on December 5 , 2015 . Release ( edit ) Nocturnal Animals had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 2 , 2016 . The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2016 , and at the BFI London Film Festival on October 14 , 2016 . The film was released in the United States on November 18 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Nocturnal Animals grossed $10.7 million in the United States and Canada and $20.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $30.8 million . The film had its North American wide release on December 9 , 2016 , and was projected to open to $3 -- 5 million . It ended up grossing $3.2 million , finishing 7th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) Nocturnal Animals received generally positive reviews , with critics praising Adams , Gyllenhaal , Shannon , and Taylor - Johnson 's performances , Ford 's direction and screenplay . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 237 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and lovely to look at , Nocturnal Animals further underscores writer - director Tom Ford 's distinctive visual and narrative skill . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film , stating `` Tom Ford 's first film since A Single Man is another winner '' , and complimenting the performances of Gyllenhaal , Adams , Shannon and Taylor - Johnson . Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent awarded the film five stars , praising the performances and the direction , and stating , `` Nocturnal Animals is extraordinarily deft in the way it combines romanticism and bleakness . It 's a film that easily could have slipped into extreme pretentiousness but it never puts a foot wrong . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Nocturnal Animals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Ford 's Inner Life : A Director 's Turmoil , Depression Battles and Staggering Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Film Festival 2016 '' . Deadline. 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Film Festival : Golden Lion To ' The Woman Who Left ' ; Tom Ford 's ' Nocturnal Animals ' , Emma Stone Take Major Prizes -- Full List '' . Deadline. 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Features Celebrates Four Oscar Nominations '' . Focus Features . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Jake Gyllenhaal , Amy Adams Circling Tom Ford 's ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Armie Hammer Joins Tom Ford 's ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Aaron Taylor - Johnson , Michael Shannon Join Jake Gyllenhaal 's ' Nocturnal Animals ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Isla Fisher Joins Tom Ford 's ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Ford Adds Ellie Bamber To ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Karl Glusman Joins ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Ford Teams With George Clooney for Thriller ' Nocturnal Animals ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zacharias , Ramona ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Communicating through Fiction : Tom Ford on Nocturnal Animals '' . CreativeScreenwriting.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Focus Features Wins Tom Ford 's ' Nocturnal Animals ' In Whopping $20 Million Cannes Worldwide Rights Deal '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Stan Lee & William Shatner To Unveil Collaboration At Comikaze 2015 ; ' Nocturnal Animals ' Adds Peter Nyong'o '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 10 / 9 / 15 : Marc Webb & Chris Evans Start ' Gifted ' , Garry Marshall & Julia Roberts Wrap ' Mother 's Day ' '' . ssninsider.com . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yamashiro Hollywood '' . sparklebungalow . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Lens ... Tom Ford on Nocturnal Animals '' . Awards Daily . January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set 12 / 11 / 15 : James Franco and Seth Rogen Start ' The Disaster Artist ' , Owen Wilson & Ed Helms Wrap ' Bastards ' '' . ssninsider.com . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venice film festival 2016 : Tom Ford 's Nocturnal Animals world premiere -- in pictures '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals '' . Venice Film Festival . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals '' . BFI London Film Festival . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moana ' Threepeats at # 1 , ' La La Land ' Opens Big in Limited Release '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` ' Nocturnal Animals ' Review : Tom Ford 's Complex Suspense Thriller Is Worthy Of Hitchcock '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nocturnal Animals Review : Tom Ford returns with a superb , painstakingly crafted movie sure to pick up awards '' . Independent.co.uk . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Nocturnal Animals on IMDb Nocturnal Animals at Rotten Tomatoes Nocturnal Animals at Box Office Mojo Nocturnal Animals at Metacritic Nocturnal Animals at AllMovie ( hide ) Venice Film Festival Grand Jury Prize 1951 -- 1968 A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) Mandy ( 1952 ) Executive Suite ( 1954 ) The Lovers / La Sfida ( 1958 ) The Magician ( 1959 ) Rocco and His Brothers ( 1960 ) Peace to Him Who Enters ( 1961 ) My Life to Live ( 1962 ) The Fire Within / Introduction to Life ( 1963 ) The Gospel According to St. Matthew / Hamlet ( 1964 ) Simon of the Desert / I Am Twenty / Modiga mindre män ( 1965 ) Chappaqua / Yesterday Girl ( 1966 ) China Is Near / La Chinoise ( 1967 ) Our Lady of the Turks / Le Socrate ( 1968 ) 1981 -- 2000 Sweet Dreams / They Do n't Wear Black - tie ( 1981 ) Imperative ( 1982 ) Biquefarre ( 1983 ) Favorites of the Moon ( 1984 ) Tangos , the Exile of Gardel ( 1985 ) Wild Pigeon / A Tale of Love ( 1986 ) Hip Hip Hurrah ! ( 1987 ) Camp de Thiaroye ( 1988 ) And Then There Was Light ( 1989 ) An Angel at My Table ( 1990 ) The Divine Comedy ( 1991 ) Death of a Neapolitan Mathematician ( 1992 ) Bad Boy Bubby ( 1993 ) Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) God 's Comedy / The Star Maker ( 1995 ) Brigands ( 1996 ) Ovosodo ( 1997 ) Terminus Paradis ( 1998 ) The Wind Will Carry Us ( 1999 ) Before Night Falls ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dog Days ( 2001 ) House of Fools ( 2002 ) The Kite ( 2003 ) The Sea Inside ( 2004 ) Mary ( 2005 ) Daratt ( 2006 ) I 'm Not There / The Secret of the Grain ( 2007 ) Teza ( 2008 ) Soul Kitchen ( 2009 ) Essential Killing ( 2010 ) Terraferma ( 2011 ) Paradise : Faith ( 2012 ) Stray Dogs ( 2013 ) The Look of Silence ( 2014 ) Anomalisa ( 2015 ) Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) Foxtrot ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nocturnal_Animals&oldid=809060139 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s psychological drama films 2010s psychological thriller films 2010s thriller drama films American films American psychological drama films American psychological thriller films American thriller drama films Films about books Films about novels Films about psychopaths Films based on American novels Films directed by Tom Ford Films shot in Los Angeles Focus Features films Neo-noir Venice Grand Special Jury Prize winners Universal Pictures films Psychological films Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays amy adams husband in nocturnal animals	[ "\nAmy Adams as Susan Morrow, a rich art gallery owner living in Los Angeles[8]\nJake Gyllenhaal as Edward Sheffield, Susan's estranged ex-husband and novelist[8]\nArmie Hammer as Hutton Morrow, Susan's second husband, who has been neglectful towards Susan[9]\nLaura Linney as Anne Sutton, Susan's estranged mother\nAndrea Riseborough as Alessia Holt, Carlos' wife\nMichael Sheen as Carlos Holt, Alessia's homosexual husband\nIndia Menuez as Samantha Morrow, Susan's daughter\nZawe Ashton as Alex\nJena Malone as Sage Ross\nKristin Bauer van Straten as Samantha Van Helsing\n" ]	[ "Jake Gyllenhaal" ]
1952351436298570836	Haswell (microarchitecture)	Haswell ( microarchitecture ) - wikipedia Haswell ( microarchitecture ) This article is about the Intel microarchitecture . For other uses , see Haswell . Haswell A Haswell wafer with a pin for scale CPUID code 0306C3h Product code 80646 ( desktop LGA 1150 ) 80647 ( mobile Socket G3 ) 80648 ( desktop LGA 2011 - 3 ) 80644 ( server LGA 2011 - 3 ) Cores 2 -- 4 ( mainstream ) 6 -- 8 ( enthusiast ) 2 -- 18 ( Xeon ) L1 cache 64 KB per core L2 cache 256 KB per core L3 cache 2 -- 40 MB ( shared ) Model Haswell Haswell Refresh Haswell - E Haswell - EP Haswell - EX Created 2013 Transistors 22 nm ( Tri-Gate ) Architecture Haswell x86 Instructions MMX , AES - NI , CLMUL , FMA3 Extensions x86 - 64 , Intel 64 SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 , SSSE3 , SSE4 , SSE4. 1 , SSE4. 2 AVX , AVX2 , TXT , and TSX ( disabled via microcode , except for Haswell - EX ) VT - x , VT - d Socket ( s ) LGA 1150 rPGA 947 BGA 1364 BGA 1168 LGA 2011 - v3 Predecessor Sandy Bridge ( Tock ) Ivy Bridge ( Tick ) Successor Broadwell ( Tick / Process ) GPU HD Graphics 4200 HD Graphics 4400 HD Graphics 4600 HD Graphics 5000 Iris 5100 Iris Pro 5200 Brand name ( s ) Core i3 Core i5 Core i7 Xeon E3 v3 Xeon E5 v3 Xeon E7 v3 Pentium Celeron Haswell is the codename for a processor microarchitecture developed by Intel as the `` fourth - generation core '' successor to the Ivy Bridge microarchitecture . Intel officially announced CPUs based on this microarchitecture on June 4 , 2013 at Computex Taipei 2013 , while a working Haswell chip was demonstrated at the 2011 Intel Developer Forum . With Haswell , which uses a 22 nm process , Intel also introduced low - power processors designed for convertible or `` hybrid '' ultrabooks , designated by the `` Y '' suffix . Haswell CPUs are used in conjunction with the Intel 8 Series chipsets , Intel 9 Series chipsets , and Intel C220 series chipsets . Contents 1 Design 1.1 Notes 1.2 Performance 2 Technology 2.1 Features carried over from Ivy Bridge 2.2 New features 2.3 Server processors features 2.4 Haswell Refresh 3 List of Haswell processors 3.1 Desktop processors 3.2 Server processors 3.3 Mobile processors 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Design ( edit ) The Haswell architecture is specifically designed to optimize the power savings and performance benefits from the move to FinFET ( non-planar , `` 3D '' ) transistors on the improved 22 nm process node . Haswell has been launched in three major forms : Desktop version ( LGA 1150 socket and the new LGA 2011 - v3 socket ) : Haswell - DT Mobile / Laptop version ( PGA socket ) : Haswell - MB BGA version : 47 W and 57 W TDP classes : Haswell - H ( for `` All - in - one '' systems , Mini-ITX form factor motherboards , and other small footprint formats ) 13.5 W and 15 W TDP classes ( MCP ) : Haswell - ULT ( for Intel 's UltraBook platform ) 10 W TDP class ( SoC ) : Haswell - ULX ( for tablets and certain UltraBook - class implementations ) Notes ( edit ) ULT = Ultra Low TDP ; ULX = Ultra Low eXtreme TDP Only certain quad - core variants and BGA R - series stock keeping units ( SKUs ) receive GT3e ( Intel Iris Pro 5200 ) integrated graphics . All other models have GT3 ( Intel HD 5000 or Intel Iris 5100 ) , GT2 ( Intel HD 4200 , 4400 , 4600 , P4600 or P4700 ) or GT1 ( Intel HD Graphics ) integrated graphics . See also Intel HD and Iris Graphics for more details . Due to the low power requirements of tablet and UltraBook platforms , Haswell - ULT and Haswell - ULX are only available in dual - core configurations . All other versions come as dual - or quad - core variants . Performance ( edit ) Compared to Ivy Bridge : Approximately 8 % faster vector processing Up to 5 % faster single - threaded performance 6 % faster multi-threaded performance Desktop variants of Haswell draw between 8 % and 23 % more power under load than Ivy Bridge . A 6 % increase in sequential CPU performance ( eight execution ports per core versus six ) Up to 20 % performance increase over the integrated HD4000 GPU ( Haswell HD4600 vs Ivy Bridge 's built - in Intel HD4000 ) Total performance improvement on average is about 3 % Around 15 ° C hotter than Ivy Bridge , while clock frequencies of over 4.6 GHz are achievable Technology ( edit ) See also : Intel HD Graphics Features carried over from Ivy Bridge ( edit ) 22 nm manufacturing process 3D Tri-Gate FinFET transistors Micro-operation cache ( Uop Cache ) capable of storing 1.5 K micro-operations ( approximately 6 KB in size ) 14 - to 19 - stage instruction pipeline , depending on the micro-operation cache hit or miss ( an approach used in the even earlier Sandy Bridge microarchitecture ) Mainstream variants are up to quad - core . Native support for dual - channel DDR3 / DDR3L memory , with up to 32 GB of RAM on LGA 1150 variants 64 KB ( 32 KB Instruction + 32 KB Data ) L1 cache and 256 KB L2 cache per core A total of 16 PCI Express 3.0 lanes on LGA 1150 variants New features ( edit ) Haswell featured a Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator . Wider core : fourth arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) , third address generation unit ( AGU ) , second branch execution unit ( BEU ) , deeper buffers , higher cache bandwidth , improved front - end and memory controller , higher load / store bandwidth . New instructions ( HNI , includes Advanced Vector Extensions 2 ( AVX2 ) , gather , BMI1 , BMI2 , ABM and FMA3 support ) . The instruction decode queue , which holds instructions after they have been decoded , is no longer statically partitioned between the two threads that each core can service . New sockets and chipsets : LGA 1150 for desktops , and rPGA947 and BGA1364 for the mobile market . Z97 ( performance ) and H97 ( mainstream ) chipsets for the Haswell Refresh and Broadwell , in Q2 2014 . LGA 2011 - v3 with X99 chipset for the enthusiast - class desktop platform Haswell - E . Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions ( TSX ) for the Haswell - EX variant . In August 2014 Intel announced that a bug exists in the TSX implementation on the current steppings of Haswell , Haswell - E , Haswell - EP and early Broadwell CPUs , which resulted in disabling the TSX feature on affected CPUs via a microcode update . Hardware graphics support for Direct3D 11.1 and OpenGL 4.3 . Intel 10.18. 14.4889 driver is the last planned driver release on Windows 7 / 8.1 . DDR4 for the enthusiast and enterprise / server segments and for the Enthusiast - Class Desktop Platform Haswell - E Variable Base clock ( BClk ) like LGA 2011 . Four versions of the integrated GPU : GT1 , GT2 , GT3 and GT3e , where GT3 version has 40 execution units ( EUs ) . Haswell 's predecessor , Ivy Bridge , has a maximum of 16 EUs . GT3e version with 40 EUs and on - package 128 MB of embedded DRAM ( eDRAM ) , called Crystalwell , is available only in mobile H - SKUs and desktop ( BGA - only ) R - SKUs . Effectively , this eDRAM is a Level 4 cache ; it is shared dynamically between the on - die GPU and CPU , and serving as a victim cache to the CPU 's Level 3 cache . Optional support for Thunderbolt technology and Thunderbolt 2.0 Fully integrated voltage regulator ( FIVR ) , thereby moving some of the components from motherboard onto the CPU . New advanced power - saving system ; due to Haswell 's new low - power C6 and C7 sleep states , not all power supply units ( PSUs ) are suitable for computers with Haswell CPUs . 37 , 47 , 57 W thermal design power ( TDP ) mobile processors . 35 , 45 , 65 , 84 , 88 , 95 and 130 -- 140 W ( high - end , Haswell - E ) TDP desktop processors . 15 W or 11.5 W TDP processors for the Ultrabook platform ( multi-chip package like Westmere ) leading to reduced heat , which results in thinner as well as lighter Ultrabooks , but the performance level is slightly lower than the 17 W version . Shrink of the Platform Controller Hub ( PCH ) , from 65 nm to 32 nm . Translation lookaside buffer sizes Cache Page size Name Level 4 KB 2 MB 1 GB DTLB 1st 64 32 ITLB 1st 128 8 / logical core none STLB 2nd 1024 none Server processors features ( edit ) Haswell - EP variant , released in September 2014 , with up to 18 cores and marketed as the Xeon E5 - 1600 v3 and Xeon E5 - 2600 v3 series . Haswell - EX variant , released in May 2015 , with 18 cores and functioning TSX . A new cache design . Up to 35 MB total unified cache ( last level cache , LLC ) for Haswell - EP and up to 40 MB for Haswell - EX . LGA 2011 - v3 socket replaces LGA 2011 for the Haswell EP ; the new socket has the same number of pins , but it is keyed differently due to electrical incompatibility . The already launched Xeon E3 v3 Haswells will get a refresh in spring 2014 , together with a refreshed Intel C220 series PCH chipset . TDP up to 160 W for Haswell - EP . Haswell - EP models with ten and more cores support cluster on die ( COD ) operation mode , allowing CPU 's multiple columns of cores and last level cache ( LLC ) slices to be logically divided into what is presented as two non-uniform memory access ( NUMA ) CPUs to the operating system . By keeping data and instructions local to the `` partition '' of CPU which is processing them , therefore decreasing the LLC access latency , COD brings performance improvements to NUMA - aware operating systems and applications . Haswell Refresh ( edit ) Around the middle of 2014 , Intel released a refresh of Haswell , simply titled Haswell Refresh . When compared to the original Haswell CPUs lineup , Haswell Refresh CPUs offer a modest increase in clock frequencies , usually of 100 MHz . Haswell Refresh CPUs are supported by Intel 's 9 Series chipsets ( Z97 and H97 , codenamed Wildcat Point ) , while motherboards with 8 Series chipsets ( codenamed Lynx Point ) usually require a BIOS update to support Haswell Refresh CPUs . The CPUs codenamed Devil 's Canyon , covering the i5 and i7 K - series SKUs , employ a new and improved thermal interface material ( TIM ) called next - generation polymer thermal interface material ( NGPTIM ) . This improved TIM reduces the CPU 's operating temperatures and improves the overclocking potential , as something that had been problematic since the introduction of Ivy Bridge . Other changes for the Devil 's Canyon CPUs include a TDP increase to 88 W , additional decoupling capacitors to help smooth out the outputs from the fully integrated voltage regulator ( FIVR ) , and support for the VT - d that was previously limited to non-K - series SKUs . TSX was another feature brought over from the non-K - series SKUs , until August 2014 when a microcode update disabled TSX due to a bug that was discovered in its implementation . List of Haswell processors ( edit ) Desktop processors ( edit ) Intel Haswell i7 - 4771 CPU , sitting atop its original packaging that contains an OEM fan - cooled heatsink All models support : MMX , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 , SSSE3 , SSE4. 1 , SSE4. 2 , F16C , Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology ( EIST ) , Intel 64 , XD bit ( an NX bit implementation ) , Intel VT - x , and Smart Cache . Core i3 , i5 and i7 support AVX , AVX2 , BMI1 , BMI2 , FMA3 , and AES - NI . Core i3 and i7 , as well as the Core i5 - 4570T and i5 - 4570TE , support Hyper - Threading ( HT ) . Core i5 and i7 support Turbo Boost 2.0 . Although it was initially supported on selected models , since August 2014 desktop variants no longer support TSX due to a bug that was discovered in its implementation ; as a workaround , a microcode update disabled the TSX feature . SKUs below 45xx as well as R - series and K - series SKUs do not support Trusted Execution Technology or vPro . Intel VT - d , which is Intel 's IOMMU , is supported on all i5 and i7 SKUs except the i5 - 4670K and i7 - 4770K . Support for VT - d requires the chipset and motherboard to also support VT - d . Models i5 - 4690K and i7 - 4790K , codenamed Devil 's Canyon , have a better internal thermal grease to help heat escape and an improved internal voltage regulator ( `` FIVR '' ) , to help deliver cleaner power in situations like overclocking . Transistors : 1.4 billion Die size : 177 mm Intel HD and Iris Graphics in following variants : R - series desktop processors feature Intel Iris Pro 5200 graphics ( GT3e ) . All other currently known i3 , i5 and i7 desktop processors include Intel HD 4600 graphics ( GT2 ) . The exceptions are processors 41xxx , which include HD 4400 graphics ( GT2 ) . Celeron and Pentium processors contain Intel HD Graphics ( GT1 ) . Pentium G3258 , also known as the Pentium Anniversary Edition , has an unlocked multiplier . Its release marks 20 years of `` Pentium '' as a brand . The following table lists available desktop processors . Target segment Cores ( threads ) Processor branding and model GPU model CPU clock rate Graphics clock rate Cache TDP PCIe 3.0 lane configurations VT - d Release date Release price ( USD ) Motherboard Normal Turbo Normal Turbo L3 L4 Socket Interface Memory Enthusiast / High - End 8 ( 16 ) Core i7 Extreme 5960X N / A 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz N / A N / A 20 MB N / A 140 W 2 × 16 + 1 × 8 Yes August 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 29 ) $999 LGA 2011 - v3 DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 Up to quad channel DDR4 - 2133 6 ( 12 ) 5930K 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 15 MB $583 5820K 3.3 GHz 3.6 GHz 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 $389 Performance 4 ( 8 ) Core i7 4790K HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 4.0 GHz 4.4 GHz 350 MHz 1.25 GHz 8 MB 88 W 1 × 16 2 × 8 1 × 8 + 2 × 4 June 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) $339 LGA 1150 Up to dual channel DDR3 - 1600 4790 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz 1.2 GHz 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $303 4790S 3.2 GHz 65 W 4790T 2.7 GHz 3.9 GHz 45 W 4785T 2.2 GHz 3.2 GHz 35 W 4771 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 84 W September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) $320 4770K 1.25 GHz No June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) $339 4770 3.4 GHz 1.2 GHz Yes $303 4770S 3.1 GHz 65 W 4770R Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 3.2 GHz 200 MHz 1.3 GHz 6 MB 128 MB $392 BGA 1364 4770T HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 2.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 350 MHz 1.2 GHz 8 MB N / A 45 W $303 LGA 1150 4770TE 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 1 GHz 4765T 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 1.2 GHz 35 W Mainstream 4 ( 4 ) Core i5 4690K 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 6 MB 88 W June 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) $242 4690 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $213 4690S 3.2 GHz 65 W 4690T 2.5 GHz 3.5 GHz 45 W 4670K 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 84 W No June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) $242 4670 Yes $213 4670S 3.1 GHz 65 W 4670R Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 3.0 GHz 3.7 GHz 200 MHz 1.3 GHz 4 MB 128 MB $310 BGA 1364 4670T HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 350 MHz 1.2 GHz 6 MB N / A 45 W $213 LGA 1150 4590 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 1.15 GHz 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $192 4590S 3.0 GHz 65 W 4590T 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 35 W 4570 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 84 W June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 4570S 2.9 GHz 65 W 4570R Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 2.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 200 MHz 4 MB 128 MB $288 BGA 1364 2 ( 4 ) 4570T HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz N / A 35 W $192 LGA 1150 4570TE 2.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz 4 ( 4 ) 4460 3.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 1.1 GHz 6 MB 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $182 4460S 2.9 GHz 65 W 4460T 1.9 GHz 2.7 GHz 35 W 4440 3.1 GHz 3.3 GHz 84 W September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 4440S 2.8 GHz 65 W 4430 3.0 GHz 3.2 GHz 84 W June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 4430S 2.7 GHz 65 W 2 ( 4 ) Core i3 4370 3.8 GHz N / A 1.15 GHz 4 MB 54 W No July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) $149 4360 3.7 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 4350 3.6 GHz $138 4340 September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) $149 4330 3.5 GHz $138 4370T 3.3 GHz 200 MHz 35 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 4360T 3.2 GHz July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 4350T 3.1 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 4330T 3.0 GHz September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 4340TE 2.6 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $138 4330TE 2.4 GHz September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) $122 4170 HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 3.7 GHz 1.15 GHz 3 MB 54 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) $117 4160 3.6 GHz July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 4150 3.5 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 4130 3.4 GHz September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) $122 4170T 3.2 GHz 200 MHz 35 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) $117 4160T 3.1 GHz July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 4150T 3.0 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 4130T 2.9 GHz September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) $122 2 ( 2 ) Pentium G3470 HD Graphics 3.6 GHz 350 MHz 1.1 GHz 53 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) $86 G3460 3.5 GHz July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) G3450 3.4 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) G3440 3.3 GHz $75 G3430 December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) $86 G3420 3.2 GHz $75 G3460T 3.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz 35 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) G3450T 2.9 GHz July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) G3440T 2.8 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) G3420T 2.7 GHz December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) G3320TE 2.3 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz Up to dual channel DDR3 - 1333 G3260 3.3 GHz 1.1 GHz 53 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) $64 G3258 3.2 GHz June 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) $72 G3250 July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) $64 G3240 3.1 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) G3220 3.0 GHz December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) G3260T 2.9 GHz 200 MHz 35 W March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) G3250T 2.8 GHz July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) G3240T 2.7 GHz May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) G3220T 2.6 GHz December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) Celeron G1850 2.9 GHz 350 MHz 1.05 GHz 2 MB 53 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $52 G1840 2.8 GHz $42 G1830 December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) $52 G1820 2.7 GHz $42 G1840T 2.5 GHz 200 MHz 35 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) G1820T 2.4 GHz December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) G1820TE 2.2 GHz 1 GHz Some of these configurations could be disabled by the chipset . For example , H - series chipsets disable all PCIe 3.0 lane configurations except 1 × 16 . This feature also requires a chipset that supports VT - d like the Q87 chipset or the X99 chipset . This is called 20th Anniversary Edition and has an unlocked multiplier . SKU suffixes to denote : K -- unlocked ( adjustable CPU multiplier up to 63x ) The Pentium G3258 CPU is unlocked despite not having the K - suffix . S -- performance - optimized lifestyle ( low power with 65 W TDP ) T -- power - optimized lifestyle ( ultra low power with 35 -- 45 W TDP ) R -- BGA packaging / High - performance GPU ( currently Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) ) X -- extreme edition ( adjustable CPU ratio with no ratio limit ) Server processors ( edit ) Intel Xeon E3 - 1241 v3 CPU , on top of its original packaging with an OEM fan - cooled heatsink Intel Xeon E5 - 1650 v3 CPU ; its retail box contains no OEM heatsink All models support : MMX , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 , SSSE3 , SSE4. 1 , SSE4. 2 , AVX ( Advanced Vector Extensions ) , AVX2 , FMA3 , F16C , BMI ( Bit Manipulation Instructions 1 ) + BMI2 , Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology ( EIST ) , Intel 64 , XD bit ( an NX bit implementation ) , TXT , Intel vPro , Intel VT - x , Intel VT - d , hyper - threading ( except E3 - 1220 v3 and E3 - 1225 v3 ) , Turbo Boost 2.0 , AES - NI , and Smart Cache . Haswell - EX models ( E7 - 48xx / 88xx v3 ) support TSX , while for Haswell - E , Haswell - WS ( E3 - 12xx v3 ) and Haswell - EP ( E5 - 16xx / 26xx v3 ) models it was disabled via a microcode update in August 2014 , due to a bug that was discovered in the TSX implementation . Transistors : 5.56 billion Die size : 661 mm The first digit of the model number designates the largest supported multi-socket configuration ; thus , E5 - 26xx v3 models support up to dual - socket configurations , while the E7 - 48xx v3 and E7 - 88xx v3 models support up to quad - and eight - socket configurations , respectively . Also , E5 - 16xx / 26xx v3 and E7 - 48xx / 88xx v3 models have no integrated GPU . Lists of launched server processors are below , split between Haswell E3 - 12xx v3 , E5 - 16xx / 26xx v3 and E7 - 48xx / 88xx v3 models . Haswell E7 - 48xx / 88xx v3 SKUs Target segment Cores ( threads ) Processor branding and model CPU clock rate L3 cache TDP Release date Release price ( USD ) Motherboard Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory Server 4 ( 8 ) Xeon E7 v3 E7 - 8893v3 3.2 GHz 3.5 GHz 45 MB 140 W May 2015 $6,841 LGA 2011 - 1 QPI ( up to 9.6 GT / s ) DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 Up to DDR4 - 1866 or DDR3 - 1600 10 ( 20 ) E7 - 8891v3 2.8 GHz 165 W 18 ( 36 ) E7 - 8890v3 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz $7,174 E7 - 8880v3 2.3 GHz 3.1 GHz 150 W $5,895 E7 - 8880Lv3 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 115 W $6,063 E7 - 8870v3 2.1 GHz 2.9 GHz 140 W $4,672 16 ( 32 ) E7 - 8867v3 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 165 W E7 - 8860v3 2.2 GHz 3.2 GHz 40 MB $4,061 14 ( 28 ) E7 - 4850v3 2.8 GHz 35 MB 115 W $3,003 12 ( 24 ) E7 - 4830v3 2.1 GHz 2.7 GHz 30 MB $2,170 10 ( 20 ) E7 - 4820v3 1.9 GHz N / A 25 MB $1,502 8 ( 16 ) E7 - 4809v3 2.0 GHz Haswell E5 - 16xx / 26xx v3 SKUs Target segment Cores ( threads ) Processor branding and model CPU clock rate CPU AVX clock rate L3 cache TDP Release date Release price ( USD ) tray / box Motherboard Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory Server 18 ( 36 ) Xeon E5 v3 2699v3 2.3 GHz 3.6 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.3 GHz 45 MB 145 W September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) N / A LGA 2011 - 3 QPI ( up to 9.6 GT / s ) DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 up to DDR4 - 2133 16 ( 32 ) 2698v3 40 MB 135 W 2698Av3 2.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.3 GHz N / A 165 W November 2014 OEM 14 ( 28 ) 2697v3 2.6 GHz 3.6 GHz 2.2 GHz 3.3 GHz 35 MB 145 W September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) $2,702 / $2,706 2695v3 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.0 GHz 120 W $2,424 / $2,428 12 ( 24 ) 2690v3 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.3 GHz 3.2 GHz 30 MB 135 W $2,090 / $2,094 14 ( 28 ) 2683v3 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 1.7 GHz 2.7 GHz 35 MB 120 W $1,846 / -- 12 ( 24 ) 2680v3 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 2.1 GHz 3.1 GHz 30 MB $1,745 / $1,749 2673v3 2.4 GHz 3.1 GHz 2670v3 2.3 GHz 3.1 GHz 2.0 GHz 2.9 GHz 120 W $1,589 / $1,593 8 ( 16 ) 2667v3 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 20 MB 135 W $2,057 / -- 10 ( 20 ) 2660v3 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 2.2 GHz 3.1 GHz 25 MB 105 W $1,445 / $1,449 12 ( 24 ) 2650Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.5 GHz 1.5 GHz 2.3 GHz 30 MB 65 W $1,329 / -- 2658v3 2.2 GHz 2.9 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.0 GHz 105 W $1,832 / -- 10 ( 20 ) 2650v3 2.3 GHz 3.0 GHz 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 25 MB $1,166 / $1,171 12 ( 24 ) 2648Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.5 GHz 1.5 GHz 2.2 GHz 30 MB 75 W $1,544 / -- 6 ( 12 ) 2643v3 3.4 GHz 3.7 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 20 MB 135 W $1,552 / -- 8 ( 16 ) 2640v3 2.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 2.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 20 MB 90 W $939 / $944 up to DDR4 - 1866 4 ( 8 ) 2637v3 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 15 MB 135 W $996 / -- up to DDR4 - 2133 8 ( 16 ) 2630v3 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.1 GHz 3.2 GHz 20 MB 85 W $667 / $671 up to DDR4 - 1866 2630Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.9 GHz 1.5 GHz 2.9 GHz 55 W $612 / -- 10 ( 20 ) 2628Lv3 2.0 GHz 2.5 GHz 1.7 GHz 2.4 GHz 25 MB 75 W $1,364 / -- 4 ( 8 ) 2623v3 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 10 MB 105 W $444 / -- 6 ( 12 ) 2620v3 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.1 GHz 3.2 GHz 15 MB 85 W $417 / $422 8 ( 16 ) 2618Lv3 2.3 GHz 3.4 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.4 GHz 20 MB 75 W $779 / -- 6 ( 6 ) 2609v3 1.9 GHz N / A 1.9 GHz N / A 15 MB 85 W $306 / $306 up to DDR4 - 1600 6 ( 12 ) 2608Lv3 2.0 GHz 1.7 GHz 52 W $441 / -- up to DDR4 - 1866 6 ( 6 ) 2603v3 1.6 GHz 1.3 GHz 85 W $213 / $217 up to DDR4 - 1600 Workstation 10 ( 20 ) 2687Wv3 3.1 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 25 MB 160 W $2,141 / $2,145 up to DDR4 - 2133 8 ( 16 ) 1680v3 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.4 GHz 20 MB 140 W $1,723 / -- DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 1660v3 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz $1,080 / -- 6 ( 12 ) 1650v3 3.5 GHz 3.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.7 GHz 15 MB $583 / $586 4 ( 8 ) 1630v3 3.7 GHz 3.8 GHz 3.4 GHz 3.7 GHz 10 MB $372 / -- 1620v3 3.5 GHz 3.6 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.5 GHz $294 / $297 4 ( 4 ) 1607v3 3.1 GHz N / A 2.8 GHz N / A $255 / -- up to DDR4 - 1866 4 ( 4 ) 1603v3 2.8 GHz 2.5 GHz $202 / -- Haswell E3 - 12xx v3 SKUs Target segment Cores ( threads ) Processor branding and model GPU model CPU clock rate Graphics clock rate L3 cache GPU eDRAM TDP Release date Release price ( USD ) tray / box Motherboard Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory Server 4 ( 8 ) Xeon E3 v3 1286v3 HD P4700 ( GT2 ) 3.7 GHz 4.1 GHz 350 MHz 1.3 GHz 8 MB N / A 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $662 / -- LGA 1150 DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 up to dual channel DDR3 - 1600 with ECC 1286Lv3 3.2 GHz 4.0 GHz 1.25 GHz 65 W $774 / -- 1285v3 3.6 GHz 1.3 GHz 84 W June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) $662 / -- 1285Lv3 3.1 GHz 3.9 GHz 1.25 GHz 65 W $774 / -- 1284Lv3 Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 1.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 750 MHz 1 GHz 6 MB 128 MB 47 W February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) OEM BGA 1364 1281v3 N / A 3.7 GHz 4.1 GHz N / A 8 MB N / A 82 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $612 / -- LGA 1150 1280v3 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 1276v3 HD P4600 ( GT2 ) 350 MHz 1.25 GHz 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $339 / $350 1275v3 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) $339 / $350 1275Lv3 HD ( GT1 ) 2.7 GHz 1.2 GHz 45 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $328 / -- 1271v3 N / A 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz N / A 80 W $328 / $339 1270v3 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 1268Lv3 HD P4600 ( GT2 ) 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz 45 W $310 / -- 1265Lv3 HD ( GT1 ) 2.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 1.2 GHz $294 / -- 1246v3 HD P4600 ( GT2 ) 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $276 / $287 1245v3 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 1241v3 N / A 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz N / A 80 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $262 / $273 1240v3 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 1240Lv3 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 25 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $278 / -- 1231v3 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 80 W $240 / $250 1230v3 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 1230Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.8 GHz 25 W $250 / -- 4 ( 4 ) 1226v3 HD P4600 ( GT2 ) 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 350 MHz 1.2 GHz 84 W May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) $213 / $224 1225v3 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 1220v3 N / A 3.1 GHz 3.5 GHz N / A 80 W $193 / $203 2 ( 4 ) 1220Lv3 1.1 GHz 1.5 GHz 4 MB 13 W September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) $193 / -- SKU suffixes to denote : L -- low power Mobile processors ( edit ) All models support : MMX , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 , SSSE3 , SSE4. 1 , SSE4. 2 , F16C , Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology ( EIST ) , Intel VT - x , Intel 64 , XD bit ( an NX bit implementation ) , and Smart Cache . Core i3 , i5 and i7 support AVX , AVX2 , BMI1 , BMI2 , FMA3 , and hyper - threading ( HT ) . Core i3 , i5 and i7 except the Core i3 - 4000M support AES - NI . Core i5 and i7 except the Core i5 - 4410E , i5 - 4402EC , i7 - 4700EC , and i7 - 4702EC support Turbo Boost 2.0 . Platform Controller Hub ( PCH ) integrated into the CPU package , slightly reducing the amount of space used on motherboards . Transistors : 1.3 billion Die size : 181 mm The following table lists available mobile processors . Target segment Cores ( threads ) Processor branding and model GPU model Programmable TDP CPU Turbo ( single core ) Graphics clock rate L3 cache GPU eDRAM Release date Release price ( USD ) SDP cTDP down Nominal TDP cTDP up Normal Turbo Performance 4 ( 8 ) Core i7 4940MX HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A N / A 57 W / 3.1 GHz 65 W / 3.8 GHz 4.0 GHz 400 MHz 1.35 GHz 8 MB N / A January 21 , 2014 $1096 4930MX 57 W / 3.0 GHz 65 W / 3.7 GHz 3.9 GHz June 2 , 2013 4980HQ Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 47 W / 2.8 GHz N / A 4.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.3 GHz 6 MB 128 MB July 21 , 2014 $623 4960HQ 47 W / 2.6 GHz 55 W / 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz September 1 , 2013 4950HQ 47 W / 2.4 GHz 55 W / 3.4 GHz 3.6 GHz June 2 , 2013 4910MQ HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 47 W / 2.9 GHz 55 W / 3.7 GHz 3.9 GHz 400 MHz 8 MB N / A January 21 , 2014 $568 4900MQ 47 W / 2.8 GHz 55 W / 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz June 2 , 2013 $570 4870HQ Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 47 W / 2.5 GHz N / A 3.7 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz 6 MB 128 MB July 21 , 2014 $434 4860EQ 47 W / 1.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 750 MHz 1 GHz August 2013 $508 4860HQ 47 W / 2.4 GHz 55 W / 3.4 GHz 3.6 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz January 21 , 2014 $434 4850EQ 47 W / 1.6 GHz N / A 3.2 GHz 650 MHz 1 GHz August 2013 $466 4850HQ 47 W / 2.3 GHz 55 W / 3.3 GHz 3.5 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz June 2 , 2013 $434 4810MQ HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 47 W / 2.8 GHz 55 W / 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz 400 MHz 1.3 GHz N / A January 21 , 2014 $378 4800MQ 47 W / 2.7 GHz 55 W / 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz June 2 , 2013 $380 4770HQ Iris Pro 5200 ( GT3e ) 47 W / 2.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz 128 MB July 21 , 2014 $434 4760HQ 47 W / 2.1 GHz 55 W / 3.1 GHz 3.3 GHz April 14 , 2014 $434 4750HQ 47 W / 2.0 GHz 55 W / 3.0 GHz 3.2 GHz June 2 , 2013 $440 4720HQ HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 47 W / 2.6 GHz N / A 3.6 GHz 400 MHz 1.2 GHz N / A January 2015 $378 4712MQ 37 W / 2.3 GHz 45 W / 3.1 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.15 GHz April 14 , 2014 4712HQ 4710MQ 47 W / 2.5 GHz 55 W / 3.3 GHz 3.5 GHz 4710HQ 1.2 GHz 4702MQ 37 W / 2.2 GHz 45 W / 2.9 GHz 3.2 GHz 1.15 GHz June 2 , 2013 $383 4702HQ 4700MQ 47 W / 2.4 GHz 55 W / 3.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 4700HQ 1.2 GHz 4701EQ 1 GHz September 1 , 2013 $415 4700EQ June 2 , 2013 $378 4702EC N / A 27 W / 2.0 GHz N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 MB April 2014 $459 4700EC 43 W / 2.7 GHz N / A Mainstream 2 ( 4 ) 4650U HD 5000 ( GT3 ) N / A 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz 4 MB June 2 , 2013 $454 4610Y HD 4200 ( GT2 ) 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.7 GHz 2.9 GHz 850 MHz September 1 , 2013 $393 4610M HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A N / A 37 W / 3.0 GHz 3.7 GHz 400 MHz 1.3 GHz January 21 , 2014 $346 4600M 37 W / 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz September 1 , 2013 4600U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 2.1 GHz 3.3 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $398 4578U Iris 5100 ( GT3 ) 23 W / 800 MHz 28 W / 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 1.2 GHz July 20 , 2014 N / A 4558U 28 W / 2.8 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.2 GHz June 2 , 2013 $454 4550U HD 5000 ( GT3 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 1.1 GHz 4510U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 15 W / 2.0 GHz 3.1 GHz April 2014 $393 4500U 15 W / 1.8 GHz 25 W / 3.0 GHz 3.0 GHz June 2 , 2013 $398 Core i5 4402EC N / A N / A 27 W / 2.5 GHz N / A N / A N / A N / A April 2014 $324 4422E HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 25 W / 1.8 GHz 2.9 GHz 400 MHz 900 MHz 3 MB April 14 , 2014 $266 4410E 37 W / 2.9 GHz N / A 1 GHz 4402E 25 W / 1.6 GHz 2.7 GHz 900 MHz September 1 , 2013 4400E 37 W / 2.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 1 GHz 4360U HD 5000 ( GT3 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz January 21 , 2014 $315 4350U 15 W / 1.4 GHz 2.9 GHz June 2 , 2013 $342 4340M HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A 37 W / 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz 400 MHz 1.25 GHz January 21 , 2014 $266 4330M 37 W / 2.8 GHz 3.5 GHz September 1 , 2013 4310M HD 4600 ( GT2 ) 37 W / 2.7 GHz 3.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.25 GHz January 21 , 2014 $225 4310U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $281 4302Y HD 4200 ( GT2 ) 4.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 2.3 GHz 200 MHz 850 MHz September 1 , 2013 N / A 4300Y 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz $304 4300M HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A N / A 37 W / 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 400 MHz 1.25 GHz $225 4300U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.9 GHz 2.9 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $287 4288U Iris 5100 ( GT3 ) 23 W / 800 MHz 28 W / 2.6 GHz 3.1 GHz 1.2 GHz June 2 , 2013 $342 4258U 28 W / 2.4 GHz 2.9 GHz 1.1 GHz 4308U 28 W / 2.8 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.2 GHz July 20 , 2014 $315 4260U HD 5000 ( GT3 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.4 GHz 2.7 GHz 1 GHz April 14 , 2014 $315 4250U 15 W / 1.3 GHz 2.6 GHz June 2 , 2013 $342 4210H HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A 47 W / 2.9 GHz 3.5 GHz 400 MHz 1.15 GHz July 20 , 2014 $225 4210M 37 W / 2.6 GHz 3.2 GHz April 14 , 2014 4210U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.7 GHz 2.7 GHz 200 MHz 1 GHz $287 4220Y HD 4200 ( GT2 ) 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 2.0 GHz 850 MHz $281 4210Y 11.5 W / 1.5 GHz 1.9 GHz September 1 , 2013 $304 4202Y 4.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 2.0 GHz N / A 4200Y 6 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.4 GHz 1.9 GHz June 2 , 2013 $304 4200U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) N / A 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.6 GHz 25 W / ? 2.6 GHz 1 GHz $287 4200H HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A 47 W / 2.8 GHz N / A 3.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.15 GHz September 1 , 2013 $257 4200M 37 W / 2.5 GHz 3.1 GHz $240 Core i3 4158U Iris 5100 ( GT3 ) 23 W / 800 MHz 28 W / 2.0 GHz N / A 200 MHz 1.1 GHz June 2 , 2013 $342 4120U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 2.0 GHz 1 GHz April 14 , 2014 $281 4112E HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A 25 W / 1.8 GHz 400 MHz 900 MHz $225 4110E 37 W / 2.6 GHz 4102E 25 W / 1.6 GHz September 1 , 2013 4100E 37 W / 2.4 GHz 4110M 37 W / 2.6 GHz 1.1 GHz April 14 , 2014 4100M 37 W / 2.5 GHz September 1 , 2013 4100U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.8 GHz 200 MHz 1 GHz June 2 , 2013 $287 4030Y HD 4200 ( GT2 ) 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 850 MHz April 14 , 2014 $281 4020Y 11.5 W / 1.5 GHz September 1 , 2013 $304 4012Y 4.5 W / 800 MHz N / A 4010Y 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.3 GHz June 2 , 2013 4030U HD 4400 ( GT2 ) N / A 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.9 GHz 1 GHz April 14 , 2014 $281 4025U 950 MHz $275 4010U 15 W / 1.7 GHz 1 GHz September 1 , 2013 $287 4005U 950 MHz $281 4000M HD 4600 ( GT2 ) N / A 37 W / 2.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.1 GHz $240 2 ( 2 ) Pentium 3561Y HD Graphics 6 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.2 GHz 200 MHz 850 MHz 2 MB December 2013 $161 3560Y September 1 , 2013 OEM 3558U N / A 15 W / 1.7 GHz 1 GHz December 2013 $161 3556U September 1 , 2013 OEM 3560M 37 W / 2.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.1 GHz April 14 , 2014 $134 3550M 37 W / 2.3 GHz September 1 , 2013 Celeron 2981U 15 W / 1.6 GHz 200 MHz 1 GHz December 2013 $137 2980U September 1 , 2013 2957U 15 W / 1.4 GHz December 2013 $132 2955U September 1 , 2013 2970M 37 W / 2.2 GHz 400 MHz 1.1 GHz April 14 , 2014 $75 2950M 37 W / 2.0 GHz September 1 , 2013 $86 2961Y 6 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.1 GHz 200 MHz 850 MHz December 2013 OEM When a cooler or quieter mode of operation is desired , this mode specifies a lower TDP and lower guaranteed frequency versus the nominal mode . This is the processor 's rated frequency and TDP . When extra cooling is available , this mode specifies a higher TDP and higher guaranteed frequency versus the nominal mode . SKU suffixes to denote : M -- mobile processor ( Socket G3 ) Q -- quad - core U -- ultra-low power ( BGA1168 packaging ) X -- `` extreme '' Y -- extreme low - power ( BGA1168 packaging ) E / H -- BGA1364 packaging See also ( edit ) LGA 1150 : Original Haswell chipsets List of Intel chipsets List of Intel CPU microarchitectures Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Implemented as eDRAM and serving primarily to increase the performance of integrated GPU , while being shared with the CPU . ^ Jump up to : Maximum QPI speed depends on the CPU model . Jump up ^ Unconfirmed details may differ from surrounding models References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Intel Developer Forum '' . Intel.com . Intel . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Moorhead , Patrick ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` Intel 's Newest Core Processors : All About Graphics And Low Power '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Crothers , Brooke ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Haswell chip completes Ultrabook ' revolution ' '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` IDF 2008 Shanghai : Compte - rendu Processeur : de Nehalem à Haswell '' . x86 Secret . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Shrout , Ryan . `` IDF 2012 : Intel Haswell Architecture Revealed '' . PC Perspective . Jump up ^ `` IDF : Intel says Haswell wo n't use Ivy Bridge transistors '' . The Inquirer. 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell and Broadwell Silicon Variants Detailed '' . techPowerUp. 2012 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anand Lal Shimpi ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Intel Iris & Iris Pro Graphics : Haswell GT3 / GT3e Gets a Brand '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Shvets , Gennadiy ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Intel Core i5 - 3570K vs i5 - 4670K '' . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Core i7 - 4770K CPU Review . Intel Haswell for Desktops : Ruin of Our Hopes ? . Page 11 '' . X-bit labs . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell hotter and slower than expected '' . PC Pro . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Haswell heat surprises system builders '' . bit - tech . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retail Versions of Intel Core i `` Haswell '' Are `` Hotter and Slower '' Than Expected -- Report `` . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Core i7 - 4770K CPU Review . Intel Haswell for Desktops : Ruin of Our Hopes ? . Page 12 '' . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Koen Crijns ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Workshop : How to overclock Haswell processors -- In practice '' . Us.hardware.info . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Overclocking Haswell on ASUS ' 8 - Series Motherboards ( video ) '' . AnandTech. 2013 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Haswell : 4th Gen Intel HD Graphics - All 's Well for the new IGP ? '' . Hardware Zone . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anand Lal Shimpi ( 2012 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Intel 's Haswell Architecture Analyzed '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel 2013 Haswell CPUs Get Detailed in Series of Leaked Slides '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Haswell '' ( slide ) . Intel . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell Architecture Disclosure : Live Blog '' ( blog ) . 01 : 58PM -- Same sizes L1 / L2 caches as SNB / IVB Jump up ^ Edwards , Nathan . `` Theoretical vs. Actual Bandwidth : PCI Express and Thunderbolt '' . Tested . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.anandtech.com/show/6355/intels-haswell-architecture/8 Jump up ^ Kanter , David ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Intel 's Haswell CPU Microarchitecture '' . Real World Technologies . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jain , Tarush ; Agrawal , Tanmay ( 2013 ) . `` The Haswell Microarchitecture - 4th Generation Processor '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies . 4 ( 3 ) : 477 -- 480 . ISSN 0975 - 9646 . Jump up ^ Per Hammarlund ( August 2013 ) . `` Fourth - Generation Intel Core Processor , codenamed Haswell '' ( PDF ) . hotchips.org . p. 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Haswell New Instruction Descriptions Now Available ! Intel Developer Zone '' . Software.intel.com. 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Haswell new instruction descriptions now available '' . Intel . 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream desktop CPUs future evolution -- more performance or just more integration ? by '' . VR Zone. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nathan Kirsch ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Intel Desktop Processor and Chipset Roadmap Leaked For 2013 and 2014 '' . legitreviews.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Nathan ( 2013 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Intel Haswell - E Halo Platform Will Have 8 - Cores , DDR4 , X99 Chipset and More '' . Legit Reviews . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Cutress ( 2014 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Intel Disables TSX Instructions : Erratum Found in Haswell , Haswell - E / EP , Broadwell - Y '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Transactional Synchronization in Haswell '' . Intel . 2012 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Wasson , Scott ( 2014 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Errata prompts Intel to disable TSX in Haswell , early Broadwell CPUs '' . The Tech Report . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Desktop 4th Generation Intel Core Processor Family , Desktop Intel Pentium Processor Family , and Desktop Intel Celeron Processor Family : Specification Update ( Revision 014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Intel . June 2014 . p. 46 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Under a complex set of internal timing conditions and system events , software using the Intel TSX ( Transactional Synchronization Extensions ) instructions may observe unpredictable system behavior . Jump up ^ `` The Compute Architecture of Intel Processor Graphics Gen7. 5 '' . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell Architecture Slides -- IDF 2012 '' . AnandTech. 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Release Notes Driver version : 15.40. 38.4963 '' ( PDF ) . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Dowwnload Intel ® Graphics Driver for Windows 7 * / 8.1 * ( 15.36 ) '' . Intel Drivers & Support . 2018 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . This is the last of version 15.36 driver to support 4th generation on Windows 7 * and Windows 8.1 * . No further drivers are to be expected for this generation on these operating systems . Jump up ^ `` Haswell '' ( slide ) . Intel . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Intel roadmap shows Haswell - E , Haswell Refresh and Skylake '' . Guru3d.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel to Officially Enable Better Overclocking in Haswell '' . News.softpedia.com. 2012 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Intel Haswell Processors to Further Improve Overclocking ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Intel Haswell Processors to Further Improve Overclocking '' . Xbitlabs.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Haswell GT3e Pictured , Coming to Desktops ( R - SKU ) & Notebooks '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics Review : Core i7 - 4950HQ Tested '' . AnandTech. 2013 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Products ( Formerly Crystal Well ) '' . Intel . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Intel Ivy Bridge ( Core i7 3770K ) Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 's Haswell Architecture Analyzed : Building a New PC and a New Intel '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 's Thunderbolt 2 : Everything You Need to Know '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Roadmap Slides Leak Haswell Z87 Chipset Motherboards '' . Wccftech.com. 2013 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell '' . File connect . Archived from the original ( JPEG ) on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Haswell Review : Intel Core i7 - 4770K & i5 - 4670K Tested '' . AnandTech. 2013 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 's Haswell Takes A Major Step Forward , Integrates Voltage Regulator '' . hothardware.com. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Few PSUs support Haswell 's C6 / C7 low - power states '' . The Tech Report . 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The big Haswell PSU compatibility list '' . The Tech Report . 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sean Hollister ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Intel 's power - efficient Haswell processor targets thinner laptops with new 10 - watt TDP '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Intel 's power - efficient Haswell processor targets thinner laptops with new 10 - watt TDP Jump up ^ `` Intel migrates to desktop Multi-Chip Modules ( MCMs ) with 14nm Broadwell '' . Fudzilla.com. 2012 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 's Haswell CPU Microarchitecture '' . Realworldtech.com. 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Myslewski , Rik ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Deep , deep dive inside Intel 's next - generation processor '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Johan De Gelas ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Intel Xeon E5 Version 3 : Up to 18 Haswell EP Cores '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Shilov , Anton . `` Intel to release 18 - core Xeon E7 v3 ' Haswell - EX ' processors in Q2 2015 '' . kitguru . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mujtaba , Hassan ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Intel Unleashes Haswell - EX Xeon E7 V3 Processors - Up to 18 Cores , 45 MB L3 Cache , 12 TB DDR4 Memory Support and 5.7 Billion Transistors '' . Wccftech . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 's Haswell - X Xeon EP Processor Surfaces in Malaysia '' . Tom 's Hardware. 2013 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nath , Preetam ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) . `` ( EXCLUSIVE ) Intel 2014 Haswell - E to pack 8 cores , DDR4 , X99 PCH and more -- Page 3 of 3 '' . Vr-zone.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Futurology : Haswell - EP will have 14 cores and 35MB L3 '' . Tech News Pedia. 2012 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Charlie Demerjian ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Haswell - EP to use the same socket , just totally different '' . SemiAccurate . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Launch schedule of Intel Xeon server processors '' . Cpu-world.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Intel public roadmap , 2H2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell - EP Xeon E5 V3 Processor Pictured -- Only Compatible With LGA2011 - 3 Socket '' . Wccftech.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Xeon Processor E5 v3 Product Families : Specification Update '' ( PDF ) . Intel . January 2015 . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Johan De Gelas ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Intel Xeon E5 Version 3 -- Up to 18 Haswell EP Cores : The Magic Inside the Uncore '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ian Cutress ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) . `` The Intel Haswell Refresh Review : Core i7 - 4790 , i5 - 4690 and i3 - 4360 Tested '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motherboards -- Z87 - DELUXE '' . ASUS . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Nathan ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Intel Core i7 - 4790K Devil 's Canyon Processor Review -- Intel Core i7 - 4790K CPU Temp Testing '' . legitreviews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cutress , Ian ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Devil 's Canyon Review : Intel Core i7 - 4790K and i5 - 4690K '' . AnandTech . p. 1 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel Comparison Table of Haswell Celeron , Pentium , i3 , i5 , and i7 models '' . Intel.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core i7 - 4790K Processor ( 8M Cache , up to 4.40 GHz ) '' . Intel . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ARK Intel Core i5 - 4690K Processor ( 6M Cache , up to 3.90 GHz ) '' . Intel . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Shimpi , Lal . `` The Haswell Review : Intel Core i7 - 4770K & i5 - 4670K Tested '' . anandtech . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tony . `` Inside Intel 's Haswell : What do 1.4 BEELLION transistors get you ? '' . theregister.co.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell R - series CPU Lineup Leaked '' . VR Zone . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Haswell CPU Lineup Leaked , Core i7 - 4770K Flagship Fourth Generation Processor '' . http://wccftech.com/ . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Intel to renew commitment to desktop PCs with a slew of new CPUs '' . techreport.com. 2014 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Chris. L ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . `` 確定 9 月 14 日解禁 , Intel Haswell - E 與 X99 平台已在路上 - VR - Zone 中文版 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese.vr-zone.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4th Generation Intel ® Core TM i5 Processors ( Desktop ) '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i7 - 4790K Processor ( 8M Cache , up to 4.40 GHz ) '' . Ark.intel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel Core i5 , i7 Haswell Processors to be Released in June '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel Xeon E5 - 2600 v3 Processor Overview : Haswell - EP Up to 18 Cores '' . pcper . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shvets ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Intel launches Xeon E7 v3 server processors '' . cpu-world.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Johan De Gelas ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) . `` The Intel Xeon E7 - 8800 v3 Review : The POWER8 Killer ? '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Xeon Processor E5 v3 Product Families : Specification Update '' ( PDF ) . Intel . October 2014 . pp. 10 -- 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo Showcases High - Performance Computing Innovations at Supercomputing 2014 '' . news.lenovo.com . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Intel ® Core TM i3 - 4000M Processor ( 3M Cache , 2.40 GHz ) Product Specifications Jump up ^ Andrew Cunningham ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) . `` The U is for Ultrabook : Intel 's low - power , dual - core Haswell CPUs unveiled '' . arstechnica.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tech ARP - Mobile CPU Comparison Guide Rev. 11.9 '' . techarp.com. 2015 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4th Generation Intel Core processor based on Mobile M - Processor and H - Processor Lines Datasheet , Volume 1 of 2 '' ( PDF ) . Intel.com . December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 22 . Configurable TDP ( cTDP ) and Low - Power Mode ( LPM ) form a design vector where the processor behavior and package TDP are dynamically adjusted to a desired system performance and power envelope . ( ... ) With cTDP , the processor is now capable of altering the maximum sustained power with an alternate guaranteed frequency . Configurable TDP allows operation in situations where extra cooling is available or situations where a cooler and quieter mode of operation is desired . Jump up ^ `` The technical details behind Intel 's 7 Watt Ivy Bridge CPUs '' . Arstechnica.com. 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 22 . If the CPU needs to work hard for an extended period of time and the laptop gets warmer , it will slowly ramp down its speed until it 's operating at its stated TDP . ( ... ) There are two OEM - configurable `` power level '' states that define how quick the CPU can be in these situations : PL2 tells the processor how much power it 's allowed to use when it needs a short burst of speed , and PL1 defines how quickly the processor can run under sustained load . ( ... ) This is at the heart of what Intel is doing with the Y - series processors : their maximum TDP has been lowered four watts , from 17 to 13 . Intel is also validating them for use at two lower PL1 values : 10 watts and 7 watts . This is where the marketing we discussed earlier comes in -- rather than keeping these values under the covers as it has so far been content to do , Intel has taken that lowest value , put it on its product pages , and called it SDP . Jump up ^ `` 4th Generation Intel Core processor based on Mobile U-Processor and Y - Processor Lines Datasheet , Volume 1 of 2 '' ( PDF ) . intel.com . December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel Quietly Launches Ten New Mobile Processors '' . TomsHardware.com . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel Core i7 - 4750HQ Mobile processor -- CL8064701510101 '' . Cpu-world.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel refreshes Core i5 , i7 and N - Series mobile lineups '' . Cpu-world.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Core i7 - 4960HQ Mobile processor -- CL8064701511001 '' . Cpu-world.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Core i5 - 4308U Mobile processor -- CL8064701954700 '' . CPU World . External links ( edit ) `` Intel Haswell Architecture Disclosure : Live Blog '' . AnandTech . September 11 , 2012 . `` 4th Generation of Core Microarchitecture : Intel Haswell '' . X-bit labs . September 12 , 2012 . `` Intel Core `` Haswell '' Desktop Processor Box Pricing Compiled `` . TechPowerUp. April 23 , 2013 . `` XtremeSystems OC Examples '' . Charles Wirth . June 1 , 2013 . `` Intel Core i7 - 4770K CPU Review . Intel Haswell for Desktops : Ruin of Our Hopes ? '' . X-bit labs . June 1 , 2013 . `` Overview of Power Management for 3rd generation Ultrabook Platform , Haswell '' . AnandTech Forums. 2013 - 10 - 15 . Intel processors Discontinued BCD oriented ( 4 - bit ) 4004 ( 1971 ) 4040 ( 1974 ) pre-x86 ( 8 - bit ) 8008 ( 1972 ) 8080 ( 1974 ) 8085 ( 1977 ) Early x86 ( 16 - bit ) 8086 ( 1978 ) 8088 ( 1979 ) 80186 ( 1982 ) 80188 ( 1982 ) 80286 ( 1982 ) x87 ( external FPUs ) 8 / 16 - bit databus 8087 ( 1980 ) 16 - bit databus 80187 80287 80387SX 32 - bit databus 80387DX 80487 IA - 32 ( 32 - bit ) 80386 SX 376 EX 80486 SX DX2 DX4 SL RapidCAD OverDrive A100 / A110 Celeron ( 1998 ) D ( 2004 ) Pentium Original OverDrive Pro II II OverDrive III Dual - Core Core Solo Duo Tolapai x86 - 64 ( 64 - bit ) Celeron Dual - Core Pentium Extreme Edition Dual - Core Core i7 ( some ) Other CISC iAPX 432 RISC i860 i960 StrongARM XScale hide Current IA - 32 ( 32 - bit ) Atom CE SoC Quark x86 - 64 ( 64 - bit ) Atom CE SoC Celeron Pentium Core i3 i5 i7 i9 Xeon E3 E5 E7 Phi EPIC Itanium Lists Atom Celeron Core i3 i5 i7 i9 Itanium Pentium Pro II III Xeon Related Chipsets PCHs SCHs ICHs PIIXs GPUs Codenames GMA HD and Iris Graphics Stratix hide Microarchitectures P5 800 nm P5 600 nm P54C 350 nm P54CS P55C 250 nm Tillamook P6 / Pentium M / Enhanced Pentium M 500 nm P6 350 nm P6 Klamath 250 nm Mendocino Dixon Tonga Covington Deschutes Katmai Drake Tanner 180 nm Coppermine Coppermine T Timna Cascades 130 nm Tualatin Banias 90 nm Dothan Stealey Tolapai Canmore 65 nm Yonah Sossaman NetBurst 180 nm Willamette Foster 130 nm Northwood Gallatin Prestonia 90 nm Tejas and Jayhawk Prescott Smithfield Nocona Irwindale Cranford Potomac Paxville 65 nm Cedar Mill Presler Dempsey Tulsa Core / Penryn 65 nm Merom - L Merom Conroe - L Allendale Conroe Kentsfield Woodcrest Clovertown Tigerton 45 nm Penryn Penryn - QC Wolfdale Yorkfield Wolfdale - DP Harpertown Dunnington Bonnell / Saltwell 45 nm Silverthorne Diamondville Pineview Lincroft Tunnel Creek Stellarton Sodaville Groveland 32 nm Cedarview Penwell Cloverview Berryville Centerton Nehalem / Westmere 45 nm Clarksfield Lynnfield Jasper Forest Bloomfield Gainestown ( Nehalem - EP ) Beckton ( Nehalem - EX ) 32 nm Arrandale Clarkdale Gulftown ( Westmere - EP ) Westmere - EX Sandy Bridge / Ivy Bridge 32 nm Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge - E Gladden 22 nm Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge - EP Ivy Bridge - EX Haswell / Broadwell 22 nm Haswell 14 nm Broadwell Silvermont / Airmont 22 nm Valleyview Tangier Anniedale 14 nm Cherryview Skylake 14 nm Skylake Kaby Lake Coffee Lake Whiskey Lake Amber Lake 10 nm Cannon Lake Goldmont 14 nm Goldmont Goldmont Plus Future 14 nm Cascade Lake 10 nm Ice Lake Tiger Lake 7 nm or 10 nm Sapphire Rapids Intel CPU core roadmaps from NetBurst and P6 to Sapphire Rapids Atom ( ULV ) Feature size x86 600 nm P6 Pentium Pro ( 133 MHz ) 500 nm Pentium Pro ( 150 MHz ) 350 nm Pentium Pro ( 166 -- 200 MHz ) Klamath 250 nm Deschutes Katmai NetBurst 180 nm Coppermine Willamette 130 nm Tualatin Northwood Banias NetBurst ( HT ) NetBurst ( × 2 ) 90 nm Dothan Prescott ⇨ Prescott ‐ 2M ⇨ Smithfield Tejas → ⇩ → Cedarmill ( Tejas ) 65 nm Yonah Nehalem ( NetBurst ) Cedar Mill ⇨ Presler Core Merom ( x86 - 64 ) DDR2 + DDR3 Bonnell Bonnell 45 nm Penryn Nehalem Nehalem HT reintroduced , integrated MC , PCH , L3 - cache introduced , 256KiB L2 - cache / core , DDR3 Saltwell 32 nm Westmere GPU on same package in 45nm , AES - NI introduced Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge on - die ring bus , GPU on die , no more non-UEFI motherboards , DDR3 Silvermont Silvermont 22 nm Ivy Bridge Haswell Haswell FIVR , DDR3 + DDR3L Airmont 14 nm Broadwell Goldmont Goldmont Skylake Skylake DDR3L + DDR4 Kaby Lake Goldmont Plus Coffee Lake DDR4 Whiskey Lake Amber Lake Cascade Lake 10 nm Cannon Lake Ice Lake Ice Lake Tiger Lake 7 nm or 10 nm++ Ice Lake or new architecture Sapphire Rapids Italic names indicate canceled processors Bold names are the microarchitecture names Bold italic names are future processors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haswell_(microarchitecture)&oldid=851446359 '' Categories : Intel x86 microprocessors Intel microarchitectures Transactional memory Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 10 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did 4th generation intel processors come out	[ "Haswell is the codename for a processor microarchitecture developed by Intel as the \"fourth-generation core\" successor to the Ivy Bridge microarchitecture.[1] Intel officially announced CPUs based on this microarchitecture on June 4, 2013 at Computex Taipei 2013,[2] while a working Haswell chip was demonstrated at the 2011 Intel Developer Forum.[3] With Haswell, which uses a 22 nm process,[4] Intel also introduced low-power processors designed for convertible or \"hybrid\" ultrabooks, designated by the \"Y\" suffix.\n" ]	[ "June 4, 2013" ]
-8708455580425610750	(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story	( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story - wikipedia ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Love Story . `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' Single by Andy Williams from the album Love Story B - side `` Something '' Released January 15 , 1971 Genre Easy listening Length 3 : 10 Label Columbia Records 4 - 45317 Songwriter ( s ) Francis Lai , Carl Sigman Producer ( s ) Dick Glasser Andy Williams singles chronology `` Home Lovin ' Man '' ( 1970 ) `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' ( 1971 ) `` A Song for You '' ( 1971 ) `` Home Lovin ' Man '' ( 1970 ) `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' ( 1971 ) `` A Song for You '' ( 1971 ) `` Theme from Love Story '' Single by Henry Mancini from the album Mancini Plays the Theme from Love Story B - side `` Phone Call to the Past '' Released December 1970 Genre Easy listening Length 2 : 55 Label RCA Victor 47 - 9927 Songwriter ( s ) Francis Lai , Carl Sigman Producer ( s ) Joe Reisman Henry Mancini singles chronology `` Darling Lili '' ( 1970 ) `` Theme from Love Story '' ( 1970 ) `` Theme from Cade 's County '' ( 1971 ) `` Darling Lili '' ( 1970 ) `` Theme from Love Story '' ( 1970 ) `` Theme from Cade 's County '' ( 1971 ) `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' is a popular song published in 1970 , with music by Francis Lai and lyrics by Carl Sigman . The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1970 film Love Story after the film 's distributor , Paramount Pictures , rejected the first set of lyrics that were written . Andy Williams eventually recorded the new lyrics and took the song to number nine on Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 and number one on their Easy Listening chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart success 3 Chart statistics 3.1 `` Theme from Love Story '' 3.1. 1 Mancini version 3.1. 2 Lai version 3.2 `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' 3.2. 1 Williams version 3.2. 2 Bennett version 3.2. 3 Bassey version 3.2. 4 Clark version 3.2. 5 Tempo & Stevens version 4 Cover versions 5 Other uses 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) The score for Love Story was written by Francis Lai , and the company that published the music for Paramount felt that the track heard over the opening and closing credits , which was titled `` Theme from Love Story '' , needed lyrics . Michael Sigman , son of lyricist Carl Sigman , recalled that his father was asked to provide the words and received `` a synopsis of the script and the lead sheet of the music . The story was schmaltzy , but the music inspired words that expressed the sadness beneath the schmaltz . '' The initial set of lyrics his father wrote mirrored the storyline of the film from the prospective of the male protagonist , who describes a woman who enters his life ( `` So Jenny came '' ) and then `` suddenly was gone . '' Paramount executive Robert Evans `` thought the lyric was a ' downer . ' Further , he could n't abide the phrase ' Jenny came , ' believing it too sexually suggestive for a mainstream audience . He demanded a rewrite , '' and this upset Carl . `` At first , justifiably proud of the fine lyric he crafted , he was angry and felt like refusing to do a rewrite . But the next day he cooled off and , pacing around his living room , said to his wife , ' Where do I begin ? ' and the new lyric was launched . '' Before the film opened in theaters on December 25 , 1970 , the recording of `` Theme from Love Story '' by Henry Mancini was released as a single and made its debut on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart in the issue of the magazine dated December 19 . Two versions of `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' -- one by Williams and one by Tony Bennett -- were released on January 15 , 1971 , and an article in the magazine 's January 23 issue tried to explain the gap between releases of the instrumental and vocal versions as intentional . The logic behind the decision was that `` only the instrumental version should hit the market before the picture 's release , and that the vocal version should be held up until several weeks after the film 's release so that ' the theme and the image of Love Story would be implanted in the audience 's mind . ' '' Chart success ( edit ) The Mancini version spent two of its 16 weeks on the Easy Listening chart at number two and also began a run of 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in the January 16 issue , during which time it got as high as number 13 . The track that Francis Lai and his orchestra recorded for the film first charted on the Hot 100 in the January 31 issue and made it to number 31 over the course of nine weeks . It also reached number 21 on the Easy Listening chart during its five weeks there that began in the February 6 issue . The Williams version of `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' also debuted in the February 6 issue on both the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts , while the Bennett version only managed to `` bubble under '' the Hot 100 for five weeks that began in the February 13 issue and eked out a peak position at number 114 . Williams reached number nine on the Hot 100 during a 13 - week stay and enjoyed four of his 15 weeks on the Easy Listening chart at number one . Roy Clark entered the Country singles chart with his rendition six weeks later , on March 27 , and made it to number 74 during his two weeks there . ( The flip side of Clark 's single was his guitar rendition of the `` Theme from Love Story '' that also appeared on his 1973 album Superpicker . ) In the UK Williams began a run of 18 weeks on March 20 of that year that led to a number four showing . His competition on the UK singles chart came from Shirley Bassey , who debuted her rendition of the song on March 27 and made it to number 34 during her nine weeks there . A pop version of `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' by Nino Tempo & April Stevens went by the title `` Love Story '' and `` bubbled under '' the Hot 100 to number 113 during its three weeks on the chart in December 1972 . Chart statistics ( edit ) `` Theme from Love Story '' ( edit ) Mancini version ( edit ) Chart Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Lai version ( edit ) Chart Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 31 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 21 `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' ( edit ) Williams version ( edit ) Chart Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.K. Singles Chart Bennett version ( edit ) Chart Peak position Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 114 Bassey version ( edit ) Chart Peak position U.K. Singles Chart 34 Clark version ( edit ) Chart Peak position Country 74 Tempo & Stevens version ( edit ) Chart Peak position Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 113 Cover versions ( edit ) In his AllMusic review of the 1971 Johnny Mathis album Love Story , Joe Viglione wrote , `` His rendition of ' ( Where Do I Begin ) Love Story ' is riveting , a sweeping and majestic piece to lead off the record , and not the usual Jack Gold musical movement , but more pronounced and determined . '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' has been covered by a variety of other artists : Eddy Arnold -- Welcome to My World ( 1971 ) Glen Campbell -- The Last Time I Saw Her ( 1971 ) Vikki Carr -- Vikki Carr 's Love Story ( 1971 ) Perry Como -- I Think of You ( 1971 ) Ray Conniff -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Astrud Gilberto -- Gilberto with Turrentine ( 1971 ) Robert Goulet -- I Never Did As I Was Told ( 1971 ) Vince Hill -- Look Around ( 1971 ) The Lettermen -- Love Book ( 1971 ) Liz Damon 's Orient Express -- Vol. II ( 1971 ) Mireille Mathieu ( French title : `` Une Histoire d'Amour '' ) -- Acropolis Adieu ( 1971 ) Nana Mouskouri -- A Place in My Heart ( 1971 ) Patty Pravo ( Italian title : `` Grazie amore mio '' ) - Di vero in fondo ( 1971 ) John Rowles ( in a medley with `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' ) -- Saying Goodbyes ( 1971 ) Gunnar Wiklund ( Swedish version ) -- `` Jag söker ord '' / `` En som förstår '' ( 1971 ) Ed Ames -- Songs from ' Lost Horizon ' and Themes from Other Movies ( 1972 ) Al Martino -- Summer of ' 42 ( 1972 ) Muslim Magomaev ( Russian title : `` История Любви '' ) -- Муслим Магомаев IV ( 1972 ) Jim Nabors -- The Way of Love ( 1972 ) Harry Secombe -- The Sound of Secombe ( 1972 ) Alan Caddy Orchestra & Singers -- TV , Stage & Movie Themes ( 1973 ) Lena Martell -- This Is Lena Martell ( 1973 ) Sarah Vaughan -- Live in Japan ( 1973 ) Petula Clark ( French title : `` Une Histoire d'Amour '' ) -- Live in London ( 1974 ) Johnny Farnham -- Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies ( 1974 ) Billy ThunderKloud & the Chieftones -- Where Do I Begin to Tell a Story ( 1976 ) The Softones -- Black Magic ( 1977 ) Engelbert Humperdinck -- Ich Denk an Dich ( 1989 ) Patricia Kaas -- Piano Bar ( 2002 ) Rick Astley -- Portrait ( 2005 ) Barry Manilow -- The Greatest Love Songs of All Time ( 2010 ) Gary Valenciano -- With Love ( 2011 ) Marianna Cataldi -- The Power of Passion ( 2015 ) `` Theme from Love Story '' has been covered by : Al De Lory -- Theme from Love Story and Other Themes of Romance ( 1970 ) Hubert Laws -- Afro - Classic ( 1970 ) 101 Strings -- Theme from Love Story and Other Songs of Love ( 1971 ) Ronnie Aldrich and His Two Pianos with the London Symphony Orchestra -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Charlie Byrd -- For All We Know ( 1971 ) Caravelli -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Floyd Cramer -- Class of ' 71 ( 1971 ) Lenny Dee -- Remember Me ( 1971 ) Percy Faith -- I Think I Love You ( 1971 ) Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra -- Arthur Fiedler Superstar ( 1971 ) Sammy Kaye and His Orchestra -- Theme from Love Story and Other Great Hits ( 1971 ) Stan Kenton and His Orchestra -- Live at Brigham Young University ( 1971 ) Andre Kostelanetz and His Orchestra -- Love Story ( 1971 ) O'Donel Levy -- Black Velvet ( 1971 ) Liberace -- `` Theme from Love Story '' / `` Ciao '' ( 1971 ) Living Strings -- Theme from Love Story ( 1971 ) The Longines Symphonette -- Love Story and Other Romantic Themes ( 1971 ) Vincent Lopez Piano Trio -- The Theme from Love Story ( 1971 ) Geoff Love and His Orchestra -- Big Love Movie Themes ( 1971 ) Mantovani and His Orchestra -- From Monty with Love ( 1971 ) Paul Mauriat and His Orchestra -- El Condor Pasa ( 1971 ) Peter Nero -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Fausto Papetti - 12a raccolta ( 1971 ) Philadelphia Orchestra -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Franck Pourcel -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Pérez Prado -- `` Theme from Love Story '' / `` Sexomania '' ( 1971 ) Bob Ralston -- Playing the World 's Most Beautiful Love Themes ( 1971 ) Santo & Johnny - Adagio by Santo & Johnny ( 1971 ) Billy Vaughn -- Theme from Love Story ( 1971 ) Roger Williams -- Love Story ( 1971 ) Hugo Winterhalter -- Love Story ( 1971 ) The Cedar Walton / Hank Mobley Quintet -- Breakthrough ! ( 1972 ) Manfredo Fest -- After Hours ( 1972 ) James Last -- The Love Album ( 1972 ) The Norman Newell Orchestra -- The Onedin Line and Other Wonderful Themes ( 1972 ) Bucky Pizzarelli and George Barnes -- The Guitar Album ( 1972 ) Buddy Rich -- Rich in London ( 1972 ) Eddie Calvert - The New Golden Trumpet of Eddie Calvert ( 1971 ) Roy Clark -- Superpicker ( 1973 ) Brian Dee -- The Happy Hammond Plays All Time Great Movie Themes ( 1973 ) Joe Loss and His Orchestra -- Non-Stop Latin Lovelies ( 1973 ) Herb Alpert - Tijuana and the Golden Trumpet ( 1974 ) Acker Bilk -- Acker Bilk ( 1975 ) Ferrante & Teicher -- Fill the World with Love ( 1975 ) Leslie Butler Plus 3 -- We 've Only Just Begun ( 1975 ) The Melachrino Strings -- Theme from Love Story ( 1977 ) Johnny Pearson and His Orchestra -- If You Leave Me Now ( 1977 ) Richard Clayderman -- Rêveries ( 1979 ) Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra -- Hollywood 's Greatest Hits , Volume 1 ( 1988 ) Gene Ammons and Sonny Stitt -- Left Bank Encores ( 2002 ) Bill Easley -- Love Stories ( 2010 ) 2Cellos -- Score ( 2017 ) Other uses ( edit ) `` Theme from Love Story '' also served as the theme of the 1973 -- 74 NBC romantic anthology television series Love Story . In 1979 Williams acted as executive producer of a disco version of his original recording that was arranged , conducted and produced by Bob Esty . The Mancini version was sampled in a 2001 song called `` Dance with the Devil '' by the rapper Immortal Technique . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1971 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carl Sigman in the News '' . Major Songs . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2009 , p. 1060 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2007 , p. 295 . ^ Jump up to : `` The End of the ' 60s ? Where Do I Begin ... '' . deeprootsmag.org . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN ICONS : Carl Sigman '' . americansongwriter.com . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record Industry Loves ' Love Story ' '' . Billboard. 1971 - 01 - 23 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2007 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2009 , p. 610 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2009 , p. 552 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2007 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2009 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' / `` Theme from Love Story '' by Roy Clark ( 7 '' single ) . New York : Dot Records DOA 17370 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1973 ) `` Superpicker '' by Roy Clark ( album jacket ) . New York : Dot Records DOS 26008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Williams '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shirley Bassey '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2009 , p. 966 . Jump up ^ `` Love Story - Johnny Mathis '' . allmusic.com . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Welcome to My World by Eddy Arnold ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Records LSP - 4570 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) The Last Time I Saw Her by Glen Campbell ( album jacket ) . Hollywood : Capitol Records SW - 733 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Vikki Carr 's Love Story by Vikki Carr ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records C 30662 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) I Think of You by Perry Como ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Victor LSP - 4539 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Ray Conniff ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records C 30498 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Gilberto with Turrentine by Astrud Gilberto and Stanley Turrentine ( album jacket ) . New York : CTI Records 6008 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) I Never Did As I Was Told by Robert Goulet ( album jacket ) . Hollywood : MGM Records MGS - 2634 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Look Around by Vince Hill ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records SCX 6482 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Book by The Lettermen ( album jacket ) . Hollywood : Capitol Records ST - 836 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Vol. II by Liz Damon 's Orient Express ( album jacket ) . New York : Anthem Records ANS - 5900 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Acropolis Adieu by Mireille Matthieu ( album jacket ) . France : Phillips 6332 522 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) A Place in My Heart by Nana Mouskouri ( album jacket ) . UK : Fontana Records 6312 022 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Di vero in fondo by Patty Pravo ( album jacket ) . Italy : Philips 6323 004 L . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Saying Goodbyes by John Rowles ( album jacket ) . New York : Kapp Records KS - 3651 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) `` Jag söker ord '' / `` En som förstår '' by Gunnar Wiklund ( 7 '' single ) . Sweden : Columbia Records 4E 006 - 34359 M . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) Songs from ' Lost Horizon ' and Themes from Other Movies by Ed Ames ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Victor LSP - 4808 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) Summer of ' 42 by Al Martino ( album jacket ) . Hollywood : Capitol Records ST - 793 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) Муслим Магомаев IV by Muslim Magomaev ( album jacket ) . USSR : Мелодия 33Д - 032957 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) The Way of Love by ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records KC 31336 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) The Sound of Secombe by Harry Secombe ( album jacket ) . UK : Phillips 6308 092 . Jump up ^ ( 1973 ) TV , Stage & Movie Themes by Alan Caddy Orchestra & Singers ( album jacket ) . Dagenham , Essex , England : Stereo Plus 3 STR 013 . Jump up ^ ( 1973 ) This Is Lena Martell by Lena Martell ( album jacket ) . London : Pye Records NSPL 18414 . Jump up ^ ( 1973 ) Live in Japan by Sarah Vaughan ( album jacket ) . New York : Mainstream Records MRL 2 401 . Jump up ^ ( 1974 ) Live in London by Petula Clark ( album jacket ) . London : Polydor Records 2383 303 . Jump up ^ ( 1974 ) Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies by Johnny Farnham ( album jacket ) . Australia : His Master 's Voice SOELP 10018 . Jump up ^ ( 1976 ) Where Do I Begin to Tell a Story by Billy ThunderKloud & the Chieftones ( album jacket ) . Hendersonville , TN : Superior Records S 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1977 ) Black Magic by The Softones ( album jacket ) . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : H&L Records . Jump up ^ ( 1989 ) Ich Denk an Dich by Engelbert Humperdinck ( album jacket ) . Germany : Ariola 210 344 . Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) Piano Bar by Patricia Kaas ( CD booklet ) . New York : Columbia Records COL 506169 9 . Jump up ^ ( 2005 ) Portrait by Rick Astley ( CD booklet ) . New York : RCA 82876734312 . Jump up ^ ( 2010 ) The Greatest Love Songs of All Time by Barry Manilow ( CD booklet ) . New York : Arista Records 88697 - 59777 - 2 . Jump up ^ ( 2011 ) With Love by Gary Valenciano . Philippines : Star Records . Jump up ^ ( 2015 ) The Power of Passion by Marianna Cataldi ( CD booklet ) . Austria : Solo Musica 88875071202 . Jump up ^ ( 1970 ) Theme from Love Story and Other Themes of Romance by Al De Lory ( album jacket ) . Hollywood : Capitol Records ST - 677 . Jump up ^ ( 1970 ) Afro - Classic by Hubert Laws ( album jacket ) . New York : CTI Records CTI 6006 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Theme from Love Story and Other Songs of Love by 101 Strings ( album jacket ) . Burbank : Alshire Records S - 5232 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Ronnie Aldrich and His Two Pianos with the London Symphony Orchestra ( album jacket ) . UK : Decca PFS 4222 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) For All We Know by Charlie Byrd ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records G 30622 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Caravelli ( album jacket ) . France : CBS Records S 7 - 64360 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Class of ' 71 by ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Victor LSP - 4590 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Remember Me by Lenny Dee ( album jacket ) . New York : Decca Records DL 75255 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) I Think I Love You by Percy Faith ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records C 30502 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Arthur Fiedler Superstar by Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra ( album jacket ) . New York : Polydor PD - 5008 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Theme from Love Story and Other Great Hits by Sammy Kaye and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . New York : Vocalion Records VL 73919 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Live at Brigham Young University by Stan Kenton and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . Los Angeles : Creative World ST - 1039 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Andre Kostelanetz and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records C 30501 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Black Velvet by O'Donel Levy ( album jacket ) . New York : Groove Merchant GM 501 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) `` Theme from Love Story '' / `` Ciao '' by Liberace ( 7 '' single ) . New York : Warner Bros. Records 7465 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Theme from Love Story by Living Strings ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Camden Records CAS - 2477 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story and Other Romantic Themes by The Longines Symphonette ( album jacket ) . Larchmont , NY : The Longines Symphonette Society SYS 5396 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) The Theme from Love Story by Vincent Lopez Piano Trio ( album jacket ) . Newark : Ambassador Record Corporation S98100 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Big Love Movie Themes by Geoff Love and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . London : MFP Records 5221 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) From Monty with Love by Mantovani and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . London : London Records XPS 585 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) El Condor Pasa by Paul Mauriat and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . UK : Phillips PHS 600 - 352 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Peter Nero ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records C 30586 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) 12a raccolta by Fausto Papetti ( album jacket ) . Italy : Durium ms A 77284 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Philadelphia Story ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Red Seal LSC - 3210 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Franck Pourcel ( album jacket ) . France : La Voix De Son Maître 2C 062 - 11388 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) `` Theme from Love Story '' / `` Sexomania '' by Pérez Prado ( 7 '' single ) . Mexico : Orfeon 45 - 2775 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Playing the World 's Most Beautiful Love Themes by Bob Ralston ( album jacket ) . Los Angeles : Ranwood Records 8058 - 8088 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Adagio by Santo & Johnny by Santo & Johnny ( album jacket ) . Italy : Produttori Associati - serie Canadian - American PA / CAN - LP 708 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Theme from Love Story by Billy Vaughn ( album jacket ) . Los Angeles : Paramount Records PAS 5032 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Roger Williams ( album jacket ) . New York : Kapp Records KS - 3645 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) Love Story by Hugo Winterhalter ( album jacket ) . New York : Musicor Records MS 3196 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) Breakthrough ! by The Cedar Walton / Hank Mobley Quintet ( album jacket ) . New York : Cobblestone Records CST 9011 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) After Hours by Manfredo Fest ( album jacket ) . Hollywood : Daybreak Records DR2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) The Love Album by James Last ( album jacket ) . London : Polydor Records PD 5506 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) The Onedin Line and Other Wonderful Themes by The Norman Newell Orchestra ( album jacket ) . UK : Philips 6308 094 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) The Guitar Album by various artists ( album jacket ) . New York : Columbia Records KG 31045 . Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) Rich in London by Buddy Rich ( album jacket ) . New York : RCA Victor LSP - 4666 . Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) The New Golden Trumpet of Eddie Calvert by Eddie Calvert ( album jacket ) . Italy : Variety - serie Penny REL - ST 19114 . Jump up ^ ( 1973 ) The Happy Hammond Plays All Time Great Movie Themes by Brian Dee ( album jacket ) . London : Hallmark Records SHM814 . Jump up ^ ( 1973 ) Non-Stop Latin Lovelies by Joe Loss and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . London : EMI Records TWOX 1006 . Jump up ^ ( 1974 ) Tijuana and the Golden Trumpet by Herb Alpert ( album jacket ) . Italy : Variety - serie Penny REL - ST 19237 . Jump up ^ ( 1975 ) Acker Bilk by Acker Bilk ( album jacket ) . Belgium : Vogue Records VK 1 . Jump up ^ ( 1975 ) Fill the World with Love by Ferrante & Teicher ( album jacket ) . Los Angeles : United Artists Records L 35782 . Jump up ^ ( 1975 ) We 've Only Just Begun by Leslie Butler Plus 3 ( album jacket ) . Jamaica : Federal Records FRM 134 . Jump up ^ ( 1977 ) Theme from Love Story by The Melachrino Strings ( album label ) . Long Island City , NY : Pickwick / 33 Records SPC 3263 . Jump up ^ ( 1977 ) If You Leave Me Now by Johnny Pearson and His Orchestra ( album jacket ) . UK : Penny Farthing PELS 557 . Jump up ^ ( 1979 ) Rêveries by Richard Clayderman ( album jacket ) . UK : Decca SKL 5332 . Jump up ^ ( 1988 ) Hollywood 's Greatest Hits , Volume 1 by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra ( CD booklet ) . Beachwood , OH : Telarc CD - 80168 . Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) Left Bank Encores by Gene Ammons and Sonny Stitt ( album jacket ) . Berkeley , CA : Prestige Records 025218312226 . Jump up ^ ( 2010 ) Love Stories by Bill Easley ( CD booklet ) . Dover , NJ : American Showplace Music 764942226422 . Jump up ^ ( 2017 ) Score by 2Cellos ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sony Masterworks 88985349122 . Jump up ^ `` Love Story -- 1973 -- Theme Song '' . televisiontunes.com . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1979 ) `` Love Story ( Where Do I Begin ) '' ( Long Version ) / `` Love Story ( Where Do I Begin ) '' ( Short Version ) by Andy Williams ( disc label ) . New York : Columbia Records 23 - 10953 . Jump up ^ `` Theme From `` Love Story '' by Henry Mancini `` . whosampled.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) , Joel Whitburn 's Top Country Singles , 1944 - 2001 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0898201519 Whitburn , Joel ( 2007 ) , Joel Whitburn Presents Billboard Top Adult Songs , 1961 - 2006 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0898201691 Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) , Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles , 1955 - 2008 , Record Research Inc. , ISBN 0898201802 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Where_Do_I_Begin%3F)_Love_Story&oldid=794631908 '' Categories : 1970 songs Andy Williams songs Glen Campbell songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written for films Shirley Bassey songs Songs with music by Francis Lai Songs written by Carl Sigman Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 04 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the theme song from the movie love story	[ "Before the film opened in theaters on December 25, 1970,[6] the recording of \"Theme from Love Story\" by Henry Mancini was released as a single and made its debut on Billboard's Easy Listening chart in the issue of the magazine dated December 19.[7] Two versions of \"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\"—one by Williams and one by Tony Bennett—were released on January 15, 1971,[6] and an article in the magazine's January 23 issue tried to explain the gap between releases of the instrumental and vocal versions as intentional. The logic behind the decision was that \"only the instrumental version should hit the market before the picture's release, and that the vocal version should be held up until several weeks after the film's release so that 'the theme and the image of Love Story would be implanted in the audience's mind.'\"[6]" ]	[ "Henry Mancini" ]
8068756574897548582	Just As I Am (hymn)	Just As I Am ( hymn ) - wikipedia Just As I Am ( hymn ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the traditional hymn . For other uses , see Just as I Am ( disambiguation ) . `` Just As I Am '' Hymn The hymn with music by Bradbury Written 1835 ( 1835 ) Text by Charlotte Elliott Melody `` Woodworth '' by William B. Bradbury and others Time 6 / 4 Published 1835 ( 1835 ) Publisher Christian Remembrancer `` Just As I Am '' is a well - known hymn , written by Charlotte Elliott in 1835 , first appearing in the Christian Remembrancer , of which Elliott became the editor in 1836 . The final verse is taken from Elliott 's Hours of Sorrow Cheered and Comforted ( 1836 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music 2 History 3 Original poem 4 Altar song in the Billy Graham crusades 5 Recordings 6 References 7 External links Music ( edit ) It has been set to at least four hymn tunes : The original , `` Woodworth '' , was written by William B. Bradbury , and was first published in the Third Book of Psalmody in 1849 . The `` Woodworth '' tune was first used for the hymn `` The God of Love Will Soon Indulge '' . Thomas Hastings adapted Bradbury 's tune for `` Just As I Am '' years later . In 1890 Arthur H. Brown wrote `` Saffron Walden which was published in The Hymnal Companion . It can also be sung to Gwylfa by D. Lloyd Evans . John Rogers Thomas wrote a setting for his `` Hymns of the Church '' series . History ( edit ) Charlotte Elliot wrote this song about how to find salvation through Christ . It has been used by many as the call to the altar at the close of services , as it brings a quite simple message of sin , forgiveness , and salvation to all that turn from sin and trust in Jesus . John Brownlie described the hymn 's story in his book The Hymns and Hymn Writers of the Church Hymnary : Charlotte 's brother , the Rev. H.V. Elliott planned to hold a charity bazaar designed to give , at a nominal cost , a high education to the daughters of clergymen supported by St Mary Church : The night before the bazaar she was kept wakeful by distressing thoughts of her apparent uselessness ; and these thoughts passed by a transition easy to imagine into a spiritual conflict , till she questioned the reality of her whole spiritual life , and wondered whether it were anything better after all than an illusion of the emotions , an illusion ready to be sorrowfully dispelled . The next day , the busy day of the bazaar , she lay upon her sofa in that most pleasant boudoir set apart for her in Westfield Lodge , ever a dear resort to her friends . '' The troubles of the night came back upon her with such force that she felt they must be met and conquered in the grace of God . She gathered up in her soul the great certainties , not of her emotions , but of her salvation : her Lord , His power , His promise . And taking pen and paper from the table she deliberately set down in writing , for her own comfort , `` the formulae of her faith . '' Hers was a heart which always tended to express its depths in verse . So in verse she restated to herself the Gospel of pardon , peace , and heaven . `` Probably without difficulty or long pause '' she wrote the hymn , getting comfort by thus definitely `` recollecting '' the eternity of the Rock beneath her feet . There , then , always , not only for some past moment , but `` even now '' she was accepted in the Beloved `` Just as I am '' . Original poem ( edit ) Just as I am Just as I am - without one plea , But that Thy blood was shed for me , And that Thou bidst me come to Thee , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Just as I am - and waiting not To rid my soul of one dark blot , To Thee , whose blood can cleanse each spot , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Just as I am - though toss 'd about With many a conflict , many a doubt , Fightings and fears within , without , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Just as I am - poor , wretched , blind ; Sight , riches , healing of the mind , Yea , all I need , in Thee to find , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Just as I am - Thou wilt receive , Wilt welcome , pardon , cleanse , relieve ; Because Thy promise I believe , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Just as I am - Thy love unknown Has broken every barrier down ; Now to be Thine , yea , Thine alone , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Just as I am - of that free love The breadth , length , depth , and height to prove , Here for a season , then above , - O Lamb of God , I come ! Altar song in the Billy Graham crusades ( edit ) Billy Graham converted to Christianity in 1934 in a revival meeting in Charlotte , North Carolina , led by evangelist Mordecai Ham hearing the altar call song `` Just As I Am '' . This song became an altar call song in the Billy Graham crusades in the latter half of the twentieth century . Graham used the title of the hymn as the title of his 1997 book - Just As I Am : The Autobiography of Billy Graham . Michael W. Smith sang the song in a tribute to Graham at the 44th GMA Dove Awards . Recordings ( edit ) This song appears or is referenced on the following albums : 1975 -- Red Headed Stranger by Willie Nelson 1999 -- Just As I Am by Johnny Cash 2002 -- Traveling Mercies by Chris Potter 2005 -- As I Am by Kristin Chenoweth 2009 -- Daisy by Brand New ( Band ) 2011 -- In Times of Sorrow by Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin 2011 -- A River With No End by Ghost Ship ( Mars Hill Church ) 2012 -- Just as I Am ( Paul Brandt album ) by Paul Brandt 2013 -- Words of Life by Frank Morgan ( Chilean Gospel singer ) . This album also features the Spanish version of this hymn `` Tal como soy '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Just As I Am , Without One Plea '' . The Cyber Hymnal . Jump up ^ STEM Publishing : Hymns : Spiritual Songsters : Miss Charlotte Elliott , 1789 - 1871 Jump up ^ Who Wrote Our Hymns , by Christopher Knapp , Publisher : Wilson Foundation , 1925 , ASIN : B00088V2RE Jump up ^ `` Just As I Am , Without One Plea '' . The Cyber Hymnal . Jump up ^ John Brownlie CCEL Jump up ^ The hymns and hymn writers of The Church Hymnary , by Brownlie , John ( 1911 ) Jump up ^ Selections from the poems of Charlotte Elliott , 1873 , Publisher : London , The Religious tract society Jump up ^ Just As I Am : The Autobiography of Billy Graham , Publisher : Walker and Company , 1977 , ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 063387 - 5 ) . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Dove Awards '' . Event occurs at 1 : 39 . Up ( TV network ) . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Just As I Am - Brian Doerksen YouTube Saffron Walden hymn tune midi `` Just As I Am '' at Hymntime.com Just As I Am ( Woodworth ) Organ solo Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Just As I Am ( hymn ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_As_I_Am_(hymn)&oldid=798478060 '' Categories : 1835 compositions English Christian hymns 1835 in Christianity Billy Graham Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Svenska ᏣᎳᎩ Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 05 : 58 . About Wikipedia	the story behind the hymn just as i am	[ "Charlotte Elliot wrote this song about how to find salvation through Christ. It has been used by many as the call to the altar at the close of services, as it brings a quite simple message of sin, forgiveness, and salvation to all that turn from sin and trust in Jesus." ]	[ "how to find salvation through Christ" ]

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